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Transcript for David Chalmers uncut
Steve Paulson: You are widely regarded as one of the leading philosophers of the mind. Why do you keep coming back to questions about consciousness, a subject you've now been studying for decades?
David Chalmers: Well, for me consciousness poses just about the most interesting unsolved problems in the world. I mean I came at this from a background in science and mathematics and there's a sense that okay, although physics and mathematics is still exciting today there was a sense they were more exciting a few hundred years ago when everything was unknown. And it just struck me that the problem right now that stands out as being unknown, unsolved in the way that problems say in the foundations of physics were a few hundred years ago, problems of the mind and in particular the problem of consciousness. How is it that physical processes in a brain give you conscious experience? It's just always fascinated me.
Paulson: So, you're saying the science of the mind is perhaps the last great unanswered question in science? Maybe in philosophy too?
Chalmers: Maybe the last great...I mean there's lots of small unanswered questions and even pretty big ones but if you want to go for a place where we really don't have a clue or where there's still just a really enormous mystery at the very heart of the issue, I think it's in the problems of the mind and in particular it's an ancient philosophical problem, the mind/body problem, what's the relationship between mind and body. In its contemporary guise it's really turned into the consciousness brain problem. What's the relationship between the brain and consciousness and we're still just coming to grips with that one.
Paulson: Now, if you talk to brain scientists, most will say it's just a matter of time before science unlocks the mysteries of the mind and they usually say neuroscience is the path to do this. I mean this is the discipline that will crack the puzzle of consciousness. What do you think?
Chalmers: Well, I think it's reasonable to think that brain science and neuroscience is going to be a huge component of whatever the ultimate solution is but I think it's also, if you talk to some of those brain scientists, maybe late at night off the record, I think you'll find that there's about as big of diversity of opinion among brain scientists about the problem of consciousness as there is among philosophers. That is almost everyone will recognize that at least right now we're not even close to a solution. And maybe the division is between those who think that, 'well, if we just eventually keep doing it we'll come across something and that will be the key to the solution.' And people who think, 'Well, no we need to be doing something fundamentally different from what we're doing now to get to consciousness.'
I mean the basic worry is that if we're dealing with questions of explaining say behavior, from the third person point of view then it looks like the brain approach is pretty good - treat the mind as a giant computer and see what it gives rise to. But if we're interested in the problems of consciousness from the first person point of view there's just this basic mystery - why does all this processing in the brain give you a first person point of view. I think every now and then an ambitious neuroscientist writes a book claiming to solve the problem but I don't think even most neuroscientists have been too convinced by that so far.
Paulson: Now, is the big question whether there are certain aspects of consciousness that have no neuro-correlates in the brain?
Chalmers: Not exactly. I mean it's really taken for granted by most people in this area including me that there will be very strong correlations between the brain and consciousness. So a certain area of your brain lights up, you get some consciousness that goes along with it. What we're looking for though is something more than correlation. I think what we're looking for is explanation, some kind of explanation of how it is that when you put all these bits together in the brain and set up such a complicated circuit and so on why does that give you consciousness? And if we just leave it at the level of correlation, yeah, well this brain process lights up consciousness lights up. That falls very far short of an explanation. It doesn't tell us, for example, whether consciousness just is the brain process or whether consciousness is something completely separate which is correlated with the brain process.
Paulson: Now you are best known for making the distinction between what you have called the hard and easy problems of consciousness. Can you explain the difference?
Chalmers: Yeah. So this goes back to a conference, maybe the first really big international conference on consciousness about 16 years ago in Tuscon, Arizona, which I went along to and I thought just for the first few minutes of the...I gave a talk there. For the first few minutes I thought I'll just set up what the problems are because different people when they talk about consciousness at these events, the word consciousness is so ambiguous, it means so many different things to different people, so let's just separate out a few of the problems. The easy problems, as I called them then, were problems roughly speaking tied to objective behavior and to the mechanisms that produce them. So the difference between say being awake and responsive versus being asleep and unresponsive. That's something you can characterize from the third person point of view and maybe there will be a neural brain based solution to that or the problem of how it is that you respond to a given stimulus that you see. And maybe the brain integrates information about it, you produce a verbal report, that's also one of the "easy problems" in the sense that although there's a whole lot about that we don't understand, there's no great mystery about seeing how it is that a brain process could bring about that behavior.
The hard problem has always been the problem of how is it that all this processing in the brain gives rise to first person subjective experience, the feeling of seeing, of hearing, this inner movie that we have in our mind when we perceive, when we think, when we feel, when we remember. I mean there's something it's like to be us as human beings and the hard problem is basically why does all this processing in the brain give us this bizarre, first person, something it's like from the inside.
Paulson: I've always wondered about where our thoughts come from, not that we have the ability to think that seemingly random thoughts pop into our heads. Is this a hard problem or an easy problem?
Chalmers: It's got elements of both insofar as the thoughts have a conscious aspect. It feels like something to think from the first person point of view but if you're dealing with the question of where did a particular thought come from, why did today you think about some event that happened in your childhood and why tomorrow you're going to think about your mother. I guess I'd put that on the side of the easy problems in the sense that we can imagine there's eventually going to be a brain based or computer based solution to this in terms of hey there are certain memories in your brain and there's certain associations and something triggers the thought about your mother or maybe it's just random and there's random selection of all the memory information you have. So I guess I'd...that's a really interesting and difficult problem but it's not officially on the side of the hard problem of consciousness.
Paulson: It's interesting because it also gets to the question of what we would associate with creativity. For instance, the novelist who is creating a story and characters out of her imagination or a jazz musician who riffs on a tune to make it his own. Are you saying these are easy problems ultimately?
Chalmers: Well, I'd say that creativity and creative processes do involve a really distinct and interesting conscious experience. The experience that the jazz musician is getting into while they're being musically creative. At the same time though I think there are complex and simple forms of consciousness and in a way the core of the hard problem of consciousness is posed just as strongly by far simpler states than creativity and complex thought. You can pose the hard problem of consciousness just by thinking about something as simple as feeling a pain. I pinched myself and ow, okay that hurt a bit. Now I can tell a story about how it is that sent a signal up my nerves to the brain, stimulated pain areas of the brain, but why did this have that distinctive first person experience of hurting. There's nothing especially creative or complex about that but it still poses the hard problem.
Of course, the forms of consciousness that come up in creativity or complex thought are all the more strange and mysterious. But I think the core problem even arises from the simple cases.
Paulson: So why is this hard problem of consciousness so hard? I mean why is it so hard for science, for neuroscience, for cognitive science to explain this subjective experience, this first person experience?
Chalmers: Well, one way to think about it is that science is set up from the start to be objective and we're only comfortable with things in science when they're full objective. We have objective mechanisms, measurable from the third person point of view, we gather our data inter-subjectively, every scientist can access the phenomena the same, we can all make the same measurements, and that's how science is meant to be. But consciousness...and that works so well in physics, biology, even some areas of the science of the mind. But consciousness by it's nature is subjective. It's all about subjective experience from the first person point of view. It's not something you can directly measure from the outside. I mean I don't even know for sure but I'm talking to you that you're conscious. I believe you are. I take what you say as some kind of evidence for it but I can't measure it directly. We can only get at it indirectly. And the kinds of mechanistic explanation we get to in science in terms of explaining what it is that systems do just don't seem to work so well for this essentially subjective phenomenon. So I think about this - science is basically all about gathering what we might call third person data traditionally, data equally accessible to everyone. Consciousness really involves what we might think of as first person data.
Paulson: Basically if you want to know about my mind I have to tell you about it?
Chalmers: Roughly. Yeah, that's basically right. You know for sure about your consciousness. I know for sure about my own consciousness. And then we can communicate it to each other by telling each other in verbal report is in fact a method which is used the most in the science of consciousness. But it still makes people uncomfortable because we're only getting at the phenomenon fairly indirectly and to explain things like the verbal report isn't to actually explain the state of consciousness itself. I mean it's one thing to explain why you say ow. It's another thing to explain that feeling of pain that underlies your saying ow.
Paulson: Now are these questions about consciousness also related to questions about what the self is, what it means to be me for instance?
Chalmers: I'd say they're very closely connected. I mean any self that we think of or any system that we think of as deserving the name self or person would have to be a conscious system. I think if it wasn't a first person perspective it didn't feel like something to be a system. That system couldn't have a self. Maybe in the simple forms of consciousness which are...I think maybe flies have a simple form of consciousness. I don't know whether you want to say they have a self. One thing we might say is they're certainly not conscious of themselves.
So one thing that we have as human beings is we have ourself. We have consciousness. We also have this consciousness of ourselves as selves and that maybe something that makes humans, human consciousness, distinctive. But on the other hand consciousness itself and maybe even self itself, maybe flies could be said to have a primitive sort of self and a primitive sort of consciousness. They're just not conscious of themselves.
Paulson: Are you talking about the limits of materialism? I mean the idea that the mental is nothing more than brain mechanics. Is that part of your critique here?
Chalmers: It is, yes. One of the big issues in the philosophy of the mind is is the mind just the brain. I mean is a physical process is enough to explain what's in your mind and what's in your consciousness and I've been somewhat reluctantly led to the conclusion by the sorts of considerations we've been talking about that in fact materialism doesn't have the resources to fully explain consciousness. So to fully explain consciousness you have to expand your furniture, your basic furniture of science, from beyond the resources just say physics. I mean the materialist view says basically there's a few fundamental properties in the world - space and time and mass and charge and a few laws that connect them - and everything can ultimately be explained in terms of that physics and chemistry.
Paulson: Everything in chemistry, biology, ultimately can be reduced to the properties of physics.
Chalmers: Right. So you've got this great chain of being in a way from physics upward. But my own view is that although this works so well in chemistry and biology and so on for the reasons we've been talking about when it comes to consciousness this reductionist program doesn't succeed and at this point we should just rather than saying...we could just say it's a giant mystery but I think at this point what we should say is what you do in science is...Occam's Razor don't multiply entities without necessity. But in this case there is necessity. I think it's basically what's happening here is something is telling us we need more primitives in our ontology so to speak. It's not just space, time, mass, and charge.
