text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 2, 2007
|Filing date
|Apr 29, 2002
|Priority date
|Apr 29, 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Edward G. Tiedemann, Jr., Yongbin Wei, Peter Gaal, Sai Yiu Duncan Ho
|Original Assignee
|Qualcomm, Incorporated
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (2), Classifications (10), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field
The present invention relates generally to communications, and more specifically, to improving the reliable conveyance of orthogonal space information used to identify code channels in a spread spectrum communication system.
2. Background
The field of wireless communications has many applications including, e.g., cordless telephones, paging, wireless local loops, personal digital assistants (PDAs), Internet telephony, and satellite communication systems. A particularly important application is cellular telephone systems for mobile subscribers. As used herein, the term "cellular" system encompasses systems operating on both cellular and personal communication services (PCS) frequencies. Various over-the-air interfaces have been developed for such cellular telephone systems including, e.g., frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA). In connection therewith, various domestic and international standards have been established including, e.g., Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS), Global System for Mobile (GSM), and Interim Standard 95 (IS-95). IS-95 and its derivatives, IS-95A, IS-95B, ANSI J-STD-008 (often referred to collectively herein as IS-95), and proposed high-data-rate systems are promulgated by the Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA) and other well known standards bodies.
Cellular telephone systems configured in accordance with the use of the IS-95 standard employ CDMA signal processing techniques to provide highly efficient and robust cellular telephone service. Exemplary cellular telephone systems configured substantially in accordance with the use of the IS-95 standard are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,103,459 and 4,901,307, which are assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated by reference herein. An exemplary system utilizing CDMA techniques is the cdma2000 ITU-R Radio Transmission Technology (RTT) Candidate Submission (referred to herein as cdma2000), issued by the TIA. The standard for cdma2000 is given in the draft versions of IS-2000 and has been approved by the TIA and 3GPP2. Another CDMA standard is the W-CDMA standard, as embodied in 3rd Generation Partnership Project "3GPP", Document Nos. 3G TS 25.211, 3G TS 25.212, 3G TS 25.213, and 3G TS 25.214.
The telecommunication standards cited above are examples of only some of the various communication systems that can be implemented. Some of these various communication systems are configured so that remote stations can transmit information regarding the quality of the transmission medium to a serving base station. As described herein, a "serving" base station is a base station in communication with the remote station. This channel information can then be used by the serving base station to optimize the power levels, the transmission formats, and the timing of forward link transmissions, and further, to control the power levels of reverse link transmissions.
As used herein, "forward link" refers to all transmissions directed from a base station to a remote station and "reverse link" refers to all transmissions directed from a remote station to a base station. The forward link and the reverse link are uncorrelated, meaning that observations of one do not facilitate the prediction of the other. However, for stationary and slow-moving remote stations, the characteristics of the forward link transmission path will be observed to be similar to the characteristics of the reverse link transmission path in a statistical sense.
The forward link is a shared resource between remote stations. To ensure simultaneous transmissions to a plurality of remote stations, channelization using orthogonal codes can be implemented. The number of orthogonal codes is a limited system resource and must be allocated and re-allocated on a dynamic basis. The choice of which orthogonal code to use is part of the optimization process implemented by the base station.
Transmissions for a particular remote station are sent on a dedicated channel and transmissions for a group of remote stations are sent in a broadcast manner. The transmissions on the dedicated channel are encoded using a set of parameters that are picked from a large selection of potential parameters. If the remote station does not know the particular set of parameters that were used by a base station, then the remote station would have to attempt to demodulate and decode the transmission using every set of parameters, until the transmission is decoded correctly. This is an inefficient methodology. Hence, transmission format information is typically transmitted on a broadcast channel so that a remote station could receive the transmission format information. The remote stations are configured to use assigned transmission format information in order to decode the broadcast channel.
For example, if data is to be sent to a remote station, the base station would package the data according to a given transmission format, i.e., "packaging," and send both the packaged data and information about the type of packaging used to the remote station. Knowledge as to the type of packaging allows the remote station to open the packaged data quickly and efficiently. However, sending the packaging information can be problematic.
In order to improve the data throughput rates, transmission format information must be sent in a manner that is easily demodulated and decoded by the remote station. Typically, the transmission format information is sent as a broadcast, so that the remote station can demodulate and decode the information quickly, without set-up delays. However, there are flaws that are common and inevitable to all broadcast transmissions: reliability and efficiency. For a broadcast transmission, the base station cannot readily determine who may have received the broadcast and who may have missed the broadcast. Hence, if broadcasted transmission format information is missed, a remote station may also miss the corresponding transmission on the dedicated channel.
Methods and apparatus are presented herein to address the problems stated above.
As illustrated in
In one embodiment the wireless communication network 10 is a packet data services network. The mobile stations 12 a–12 d may be any of a number of different types of wireless communication device such as a portable phone, a cellular telephone that is connected to a laptop computer running IP-based, Web-browser applications, a cellular telephone with associated hands-free car kits, a personal data assistant (PDA) running IP-based, Web-browser applications, a wireless communication module incorporated into a portable computer, or a fixed location communication module such as might be found in a wireless local loop or meter reading system. In the most general embodiment, mobile stations may be any type of communication unit.
The mobile stations 12 a–12 d may be configured to perform one or more wireless packet data protocols such as described in, for example, the EIA/TIA/IS-707 standard. In a particular embodiment, the mobile stations 12 a–12 d generate IP packets destined for the IP net packets into frames using a point-to-point protocol (PPP).
In one embodiment the IP network 24 is coupled to the PDSN 20, the PDSN 20 is coupled to the MSC 18, the MSC is coupled to the BSC 16 and the PSTN 22, and the BSC 16 is coupled to the base stations 14 a–14 c via wirelines configured for transmission of voice and/or data packets in accordance with any of several known protocols including, e.g., E1, T1, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), IP, PPP, Frame Relay, HDSL, ADSL, or xDSL. In an alternate embodiment, the BSC 16 can be coupled directly to the PDSN 20.
During typical operation of the wireless communication network 10, the base stations 14 a–14 c receive and demodulate sets of reverse signals from various mobile stations 12 a–12 d engaged in telephone calls, Web browsing, or other data communications. Each reverse signal received by a given base station 14 a–14 c is processed within that base station 14 a–14 c. Each base station 14 a–14 c may communicate with a plurality of mobile stations 12 a–12 d by modulating and transmitting sets of forward signals to the mobile stations 12 a–12 d. For example, as shown in
If the transmission is a conventional telephone call, the BSC 16 will route the received data to the MSC 18, which provides additional routing services for interface with the PSTN 22. If the transmission is a packet-based transmission such as a data call destined for the IP network 24, the MSC 18 will route the data packets to the PDSN 20, which will send the packets to the IP network 24. Alternatively, the BSC 16 will route the packets directly to the PDSN 20, which sends the packets to the IP network 24.
In some communication systems, packets carrying data traffic are divided into subpackets, which occupy slots of a transmission channel. For illustrative ease only, the nomenclature of a cdma2000 system is used hereafter. Such use is not intended to limit the implementation of the embodiments herein to cdma2000 systems. Implementations in other systems, such as, e.g., WCDMA, can be accomplished without affecting the scope of the embodiments described herein.
