text:
Teach your children well
Melissa Stagnaro
As I was racing out the door this morning on my way to work, I caught a snippet of something on the news. A new study, the announcer was saying, has identified a correlation between R-rated movies and underage drinking.
Curiosity caused me to pause on the threshold as I strained to hear the rest of what the television personality du jour had to say on this intriguing topic.
Middle school students who watch R-rated films are more likely to drink as teens, she warned me, adding that this impressionable age group is also more prone to violent behavior and smoking as a result of those same viewing habits.
The shocking discovery of the link between what kids watch and their behavior was revealed in a study conducted by researchers at Dartmouth Medical School, she explained, the findings of which are due to be published in the Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs this May.
As a former market researcher – and thinking, functioning adult – I really couldn't help but roll my eyes. Because, isn't this something we already know?
Of course we are influenced by what we see on both the big and small screens. If we weren't all those Madison Avenue ad execs would be out of their high paying jobs. It's why product placement is all the rage on both TV and in the movies. And why those ridiculous shows like Jackass have to have disclaimers like "don't try this at home, kids." (Okay, by kids they mean rednecks and frat boys. But you get the picture.)
I found the correlation with R-rated movies – which, I might add, have already been deemed inappropriate for this age group – an interesting angle for this study. I mean why pick movies as the only model of bad behavior for kids? Because when it comes to young, impressionable minds, I'd argue that ads for fast food, sugary cereals and high-caloric snackfood can be just as damaging to the long term health and well being of our nation's youth. (I mean, New York's contemplating a tax on sugary beverages. I have yet to hear them propose a similar tax on movies which receive higher than a G rating. But this is Paterson we're talking about. You never know.)
And let's face it, R-rated movies aren't the only way kids get exposed to violence, drugs, alcohol, smoking or sex. It's all out there for the world to see on TV, in video games and on the internet.
Now, there are people out there in the position to limit a middle schooler's exposure to these influences. And no, I'm not talking about movie censors. I'm talking about parents.
The study's authors are quick to point out that their results were "controlled" for parenting styles. But I don't see how you could possibly control for something that is so all pervasive in a child's life. A parent doesn't just influence what a kid does or does not watch (although they should certainly be paying attention to what their kids are doing in that regard.) They lay the foundation for how their children process what they see and hear. And by actually communicating with their kids, I'd argue they might actually be able to influence whether their offspring emulate the poor decision making and inappropriate behavior of their favorite actors on-screen persona, or view it for what they truly are. And by that I mean overblown Hollywood plots designed to get audiences' hearts thumping and adrenaline pumping. And box office sales climbing, of course.
Even the study's authors admit in their findings that the results of their research indicate the importance of a parent's role in monitoring what their kids do and do not watch, and how they interpret the images they see on screen.
Maybe the numbers attached to the study are useful in that regard. Maybe they will help those who aren't taking such an active role to start paying more attention. Because, according to the Dartmouth team that did the research, 25 percent of middle schoolers who said they watch R-rated movies "all the time" reported taking a drink without their parents knowing, as opposed to only 3 percent of those who were "never allowed" to see those types of movies.
Maybe, just maybe, with all the pitfalls of the teen years, it's time for parents to pay head to the words of Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young.
"Teach, your children well."
Follow me on Twitter … @evesunmelissa.


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Have no fear ladies! Here is a little guidance to prepare and what to do if a breakout occurs. I suffered, from cystic acne. Acne in my 30's is way worse than when I was a teenager because I would get these seemingly harmless little cysts, but after a day or two they would turn into this huge thing!! After learning about natural remedies as a health consultant I have no more acne! Yay!
In addition to daily cleansing, toning, and moisturizing, here is a list of 6 preventative remedies, and 3 immediate knock-out solutions. Start now with prevention!! The best way to keep your skin healthy and acne free is from the inside out!
In addition to daily cleansing, toning, and moisturizing, here is a list of 6 preventative remedies, and 3 immediate knock-out solutions. Start now with prevention!! The best way to keep your skin healthy and acne free is from the inside out!
1. Vitamin C
2. Vitamin A
2. Vitamin A
3. Zinc
These are Preventatives, take daily. Vitamin A retinal from and C are essential to keeping skin clear, healthy, and young while improving the strength of your immune system.
4. Bowellia – Preventative, take daily. (also known as frankincense) You many have heard of frankincense, but this is her twin sister and meant to be taken internally. This is a remarkable supplement and helps heal and maintain healthy skin in many ways. It is a healing herb that also helps stress from causing acne breakouts.
5.Sulfur—Preventative, take on occasion, or every day. I would take this right as a noticed a cyst appearing. Sulfur helps balance and minimizes bacteria.
6.Chromium —Preventative, take daily. Chromium helps balance and detox the body.
Make sure to not forget to take Boswellia and Zinc when your wedding is getting close so the added stress does not cause a break-out!!
OK now let's talk about the solutions for the acne you woke up with now, today, or a week before!
1. RAW Apple cider vinegar -- only use raw. Braggs is a good one. This was my secret weapon! For cystic acne and preventing the cyst from growing and this kills the bacteria right away under the skin. ONLY use a very small amount on a q-tip and rub on the cyst a little firm but quick. This will make the skin pink so do not use too much. Now the cyst will not get huge and take over your face!
2. Comfrey Cream— Comfrey is a powerful instant healing plant! Almost instant healing when applied. Find the best and safest, Comfrey cream for acne (here)
3. Tea tree oil— When used before comfrey cream, it kills bacteria and then the comfrey help heal and minimize the beakout.
AND---Do not over-do it! These are not miracle solutions, but I hope that they will help minimize your breakout.
Yay! You are getting married and it is going to be spectacular girl!
and Follow US on Facebook ;)

subset: commoncrawl


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National women's league action makes a long-awaited debut in Rotorua on Sunday when WaiBOP Football play Northern Football in their round five ASB Women's League.
The game at the Rotorua International Stadium is a replay of the 2011 national women's league final in which Northern defeated WaiBOP 3-0 on a cold, wet and windy Parrs Park artificial turf.
