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Westport — A steam heat Fourth celebration
The heat took its toll on a spectator or two and a handful of vehicles but otherwise Westport's Fourth of July parade weathered a change of route and new organizing crew.
A bumper crop of floats, tractors and fire engines by the dozen and marchers serious and silly made their way up Main Road from Hix Bridge Road to the high school in blistering heat — one fire vehicle's outside thermometer hit 90 degrees by 11:15 a.m.
That was too much for a police department Humvee which dropped out. Two old cars and a couple of motorcycles also succumbed but one of the jalopies benefitted from a bit of rest and rejoined the order of march.
One breakdown caused a change in plans for parade Grand Marshal Tobin Medeiros, a Marine Corps veteran from Westport who was wounded in Iraq. When the car that he was supposed to ride in refused to start, he rode instead aboard a veterans' float.
Rescuers also tended to a woman who was overcome by heat but was said to be doing fine after a cool down. The Fire Department responded to 11 calls overall on the Fourth, mostly medical and accidents, but only one was related to parade heat.
"Absolutely ecstatic," was how parade chairman David Palmer described his feelings 24 hours later after organizing his first parade.
"Everybody looked happy, nobody got hurt, things moved along well — a success I'd say," Mr. Palmer said. He added that he heard later about tragedies at two other parades — "I feel so badly for them — the main thing is that you want everybody to be safe and have fun."
He credited the help of "a phenomenal group of volunteers who really stepped up to make this work."
And he thanked the Fire Department's Dan Ledoux who had organized the parade for a dozen years before stepping aside this year.
"Dan got the first dozen vehicles going and then stepped back into the shade and watched," Mr. Palmer said. "It was very good knowing that he was right there …"
Later at the high school where the parade wrapped up, the new parade committee presented Mr. Ledoux with a clock in appreciation for his efforts.
Tractors were as abundant as usual but the ranks of old cars were thinner than other years, some perhaps having been scared off by the heat — old cars, slow travel and high heat are a troublesome combination. Many of the cars that did come were brought by members of Westport's Blue Angels Car Club.
But the floats were unusually abundant and creative. Grum's Family Restaurant of Westport assembled a restaurant scene on a trailer, complete with grill, chef, waitress and dining customer — the float was judged the parade's best.
Throughout the parade, organizers on four golf carts went up and down the route to make sure everything was going smoothly and to hand out cold water — "We went through almost all of it, cases and cases of water," Mr. Palmer said.
Rules adopted in recent years forbid the spraying of water, Silly String — anything that could injure an eye. Most seemed to abide by that rule.
But some traditions don't die easily. Also prohibited is the tossing of candy from vehicles or floats to prevent youngsters from running out into the path of a car or truck. Despite the ban, candy tossing was rampant — even several selectmen and veterans participated.
And the winners are …
At the end of the parade, the judges had trophies to hand out.
Best Float
1. Grums Family Restaurant
2. Westport Girls Softball (Kevin DeMello)
23. Noelle Bryon
Antique cars
1. Mitchell Morin's Ford woodie
2. Clint Lawton's Chevy Malibu
Street rods
1. John Cabral
2. Bill Cabral
1. John Evengelho (large yellow tractor)


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subset: commoncrawl


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Senior students enrolled in Alfred State College's Automotive Trades: Automotive Service Technician curriculum are busy preparing for two upcoming competitions that involve alternative fuel and advanced technology vehicles. Alfred State is an National Alternative Fuels Training Consortium National Training Center in Wellsville, New York.
The students will race at the 2012 Green Grand Prix, slated for April 20-21 in Watkins Glen, N.Y., and during Speed Week beginning Aug. 11 at the Bonneville, Utah, Salt Flats.
Alfred State Automotive Trades Associate Professor and Chair Kent Johnson noted last year's seniors, with their modified 2003 Honda Insight, won a fuel economy challenge in their class during the 2011 Green Grand Prix, an annual contest that promotes awareness of environmentally friendly vehicles and fuels.
Alfred State's vehicle, driven by Johnson, competed at the 2011 event in the "automotive manufacturer discontinued vehicle" class, which included vehicles that are now out of production such as the Geo Metro and ASC's Honda Insight.
"The students' goal was to create a car that could attain a 100-mile-per-gallon ride," Johnson explained. "The students modified the car, donated by alumnus Mark Crounse, automotive service class of 1975, improving its aerodynamics by lowering the vehicle six inches in the rear and four inches in the front and optimizing all of the vehicle suspension angles. All unnecessary components such as seats, except for the driver's, and carpet were removed to reduce as much weight as possible."
This year, Johnson said his students are making more modifications to the Insight to increase its efficiency during the race. The ASC team also is racing with three other vehicles a Toyota Prius that has been converted to a plug-in hybrid, a Chevy Malibu Hybrid that has been converted to run on compressed natural gas (CNG) and a Chevy Volt.
The categories of competition (based on EPA combined highway/city ratings) include:
Eligible vehicles include all hybrid models, plug-in hybrids, hydrogen fuel cell cars and vehicles running on biodiesel, diesel and flexible fuel, as well as other alternative fuel vehicles such as those powered by vegetable oil, propane and CNG.
When Johnson and his students attend Speed Week activities in August, they will race a 2000 Honda Insight to compete for a land speed record at the Bonneville Salt Flats.
"The purpose of the project is to demonstrate the ability to modify 'green technology' vehicles," he added, noting that Utah's Salt Flats hosts this annual, historical event, which began in 1949 and has been held every year since then.
The Flats are a 30,000-acre expanse of hard, white salt crust on the western edge of the Great Salt Lake basin in Utah. They were formed when the waters of ancient Lake Bonneville began to recede. At that time, Lake Bonneville covered two-thirds of Utah and was almost 1,000 feet deep in the area of the Flats.
"The automotive department students and instructors are busy preparing a hybrid vehicle, donated by alumnus Robert Couse, that will compete for a land speed record," Johnson noted. "This project will demonstrate that the college's 'Going Green' initiatives can be educational and fun for any enthusiast. The Bonneville effort is designed to showcase the Alfred State focus on project-based education."
Anyone interested in donating funds or resources to Alfred State's racing projects can contact Johnson at firstname.lastname@example.com or 607-587-3118.


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Capella University's online Master's in Applied Behavior Analysis program prepares you to increase your impact with children and adults who have behavioral disorders.
Courses are taught by faculty with top academic credentials, deep experience as practitioners, and Behavior Analyst Certification Board® (BACB) certifications. The program combines advanced psychology coursework with foundational knowledge of the field's major competency areas. The specialization courses in Capella's Master of Science in Psychology, Applied Behavior Analysis specialization are approved by the Behavior Analyst Certification Board (BACB).
If you are seeking information on professional licensure, view our licensure information.
Degree Outcomes
With your Master's in Applied Behavior Analysis from Capella, you'll learn to apply research-based theories and findings from the applied behavior analysis field to the experimental evaluation of interventions and treatment designs. You'll also learn to communicate concepts and principles of behavior analysis, including definitions and characteristics, using the professional standards of applied behavior analysis. Discover specifically what you'll learn — and how you can apply it.
View full learning and career outcomes report for this program at CapellaResults.com.
Career Outcomes
Common jobs with an online program in applied behavior analysis include applied behavior analysis instructor, applied behavior analysis therapist, behavior analyst or behavior specialist. Potential workplaces include hospital, clinic, medical center, residential programs (group home, foster home, institutional) or organization behavior management (business and industry).


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Puerto Del Sol Yacht Club
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this wiki
Puerto Del Sol Yacht Club is a condominium complex and resort in Grand Theft Auto V, located on Palomino Avenue in Puerto Del Sol, Los Santos. The complex consists of two curved mid-rise buildings, some boat docks and a tennis court. It is based on the Marina City Club in Marina Del Rey, California.
Warning signs
- No loitering: Violators will be arrested and prosecuted.
- Notice: This property is protected by electronic surveillance.
- No skateboarding, bicycle riding, rollerblading allowed


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Watch Kiba
You are viewing Episode list with English Subbed. Navigate the episode to watch the video..
Total of Episodes: 51
Genres: Action, Fantasy, Science fiction,
Plot Summary: In an overbuilt world, young Zed dreams of freedom and of a door. While fleeing the authority of his world, he is transported to a completely different place, a world of nature instead of machines. There he meets the young girl Roia and learns that he is a Shard Caster. He can cast Shards and control "Spirits". Unbeknowst to Zed, his best friend Noah has also travelled to the new world. Noah and Zed become enmeshed in the ways of their new world, while growing into their new abilities.
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The Leonard Lopate Show
Speaking Out, Building Up
6 segments
Picasso's Guitars 15 min
Vermin in the Sky 15 min
Backstory: Moammar Gadhafi 18 min
We'll speak with Mark Logue, grandson of Lionel Logue, the unorthodox speech therapist who's featured in The King's Speech. Then, Jed Rothstein talks about his Oscar-nominated short documentary, "Killing in the Name," about a campaign by a Muslim victim of suicide bombers to change the minds of jihadis. Joseph O'Connor discusses his novel Ghost Light, about the imagined life of the great Irish playwright, John Synge. Also, we'll take a look at a new exhibition of Picasso's guitar-themed works at MoMA. We'll find out about efforts to protect the planet from asteroids. And Backstory looks at the 40-year rule of Gadhafi in Libya.