So my own view is we should take something like consciousness as a primitive element of the world, a fundamental property if you like, in the way that physics takes space and time and mass and charge.
Paulson: That's fascinating. I mean you're suggesting that consciousness may have its own fundamental property of nature so to speak?
Chalmers: Basically, yes. Yeah, I mean consciousness, or maybe some other weird property, some other weird new properties, proto-consciousness which could somehow produce consciousness. But we do need to expand the ontology of fundamental properties. That's my view. Physics is made to be a theory of everything, fundamental properties that explain everything. But if it turns out it doesn't explain everything then I think what we have to do as scientists is to expand our primitives.
Paulson: So what would that fundamental property of consciousness be?
Chalmers: Well, at this point we really don't know. So we're really in the realm of speculation and I get to do the speculation because I'm a philosopher but I can't say where...We're not remotely close yet to the point where we have the details of theory. I mean I'll be happy if we have it in 50 years. It could be 200 years but one thought is just some certain basic aspects of consciousness, some primitive dimensions of consciousness. I mean analogies maybe are, where if you have color it seems like this big complex experience but we can break down color into a few primitive dimensions - hue, saturation, brightness - from which you can get all the properties of color that we seem to experience.
Or maybe it will turn out there are four or five primitive dimensions of consciousness so that we can break down the complex multifaceted multisensory consciousness that we have and see how that could be the property of the result of four or five basic properties of consciousness put together in the right configurations. I mean at the moment this is just speculation but you might...what we basically...just as in physics you've got fundamental laws that connect these fundamental properties to each other, for a fundamental theory of consciousness of my view what you need is the theory that connects these fundamental physical properties like space, time, charge, and so on to consciousness, roughly telling you when you've got a physical system of these properties you'll get a conscious system. With these properties and this is what consciousness will be like. We don't have that theory yet but if we did maybe that would be a theory of consciousness.
Paulson: I want to push you to speculate a little bit more. You have suggested that maybe information is this fundamental property that's somehow connected to consciousness. And I know there are some scientists out there including some physicists who say that maybe information is maybe the most primary, most fundamental property of all. How far are you willing to run with that?
Chalmers: Yeah, so in a book I wrote in '96, The Conscious Mind, I speculated a fair amount about information maybe being the key concept and that basically you've got information embodied physically and physics can somehow be seen as a giant informational processing of bits affecting other bits and so on. And then we add the other fundamental postulate that wherever you find information that information basically has two aspects. The other aspect is a conscious aspect. So physical information will correlate then with experience to conscious information and that would kind of have the status of a fundamental law in the system.
So what we do find in our conscious visual experience is it's kind of like a...it's a computer monitor all right. You've got a big pixels, color pixels spread out in space over a visual field. You can see all of that as a giant information structure. Somehow it's a projection of the information structure in your brain. So my thought then was maybe we could use this to build a theory around. I've got to say that I haven't gotten a whole lot further with those ideas about information than I was about 14 years ago and I'm inclined to think maybe it's a bit early to be really building the details of a theory around that. But that's the kind of speculation that points at least towards some interesting ideas for how a theory might eventually go.
Paulson: I mean let's just play with this for a moment. Wouldn't information have to be made of something or consist of something? You can't just talk about information itself can you?
Chalmers: That's a really good question. It is certainly if you look at your average computer or phone line or place where information is, it's always realized by something - voltage circuits in a computer or electricity. Some people have suggested that maybe there's a fundamental level of information that isn't realized by anything more primitive than itself. It's just basic bytes - ones and zeros. Just two states which are different from each other and it's not that there's something else that makes that difference. It's not that, you know, it's like red versus blue or on versus off. It's just two different bytes.
The physicist, John Wheeler, called this idea it from bit. Rather than getting bits of information from some underlying level of it, like voltages, the fact that everything in the world is built on this level of pure information. The idea is a bit crazy and it's not totally clear that it makes sense to think of pure information but I at least find that as sort of an attractive speculation.
If you were to have a level of matter or something underlying your information, I think you can have that here as well and then we'll just say the information is embodied in matter. It's also embodied in consciousness.
Paulson: Now, I know there are a few renegade scientists who think we need quantum physics to explain consciousness. What do you think?
Chalmers: There are a lot of intriguing connections between quantum physics and consciousness. I mean my first reaction is well it's not obvious how you get from classical physics to consciousness but it's not at all obvious how bringing in quantum mechanics helps. I mean you've got say Roger Penrose and my art colleague Stewart Hemeroff at Arizona, they think that they key to consciousness is all about the collapse of way functions by quantum gravity mechanisms and microtubules inside the brain. But then there's basic natural questions to arise here is well we didn't know how processing neurons will give you consciousness. It's just there was an explanatory gap if you'd like. Well, it looks like there's exactly the same explanatory gap between a way function collapses in microtubules and consciousness.
At this point though some people are led to think that quantum mechanics might have a special role in a theory because there are versions of quantum mechanics that actually take consciousness as fundamental, as primitive, and give it a role. So there's a version of quantum mechanics that says wave functions collapse every now and then. They go from a very spread out state to a determinate state, Schrödinger's cat goes from being both alive and dead to being say alive. When does this happen? It happens when someone makes a measurement.
What's a measurement? Well, that's basically where a system impacts on someone's consciousness. So there's a version of quantum mechanics that says basically consciousness is what collapses the way function. This takes consciousness as primitive and gives it a role and since one of the big questions around here is if consciousness is this primitive what's it role in the physical world? Does it make a difference? Quantum mechanics at least I think has some interesting speculative thought about what that role could be.
Paulson: But it seems like the problems with that is if you take it to its absurd conclusion, nothing would happen if someone doesn't think about it.
Chalmers: It's an interesting question, yeah. So just say you already got consciousness in complex systems and just say those very complex systems took billions of years to evolve as we currently think they did. On this view what happened to the universe for those first few billion years when nobody was conscious? I guess the universe must have evolved at a big giant super position of every possible state on the way function and then at a certain point on one of these branches of the way function evolution got to the point where the first glimmer of consciousness came in there and got affected and then at that point the whole way function collapsed and evolutionary history became determinate.
So, yeah, it is a pretty weird and wild view. But one thing we've learned from quantum mechanics is there's no way to understand quantum mechanics without it being a weird and wild view.
Paulson: In some ways your views, for instance, your willingness to entertain this connection between consciousness and quantum physics, it would seem to resonate with people with a spiritual or religious bent because they always say that the mind cannot be reduced simply to neural correlates. Is there a spiritual component to your perspective?
Chalmers: Not for me personally. I mean I'm not a religious person at all. I guess I'm an atheist. I've got my own average watered down academic humanist's spirituality if you like but nothing more than that. I do find these views do tend to resonate quite often with people with religious backgrounds whether it's say a Christian background or quite often things like Buddhism and their ideas in Buddhism and other eastern religions that some people find resonating with. Consciousness is primitive. Consciousness is the ground of all being. I guess that's okay with me but I'm just very cautious about drawing too direct a connection.
I've been led to these views just by thinking about these things with relatively objective scientific and philosophical perspectives. Some people think the only reason you might want to have views like this is for broadly religious and spiritual reasons. That's not the case at all.
Paulson: And I think there's a specific reason for that is those people with these religious views would say that there's something about consciousness that goes beyond the individual person. There's some way that my mind can tap into some larger cosmic mind.
Chalmers: Yeah, maybe that's what they think. Or maybe they're motivated by thoughts of life after death that they could be if consciousness is something separate from the body then maybe that gives some solace to people who think that our consciousness may go on after our bodies are dead. All I can say is I've got no evidence about life after death. The view that I've put forward doesn't make any particular predictions about that. My own view is probably sad but true and when my body dies my consciousness will either die or dissolve or fragment along with it.
But I guess it's the case that if...it certainly is the case that if people want to find...if you do believe...if you are inclined to believe in say non-physical souls, which I'm not, but if you are inclined to believe in something like a soul, you could take elements of the picture I'm putting forward here and graph the soul onto it. I just want to say that's not compulsory. That's going way, way beyond where the science or the philosophy takes you. So I guess although I've got some fairly radical views in some sense I want to be conservative about it and say well this is where the arguments and the evidence take you. Anything beyond that is really speculation.
Paulson: It sounds like you are describing an impasse here, perhaps an insoluble problem for people who study the mind. I mean this whole business of subjective experience of where it comes from. Is there a future to figuring this out?
Chalmers: Well, the funny thing is despite everything we've been saying, the science of consciousness has just gone from strength to strength over the last 15, 20 years. When I was a graduate student around 1990, almost nobody was working on consciousness in neuroscience and psychology. Even in philosophy it was a bit of a fringe topic.
Paulson: Which is fascinating because I mean in some ways you think this is the greatest mystery there is and yet up until fairly recently no one was actually studying it.
Chalmers: I think people didn't really know how to deal with it. It was just this...it was like the crazy aunt in the attic as someone put it. Well, how do we deal with it? So one thing that changed is that in the 1990s people started figuring out some relatively rigorous ways to study the neural correlates of consciousness. So neuroscientists became interested in consciousness. Even without solving the hard problem, giving a theory of consciousness they could do experiments that taught us this bit of the brain is correlating with your visual experience of consciousness. This one is not. And that's really gotten us places.
Likewise, other things have happened in psychology and in neurology and so it's the science is really getting places. I think it's fair to say okay no one's yet solved the hard problem so I suppose you could say that's remaining an impasse. And I do think like most of the great problems of philosophy, the great problems of philosophy never get completely solved for once and for all. There's probably going to remain arguments about these things even in hundreds of years.
