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The Archos 101 Internet Tablet is one of the largest tablets currently available. With a 10.1in display its screen is technically larger than the 9.7in Apple iPad 2, but thanks to its widescreen aspect ratio, the difference in design is much greater than a simple size bump.
The tablet's 16:9 aspect ratio makes the Archos 101's body very long - a whopping 270mm. That's 30mm longer than the iPad 2 and 20mm longer than the Motorola Xoom. The pay-off is that it's narrower, but this only serves to emphasise quite how odd this tablet feels to hold upright. Holding it this way feels more like grasping a small app-ridden skateboard than the virtual book or magazine that the tablet form factor essentially emulates.
At 480g, it's much lighter than the 600+g iPad series devices but the odd weight distribution of its elongated rectangular design makes one-handed operation uncomfortable. The Archos 101 wants to be primarily held as a landscape device, with two hands, and it's not afraid to make that clear.
It's made of both metal and plastic, using a process that Archos calls its patented plastic overmoulding technique. The screen surround and two plates on the Archos 101's back are made of brushed metal, while the rest is plastic. With the seams of these different sections very visible, this tablet's not the best-looking slab of gadgetry currently available, though there is a certain charm. It is slim as well - at 12mm thick, it has the same chunk factor as the Samsung Galaxy Tab. There are two models available, coming with either 8GB or 16GB of flash storage on-board.
Only one side of the Archos 101 has any ports or sockets on it. This leaves the left side (assuming it's held lengthways) crammed with buttons and holes, including the power button, volume control, headphone jack, full-size USB port, microUSB port, microSD slot, miniHDMI and power socket. There are no plastic covers for any of these, further adding to the slightly utilitarian vibe supplied by the two-tone look of the metal-and-plastic design.
There are benefits to a largely function-led approach to design though. On the back of the tablet there's a metal flip-out kickstand that's sturdy enough to hold the Archos 101 up at an angle, rather like an oversized photo frame. You wouldn't see something like this adulterating the beautiful lines of an iPad - not when Apple could sell you an accessory to do the same thing for £30 - but then you also miss out on this useful function.
It's a strange combination, the rather practical approach married with the non-straightforward shape. An acquired taste, it demands some nerve if you're going to take it on a morning commute stuffed full of iPad users, sure to throw the occasional condescending glance your way.
Archos Internet Tablet 101 8GB, Wi-Fi, 10.1in - Black a101it$69.95 View Item
New Archos Internet Tablet 101 6GB, WI-FI, 10.1" kick stand - Black$59.99 View Item
Archos Internet Tablet 101 8GB, Wi-Fi, 10.1in - Black$60.98 View Item
Archos Internet Tablet 101 8GB, Wi-Fi, 10.1in - Black$95.00 View Item
8GB Archos 101 Internet Wi-Fi Tablet & Bluetooth Keyboard w/ Case Bundle *MINT*$229.08 View Item
Archos have been making tablets (or PMPs) for years, before the iPad was even a glint in Steve Jobs' eye. I've liked their ideals, they've been going somewhere nobody else really had, but their products just didn't quite manage to tempt me into a purchase; there's always been something about them that's held me back either with the software or the hardware.
Here we are now firmly into the world of the tablet, and I'm sad to say they've been lept over by Apple (and soon HP, RIM & many other Google Android devices). I'd love to fly the flag for Europe (Archos are French), but they just haven't been able to keep up, let alone take the lead with all their years of experience. Like the article says, now isn't the time to buy a tablet, come Autumn when it's a better time I'll give their next tablet a chance and hope for the best, but unless they can raise their game, I'll be looking past them yet again.
Reviews of these devices just glaze over the fact that installing Android Market (and the other Google closed apps) is actually against the license of said programs. This is effectively software piracy, not unlike claiming that installing a pirate copy of Microsoft Office is fine because the computer came with Windows.
CyanogenMod already got in legal trouble with Google in the past and were forced to remove these apps from their distribution.
Google is probably just tolerating it while illegal usage numbers are low, but surely companies cannot depend on this method being around for very long, including the possibility of Google activating their remote delete and removing the lot.
I think the problem with this device is that the 16:9 aspect ratio and 1024x600 resolution, makes for a good video playing device but not so good at browsing. 600 pixels isn't a lot of vertical space in landscape mode and I'm guessing it's useless in portrait mode.
If it serves no purpose in portrait mode, you might as well get a netbook with the same resolution and higher specification for only slightly more cost (and with a keyboard, trackpad, built-in screen cover and adjustable screen stand to boot).
Have one of these as i wanted to try an Android tablet without to much of an outlay.
Maybe Andrew had a dodgy unit or is just a fruit fanboi ;-) because i find it performs very well and the touchscreen is fine with just the right amount of sensitivity.
The connectivity options are excellent, had both a 16GB MicroSD card in and also a 16GB USB flash drive.
There are a large number of accessories including a leather case with a keyboard which turns it into an android netbook.
Installed a matt screen protector on it from Folix, would not recommend this as its a nightmare to get it installed without any dust underneath and the matt finish makes the display very grainy and reflections are as bad as a glossy screen when outside. The touch sensitivity though was only slighlty less.
I would give the design and performance an extra mark and agree with the overall mark of 7.
With a bit of work Archos could nail this as an iPad alternative or an alternative to any tablet because it is different.
Whilst it's nice to see something that dares to be different, in reality I can't see this form factor catching on. Surely Honeycomb is the minimum spec for a 2011 Android based tablet?
"An acquired taste, it demands some nerve if you're going to take it on a morning commute stuffed full of iPad users"
Are they really that common? I've seen loads of kindles but its quite rare to encounter an ipad on way to work... maybe they're just too bulky?
@GT I find it depends a lot on the train line you're on. Loads of iPads and Kindles on my current commute! Probably fewer iPads on buses too I'd guess.
I thought the screen wasnt very bright and crisp. and when I had 6 aps open for more than 20 minutes I got a low memory warning. welcome to 1992.
Matt~ http://www.webmatic247.com
i had the archos 101 for 3 months and these are the problems i observed :
- device freezes sudenly ( even after full reinitialization )
- battery takes 4 days or more to fully charge
- keyboard hard to use because of the time between typing a character and appearing
on the screen
- camera has horrible imaging quality
- after installing some apps it became extremely slow .... impossible to use
- operating system become unstable after using youtube ( even after full
reinitialization )
- non-responsive touch screen ( really exasperating )
- grid lines in screen
- high glossy screen , is hard to see anything with or without light ( the viewing
angle is too narrow )
- sometimes unit reboot by itself
- bad memory configuration , with 256 mb will never work fine ( is like having a pc
i7 with 1gb ram ).
conclusion :
bad engineering design, it can be a good toy for a children under 3 years old .... i
lost 373 bucks
je peux pas voir les vedio ni les telecharger comment faire
Are really comparing a 150 pounds tablet against a 300-400 pounds iPad?
Your comments about it totally discredit your review.
there is problem about read arabic language??
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A year after his beloved wife's drowning, Terry Seward, a Washington lawyer and Princeton grad, spends a weekend in Virginia's Dismal Swamp, where his wife appears to him in a glow of white light. 10,000 first printing. BOMC Alt. Tour.
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You are hereForums / ADS Forums / Portland, OR / Call Out
Call Out
This is a call out to send a message to the weak kneed Democrats who have watched this administration destroy everything we love about America.
I am running to replace Representative Earl Blumenauer in the 3rd District because he refuses to hold Cheney/Bush accountable in any meaningful way. This is not politics as usual. This is a cause that I have been fighting since the Supreme Court appointed these criminals to the White House in 2000.
This is a battle between Goliath who has lots of money in his campaign treasury and will get most, if not all, the endorsements of the establishment. Many think Goliath is a true progressive---I don't!
David stood alone on the Morrison Bridge when most Oregonians supported the war against Iraq. He protested because of his experiences in the Vietnam War and knew where the war would end up -- occupation. This ongoing slaughter and displacement of millions of human beings was the plan and ambitions of those who want an empire.
David stood in front of Sen. Smith's office in the rain and cold because he knew Smith was one of the major supporters of the slaughter. He was arrested in Smith's office because he refused to leave until he got an answer to his petition to end the funding. David was also pleading with his own Congressman who claimed to want to end the occupation. The pleas, petitions, phone calls, meetings all were ignored by Rep. Blumenauer -- he was busy with other things. In July of 2007 David called for a vigil in front of Rep. Blumenauer's office on Thursdays from high noon until 2:00 PM and was by then nicknamed the Lone Vet. The vigil continues until our Congressman calls for the Impeachment, Indictment, and Incarceration of the criminals in the White House.
One week before the deadline for filing for the seat representing the 3rd District David was asked again to run. He said yes!
I need your help. We need just about everything----volunteers to pass the word that there is an alternative in the primary, people who know computers, people who like to call and ask voters to vote for us, people to hand out our fliers. This is a citizens' campaign.
Wouldn't it be great if you could support a peace candidate who will not vote one dime for the continuation of the occupation unless there is a one way ticket home for EVERY American in Iraq. I will pursue impeachment now and will continue when elected. Yes, they can be impeached after leaving office. I will and do call for all trade deals to be rescinded and for fair and open agreements between countries to be enacted.
I am Joe Walsh and I am fighting as David did looking for that one special stone that will bring down Goliath.
I am a Citizen Representative and approve this message. Go to our web site and be part of a revolution in politics:
homepage: http://joewalshforcongress.blogspot.com/
For Justice and Peace,
Joe Walsh---lone vet
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I have seen vids of the protests of Northwestern Americans at public seaports used as military ports for returning war equipment from Iraq , and I have seen a Northwestern state legislator sponsor Impeachment bill for his state. Northwestern grannies have come down on recruiter stations. Oregoners and Washingtonians have been at the forefront of the anti-war movement and as a result have experienced some of the worst police brutality in America, with the pepperspray and battering.
Northwestern Americans are a strong and noble breed of peace protestors!
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Answers Home
Questions tagged with smoke - Catster Answers
6wk kit on 0.2ml 2xd, seems allergic - drool, mouth breathing, eyes swollen, etc. Withold dose until I can talk to vet?
I have a 6wk kitten that I got after the SPCA he was at had a fire. We were emergency fosters but have decided to adopt him. The fire was Monday…
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Black Smoke Show Cat?
I have a black smoke Devon Rex show/breeder cat and I want to know what I can do to keep her coat black, other than trying to keep her out of direct…
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We found Toki when she was just a 4-week-old kitten, lost and alone, so we really have no idea what her parents might have looked like. Almost a year…
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Just wondering if anyone has an opinion on my cat's possible breed(s)?
She has slightly tufted ears (not on top so much, but inside), tufted paws, long thick fur, and a long fluffy tail. Her paws seems pretty small…
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My pictures aren't all showing up. I uploaded them all the same. Why is this happening? What can I do about it?
The pictures of all my cats didn't show up. I uploaded them all the same. What can I do to get them on here?
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I had an offer, in my email, to be able to share the picture of my cat's butt. It took me to this website, here at Catster, where I have other…
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Pretty sure a Winchester design that was dropped years ago.
I have a half-made deal on a Rossi 22LR. I believe the model is 62-A. It is a slide action (pump?). The barrel is octagon with iron sights and not particularly well polished, but has no rust. The bluing on the receiver seems fine, but not Browning quality (what is?).
There's no manual safety, and I don't have the serial #, as I saw it briefly on Saturday, and made a deal over the phone yesterday. $225.00 plus tax (7%).
Also 10% discount on any .22LR ammo bought at the same time. I did a search but can't seem to find much info on it. Can anybody give me any more info on this rifle?
Speak softly, but ride like hell!"
Pretty sure a Winchester design that was dropped years ago.
Retired. Tool & Die Maker.
That is correct! I still have an original Winchester Model 62A, tube fed, hammer pump that I bought when I was 14 years old (1954). I washed the windows in the hardware store every Saturday for over a year to pay for it. (About $40) I see them now at gunshows, and if they in are in as good as shape as mine, they are going for over $500.00. There is no safety on mine. It uses the half-cock position of the hammer just like the older Marlin levers and the old single shot rifles/shotguns. Mine handles short, long, and long rifle ammo and was a super little squirrel and rabbit gun. But I had good eye sight then!Originally Posted by swany
I have no idea how many rounds my Model 62A has fired over the last 56 years, but I can tell you it will eat any 22 ammo you feed it; and I can not recall ever having a FTF in that rifle.
USN RET Team 35 member #33
Modern clone of the old Winchester 62A.Good strong rimfire action,also sold in 22WMR by Henry and Taurus,maybe others.I say $225 ain't bad for one in good clean condition.An original Winchester in excellent condition will bring $1,000.00 or more.They are difficult to scope.
I've had several Rossi Model 62 pump rifles over the years, got good service from each of them. I have the stainless steel version now that I carry canoeing with me occasionally.
I bought one for my nephew for Christmas when he was 12 years old, this was around 1995, his mother was "Hard Over" against guns, she said I could buy him a .22 rifle, but it must be kept at my house until he turned 18. We shot that rifle together all through his teen years, putting thousands of rounds through it. He would come down and spend the weekend with us about once a month, we shot on my property, killing many aluminum cans, and training him in rifle marksmanship.
Several days after he turned 18, he drove down to see us, and asked if he could pick up his rifle. I gave him the rifle, a nice rifle case and a brick of .22 ammo. He still has that rifle and shoots it about once a month at an indoor range near his house, he is now mairried, has a good job and owns his own home at age 27.
I also have the original Winchester version, a 1949 vintage Model 62A. I can tell the Winchester is more accurate, but the Rossi is the one I pick if rough use is anticipated...
Well, thanks for the info. I made a committment to buy, contingent on it shooting, next Saturday, so hopefully he'll keep his word and not sell it before then.
Will report on how it goes.
thanks all,
Speak softly, but ride like hell!"
I have one and really like it...finish is actually pretty good but was rough on the interior..wood sucks but she feeds S, Long, and LR...the modern Taurus only feeds LR and has a god-awful safety on it...I'd say scoop it up, there pretty nice guns + if it's not a safety model...I couldn't imagine from this point forward it will ever be made WITHOUT a safety again and that just plain stinks!!
My boss / friend has one of these he bought for $89 NIB many years ago. He will NOT sell it. He lets me bust clay birds at 70 yards open sights with it, then I break the pieces. Off hand. I have shot it many times and covet the darned thing. (And I have more .22's already than I can count in my head!)~Andrew
Well, got it a little bit earlier than expected. To add to the above, the barrel is 23.5", the wood is good,if not showy, and it feeds, fires and ejects fine. Serial # is G318XXX, if anybody can tell me year of manufacture.
The death of my father-in-law requires my flying into Tampa tonight, until Sunday night, and I have a graduation to attend next week-end, so I don't know when I'll have a chance to go to the range, but I'll report when I do.
I bought this off the same gun shop where I got my 1958 vintage Mountie, and I've told the guy I'm a sucker for any old .22's. Rifles, pistols or revolvers. I missed out on a Colt .22 revolver a while back, and not letting that happen again!
Speak softly, but ride like hell!"
Oh, yeah, sorry... Does anybody know where I can get or download a manual for this rifle? Or at least dis-assembly instructions? I'm sure I can figure it out, but it never hurts to have information.
Speak softly, but ride like hell!"