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All Android applications categories
Published: 2012-04-27, by Manu Galvez.
You cannot be over WiFi all the time since there isn't a developed structure which allows it, specially in the outskirts. So you need to use your 2G, 3G or 4G connection sometimes and we're pretty sure you have suffer low coverage inconvenience. Sensorly helps you to find where the best coverage points around you.
Sensorly allows you to compare carrier's coverage and signal quality of any location in the World. Millions of recordings made by Sensorly users throughout the World make it even more reliable. You can only report indoor locations with poor coverage, which is pretty useful, specially for cafes and public locations.
You can set the data collection level to improve the database of Sensorly. Take into account that the wider data collection the more battery it will drain (don't be scared, it isn't intrusive in other regards).
The app really works. What's more, it is set in a good-looking layout and user-friendly interface that makes really easy getting the hang of it very quick. High recommendable.
Tags: sensorly , viewer code , mobistar be viewer , /viewer , wifi coverage map , cdma map , imei donnée personnelle , code for wifi gsm signal , 4g map viewer
by Manu , Appszoom
Apr 27, 2012
from 19.192 reviews
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text:
The saga continues……….
According to this story, Majority leader Congressman Eric Cantor knew of the Petraeus affair back in October. News sources say that Cantor was contacted by a whistleblower at the FBI informing the Congressman that there was an investigation into the Petraeus affair. Congressman Cantor contacted Robert Mueller, Director of the FBI to inform him of the investigation. My question, wouldn't the FBI already have known if the FBI was conducting the investigation?
So much of this story doesn't yet make sense.
UPDATE: I just learned that Mueller had kicked it upstairs to Attorney General Eric Holder in August. Mueller informed Holder that there may be a security problem with the Petraeus affair. Holder chose to keep it a secret until election day. Why am I NOT surprised?!
More later tonight.


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Special Teams
Special Teams
Seeking synergies
The goal is to look for a partner whose capabilities add to the overall strength of the combined partnership. Although the specialty company may be a fully integrated pharmaceutical company, certain areas of the company are almost always more or less developed than others.
With the ever-growing influence of managed care, it may be beneficial to partner with a company which has a large established presence in managed care. While distribution capabilities may exist or may be easily outsourced, a partner with a large dollar volume of distributed products may obtain significantly better terms with wholesalers. A company's specific wholesaler terms are usually confidential, it is, however, general knowledge that sales volume dramatically influences terms, as is typically true in most areas of business.
Each company seeking a partner should identify their areas of strength and weakness prior to initiating the search for a partner. This will enable a more objective evaluation of what each potential partner might bring to a deal. Ultimate success in partnering is obtained only when the partnership is more than the simple addition of individual capabilities. When synergies are captured, the partnership has the potential to contribute to the total business, not simply increase SOV.
The seeking of a co-promotion partner to increase SOV centers largely on post-launch sales activities. However, there are significant pre-launch advantages as well. For example, an upfront payment from a partner may be important in contributing to pre-launch expenses which may be significant for an emerging or newly established specialty pharma company. Any capabilities added may significantly contribute to launch preparedness.
Pre-launch success is critical to initial uptake which we know may dramatically influence long-term brand success, or lack thereof. One key long-term advantage is that a co-promotion partnership may allow an emerging specialty company to grow their brand(s), while using the revenue generated to more fully develop internal capabilities and infrastructure.
Biz-dev speed dating
There are many avenues for seeking a co-promotion partner. Much like marketing activities, typically an arsenal of activities are employed and no single avenue leads to success. One avenue is one-on-one partnering meetings. Pre-meeting software allows attendees to search for in-licensing, out-licensing and co-promotion opportunities, and request and arrange brief 15- to 30-minute meetings with a number of companies over the course of two or three days. Some describe this as business development speed dating, and it allows one to interact with numerous potential partners in one location in a limited timeframe. Examples of these meetings include—but are not limited to—BioNetwork East, BioNetwork West, BIO Windhover, Bio, BioPartnering North America and others.
Another method is to prepare a non-confidential summary of the opportunity and proactively send to other companies. It is typical to begin with targeted partners with perceived interests and advantages then widen the audience as needed. This is most effective with known contacts, but certainly others are targeted as well. Membership directories such as the Licensing Executives Society membership directory may be very helpful in identifying contacts. Professional networking sites such as LinkedIn are becoming popular methods of sharing business development opportunities as well.
Not to be overlooked is general networking, public relations and serendipity. Maintaining a company presence by attending and participating in various business development meetings and events is critical to general awareness of a company and potential partnerships.
Press releases regarding completion of significant steps such as successful completion of clinical trials, filings and approvals are significant means of heightening awareness of a specialty pharma company, its pipeline and products. Although many partnerships appear to begin serendipitously, usually a company has been proactive in the above activities and this results in what appears to be serendipity.
In-depth discussions
Once potential partners are identified, confidentiality agreements are put in place and more in-depth discussions and exchange of information may begin. Although business development teams and legal are involved very early in the process, it is critical to expand the team as soon as it appears discussions will significantly advance. Input from brand management and other key implementation and operational leadership is critical to the ultimate success of the partnership.
A co-promotion agreement developed by business development and legal alone and "handed-off" late in the process has little chance of success. Due diligence teams require participation from all areas of each company. For example, a co-promotion agreement around a product with regulatory or supply chain issues would be a liability, not an accomplishment.
It is obvious that issues such as number of sales reps, physicians to be targeted, sales metrics and so forth be identified at least at a high level relatively early in the process. As discussed above, the ideal case is to partner with an organization that brings capabilities to the partnership that the specialty pharma company may not have fully developed.
Defining the deal
The most critical component of the agreement is to thoroughly define how the deal will be implemented and governed once the partnership is in place. The organizational make-up of key functional teams and executive oversight teams should be clearly defined in the agreement. Dispute resolution and ultimate decision making authority in various scenarios should be clearly defined. The key governing bodies are identified below;
n Executive Committee: The senior most leadership team
associated with the brand. Responsible for reviewing the overall strategic direction for the partnership, this group approves the annual business plan for the brand, the forecast and the operating expense budget. This committee also oversees and rules on items that have been escalated from the other committees below it. A solid partnership works out their issues within their own committee and rarely has items that need to be escalated to this level.
n Operating Committee: Comprised of sales, marketing, finance and operational leaders who handle the day-to-day promotion of the brand. They meet monthly or quarterly to track the brands progress. This team is responsible for developing the annual brand plan and sets the strategic direction for the brand.
n Manufacturing Committee: Comprised of operations, marketing, sales forecasting and manufacturing & packaging personnel. This team meets monthly to track product shipments and adjust product manufacturing up or down based on current or anticipated brand sales trends.
n Research & Development Committee: This team is comprised of medical affairs, regulatory, research & development and marketing personnel. This group is accountable for any Phase IV commitments, Phase III work toward new indications, line extensions, formulation development and overall lifecycle management. Marketing sits on this committee to ensure future work on the brand is in line with the long-term strategy for the brand.
n Promotional Review Committee: This team is comprised of medical affairs, regulatory, legal and compliance and is responsible for reviewing promotional materials ensuring consistency with DDMAC guidelines.
Once the agreement is in place, brand leadership leads the implementation and operational aspects of the deal. In addition, Alliance Management should play a key role in monitoring and reporting adherence to the agreement itself and assist in facilitating governance committee meetings and activities. Alliance Management may also assist in connecting people across the organizations.
Roger Graben, PhD, RPh, is SVP, operations & business development, Kowa Pharmaceuticals America, and Mark Sullivan is senior director, marketing, with Kowa Pharmaceuticals America


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|View single post by flyer
|Posted: Sat Apr 1st, 2006 07:02 am
|Maytag Model MAV7000AWW purchased 2000
My immediate question is how to remove the inner tub from spindle so I can see what might be lurking below it. Agitator is off, and four bolts underneath have been removed, but tub is stuck tight.
It all started when agitation stopped. An anonymous user reported washer would fill but not agitate. Burning smell reported. Testing determined all other functions (spin, pump, brake, etc) work properly. Motor runs in two directions.
But wait; after washer was tipped up for belt access, hand turning of belt revealed that agitation seemed to work. Application of power proved it true, though now a clanky noise appeared.
It appears something could easily have slipped between inner and outer tubs, which could have jammed the agitation, and made the subsequent noise as well.
Which brings me back to my desire to look under the tub to see what I might find. One option, I guess, would be the unweildy task of turning the whole thing upside down and hope whatever is so noisy rolls out.
I most humbly ask your advice. Should I try the appliance repair version of what in Wisconsin is referred to as "Cow Tipping"? Or is the removal of the inner tub easier than it now seems?
Thank you kindly for your wise advice.
The Hands are the instruments of man's intelligence