The teams have met once this season, in a round one clash at Fred Taylor Park in Auckland, with Northern winning 3-1.
After the match WaiBOP head coach Peter Smith felt the score was not a true reflection of the game, saying "on another day it could have been a different result".
Smith said his side were going to have to do the basics right.
"Retaining possession, 100 per cent passing rate, movement off the ball, all the basic stuff that should be bread and butter are essential to build a platform to move forward from," he said.
After a couple of below-par performances in their last two matches the WaiBOP players are looking to get back on track.
"We've had a good [training] session that was very constructive and a decent intensity and there is ... a bit of a buzz in the squad.
"We're looking to put on a good performance at a venue that is world class and are hoping to get a decent crowd along to cheer on the girls.
"I encourage the locals to come along and support the team."
A number of players who have represented New Zealand Football will be on show on Sunday and with free entry it is a great opportunity for the people of Rotorua to get a taste of Women's League football.
Smith has made one change to last weekend's match day squad for this Sunday's game, with injury forcing midfielder Katherine Robinson out and providing an opportunity for talented 13-year-old Shania Heath.
"Kat is touch and go at the moment with an injury niggle, hence the change. However, depending on how she recovers this week she may come back into the squad."
Smith described Heath as "a talented wee player".
"Shania is one for the future; she's another of our FTC (Federation Talent Centre) players whose development has benefited from being part of the squad."
A curtain-raiser between Waikato under-14 girls and Northern Football under-14 girls will be played before the ASB Women's League match.
ASB Women's League - Round 5
WaiBOP Football v Northern Football
Rotorua International Stadium, Rotorua, kickoff: 1pm


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Growing Grateful Kids: Teaching Them to Appreciate an Extraordinary God in Ordinary Places - eBook
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|Format: DRM Protected ePub
Vendor: Moody Publishers
Publication Date: 2010
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Even when economic times are tight, our children enjoy an abundance of material possessions. Yet amidst all this wealth, discontentment and competition seem to be on the rise. Instead of teaching children virtues such as gratefulness and patience, many parents are bending over backwards to get their children the latest and greatest item - or feeling guilty when they can't. With the currents of materialism and entitlement flowing so strong, how do we raise kids who are simply thankful?
With simple language, interesting anecdotes, and biblical applications, Susie Larson helps readers understand that although teaching perspective and gratitude to our children is critical, it is not difficult.
Author Bio▼▲
Product Reviews▼▲
RockWisconsinAge: 25-34Gender: female5 Stars Out Of 5Fantastic Parenting Book!May 29, 2012RockWisconsinAge: 25-34Gender: femaleQuality: 5Value: 5Meets Expectations: 5This review was written for Growing Grateful Kids: Teaching Them to Appreciate an Extraordinary God in Ordinary Places.This is the book our MOPS group chose for our summer book study, and I can hardly wait for the rest of the moms in the group to get started on it! It is FULL of awesome stories and tips, as well as the Biblical background for all of the ideas. It's perfect for moms (and dads and grandparents) who want to push harder against the norms of our society: bratty, spoiled, entitled children! Don't we all need parents who are willing to stand up against that?! And yet, it's done in a loving way, full of humor and practical tips. We can all start somewhere with our families!
MommaDNewton, KSAge: Over 65Gender: female5 Stars Out Of 5April 11, 2012MommaDNewton, KSAge: Over 65Gender: femaleQuality: 5Value: 5Meets Expectations: 5This review was written for Growing Grateful Kids: Teaching Them to Appreciate an Extraordinary God in Ordinary Places.This book is awesome! Our mom2mom ministry just completed its season and this book provided the structure for our speakers, theme, and overall mission this year. We loved the personal and parental applications at the end of each chapter and especially that it was for moms of all ages. Our group is 140+ women from their 20s to their 70s. It applied to each one of us. Susie makes the point that in order to raise grateful kids we, as women, must have a heart of gratitude first. Each of our speakers loved the book and used it along with their own personal experiences and stories to minister to each of us. It's going to be hard to find something this good for next year!
Sharon KerstetterPennsylvaniaAge: 55-65Gender: female5 Stars Out Of 5June 22, 2010Sharon KerstetterPennsylvaniaAge: 55-65Gender: femaleThis review was written for Growing Grateful Kids: Teaching Them to Appreciate an Extraordinary God in Ordinary Places.Very good - what every child needs to learn and is very helpful to parents & grandparents as well - it's what the world is missing in our children today!
Anne5 Stars Out Of 5June 7, 2010AnneThis review was written for Growing Grateful Kids: Teaching Them to Appreciate an Extraordinary God in Ordinary Places.It often feels as if Christian parenting books are more self help than biblically based instruction. But, I am so thankful when God breaks down my stereotypes and my cynicism! Growing Grateful Kids did just that for me. It truly encouraged me as a woman and as a mom. Susie Larson shares so many stories about her kids and her own heart that made this book a very easy read. Every chapter I read left me pondering and chewing on something. Many of the things she says were things that I've thought about and considered, but have not articulated very well. She says things well and poignantly. If you desire to cultivate a grateful heart that loves the Lord in both yourself and your children, I highly recommend reading this book! One of my biggest struggles with the culture that we live in today is the entitlement mentality that is fostered and encouraged. This book takes aim squarely at that mentality and hits the nail on the head. Please note that I received a complimentary copy of this book from Moody Publishing for review.