The forward link from the base station to a remote station operating within the range of the base station can comprise a plurality of channels. Some of the channels of the forward link can include, but are not limited to a pilot channel, synchronization channel, paging channel, quick paging channel, broadcast channel, power control channel, assignment channel, control channel, dedicated control channel, medium access control (MAC) channel, fundamental channel, supplemental channel, supplemental code channel, and packet data channel. The reverse link from a remote station to a base station also comprises a plurality of channels. Each channel carries different types of information to the target destination. Typically, voice traffic is carried on fundamental channels, and data traffic is carried on supplemental channels or packet data channels. Supplemental channels are usually dedicated channels for a designated party, while packet data channels usually carry signals that are designated for different parties in a time and/or code-multiplexed manner. Alternatively, packet data channels are also described as shared supplemental channels. For the purposes of describing the embodiments herein, the supplemental channels and the packet data channels are generically referred to as data traffic channels.
Voice traffic and data traffic are typically encoded, modulated, and spread before transmission on either the forward or reverse links. The encoding, modulation, and spreading can be implemented in a variety of formats. In a CDMA system, the transmission format ultimately depends upon the type of channel over which the voice traffic and data traffic are being transmitted and the condition of the channel, which can be described in terms of fading and interference.
Predetermined transmit formats, which correspond to a combination of various transmit parameters, can be used to simplify the choice of transmission formats. In one embodiment, the transmission format corresponds to a combination of any or all of the following transmission parameters: the modulation scheme used by the system, the number of orthogonal or quasi-orthogonal codes, an identification of the orthogonal or quasi-orthogonal codes, the data payload size in bits, the duration of the message frame, and/or details regarding the encoding scheme. Some examples of modulation schemes used within communication systems are the Quadrature Phase Shift Keying scheme (QPSK), 8-ary Phase Shift Keying scheme (8-PSK), and 16-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM). Some of the various encoding schemes that can be selectively implemented are convolutional encoding schemes, which are implemented at various rates, or turbo coding, which comprises multiple encoding steps.
Orthogonal and quasi-orthogonal codes, such as the Walsh code sequences, are used to channelize the information sent to each remote station. In other words, Walsh code sequences are used on the forward link to allow the system to overlay multiple users, each assigned one or several different orthogonal or quasi-orthogonal codes, on the same frequency during the same time duration. For example, Walsh code sequences are generated by a Walsh function, which can be defined recursively as follows:
where W′ denotes the logical complement of W, and W(1)=0. Thus,
W(8) is as follows:
A Walsh sequence is one of the rows of a Walsh function matrix. A Walsh function of order n contains n sequences, each of length n bits. Data transmission is covered by one or several such spreading codes, thereby allowing CDMA separation between different transmissions occurring at the same time and on the same frequency. In this context, "code space" or alternatively, "Walsh space" is a term that refers to the set of spreading code sequences that is used to transmit the data.
In order to recover the originally transmitted data bits of a data traffic channel, a decoder must be able to determine how many spreading codes are being used to cover the data, and which spreading codes are being used. Since a channel can use several possible spreading codes and a variety of optional coding and modulation formats, it is desirable for the decoder at a receiving end to be informed as to the actual transmission parameters used at the transmission end. The transmission parameters can be carried over one or several, separate control channels, which can be implemented to transmit occasionally or to transmit each time a data traffic transmission occurs. The receipt of the transmission parameters will allow the decoder to promptly begin decoding and demodulating the data traffic channel.
In a cdma2000 system, one type of data traffic channel is the Forward Packet Data Channel (F-PDCH). An F-PDCH is assigned to a single remote station for designated time duration. The generation of F-PDCHs by the base station consumes a varying amount of resources. For example, a new voice call originating in the serving area of a base station reduces the number of Walsh codes available for other remote stations, while a release of a voice call increases the number of available Walsh codes.
As is known in the art, layering is a method for organizing communication protocols in well-defined encapsulated data units between otherwise de-coupled processing entities, i.e., layers.
At layer L3 200, voice traffic 201, packet data traffic 203, and system services 205 are conveyed via data units constructed in accordance with the standards discussed previously. The transmission parameters, such as the Walsh space information, are processed at layer L3. For cdma2000 systems, the Walsh space information is communicated from a base station to a remote station by the use of three layer L3 messages, which are referred to herein as the Walsh Table ID message, the Walsh Mask message, and the Last Walsh Code indicator message. The Walsh Table ID message is used to identify one of a plurality of Walsh tables, wherein each table lists indices of Walsh codes that are available for establishing a packet data channel between the base station and the remote station. The indices can further be stored as a function of a particular order of use, i.e., the order of the indices indicates that a particular Walsh code sequence is to be used before other Walsh code sequences.
The Walsh Mask message is carried on the Forward Packet Data Control Channel (F-PDCCH) along with a MAC identifier (MAC_ID) to indicate the bitmap of the availabilities of the Walsh codes listed in the specified Walsh Table. Certain predetermined MAC_IDS may be common to a group of remote stations or MAC_IDS may be unique to an individual remote station. Unique MAC_IDs can be assigned to remote stations in accordance with a unique International Mobile Station Identify (IMSI) when the remote stations enter the communication system. In one implementation, the MAC_ID value is "0�00," which is a MAC_ID reserved for broadcasts to all remote stations within the serving range of the base station. The Walsh Mask message is used to signal possible "holes" in the Walsh table selected by the Walsh Table ID message. The holes are created when certain Walsh codes are allocated to other traffic channels, such as the Forward Supplemental Channel (F-SCH), the Forward Fundamental Channel (F-FCH), and/or the Forward Dedicated Control Channel (F-DCCH).
The Last Walsh Code Indicator (LWCI) message is carried on the F-PDCCH with the user MAC_ID to indicate the index of the last Walsh codes that were used for the corresponding F-PDCH. The LWCI message can be thought to carry information as to which Walsh code was used to set up the last previous Forward Packet Data Channel.
The methodology described above is flawed due to the manner in which the Walsh Mask message is transmitted to a remote station. The Walsh Mask message is transmitted on the F-PDCCH in a broadcast manner. Therefore, the flaws that are common and inevitable to all broadcast transmissions affect the performance of the above methodology. In particular, there are two issues: reliability and efficiency.
As to reliability, transmitting the Walsh Mask message in a broadcast manner does not guarantee that every remote station can receive the information, even with re-transmissions. When a remote station has difficulty acquiring the correct Walsh Mask information, there is no systematic way to recover from the lack of the needed Walsh Mask information.
The lack of reliability leads to a lack of efficiency. Since the base station may be unable to determine that a remote station does not have the correct Walsh Mask information, system efficiency would suffer. If a remote station does not have the correct Walsh Mask information, then any transmissions to said remote station would be wasted.
Acknowledgments to Broadcast Messages
In one embodiment, an acknowledgement is generated and used in response to a broadcast of the Walsh Mask message. As indicated above, "broadcast" is a term of art indicating the transmission of a message under specific conditions, namely, the attachment of a common MAC_ID rather than a particular user MAC_ID to transmissions on a broadcast channel so that every remote station sharing the common MAC_ID can demodulate and decode the broadcast transmission. The embodiment makes use of an acknowledgement channel that is designed for acknowledging the success or failure of a transmission on a dedicated channel. As discussed above, the intended, original use of the acknowledgment channel is for allowing a scheduling element in a base station to increase the data throughput rate of the system.