text:
Sabrina Baker Sentell has realized that her meaning of being a princess is a van driving, football game attending, homework helping, test studying, clothes washing, room cleaning, hug giving and always listening MOM!
Thank you my crazy lovable boys for making me a PRINCESS!!!!!
Thursday, September 23, 2010
Just wanted to share with you guys my FB status....
Posted by Sabbie Bee at 10:25 AM
1 comment:
- JDaniel4's Mom said...
I love being a princess although only my two year old has told me that I am one lately.
- January 3, 2011 at 2:43 PM
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So you're planning on going FI
View Single Post
Focus Fanatic
Join Date: Feb 2005
Fan#: 19169
Location: Piketon, OH
What I Drive: MINI Cooper S TURBO
Posts: 11,906
FF Reputation:
Buy-Sell-Trade Rating: (
So you're planning on going FI
So you've decided to go turbo.... NOW WHAT???
You need to decide on what you power goals are then you can start planning from there. You need to start with the most basic of decisions... stock motor or built?
The biggest advantage of using a stock motor is COST, but going the cheap route is going to limit the amount of power you can make.
On a NON-SVT engine (Zetec and Duratec) you can run around 12psi before you start getting into the "breaking" zone.... as in where you start breaking rods.The Zetec and Duratecs both use powdered rods and they are THE weak link in your motor.
SVT's... You guys are the lucky one's when it comes to boost. SVT had the foresight to use sinter forged MAHLE rods in your motors which give you a BIG advantage when it comes to boost. The weak link in the SVT motor is its pistons. You can easily run 17psi on an SVT motor... personally I ran 19psi for 2 years before getting power hungry and .... well needing a new engine.
For the serious driver a built engine is a must.. but there are several different levels of building.
The cheapest and most popular is to just swap out the stock rods and pistons for forged aftermarket ones. BOTH Zetec/SVT/and Duratec have to swap out rods and pistons when upgrading.... yes even though the SVT has forged rods they too have to be swapped since no one makes an aftermarket piston that works with the SVT rod.
The standard SVT/Zetec block should be good to somewhere over 20psi, there have been many people do this on the stock stuff. The only difference between the Zetec and the SVT blocks are oil squirters (SVT) that blow oil onto the bottoms of the pistons to help cool and lubricate them... are they needed... not really but they are nice to have.
If you have an extra $1500 laying around and if you can find one Montune makes a
Zetec block which are rated for 32psi of boost. CGI means carbon graphite impregnated... the same stuff the PowerStroke blocks are made of... An EXCELLENT choice for big boost.
Well the SVT guys came out ahead here too, the STOCK SVT head/cams are excellent for boost.. and its a good thing since there really is NO aftermarket support in this area in the United States. You can get a good Port & Polish and bigger valves but no one makes a direct swap without going out of country.
Zetec's.. you guys have several choices on cams (which I'm not going into) and you guys get the FordRacing head that already comes ported with bigger intake valves in it. Of course you can still get a P&P and do valve work to it as well... but its pretty damn good out of the box.
When choosing cams you should look for "boost specific" cams, there is a difference. When building a motor for FI your cams should not have alot of overlap. when you get too much overlap you basically end up blowing your boost out of the exhaust. On the bright side you can install cam gears and dial out some of the overlap if you already have "larger NA cams"
There are not many choices out there, the SVT guys are pretty screwed. Unless you make an intake, you are stuck with the DSI. I say stuck for the basic reason of the DSI flows like crap... thats why i dont have one.
Zetec's have a couple of choices, an early 2000 intake, the FordRacing intake, or make one. Even though the STOCK manifold isnt bad.
Now before you run out and start hacking on pipe trying to make a manifold you seriously need to go read about flow dyanamics, design, runner length, plemium volume and get an understanding of what needs to be designed into the intake... just throwing one together can greatly decrease you power... no matter how COOL it looks.
No one makes one... why you just dont need it. Tom is the only one I know of that has broken a crank... at 720whp.
A lightend flywheel is a GREAT addition to any Forced Induction motor, they let the engine rev extremely quick (compareed to stock) the only downside I see from a light weight flywheel is they tend to rattle a little, but its worth it.
I also recommend an upgraded clutch, if you dont do it now.. you WILL do it later. Theres just no way around it. A stock SVT clutch will let go around 250wtq and the MTX 75 is less than that. I suggest at least a stage 3 clutch for the MINIMUM clutch to use.
I'll be upfront, you guys are definitly limited by your transmissions. BUT there is still hope!!! Lentech makes a wide variety of stuff for the Focus ATX and if you want more than 220whp or so then you need to go to their website and look around.
The single best thing you can do (and pretty much the only thing needed) is install a LSD.. Limited Slip Differential. An LSD it what lets you get the power to the ground, without it you're just going to spin one wheel... and thats some embarrising shit. The LSD will also help you with daily driving .. they are great for handling in curves and greatly help in the rain.
The 2 REAL choices are Quaife and Torson.... what about OBX did you say??? Not even in my lawn mower... I wont even discuss that... go find a Honda forum.
Regaurdless of your power goal 42# injectors are the minimum that I would even consider using... they are just a few bucks more than smaller ones and can save your motor.
ALWAYS use a properly sized injector... too big is fine, too small is dangerous.
FUEL PUMP/FUEL RAIL/ Boost a Pump
I would not recommend anything less than the '03 upgraded fuel pump, the older pumps just dont flow as well.
Using a stock fuel pump and fuel rail you can manage around 250whp safely on both Zetec and SVT. With a BOOST A PUMP you can get quite a bit more out of the Zetec closer to 300whp... providing proper tuning.
On the SVT with a BAP and proper tuning (that I figured out) you can achieve well over 350whp on the STOCK fuel system. I have datalogs showing 62psi of fuel pressure at 7200rpms while running 20psi. I shared this info with Tom and he is also doing the tune adjustments on the tunes he does.
Return style fuel system.. When you cant get enough fuel using the returnless system the only alternative is going to a custom return style system, just like on a diesel. Right now there are no kits, so you pretty much have to build your own from scratch... when ever we get a good write up on it I'll copy/paste it to this thread.
That pretty much covers the engine and tranny basics of boosting... next we will discuss choosing you form of FI.
[B]1951 McCormick FARMALL M
2007 MINI Cooper S Turbo... new project car
1998 Chevy 3500 Ext cab, long bed, 4x4, duelly, turbo diesel
2004 Harley V-Rod.... sex on wheels
2011 Harley Electra Glide Ultra Limited
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Barnegat Light
Barnegat Light Travel Guide
Photos from Barnegat LightPictures of Barnegat Light (6)
Hotel Deals in Barnegat Light
Travel Blogs from Barnegat LightBarnegat Light Travel Blogs (3)
New York and Beyond
Hi Folks, I spent a pleasant week in Queens New York. New York is the type of town where you can do anything at any time of the day. Apart form buying a new pair of sandals, the other ones didn't last the pace, that last time I will spend a tenner in ...
Nice work Pepe
... stayed on a good heading and paid mind to the local fishing boat traffic. Not a whole lot to report. Just motoring around Barnegat Light Harbor as we speak to steal internet from the local (private) yacht club before dropping the hook for the night. ...
Barnegat Light
About halfway to Sandy Hook, The Weather is Gorgeous, Sunny, 70 who could ask for ...
Attractions in Barnegat LightBarnegat Light Attractions (3)
A La Carte
16 W 19th, Barnegat Light, New Jersey, United States
Barnegat Lighthouse State Park
Broadway and The Bay, Barnegat Light, New Jersey, United States
On the northern tip of Long Beach Island, this park includes a maritime forest, lighthouse, and access to great birding and fishing sites.
Barnegat Light
16 W 19th, Barnegat Light, New Jersey, United States