text:
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Logan Gets Limit on Our War Claims Lifted By Financial Conference at the Last Minute
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January 15, 1925
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[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]
st: Re: xtiverg2
Menale Kassie <firstname.lastname@example.com>
st: Re: xtiverg2
Sun, 12 Jul 2009 05:19:27 -0700 (PDT)
Dear All,
I have got the answer for the question.
----- Original Message ----
From: Menale Kassie <email@example.com>
To: firstname.lastname@example.com
Cc: firstname.lastname@example.com
Sent: Sunday, July 12, 2009 11:01:23 AM
Subject: xtiverg2
Hello Statlisters,
I have learned the application of xtiverg2 when we have unbalanced data ( singletons)from previous posts. After reading previous posts and running xtiverg2 , I would like to ask the following questions.
1) What happen to the constant term when we use xtiverg2. The constant term is not shown in xtiverg2 although the slope coefficients are the same as xtreg, fe.
2) Can I use xtivreg2 even if I do not have endogenous regressor. The reason I want using xtiverg2 is to avoid deleting single observations manually for the reasons mentioned by Mark in his reply to the question, xtiverg2 and singleton-cases, in 2006.
Thanks for considering my request.
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text:
Deal or No Deal; The True Meaning of Life HTML version
obstacle is ourselves.
Anyone can be objective in theory. Anyone can let spirituality dominate their
lives. Anyone can search for truth and understanding. But, it is rare in our
society for these things to occur. Since we live our lives day by day, we focus on
the physical world. Conforming to society and aligning with the majority have a
positive effect on our success, while staying true to our beliefs gets increasingly
less important. Being accepted is more important than truth. Trading identity for
image is the American way.
We have infected our planet with humanity. The infection can only be slowed by
Nature, and ultimately, the universe. Even if we transform into a responsible
species we will still overpopulate the planet. That alone seals our fate. And since
we have proven that we make selfish choices with little effort...and wise choices
when we are forced into a corner, we have exhausted our options. We will find a way
to avoid the corner.
In the future this planet will look as it did in the past. It will be beautiful,
serene, and simple. By definition, humanity will fail. Nature will prevail. If we
are simple, we will be part of the planet. If we are complex, then we aren't sure
what we will be. That is the math of the universe. The equation will balance
Insanity understands an equation which inspires a person to be objective. Insanity
embraces the universe with open arms...ready to learn. Insanity has clear vision
before, during, and after a decision is made. Insanity has a conscience and needs
no excuses. Insanity accepts a quest. And it is insanity that removes the barriers
built by the ego. Insanity is open and honest...vulnerable to the influence of
Sanity must first consider all the options and alternatives...not as to effectively
search for truth...but to soothe the ego. Sanity requires results...so the
priorities get rearranged at will. And sanity rewards those who keep
secrets...embrace group ideals...and wait for opportunity. It is the ability to
stroke the social order of egos that leads to a sane life...history proves that.
Sanity is a fortress that protects the ego.
I have read about the universe. I have read about the ego...our intuition...secrets
to success in life...and the history of mankind. About UFOs, psychology,
government, philosophies, and most aspects of science. About each religion and its
leaders. I am left with this one question. Are we flawed as the result of society,
or is it a part of the soul and we bring flaws to society?
After having survived 50 years of living in America, I have formed a few personal
opinions on matters I consider important. The things that we each find important
define who we are, providing us with our individuality. As our lives reach a
pinnacle there is a good chance that our priorities have changed or will change. We
begin to sense that life has meaning...a tangible concept if we can tell truth from
If there was no limit to human knowledge...if we knew everything...all about the
universe and different dimensions...about our souls, angels, and God...the past and
future of mankind...and how dinosaurs managed to exist for millions of years with
so many poop mountains stinking up the place. If we knew everything, we would also
know the true meaning of life. From my perspective it concerns the search for


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Did Carmen Electra Ditch Simon Cowell Because of Lauren Silverman?
The fact that he's fathering his friend's ex-wife's baby is strange enough, but now it seems Simon Cowell's secret relationship with Lauren Silverman is what ended his romance with Carmen Electra.
According to an insider, the "Baywatch" babe caught Cowell and Silverman in the throes of passion and never looked back.
"Carmen was at Simon's house in L.A. when she literally busted him with Lauren. Simon called her a friend, but there was nothing platonic about what was going on, if you know what I mean. [Carmen] high-tailed it out of there … There was no way she was going to stick around and be a third wheel."
However, Ms. Electra sounded much more affable during a recent interview. "I'm so happy for him! I obviously think that his child will be very well taken care and very, very loved. I want to know if it's a boy or a girl. It's awesome, I'm super happy for him."
Photo Credit: WireImage


text:
Exchange traded funds are both a blessing and the curse for individual investors these days. On the plus side, good ETFs allow folks easy access to sector bets and diverse investments with low fees and ease of trading. On the down side, everybody and their cousin is getting into the ETF game and creating an increasingly muddled marketplace makes selecting the best fund difficult.
Specifically, there are over 1,000 ETFs to choose from, with more than 230 new ETFs launched in the last year alone – and over 700 more in the pipeline if you believe a report from IndexUniverse.
So how do we fix this mess? Simple: The ETF marketplace should focus on quality and not quantity.
That's in the best interests of fund managers as well as investors. For instance, a top strategist at ConvergEx group told the Financial Times just 17 of the funds debuting last year attracted enough investors to generate "worthwhile profits"– that is, more than $100,000. And according to Business Insider, at the end of November, more than 350 ETFs held under $25 million in assets "a rule-of-thumb break even point for ETF issuers." The market clearly can't support a universe of ETFs this size.
So allow me to offer my suggestions for the first 3 funds that should be first in line on the chopping block:
Direxion Airline Shares ETF (FLYX)
Leveraged ETFs – that is, funds that are meant to provide two times or three times a benchmark – are the bread and butter of Direxion. But the fund manager dipped its toes into the conventional ETF game space with the lift-off of the Direxion Airline Shares ETF (NYSE: FLYX). Why? First off, we already enjoy the meager Guggenheim Airline ETF (NYSE: FAA) – which had less than $40 million in assets as FLXY took off.
What's more, it's not like airlines are a dynamic group of stocks with a lot of new companies or a wide variety of strategies or a big universe of stocks. The icing on the cake is that BOTH of these are simply benchmarked to the NYSE Arca Airline Index and don't have a creative bent of their own.
One has to go – and since FLYX debuted just three months ago, I nominate this Direxion ETF to get the axe.
B2B Internet HOLDRS (BHH)
Ok, put your thinking caps on — because the B2B Internet HOLDRS (NYSE: BHH) is not an easy product to explain. In fact, the complexity is a top reason to kill it.
But let me do the best I can in a few sentences: First off, BHH is not technically an ETF — it charges a flat fee for every lot of 100 HOLDR Units, and that fee is deducted from distributions. HOLDRS treat acquisitions of underlying companies differently than most ETFs. Secondly, acquisitions are treated in a drastically different manner — if a component stock is bought out, investors in BHH are treated as normal shareholders and given a cash distribution in proportion to their HOLDR units. That's why on paper the fund has lost 98% since inception and has a mere two components — it has "sold off" its assets.
As you can see, this is a very strange arrangement. And while innovations on Wall Street should be encouraged, your typical retail investor has an awful hard time wrapping their head around something like this.
Though I guess I shouldn't make too much of a fuss – all we have to wait for holdings Ariba Inc. (NASDAQ: ARBA) and Internet Capital Group (NASDAQ: ICGE) to get bought out, and this fund will have no other component companies and thus no value.


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Definition of skitter
intransitive verb
1a : to glide or skip lightly or quicklyb : to move in or as in a jittery or jerky way leaves skittering over the sidewalk
2 : to twitch the hook of a fishing line through or along the surface of water
transitive verb
: to cause to skitter
Examples of skitter in a sentence
Dry leaves skittered over the sidewalk.
Mice skittered across the floor.
Origin and Etymology of skitter
probably frequentative of English dialect (Scots and northern) skite to move quickly, probably from Old Norse skyt-, stem of skjōta to shoot
First Known Use: 1845
SKITTER Defined for English Language Learners
Definition of skitter for English Language Learners
: to move quickly and lightly along a surface
SKITTER Defined for Kids
Definition of skitter for Students
: to glide or skip lightly or quickly … Chipmunks skittered along the stone walls … — Robert Lawson, Rabbit Hill
Learn More about skitter
Seen and Heard
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After a childhood friend (Robert Bailey Jr.) goes on a violent rampage at school, popular athlete Jake (Randy Wayne) reevaluates his life. By reaching out to a lonely outsider (Sean Michael), Jake risks losing everything that matters most to him, including a college scholarship and his friends. A powerful look at high school violence, this drama also stars Deja Kreutzberg, Joshua Weigel and Steven Crowder.