At step 410 of block 4A, the remote station receives a Walsh Mask message and compares the newly received Walsh Mask to an old Walsh Mask stored at the remote station. If the received Walsh Mask message is the same as the old Walsh Mask message, then at step 420, the remote station refrains from transmitting the acknowledgment. In one embodiment, if the remote station has previously acknowledged the old Walsh Mask message, then remote station can be configured to repeat the acknowledgement. If the received Walsh Mask message is different from the old Walsh Mask message and the conditions described in block 4B are met, then at step 430, the remote station transmits an acknowledgment on the reverse link acknowledgement channel described in
At step 450 of block 4B, the remote station determines whether a transmission on the F-PDCH was scheduled at the same duration as a Walsh Mask message on the F-PDCCH. If not, then at step 460, the remote station refrains from transmitting the acknowledgment. If so and the conditions of block 4A are met, then at step 470, the remote station transmits an acknowledgment on the reverse link acknowledgement channel described in
In one general embodiment, the new R-ACKCH channel can acknowledge any broadcast transmissions in addition to acknowledging dedicated transmissions. It should be noted that the value of the acknowledgment bit for the broadcast transmissions is used to select the Walsh code sequence that covers the acknowledgment bit for the dedicated transmissions. When the base station receives the acknowledgment message, the base station will be able to identify the Walsh code sequence used to cover the acknowledgment bit for the dedicated channel.
Exchange of Signalinq Messages
Due to the fluctuations of the reverse link, acknowledgments sent on an acknowledgment channel as described above can be misread as negative acknowledgments. In another embodiment, a base station and a remote station can exchange related information via L3 signaling messages. Embodiments wherein L3 signaling messages are exchanged can be performed alongside the embodiments described above.
In order to exchange the L3 signaling messages, a methodology must be established for the remote station to be able to demodulate and decode the L3 signaling messages on a dedicated channel. The question is how a remote station can demodulate and decode a message sent with a particular transmission format when the remote station has no knowledge of the transmission format.
As described earlier, transmissions for a particular remote station are sent on a dedicated channel and transmissions for a group of remote stations are sent in a broadcast manner. The transmissions on the dedicated channel are encoded using a set of parameters that are picked from a large selection of potential parameters. If the remote station does not know the particular set of parameters that were used by a base station, then the remote station would have to attempt to demodulate and decode the transmission using every set of parameters, until the transmission is decoded correctly. This is an inefficient methodology. Hence, transmission format information is typically transmitted on a broadcast channel so that a remote station could receive the transmission format information.
Using this broadcasted transmission format information, the remote station would be able to demodulate and decode a transmission message on the dedicated channel quickly and efficiently. The embodiments described herein are for allowing a remote station to demodulate and decode transmission format information on a dedicated channel.
In one embodiment, at least one processor and memory element, or other infrastructure elements that can perform a scheduling function within a base station, are configured to transmit L3 signaling messages or other transmissions using an overlapping set of Walsh code sequences. An overlapping set of Walsh code sequences is a set of Walsh code sequences that are common between a previous Walsh space and a current Walsh space. If a new Walsh space is chosen to transmit information, then it is probable that a subset of the new Walsh set is the same as a subset of the old Walsh set. This common subset is referred to as the overlapping set.
As described in
In one embodiment, the processor and memory element are configured to determine which Walsh codes were last used from a previously used table and which were not. Using knowledge of Walsh selection rules, the processor and memory element select a set of Walsh codes from the previous table, wherein the set of Walsh codes comprise the Walsh code sequences that were least likely to be selected by a given selection rule. The processor and memory element then select a new Walsh code table that shares these least-likely selected Walsh codes. Alternatively, the LWCI indicator is reset to point to these Walsh codes of the previous table. It should be noted that the order of the Walsh code sequences in the tables may be arbitrary as long as both the base station and the remote station agree upon or share the same order.
Using these overlapping Walsh code sequences, the base station transmits L3 signaling messages to a remote station on a dedicated channel, such as a F-PDCH, wherein the L3 signaling message contains the transmission format information for other transmissions. It should be noted that the quality of the forward and reverse links often fluctuate widely, so that the transmission formats of the transmission messages can also vary widely in order to optimize the data throughput of the system.
Once the base station determines the overlapping Walsh code sequences, the base station may transmit on a dedicated channel to a remote station that does not have the current transmission format information.
The embodiments described above are for sending transmission format information on a dedicated channel rather than, or in addition to, a broadcast channel. These embodiments can be implemented whenever a remote station first enters the range of a serving base station. Additionally, the embodiments can be implemented whenever a remote station transmits a negative acknowledgment in response to a broadcast transmission, the process of which is described above.
Synchronization of Orthogonal Space Information
The embodiments for the reliable conveyance of orthogonal code space information that were described above depend upon the quality of the transmission channel, either a broadcast channel or a dedicated channel. If the situation arises when neither type of channel is adequate to update orthogonal space information, the following embodiments for synchronizing orthogonal space information can be implemented along with the embodiments described above. Typically, if the channel conditions were inadequate for conveying messages to a remote station for an extended period of time, then the remote station would transmit a series of negative acknowledgments to the transmitting base station. Rather than have the base station wait for a plurality of negative acknowledgments before forming a determination that the remote station has the wrong orthogonal space information, the embodiments described below allow a base station to make a determination after receiving just a single negative acknowledgment.
In one embodiment, a serving base station is configured with a plurality of counters, each associated with a remote station operating within the range of the serving base station. The number of counters can be a system defined parameter set by the number of remote stations that a base station can serve within a quality threshold. Each remote station would also be configured with a counter, which would be synchronized with the corresponding counter at the base station.
In one embodiment, the counters are 3-bit counters. The 3-bit counters would count the number of Walsh Mask changes. The counter at the base station would be incremented by one modulo eight when a new Walsh Mask message is transmitted to the remote station, and the counter at the remote station would be incremented by one modulo eight when a new Walsh Mask message is received.
A general description of this embodiment is that the content of the counter at the remote station would be used to select a Walsh cover, and the Walsh cover is used to cover the acknowledgment or negative acknowledgment bits sent on a new reverse acknowledgment channel (R-ACKCH), such as described in
In one embodiment, the base station corrects the synchronization problem by resetting the local counter to the embedded counter content, which is specified by the Walsh cover of the acknowledgment or negative acknowledgment bit from the remote station. In this embodiment, the base station must have at least one counter for each remote station, so that the base station can keep track of all embedded counter contents.
In another embodiment, the base station transmits an L3 signaling message, the process of which is described above in the text for
In another embodiment, the base station forces a reset of all remote station counters to a common counter value. On the broadcast channel, the base station could transmit a counter reset command message and attach a common MAC_ID rather than a particular user MAC_ID to the reset command. Hence, every remote station sharing the common MAC_ID would receive the counter value and reset the local counter appropriately.
Alternatively, the actual common MAC_ID itself could be used as the counter reset value. For example, in a cdma2000 system, the MAC_ID values 0–7 are designated as common amongst all remote stations operating within the range of a serving base station. Hence, if MAC_ID value 6 is transmitted on the broadcast channel, all the remote stations would be configured to decode the message attached to this MAC_ID. In one embodiment, if a 3-bit counter is used at both the base station and the remote station, then 23=8 values need to be conveyed to the remote stations. If the value of the local counter is used to pick the value of the MAC_ID, then the need for a separate reset command message is eliminated. The MAC_ID would serve a dual purpose; first, the original purpose of specifying that an attached message is for all remote stations, and second, the purpose of identifying a counter value.
It should be noted that if the base station forces a common value reset, the base station need have only one local counter since all the remote stations would be reset to have the same counter contents.