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text:
Originally Posted by Kez Simpson
Take away Simms dominant defense...a little truth in perspective, no?
Come on with this nonesene "what if's"
Elway got his 20 points....Phil doubled him up.
due to the fact that I am from the Woodstock generation ...
my opinions may be chemically enhanced and influenced by severe episodes of memory loss
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text:
Can a person actually become addicted to these? Halls in particular. Is there any health reprocussions?
Can a person actually become addicted to these? Halls in particular. Is there any health reprocussions?
cough drops... like halls?
depends what the ingredients are...if they're like a cough syrup then yes.
COUGH DROPS WITH PPA. The use of PPA is not restricted to diet pills. More than 100 OTC medications, including cough syrups, cold remedies, and decongestants, contain this substance. The same mood shifts can occur with these substances as with diet pills, but the danger is oftentimes doubled. In addition to PPA, these medications may also contain ephedrine or pseudoephedrine, substances that relax air passages and constrict blood vessels, not only in the swollen air passages but also in the brain, affecting the nervous system.
Oh yeah. Halls Centres for da muttha fuggin win! I'll eat three or four at a time!
Rob aka CowTipper
84 Prelude
91 Prelude
01 Prelude
Hmmm. You guys seem to have my Sat nights down pat. I havn't played a single game in 2 months.
I''d like to hear from that pharmaceutical type fellow. Ramon I believe his designation is.
I limit myself to 2-3 a day. But only at work so Mon-Fri. I don't see it being any different then chewing gum aside from the medical ingredients which is what I am concerned with.
I was addicted to them in highschool. Buy them by the cases. mmm honey lemon
I'm addicted to Halls Vitamin C now. I used to eat the Halls cherryies like candy.
This is funny cuz I was gonna start a thread like this too.
I love the Halls Breezers, but you can't find them everywhere.
Mark Higgins
eat enough Bradasols and you will end up stoned... learned that first hand .....
Toronto Prelude Club
Black 1995 SR <><
Ok where is that Ramond guy? He's supossed to be checking in here everyday to see if I need something answered.


text:
a bit?
- (adverb) to a small degree; somewhat
Find a translation for a bit in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss this a bit rhyme with the community:
Use the citation below to add this rhymes to your bibliography:
"a bit." Rhymes.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2017. Web. 30 May 2017. <http://www.rhymes.net/rhyme/a%20bit>.


text:
While inflation is not a serious threat right now, it's invariably part of the boom and bust cycle of our economy. We looked at three potential scenarios that could trigger inflation and the possible effects they could have on industrial products companies.
Most US businesses today have not had to operate in an inflationary environment. But the potential impact of inflation is so significant that we think companies should recognize the warning signs and be prepared.
PwC examined three inflation scenarios and their effects on different industry sectors. All three scenarios, the mistiming of monetary policy, commodity price surges, and a weakening dollar could have serious repercussions on industrial products companies.