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The International Snooker HD for BlackBerry 10 is one amazing snooker game with advanced gaming features. It brings to life the precision and excitement of a real snooker match. The most popular features of the game are listed below:
1. Dual play modes: You can play single or team up with a partner. Both play modes use the same controls, features and difficulty levels.
2. Snooker championship: There are 8 Snooker rounds that are part of the International Snooker Championship. You play against the best Snooker players of the world. The winner gains a place on the pedestal and grabs the IS Gold Cup at the completion of the game.
3. Superior game simulation: One of the best aspects of this digital game for Blackberry 10 is the simulation used in the game. Every movement of the real Snooker ball is imitated. Going by game sciences, International Snooker HD captures even the faintest side, back and top spins. On the left of the game display, four arrows help you decide the spin you wish to apply. You can power your shots, soft or hard, with the help of the power control button on the right.
4. Object and cue ball guide path: Another remarkable aspect is the availability of the ball guidelines. Every shot you can take can be analyzed beforehand with the help of ball path projections. Which path should your Cue ball take? Where do you want to place the object? These and such other issues are resolved through the guideline displays. This is a major improvement over its rival versions.
5. Progressive levels of difficulty: The game gets tougher as you advance through all the eight rounds of the championship. Dabble with the difficulty settings and you get each game which is different than the other.
6. Camera features: The game camera is fun and useful. It is intuitive, wide and makes for a smooth viewing angle. You can also alter the display angles and move all over the screen.
7. Accurate game screen: Game controls are displayed on the game screen. It is accurate and quick. Touch, swipe and tap features give exact results.
8. Auto-save mode: International Snooker HD has an in-built auto-save mode. This enables the game to begin saving each round you play from the very first shot to the last. This means that you can have an unmatched game continuity and maintain your leads.
9. Game stat display: The game display screen records your game wins, Championship trophy count, loses and highest scores.
10. Graphics and sound: The game is played out in neat, attractive graphics and the background sounds are as realistic as it gets.
11. Game guide: The game is available with complete game guide, rules and solutions. Instructions are fully explained so that the new gamer can have smooth access to the levels.
12. Price: The International Snooker HD for BlackBerry 10 is available at $2.99/£2.
The pleasure of winning the snooker championship is doubled when it is played out in the giant BlackBerry10 display.
The game is a good source of entertainment whether you are a Snooker enthusiast or not. It is also suitable for players of all ages.
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About This Game
- Summary
- Specifications
- Game Editions
Something very bizarre has happened in the fairy village. What has happened to change the inhabitants from chummy chappies into fluffy fiends? They've captured Tam and Rit's mother and imprisoned her in the top of the Maboots Tower. There's onlyone thing for it: our two fairies must put on the Rainbow Shoes and, with the help of the Rods of Sheesanomo, must go and wop anything that moves on the head!
Release Date: Dec 8, 1992
Genre: Action
Publisher: GameTek
Developer: Eurocom
- Supported Functions
- Number Of Players: 1
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A walking tour of Vail spiced with Gourmet food, history and art. This is a perfect activity for an afternoon in Vail. Enjoy a delicious 6 course lunch while learning about the history and Chefs of this 50 year old ski town. An adventurously delicious way to ejoy Vail.