It should further be noted that counters with larger or smaller sizes, such as 2-bit counters or 4-bit counters, can be used without unduly affecting the scope of the embodiments.
Those of skill in the art would understand that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
Those of skill would further appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present invention.
The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
The steps of a method or algorithm described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
|Cited Patent
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|Qualcomm, Inc.
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|Qualcomm Incorporated
|System and method for generating signal waveforms in a cdma cellular telephone system
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|Samsung Electronics, Co., Ltd
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|Method for assigning variable-length walsh codes for code division multiple access communications systems
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 27, 2007
|Jan 28, 2014
|Qualcomm, Incorporated
|CDMA wireless communication systems
|Jan 17, 2014
|Aug 9, 2016
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|CDMA wireless communication systems
|U.S. Classification
|375/141, 370/335
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 16, 2002
Owner name: QUALCOMM INCORPORATED, CALIFORNIA
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|Jun 22, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 24, 2014
|Fee payment
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Pixel Precision®
Pixel Precision® is a software product, for those engaged in the research, design, and development of applications and products involving DLP® technology from Texas Instruments (TI).
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- Simpler, easier development
- Focus of development returns to core R&D activities instead of programming
- And most important – Reduction in time to market for products and applications
Pixel Precision® supports both the Discovery™ 1100 and Discovery™ 3000 devices. Supported devices: Discovery™ 1100; Discovery™ 1100 with ALP; Discovery™ 3000 XGA with ALP; Discovery™ 3000 SXGA+ with ALP; Discovery™ 3000 XGA with ALP (Basic); and Discovery™ 3000 SXGA+ with ALP (Basic).
3DIcon has an exclusive distribution agreement with Digital Light Innovations (DLi), an authorized Design Partner and Reseller for TI under which DLi will bundle Pixel Precision software with its DLi41xx series of development kits for Texas Instrument's DLP projection imaging technology.


text:
Sometimes it's good to break things…
During a recent project I needed to find a way of simulating digital interference on an image / video stream. At first, it seemed the best approach might be to use the graphics API or Bitmap effects, but why imitate when you can have the real thing.
The principle is incredibly simple. Corrupt / alter a byte (or several bytes) in the ByteArray of a JPEG and then load this back into a DisplayObject using Loader.loadBytes(). Because of the way in which JPEGs work, the image will still display but the corrupt bytes will mangle the output to varying degrees, depending on how many bytes have been corrupted. The result is an interesting glitch pattern, a bit like those which were accidentally created when my webcam drivers lost the plot.
It is also possible to corrupt other image formats (png, gif etc) in the same way, by first passing the image ByteArray through a JPEGEncoder.
I've implemented this technique in the Glitchmap class, which you can download and play with at the bottom of this post. I hope that it will provide a few moments of fun, if not a practical use (I'm thinking image gallery transitions or music visualisations).
The small gottcha is that it isn't desirable to mess with the JPEG headers, so when the clean ByteArray is passed to the Glitchmap class, it will determine the length of the header by reading through the bytes until it finds the SOS (start of scan) declaration (0xFFDA). The next two bytes represent the length of the SOS, so it skips forward by this amount – the resulting position in the ByteArray should be the end of the header, and so between this point and the EOI (end of image) the data corruption takes place. I'm not sure whether this is the best way of determining the JPEG header size; perhaps any CS graduates / students out there can help me out?
After I posted the webcam glitch images, Jon used them in his title sequences for the 48 hour film gala. If you find a similar creative use for this script or the glitch generator then please let us all know.
I think the next step is to experiment with merging the bytes of multiple glitched images in order to create transition effects. I may also build an AIR app and see what the best way of outputting video might be (using NativeProcess for screen capture perhaps?).Download: AS3 BitmapData Glitch Generator (Glitchmap)
You can also download the Glitchmap Class and the Glitch Generator source code from the soulwire code repository.


text:
Sump Pump
I'm having problems with my sump pump. After a few nights of heavy rain, I noticed that I wasn't hearing it kick on at all. Upon inspection, I found that the water level was above the tube where the water discharges into the well. The pump won't turn on by itself, but does even if I just tap the outlet drain. (I'm not at even touching the switch or any other part of the pump when I do this) What's even more strange is that if the water level isn't high enough, this won't work. I can also tap the switch with a PCV tube and it kicks on, but again, the water level has to be at a certain height.
Anyone make any sense of this? I just find it weird that I can tap on the tube that is filling up the well and the pump will start, but it won't start on it's own, no matter what the water level.
Any help would be greatly appreciated.
Sump pumps are disposable items, meant they do not last forever.
Be safe and dry, replace it immediately before you miss it one day and come home to a flooded basement.
Chances are the switch is going/gone and it's time to replace.
Don't think your stuck with this problem!
Hi Sabeon...
Chris is right about sump pumps. They are disposable, so don't think your stuck with this problem! I just changed mine... I used Grundfos :thumbsup: to replace mine. The good thing is that you have an offer runnin now... I would be able to assist if you have a budget in mind! Chris your the pro, do you have any brand in particular that works for you....?
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text:
Changes for version 0.15
- SADI::Simple - Module for creating Perl SADI services.
- SADI::Simple::AsyncService - a superclass for asynchronous SADI services
- SADI::Simple::Base - Hash-based abstract super-class for all SADI objects
- SADI::Simple::OutputModel - a light wrapper around RDF::Trine::Model that simplifies NanoPublications in SADI
- SADI::Simple::ServiceBase - a superclass for all SADI::Simple services
- SADI::Simple::ServiceDescription - A module that describes a SADI web service.
- SADI::Simple::SyncService - a superclass for all synchronous SADI services
- SADI::Simple::UnitTest - A module that encapsulates unit test information for sadi services.
- SADI::Simple::Utils - internal utils for manipulating RDF


text:
To perform a search, enter a keyword, phrase or item number in the search field and click "search."
We offer two ways to locate information:
The estate stretches from Chateau Beychevelle down to Chateau Latour, and the main estate is a picturesque, enclosed 100 acre vineyard depicted on the label. The winery is established as a Second Growth. vineyard.


text:
This content has been marked as final. Show 2 replies
1. Re: How to use sAMAccountName instead of cn attributeMohammed Rayan-Oracle Nov 16, 2012 7:12 PM (in response to 656422)Hello Javier,
All you need to do is login to the weblogic console and go to Provider specific page of the Active Directory configuration under the providers tab of the security Realm
1. change the username attribute from CN to sAMAccountName.
2. you need to change the User from Name filter from (&(cn=%u)(objectclass=user)) to (&(sAMAccountName=%u)(objectclass=user))
2. Re: How to use sAMAccountName instead of cn attribute656422 Nov 16, 2012 9:52 PM (in response to Mohammed Rayan-Oracle)Hi,
Thank you.... you're right!!


text:
by Dr. Boyce Watkins
I was just watching a video used as part of the performance in the "Up in Smoke Tour" with Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg, Eminem and Ice Cube. At the end of the video, Snoop has shot another black man who is taking his last breath, with blood coming out of his mouth. Snoop looks into the camera at the predominantly white audience and says, "What do yall think? Should I smoke this n*gger?" The crowd screams in approval as Dre and Snoop proceed to murder another black man in front of the crowd.
After seeing this sick display celebrating black-on-black genocide (Imagine if it had been a white man standing over a black man asking, "Should I kill this n*gger?"), I figured out how we might define Commercialized hip-hop. Commercialized hip-hop is a place where black men are financed by white-owned corporations to present themselves to predominantly white audiences as weed-smoking, sexually-promiscuous jackasses who are willing to shoot one another for almost any reason.