text:
PMI Group Ends Fight With Operating Unit Over Tax Benefits
PMI Group Inc. (PPMIQ), the bankrupt parent of a mortgage-insurance company seized by regulators, ended a court fight with the unit by agreeing to split tax benefits related to more than $2 billion in losses, an attorney said.
The unit, PMI Mortgage Insurance Co., will be allowed to apply $1 billion of the losses to cut its future tax bills, PMI Group attorney Joseph Barry told the judge overseeing the company's bankruptcy today.
"As a result of mediation, we have reached a settlement," Barry said.
PMI Group, based in Walnut Creek, California, filed for bankruptcy last year, just weeks after the Arizona Department of Insurance seized PMI Mortgage, the main operating unit. PMI Group listed assets of $225 million and debt of $736 million in its bankruptcy petition.
PMI pays lenders after a homeowner defaults and a foreclosure fails to recover enough to cover the mortgage. The company lost money amid the worst slump in U.S. housing prices since the Great Depression.
PMI Group and regulators from the state of Arizona, which now controls PMI Mortgage, had been scheduled to make final arguments in U.S. Bankruptcy Court in Wilmington, Delaware, over which should control the tax benefits of the losses.
Instead, the two sides held a telephone conference with U.S. Bankruptcy Judge Brendan Linehan Shannon to announce the deal, which must be put in the form of a binding contract. That contract will then be submitted for approval by Shannon and the Arizona judge overseeing the regulators' receivership case.
The case is In re PMI Group Inc., 11-bk-13730, U.S. Bankruptcy Court, District of Delaware (Wilmington). The Arizona case is State of Arizona v. PMI Mortgage Insurance Co., CV2011-018944, Arizona Superior Court, Maricopa County (Phoenix).
-- Editors: Michael Hytha, Andrew Dunn
To contact the reporter on this story: Steven Church in Wilmington, Delaware, at firstname.lastname@example.com.
To contact the editor responsible for this story: John Pickering at firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Jane Burbank
Professor of History, Russian & Slavic Studies; Collegiate Professor
Harvard University, PhD 1981
Office Address:
King Juan Carlos Center, Room 715
Field of Study:
Modern Europe
Research Interests:
Russian history; legal culture; empire; peasants.
Curriculum Vitae
Jane Burbank graduated from Reed College in Russian literature in 1967. She completed an M.A. in Soviet Studies at Harvard University and received her Ph.D. in History from Harvard in 1981. She taught at Harvard University, University of California at Santa Barbara, University of Michigan (where she directed the Center for Russian and East European Studies), before coming to NYU in 2002. She has been a visiting professor at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris; the Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan; and the Humboldt University, Berlin. In her first monograph, Intelligentsia and Revolution: Russian Views of Bolshevism, 1917-1922, Burbank explored the interpretations of the Bolshevik revolution produced by Russian intellectuals – from anarchists to nationalists – during the revolution and civil war. Russian Peasants Go to Court: Legal Culture in the Countryside, 1905-1917, based on both statistical analysis and case studies, revealed, contrary to entrenched opinion, that Russian peasants used their local courts extensively and voluntarily. From the 1990s, Burbank has worked on several collective projects concerning Russian empire. One of her co-edited volumes, Russian Empire: Space, People, Power 1700-1930, brings together the work of a team of scholars working in Russia, Ukraine, the United States and Great Britain. Burbank's most recent book, co-written with Frederick Cooper, Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference, won the World History Association's Book Prize for 2011. She is now working on a monograph about imperial law and sovereignty in the province of Kazan (today's Tatarstan) from 1870 to 1917.
On leave 2015-2016.
Selected Works:
Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference,
Jane Burbank and Frederick Cooper (Princeton University Press,
2010)Translations: Empires de la chine ancienne à nos jours. Paris:
Payot-Rivages, 2011. Imperios: Una nueva visión de la Historia
universal. Madrid: Critica, 2011. Translations into Russian, German,
and Turkish in process.
*Winner of 2011 World History Association Book Prize.
Russian Empire: Space, People, Power, 1700-1930, eds. Jane Burbank, Mark von Hagen, Anatolyi Remnev (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007)
Russian Peasants Go to Court: Legal Culture in the Countryside, 1905-1917 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004)
"Eurasian Sovereignty: The Case of Kazan," Problems of Post-Communism, 62:1 (2015): 1-25.
"Traektorii imperii [imperial trajectories]," with Frederick Cooper, in Mify i zabluzhdeniia v izuchenii imperii i natsionalisme [Myths and Errors in the Study of Empires and Nationalism] (Moscow: Novoe izdatel'stvo, 2010), pp. 325-361.
"'Nouvelles colonies' et 'vieux empires'," with Frederick Cooper, Mille neuf cent 27 (2009), 13-35.
"The Well-Ordered Peasant Village: Law and Sanitation at Russian Local Courts," in Belinda Davis, Thomas Lindenberger and Michael Wildt, eds., Alltag, Erfahrung, Eigensinn (Frankfurt/NewYork: Campus Verlag, 2008), 218-231.
"Empire, droits et citoyenneté de 212 à 1946," with Frederick Cooper, Annales HSS, mai-juin 2008, no. 3, 495-531.
"Securing Peasant Society: Constables and Courts in Rural Russia, 1905-1917," in Alf Luedtke and Michael Wildt, eds., Staats-Gewalt: Ausnahmezustand und Sicherheitsregimes Historische Perspektiven (Goettingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2008), 91-116.
"Coming into the Territory: Uncertainty and Empire," with Mark von Hagen, in Jane Burbank et al, eds., Russian Empire: Space, People, Power 1700-1930 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007), 1-29.
"An Imperial Rights Regime: Law and Citizenship in the Russian Empire," Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 7, 3 (Summer 2006): 397-431.


text:
Every person is covered who either has, used to have, or is treated as having a physical or mental disability.
Persons With Disabilities
The law protects any person with a "physical or mental impairment" that "substantially limits one or more major life activity". This definition may include:
- persons with mobility impairments, such as those who suffer from paralysis or use wheelchairs, crutches or walkers;
- persons who have lost one or more limbs;
- persons who are deaf or are hearing impaired;
- persons who have mental or psychological disorders including metal retardation, emotional and mental illness and learning disabilities;
- persons with any one of hundreds of psychological disorders including depression and post-traumatic stress syndrome;
- persons with cosmetic disfigurements, such as burn victims;
- persons with numerous serious contagious and non-contagious diseases, including AIDS, AIDS-related complex, epilepsy, cancer and tuberculosis.
What Is Not Covered?
- Eye color, hair color, height, weight (except in unusual circumstances).
- Advanced age in and of itself is not an impairment (although hearing loss, arthritis and Alzheimer's disease may be impairments).
- Temporary impairments, such as a broken leg, sprain or infection that is expected to heal quickly.
- Temporary illnesses such as the common cold.
- Minor impairments that do not limit a major life activity.
The ADA protects persons who have a known association or relationship with a disabled individual. For example, an employer cannot fire an employee or refuse to hire an applicant because he or she is dating someone with AIDS, or has a parent or child with a serious illness.
Record of Impairment
Persons with a record of an impairment are protected. This would include anybody with a history of a disability, such as individuals who have undergone psychiatric counseling or have been previously disabled, or someone who has a history of cancer that is in remission.
Regarded As Disabled
If you consider a person to be "disabled", the ADA applies and protects them, even if that person does not meet the statutory definition. (See definitions.) This would include, for example, an individual who has an impairment that the employer erroneously perceives is substantially limiting; an individual with an impairment that is only substantially limiting because of the attitudes of others, e.g., an employer that discriminates against a burn victim because of potentially negative reactions of others; or an individual with no impairment that is erroneously regarded as having an impairment.
The inclusion of coverage for persons "regarded as" disabled means that if an employer rejects an applicant because he has a physical or mental condition, this may be enough to bring this person within the definition of "disability".
Alcoholism and Drug Addiction
Persons who have suffered form drug addition in the past are protected, but not if they are currently using illegal drugs. Persons suffering from alcoholism are also protected, but can be required to conform to the same standards as other employees.


text:
|Reviews for Learning
| pikaree1 chapter 5 . 9/13/2014
Like Silver with brown hair…? Well, there's only one thing to say to this: Hello, twin ice cubes who both care a lpt about Blue. I am a fanfiction authoress who's going to tease you relentlessly! Oldrivalshipping rules!
| Near 2409 chapter 5 . 7/19/2013
i love it! Hope you will write more story! .
| the turquoise chapter 1 . 4/17/2013
I love you this is one of those seriously amazing and adorable oldrivalshipping fics it's so good, seriously! And it's cute how green is kind of oblivious and stuff and he's hot. I don't really have a suggestion except for I would like more shirtless green. Or maybe blue dressing up pretty and making green blush, I like stuff like that:) THANK YOU
| hellojazzii chapter 5 . 2/20/2012
really enjoyed reading these, hope you make more!
| thinkingemote chapter 5 . 11/21/2011
Oooohhhh I like this~! You're taking reviews? Cool! I would never be able to take that! lol, I love this soooo cyyuute! Fav!
| sugar donut chapter 5 . 8/11/2011
Can u do franticshipping? Pwease? It's sapphire and ruby.
| zflame393 chapter 5 . 8/1/2011
Another reviewer mentioned a child getting lost and a plot revolving around finding the lost kid. I like that idea but the kid should be cheeky and make inappropriate comments about Blue and Green's relationship.
| GoldenDragon326 chapter 5 . 8/1/2011
Hahaha. Cute.
Running out of plots, eh?
How about a child gets lost, and Green and Blue help to find him/her?
They have to go to another town to get something for Prof Oak.
The Viridian Forest gets struck with lightning and catches fire, and the gang has to help put it out before it reaches town.
(You can even have it as a twoshot with Down if you wanted. Have it take place the next day or something. Eh, whatever you want.)
Here's a few suggestions. They just come to me, but I can't write short stories, they end up getting to be too long, and then I lose my interest, and... blah. .'
Hope I've helped.
See ya next chappie! .
| zflame393 chapter 4 . 6/16/2011
Another good chapter, I enjoyed it.
| SweetNTart chapter 4 . 6/16/2011
Cute chapters! x)
| mochicocoa chapter 4 . 6/16/2011
YEES, UPDATEE! :3 Teehee~ I love their relationship so much; they understand what's behind the facade they usually put on. It's so sweet and cute and aklgdkajghakgd ./rants.
Okay, I'm getting annoying. Anyways! I can't wait for the other two. :3
999...? Sounds kinda cool. :D
| GoldenDragon326 chapter 4 . 6/16/2011
Very cute. .
| mochicocoa chapter 3 . 6/4/2011
Baby Charmander!3 Omg, adorable! x3
It definitely makes it worse that Green is smiling at the fangirls. Oh well, it's all good! We all know Green loves Blue anyways ;DD Teehee :3
| GoldenDragon326 chapter 3 . 6/1/2011
Haha. I think what makes it worse then Green standing in the middle of a group of girls is that he was also smiling.
Baby Charmander. . Aaww.
And cute how he calls out his Charizard. And not realizing how Blue's not sleeping. .
See ya next chappie! .
| zflame393 chapter 3 . 5/31/2011
Interesting and enjoyable to read once again : )


text:
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Leg Length - Short: 29", Regular: 31".
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They're abrasion-resistant and water-repellent, with a loose fit and plenty of pockets. The zips above the knee let you convert them to shorts without taking them off - perfect for changeable weather, and it saves space in your kit bag.
The UPF5-+ rated sun protection means that you won't get burned if you're out and unsheltered all day.
Size Guide
At GO Outdoors we offer a wide range of delivery options to suit your needs. You can come into one of our fantastic stores to collect or have your items delivered to you at your convenience.
Please see our delivery page for more information. Restrictions apply. Prices and delivery times may vary for remote or rural parts of the UK. Working days are Monday-Friday, excluding UK Bank Holidays.
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You can return your items by using Collect+ or by taking them to any GO Outdoors store (except Hathersage) using your delivery note as proof of purchase.
Unfortunately, orders paid for using PayPal cannot be returned to store and we are currently unable to offer free returns as we offer free delivery over £50 as standard.
See our returns policy for more information.