TrenchMommyUSAAge: 25-34Gender: female5 Stars Out Of 5April 20, 2010TrenchMommyUSAAge: 25-34Gender: femaleThis review was written for Growing Grateful Kids: Teaching Them to Appreciate an Extraordinary God in Ordinary Places.Growing Grateful Kids is amazing! Susie has written a parenting book that breaks the mold on traditional parenting books with it's approach that you can't give what you don't have. This 236 page book not only gives biblical advice and direction on how to raise your children, but points out ways to implement godly perspective and character in your own life. Each of the 16 chapters is followed be a "personal application" and a "parental application" section that will help you to apply the truth of what you just read.I was personally blessed by Susie's humble and real life manner and examples. Her writing addresses issues such as grace, humility, wisdom, contentment, compassion, forgiveness - and more - with deep biblical truth presented in an easy-to-understand format. I was convicted with every chapter and encouraged with each turn of the page. The focus is not about what to-do, or not-to-do, instead the focus is on the Word of God, the life of Chris,t and what that means to our daily lives as parents.This book should be a must-read for all parents at any stage of the game. You will be encouraged and blessed, challenged and refreshed! There are not many books I give a 5-star rating to, but this is one of them! It is worth investing in your own copy so that you can dog-ear and underline important truths that will bring inspiration each time you browse through this book again.* * * * *Moody PublishersThis review copy was provided courtesy of Moody Publishers.


text:
Follow Harriet on Twitter
About Harriet
- The Poetry Foundation's blog for poetry and related news.
- More about Harriet
- Contributors
- Archive
Poetry News
Leaks Come In All Shapes and Sizes
Of course! The website Haikuleaks, has organized sentences from the leaked Wikileaks cables into perhaps unsurprisingly poignant haikus. Here are some hits:
Whether such tactics
will have a chilling effect
remains to be seen.
Once through this door, there
was another metal gate
inside the entrance.
We have not noted
any tendency to shake,
blink or roll his eyes.
We <3 the internet.
Posted in Poetry News on Monday, January 3rd, 2011 by Harriet Staff.


text:
'I was blind in both eyes, but now I can see almost perfectly'
WHAT: Janice Gurvey, 46, can now see out of both eyes thanks to dramatic cataract surgery performed Thursday, Jan. 12, at Loyola's Gottlieb Memorial Hospital. She had cataract surgery on her left eye on Dec. 29, and now, after the surgery on her right eye, has completely restored vision. "I was convinced I would be blind forever and would live in a care facility," Gurvey said.
"My birthday was Jan. 4 and I was able to see my cake, candles and the faces of my friends out of my left eye thanks to the surgery," she said. "I didn't know what to wish for as I blew out the candles because I knew my wish had already been granted by my friends and Gottlieb Memorial Hospital."
WHEN: Janice Gurvey and Dr. Brian Proctor, an ophthalmologist, are available at 3:15 p.m. today for interviews at Gottlieb Memorial Hospital, Eye Center, 701 W. North Ave., Melrose Park, Ill.
Media must contact Stasia Thompson in advance at (708) 417-5036.
WHAT: Today at 3:15 p.m., Gurvey will undergo a post-operation examination with Dr. Proctor, who performed both surgeries. Proctor examined Gurvey at Gottlieb on Christmas Eve and adjusted his surgery schedule after diagnosing her dire condition. "She was literally falling down and had to be cared for by neighbors because she simply could not see," Proctor said. "This was the worst case of cataracts that I have ever seen in someone so young."
Gurvey had a rare case of incredibly fast-growing cataracts. "I was diagnosed in October and every day I would open my eyes and could see less and less until all that was left was shadows," she said. The Schiller Park woman was unable to keep her job as a waitress due to her failing eyesight and was completely isolated when her caretaker boyfriend suffered a stroke and was moved to a care facility.
Neighbors and friends cared for Gurvey round-the-clock and helped her with food and even medical care.
WHY: See the dramatic difference in before and after pictures of Janice's eyes.
Interview Janice about what she now sees and how her life has dramatically changed.
Talk with Dr. Proctor about the cataract surgery and Janice's unusual condition.


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Alex B.
Nanny in Sheridan, WY 82801.
Looking for part-time work as a nanny.
Enhanced Background Check not run.
Enhanced Background Check(Not Run)
Basic Background Check not run.
Basic Background Check(Not Run)
Motor Vehicle Records Check not run.
Motor Vehicle Records Check(Not Run)
First Aid Training
First Aid Training
CPR Training
CPR Training
Sheridan, WY
- Age 29
- 8 years paid experience
- Female
Last signed in: More than 6 months
Preferred Rate $12-$18 per hour
Alex's Bio
I am a 24 hr old married female. I have experience caring for all ages and all types of children. I am cpr/first aid certified and am will to get more training if needed. I love being with, teaching, and caring for children. I have been married for four years and love every min of it. I have refrences and am happy to travel to some extent. I am willing to work mon-fri days/nights and weekends if needed.
Age Specific Experience
8 years of paid child care experience with:
- First year
- Toddlers (1 to 3 years)
- Preschooler (3 to 5 years)
- Grade School (6 to 11 years)
- Pre-teen/Teenagers (12 years and over)
4 to 5 years of infant care experience
Infant Care:
- Instruction (proper swaddling, feeding, changing, bathing)
- Assist with setting a routine
Special Needs Experience
Special Needs Care Experience
- Cognitive Disabilities
- Physical Disabilities
Special Needs Conditional Experience
- Asperger's Syndrome
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)
- Autism
- Diabetes
- Down Syndrome
- Epilepsy
- Hearing Loss
- Mental Illness
Special Needs Services Experience
- Applied Behavior Analysis
- Grooming and Hygiene
Availability & Job Preferences
Availability Duration
- Short-term (1 to 3 months)
- Temporary (4 to 12 months)
- Permanent (1 to 2 years)
- Permanent (2 or more years)
Job Duration
- Will consider a part time position
- Start date is flexible
My availability is valid through 5/17/14
- Day-time Weekdays (M - F)
- Weekends Daytime
- Weekends Evenings
Skills & Abilities
Homework Help:
- Finishing homework
- Checking answers
- Studying for a test
- Proofreading
- Basic Math
- Elementary Science
- Earth Science
- Science
- English
- Essay Writing
Additional Services:
- Meal Preparation
- Laundry
- Light Housekeeping
- Swimming Supervision
- Crafts
- Potty Training
- Willing to run errands as needed
- Willing to drive children to events, school, appointments, or carpooling


text:
We pay for user submitted tutorials and articles that we publish. Anyone can send in a contributionLearn More
A week or two ago, I read an interesting article in Coding Horror called The Problem With Code Folding. Let me quote the beginning of this post:
When you join a team, it's important to bend your preferences a little to accommodate the generally accepted coding practices of that team. Not everyone has to agree on every miniscule detail of the code, of course, but it's a good idea to discuss it with your team and decide on overall approaches and philosophy beforehand. It promotes team harmony, and more than that, it's just common courtesy. As they say, when in Rome, do as the Romans do.