In case you didn't know, gun violence is the leading cause of death among black men. My sister does autopsies in Chicago and said that 90% of her victims are black males under the age of 30. For some reason, the death of Trayvon Martin resonated deeply within the souls of those who followed this tragedy, but there are a few new Trayvons being shot in cold blood every single day of the week.
Congratulations black people, these have become the role models for husbands and fathers of the next generation.


text:
|In re Guardianship of Jason Henderson*
|Ms. Phyllis Henderson, pro se
Peter S. Wright, Jr. for Jason Henderson
|Guardianship -- whether ward was deprived of his right to counsel when his appointed counsel handled his defense to involuntary guardianship proceedings as if she were his guardian ad litem rather than as legal counsel bound to zealously defend his interests
|Appeal of Michael Rhodes*
|John E. Durkin
Paul L. Salafia
|Workers' compensation -- whether appeal to compensation appeals board was timely filed; whether compliance with 30-day statutory deadline for filing appeal under RSA 541:6 is necessary prerequisite to establishing jurisdiction in supreme court
|Rene R. Smagula*
|Town of Hooksett & a.
|Ms. Nancy B. Winneg
|Barton L. Mayer
|Protest petition on zoning amendment -- whether court erred in ruling protest petition invalid
|Estate of Joshua T.*, Dale and Patricia T. as the
Administrators of the Estate of Joshua T., and as Next Friends
|State of NH, Division of Children, Youth and Family Services & a.
|Nancy S. Tierney
|Attorney General
|Wrongful death -- whether expert is needed to determine if DCYF had a duty to remove juvenile from foster home; whether plaintiffs satisfied exceptions in McLaughlin v. Sullivan, 123 N.H. 335 (1983
|State of NH
|Richard Allen Smith*
|Attorney General
|Mark L. Sisti
|Aggravated felonious sexual assault -- denial of motion to suppress as untimely; denial of mistrial after prosecution informed jury that taped confession existed and questioned witness with respect to transcript of the confession where transcript of confession was inadmissible
|State of NH
|Raymond Cole*
|Attorney General
|Appellate Defender
Andrew Winters
Fabian Braithwaite
|Second degree assault -- exclusion of evidence of indictment pending against witness; admission of prejudicial photographs; whether court erred by sentencing defendant to extended term of imprisonment
|In the Matter of Julie A. Foshay* and Gordon E. Cole
|Doreen F. Connor for petitioner
Mr. Gordon E. Cole, pro se
|Visitation -- whether court erred by allowing expanded visitation with minor children
|In the Matter of Robert Jacobson* and Kathleen Tierney
|Michael E. Gould for petitioner
Ms. Kathleen Tierney (now Bryan), pro se
|Post-divorce proceedings -- numerous issues including reinstatement of award of child support; whether respondent had legal standing to pursue award of child support for adult daughter; whether adult child is not emancipated because of disability
|State of NH
|Otis Daniels*
|Attorney General
|Appellate Defender
Jaye Rancourt
|Felonious sexual assault -- denial of funds for expert in eyewitness identification; failure to suppress out-of-court identification; failing to allow defendant to impeach victims; denial of mistrial after State disclosed that State witness made a false statement prior to trial; failure to strike said witness's testimony
|Cindy M. Cote*
|Roger Fournier and Susan M. Fournier
|John G. Richardson
|Hamilton R. Krans, Jr.
|Real estate -- specific performance; whether unsigned purchase and sale agreement may be used to construe subsequent contract; reliance upon financing contingency in an unenforceable contract; whether inability to perform for a few days beyond closing date absent clause making time of the essence renders contract unenforceable
|Michael Porter
|City of Manchester* and Susan Lafond*
|Jon H. Meyer
|James G. Walker, for Lafond
Robert J. Meagher, for City
|Wrongful termination -- whether court erred in directing verdict against city on respondent superior claim; whether constructive discharge action against city was barred by Workers' Compensation Law; whether plaintiff should have been allowed to maintain claim for emotional distress; whether open-ended claim for future lost wages should have been submitted to the jury; whether plaintiff should have been allowed to request punitive damages; whether defendant Lafond was entitled to qualified immunity; whether plaintiff's right to speak was outweighed by injury caused to defendants by his unprotected public statements regarding defendant Lafond; failure to properly disclose opinions of expert; cross-appeal --whether court erred in dismissing claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress; whether plaintiff's "press release" was protected by First Amendment; exclusion of evidence that public policy concerns raised by plaintiff were incorporated into policies and procedures of the next Welfare Commissioner
|Cheryl Kerr
|John Miller* and Donna Miller
|Michael J. Scott
|David M. Groff
|Misrepresentation, breach of contract -- sale of home; admission of hearsay evidence of damages; whether expert testimony was necessary to award damages for repairs to allegedly failed septic system; application of doctrine of res ipsa loquitor
|In the Matter of Susan C. (Coyne) Barrett and John T. Coyne*
|Ronald G. Sutherland for petitioner
Elizabeth A. Donovan for respondent
|Post-divorce proceedings -- whether court erred by ordering respondent to contribute towards private school tuition when child was entitled to attend public school; consideration of respondent's current wife's income
|In the Matter of Gary F. Haller* and Dawn Mills
|Mr. Gary F. Haller, pro se
Denise F. Shore for respondent
|Child support -- whether petitioner, who has been determined not to be child's father, may recover child support paid to State prior to determination
|David Dillman
|New Hampshire College*
|Robert K. Mekeel
|Edward A. Haffer
|Breach of employment agreement -- failure to grant directed verdict to defendant based on foreword to handbook that states that the handbook "shall not be considered a contract of employment"
|Laurie Auen
|Kenneth Auen*
|James J. Tenn, Jr.
|Joshua L. Gordon
|Domestic violence -- whether court erred by refusing to return weapons to defendant after expiration of domestic violence order
|Appeal of Linda J. Brown*
|Leslie H. Johnson for claimant
Eric G. Falkenham for Sunbridge Care & Rehabilitation
|Workers' compensation -- numerous issues including whether board substituted its opinion for that of medical experts; application of improper standard of causation; whether evidence supports board's conclusion that carpal tunnel syndrome was not causally related to claimant's work
|Appeal of Fred Fuller Oil Co., Inc.*
|Diane M. Gorrow for Barry S. Leonard, Sr.
Simon C. Leeming for Fred Fuller Oil Co., Inc.
|Whistleblower's Protection Act -- numerous issues including award of excessive amount of back pay; failure of board to consider spoliation of evidence; whether claimant reasonably mitigated his damages
|State of NH
|James H. Mansfield*
|Attorney General
|David I. Bailinson
|Driving after suspension -- motion to vacate plea; denial of motion without holding a hearing
|Ernest M. Cherry, Jr. and Carole A. Cherry
|Town of Hampton Falls* and Hampton Falls Planning Board
|Raymond P. Blanchard
|Lawrence M. Edelman
|Municipal regulation -- subdivision; numerous issues including failure of court to presume that zoning ordinances are presumptively valid; whether wetlands destruction would be de minimis; whether proposed roadway was essential to productive use of applicants' land outside of the wetlands; whether there is a feasible alternative location for the road
|Appeal of Ann Miles Builder, Inc.*
|Gregory D. Robbins for claimant
Paul B. Kleinman for Ann Miles Builder, Inc.