text:
FD Construction LTD are a company that deals with all aspects of construction and design, utilising 3D Modelling and BIM including M&E Installations, 'Design & Build' projects and Decent Homes Projects between £500.00 - £20,000,000.
We have a dedicated design team and our expertise ranges from, but is not limited to Exterior Building design including all services, Fire detection design and Risk assessment, communications systems through to Steel framing fabrication, and all engineering surveys.
We are open to tender for new build and refurbishment projects.
If you would like any further information regarding our company or the services we provide please do not hesitate to contact us.
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Complaints are responded to on receipt and dealt with in a timely manner.
Robust procedures are in place to deal with any complaint arising to ensure a satisfactory outcome is achieved for our clients.


text:
Prisoner of Love
Weeks I sat, tied to this chair. I was enclosed within thick concrete walls, my prisoner kneeling before me on the floor. I screamed, and hollered, at the door.
'Nobody will hear you.' he whispered in my ear as he ran a finger down my shivering neck.
I took a shaking breath and mumbled something inaudible.
'Speak up.' he said.
I struggled again. His hand froze around my collar bone. Suddenly he laughed, though his eyes were filled with rage. Those complex eyes. A veil of questions behind every gaze.
And then a sinister silence fell between us and he drew even closer. I felt his breath on my cheek. A mocking voice, yet he closed his eyes and whispered in a tone, frightful and meek.
'How can you think that, my dear?'
He did not know - and could not guess. A tear fell from my eye and suddenly he hit me across my face, but then his hand returned, shaking, sorrowfully dear. Gently he brushed away my tear.
He unmasked the small silver gun hanging from his belt. He raised it up and held it to my head.


text:
where?!Originally Posted by zr_ox
I have this too and can say that so far I cant hear it, not exactly been pushing it too much though. Got it for £99 too :D
Originally Posted by biebiep
Not to sound cranky or anything.
But comparing this to bit-tech's previous PSU reviews, you sound awfully negative and prejudiced about this one. Even though, when looking at the chroma results, there is no reason too, it stays in spec and boasts massive effiency compared to the ones in the round-up (even though those might be outdated)
It's also fairly "normal" in terms of sound when you put it up there with the PCP&C or the Enermax :p
Seriously, you're making me having second thoughts about buying this next month, just because of the tone you are striking in this article
(Its good...for a cheap PSU ... That's maybe all you can expect from a cheap kilowatt PSU)
But when looking at the facts, it still comes out as one of the better ones out there >_<
+ The amount of pain(you've never overdone PSU's like this), it's like your just wanting to kill this PSU and make it die a horrible death to try and prove it's worthless, while in the end you're getting even more fed up with it just because the little bugger makes it out alive :p.
Originally Posted by Bindibadgi
Actually I said it was very good for an inexpensive PSU ;) and an 8/10 is a very good result.
But here's the thing - if this were a HX750W it would be fantastic, and indeed we gave the TX750W an excellence award but not many people need 1000W PSUs. It's complete overkill for 90% of us. And for those that DO there are products on the market to pamper people and Corsair doesn't provide that. It doesn't have a UK RMA base and it doesn't have the hand-testing shindig that some of the ultra premium super-high wattage PSUs have. When it comes to 1kW the emphasis is less on price and more on total features and the Corsair, like many others, doesn't do absolutely everything - it's literally just a kilowatt of PSU.
The connectors fit well but the quality of plastic is not perfect and every review goes on experience. The model is virtually identical to the Thermaltake ToughPower 1,000W which is another CWT model - both have 5 year warranties, except the Corsair costs less. Now if I was to have reviewed a Thermaltake 1,000W and it got this result most people here would have said "Ah TT, must be **** and noisy".
We've tested the PCPC 750W to 850ish and that was perfectly fine, although very noisy. Corsair (subtly) challenged us to test it at 1,200W, so we did. I did strongly indicate we did not hold it against Corsair at all and it certainly does not affect the results. It does 1,000W perfectly fine - what it is rated to do. I rate 1kW models with a strong tone because they've got to offer something special since only few people need them - you don't buy a Ferrari without serious consideration for the extras an a driving test etc.
For those of you claiming it's super quiet - I'd suggest your rigs are quite hardware heavy or you're not loading it anywhere near the 1,000W it's designed to do.
Originally Posted by Bindibadgi
Do you honestly need a kilowatt? There are plenty of excellent 700-800W models.
Lights are all of 3W, and you'll not ever get a silent or even that quiet 1,000W PSU when you run it at 75%+ - they simply don't exist yet.
I'm testing the Cooler Master UCP Ultimate 900W next week - that's 80Plus Silver and a custom design by CM. Other than that Be Quiet! use a fluid bearing fan which is so quiet I can't tell it's even on without looking at it, however I cannot recommend the models above 650W because I haven't tested them.
Originally Posted by Bindibadgi
Our opinion is merely one of many at the end of the day :)
Originally Posted by samkiller42
This PSU is awesome, i have one, and i can't fault it. At present i can't hear it at all. I am glad i went down the Corsair road...
Originally Posted by biebiep
True, but other people with opinions about PSU's don't have torture-machines and experience with more than 30 of them :p
But you seem pretty adamant about hand-testing BTW... Why is that going to be a Plus? IMO it only ups the cost of the PSU?
Meh, guess i'll be in doubt a little while longer
Compared to other 1,000W models it's not unexpected - you'll not yet find a "silent" kilowatt power supply, after all, even at 87 percent efficiency it has 130W of wasted heat to dissipate and most older models barely scratch much over 80 percent so that's 200W of excess heat.
Originally Posted by Bbq.of.DooM
There's a TX650 and TX750.
Originally Posted by legoman666
1000w output @ 87% = 1150w at the wall. Not 130.
Tesoro Tuned In-Ear Pro Review
26th May 2017
AMD Radeon RX 580 CrossFire in Prey at 3,440 x 1,440
25th May 2017
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24th May 2017


text:
Bears in Bern
Trip Start Jul 03, 2000
59Trip End Jan 09, 2001
Map your own trip!
Loading Map
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Show trip route
Hide lines
Our campsite was a fair hike along the river out of town but the campsite was wonderfully green and wooded. In town we hiked amongst the steep cobblestone roads and visit the Cathedral for a rustic clay red outlook on the rooftops of Bern. We visited the tourist centre for a very good show on the history of Bern and watched the crowd pleasing bears that live in the dig out beside the building. It was also raining a lot here but it didn't dampen our spirits, as it was such a stunning place. We also managed to find a decent camping store and brought oursleves a new camping stove. I also managed to snap my knife back when opening a can and put a decent gash in my finger, lots of blood, but I'm now o.k. thanks for the concern though.


text:
Keep an eye on the dot matrix display since it gives vital information about missions and goals. And aim for the flashing lanes for high scores.
To activate kickbacks you have to light the letters that spell GHOST twice, for the left side and again for the right side.
If you hit the Whisper Sinkhole (left) a total of 4 times you'll get an random award.
For Extra balls make a six-way combo, get it as a random gift from Whisper, earn one by getting a 10x multiplier, or by making 10 Elusion Mastery combos.
Collect as much Obsidian as possible because each stone multiplies your score by an additional half at the end of the game. Collect all 13 to get yet another bonus.
Each table has an in-game guide that can be found in the pause menu and it's there for you to learn about modes, goals, tips and tricks for that table.