Jeff Atwood is talking about the fact that it is important to obey the coding conventions and practices of your team. Every one of us as its own preferences but as a team we need to have some rules, we all should work with the team, not against it. I must admit that I totally agree with Jeff's attitude, no questions about it.
But, in addition to what was said before, Jeff continues:
Still, there are some coding preferences people may feel.. strongly.. about. If that's the case, try to clear the air and address those strong preferences up front, as early as possible. Don't let them simmer. For me, the use of #region is one of those things. I tried to make myself clear in this twitter message: No, I will not use #regions. And no, I DO NOT NEGOTIATE WITH TERRORISTS. Shut up.
I am not going to talk about the #regions issue, but to have my own say about another coding preference:
Yes, I will use m_ prefix for class members. I DO NOT NEGOTIATE WITH TERRORISTS. Shut up.
Actually, I don't mind which prefix shall be used but in order to make member variables distinct from local variables, we have to give it some prefix. This is a part of a coding convention for C++ adopted by Microsoft called Hungarian notation. Some of you may say that it may be a bit disturbing using C++ naming conventions in C# code, but I don't see the big difference. The rational in C++ for a prefix like m_ is that in the initializer list, some compilers, won't let you use "this" for scope resolution. So, to avoid having parameter name collisions with fields, "m_" is used to delineate fields. If that is the only reason why C# doesn't need the prefix, I have to state that this is not enough.
Not having a prefix for class members is horrible for readability, when I see a method implementation without m_ being used, I have to scroll around to find out where each variable came from, it is very annoying. Some people are refusing to use prefix's because the variable name becomes a little bit longer (2 characters longer, to be precise), but those people are just fine with writing "this." (a five-character prefix). funny, isn't it?
Another reason to use m_ is the IntelliSense. If you start typing m_, you get all of the class members and only them, not having to find your variable in a long scrollable window. It is very convenient and it provides a sense of some logical order. But, the most important part is that most developers are not using "this." when they use class members and it may produce an error prone code. Take a look at the following code:
private int variable = 0; void DoSomething() { int variable = 0; variable = 9; }
Which variable is set to 9? The local variable or the class member? The answer is: the local one. This is a little example, so you may say that when coding right, this situation shall never happen… I say that in big projects, it may happen and I am almost sure it happened to you at least once as well!
What do you think? Do you use m_? Do you have good thing to tell about not using prefixes? Because I can't see any…
Tags :.NetC#Classcoding conventionsintelisensememberm_practicesPrefixreadability
Michael Campbell
Said on July 16, 2008 :
I use an unadorned leading "_" (but this is in Java), and have for years, and will probably continue, even though my team hates it. I'm older than all of them anyway, so have grown used to being the crusty curmudgeon.
That said, some IDEs (eclipse for Java for example) can color member variables differently than parameters to the current method and differently yet from local variables, which does eliminate *SOME* need for the visual cues.
But I don't negotiate either.
Said on July 16, 2008 :
The "this" prefix is better because you're using a compiler-enforced assertion that this is a member of the class, rather than the metasyntactic convention "m_" or "_" which has no meaning to the compiler.
Our coding standards mandate the use of the "this" prefix for accessing any member (including methods, properties etc.) which means you also have a consistent compiler-enforced convention for indicating access to a member. You're not going to start beginning all your properties and methods with "m_" are you?
So in the interests of both compile-time correctness and consistency across accessing any instance member, you should use "this" not "m_".
Said on July 16, 2008 :
"You're not going to start beginning all your properties and methods with "m_" are you?
" – of course not, but I don't understand why is it related? The problem with class members is that there are local variables and input variables to some methods. We need to distinguish them one from each other, you don't have this problem with properties and methods…
Said on July 16, 2008 :
Well for a start it's related because methods can be variables. If it's important to distinguish between class-level and method-level variables, then presumably you'd want to also distinguish between class-level and method-level methods?
In addition, properties are accessed in a syntactically similar manner to fields (and if you have a local const field then it will also start with a capital letter if you follow Microsoft's naming conventions). So once again there is a case where you want some way to clearly see whether you are using a class-level property (which may be a simple wrapper around a field) or a method-level variable.
By using the "this" prefix across all class-level instance members, you can always see when you are accessing resources that are non-local to the method, without requiring any particular naming or metasyntactic conventions. Surely that's a win?
David Seiler
Said on July 16, 2008 :
void f() {}
void DoSomething(Callback f)
Which f is called? The local one, duh. It's easy to see this because there aren't all that many callback parameters to begin with, and if you have lots of them with overlapping names you can rename them or refactor the problematic method into several.
If you find yourself needing to use m_ to distinguish variables belonging to the scope from variables belonging to the object, consider splitting your long methods into several short ones. This aids readability and testability, and makes it easier to distinguish among object variables at a glance.
Said on July 16, 2008 :
My preference is to use the "_" prefix on all private member fields. I definitely think some sort of identifier to provide clear understanding of field scope is important for ease of reading although "m_", "_", "this.", all serve this role. At the end of the day it's whatever the team feels is most proper.
Said on July 16, 2008 :
Do you also prefix your classes with a C, to distinguish them from methods? Do you put a p_ in front of every property? N in from of namespaces? Why not?
Personally, I think if you have to search where a variable comes from, your method is too long and should be refactored.
Said on July 16, 2008 :
My preference is to use the m_ the main reason is the "_" looks too much like a line continuation in VB.NET; I use both languages a lot so it tends to be confusing.
Also obfuscators seem to like it…
Not doing it at all is not an option!
Said on July 16, 2008 :
"Personally, I think if you have to search where a variable comes from, your method is too long and should be refactored." – My methods are ever longer than a "screen" and still it may be confusing! And, by the way, when you are working in a team, not everybody obeys that rule (short methods) – it is not a perfect world and you may want to create rules which will help readability.