Lisa-Dawn Bollinger for Ann Miles Builder, Inc.
|Workers' compensation -- whether board erred by shifting burden of persuasion and holding that the claimant is an employee
|State of NH
|Garry Quimby*
|Attorney General
|Appellate Defender
Paul Halvorsen
|Aggravated felonious sexual assault -- sufficiency of evidence
|Sherwood Forest Mobile Homes, Inc.*
|James W. Reardon and Donita C. Reardon
|Edgar D. McKean III
|David C. Engel
|Landlord-tenant -- mobile home park eviction; whether failure to pay "rental surcharge" constitutes grounds for eviction; whether landlord must specifically identify that its eviction action is based on commercial component of rent; whether court erred by assessing civil penalty and attorney's fees against landlord
|In the Matter of Jesper Gronvaldt* and Claudia Gronvaldt
|Patrick J. Devine for petitioner
William E. Boc for respondent
|Divorce -- numerous issues including whether court erred in awarding divorce on fault grounds; whether expert testimony was required for finding of emotional abuse and distress; failure to give written reasons for property division; failure to give reasons to support alimony award
|State of NH
|Kenneth Gowen*
|Attorney General
|Robert A. Zubkus
|Driving while intoxicated, operating after suspension, felon in possession of a weapon -- whether stop of motor vehicle was supported by reasonable articulable suspicion
|State of NH
|Thomas P. Cossette*
|Attorney General
|Appellate Defender
Donald Ekberg
|Aggravated felonious sexual assault -- numerous issues including grant of motion to consolidate; denial of discovery; failure of State to disclose exculpatory evidence; sufficiency of evidence; admission of hearsay; denial of mistrial; double jeopardy; denial of motion for new trial; exclusion of evidence at sentencing hearing
|In the Matter of Rita A. Flanders and Stephen Richard Flanders*
|Michael Bedard for petitioner
Paul F. Coddington, Jr. for respondent
|Divorce -- whether court should have heard testimony on post-trial motion; whether property division was equitable
|Appeal of Edward Fay, III*
|John G. Vanacore for claimant
John B. Schulte for Peerless Insurance Company
|Workers' compensation -- consideration by board of issues not raised before department of labor; whether board's rulings are contrary to law and the evidence; whether board unlawfully rendered its own medical opinion
|State of NH
|David Reno*
|Attorney General
|Christopher M. Johnson
Donna J. Brown
|Driving while intoxicated – denial of motion to suppress evidence of the motor vehicle stop
|Appeal of Stephen V. Weaver, Jr.*
|Christopher A. Bandazian for claimant
Nicole D. Spaur for Land Rover of Scarborough, ME
|Workers' compensation -- whether claim was barred by "injuries outside of the state" statute where injury occurred in New Hampshire but claimant received workers' compensation benefits from Maine
|Cassandra Hawkins
|NH Department of Health and Human Services*
|Kay E. Drought
|Attorney General
|Right-to-Know Law -- numerous issues including whether court erred in ordering department to produce redacted Medicaid recipients' dental claims forms; whether Medicaid claims are public records; whether confidential information is segregable; whether court erred by limiting costs that can be recovered for producing documents; whether court can require department to provide copies while appeal is pending
|State of NH
|Robert W. Nelson*
|Attorney General
|Timothy E. Bush
|Receiving stolen property -- whether taking photographs from tenant's apartment, scanning them into computer, then returning originals constitutes offense of receiving stolen property
|Peerless Insurance and Red Oak Property Management, Inc.
|Vermont Mutual Insurance Company* and Guumeez-Hill Trust
|Todd N. Hathaway
|Gregory M. Eaton for Vermont Mutual Insurance Co.
Gary M. Burt for Guumeez-Hill Trust
|Commercial general liability insurance, indemnification -- whether Vermont Mutual policy provided sole primary insurance coverage; whether Peerless should be required to contribute equally to the cost of defending underlying action
|In the Matter of Jonnalagadda Sasidhar* and Lakshmi Congeevaram
|Margaret R. Crabb for petitioner
R. David DePuy for petitioner
Robert M. Shepard for respondent
|Post-divorce proceedings -- whether court erred in ordering retroactive recalculation of child support; whether court may sua sponte recalculate child support; parol evidence rule
|In the Matter of Kathy L. Wolfson and Alan C. Wolfson*
|William E. Aivalikles for petitioner
Robert M. Shepard for respondent
|Post-divorce proceedings -- whether post-divorce alimony award was based on unforeseen substantial change in circumstances; whether respondent has ability to pay alimony
|Prospect Farm-Lancaster, LLC*
|Nicolas Davidge
|James Q. Shirley
|Daniel C. Finbury
|Partition of realty -- whether court erred by imposing sealed bidding process upon the parties; failure to value property at fair market value; failure to properly weight factors in RSA 547-C:29; sufficiency of evidence
|Appeal of Franklin Falls Hydroelectric Corp.*
|R. Peter Shapiro for Franklin Falls
Hydroelectric Corp.
Mark Bennett for Department of Revenue Administration
Attorney General
|Board of tax and land appeals -- whether appeal was timely filed; whether board erred by failing to exercise discretion under RSA 80:55, I(b) to accept appeal as timely filed
|Mark Poland and Georgette Poland
|Paul Twomey* & a.
|Charles E. Dibble
|Andrew D. Dunn
Kevin G. Collimore
|Legal malpractice -- whether court erred in finding that jury was not free to reject plaintiff's liability expert's opinion; whether court erred in granting plaintiff a new trial given plaintiff's failure to proffer expert testimony supporting legal causation
|General Linen Services, Inc.
|Franconia Investment Associates, LP* & a.
|Mark D. Hanlon
|Charles A. Szypszak
|Breach of contract -- whether contract clause for linen services allowed termination if an on-premises laundry was installed; whether liquidated damages clause was enforceable
|State of NH
|Alfred Hogan*
|Attorney General
|Thomas N. Morgan
|Reckless operation -- whether reckless operation is a lesser-included offense of driving while intoxicated
|In re Juvenile 2003-0183
|Case is confidential under RSA chapter 170-C
|In re Juvenile 2003-0187
|Case is confidential per court order
|State of NH
|Mark A. Nott*
|Attorney General
|Tim A. Clark
|Probation violation -- denial of discovery request for gun to be fingerprinted; sufficiency of evidence of defendant's control of weapon


text:
What lift and tires? What else will I need..?
Alrighty so I have a 2010 WK Limited 3.7L V6 QT1. Yes I know this is the pussy model WK but I'm looking to lift it and put bigger tires and different wheels on it. Which lift do yall suggest? I'm looking to clear 33's at most. Is there a 3 inch lift out there that will the WK thats not outrageously expensive? and what tires do yall suggest? I have BFG Rugged Terrains right now but I've heard alot about Toyo Open Country's, BFG Mud Terrain KM2's, Nitto Trail Grapplers, and all the common offroad A/T and M/T tires. But What do yall suggest. I don't mind a little bit of noise but nothing to the point of where I can't talk to someone while driving, without having to yell. SO what do yall suggest based on my ideas here? Any responses are appreciated. Thanks and happy wheeling yall!
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text:
Desperately trying to find LHD headlights for my 6er without spending 700 per side. Anyone got any ideas.
Desperately trying to find LHD headlights for my 6er without spending 700 per side. Anyone got any ideas.
Hi Ed,
Its a pair!