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Try this quizlet site for Global Vocabulary terms
Global Review – PART I
Neolithic Revolution (8000-3000BC)
- "New Stone Age"
- Key Developments:
o Agriculture (farming) & Domestication of Animals
- Humans no longer nomads (hunters & gatherers)
- Permanent villages with farms eventually led to civilizations
- First civilizations began in river valleys
o Fertile soil (silt from the river)
o Irrigation for crops
o River provided transportation
- Early river valley civilizations first developed around:
o Tigris & Euphrates (Middle East – Mesopotamia -- Sumer)
o Nile (Egypt)
o Indus (India)
o Yellow & Yangtze (China)
- Civilizations are organized and include:
o government
o social classes
o job specialization
o food surplus
o writing
o religious beliefs
Ancient River Valley Civilizations
- Common Features:
o Developed in river valleys
o Polytheistic (Belief in many gods)
o Traditional economic systems with these characteristics:
Barter (trade without money)
Subsistence agriculture (farming without a surplus – just enough to feed the family)
People have same occupation as parents (usually related to farming)
- Egypt (Nile)
o Developed Hieroglyphics
Writing using picture symbols
o Constructed Pyramids to bury Pharaohs (Kings)
- Mesopotamia/Sumer (Tigris & Euphrates)
o Developed Cuneiform
Writing using wedge-shaped symbols
o Code of Hammurabi
Oldest written laws known for harsh punishment of crimes ("an eye for an eye")
Laws about rules of expected behavior
Laws displayed in public for all to see
- Harappan (Indus)
o Urban (city) areas were organized and well planned
- China (Yellow & Yangtze)
o Very isolated from other civilizations due to natural boundaries (mountains and deserts)
Classical Civilizations
- The following are considered Classical Civilizations:
o Greece
o Rome
o India
o China
- Most classical civilizations had a Golden Age
o Period of great achievements in art, literature, math and science
- Geography:
o Irregular coastline
o Mountainous
Caused separate city states
Greece Not a united civilization. Separate city states very independent. Each had own governments and land. Athens and Sparta most famous Greek city states.
- Religion
o Polytheistic
o Olympic Games held to honor their god, Zeus
- Sparta
o Military Society
o Citizens had very little freedom
o Most of life spent training for warfare
- Athens
o First democracy in world
Direct Democracy – citizens (adult males born in Athens) voted on laws and elected leaders
Most of life spent focusing on culture and philosophy and writing
Philosophers: Socrates, Aristotle & Plato
Writers: Homer
- Alexander the Great
o Conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia (Iran) and part of India
o Hellenistic Culture (Greek culture = Hellenic culture)
Alexander the Great spread Hellenic culture to all the areas he conquered. The word Hellenistic is used to describe the mix of Greek, Egyptian, Persian and Indian culture
Cultural Diffusion (means culture diffuses from one area to another)
- Peninsula of Italy
- Began as a small city-state but eventually created a large empire by conquering the regions that surrounded the Mediterranean Sea
- Key Features/Achievements:
o Trade & Transportation Networks
United the areas of their empire
Grew wealthy from trade
Helped spread culture
o Twelve Tables of Rome
Written laws stated Rules of Behavior
Created stability (order) in society
Laws displayed in public for all to see
Laws favored wealthy
o Legal Ideas
Developed important legal ideas still in use today ("innocent until proven guilty")
o Pax Romana
Means "Roman Peace"
200 year Golden Age of Rome
Extensive trade and great achievements in art, literature, math and science
- During classical period, India ruled by two successful dynasties (families of rulers): Maurya Dynasty & Gupta Dynasty
o Maurya Dynasty
Asoka – Famous ruler of India who wrote the laws of India on tall Rock Pillars (columns) displayed throughout India. Asoka converted to Buddhism during his reign and is known for his kind treatment of people and animals
o Gupta Dynasty
Considered the Golden Age of India – Many achievements in art, literature, math and science
Invention of zero in math
Development of Sanskrit writing
Beautiful Buddhist paintings
- Caste System
- Social heirarchy
- People born into a social class (caste) and remained in that class for their entire life. Castes:
- Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaisyas (merchants), Sudras (laborers), Untouchables (worst jobs).
During the classical period, China ruled by two main Dynasties (families of rulers): The Quin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty
Quin Dynasty
Lasted only 15 years. Government based on Legalism (Believe that humans are evil and harsh punishment is needed to keep order in society) – similar to Code of Hammurabi
Han Dynasty
Lasted 400 years
Trade and Transportation Networks – like Roman Empire, developed a system of roads. Han Dynasty grew wealthy through trade
Civil Service System – government positions given only to skilled people who passed difficult exams. Chinese were first to use this kind of system.
Silk Road
The Silk Road was long trade route (4000 miles) from China to the Mediterranean Sea. Connected different civilizations and brought about Cultural Diffusion through exchange of products (like silk), religious ideas (like Buddhism), language, food, etc...
Monotheistic Religions (belief in only one God).
Three main monotheistic religions: Judaism, Islam and Christianity
Code of Conduct (behavior). All 3 monotheistic religions have codes of behavior issued by God that state the religious and moral/ethical obligations (duties) of followers:
The Ten Commandments: Code of behavior for Jews and Christians (do not kill, do not steal, do not worship false gods, etc...)
The Five Pillars: Code of behavior for Muslims (make a pilgrimage to Mecca, pray five times a day, etc...)
Religions/Philosophies of India
Reincarnation: Idea that after humans die, their souls are reborn into another body.
Karma: Belief that all of the good and bad deeds one does during their life will affect which level of life one is reborn at. (good deeds=higher level, bad deeds=lower) This is the Caste System (social class)
Goal of Hinduism is Moksha – Ending reincarnation and stopping the cycle of death and rebirth.
Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (called Buddha = enlightened one)
Buddhists believe in Karma and reincarnation (similar to Hinduism)
Goal of Buddhism is Nirvana – Ending cycle of death and rebirth
Believe Nirvana can be achieved when people accept the Four Noble Truths and follow the Eightfold Path
Four Noble Truths – all life is suffering and suffering is caused by our selfish desires.
Eightfold Path – a code of behavior that requires followers to resist evil, meditate, act kindly toward others, etc...
Philosophies of China
Based on idea that humans are evil and harsh punishments is needed to prevent crime and maintain order
Major philosophy of China. Main teachings include:
Five Relationships – idea that every person has specific roles and obligations (subjects must obey their ruler, wives obey their husbands, children obey their parents, etc...)
Filial Piety – idea that people must honor and respect the elders of their family
Nature Religions
Believe both living and non-living things have a spirit
Two common nature religions are Shinto (Japan) and Animism (Africa)
Byzantine Empire (500-1453AD)
Western area of Roman Empire conquered by Germanic tribes (476AD) and eastern portion survived and became Byzantine Empire
Key features/achievements:
People mainly Greek (language and culture)
Constantinople – Capital of Byzantine Empire. Located along major waterways and linked Asia and Europe
Eastern Orthodox religion – branch of Christianity. Hagia Sophia was a famous church in Byzantine Empire
Justinian Code – Written system of laws created by Emperor Justinian that was later adopted by various European Civilizations. Largely based on laws of Roman Empire.
Preservation of Greek and Roman culture – saved, preserved important texts created by Greeks and Romans
Cultural Diffusion – Byzantine Empire had a major influence on Russia. Russia received Eastern Orthodox Religion and the Cyrillic Alphabet from Byzantines
Legal Systems of Ancient/Classical worlds
3 Main ones to remember for regents – and remember that these legal systems were all standardized (written) and helped maintain order in society:
Code of Hammurabi (written laws of Mesopotamia) – harsh punishment of crimes
Twelve Tables of Rome (written laws of Roman Empire) – favored wealthy
Justinian Code (written laws of Byzantine Empire) – based on old Roman laws, later adopted by many European countries.
Golden Age of Islam
Monotheistic. Believe in God called Allah.
Followers of Islam called Muslims.
Holy book of Islam: Koran (Qu'ran)
Five Pillars. Religious/ethical duties and obligations of all Muslims (make pilgrimage to Mecca, pray 5x a day, etc...)
Muhammad. Founder. Born in Mecca (holiest city of Islam). He is believed by Muslims to be the last of God's prophets (messengers to the people).
Golden Age. After the death of Muhammad. Muslim armies conquered much of Middle East, northern Africa and southern Spain.
The Islamic world experienced "Golden Age" making amazing achievements in math, science, medicine, philosophy and art. Some key achievements of this period include:
Medical encyclopedias created
Artwork: Calligraphy, Carpets, Textiles
The Middle Ages
Period of time in Europe after the collapse of the Roman Empire and before Renaissance
Political system where kings gave land to nobles in return for loyalty/military service
Nobles that received land served as knights. Knights followed code of chivalry (stressing loyalty and bravery)
Feudalism considered to be a decentralized political system because kings gave away power to nobles who each controlled their own local areas
Land was the basis of wealth and power.
Feudalism brought social stability, order and structure
People lived on manors (area of land owned by a noble)
Each manor had homes, farmland, water, artisans and serfs (peasants who performed farm labor and could not leave the land)
Caused a decrease in trade during Middle Ages (because the manor was self-sufficient)
Roman Catholic church (especially the Pope) was very wealthy and influenced the kings
Religious wars in which Christians fought to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslims. The Holy Land is a sacred area of the Middle East that includes Jerusalem
Causes of Crusades:
Christians believed their sins would be forgiven if they fought for God
Christians believed the Holy Land should not be controlled my Muslims
Poor Europeans wanted to escape from Feudalism
Europeans hoped to gain wealth from Middle East
Effects of Crusades:
Trade increased
Cultural diffusion
Europeans learned of Muslim achievements (made during Golden Age)
Feudalism declined (nobles killed, serfs escaped)
Golden Age of China (Tang and Song Dynasities)
Golden age of China took place during the Tang and Song Dynasties.
Achievements in arts, science, math and literature
Gunpowder, Compass, Block Printing, Porcelain
Silk Road
Cultural Diffusion. Buddhism became popular in China as the ideas of this religion entered China through the Silk Road
Civil Service Exams. Only highly qualified people could pass the tests to work in government.
Early Japanese History
Archipelago: a country that consists of a group of islands
Long, irregular coastline
Terrace farming. Small "terraces" carved out of the sides of mountains
1st: Shinto (Animism). Belief that living and non-living things have a spirit
2nd Buddhism.
Influence of China on Japan
Cultural Diffusion. Japan was GREATLY influenced by China. Japan received many important things from the Chinese:
Writing, Buddhism, Tea
Japanese Feudalism
Similar to Europe in Middle Ages.
Emperor and Shogun (Military General) were rulers
Daimyo were wealthy nobles who received land from Emperor or Shogun in return for loyalty and military service
Samurai were warriors (like knights of Middle Ages). Pledged loyalty, fought when necessary, followed code of behavior called Bushido (like chivalry). Both codes emphasized loyalty and bravery
Considered decentralized as power was given to different local leaders
Brought order and stability to society
African Civilizations
Very diverse. Includes deserts (Sahara), grasslands and rainforests
Africa currently having problems with desertification (the spreading of the desert lands). The Sahara continues to grow and reduced amount of farmland available.
Cultural Differences.
No two societies are alike because of Africa's very diverse geographic features
Animism (traditional religion which is native (began in) Africa. (Similar to Shinto in Japan). Beliefs living and non living things have a spirit
Bantu Migrations
One of the largest migrations of people in history
Due to shortage of land, the Bantu People scattered throughout southern Africa
Major effects of migration:
Spread of Bantu language, Iron technology, Agriculture (farming) techniques
West African Civilizations
Three of Africas greatest civilizations developed in West Africa:
Ghana, Mali and Songhai.
All grew wealthy because they were located on the Trans-Saharan trade route and traded their gold for the salt people needed to survive.
Mansa Musa. Most famous ruler of Mali. Important for several reasons:
Devoted Muslim who spread Islam in West Africa
Made a pilgrimage to Mecca
Turned the city of Timbuktu into a center of trade and Islamic learning
Mongol people originated on the steppes (grassy plains) of Central Asia
Lived in harsh physical environment and survived as nomadic pastoralists (raising animals and migrating often in search of grazing lands for these animals)
Genghis Khan. Skilled military leader. Conquered so much land that they established the largest empire in all of history.
Land included China, Central Asia, Russia and much of Middle East
Marco Polo
Italian merchant who visited Mongols in China and remained for almost 20 years
Returned to Italy and wrote down his experiences with Mongols.
Writings are a valuable primary resource to teach us about China at that time
Writings increased the desire of Europeans to trade with China
Important Influences
Trade and travel between Europe and Asia increased during Mongol rule
Influenced Russia by keeping Russia isolated from developments in Western Europe and taught Russia how to have a centralized government (one ruler in control)
Mongols were first foreign group to completely conquer China
Transformation of Western Europe
Black Death
Bubonic plague that killed 25 million people in Europe during late Middle Ages
Started in East Asia and spread to Europe over trade routes as different people interacted
Caused depopulation of Europe (1/3 of population died), decreased Feudalism and Trade
Renaissance (1400-1600)
The Golden Age of Western Europe
Began in Italy
Italian city-states (Venice and Florence) were wealthy and supported artists
Amazing achievements in art, literature and science
Famous artists: Donatello, Michelangelo, Raphael and Leonardo da Vinci
Renaissance scholars studied art and books from ancient Greece and Rome
Niccolo Machiavelli. Wrote "The Prince" which was a guide for government leaders which stated rulers must have absolute power and do whatever is necessary to stay in power (even if that means dishonest and cruel behavior)