Still, I'm inclined to be an optimist and my own view is there are...we're not that close yet to exploring the space of possible theories and once we've got a whole lot more evidence from brain sciences and a whole lot more philosophical thought and a whole more theory development, then there's room for a whole space of theories that we haven't gotten to yet.
Paulson: What would that take? I mean how do you get to this next level of somehow cracking the nut of subjective experience?
Chalmers: Here's my view for what we need to do. It's basically first of all we gather data. We gather third person data about the brain and behavior. That's your average thing from neuroscience. But we also need to get very good at gathering first person data, basically measuring our own conscious experiences from the inside, you know, introspect them, catalog their properties, develop language for representing and systematizing our conscious experiences and then deal with science which consists of sort of roughly speaking bringing the third person data and the first person data together so you can form a hypothesis. When you have this third person state you then get this state of consciousness. I mean this is already happening now in a very basic way with the study of neural correlates of consciousness. But we just need something much more general, powerful, and systematic.
We're not there yet but eventually you can imagine we'll be led to boil down that connection to some really simple and powerful underlying connections between physical process and consciousness. When you have this kind of information physically, you get this kind of conscious state, and ultimately be led to your fundamental laws of consciousness, still taking consciousness as a primitive but connecting it to the other primitives. And for me that would be a theory.
Paulson: Yeah, but I can see for instance that if you do a lot of MRI studies, I mean functional MRI studies, and have people then report what they've been thinking and match that with brain waves, certainly you can construct a fairly exact science of correlation I would think but can you ever get to the causal mechanism of what actually generates those experiences? I mean is that...can you imagine a way that that could ever happen?
Chalmers: Well, in my view this parallels an issue which comes up in thinking about physics. Wherever you have a fundamental law in physics, something is kind of taken for granted. So Newton came up with these laws of gravitation and so on and they said okay well you've got this thing here, this action at a distance, things with certain mass attract each other but how does it happen? What's the mechanism? Well, some things just get taken as primitive and in Newton's theory that was the law of gravitation. So that's just how it is with fundamental laws and science.
Now, we're not used to doing that outside of physics. But if I'm right that in this case of consciousness we have to do something a bit like that here too. This is going to be...there are going to be primitives in the physics and primitives in the consciousness and we'll have a fundamental law that connects them, whatever that is, and then that will just have to be taken as a primitive in our theory in the way that the law of gravity is. And they're looking for a mechanism for how does that...why is that law...you could ask why is that a law of nature and that's at the point where we kind of throw up our hands and science just doesn't have very much to say about why we live in a universe with the laws of nature that we have. We just say that's primitive. I mean maybe someone could explain that but that's really getting into the realm of very deep cosmic speculation.
Paulson: Do you think the computers of the future, presumably far more advanced than the computers of today, will be conscious?
Chalmers: Yeah, I don't see why not. I don't see what's special about human biology. I mean it's hard to see how silicon chips will give you consciousness but it's also hard to see how neurons will give you consciousness. I don't see a difference in principle; maybe you could replace the neurons in a brain gradually by silicon chips. A quarter of your brain is replaced, half your brain is replaced, we might eventually upload the whole thing. My own view is there is some reason to think that consciousness might be preserved in this process.
One thing we know is if the computer processes are good enough simulations of neurons we'll at least be left with a system which tells us hey I'm conscious. I'm conscious. Because after all that's what we were doing before if it's a good simulation it will say that later. Now so the only question is whether your consciousness gradually disappeared as you underwent this replacement process. I mean we could never rule that out completely but I'm inclined to think that computers can be conscious.
In fact I've been thinking about this a lot in another context lately. I'm thinking about what happens when computers become more intelligent than human beings whether that be sort of super intelligence and super consciousness that goes far beyond our kind of consciousness.
Paulson: What do you think? Do you think that will happen?
Chalmers: I think it's a possibility. You know people talk about the singularity—this moment when computers get artificially designed. We design computer that are smarter than we are then they'll be better than us presumably at designing computers. So they'll be able to design computers which are smarter than the best computers we could design and which are therefore smarter than themselves. So you repeat this process. You get computers designing ever smarter computers and before long you're left with something like super intelligence. I don't see why something like this shouldn't happen. The question then is where do we stand in this process? Maybe we should be uploading and upgrading ourselves throughout the whole process so that the super intelligent beings are not so to speak our masters but our us.
There are different paths to artificial intelligence starting from the brain and uploading and upgrading, creating something new. Maybe it's a slightly happier scenario for humans if we start from the brain.
Paulson: It does raise the question of what it means for a computer to be smarter. Obviously computer has far higher capacity for information processing but is that what smarter really means? I guess are there some qualities of the human brain that will also elude what computers can do?
Chalmers: Yeah so it's got to be a lot more than just information processing or memory or speed. Those things are at least relevant to intelligence. If I just do something twice as fast that counts we often count that as being in some sense smarter. Things like creativity have to be in there; insight flexibility all the things which current computers are terrible at. Right now computers have very good memory and processing capacity but not much in the way of insight, not much in the way of creativity, not much in the way of flexibility.
So I don't see why those things have to be in principle obstacles forever. I mean presumably if someone could simulate a whole brain and if the brain is what's actually producing the behavior then that could in principle be built into a computer. Now not soon probably. Maybe not for 100 years but the question is, is there something about human information processing that couldn't be built into a computer. At this point what I say about consciousness I don't yet see any reason to think that at least the process...just here we're just talking about the easy problems. Intelligence understanding in behavioral terms. I don't see any reason to think a computer couldn't have that.
Then of course is the further question if it did have all of this intelligent or super intelligent behavior would it be conscious? And of course that's a further question. You might say we'd be left with super intelligent zombie computers wonderful behavioral capacities no consciousness at all.
But my own view is that there's at least this correlation between information processing in physical systems and information processing consciousness. So that probably if you did have this super intelligent information processing you'd most likely have some kind of bizarre super consciousness that went along with it.
Paulson: Of course there's also a great philosophical question which is could we just be all living in some simulated computer? Could we be living in the matrix?
Chalmers: Oh yeah well that's a great question which I've thought a fair amount about. You might think that there's actually some reason to take this seriously. After all simulation technology is getting better and better. People we have got Sim Earth, Sim City, Sim Life, the Sims, pretty soon there's going to be Sim Universe. Everyone is going to be running copies of Sim Universe in the background on their desktop. Eventually these simulations will be really good. They'll be...everyone will be running a simulation with thousands or billions of simulated people.
There will be way more simulated people in the universe than original people. Then you have to sit back and think, well what are the odds that I'm one of the ones at level zero one of the people writing the simulations? The others…with so many more simulated people, the chances are maybe you and I are among them.
Paulson: I mean you consider this as a serious possibility. I mean this is not just something to laugh away?
Chalmers: I do actually, yeah. I mean I think we'll probably create the simulated universes. We'll be able to see those people going through conversations just like this one and then it's going to make us sit back and think well is this telling us something about ourselves. I don't know that we're in a simulation but I think this does make it a hypothesis we should at least take seriously - worlds within worlds within worlds - simulated worlds within other simulated world. I guess from the movie we know about the matrix within a matrix.
Then the philosopher's question is if that's true well what does that mean. Some people think that if it turns out we're in a simulation none of this is real, we're just victims of a grand disillusionment all of this is just fake. my own view is no, if we are in a simulation well that's very interesting but it doesn't turn the world around us into an illusion. It just tells us something about the nature of the world around us. If it turns out we're living in the metaphysics there are still tables and there are still chairs and there are still people. It's just there's an underlying metaphysics which is fundamentally computational or informational. So actually it plays quite well into the ideas we were talking about before of a world of information. If we're in a matrix we're in a world of information but it's still in its way perfectly real.
Paulson: That is a perfect place to end it. Thank you so much.
Chalmers: Thanks. It's been a pleasure.
Comments for this interview
re: "This agrees very well with neurological data that shows impulses arrive in the "conscious" just a moment before they get to the "action center" (I've forgotten the neurological term), and we conclude that we "thought of it" before doing it..."
But this doesn't escape from hypothesizing the 'we' that deludes 'itself' about the nature of 'its' consciousness. Such an argument is still requires the introduction a 'homunculus' that is the observer of its own consciousness, which then demands that we hypothesize a second order homunculus to explain the consciousness of the homunculous, and cetera... We are trapped in an endless recursion of observers. And the 'hard problem of consciousness' escapes from and recedes ahead of our futile attempts to capture it in a closed theory...
I have a very strong intuition that we're overthinking the problem, because our vanities will not let us contemplate our ordinariness. Amebas sense and respond. What if sensing and responding IS consciousness? Gautama Buddha saw consciousness as the spontaneous, "conditioned arising" of sensation and impulse, and the sense of self as nothing more than after-the-fact rationalization, an illusion. This agrees very well with neurological data that shows impulses arrive in the "conscious" just a moment before they get to the "action center" (I've forgotten the neurological term), and we conclude that we "thought of it" before doing it, which in fact is exactly what happened, though we wouldn't find it very flattering to think the explanation is a routing by-product. I think it entirely appropriate to generalize this mechanism to consciousness itself. I believe Steve Paulson is clinging to the notion of an extra-cranial "soul" and though he is very well-informed, perceptive and intellectually wide-ranging, this preconception is a handicap here. It might be a very instructive discipline to conduct, or reframe, an entire series of interviews without recourse to metaphysics, then do the whole thing again without recourse to physics, or positivism.
Let me just add that ignorance is really the prevailing state of affairs in all the sciences. We don't know what THIS is; we don't know WHERE we are; we don't know what life is, really, and so forth. Our reality construct is a meticulously crafted, detailed raft of knowledge floating in a sea of metaphysics. The mistake we make is, we are vain, and impatient, and can't resist the temptation to dive off the raft and go swimming in the sea of metaphysics. The moment we do that, we are almost irretrievably lost. Few return from that swim. One final note: Steve says, "Atheists are all over the map" on this question. Naturally! Atheism isn't a philosophy, it is merely a label to distinguish a great variety of philosophies from another world that requires belief in deities and such. A variety of philosophies produce a variety of interpretations. Nothing strange in that. Stimulating as usual, thanks.