Said on July 16, 2008 :
@David, @Niki
The purpose of using an instance qualifier is to make it more obvious where and when you're accessing something that is non-local to the method; that you're accessing something that may have side effects.
It's not necessary, but it's a useful trigger that you need to think just a little bit more about what you're doing with them. And anything that helps you to write more correct code is useful, right?
Said on July 16, 2008 :
What about static variables?
Dave Bauman
Said on July 17, 2008 :
I always use an access keyword–this, base, or StaticClassName–to reference variables, methods, properties, etc. It's not about typing less code; it's about being as clear and accurate as possible.
Microsoft gave C# a this keyword for a reason. Two characters is hardly justification to ignore it and continue using an outdated convention born decades ago out of necessity. A prefix also won't solve the ambiguity of base vs. this.
I also use explicit access modifiers. If you leave it off a class, it defaults to internal. When I look at that class, how *I* know you actually meant internal, and didn't just forget?
I hate looking at code that doesn't follow this standard. It's almost as bad as code using the new var keyword. Both look just plain sloppy to me. My time is expensive, and if I have to spend it trying to figure out what a line is doing in the middle of a function, it's time wasted.
David Kemp
Said on July 17, 2008 :
My preference is to not prefix fields, and then avoid name clashes with parameters.
foo = newFooValue;
is clearer than
this.m_foo = foo;
Said on July 17, 2008 :
The problem is that you are not always aware of the name collision and when you use m_ you don't need to use this.
David Kemp
Said on July 17, 2008 :
That's what Resharper's for!
Said on July 17, 2008 :
>The "this" prefix is better because you're >using a compiler-enforced assertion that this >is a member of the class
that's the problem – it's not enforced – you can easily forgot that "this" the compiler will swallow it happily. So in reality it results of mix of this-ed members and non-this-ed members.
And I think, that it's also quite difficult to maintain the name uniqueness in durable projects – problem is that e.g. when you derive from some class and some year later, some refactoring happens and someone adds a protected field to that base class with name that collides with some local variable of your function in derived class… Compiler will say nothing here and problems start to appear slowly… :-).
Said on July 17, 2008 :
What about public properties that get/set a private member variable of the same name (differing only in case)? VB is case-insensitive, so you can't, for example, do this:
Private name As String
Public Property Name() As String
Return name
End Get
Set(ByVal value As String)
name = value
End Set
End Property
You also can't do this:
Private name As String
Public Property Name() As String
Return Me.name
End Get
Set(ByVal value As String)
name = value
End Set
End Property
This works fine:
Private m_name As String
Public Property Name() As String
'The "Me" is optional
Return Me.m_name
End Get
Set(ByVal value As String)
m_name = value
End Set
End Property
Yes, you could rename the private member, but in some cases it seems "forced". What would you rename "name" to? "nameField"? Ugh.
Said on July 17, 2008 :
I think we all experiment when we're relatively new developers, but I've not met a 'good', experienced developers who doesn't use either this. or an m_ or _ member prefix. Have your seat of the pants fun with your non-explicit variable usage. Get it out of your system. Ideally on non-critical apps! But if you're still coding is an OO type safe language 10 years from now I reckon you'll be doing it
Personally I use the '_' prefix, but have been known to use this. on projects that have that as an existing convention.
Arjan Bosma
Said on July 17, 2008 :
If you must use the prefix 'm_' then by definition you also must use type prefixes consistently. They are also part of Hungarian notation after all. Not only must you do this for value types but also with reference types, for instance like m_lstElements for a list of elements. I feel that now it does quickly become cumbersome and confusing. Do I use 'lst' for both a list of type element A and B?
What about constant variables? Do I use m_ with class specific constant variables or some form of m_cn m_cs contraption. My point is you cant just simply apply one rule and ignore the other but in this case anyone of sound mind is forced to do just that.
I'm all in favour of applying generally excepted style conventions. Not just in one team but across the industry. In this case, there is an authority…Microsoft somewhat dictating the style rule. I don't mind that. These tools that dictate the rules, make my code function better. I didn't personally invent the m_ prefix and I dont see any good reason not using 'this'. So why not adopt the rule?
Said on July 17, 2008 :
I disagree that using the "m_" prefix necessitates using type prefixes. They're not the same — type prefixes denote data types, while the "m_" prefix denotes scope.
As for using "this.", that's fine in C#, a case-sensitive language. But what about properties in VB? You can't return the private "Me.name" from a public property called "Name".
Arjan Bosma
Said on July 17, 2008 :
I think you misread my post. My point is they are both part of a naming convention to which all rules apply. You cant just say m_ is better because of the Hungarian notation etc…and then completely ignore all the other rules in the naming convention.
For the second part of your post I would say the same problem applies to C#. You can get away with using upper case for properties and lower case for fields but that's just bad programming. I'm pretty sure that Style Cop (or FxCop) also dictates that prive member variables must be upper case for exactly that reason.
The problem here however is not the naming convention but the fact that you dont want directly expose the field. Field and property have similar purpose hence the names clash.
Going around things like that is always going to be sort of a glue and spit solution if you know what I mean.
Arjan Bosma
Said on July 17, 2008 :
There is a language construct in C# 3.0 I was unaware of called auto-implemented properties. that deals with exactly this problem.
See Microsoft MSDN: bb384054.aspx
(url posting is blocked)
Said on July 18, 2008 :
I hear you brother!!! I personally love the m_ (member), l_ (local) and p_ (params). Why ? When you have to maintain code (written by someone else) it helps with the story. It DOES cut down on the number of bugs. When you are looking at maintaining commercial code (ie. for shrink wrapped) that has a long product lifecycle , it really makes a difference. Also, when using code generators it helps (ie. auto gen for getter/setters etc). I have used it for VB, Java, C/C++ (in C the g_ for global etc), ActionScript etc. Its one of those things that once you start, you don't want to stop it. Thats why all the veterans (at least the guys I have worked with for the past 15 years) do it. The number one source of bugs in code is simple – lazy programmers, and things like this really , really help. I hear you brother.. go forth and preach.