The end justifies the means
Humanism. Focused on humans and life on earth instead of on God and heaven
Protestant Reformation (1500s)
Religious revolution that challenged the Catholic Church
Causes of:
Europeans were angry that the Catholic Church was too concerned with money and power
Europeans were angry about Indulgence: Reductions in punishment/forgiveness of sins
that were sold by the Catholic Church (which only wealthy could afford)
Key leaders of reformation:
Martin Luther – monk - wrote 95-Thesis (95 arguments against sale of indulgences)
Henry VIII – king of England who separated from Catholic Church because he wanted to divorce his wife
John Calvin – believed in predestination (idea that God already knows who will be saved)
Effects of reformation:
Power of Catholic Church and the Pope decreased
Power of kings increased
Religious unity in Europe came to an end
The Printing Press
Invented by Johannes Gutenberg
Spread new ideas quickly
Spread the Protestant Reformation
Increased literacy (ability to read and write) since books were now easier/cheaper
Pre-Columbian Civilizations of Americas
Pre-Columbian societies developed in Americas before arrival of Europeans
Three Main pre-columbian: Maya, Aztec and Inca
All three were organized, developed and advanced civilizations at the time
Achievements: calendar, form of writing, math, concept of Zero
Tenochtitlan: Capital city of Aztec Empire
Achievements: calendar, form of writing, Chinampas (floating gardens)
Conquered by Spanish (Hernan Cortez)
Lived in Andes Mountains (Peru)
Machu Picchu: Most famous site of the Inca
Achievements: large network of roads which improved trade and transportation, terrace farming (like Japanese). Carved terraces into sides of mountains.
Conquered by Spanish (Francisco Pizarro)
Age of Exploration
Sea exploration (voyages) began. Europeans sailed to Americas, Africa and Asia
Spain and Portugal were first to begin voyages
Causes of:
Europeans wanted spices and other products from Asia
Needed to find a sea route to Asia since Muslims controlled land routes
Improvements in sailing technology made long sea voyages possible:
compass, cartography (science of making maps)
Key explorers:
Bartholomeu Dias (sailed around Africa's Cape of Good Hope)
Vasco DaGama (sailed to India by going around Cape of Good Hope)
Christopher Columbus (sailed to Americas)
Ferdinand Magellan (sailed around the globe)
Effects of age of exploration:
The Americas: Spanish and Portugues colonized Americas
Encomienda System: Labor system in which Native Americans were forced to work on Spanish farm plantations or in Spanish mines
Millions of Native Americans died due to disease brought by Europeans (smallpox)
Europeans took slaves from Africa to work on farm plantations
Triangular Trade: Trade route between Europe, Africa and Americas – capturing slaves in Africa, trading slaves for goods from America, returning to Europe to sell goods
Mercantilism: idea that colonies exist only to make Mother Country wealthy
Columbian Exchange: exchange of people, plants, animals, ideas and technology between "Old World" Europe and "New World" Americas
Cultural Diffusion increased
Trade increased
Death increased in Americas (due to disease like smallpox brought from Europe)
Commercial Revolution
New businesses introduced during Age of Exploration
Joint-stock companies (investors)
Expansion of banking
Capitalism (profits from one project are reinvested into other projects to make more money)
Travelers of Global I:
Three who wrote extensively about their travels & helped increase trade & cultural diffusion:
Marco Polo (Italian merchant who traveled to China over Silk Road)
Ibn Battuta (Arab/Muslim who traveled over 75,000 miles and visited Africa, Asia & Europe
Zheg He (Chinese explorer of Ming Dynasty who sailed to Southeast Asia, India and West coast of Africa)
Age of Absolutism (1600s-1700s)
Period in European history when nations were ruled by absolute monarchs (kings who controled every aspect of life)
Key features of absolute monarchs:
centralized political control (didn't share power with anyone else)
believed in Divine Right (idea that kings received their power to rule directly from God)
believed power unlimited (made laws without approval of people)
many helped to expand the territory of their nations by taking over neighboring lands
Some important absolute monarchs:
Peter the Great (Russia). Westernized Russia (imitated the customs/traditions of Western European countries)
Louis XIV (France)
Philip II (Spain)
Henry VIII (England)
Suleiman the Magnificent (Ottoman Empire)
Intellectual Revolutions of Europe (1500s-1600s)
Scientific Revolution
Science and Reason (logic) used to explain how world worked. People no longer turned to the Bible or Catholic Church for answers. Scientific Method of answering questions evolved during this time.
Key people:
Copernicus (developed Heliocentric Theory that planets revolve around the sun)
Galileo (proved Copernicus correct. Put on trial by Catholic Church because his ideas went against the teachings of the Church – which stated the sun and planets revolve around earth)
Sir Isaac Newton (developed calculus and Theory of Gravity)
Key effects:
Spread of new ideas throughout Europe
Challenged traditional authority (power) of Catholic Church
New ideas led to the Enlightenment
The Enlightenment (1700s)
Period in European history when reason (logic) used to understand and improve society (also known as "The Age of Reason"
Enlightenment philosophers believed:
governments received their power from the people, Not God. (Democracy)
society should be ruled and improved by using logic and reason and natural law.
Key people:
John Locke (believed all people have natural rights: right to life, liberty and property)
Baron de Montesquieu (believed governments should be divided into three branches to prevent one from being too strong. Began concept of executive, legislative and judicial branches as a separation of powers and concept of checks and balances in government)
Voltaire (believed everyone is entitled to freedom of speech and religion)
Rousseau (believed that society is a social contract – an agreement in which people work for the common good of society
Key effects:
Caused political revolutions in France, Latin America and US since philosophers believed people could overthrow unfair governments
Political Revolutions
English Revolution (aka Glorious Revolution)
people of England successfully limited the power of their monarchs (kings)
Key effects:
England's government became a limited (constitutional) monarchy. Where power of monarch was decreased by written laws
English king had to share power with Parliament (the lawmaking body of English government which represents the people of England)
Written laws that decreased the power of the English king:
Magna Carta, Petition of Right, English Bill of Rights, Habeus Corpus
French Revolution and Napolean
people of France overthrew king Louis XVI and fought for more rights
Key causes:
French ruled by absolute monarch who abused their power and took away the rights of the people.
Peasants were angry. French society divided into three social classes. The lowest were peasants with very few rights who had the least amount of money, but paid the highest taxes.
France was in an economic crisis because kings spent too much money on themselves and put the country into debt
Ideas of Enlightenment inspired French to overthrow their unfair kings
Key events:
Declaration of Rights of Man (document written to give equal rights to men of France and create a fair system of taxation)
Reign of Terror (leaders of French Revolution executed thousands who they believed were loyal to the king. Robespierre was the leader of the radical group (Jacobins) leading this execution)
Key effects:
King Louis XVI executed
Middle class of France gained more power and rights
Napoleon Bonaparte
Ruler who came into power at the end of the French Revolution
Expanded French territory by conquering neighboring lands in Europe
Made French feel nationalism (pride in their country)
Defeated in 1812 because he made a mistake when he invaded Russia in the winter. The freezing weather of Russia killed thousands of his soldiers. The same mistake was made by Hitler during WWII
Latin American Revolutions
Latin American countries (in Central America, South America and the Caribbean) fought to gain independence from Spain, Portugal and France
Key causes:
Governments of Latin America controlled by Peninsulares (people born in Spain and Portugal) who treated people of Latin America poorly
Creoles (Europeans born in Latin America), Mestizos (mixed Europeans/Native Americans) and NativeAmerican and African slaves demanded more rights
Idea of the Enlightenment inspired the fight for independence
American and French Revolutions inspired Latin Americans to overthrow their unfair governments
Key leaders in fight for independence (all are considered nationalists because they loved their nations and wanted to free them from European control):
Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin, Miguel Hidalgo, Toussaint L'Ouverture
After gaining independence, attempts were made to unify the different areas of Latin America but all attempts failed because the areas are separated by many natural boundaries (Andes Mountains, Amazon Rainforest, etc.) which prevented communication between regions
The Industrial Revolution (1700s-1800s)
Change from producing goods by hand to producing goods with machines in factories
Began in Great Britain (England) because it had many natural resources (coal, iron, waterways) that are necessary to produce and transport goods
Key effects:
Industrialization (Machines used to produce goods)
Urbanization (growth of cities)
Pollution (mainly in urban areas from smoke that came out of factories)
Bad working conditions (dangerous conditions tolerated for long hours and low pay – young children often hired and abused in factories)
Formation of Labor Unions (workers formed unions to fight for improved pay and working conditions)
Legislation (governments passed laws to set a minimum wage and end child labor)
Laissez Faire Capitalism (Market Economy) – the economic system that was used during the Industrial Revolution based on ideas that businesses should be owned by individuals NOT government and business decisions should be made by individuals NOT government
Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels
Believed laissez faire capitalism was bad. Argued that it allowed greedy factory owners to take advantage of poor factory workers
Wrote "Communist Manifesto" which said:
All of history has been about struggle between the classes (the "haves" and "have nots")
Bourgeoisie (wealthy and greedy) take advantage of the Proletariat (poor workers) to earn more money for themselves
Proletariat should overthrow Bourgeoisie in a violet revolution to end laissez faire capitalism and create a new kind of society where work and wealth are shared equally and social classes no longer existed (This is the basis of Communism)
Feeling of love, loyalty and devotion to one's country
Unification of Italy
Due to feelings of nationalism, the Italian speaking people of Italy wanted to combine their separate states to form one united nation with one government.
Unification in 1870 due to the efforts of 3 nationalists:
Giuseppe Garibaldi, Giuseppe Mazzini & Count Camillo di Cavour
Unification of German
Similar to Italy. Nationalism led to the unification of Germany in 1871. Due to efforts of Otto von Bismark (used "blood and iron" policy)
Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire
Nationalism led ethnic minorities in these lands to gain independence for their own nations
In 1801, Great Britain (England) took over Ireland
Potato Famine
1 million Irish people died of starvation when potato crop failed to grow
Over 1 million migrated to the United States to escape the famine
Due to Nationalism, many people in Ireland did not want to be ruled by Great Britain. In 1921, South Ireland gained independence from Great Britain. North Ireland remained part of Great Britain
Also called colonization. A strong country takes over a weaker country.
During 19th century, many European (Western) nations (Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy) took over lands throughout Africa and Asia
Causes of:
European nations wanted raw materials/natural resources
"White Man's Burden" - a racist poem that encouraged Europeans to "civilize" the people that they took over by teaching them European customs and religion. The poem referred to the people of Asia and Africa as "half devil" and "half child"
Social Darwinism – "Survival of the Fittest" - idea that it was natural for strong countries (like European nations) to take over weaker countries (Africa and Asia)
Imperialism in India, China & Africa
Europeans had a negative impact on regions they colonized:
"Scramble for Africa" (Over 90% of Africa was taken over by European nations)
China (British smuggled Opium – and addictive drug – into China and Chinese fought back. The Chinese were defeated and China was carved into "spheres of influence" which were areas where trade was controlled by different European nations)
India (Taken over and ruled by Great Britain for almost 200 yrs.)
People of Africa and Asia did not like being ruled by European nations. They fought many wars to gain independence
Sepoy Mutiny (Rebellion in which India tried but failed)
Boxer Rebellion (Rebellion in which China tried but failed)
Imperialism in Japan
From 1600-1854, Japan was isolated and wanted little contact with the rest of the world
1854, Commodore Matthew Perry of the US sailed into Japan in order to open up trade with that country
Meiji Restoration
period of time when Japan began rapid Modernization and Westernization
Modernization: Japan industrialized – built factories, roads, communication, etc.
Westernization: Japan adopted customs and techniques of Western countries. Japan changed its government, military, education system and technology to become more like Europe and the US
As a result of the Meiji Restoration. Japan became a powerful, modern, industrial country. Japan needed natural resources/raw materials for their factories. They began to take over other countries (Korea and part of China) in order to get these resources.
World War I (1914-1918)
Global conflict fought mainly in Europe
Causes of: (M.A.I.N.)
Militarism – countries in Europe (especially Germany and Britain) built up their armies and their supply of weapons
Alliances – countries in Europe divided themselves into two military alliances (The Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente) in order to prepare for war. This increased tension in Europe
Imperialism – countries in Europe compete with each other to take over Africa, Asia and the Balkans (Southeastern Europe)
Nationalism – ethnic groups in the Balkans wanted to gain independence from Austria-Hungary
Began with the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand (the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary) by the Slavic nationalists in the Balkans
Treaty of Versailles ended WWI.
Treaty severely punished Germany in a number of ways:
Germany forced to accept blame for WWI
Germany forced to pay 30 billion for damages
Germany forced to decrease size of military
Germany forced to give up some of its lands
Treaty's harsh treatment of Germany eventually brought rise to Hitler and the Nazis and caused WWII