Scheinwerfer headlights BMW E63 E64 XENON Sonstige 0 - ID:9698981
NOT!! Cheap though
Cheers Dunks but those are the cheapest i have seen. BMW want £1100 for each headlight.
You should be able to get the Tax Off and when it comes to re-sell get some of your money back.
The OTHER!!?!! alternative is set your UK lights up using the adjusters to form a beam that is almost!??! LHD pattern, someone had done it to my lights to get it through an MOT when it was UK registered. but the xenon fixture looks like it is cross-eyed optically and wether the BFG inspectors are wise to it????????? Probably
More than likely they are, the feckin little hitlers.
I have new wheels fitted tomoz. 20" cades bern accent (black) cant wait.
Is that the CSL type wheels?
Should look "Mean"!
Make sure they put complete metal valves on them
(as rubber ones with metal end caps tend to mark your wheels when you are doing Autobahn speeds!! Like the last set you had)
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text:
by Liu Chang
BEIJING, Aug. 22 (Xinhua) -- Once again, Western powers are digging deep for excuses to intervene militarily in another conflict-torn Middle East country, as U.S. President Barack Obama warned Monday that the use of chemical weapons by Syria's government would change his "calculus."
With the hypocritical talks of eliminating weapons of mass destruction in Iraq and protecting civilians in Libya still ringing in the ears, such "red line" threats seem to have almost become a signal for the United States and some of its Western allies to sharpen their weapons before exercising interventionism.
The world should stay vigilant that these dangerously irresponsible remarks would do nothing but effectively escalate the current bloody situation in Syria and gravely tarnish the prospects of settling Syria's 17-month-old crisis through political means.
It is true that the UN and Arab League-led mediation efforts on the ground have yet to yield satisfactory results to broker a ceasefire between government troops and armed rebels in Syria.
However, when continuous radicalism-fueled roadside bomb attacks, along with heartrending poverty and chaos, have nearly killed the hopes for stability and prosperity in Somalia, Iraq and Libya, nations that have suffered West-led military interventions, foreign crusades would simply incur even more violence, hostilities and hatred in Syria.
Apart from being ineffective to bring real peace, military interventions by the United States and its Western partners are always interests-driven and highly selective.
It is not difficult to find that, under the disguise of humanitarianism, the United States has always tried to smash governments it considers as threats to its so-called national interests and relentlessly replace them with those that are Washington-friendly.
That easily explains why both Iraq's Saddam Hussein and Libya's Muammar Gaddafi, who once worked closely with the United States, were later depicted as brutal dictators with the people's blood dipping through their fingers.
Right now, as conflicts between government troops and rebel forces still rage in Syria, nations around the world should continue to build on the progress that has been achieved by outgoing international envoy Kofi Annan and his team.
Any attempt to scrap the chances for a political settlement and to turn Syria into the next testing ground for Western weapons must be guarded against and ruled out.
China, being acutely aware of the harm of foreign interventions, has always stood firmly against them and supported the political settlement of all crises.
Thus, the Chinese government is keen to continue working with the international community to back UN-backed negotiations aimed at bringing real and lasting peace to Syria.
Hollande reiterates support for Syrian opposition
PARIS, Aug. 21 (Xinhau) -- French President Francois Hollande on Tuesday reaffirmed Paris' support to help Syrian opposition to build a democratic political system for a post-(President Bashar) al-Assad era.
In a statement released by the Presidency office, the Elysee, Hollande promised to provide "effective support" for the efforts "in favor of a free, democratic Syria respectful of the rights of each of its communities." Full story
Russia insists on implementation of Geneva agreements on Syria
MOSCOW, Aug. 21 (Xinhua) -- The only way to settle the crisis in Syria is to implement the agreements reached in Geneva on June 30, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said Tuesday.
"We adhere to Geneva agreements which develop and detail Kofi Annan's plan. This is the only way to stop bloodshed as soon as possible, to save as many lives as possible," Lavrov told visiting Syrian Deputy Prime Minister Qadri Jamil. Full story
U.S. downplays Syrian offer to discuss president's resignation
WASHINGTON, Aug. 21 (Xinhua) -- The U.S. State Department on Tuesday downplayed the latest Syrian offer to discuss President Bashar al-Assad's resignation through dialogue, saying it saw nothing "terribly new."
"Frankly, we didn't see anything terribly new there," department spokeswoman Victoria Nuland said, referring to remarks made by Syrian Deputy Prime Minister Qadri Jamil about al-Assad's fate. Full story
Obama sets red line over Syria's chemical weapons
WASHINGTON, Aug. 20 (Xinhua) -- U.S. President Barack Obama on Monday warned the Syrian government against using chemical weapons in conflicts with the opposition forces or letting them fall into the wrong hands, calling it a "red line" that would change his calculus in his approach to the prolonged conflict in the Middle East nation.
The issue of chemical and biological weapons concerns not only Syria, but also Washington's close allies in the region, including Israel, and the United States itself, Obama said. Full story


text:
- Hiba KawasBeit Meri, Mont-Liban, LebanonHiba Kawas https://www.yatedo.com/p/Hiba+Kawas/normal/d0bf2bf220514f60f19c31b7b67fd41f https://graph.facebook.com/679971010/picture?type=large Hiba Kawas HKI ( Hiba Al Kawas International Inc.)Beit Meri, Mont-Liban, Lebanon
Place of birth Saïda, Al Janub, Lebanon Location Beit Meri, Mont-Liban, Lebanon Gender Female
- There is no description available for this organization.09/1995There is no description available for this organization.09/199501/1976Show All Professional Experiences (3)
- The Accademia Musicale Chigiana is a music institute in Siena, Italy. It was founded by Count Guido Chigi Saracini in 1932 as an international centre for advanced...N/A - 1996DEA in Opera - Accademia Musicale Chigiana (go)N/A - 1995There is no description available for this organization.
HQ: Siena, ItalyN/A - 1992The Lebanese University is the only public institution for higher learning in Lebanon. The university has 17 faculties as of 2006 and serves various cultural... HQ: Zahlé, Lebanon Website: http://www.ul.edu.lbN/A - 1989Show All Educational Background (3)
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Yatedo is a search engine helping people find other people with public information on the Internet.
Yatedo's robots continually scan the web (social networks, web pages, blogs, pictures…) and produce beautiful profiles in the form of digital resumes.
Yatedo provides you with a fully customizable and professional-looking profile which centralizes all of your public information (including social media accounts). You can edit key information at any time and manage your online presence in just a few clicks.
Your centralised and up-to-date online presence in the form of a digital resume not only showcases your professional experiences in a beautiful way, but also facilitates and increases your exposure with recruiters.
Whether you are looking to claim your Yatedo profile for professional or personal reasons, you will have access to valuable insights such as the number of people who viewed your profile and where they come from.
- Having all of my public information in one editable profile
- Being able to manage my exposure and my professional image online
- Discovering the level and nature of interest for my profile on the Internet
|Next Finish


text:
Brandon Marshall goes off on the Packers
Bears receiver not happy with earlier game
Lake Forest, Ill. - Clutching a small Christmas tree, Brandon Marshall turned a corner and walked to the podium. The Charlie Brown theme song played from the tree, which had a small picture of the Lombardi Trophy at its base. Marshall was beaming, full of holiday cheer.
The Chicago Bears wide receiver explained the metaphor. All of the Bears' goals, he says, are still in reach.
Then, Marshall let the Green Bay Packers know how he feels.