text: NEW YORK, Sept. 10, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- Harwood Feffer LLP ( www.hfesq.com) is investigating potential claims against the board of directors of Sequenom Inc. ("Sequenom" or the "Company") (NASDAQ: SQNM) concerning whether the board has breached its fiduciary duties to shareholders. (Logo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20120215/MM54604LOGO ) On July 24, 2013, the Company disclosed its financial results for the third quarter of 2013. Although it reported a 91% increase in total revenues for the quarter, it also reported a net loss of $31 million, compared to a net loss for the same period during the previous year of $29.6 million. According to the Company, it suffered from delays in collecting payments as a result of certain medical coding changes. However, many of these entities had yet to implement the new codes. Our investigation concerns whether the Company board of directors has breached its fiduciary duties to shareholders, grossly mismanaged the Company, and/or committed abuses of control in connection with the foregoing. If you own Sequenom shares and wish to discuss this matter with us, or have any questions concerning your rights and interests with regard to this matter, please contact: Robert I. Harwood, Esq. Matthew M. Houston, Esq. Benjamin I. Sachs-Michaels, Esq. Harwood Feffer LLP 488 Madison Avenue New York, New York 10022 Phone Numbers: (877) 935-7400 (212) 935-7400 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Website: http://www.hfesq.com Harwood Feffer has been representing individual and institutional investors for many years, serving as lead counsel in numerous cases in federal and state courts. Please visit the Harwood Feffer LLP website ( http://www.hfesq.com) for more information about the firm. Attorney Advertising. © 2013 Harwood Feffer LLP. The law firm responsible for this advertisement is Harwood Feffer LLP ( www.hfesq.com). Prior results do not guarantee or predict a similar outcome with respect to any future matter. SOURCE Harwood Feffer LLP