Said on July 18, 2008 :
I always use "this." before using any class variable, also I don't use duplicate variables other than getter/setter. And using underscores or hyphens is not that smooth in writing, unless you are a single finger typist.
Said on July 23, 2008 :
> when I see a method implementation without m_ being used, I have to scroll around to find out where each variable came from Or you can hover over the variable name in VS to see "(parameter)…" in the tooltip. Or you can use ReSharper to get real code navigation.
Said on July 24, 2008 :
If you start your member variables with an uppercase letter it separates them from locals without the ugliness of a prefix.
class Foo {
private Bar;
public Foo(string bar) {
Bar = bar;
Said on August 5, 2008 :
I was on a team once that used "my" (member) and "a|an" (parameter) in their coding conventions. As I understand it, this is something that came out of Sun (my teammates were a bunch of Java-hippies, God bless them).
I balked at it at first, but when I had to revisit some of our code a goodly long while later…
class Foo {
private myBar;
public Foo(string aBar) {
string prefix = "Hello, ";
myBar = prefix + aBar;
…was deliciously easy to follow, and very refreshing after looking at m_foos and this.bars for months in the interim.
Said on August 20, 2008 :
The prefixes reduces readability of the code – the brain seeks to recognize a word without reading the whole word, just by identifying the look of it. Prefixes sabotage the brain and makes it read all the letters.
Further, it sabotages many of the benefits of modern IDEs, particularly in Java. You have to correct generated (getters/setters) and intellisensed code. Color coding and highlighting also makes the prefixing completely superfluous.
Even further, if you have two variables with the same name, they will usually serve different purposes. I say give them semantically meaningful names to distinguish their purpose, instead of some annoying prefix. This way all developers ever to enter your code will know what you mean.
And as already pointed out by many, refactor the code to smaller methods if you have problems figuring out the variables. Prefixed code looks messy and takes so much longer to figure out simply because of the extra reading it causes.
Said on August 20, 2008 :
The whole point is to distinguish class instance member variables from local method variables.
There is no way to easily determine that, other than go to each declaration line, or hovering over the variable with the mouse to see the tooltip.
It's always easier to read the code.
In most cases when I see it NOT done, there are many other problems besides this. Personally anyone working on my team is required to follow this practice; any arguments against it have little merit other than to wine against some minimal code standards that are easy to follow.
richard swain
Said on February 14, 2009 :
The point of the prefix is to indicate 'at a glance' the scope of the variable. Hungarian types are banned because they don't make sense
in many modern computer languages. Types change. Scopes don't.
Using 'this.' as a scope identifier is flawed because it is possible to
accidentally omit when writing code and once you come back to it, say because StyleCop has warned you, you have to then try to remember the intention if, as in some previous examples, it clashes with a local variable.
Thus IMHO a prefix *any* agreed prefix is superior to using 'this.'
to indicate the scope of a variable. Even prefixing a class variable
with 'this' such as in 'thisMyVariable' is better.
I'm sorry I'm so hot under the collar about this issue but a member of our team has just issued a diktat that we should use the 'this.' approach to identifying scope and I don't like it for the reasons given above.
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Welcome to our website, we hope you find it informative. Here you will find great information regarding the cleaning and maintenance of your furnishings. Our expert carpet cleaning services are available throughout the Greater Rochester NY area.
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Hilton Vancouver Washington
Select your stay dates to check availability at Hilton Vancouver Washington
Hilton Vancouver Washington
About the Hotel
Property Location
A stay at Hilton Vancouver Washington places you in the heart of Vancouver, steps from Vancouver Farmers Market and close to The Academy. This hotel is within close proximity of Fort Vancouver National Historic Site and Portland Expo Center.
Make yourself at home in one of the 226 air-conditioned guestrooms. Your room comes with a pillowtop bed. Wired and wireless Internet access is complimentary, while video-game consoles and cable programming provide entertainment. Private bathrooms with shower/tub combinations feature designer toiletries and hair dryers.
Be sure to enjoy recreational amenities, including an indoor pool, a spa tub, and a fitness center. Additional amenities at this hotel include complimentary wireless Internet access, gift shops/newsstands, and wedding services.
Grab a bite to eat at the hotel's restaurant, which features a bar and a garden view. You can also stay in and take advantage of room service (during limited hours). Quench your thirst with your favorite drink at a bar/lounge. Full breakfasts are available daily for a fee.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include a business center, dry cleaning/laundry services, and a 24-hour front desk. Event facilities at this hotel consist of conference space and meeting rooms. Self parking (subject to charges) is available onsite.
Hotel Facilities
- ATM/banking
- Spa tub
- Bar/lounge
- Accessible bathroom
- Shopping on site
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Conference space
- Total number of rooms - 226
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Smoke-free property
- Coffee shop or café
- Porter/bellhop
- 24-hour front desk
- Indoor pool
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Meeting rooms 22
- Business center
- Roll-in shower
- Restaurant
- Electric car charging station
- Wedding services
- In-room accessibility
- Valet parking (surcharge)
- Gift shops or newsstand
- Number of floors - 7
- Fireplace in lobby
- Elevator/lift
- Luggage storage
- Fitness facilities
- Self parking (surcharge)
- Free WiFi
- Multilingual staff
Room Facilities
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Desk
- Free toiletries
- Video-game console
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Iron/ironing board
- Daily housekeeping
- Free WiFi
- Cable TV service
- Television
- Designer toiletries
- Pillowtop mattress
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Coffee/tea maker
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Premium TV channels
- Air conditioning
- Free newspaper
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Shower/tub combination
- Room service (limited hours)
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
- Premium bedding
- Hair dryer
- Private bathroom
Hotel Policy
Know Before You Go
- Children 17 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding.