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A 39-year-old Red Bluff man was arrested early Thursday morning after he reportedly held a gun to the head of the mother of his child.
Around 2 a.m. Tehama County deputies were dispatched to Center Street in Red Bluff for a disturbance.
Deputies arrested Gerald Phillips for holding an unloaded hand gun to a 41-year-old woman he lives with. The two have a child together.
Phillips was booked at the Tehama County Jail for assault with a deadly weapon. Bail was $30,000.

subset: commoncrawl


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What can I do To Improve Performance?
I dont have all that much money ( make that no money) but I was wondering, What can I do to my truck to get better performance? it acts sluggish when I stomp on it, It seems to have twice as much power at half throttle than full throttle.
my truck is an 85 GMC Sierra Shortbed w/a 5.0 305, 2 wheel drive, automatic tranny.
start out with a good tune up, plugs, wires, cap, rotor etc, proper timing, properly tuned & working carb.John
done all of them things except the carb
I would change the rear end gears to 3.73's or 4.10's. It sounds to me like it could be lugging. I think you have a 700r4 tranny, so that shouldent hurt gas milege too much.
I have a 305 in my 70 Monte Carlo while the 383 is being built
I put an Edelbrock performer cam 423/442, manifold and DR needles in the stock Q-jet.Took it to the local track and ran a couple runs 16.1 ,firstname.lastname@example.com was the same as some of the new hemi pickups with the stripe on them and a full second better than the old blue Dodge pace trucks.Surprised me.
Oh yeah , had Flotech Afterbuner headers and a $6 recurve kit too.
305s can perform decent ..key is to not over build,
My 76 C-10 ran mid 14s with a mild 305 & my 86 Caballero ran 13.70s with another mild 305.. & that was with 3.08 gears. of course I realize dollar for dollar a 350 makes more power
No money?????
Lose as much weight as you can.......the less it weighs, the faster it will accelerate........that's free horsepower.
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The Clary Sage Oil Market provides detailed market segment level data on the international market. The Clary Sage Oil Sales market sales report addresses forecast and growth patterns by company, regions and type or application from 2016 to 2021.
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Btw, I'm not a lawyer or stayed at a Holiday Inn. I just read the newspaper. lol
Btw, I'm not a lawyer or stayed at a Holiday Inn. I just read the newspaper. lol
Last edited by BigBlueAllDay; 02-28-2013 at 08:05 PM.
I saw this thread and nearly had a heart attack.
Cruz on the 49'ers would hurt so much as a NYG fan; here' a local player who we signed as a FA and developed into an excellent WR.
I see many people on this forum underestimating Cruz's value saying things like "he's just a slot receiver", "his production can be replaced", and "I would rather have another 1st rounder."
IMO he's a better receiver than Nicks; if it comes down to Nicks vs. Cruz I'm for the NYG resigning Cruz.
I heard something earlier today(on NFL Net or ESPN.com?) that the 49ers may make a run at Revis, since they have the picks to do so. A little while later, "sources" say that the 49ers will not pursue Revis(once again NFL net or ESPN).
I honestly don't know if the Giants will get a long term deal on Cruz done before this season, so maybe they put the tender on him next week. And I like Cruz, don't get me wrong. But if any team(Pats, Niners) decide they want to give up a 1st rd pick and offer Cruz something the Giants can match, then so be it. Its business, not personal.
And even though the Niners pick is 31, thats just fine---its close enough to a 2nd rd pick. And there is a lot of talent available this year outside of rd 1.
Jeez the 49ers have it made , the already have a premier defense 15 Draft picks and cap space to get guys like Revis how is this even possible.
If Cruz is tendered, the above applies, except the team making the offer must also include a draft pick equivalent to the amount tendered. In Cruz's case, that's almost certain to ge a 1st rounder.
Retaining Cruz under a 1st round tender would lock him into a $2.8 million contract for the Giants' 2013 season.
Applying the franchise tag to Cruz isn't really an option as it would mean paying him the average of what the top 5 players at his position earn - this year, that'd be around $10 million.