Key effects:
Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire broken apart
Armenian Massacre: The Turks of the Ottoman Empire attempted to kill all of the Armenians (This is an example of Genocide – the attempted extermination of an entire ethnic group. Genocide is considered to be the ultimate violation of human rights)
Women in Europe gained suffrage (the right to vote)
The Russian Revolution (Bolshevik Revolution) of 1917
The people of Russia overthrew their Czar (king) and created a new government
Causes of:
Russian people were unhappy with their government for several reasons:
WWI – Russia suffered many casualties and WWI created food shortages in Russia
Czar Nicholas II denied the Russian people their rights
Radical (extreme) group that led the Russian Revolutions
Vladimir Lenin was leader of Bolsheviks
Lenin and Bolsheviks gained support of Russian people by promising to provide them with "Peace, Land and Bread".
Effects of:
Czar Nicholas II executed
Lenin and
Bolsheviks came to power in Russia
Russia became a Communist nation
Nationalism between World Wars
After WWI, Ottoman Empire broken apart and all that remained of Empire was Turkey
Kemal Ataturk – First president of Turkey – made changes to strengthen Turkey
Westernization (took on customs and traditions of European countries)
Eliminated Islamic laws and created Secular (non-religious) laws
National movement of Jews
Goal of Zionists after WWI was to create an official nation for Jews in the Holy Land (including sacred city of Jerusalem)
Jews and Palestinians (Arab Muslims) were fighting for control of same territory
After WWI, India increased its demands for independence from Great Britain
Mohandas Gandhi
Famous nationalist who used only non-violent methods to fight for independence (also called civil disobedience or passive resistance)
Salt March: Gandhi protested British taxes on salt by leading a peaceful march to the sea to make his own salt
Boycott: Gandhi encouraged people of India to boycott (stop buying) British products
Totalitarianism between World Wars
Totalitarian dictatorships are governments where one ruler has complete (total) control over ALL aspects of life (political, social and economic)
After WWI, totalitarian dictatorships were established in 3 countries under 3 men:
Stalin (Soviet Union)
Mussolini (Italy)
Hitler (Germany)
All 3 totalitarian dictatorships had common characteristics:
Censorship (ended freedom of speech. Government completely controlled the media)
One political party (Stalin=Communist, Mussolini=Fascist, Hitler=Nazi)
People expected to put needs of country before their own needs
Eliminated opposition using secret police force
Used propaganda (messages that were meant to influence the way people thought)
Hitler and Mussolini came to power because Germany and Italy were facing severe economic problems (inflation and unemployment) and people in these countries believed Hitler and Mussolini could solve these problems
Totalitarianism under Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union/Russia)
Stalin established a Communist economy (an economic system where government (not individuals) own businesses and makes business decisions (includes setting prices)
Five Year Plans (Stalin tried to modernize the industry and agriculture of Soviet Union by setting economic goals every five years)
Collectivization (Stalin took over the individual farms and created government (collective) farms
Stalin took away food from the people of the Ukraine when the resisted. Millions of Ukraine citizens died of forced starvation (and human rights violation)
World War II (1939-1945)
Events leading to WWII:
Japanese Aggression
Japan took over Korea, Manchuria and much of Southeast Asia in order to gain natural resources/raw materials
Rape of Nanking. A brutal event in which the Japanese raped and killed Chinese civilians in the city of Nanking. This was a major human rights violation.
Italian Aggression
Mussolini invaded Ethiopia
German Aggression
Adolf Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles by:
building up the German military and drafting soldiers into the army
placing soldiers in Rhineland (area between Germany and France)
taking over Austria & Czechoslovakia
WWII took place mainly because little was done to stop Hitler, Mussolini or Japan
The League of Nations was an international organization created after WWI. If failed to stop Hitler, Mussolini or Japan
Appeasement. This is a policy where an aggressive nation is given what they want by other nations in order to avoid war.
At the Munich Conference in Germany, Great Britain appeased Hitler by giving him control over Czechoslovakia. Hitler then demanded more territory.
WWI began when Hitler invaded Poland. Three days later, Britain and France declared war on Germany
Key Events of WWII
Invasion of Poland. Poland quickly defeated by Germany because it lacks natural boundaries (it has very flat plains where were easy to conquer)
Pearl Harbor. Japan launched a surprise attack against the US. This brought the US into the war.
D-Day Invasion. The beginning of the final Allied push against Germany. It resulted in the defeat of Germany
Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The final even of WWII. The US dropped two atomic bombs on Japan and the quickly surrendered.
The Holocaust.
Hitler and the Nazis tried to kill all of the Jews in Europe. 6 million Jews and 6 million non-Jews were killed during this event. This is an example of genocide (the attempt to exterminate an entire group of people) and is considered a major human rights violation.
Hitler was unable to conquer Russia at the Battle of Stalingrad because of the harsh climate. The same was try of Napolean Bonaparte's attempt 130 years earlier
Effects of WWII
Formation of United Nations. The UN is the organization created after WWII in order to solve international probems and prevent future wars
191 Nations belong
Declaration of Human Rights. This was a document created by the UN that lists the rights that ALL people should have within their nations (freedom of speech, right to life, right to participate in government, etc.)
Nuremberg Trials.
The court case where the surviving Nazis who helped Hitler carry out the Holocaust were put on trial
19 Nazi leaders were executed or sentenced to imprisonment as a result of "crimes against humanity" (ie, genocide)
Demonstrated that individuals in government could be held accountable for the actions
The Cold War (1945-1991)
The Cold War was a 50 year struggle between the United States (and a democratic nation) and the Societ Union (a communist nation) after WWII. Called the "cold" war because the United States and Soviet Union never directly fought each other
Key events and characteristics:
After WWII, the Soviet Union took over the small nations of Eastern Europe and turned them into communist satellites
"Iron Curtain". A term used by Winston Churchill to describe the imaginary line dividing the democratic countries of Western Europe and the communist countries of Eastern Europe
Containment. This was a policy used the by the US in an attempt to stop the spread of communisms. Two examples of containment are:
Truman Doctrine – the US gave $400 million to Greece and Turkey to help them defeat communist groups in their countries
Marshall Plan – the US gave $13 billion to the countries of Western Europe to help them rebuild after WWII
Crisis in Germany
After WWII, Germany was divided into 2 nations: West Germany (democratic) and East Germany (communist)
Berlin Wall – Concrete wall built by the Communists around the city of West Berlin to prevent people in East Germany from escaping to West Germany
Military alliances. Both the US and Soviet Union formed their own military alliances:
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization). Military alliance between US, Canada and democratic nations of Western Europe
Warsaw Pact. Military alliance between Soviet Union and other Communist nations of Eastern Europe
Hungarian Revolution of 1956. Hungary tried to break away from Soviet control and the Soviet Union sent in the army to end the rebellion
Arms Race. The US and Soviet Union competed to build up the largest supply of nuclear weapons
Cuban Missile Crisis
Began when the US discovered that the Soviet Union was building missile bases in Cuba (a communist nation) and pointing nuclear missiles at the US
The crisis ended when the Soviet Union agreed to remove the missiles
This event is the closest the world has ever come to nuclear war between countries
Korea and Vietnam were each divided into 2 separate countries. One side of each country became communist and the other side became democratic.
Economic Issues After WWII
Economic Cooperation
After WWII, various regions of the world started to create organizations that were designed to increase trade and promote economic wealth. These include:
European Union, North American Free Trade Agreement
Oil Politics
Oil (also called Petroleum) is among the world's most important natural resources
Most of world's oil is located in the Middle East. Oil is the main reason why Middle East has developed wealth and influence
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)
Determines the price of oil as well as production levels
Communism in China (1949-Present)
In 1949, China became the second country to adopt communism
Mao Zedong: First communist dictator of China. Gained support of peasants because he promised to provide them with their own land once the communists were brought to power
Great Leap Forward. Attempt by Mao Zedong to modernize production in China.
Peasants forced to move onto large government farms
Plan similar to the Five Year Plan & Collectivization in Soviet Union under Stalin's rule
Cultural Revolution. Mao used violet Communist soldiers (Red Guards) to eliminate all opposition
Den Xiaoping
Ruler of China after MaoZedong
Changed economy to market/capitalist/free enterprise economy
Tianenman Square Protest/Massacre (1989)
Series of protests where Chinese peacefully demanded democratic reforms
Deng Xiaping called in the army to end protests and hundreds of Chinese were killed or arrested
Proved China's government was unwilling to make democratic changes
Current issues in China
China controls Buddhist region of Tibet, but people of Tibet want independence
China denies its people human rights
In order to prevent overpopulation, the government of China allows only one child per family
Decolonization of India (1948)
After WWII, India gained independence from Great Britain due to the efforts of Mohandas Gandhi
In order to prevent conflict between Hindus and Muslims, the region Great Britain had controlled was divided into two separate countries:
India – Hindus
Pakistan – Muslims
After independence, India established a democratic government and followed a policy of nonalignment (neutrality) during the Cold War (it didn't take sides)
Caste System. Although India's constitution prevents discrimination against the lowest social classes (castes), there is continued discrimination against untouchables.
Decolonization in Africa (1945-1980)
Independence due largely to efforts of nationalist leaders:
Jomo Kenyatta (gained independence for Kenya)
Kwame Nkruman (gained independence for Ghana)
South Africa after independence:
Still controlled by white Europeans.
Racist system known as Apartheid. Apartheid is racial segregation which lasted until 1990 with work of Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela:
Black South African nationalist leader who fought against Apartheid
Imprisoned for 27 years by the white South African government
Became first black president of South Africa after Apartheid came to an end in 1990
Rwanda after independence:
During 1990s, serious ethnic conflict between two groups in the African nation of Rwanda: the Hutus and the Tutsis
1994, the Hutus slaughtered 800,000 Tutsis in only a few months. This was genocide and a major human rights violation
Decolonization of Southeast Asia (Cambodia and Vietnam)
1953-1954 both countries gained independence from France
Ho Chi Minh. Nationalist leader who led an 8-year war against France to gain independence for Vietnam.
Vietnam after independence: divided into 2 countries – North (communist) and South (democratic)
After Vietnam war, Vietnam reunited to form one communist nation.
Cambodia after independence
Ruled by Khmer Rouge – Communist group
Pol Pot. Leader of Khmer Rouge and ruler of Cambodia from 1976-1979. Brutal dictator. Denied people of human rights. Executed 2 million people in his nation. An example of genocide
Middle East After WWII
Creation of Israel
After WWII, part of the Holy Land, which includes Jerusalem, was used to create the Jewish nation of Israel
Palestinians (Arab Muslims that live in the Holy Land) claim that they should have control over the region since they have lived there for hundreds of years
Between 1948 and 1973, 4 major wars were fought between Israel and the Arab nations of the Middle East. Israel won each war. Smaller battles continue to date as Palestinians frequently use terrorism to achieve their goals.
Islamic Fundamentalism
The belieft that governments should create societies that are based on rules of Islam. Two countries that have established such societies are Iran and Afghanistan.
Iranian Revolution (1979) brought Ayatolla Khomeini to power. Iran remains a theocracy (a nation ruled by religious leaders)
Taliban. Ruled Afghanistan from 1996-2001. Created laws based on Sharia (Islamic law)
The Collapse of Communism in Soviet Union
Mikhail Gorbachev. Soviet leader who helped bring an end to Communism in the Soviet Union (in 1991)
Perestroika: The program in which Gorbachev changed the economy from communist to market/capitalist
Glasnost. The program in which Gorbachev allowed freedom of speech within the Soviet Union. A major step toward democracy in the Soviet Union
Boris Yeltsin. The first democratically elected president in the history of Russia
The Collapse of Communism in Germany
1989 – The Berlin Wall was finally torn down. Symbolized the end of the Cold War and Communism
1990 – West Germany and East Germany reunited to form one democratic country
Human Rights Violations
Human Rights are the basic rights that all human beings are supposed to have. Basic rights include freedom of speech, freedom of religion, the right to vote and right to live.
Genocide is an attempt to exterminate (kill off) a group of people. It is the ultimate violation of human rights.
Examples include:
Armenian Massacre – Turks of the Ottoman Empire murdered about one million Armenians during WWI
Ukrainian Famine – Stalin (Dictator of Soviet Union) took away food from the people of the Ukraine resulting in the death of millions of people
Holocaust – Hitler and the Nazis murdered 6 million Jews during WWII
Rwanda – Hutus killed one million Tutsis in 1994
Cambodia – Pol Pot was the ruler of Cambodia who killed 2 million people within his nation.
Yugoslavia – Slobodan Milosevic was the Serbian ruler of Yugoslavia who violently attached non-Serbs (especially Albanians) living in his lands
This site offers practice DBQ assignments!
This site gives you definitions and details about different math concepts/terms.
Try this math forum and ask "Dr. Math"!
This site is owned by the Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia, founded 1942. A great site for American History review!
This site comes directly from the New York State Department of Education