text:
Research Articles July 2014 | Volume 122 | Issue 7
The Influence of Declining Air Lead Levels on Blood Lead–Air Lead Slope Factors in Children
Jennifer Richmond-Bryant,1 Qingyu Meng,2 Allen Davis,1 Jonathan Cohen,3 Shou-En Lu,2 David Svendsgaard,1 James S. Brown,1 Lauren Tuttle,4 Heidi Hubbard,3 Joann Rice,5 Ellen Kirrane,1 Lisa C. Vinikoor-Imler,1 Dennis Kotchmar,1 Erin P. Hines,1 and Mary Ross1
Background: It is difficult to discern the proportion of blood lead (PbB) attributable to ambient air lead (PbA), given the multitude of lead (Pb) sources and pathways of exposure. The PbB–PbA relationship has previously been evaluated across populations. This relationship was a central consideration in the 2008 review of the Pb national ambient air quality standards.
Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the relationship between PbB and PbA concentrations among children nationwide for recent years and to compare the relationship with those obtained from other studies in the literature.
Methods: We merged participant-level data for PbB from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (1988–1994) and NHANES 9908 (1999–2008) with PbA data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. We applied mixed-effects models, and we computed slope factor, d[PbB]/d[PbA] or the change in PbB per unit change in PbA, from the model results to assess the relationship between PbB and PbA.
Results: Comparing the NHANES regression results with those from the literature shows that slope factor increased with decreasing PbA among children 0–11 years of age.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that a larger relative public health benefit may be derived among children from decreases in PbA at low PbA exposures. Simultaneous declines in Pb from other sources, changes in PbA sampling uncertainties over time largely related to changes in the size distribution of Pb-bearing particulate matter, and limitations regarding sampling size and exposure error may contribute to the variability in slope factor observed across peer-reviewed studies.
Citation: Richmond-Bryant J, Meng Q, Davis A, Cohen J, Lu SE, Svendsgaard D, Brown JS, Tuttle L, Hubbard H, Rice J, Kirrane E, Vinikoor-Imler LC, Kotchmar D, Hines EP, Ross M. 2014. The Influence of declining air lead levels on blood lead–air lead slope factors in children. Environ Health Perspect 122:754–760; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307072
Address correspondence to Q. Meng, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Telephone: (732) 235-9754. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
We give special thanks to T. Luben, Z. Pekar, R. Sams, and J. Vandenberg for their helpful comments in review of this manuscript; and we thank N. Kravets of the National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control, for linking the NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Study) data with the AQS (Air Quality System) data.
This research was supported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The research and this manuscript have been reviewed in accordance with U.S. EPA policy and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. EPA.
J.C. and H.H. are employed by ICF International, Fairfax, Virginia. The authors declare they have no actual or potential competing financial interests.
Received: 10 May 2013
Accepted: 24 March 2014
Advance Publication: 25 March 2014
Final Publication: 1 July 2014
- Supplemental Material (227 KB) PDF
Lead (Pb) in blood (PbB) reflects all sources and pathways of human exposure to Pb; hence, dramatic declines in PbB levels reported in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) have coincided with the phaseout of leaded gasoline and other regulatory restrictions on Pb in industry and consumer products (Brody et al. 1994; Pirkle et al. 1994, 1998). Current sources of Pb potentially contributing to Pb body burden include ambient sources such as some piston-engine aircraft fuel and Pb-acid battery recycling operations, whereas nonambient sources include Pb in building materials used in older homes [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2011]. Given the multitude of potential Pb sources and pathways of exposure, it is often difficult to distinguish the proportion of PbB attributed to air-related pathways—those pathways where Pb passes through ambient air from a source to human exposure. Air-related pathways include inhalation of airborne Pb (freshly emitted or resuspended) and ingestion of Pb that, once airborne, has made its way into indoor dust, outdoor dust or soil, dietary items, and drinking water.
Epidemiologic studies have explored the relationship between PbB and ambient air Pb (PbA) with regression or other statistical modeling techniques using individual or aggregated data (e.g., Brunekreef 1984; Hayes et al. 1994; Schwartz and Pitcher 1989; Tripathi et al. 2001). Statistical models typically have PbB as the dependent variable, and PbA is either the only independent variable or is adjusted by one or more covariates, such as race/ethnicity or home age. Model formulations have varied with respect to use of transformation functions (e.g., applying a logarithm to terms on one or both sides of the equation) and stratification of the sample population. As a result, point-wise estimation of the slope factor, or the change in PbB per unit change in PbA—d[PbB]/d[PbA]—has also varied between and within statistical models; in the latter case, within-model variation occurs for nonlinear formulations.
The overall objective of this work is to evaluate how the relationship between PbB levels in children and PbA levels has changed following the phaseout of leaded gasoline and tightened controls on environmental Pb emissions over the past 30 years. In this study we explored the relationship of PbB with PbA over the course of several papers that describe the statistical modeling techniques and results for effect estimates for PbA, calculate slope factor for different PbA size fractions, and investigate effect modification of the PbB–PbA relationship. The results presented here focus on the comparison of the slope factor results for PbA concentration data in total suspended particles (TSP) with results from studies in the literature performed between 1970 and 2011.
Data sets. Richmond-Bryant et al. (2013) provided a detailed description of the data sets used in this analysis, which is summarized briefly here. We obtained participant-level data for this analysis from the NHANES III (1988–1994) and Continuous NHANES (1999–2008) (hereafter referred to as NHANES 9908) surveys [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2014]. We obtained the NHANES data in 2-year cycles. We also used the data imputation scheme described by Richmond-Bryant et al. (2013) for this data set to account for missing data, except for the PbB variable. When PbB was missing, we omitted the data record because it was the dependent variable. We stratified the data by age groups used in NHANES (1–5 years, 6–11 years) to reflect potential differences in Pb storage, Pb distribution, Pb metabolism, and hand-to-mouth behavior among young and older children. However, we did not use other covariates in the analysis because the PbA thereby accounted for all air-related pathways contributing to PbB (U.S. EPA 2013).
Air Quality System (AQS) data variables included TSP in PbA (TSP-PbA) concentration, monitor identification number, latitude, longitude, and date. We used particulate matter (PM) sampled as TSP from a high-volume sampler for this analysis because other peer-reviewed studies, to which these results were compared, employed TSP-PbA. Roughly 270 TSP monitors for sampling PbA were active as of February 2010 (U.S. EPA 2008a). Over the course of NHANES 9908, 456 monitor locations corresponded to PbB data and collected 108,126 data points. During NHANES III, 756 monitor locations corresponded to PbB data and collected 178,036 data points. Samples were collected on a 24-hr basis. Among those monitors reporting data acquisition frequency, 1.9% reported collected data each day, 0.2% every other day, 3.7% every third day, 83.5% every sixth day, 10.6% every twelfth day, and 0.2% every 30 days. On the basis of an anticipated 286,162 samples for the years of sampling at the frequencies listed above, we estimated 64% of 24-hr data to be missing for NHANES 9908 and 26% of 24-hr data to be missing for NHANES III. To be included in this study, we required 75% data completeness for monitors for the years in which the monitors were active. However, many of the TSP-PbA monitors were not active for all years coinciding with NHANES III and NHANES 9908. We averaged PbA concentrations over 365 days before the PbB sample. We did not use PbA observations with missing and zero values of concentration in the analyses because the statistical model described below used a logarithmic transformation. However, we did not omit non-zero data below the method detection limit (MDL) for sampling and analysis of PbA, to minimize upward bias of the PbA data distribution. MDL was ≤ 0.002 μg/m3 for 60% of the monitors. MDL was ≤ 0.01 μg/m3 for 98% of the monitors, and for one monitor, MDL was 0.05 μg/m3. For NHANES 9908, 23% of data averaged over 365 days were below MDL, and 3.8% of the data averaged over 365 days had zero values and hence were omitted. For NHANES III, 6.2% of the data averaged over 365 days were below MDL, and 1.5% of the data averaged over 365 days had zero values. Because the data were averaged over 365 days, we deemed data imputation unnecessary. However, we acknowledge that omission of data would induce uncertainty in the PbA distribution.
Data for PbA and PbB were merged into one database based on the NHANES participants' location and date of examination. Staff at the National Center for Health Statistics Research Data Center (RDC) (CDC 2012) merged the data to maintain confidentiality of the NHANES participants' personal data. When a TSP-PbA monitor was located within 4 km of a census block–group centroid in which an NHANES participant resided and a 24-hr TSP-PbA concentration measurement fell within 7 days of the NHANES participant examination date, RDC staff assigned the 365-day average TSP-PbA concentration from that TSP-Pb sampler to that participant. We applied a 7-day window for the data merger because the TSP-PbA data were typically obtained every 6 days.
We selected the 4-km buffer size based on the Code of Federal Regulations (U.S. EPA 1979a), which established microscale (100 m), middle-scale (100–500 m), neighborhood-scale (within 4 km), urban-scale (10s of km), and regional-scale (100s of km) measurements all as potential buffers in which PbA concentration could be measured. Neighborhood scale is cited as representative of PbA concentrations in urban areas not near sources (U.S. EPA 1979b). Although the 4-km neighborhood scale is somewhat arbitrary, it is well known that larger Pb particles tend to settle out, whereas smaller particles have the potential for longer transport (U.S. EPA 1979a).
After the data were merged, RDC staff deidentified the data set by removing geographic location and date fields before use of the database for analysis. The University of North Carolina Institutional Review Board (IRB) reviewed the study design and deemed it exempt from IRB oversight. Richmond-Bryant et al. (2013) detailed the data merge procedures briefly described here.
Statistical analysis. We employed a simplified univariate approach for this analysis to estimate the change in PbB in response to a change in PbA. Use of a univariate model enabled all air-related pathways of Pb exposure to be incorporated into the one term for PbA, because covariates such as housing age could reflect exposure to deposited PbA. The detailed multilevel linear mixed-effects (LME) modeling approach is presented by Richmond-Bryant et al. (2013). PbA was a census block group–level fixed effect in the model. The random effects at the census block group level were random intercepts for each census block group identification number, and the residual error terms were random effects at the individual level. We treated subject age strata and NHANES survey (NHANES III or NHANES 9908) as stratification variables. We treated the geographical location as a random effect. The LME model was of the form
ln[PbBi,j] = β0 + bj + βPbAln[PbAj] + εi,j, [1]
where PbBi,j is the PbB for the ith individual living in the j th census block group, [PbAj] is the average PbA concentration obtained at the jth census block group, and βPbA is the slope of ln(PbB) on ln(PbA) for the jth census block group (and ln denotes the natural logarithm). β0 is the overall intercept, bj is a census block group–level random normal intercept with mean zero and variance τ2, and εi,j is a random normal variable with mean zero and variance σ2. We performed likelihood ratio testing to test the statistical significance of ln(PbA) by running Equation 1 with and without the PbA variable. Because this model does not include demographic and other covariates, their potential effects on PbB are incorporated in the random census block–group effect and residual error terms. The model used by Richmond-Bryant et al. (2013) adds various demographic and covariate fixed-effect terms to the righthand side of Equation 1. We used simulations to evaluate the choice of the ln–ln model to fit the data, and we described the simulations in the Supplemental Material, "Simulation methods," pp. 2–4, and Tables S1 and S2. We evaluated the simulated model results against each other and against the results of the model using the merged data set. We selected the ln–ln model fit to the simulated data as most similar to the model fit for the merged data sets. The RDC maintains a strict policy of prohibiting restricted-access NHANES data users to plot real data points with the regression curve or to output residuals, to avoid the possibility that an individual participant's identity could be reconstructed by using their exposures as measured at the nearest monitor to find the participant's approximate location and then to match the associated PbB level and covariates.
Rabe-Hesketh and Skrondal (2006) have found that incorporation of survey weights in multilevel models using a pseudo-likelihood approach can lead to biased estimates if the level-1 weights are different from 1 and if the cluster sizes are small. For this reason, we did not apply sampling weights calculated for NHANES to adjust for oversampling segments of the population (e.g., for race/ethnicity, age group, or urbanization) in the LME analysis.
Computation of slope of PbB to PbA. We employed Equation 1 for computing the slope factors used to interpret the relationship between PbB and PbA. For this study, we derived an instantaneous slope factor, d[PbB]/d[PbA], for the ln–ln model in lieu of interval-based approximations for slope used in earlier studies (e.g., Brunekreef 1984; Hayes et al. 1994):
d[PbB]/d[PbA] = eβ0βPbA[PbA]βPbA–1. [2]
In addition to ensuring that the PbA term accounted for all air-related pathways, use of Equation 1 allowed for straightforward calculation of the slope factor because calculation of slope factor with a covariate model would entail testing of several hypothetical scenarios to estimate covariate values. With a combination of categorical and continuous covariates, this step is not straightforward. Brunekreef (1984) recognized that computation of slope factor from a model not including covariates may result in some amplification of slope factor. We assumed that the average bj over all census block groups was equal to zero, so the random intercept does not appear in Equation 2.