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Product Description
Our 8 team 30 round FULL COLOR paper draft board includes 400+ player labels in alphabetical order color-coded to player position and include QB, WR, RB, TE, K, and DEF. Rookies in the 2017 NFL draft ARE INCLUDED in each kit. Blank labels, marking pen, and double sided tape are also included in every kit. All of our products are wall hanging draft boards printed on the highest quality bond paper and delivered rolled not folded to prevent creases. Custom color art work illustrations of pin-up models displaying your leagues draft order on all draft boards.
Labels are self-adhesive / peel-&-stick and are not reusable.
Labels are not reusable


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|More Sites
Magic Tree House
Junie B. Jones
Random House
In Heart of Glass, the sequel to Sasha Gould's Cross My Heart set in 16th century Venice, Laura della Scala's life has changed drastically for the better since she discovered her sister's murderer and escaped marriage to a lech. Now, she is picking out a wedding dress and rising in power in the ranks of the secret society, the Segreta. But among the canals of Venice peace and happiness don't last long. After a rollicking party, Roberto, Laura's fiancé, wakes from a stupor to find a dead girl on his floor and blood on his hands. Shattered by the news, but determined to prove Roberto's innocence, Laura becomes entwined with the Turkish prince Halem, the dead girl's brother. Soon the truths and lies become almost impossible to distinguish and Laura has to rely on following her heart to save both Roberto and the city that she loves.
Prepared by Julie Fales, Shawnee Mission South High School Journalism Adviser, Overland Park, KS


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SOUTH FLORIDA -- The deaths of two Florida panthers earlier this month brought the fatality total of the iconic endangered cat to 26 this year, the highest since officials started keeping count.
The most recent fatality was a cat found on Dec. 11 just off the Tamiami Trail, a few miles east of Everglades City. That panther was the 18th to be killed by vehicles this year, eclipsing the previous record of 17.
Wildlife officials estimate the Florida panther population to be between 100 and 160, up from 30 in 1995, when cougars were brought into the state from Texas to vary the gene pool and boost the species' chance of survival. The genetic cousins are subspecies of the American puma.
Breeding panthers range throughout the interior wildlands of South Florida, from the Caloosahatchee river south to Everglades National Park.
Dave Onorato, a Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission research scient-ist, attributed this year's record mortality count to a crowding of the environment. Along with more panthers, there's more people, more roads and more vehicular traffic.
Male panthers control ranges of 200 square miles. They'll share those areas with females, but tolerate only limited crossover by other males.
So far, said Onorato, there is no evidence that the Florida panther population is beginning to decline. Even with 26 deaths this year, births could potentially keep up. Female panthers can bare litters of two or three approximately every 18 months.
Still, the population does appear to have stopped growing over the past three years.
"There's limited habitat and more panthers than there used to be," Onorato said. "So that could cause a leveling off."
Others see real peril for the panther after the record-setting year of fatalities.
"Florida panthers are dying on roadways they have to cross in their day-to-day lives because they're increasingly squeezed into smaller fragments of land between developments," said Michael Robinson, a conservationist for the endangered species advocacy group the Center for Biological Diversity. "These beautiful cats are under siege from out-of-control growth and threatened by inbreeding."
In 2011 the group petitioned the U.S. Fish Wildlife Service, calling for a reintroduction of the panther in the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge, which is located along the Florida/Georgia border in what was once part of the cat's natural range. But the request was rejected.
Onorato said the ideal situation would be for panthers to move independently into central Florida. Males are already known to stake out territories north of the Caloosahatchee. But they haven't been joined by females.
He said the inception this year of Everglades Headwaters National Wildlife Refuge south of Orlando could be a positive development for the panther. The preserve was officially inaugurated with just 10 acres in January. But wildlife officials envision a conservation area of 100,000 to 150,000 acres in the Kissimmee River Basin.
"Any land in central Florida that's put aside for wildlife and doesn't become a condo development or the next shopping center is beneficial for wildlife in Florida," Onorato said.


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Now that you've decided to jump on the Twitter bandwagon to gain maximum benefits for your business, what do you do next? Getting an impressive Twitter profile and getting a high-quality targeted 'following' is only half the battle won. The other important half is to maintain and increase your Twitter following in order to grow your business. Nothing works better than effective tweets in order to enhance your business' reputation on Twitter.
I've come across many online marketers who build sophisticated tweet plans detailing when to tweet and how to decide your tweeting audience. Unfortunately, they miss the most important aspect regarding the anatomy of effective tweets – the content of their tweets.
The Effective Tweets
So, what are the rules that determine the anatomy of effective tweets? I strongly believe that there are none. In my experience, rules often limit one's imagination and Twitter is the best place to show your imagination and get the maximum benefits out of it. However, I recommend that Twitter users must follow the simple guideline that an effective tweet is one that makes a positive impact on its readers.
Informational + Interesting
As a business, you must ensure that your tweets are a perfect mix of information and interesting content. Plain un-interesting information has little appeal and similarly, interesting tweets but with little substance fail to attract readers.
I'm all for adding a tinge of humor in order to make your tweets fun to read. However, it does not give you the right to ridicule your business competitors or use abusive language. Use a courteous language – it works well!
Hash Tags
In my opinion, hash tags are one of the most powerful yet heavily underutilized features on Twitter. No matter how effective your tweets are, their reach is limited till you add the right hashtags in order to spread the word in Tweetverse.
Hashtags attach your tweets to any subject and make it easily searchable. Though many Twitter users have a tendency of put hashtags at the end of their tweets, I recommend using them either at the beginning or in the middle of your tweets. This has 2 advantages – your hashtags don't get ripped off when others retweet your messages and they save space without taking away the readability of your tweets.
Plain vanilla tweets do not classify as effective tweets. As a business, your tweeting goal is to bring traffic to your website. It's handy to include links in your tweets and encourage users in a subtle way to explore them further. Long URLs are a perfect recipe for disaster on Twitter as they take up expensive real estate out of the 140 character limit. Using a URL shortener service like http://bit.ly is highly recommended for writing effective tweets linking to your website.
It's fair to say that retweets multiply the power of your original tweets. Whether it's other users retweeting your messages or you retweeting your followers' tweets, retweeting is a good practice.
When to tweet
A good tweet is only as good as its timing. If you flood your followers with a large number of effective tweets, it turns them into 'ineffective tweets'. The content as well as the timing of your tweets is crucial. You shouldn't tweet on an aggressive schedule as it may lead to unwarranted spamming. Similarly, if you don't tweet enough, your followers may not find it enticing enough to continue following you.
If you've any guidelines or suggestions on what constitutes the anatomy of effective tweets, please share your opinion by leaving a comment below this post.


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how do you guys and gals rate these lights? anyone had any experiance with them? worth it?
how do you guys and gals rate these lights? anyone had any experiance with them? worth it?
IMO i wouldnt touch them im not a fan of the all in one units and dont think they suit the e36 at all why dont you just get a decent ccfl kit
i get ya, ive been looking at them,but dont no the best one to get? and dont think im capable of putting em on...even if ya say its easy. i wouldnt feel confident in doing it..so anyone that no's how to and give me a hand...lol..only jokin..wot ones??
mine were already fitted in my lights but search for threads with "CCFL kit in most people get them from fleabay and im sure somebody will be along soon to recommend a good set to you
jjbbuzz (20-03-2010)
yea been trailing egay for em, to many to choose from, and i no nothing..lol thanks.im sure someone will give advice.
yeahh they look awsome on the e36 , theres a bm e36 near me with them lights and they just really stand out well worth it , and as far as fitting goes pretty straight forward think theyre quite easy to fit , good luck pal.
find ebay seller lightspeed_123, order his kit, request E36 fitment when ordering, find Joe's how to guide, print it off for your mate to follow. Prob take 2 - 3 hrs. Job done.
E36Meerkat (29-03-2010)
there ya go and theres a step by step guide on here how to do it lots of members use it and manage fine so you should be ok
yea seen it.. but i will f**k it up..i no it..
anyone no if theres nuch difference in ccfl 7000 and 8000. theres a £5 dif in the price? just wondering if it may be worth it?
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Where can I read the book "The Red Pony" by John Steinbeck online for free?
1 Answer | Add Yours
You can read the introduction to The Red Pony at books.google.com. You can also read a portion of the book at amazon.com. Search for the title, then click on the link to "search inside this book." This book is still under copyright, so it is not yet in the public domain for free access. You won't be able to read the entire book online unless you purchase and download it from a bookseller. For instance, amazon has a Kindle edition, and Barnes & Noble (bn.com) has a digital ebook.
I'm sorry that I can't be more helpful to you than this. Good luck!
We've answered 320,050 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question


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Along a noisy stretch of Middlefield Road, beside Matadero Creek, a refuge from the sun and cement has taken hold. Birdhouses hang from a flowering privet, buzzing with nectar-sipping bees. Sculptures ranging from dinosaurs to nudes pop out from between pink hydrangeas and herbs.
Read the full story here Web Link posted Sunday, September 18, 2011, 3:07 PM
Town Square
A garden in the concrete jungle
Original post made on Sep 18, 2011
Like this commentPosted by Mike Alexander
a resident of Charleston Meadows
on Sep 18, 2011 at 4:02 pm
Perfect. Thanks, Lynn.
Video is at Web Link.
Like this commentPosted by Hmmm
a resident of East Palo Alto
on Sep 18, 2011 at 4:41 pm
What a wonderful article to rad about a beautiful creation. Thanks for this. I can only imagine how many little critters call it home. It's also a reminder that a garden can be made out of any bit of land, or even apartment balconies.