text:
Meet the Woman of Stratton – Mariann Spear
By Courtney DiFiore Mariann Spear is our Snowboard School Supervisor and ex-Snow Reporter (which I find pretty awesome, being an ex-Snow Reporter myself). Aside from the obvious fact that Spear snowboards, like most snowboarders I talk with, Spear began skiing. It wasn't until the age of 27 that she transitioned over into Snowboarding. "I would go out and ski with a bunch of my friends … Continue reading Meet the Woman of Stratton – Mariann Spear


text:
WHinz necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 188 diseños de 65 diseñadores freelance.
Wyllie • Spears Labour Lawyers
We are looking for something simple, professional and clean. We would like to avoid the traditional law scales, gavel or greek pillars. We are open to something as simple as the name framed in a box or the two letters "W & S" stylized somehow.
Labour unions, general public. Can't look too formal or business-like since our clients (unions) often represent blue collar workers and we are typically acting against management or the company.
We are open to any ideas or suggestions.


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FYI: reviews of electrical DIY books
I've been reading in my spare time and got many of the texts recommended on the forum (I vetted some through the library first).
It gets long winded (when doesn't it, right?) but here are my thoughts:
- Wiring Simplified, Richter/Schwan/Hartwell, Recommended as a reference. 2008 edition hits the shelves some time this spring. 220+ pages in a handy small format (perfect for the bathroom) a technical but good overview for a novice. Heavy on text, a few useful diagrams. Authors are wedded to safety and the NEC. This book assumes you know something about electricity and basic wiring practices. For a pure newbie it was a great place to start, but it cannot stand alone to teach a novice DIYer how to wire/re-wire.
- Wiring a House, Cauldwell Recommended with reservations. Glossy and packed with useful diagrams. Author's tone is conversational and not a bit preachy. Comparable to any of the Big Box Store electrical guides - short on content compared to say the Black and Decker series. I was concerned by some categorical statements (thou shalt not X Y or Z) that the author made without explanation or citation.
- Wiring Diagrams, Professional Reference, DEWALT. Recommended only as an adjunct. It has diagrams for things like door bells, various configurations of switches and lights, box fill charts, etc. But, it will not teach you how do any of those things. Sure, I don't need to know how to properly seal conduits in gas pumps, but now I know where to find the information. I wouldn't have bought it, except that if I spent six more dollars my shipping from Amazon was free. It's fun to flip through.
- Electrical Wiring Residential, Mullin. Highly recommended. The fact that this is a textbook is reflected both in its content and price. The 16th edition includes the 2008 NEC changes. The concrete presentation of the information was genuinely useful (though I did not do the end of chapter tests). As a true novice, the book did a good job of giving me an impression of what it takes to be a good electrician and at the same time disabused me of any notion that reading a book alone would teach how to be one. Reading this cover to cover was time well spent. I will read it again.
- Your Old Wiring, Shapiro. Highly recommended. This is the clear authority on houses with old wiring. Of all the books it was written and organized in the most pleasant manner. It is meant to be read as a whole, not as a reference to pick and choose information from. The author starts with getting familiar with your system. This was crucial for a system like mine, that is a hybrid of several systems going back to turn of the century. All the books have a 'tools' chapter. The author takes it the next step and goes into detail about how to use them - the sections on how to properly strip a conductor and how to properly splice wires was priceless. Finally, a book that taught some technique, not just theory. The author provides tips and solutions for many common problems in re-wiring with 'old wiring'. He stops short of some more complex problems. The 2001 publication date is getting a little long in the tooth, but then again my wiring isn't getting any younger.
So, there you go.
Nice to see you have the Mullin text. It is a required text in first year of apprenticeship. I would also recommend it.:thumbsup:
Is Mullins work availabler for those DIY'ers shopping at Home Depot / LOwes etc ?
I liked Mike Holt's Understanding the National Electrical Code. It was a good visual reference for a few code questions I had. I also have Electrical Wiring: Residential and Wiring Simplified and agree with the reviews.
I have to say I can recommend all of those books too. (Except maybe the Dewalt one...only because I haven't read it) Mullin's book has a lot of info that other books don't. I like how everything has code references. I also like Shapiro's book, for several reasons. First, the author is a pro and knows what he is talking about. (many books like black and decker are written by a bunch of editors) There is lots of hands on info in it and his tips are excellent. There aren't any other books (besides his two) that deal solely on old wiring.
People always ask, what is a good all around wiring book? I don't think that one book can explain everything about wiring. (Obviously experience plays a big role as well)
But I have to ask, if someone asks you what book you recommend and they only want to buy one book on wiring, which would you choose?
For the average DIYer I would pick the Mullin.
For someone with 'Old' wiring I would pick the Shapiro.
But, to be truthful I would never pick just one book. That's like getting one estimate.
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