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Breakfast fee: between USD 8 and USD 15 per person (approximately)
- Self parking fee: USD 18 per day
- Valet parking fee: USD 23 per day
- Pet fee: USD 35 per pet, per stay
- Rollaway bed fee: USD 20.00 per stay
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.Show all hotel policy Show less hotel policy


text:
With each new series of works, Howard Sherman pushes a personal boundary. He augments his signature style–explosive abstraction mixed with grotesque figurative motifs and seasoned with hidden text–with a new layer that deepens the experience of the work, while at the same time retaining the qualities viewers have come to expect from Sherman. With "Metaphysical Batman," he uses thick paper which is crumpled, torn, cut and slathered in ultra-colored acrylic, adding a powerful three-dimensional sculptural element that mimics vinyl, fabric and even metal. As always, Sherman offers a nugget of vague context with his witty titles, like "The culture of easy pleasure," "Sportsmanship is for suckers," and the show's titular philosophical superhero, reminding us that contemporary art needn't be cold and mysterious. It can be loud, rude and fun.
The artist spoke about his new pieces with Houston Public Media's Troy Schulze.


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Date of Stay: August, 2012
Check in was good. Our site was very small and cramped next to one another. There was nowhere to have a fire; the fire rings were too close to the camper. The roads were very narrow and one way only. We couldn't back into our spot without blocking the road, and we had to park our vehicle sideways in front of our trailer on the edge of the road. Camp store had very little in it. Game room if that's what you want to call it had literally nothing in it. Nothing really to do at this campground except swim. It is a very small campground and had very strict on checkout time. It is a very pet friendly campground. Waste bags and trash cans are provided throughout the park for pets. The flies were horrific.
Date of Stay: July, 2012
There were very few good sites to camp on. Sites in back of park were horrible. There were no full hookups. Very pricey for what they offer. Lake was very clean to swim in, and there was a nice playground. Two dogs maximum on site, and they charge you $5.00 a night extra for the second dog. Never heard of such a thing in all my years of camping. The sites we had were right next to pit toilets, not flush toilets. The camp store was very nice.
Date of Stay: July, 2012
A group of us camped at this campground. The sites were hard to navigate. We couldn't tell where the boundaries were. The electric was horrible. We had to figure out where it was, and then discovered it was way up on a pole and had to share with four sites and only had one 30 amp. The rest were regular house plugs. It kept blowing breakers. We had to share the water, too. There should be water and electric on all sites, but there wasn't. The lake was disgusting. We couldn't swim with all the seaweed in it. The store had very little in it. The swim lake was so far away you had to drive to it. The bathrooms were not clean at all. We will never go here again and do not recommend this campground to anyone.


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Westpac Bank's modern Onehunga branch building, adjacent to the Dress Smart factory shop outlet complex, is among a wide range of commercial and industrial properties which will go up for auction on October 31 as part of Bayleys' latest Greater Auckland portfolio.
Bayleys' commercial and industrial auctioneer Richard Valintine says the portfolio represents the largest selection of commercial properties put up for sale at one auction this year, with a wide selection of retail, office and industrial properties on offer.
"The bulk of the offerings are tenanted investments suitable for passive investors but there are also some vacant and semi-vacant premises suitable for an owner-occupier or investors looking for added-value opportunities."
Westpac's Onehunga branch is a two-storey, 595 sq m architecturally designed building on the 329 sq m corner site of Onehunga Mall and Church St.
Producing net annual rental income of $172,889, it was built in the 1990s and is for sale as a fully leased investment opportunity through James Chan and Quinn Ngo, of Bayleys Auckland.
Westpac's current lease began in 2002 and last year it exercised the second of three three-year rights of renewal. The two-level modern building provides ground floor banking chambers along with first floor offices and amenities, plus nine secure basement parking spaces accessed from the rear of the building and with lifts connecting with the two floors above.
"The property is located right in the heart of Onehunga on a high profile freehold site with great exposure to a busy roundabout, and this alone should appeal to passive investors," says Chan. "It's one of the suburb's landmark buildings and just across the street is the Dress Mart shopping mall.
"This type of top shelf investment property, with a strong tenant like Westpac, is in very limited supply in the current market, with investors for the most part holding on to them given that the commercial property sector is in the early stages of a recovery."


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Let the Travel, Food, and Wine Network whisk you away to Venice! Christini's Ristorante Italiano, recipient of the highest culinary awards in the United States, makes one feel they have stepped into an Italian idyll; even just for one evening. At the helm of your epicurean escape is owner Chris Christini; whose storied 45-year career was recently featured by Emeril Lagasse. Indulge in a five course menu with wine pairings at this 5-star, unforgettable eatery Zagat named, "a treasure among restaurants".
Price: $269
Limited to: 50 guests
Dress code: casual
Transportation included to and from The Gaylord Palms Resort
For questions or additional event details, contact: Tempe Ligett


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Apr 1, 2014 - StaffBirths
A son was born to Clair and Josh McFarland, of Riverton, at 2:01 a.m. Jan. 25 at Riverton Memorial Hospital. He weighed 7 pounds, 13 ounces.
A son was born to Clair and Josh McFarland, of Riverton, at 1:47 a.m. Jan. 25 at Riverton Memorial Hospital. He weighed 7 pounds, 5 ounces.
A daughter was born to Brenda and Travis McIntyre, of Lander, at 3:32 p.m. Feb. 5 at Lander Regional Hospital. She weighed 5 pounds, 6.8 ounces.
A son was born to Rachel and Julian Mejorado, of Riverton, at 10:33 a.m. Jan. 2 at Riverton Memorial Hospital. He weighed 7 pounds, 1 ounce.
A daughter was born to Lindsay and Benjamin Morgan, of Riverton, at 11:23 a.m. Feb. 19 at Riverton Memorial Hospital. She weighed 6 pounds, 6 ounces.
A son was born to Elicia Antelope and Joseph Myers, of Riverton, at 9:45 a.m. Jan. 8 at Riverton Memorial Hospital. He weighed 7 pounds, 7 ounces.
Riverton resident Harold Meredith Hugus died Thursday, Feb. 27, 2014. He was 89 years old. A memorial service is at 2 p.m. Sunday, April 6, at First Church of the Nazarene, 406 E. Sunset in Riverton.