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I visited the Zebra Imaging booth in part because of the kind and respectful e-mail I received from the company. But I also noted the Esri imaging team was in the booth for a really long time last night!
The company offers holograms, printing on basically a plastic film. The data can come from any 3D dataset you can visualize on a computer: imagery, LiDAR or as they were showing off here data from ArcGIS. The 3D holograms come in two flavors: green scale (that's the older technology) and color (that's really new). The former work best with a green light and the later with white light (LED preferred). And, the holograms are awesome! You want to reach out and touch the buildings and mountains!
Cost is about $500 per sq foot color and $300 in green scale (about the same cost as a 3D printed model), slightly more for color. The printing takes a few hours and is done by lasers. But, unlike the physical models, these plastic sheets travel well and don't break. And, they can include things that hang down over the scene, like electric wires. Those can't be made in the physical printed "sand castle" one's since there's nothing to hang them from!
These are thoroughly georeferenced so that when you look at the hologram from one side and point to something, someone viewing from the other side see the exact same location. You can even mark them up, but the markup is "on the ground." The tech came from the MIT Media Lab and so far as the staff knows, they are the only company making it available.
And, here's a cool thing: you can print the hologram so certain objects, say a building, are only visible from one direction of viewing. That way you can present two different "views" of the situation, for one price!
The vision is these can be used for visualization of 3D (no glasses needed!). As you might expect the military is a big user, but the plan is get these holograms into civilian hands.
The company was giving away little tiny hand-sized holograms with flashlights as samples. Everyone wanted one! If these folks are at the next event you attend, do visit!


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Sunday, April 21st, 2013
Finals Week Extended Hours for Cisler/Food Service
6:00 AM until 11:30 PM
Description: Need a place to study for finals in the middle of the night? At the Walker Cisler Center, the Rathskellar Computer Lab, Peacock Cove and meeting rooms will be open 24 hours through Wednesday, closing at midnight on Thursday. The Quarterdeck and the Galley open at 7 a.m. starting Monday, April 22, through Friday, April 26. On Friday, April 26, Cisler is open from 7 a.m. to 6 p.m.
Location: Walker Cisler Center
Contact: Scott A. Korb firstname.lastname@example.com
Clothesline Project
9:00 AM until 5:00 PM
Organization: Campus Life
Description: The Clothesline Project is a visual display of shirts with graphic messages and illustrations that have been designed by women affected by violence or by someone who loves a woman who has experienced violence or has died due to the violence. The shirts can be viewed by others as testimony to the problem of violence against women and to advocate putting an end to this violence. Use your own shirt or pick up a shirt at LSSU Counseling Services or the Sabin Room located in the Cisler Student Center and then share your story through messages and illustrations. Art supplies will be available at both locations. Blank shirts may be picked up at LSSU Counseling Services from 9 a.m.-4 p.m., April 15-19 or Sabin Room, Cisler lower level from 10 a.m.-2 p.m. on the same dates. Completed shirts may be dropped off at the LSSU Counseling Center or Office of Campus Life. Shirts will be on display April 15-22 in the lower level of the Walker Cisler Center and Fletcher Center lobby.
Location: Walker Cisler Center, lower level
Contact: Joe Loomis email@example.com
Seamore Shuttle
1:00 PM until 4:00 PM
Organization: Campus Life Office
Description: The Seamore Shuttle is a free service that takes LSSU students downtown and to places on the business spur such as Family Video, Big Lots and other stores in the Sault Plaza, as well as Varsity Cinemas. Pick-up and drop-off is at the Walker Cisler Center. Shuttle runs from 6-10:30 p.m. on Friday and Saturday, and 1-4 p.m. on Sunday.
Location: Walker Cisler Center
Contact: Emilee Bruner firstname.lastname@example.com


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Green Bay's Packers — Return to Glory was published following the team's 1972 Central Division championship season, which saw them finish 10-4 and advance to the NFC playoffs. The fans thought this could be the revival of the organization to the winning habits of the Lombardi Era, this time under the command of head coach Dan Devine. New Packer heroes came to the forefront — QB Scott Hunter, RBs John Brockington and MacArthur Lane, LB Fred Carr, K Chester Marcol and more. Unfortunately, the championship quest came to an end in Washington with a 16-3 loss. The real "Return to Glory" would have to wait more than 20 years.
In order to not damage the binding of the book, we only have front and back cover scans.
Find your copy here.
Green Bay's Packers — Return to Glory
By Bob Rubin; Photography by Vernon and John Biever
Prentice-Hall, Inc. (1973)
144 pages


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Oregon Judicial Department
Many of our documents are in Portable Document Format (PDF) and require the free Adobe Acrobat Reader Software.
Guideline for Media Coverage (pdf 525 KB)Stipulated Protective Orders and Filing of Documents under Seal (pdf 125 KB) Supplementary Local Rules (SLR)SLR are the rules adopted by Circuit Courts to govern local practice. SLR must be consistent with Uniform Trial Court Rules (UTCR), State Law, and Oregon Rules of Civil Procedure. Below listed are the SLR for the Circuit Court of the State of Oregon for Multnomah County, the Fourth Judicial District. 2017 SLR Effective February 1, 2017 (pdf 1.3 MB)CJO No. 016- 025 (Order Approving Out-of-Cycle Amendment of SLR) (pdf 645 KB)2016 SLR Out-of-Cycle Adoption Effective July 13, 2016 (pdf 127 KB)2016 SLR Effective February 1, 2016 (pdf 2.1 MB)2015 SLR Effective February 1, 2015 (pdf 1.3 MB)Uniform Trial Court Rules (UTCR)UTCR are Chief Justice's rules, for all Oregon circuit courts, that promote court time efficiency and uniform practice in every judicial district. UTCR are consistent with State Law and Oregon Rules of Civil Procedure. Current Uniform Trial Court Rules (UTCR)For more details and additional information, please visit the UTCR Committee site. Effective DatesUTCR and SLR, and their proposed changes, are reviewed annually by UTCR Committee and then presented to Chief Justice for final authority. Unless disapproved by Chief Justice, each year: SLR take effect on February 1, and UTCR take effect on August 1. Additional ResourcesThe Oregon Judicial Department no longer publishes hard versions of the UTCR and SLR, but it does maintain electronic versions on-line. For details and more information, please refer to the UTCR Committee website.
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Bald Mountain Shooting Range
(Oakland County)
2500 Kern Road
Lake Orion, Michigan 48360
Hours of Operation
Call for hours of operation.
A Recreation Passport is required for entry.
2016 Michigan Shooting Centers Trail Series - Save the Dates
The 2016 Michigan Shooting Centers Trail Series begins April 23. Now is the time to reserve your slots and get signed up for a season of shooting fun! This year's series features four events, two at Island Lake Shooting Range in Brighton and two at the Bald Mountain Shooting Range and Gun Shop in Lake Orion.


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2013 ACLU Northwest Civil Liberties Conference
Presented by the ACLU of Oregon, the Lewis & Clark Law School ACLU Student Group, and the Oregon Justice Resource Center.
The fourth annual conference brings together law students, legal professionals and civil libertarians from around the region to explore current civil liberty issues.
6:30 - 7:30 p.m.
Legal Research Center (Campus directions and parking info)
Free and open to the public (no registration necessary)
Keynote: Mass Incarceration: Race, Justice and Jim Crow (CLE)
Annual Membership Meeting
1 Access to Justice CLE credit pending
Vanita Gupta is Deputy Legal Director of the ACLU and Director of the ACLU's Center for Justice, which houses the organization's criminal justice reform, prisoners' rights, and capital punishment work. She is leading the ACLU's National Campaign to End Overincarceration. In addition, Vanita is an adjunct clinical professor at NYU School of Law, where she teaches and oversees a racial justice litigation clinic. Read Vanita's New York Times op-ed How to Really End Mass Incarceration.
Registration required
5.5 General CLE credits pending
9:45 - 11:45 a.m. - Marijuana Reform and the War on Drugs
The aggressive enforcement of marijuana possession laws needlessly ensnares hundreds of thousands of people into the criminal justice system and wastes billions of taxpayers' dollars. It is also carried out with staggering racial bias. Despite being a priority for police departments nationwide, the War on Marijuana has failed to reduce marijuana use and availability and diverted resources that could be better invested in our communities. Panelists will discuss recent successes in Marijuana reform and the continued failure of the "War on Drugs."
1 to 2:45 p.m. - Fourth Amendment and Privacy: Big Brother is Watching - sponsored by the Law Office of Jossi Davidson
The world has recently been exposed to how the United States Government has violated its citizens' constitutionally protected right to privacy. In light of this, the need to fight against unwarranted government snooping has never been greater. This panel will look at various types of surveillance and what can be done at the state and local level to restore the privacy protections guaranteed by our Constitution.
3 - 5 p.m. - Can We Have Police Accountability?
Can we hold police accountable? Police are given extraordinary powers to keep communities safe and a great deal of discretion in exercising that authority. We expect police to respect the civil liberties and civil rights of all individuals. And, as public servants, police officers have the right to unionize and bargain collectively for job benefits and working conditions. However, there are times when the interests of the police officer and the public are in conflict. How do we hold police accountable when police power or discretion is abused?
Conference schedule details and panelists
Venue & Lodging information
Parking info
Attorneys and general admission - $45
Students (ID required) - $10
Registration fee includes lunch.
Online registration is now closed. Registration by check, cash (exact amount only), or credit card is available at the conference.
No refunds for cancellations after September 20.
Interested in becoming a sponsor? Contact Teresa (tdomka at aclu-or.org).
A press release is available here.
The ACLU NW Civil Liberties Conference is sponsored in part by:
Reception Sponsor - Lewis & Clark Law School
Panel Sponsor - Law Office of Jossi Davidson, LLC
Lunch Sponsor - Kohlhoff & Welch
Lunch Sponsor - Tonkon Torp LLP
Oakshire Brewing
Lewis & Clark Law School Student Groups:
American Constitution Society
International Law Society
Law Students for Reproductive Justice
Lewis & Clark Law School Softball League
Minority Law Student Association
National Lawyers Guild
Public Interest Law Project
Secular Law Society
Students for a Sensible Drug Policy
Student Trial Lawyers Association
Co-sponsored by:
The Oregon Lawyer Chapter of the American Constitution Society (ACS)
Other supporters:
Bennett, Hartman, Morris & Kaplan
Oregon Criminal Defense Lawyers Association
2013 Lewis & Clark Law School Student Group Co-Sponsors:
Asian Pacific American Law Student Association
Native American Law Student Association
Women's Law Caucus
Joseph Westover (L&C Law School ACLU), Coordinator
Diana Winther (L&C Law School ACLU), Asst. Coordinator
Jarrett Wheeler (L&C Law School ACLU), Asst. Coordinator
Leland Baxter-Neal (L&C Law School ACLU), Sponsorships
Nicole Pritchard (L&C Law School ACLU), Volunteer Coordinator
Christine Zenthoefer (L&C Law School ACLU), Marketing
Teresa Domka (ACLU-OR), Co-Chair
Erin McKee (OJRC), Co-Chair
Bobbin Singh (OJRC), Co-Chair