Literature review. We included studies computing slope factor that were presented by U.S. EPA (2013) for comparison with the NHANES analyses (Brunekreef 1984; Hayes et al. 1994; Hilts 2003; Schwartz and Pitcher 1989; Tripathi et al. 2001). To ensure that we did not miss additional relevant studies, we also conducted a Web of Science (http://thomsonreuters.com/thomson-reuters-web-of-science/) search using the topic queries "blood Pb" and "air Pb." We retrieved 162 articles from this search. We reviewed the titles and abstracts from these references to determine if the associations between PbB and PbA were studied in those articles. We reduced the pool of articles to 11 after the title–abstract review. We reviewed the 11 remaining articles in full, and only three new articles—Bierkens et al. (2011), Ranft et al. (2008), and Zahran et al. (2013)—included a statistical model of PbB as a function of PbA. For each of the statistical models presented in these eight studies, we computed slope factor based on Equation 2. If any study used base-10 logarithms in lieu of natural logarithms, then we replaced the exponential with a base of 10 in Equation 2.
Results and Discussion
Regression results show that βPbA decreased substantially between NHANES III and NHANES 9908, as shown in Table 1. For NHANES III, βPbA was 0.140 (p = 0.011) for the 1- to 5-year age group and 0.154 (p = 0.067) for the 6- to 11-year age group. For NHANES 9908, βPbA was 0.076 (p = 0.12) for the 1- to 5-year age group and 0.155 (p = 0.0012) for the 6- to 11-year age group. The magnitude of βPbA for Equation 1 of NHANES 9908 was 54% and 101% of that for NHANES III for the 1- to 5-year and 6- to 11-year age groups, respectively. Likelihood testing produced the same findings with respect to statistical significance of ln(PbA) for both NHANES cycles and models. Figure 1 displays the modeled relationship between PbB and PbA for children 1–5 years of age based on the NHANES 9908 data. The ln–ln model design is evident from the steepness of the tangent slope factor for small PbA with a sharp decrease in slope factor with increasing PbA.
Table 1 – Regression coefficients (β ± SE) for merged PbB–PbA data set, based on annual average TSP‑Pb data.
Figure 1 – Calculated PbB levels for a range of PbA concentrations for the NHANES 9908 models for children 1–5 years of age. Tangent lines are shown in gray to illustrate how slope factor decreases with increasing PbA along the ln–ln model.
We observed little difference among the slope factors between NHANES III and NHANES 9908; this information is shown in Table 2 at the median concurrent PbA concentration. For NHANES III, slope factor was 16.4 μg/dL per μg/m3 for the 1- to 5-year age group and 15.7 μg/dL per μg/m3 for the 6- to 11-year age group at a median PbA of 0.036 μg/m3 and 0.037 μg/m3, respectively; slope factor was statistically significantly greater than zero. For NHANES 9908, slope factor was also statistically significantly greater than zero. For the 1- to 5-year and 6- to 11-year groups, slope factor was 15.3 and 16.5 μg/dL per μg/m3 at PbA of 0.011 to 0.016 μg/m3, respectively; these slope factor values were close to values calculated from the NHANES III simulations. Similarities in slope factor for the 1- to 5-year and 6- to 11-year age groups arose because differences between the models' βPbA and β0 among the NHANES survey cycles were offset by the reduction in PbA from 0.036 to 0.037 μg/m3 for the 1988–1994 survey down to 0.011 to 0.016 μg/m3 for the 1999–2008 survey. Given the complex structure of Equation 2, slope factor increases with decreasing PbA when βPbA and β0 are fixed. Larger values for β0 and βPbA will also result in higher slope factor. β0 and βPbA for NHANES III were > 1.75 times higher than for NHANES 9908 in the 1- to 5-year age group, and β0 was roughly 1.5 times higher in the 6- to 11-year group for NHANES III compared with NHANES 9908.
Table 2 – Comparison of studies computing slope factor at median PbA for each study.
We computed slope factors presented in the above paragraph with the fixed-effects slopes derived from the mixed models (Table 2). Additionally, we added a random effect to the intercept to account for the influence of geography on an individual's slope factor in the LME model. Given that we added the random effect to the intercept, it would have the effect of multiplying slope factor by exp(bj), such that Equation 2 would become
d[PbB]/d[PbA] = eβ0+bjβPbA[PbA]βPbA–1. [3]
The variance of the random effect, given in Table 1, was used to calculate how the slope factor would change over the 95% confidence interval of the random effect, by adding ±1.96[var(bj)/n]0.5 in place of bj in Equation 3. This results in the slope factor being multiplied by a factor within the interval [0.93,1.07] to capture the influence of the random effect across the age groups and survey cycles.
We compared slope factors from the results of this study with those computed from related studies in the literature. Although many studies provided slope factor, we recomputed it here as the first derivative of the PbB–PbA regression relationship presented in each study to ensure that the computational approach was equivalent because some studies estimated slope factor based on interval approximation (e.g., Brunekreef 1984; Hayes et al. 1994). Additionally, we computed slope factor using the median PbA to maintain consistency among the models. For the ln–ln models, use of low current levels of PbA (e.g., for NHANES 9908, median PbA ranged from 0.011 to 0.016 μg/m3) would drive slope factor upward compared with using PbA closer to 1 μg/m3 for older studies, because the ln–ln curves are steeper at lower PbA; this is evident in Figure 1. Linear models had constant slope factor, so that the relative difference in slope factor between the ln–ln and linear models increased with decreasing PbA.
Most studies of the PbB–PbA relationship employed data from the period when Pb was used as an antiknock agent in gasoline and a more prevalent raw material in manufactured goods in the United States and abroad (Brunekreef 1984; Hayes et al. 1994; Hilts 2003; Ranft et al. 2008; Schwartz and Pitcher 1989; Tripathi et al. 2001). We summarized these studies in Table 2 along with data from this study. We observed variability in the studies' median slope factor estimates; Brunekreef (1984), in a meta-analysis of earlier studies associating PbB with PbA, also noted such variability. For the studies that obtained most data when industrial and automotive Pb usage was higher, slope factor ranged from 3.2 to 12.2 (Brunekreef 1984; Hayes et al. 1994; Hilts 2003; Ranft et al. 2008; Schwartz and Pitcher 1989; Tripathi et al. 2001). Bierkens et al.'s (2011) study of PbA exposure throughout the European Union (EU) included many data from after 2000, when EU countries had phased out Pb from automotive gasoline and saw diminished industrial use. They observed a slope factor of 2.8 μg/dL per μg/m3 among children 0–6 years of age. Likewise, Zahran et al.'s (2013) study of PbA exposure in Detroit, Michigan, used data from 2001–2009 and observed slope factor ranging from 17 to 63 μg/dL per microgram per cubic meter for children 0–10 years of age in 1- to 3-year age groupings. The U.S. EPA (2007) reviewed the evidence before 2007 and determined that slope factor overall was between 3 and 10 μg/dL per μg/m3 (i.e., an increase in PbA concentration of 1 μg/m3 would translate to increases in PbB levels of 3–10 μg/dL).
Table 2 shows comparison of slope factor, computed at the studies' median PbA among this and other studies modeling PbB as a function of PbA. All computed slope factors were statistically significant. Median slope factor across the 21 models presented in Table 2 for children 0–11 years of age was 16.4 μg/dL per μg/m3. Slope factors across the studies had an interquartile range of 24.9 μg/dL per μg/m3. Computations from the NHANES III and NHANES 9908 analyses and for Zahran et al. (2013) yielded higher slope factor than the other studies modeling PbB vs. PbA.
To explore potential reasons for higher slope factor values among children 0–11 years of age for the NHANES analyses and for Zahran et al. (2013) compared with the other studies in the literature, slope factor was plotted against median PbA for these studies (Figure 2). Here, the median PbA values (0.011–0.037 μg/m3) for the four NHANES analyses and for the Zahran et al. (2013) study were substantially lower than median PbA for the other studies (0.098–2 μg/m3). Hence, the study results taken in concert suggest that slope factor increases among children with decreasing exposure to PbA. This is consistent with the curve of PbB versus PbA presented in Figure 1 and with the inverse mathematical dependence of slope factor with PbA, as seen in Equation 2. The declining relationship between slope factor and PbA in ln–ln space supports use of the ln–ln plot to describe the relationship between PbB and PbA. Furthermore, examination of slope factor for many studies across a range of PbA lends additional credence to the notion that slope factor increases with decreasing PbA, as illustrated in Figure 3 for the PbB–PbA models computed from the studies of childhood exposure included here. In this sense, the decreased PbA concentrations for the NHANES and Zahran et al. (2013) studies account for higher slope factor observed in Figure 2. When PbA is already low, additional reduction in PbA would then produce a larger proportional decrease in PbB compared with the same reduction at a higher initial PbA. Variation in the βPbA and β0 of the PbB–PbA curve causes some of these differences. For example, the curves from Brunekreef (1984) and Hayes et al. (1994) have much larger βPbA compared with the other models. In other cases, the different model curves in Figure 3 illustrate that βPbA of many of the models is similar, but β0 differs. These differences in β0 are likely responsible for the amount of scatter observed in Figure 2 among slope factor for higher PbA.
Figure 2 – Slope factor versus PbA for children 0–11 years of age, with slope factor computed for the median PbA at the time of the study. Data for the present study are shown with white circles.
Figure 3 – Calculated PbB levels for a range of PbA concentrations for all studies with study participants 0–11 years of age and using a ln–ln or log–log model of the PbB–PbA relationship.
The large amount of scatter in the graph of slope factor versus PbA presented in Figure 2 suggests variation in the form of the ln–ln relationship between PbB and PbA over the years 1970–2009. During this time period, several changes to population Pb exposure have occurred. By 2000, most countries had phased out Pb additives from gasoline, and the timing and duration of the phaseouts varied across the studies examined here. Additionally, environmental Pb emissions have decreased throughout the last 40 years (U.S. EPA 2008b). In a multivariate model using the NHANES III and NHANES 9908 data, the magnitude of ln(PbB) effect estimates varied between the NHANES cycles for socioeconomic and co-exposure factors (Richmond-Bryant et al. 2013). Scatter in slope factor may also reflect differences in the covariates between the survey cycles.
This study is not without limitations. First, to preserve NHANES participant confidentiality, the RDC restricted printing or plotting the study data or residuals once the NHANES and AQS data sets were merged. As a result, visual inspection of the fit of the regression curves was not possible. Second, we used the 4-km buffer size around the monitors to maintain the small distances likely travelled by Pb particles without losing excessive statistical power at the monitors. However, we lost some power, because application of the monitoring buffers caused reduction of the NHANES III sample population from 9,368 to 926; similarly, the NHANES 9908 sample population decreased from 8,244 to 409 after applying the buffers. Limiting the overall number of participants reduced the statistical significance of the study results. Stratifying the population by age and survey further reduced sample size. Third, use of the 4-km buffers also potentially caused exposure misclassification, if PbA concentration was sometimes incorrectly assigned to an NHANES participant. We could not test other buffer sizes, because only RDC staff could perform the data merger. Fourth, selecting the centroid of the census block group in which the monitor resides as the comparison metric for the monitor location likely added exposure error because we did not know the proximity between the monitors and the individuals. Fifth, changes in PbA emissions from NHANES III to NHANES 9908 suggest that the size distribution of PbA particles would have changed, since Pb emitted to the air by automobiles were in the fine fraction; a recent review of the PbA literature supports this idea (Cho et al. 2011). This shift would change the amount of bias and uncertainty in PbA measurements, because errors in the PbA monitoring method increase with increasing particle size (Wedding et al. 1977). Additionally, larger particles are more likely to settle from the air compared with smaller particles (Fuchs 1964), so that a smaller fraction of the population may have been exposed to Pb-bearing particles in 1999–2008 compared with 1988–1994. At the same time, the upward shift in size distribution of Pb-bearing particles changes the site of deposition within the respiratory system, potentially increasing the amount of ingested versus inhaled Pb and related absorption (Niu et al. 2010). These two factors could have a real impact on slope factor. Sixth, the literature review within this current study used PbB–PbA data for distinct populations and analyzed by different models. Some of the trend and/or scatter might be attributed to those differences. Last, the results were not amenable to making national inference, because we did not apply the sample weights in the LME, as described in "Methods." However, the study did sample a large cross-section of the United States. Except for Schwartz and Pitcher (1989), previous studies of the relationship between PbB and PbA in the United States were limited to specific cities. The limitations of the study are balanced by gaining an improved understanding of the PbB–PbA association for the period following the phase out of Pb as an antiknock agent in gasoline based on the linkage of two large databases.
The primary finding of this cross-sectional epidemiologic study is that the slope factor increases with decreasing PbA for children 0–11 years of age, albeit with a large amount of scatter across the studies reviewed for comparison with the NHANES estimates. Because slope factor is higher at low PbA, larger relative PbB reductions among children may be achieved at low PbA levels. At the same time, we need more studies of the conditions influencing slope factor to interpret the results presented here. Additional analyses exploring the effect of particle size cuts for the PbA measurements and effect modification factors influencing slope factor are in progress.
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EHP is pleased to announce that it is now operating under a continuous publication workflow! As indicated in a previous announcement, continuous publication allows EHP to post new content online throughout the month, as each paper becomes ready for an issue. This gets content out to our readers much more quickly than the old issue-based model, and unlike our previous Advance Publication model, these are final, edited articles. (more…)
EHP is pleased to announce that Prenatal Exposure to Glycol Ethers and Neurocognitive Abilities in 6-Year-Old Children: The PELAGIE Cohort Study, published in EHP on 14 October 2016, has been selected by the Children's Environmental Health Network (CEHN) as its May 2017 Article of the Month. CEHN Article of the Month summaries discuss the potential policy implications of current children's environmental health research. The CEHN summary can be viewed here.


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