"I've had this game marked since we played them last," Marshall said. "I heard exactly, what's the corner - 'Tray-mon?' - I heard exactly what he was saying after the game. (Charles) Woodson, those guys, they do a lot of talking so this is personal for me. We all know the rivalry. We all know what's at stake. I'm going to play it like it's my last game."
Ah, yes, Packers-Bears. On Wednesday, Marshall drew first blood.
For 23 minutes at Halas Hall, Marshall voiced his resentment with any player on the Packers defense taking credit for his lackluster game at Lambeau Field. He dared Green Bay to match a cornerback on him in single coverage. He took shots at Woodson. And above all, he labeled Sunday's NFC North showdown at Soldier Field "the biggest game of my career."
"It's personal," Marshall said. "I want to impose my will on this game."
The Packers' game plan for Marshall was executed brilliantly on Sept. 13. Green Bay stuck Tramon Williams on the wideout with a safety shaded in the receiver's direction. And one of the game's most prolific receivers - one averaging 103 yards per game - was rendered useless. In the Packers' 23-10 win, Marshall had two receptions for 24 yards and dropped what would have been a touchdown pass.
Immediately after that game, the rhetoric wasn't particularly scathing in the Packers locker room, though Woodson did refer to Bears quarterback Jay Cutler as the "same old Jay."
On Wednesday, Marshall took aim at Green Bay's defensive backs, unhappy that any of them would take credit. He called defensive coordinator Dom Capers the Packers' "player MVP."
"For their players to be over there talking about how awesome of a job they are shutting down certain players," Marshall said, "you know, I don't respect that when two or three guys are on you or other guys. So coach Capers did a great job of game-planning us and game-planning me. I didn't beat double- or triple-coverage or whatever they were throwing at us."
"I take it as a slap in my face when guys talk about my lack of ability to do something against them when they have help all over the place. So I'm looking forward to one-on-one coverage. Hopefully those guys in games like this may go to their coach and say, 'Let me have him. I want Brandon Marshall. I want to stop Brandon Marshall. Let me have him one-on-one press coverage.' Let's see what happens."
When asked if that'd be a smart idea for the Packers to isolate a cornerback on him in man coverage, Marshall didn't have an answer but added "the way some people talk, it's like they did that." He also said the Packers' cornerbacks are "not physical at all." Which comments particularly set Marshall off?
"I'm not sure," he said. "You'll have to go on Google or something."
Marshall admitted he approached that September meeting "like any old game." His emotions are different this time around.
"I don't like the Green Bay Packers," Marshall said. "I'm not going to use the word hate. But I really dislike the Green Bay Packers and their players. But the talk has to back it up. We'll go out there and do everything we need to do to get a win. . . . I've never felt this strong in sports versus any team or any players. I'm going to play like it's my last game."
"This is personal. I respect the things they have accomplished. I respect where they're at. I'm always going to respect my opponent. But all that shaking hands stuff, it's not going to happen."
In Green Bay, there wasn't much return fire. Multiple Packers players said they they're not seeking bulletin board material.
Tight end Jermichael Finley said he sensed some gamesmanship from Marshall.
"You get a little trash talk here and there," Finley said. "Of course, it's going to amp you up to the max. At the same time, you have to keep your composure because it could be a little bit of a trick. He could be talking to us just to get one-on-one, which you don't want to do because he's such a threat."
Added safety M.D. Jennings, "He's big and he can make plays. You have to know where he's at all the time."
On Wednesday, Marshall showed no concern over any of his comments echoing three hours north.
"If you need words to get your team going or get riled up, that's sad, especially in a game like this," Marshall said. "Bulletin material, that's bologna. I welcome anything at this point."
And eventually, he went back to the prop, the metaphor. This Christmas tree on the podium is "taped up" just like the Bears are "banged up," he said. Yet the Super Bowl is still in reach. Despite losing four of their last five games, the Bears can still win the division, the NFC and the Super Bowl.
Marshall finished his news conference, picked the tree off his podium and played the Charlie Brown music again.
With that, another chapter in one of football's greatest rivalries is set to be written.
Tom Silverstein of the Journal Sentinel staff contributed to this report.


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Temporary schedule set for Old Armory April 21-28
In order to prepare for the Smoky Mountain Nine Ball Shoot Out Pool Tournament, the Old Armory will follow a temporary program schedule change for April 21-28. Not all programs are effected.
Karate, pickle ball, holey board, Kardio Kick and corn hole will be closed the entire week of April 21-28. The stage, lap walking and pottery will be closed April 23-28. Senior nutrition and bridge are closed only on April 25.
The Pisgah Promenaders Dance group will meet at the Waynesville Recreation Center on April 26 at the same time.
Quilting, photography, kids cooking class and the community garden will not be effected.
All programs will be back to the normal schedule on Tuesday, April 29. For more information, call the Old Armory at 456-9207 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
- Waynesville Parks and Recreation Department550 Vance StreetPhone: 828-456-2030
Waynesville, NC 28786


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Im very confused on the aspect of..is are engine belt or chain driven?? I have 140,000 miles and very scared of the belt breaking if in fact it is a belt. Some feedback ASAP would be great. Thanx
Im very confused on the aspect of..is are engine belt or chain driven?? I have 140,000 miles and very scared of the belt breaking if in fact it is a belt. Some feedback ASAP would be great. Thanx
Its a belt.
EDIT: Forgot to add, we have interfering engines, meaning that if your belt breaks, then big chances that a piston will touch a valve and **** it up.
'02 Elantra GT
'04 Suzuki Katana 600
Yeah but some cars do have a timing chain instead of a belt
Which is why he asked. Those usually require no maintenance.
'02 Elantra GT
'04 Suzuki Katana 600
Ah ok gotcha
'02 Elantra GT
'04 Suzuki Katana 600
the dealer just replaced the chain on my GT it was loose or some thing? dont know all i know is that having a warrenty is a beautiful thing! lol
03 GT- Gone.
03 Xterra - 31 inch BFG Mud Terrain's
Actually, on the Beta's, and especially the 1.8 beta the chain and guides would wear and need replaced with age. They would chatter and rattle. But the belt was needed to be changed at 60k miles. You're past due for your second belt.
just had mine changed, the car runs like new now!!
2001 Hyundai Elantra GLS Automatic
My Garage
I have an '02 GLS, 2.0, anyone know if I have a belt or chain?
Veni, Vidi, Velcro : I came, I saw, I stuck around
Wow, thanx guys, I'm gonna go get that checked out ASAP.
O.k. I have a 2.0 beta (01GLS) and I just passed 74500(20,000+ in 6 months) how much is it to get it changed(both dealership and self) and is it part of the 60000 check?
Wizards first rule: "People are stupid, they will belive anything the fear to be true or wish to be true"
No, it's not normally part of 60,000 mile service (although how the services are packaged is up to the dealer).
Make an ELANTRAXD decal the next mod to your Elantra. Become a Pro Member today.
DIY: less than $150 USD (with waterpump)
Dealer: $300-400 USD.
While it is not a real complicated DIY, it does take time and must be done absolutly correct, or you can destroy your engine.
The hyundai dealer i worked at was seeing 03-04 xd's with 65,000 mi on them and the belts were breaking left and right. But iam in AZ so that might be why, very dry area. Also They were charging like four hours labor and I was doing them start to finish with tensioner in about a half hour.
took gt in with 86k on it and need a new timing chain today. Chain had slack in it making my car sound like a truck when at idle.... so if you car sounds like that get ya butt into the dealer and get a chain


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