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- About Homelessness
- Issues
- Policy
- Solutions
- Library
- News & Events
- Take Action
- Training
- About Us
- Ramping Up Rapid Re-Housing Series
Changing Child Welfare's Response to Unaccompanied Minors
June 22, 2012
There are so many unaccompanied runaway and homeless minors that don't get served by runaway and homeless youth (RHY) providers that child welfare should make these minors a priority population that it serves. Nationally, RHY programs serve about 50,000 minors and older youth each year. Here at the Alliance we estimate that there are still about 400,000 minors still in need of shelter and services.
So what can child welfare do to change how it responds to unaccompanied runaway and homeless minors?
- When State's develop their Child and Family Service Plans they can identify unaccompanied runway and homeless minors as a sub-population they will serve. And this doesn't necessarily mean that these minor youth have to become wards of the state and possibly placed into foster care.
And how can these minors be served?
- The Promoting Safe and Stable Families program dollars can be used to provide family intervention services such as counseling, reunification services, to address the core issues that led to the minor youth exiting the home and to reunify the minor with his/her family if it is safe to do so.
- Through a Differential (or Alternative) Response, these minors and their families can receive services to strengthen the family and address core crises, instead of a child becoming a word of the state and a parent having an open child protective services case.
The goal is to increase resources for runaway and homeless minors to get them off of the street and to safety, which many times means back home to their families. In Alameda County (California) a demonstration project is underway that brings together child welfare, runaway and homeless youth providers, and Legal Aid services to help to identify minors who may benefit from child welfare services that are evolving and improving through California's implementation of AB 12. This promising approach may lead to other jurisdictions to re-think how their child welfare system responds to unaccompanied minors.


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A couple of boxes
This is a discussion on How much ammo have you guys stocked on yet??? within the Defensive Ammunition & Ballistics forums, part of the Defensive Carry Discussions category; 45ACP-1800 38SPECIAL- 500 12GA- 200 556/223- 2000 22LR- 5000 When I find it, I buy it. I've gotten back into reloading, but components are getting ...
556/223- 2000
When I find it, I buy it.
I've gotten back into reloading, but components are getting as hard to find as Ammo.
The situation will NEVER BE THE WAY YOU WANT, it WILL BE THE WAY IT IS. You must be FLEXIBLE ENOUGH TO ADAPT and just "DEAL WITH IT".
A couple of boxes
"If everyone is thinking alike, then somebody isn't thinking" - George S. Patton.
I just buy it, use it, buy it, use it. I'm not too worried about things yet, plus I'm waiting for the ammo prices to drop when things cool off.
NRA Member
Several apocalypse alarms ago I solved several potential problems by buying a Dillon 550B. Let's just say that the fallout shelter is well stocked.
I have about 300-500 rounds for each handgun, except for my .32 which I have only 100 rounds. I started to stock up on ammo sometime last year before the election.
God bless our troops!
No wonder I can't find any ammo. You guys and gals are hoarding. Cut it out, please.
"It does not do to leave a dragon out of your calculations, if you live near him."
J. R. R. Tolkien
There are some people that 3rd world countries are calling them and asking if they could buy some .
9mm - 2200 rds. (WWB, BB, HST +P, TAP)
.380 - 700 rds. (Federal AE, Hornady critical defense, Rem golden sabers)
.22 - 3100 rds. (CCI mini mag + Winchester Dynapoint)
12ga - 120 rds (100 are Hornady TAP 00 low recoil)
Just the one bullet I keep in my shirt pocket.
How a politician stands on the Second Amendment tells you how he or she views you as an individual; as a trustworthy & productive citizen, or as part of an unruly crowd that needs to be lorded over, controlled, supervised and taken care of.
Suzanna Hupp
"Outside of the killings, Washington has one of the lowest crime rates in the country,"
--Mayor Marion Barry, Washington , DC .
I do not shoot a great deal, maybe 100 rounds through each weapon once a month. I generally have kept around 500 rounds of target/practice ammo around and at least 100 rounds of SD ammo which I do not shoot as often or as much. I have increased that amount recently. At the moment I probably have at least 800 rounds of 9mm.
S&W 442, Bersa 380, S&W 9mm M&P, Springfield XD40c
Member: NRA, USCCA
I have more than the people who answered this posting. This current situation of deminised suppy has not impacted my shooting. If / when it stops becoming available, how are you going to get more? I am not going to share!
The statement below says it all!
"Being PARANOID is just plain smart thinking when they are really out to get you!"
i too dont shoot alot. I can only find blazer bass. its dirty but oh well.
Bout 500 fmj rds 40 s&w 100- various hps
for some reason the wally worlds in my area dont have anything other than 40 cal. blazer
opps did i just say that!!
This is all I have. Who started a rumour about hoarding?
CCW permit holder for Idaho, Utah, Pennsylvania, Maine and New Hampshire. I can carry in your country but not my own.


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Authors: Peter Sujak
This paper discusses the meaning and role of the quantities of energy and momentum in the definition relations of relativistic, quantum and classical mechanics with focus on kinetic and total relativistic energy, on the definition of the de Broglie momentum hypothesis and using momentum and energy in Schrodinger, Klein-Gordon and Dirac equation.
Comments: 8 Pages.
Download: PDF
[v1] 16 Jul 2011
[v2] 20 Jul 2011
Unique-IP document downloads: 172 times
Add your own feedback and questions here:
You are equally welcome to be positive or negative about any paper but please be polite. If you are being critical you must mention at least one specific error, otherwise your comment will be deleted as unhelpful.


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Miriana Mitrovich is Bulgarian - Serbian - Canadian, born in Sofia, Bulgaria. As a daughter of a ballerina and a sculptor, she was enrolled in a classical ballet and piano lessons by the age of six and sculpting portraiture under the guidance of her father. At the age of ten, she was accepted as one of twenty-eight children from across the country into a nine-year program at the National Ballet School in Sofia.
Shortly after graduating, Miriana immigrated to Canada where her life took a new direction. In 1992, Miriana took her first course in photography at George Brown College. In 2002, she become a member of the Toronto Camera Club and is now a photographer in the Masters Category with more than 200 awards. Miriana says: "Photography is the art that moves me the most. It is like sculpting a moment in time..." Miriana is always searching for the music and motion in a frozen moment in nature and portraiture. Her style is unique as it encapsulates tranquility, textures and meaning in pristine form and composition.


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Santander UK - Jobs in Banking at Santander
Hot Jobs
Welcome to our careers website. At Santander, we've set ourselves an ambitious target — to become one of the best banks in the world to work for. It's a bold claim, but we believe we'll make it happen by being Simple, Personal and Fair in everything we do. We want to make banking easier for our customers, by being easy to engage with, easy to understand and easy to use: a bank that does the basics better than anyone else.
We'll achieve that by supporting you to shine in your role. Take the initiative and search for opportunities across a variety of business areas, in our branch network, contact centres or in a specialist professional role. Join us, and you'll benefit from first-class training and development, as well as room to grow alongside us.
Search for roles:
Begin typing to see search suggestions.Use these icons to help you select, then click 'go'
From there, apply filters to hone in on your ideal role.


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Freckleton Fire Charge
Police investigating the death of four members of the same family in a fire have charged a man with four counts of murder.
Police investigating the death of four members of the same family in a fire have charged a man with four counts of murder.
Police investigating a fatal fire in which four members of the same family lost their lives have charged a 19-year-old man with murder.
Dyson Allen, of no fixed address, was charged this evening and will appear at Blackpool Magistrates tomorrow.
A Lancashire police statement said:
*DETECTIVES *investigating a house fire in Freckleton, in which four siblings died, have charged a teenager in connection with the investigation.
Dyson Allen, 19, of no fixed address has this afternoon been charged with four counts of murder and has been remanded in custody to appear before Blackpool Magistrates Court tomorrow morning (14th December).
A major investigation was launched after emergency services were called to the house on Lytham Road following a report of a fire just before 11.30pm on Saturday 7th January 2012.
The four siblings, 19 year old Reece Smith, four year old twin girls Holly and Ella Smith and Jordan Smith, aged two, were taken through to hospital following the fire but sadly passed away.
Although a man has now been charged, police are continuing to appeal for information about this tragic fire and are urging anyone that could help them with the smallest piece of information to think about the four innocent people that died and to call 101 or contact the independent charity Crimestoppers completely anonymously on 0800 555 111.
Olivia Campbell's stepfather said she "would have loved" the show of solidarity as he led hundreds of riders on an emotion-filled ride.
A nurse has told ITV News how the courage of the Manchester bombing victims gave her the strength to carry on.
A man has died after a collision involving a car and a scooter on Denmark Road, Moss Side


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Resources for Writers
Writer Beware: The most trusted source I know of for avoiding writing scams, from shady agents to outright rip-off publiushers. If you're looking to get published, these are the folks to check each name in the process against to make sure you're dealing with legitimate players.
Writer Beware (website)
Writer Beware (Facebook)
Absolute Write: A terrific resource for info on the craft and business of writing. The Absolute Write Water Cooler is a great community for aspiring and published writers to keep up with things that are happening, and connect.
Absolute Write
Absolute Write Water Cooler
Preditors and Editors: Since 1997, Preditors and Editors has been a valuable guide to publishers and related services. If you're dealign wiht a publisher you've never heard of (particularly if you're going through a small press), Pred-Ed is a great place to look to make sure you're dealign with a legitimate company.
Preditors & Editors
Agent Query: One of the most complete and easy to use databases of literary agents I've found. If you've written a book and you want to find an agent, I suggest looking them up.
An article...no wait, a couple of articles, okay several articles from "Making Light" that writers should read.
Scam Alert page on SFF.net
For every writer who asks "What do I do now?" at the end of finishing their book, I created this page to point you toward the people who can give you the best, most trustworthy answers in the industry.
I'll add to this page periodically if I find new resources that can hold a candle to these
Finding Plagiarism: A good source for checking to see if your content is showing up in someone else's stuff: http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/article-checkers-5-free-websites-to-catch-the-copycats/
Help for Indie Writers:
Indie AuthorLand is a terrific site for helping to get your work out there.
Horror Writers Association now accepts independent authors as Active members.


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Sizzling Saigon Crêpes: Bánh xèo
Wrap pieces of these hot, smoky crêpes in cool lettuces and aromatic herbs—the mix is called a table salad*—and dip into Vietnamese dipping sauce.
Recipe: Sizzling Saigon Crêpes
* For table salad, or rau song, use lettuce leaves, thinly sliced cucumber, and any combo of aromatic herb sprigs.
Around The Web


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Dennis was different.
Why was he different, you ask?
Well, a small clue might be in the title of this book...
Charming, surprising and hilarious - David Walliams's beautiful first novel will touch the hearts (and funny bones) of children and adults alike.
Now David teams up with Matt Lucas to produce an audiobook with a difference. Read by two of the brightest stars in sketch comedy, this lavish production brings the hilarious voices behind Little Britain to your nearest earphones. And it tells a fantastic story too...
©2008 HarperCollins Publishers; (P)2008 HarperCollins Publishers
It is a Really good audible because you can be who ever you want to be!👗
"The boy in a dress☺"
I like the storyline because it has a lot of twists in it.
But I disliked the story because the main character (Denis) has the worst luck ever like: his mum split up with his dad, he got expelled and his dad has never seen one of Denise's football (soccer) matches.
I disliked the performance because that Denis and his brother have different ways on how they speak, but I really like the acted.
I recommend this story to people who like football (soccer) and people who don't like the way other people think about peoples gender.
"Very pleasantly surprised"
I have to say David Walliams is a great narrator and made this story very enjoyable.
Yes it kept you listening.
This was a good book and I have just purchased David Walliams other books I am sure they will be equally as good.
"Best book ever for the family"
Best book for the family to listen to. I would rate it 10\10 for the best family book ever
"lovely story."
Great story. good and quirky. The whole family loves listening to David Walliams books. 😃
"Very good"
Funny, read well, good story and a lovely message of tolerance behind it.
Really good book!
Show wc veg CD eff disc f Bixby f2f fdr Guv Goff vBulletin DR. Vibe ftp
"Laugh out loud funny"
I was trying to sleep but just kept laughing, the characters are just that.
Well written well read, and now it's time for bed.
so funny,up to date with time and classic aswell I adored that book
-Georgie Booklett
Upjohn n n n n numb nbjmjjnjj nhjjjjnjjj John non hh hh him nb hh hh
"Wonderful and gorgeous. A modern day parable. "
Gorgeous book & superb themes handled sensitively my boys LOVED it. Friendship, acceptance, prejudice, freedom of expression. Simply wonderful and enjoyable for the whole family.
"Love love love !!"
We listened to this with our three children 9, 5 and 2 and we all loved it !! Can't wait to listed to all of David Walliams other audio books 👍🏻
? Gooooooood good good good good good good good good good good good good good good OD weird funny sad random words <-
"boy in the dress"
Hi I liked it. I felt a little sorry for Dennis though. I thought David Williams could describe mum more.🌈🍟🍔🍰🍫🐆🐭🐕🎉✌👻
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Compare Lawsuits & Disputes attorneys near you. Read reviews, see Avvo Ratings, and contact them directly.
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Avvo Rating: 9.1
I do research and writing for other lawyers. Motions, oppositions, memoranda, appeals. Many years' experience. You'll be happy with the work product. Second opinion reviews also available. Call for rates. More about me, as well as samples of ...
Practice areas & skills: Lawsuits & Disputes, Litigation, Employment & Labor, Appeals, Social Security
If you make a big purchase and later decide you to return the item, what can you do if the store refuses to refund your money? You can file a lawsuit and proceed with litigation, but the process can be costly and time-consuming. The law provides several other methods to resolve disputes and all offer unique advantages. A lawyer who specializes in disputes reviews your paperwork and tells you what method will best serve your needs and budget.
|North Ferrisburgh


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Day 6: Daydream Island
Trip Start Jul 18, 2012
16Trip End Aug 03, 2012
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Lee went parasailing today, and Katherine rode in the boat with him. I would have liked to go, but there was no more room. Boo. Then the sailors came back, and we did a fish feeding tour thing where we got to hold sharks and starfish and things and feed rays. Tanja lost her grip on the shark and it hit Katherine, so she got to say she had been hit by a shark.
Today for lunch I went to a little bakery-type place on the other side of the island and saw a nice looking ham and cheese croissant. But when I paid for it, they shoved it in a panini maker and it was just all flat and squished and not very appetizing anymore. Oh well. We had some time to kill before dinner, so a bunch of us went in the hot tub.
Dinner was decent at least. It was Chinese food at the same buffet place where the pizza was on the first night. The dessert table was different but still good. But the BEST part was that they had ice cream with tons of toppings. I had like two or three bowls of ice cream, since I didn't eat much of the real food.
After dinner, we went back to the other side of the island for free drinks (I never even used my voucher) and dancing. I was just standing there not dancing, and Nathan thought it would be funny to dance up against me. At least everybody else seemed to find it amusing. On the way back, we hit the awesome playground again. Katherine, Jo, and I went to bed, and Jessie went downstairs for a while. She was like a ninja when she came to bed, though. I don't even remember if she woke me up while getting into the bunk above me. The girl's got mad skillz.


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