Phyllis A. Carman of Riverton died at her home on Wednesday, March 26, 2014. She was 60 years old. Services will be scheduled later.
Reed T. Paulsen of Riverton died Sunday, March 30, 2014. He was 21 years old. Visitation is from 5-7 p.m. Thursday, April 3, at Davis Funeral Home. Funeral services are at 10 a.m. Friday, April 4, in the Fremont Center at the Fremont County Fairgrounds in Riverton. Burial follows at Mountain View Cemetery.
Michael Lee Duran died at his home in Arapahoe on Monday, March 31, 2014. He was 50. A rosary and wake are held at 7 p.m. Wednesday, April 2, at 16 C'Hair Lane. A funeral mass is at 10 a.m. Thursday, April 3, at St Stephen's Catholic Mission, with burial to follow at Arapaho Catholic Cemetery.
Community calendar
Veterans Assistance is 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. at the Riverton VA Clinic, 2300 Rose Lane.
Free Tax Preparation is 6:30 p.m. to 8 p.m. in room 214 of the Health and Science Center at Central Wyoming College, 2660 Peck Ave., Riverton.
The income limit is roughly $52,000 to qualify for the free service. For more information, call Willie Noseep at 855-2149.
Taize Worship Service is at 7 p.m. at St. James Episcopal Church, 519 E. Park Ave., Riverton.
This is a quiet time of meditation to music from the Taize community in France, with scripture readings and candlelight. Event is open to the public.
Eye to Eye Presentation is 2:30 p.m. to 3:30 p.m. in the Health and Science Center auditorium at Central Wyoming College, 2660 Peck Ave., Riverton.
The program pairs learning-disabled children with high school and college mentors. Event is free and open to the public.
Emergency calls
In Riverton Police Department weekend reports through Tuesday morning:
• Rodney Jealous Of Him, 51, from Ethete, was arrested for public intoxication;
• Charles Hereford, 28, from Fort Washakie, was arrested for DWUI;
• Aloysius Pipe, 46, from Fort Washakie, was arrested for public intoxication;
• Theodore Goggles, 72, from Riverton, was arrested for public intoxication;
• Thunder LittleThunder, 23, from Riverton, was arrested for probation revocation;
• Wade Hargreaves, 39, from Sioux Falls, S.D., was arrested for DWUI;
• Chauncey Friday, 47, from Ethete, was arrested for public intoxication;
• Diamond Baca, 21, from Riverton, was arrested for contempt of court;
• Jason Moon, 38, from Ethete, was arrested for Public Intoxication and Urinating in Public
• John Quiver, 18, from Lander was arrested for theft and MIP;
• Marty Moore, 32, from Riverton, was arrested for disturbing the peace and trespassing;
• Matthew Smith, 22, from Kinnear, was arrested for property destruction, possession of controlled substance, DWUI, eluding police, reckless driving, DWUS, and an open container violation.
Riverton Police Department was called to the area of the RedWood Apartments Monday evening for a male subject who had been driving a gold sedan at high rates of speed and was seen urinating on the wall of an apartment.
Officers attempted to contact the male, Matthew Smith, who sped off in the vehicle. Officers followed Smith into Walmart parking lot, where Smith almost hit a female pedestrian before driving onto North Federal Boulevard at a high rate of speed.
The Fremont County Sheriff's Deputy followed Smith for some time while Riverton Police responded back to RedWood Apartments and observed that Smith and smashed out a window of the apartment.
Smith was taken into custody by the Fremont County Sheriffs Office.
Land sales
•Grantor: PATTISON RICHARD W, PATTISON JOYCE LEE Legal: Section: 17 Township: 3N Range: 3E Grantee: PINCE DANIEL J, PINCE KATHLEEN M
•Grantor: FINCH LANCE E, FINCH JUDY A Legal: Quarter: SE Section: 16 Township: 1N Range: 4E Grantee: VROMAN ERIC A , LEHMAN KATIE D
•Grantor: HINKLE SARAH ANN SUCCESSOR TRUSTEE, HINKLE CALE THOMAS SUCCESSOR TRUSTEE, HINKLE DAVID REVOCABLE LIVING TRUST Legal: Sub/Mine: AMORETTIS 2ND ADD LA Lot: 11 Block: 98 City: ... Grantee: PERRY & RICHARD COOK LLC, COOK PERRY AND RICHARD LLC
•Grantor: GOSE DYLLIS M Legal: Quarter: NWNE Section: 2 Township: 33N Range: 100W , Section: 2 Township: 33N Range: 100W Lot: 2 , Quarter: NENW Section: 2 Township: 33N Range: 100W , ... Grantee: GOSE SCHUMACHER DULCINDA ANN Notes: DURABLE GENERAL POWER OF ATTORNEY ATTACHED
•Grantor: WYOMING COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY Legal: Sub/Mine: WESTSIDE ADDITION SH Lot: 15 Block: 3 City: S..., Sub/Mine: WESTSIDE ADDITION SH Lot: 16 Block: 3 City: S... Grantee: SECRETARY OF US DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING & URBAN DEVELOPMENT , US DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING & URBAN DEVELOPMENT
•Grantor: MUSGRAVE MATTHEW C Legal: Sub/Mine: BRENTWOOD ADD REPLAT TRACT A & LOT 7 BLK 1 RI..., Sub/Mine: BRENTWOOD ADD REPLAT TRACT A & LOT 7 BLK 1 RI... Grantee: MCM LAND & DEVELOPMENT LLC
•Grantor: WNB FINANCE INC, WYOMING COMMUNITY FINANCE Legal: Half: W Quarter: SW Section: 22 Township: 3N Range: 3E Grantee: MANCHESTER KALYN D, MANCHESTER DAVID
•Grantor: SCHWARTZ BARRY, SCHWARTZ ANNETTE MARIE Legal: Sub/Mine: GARDENS NORTH SUB MI Lot: 103 City: MISCELLAN... Grantee: BLACK ROBIN SAMMI LEA, BLACK MARGARITE
•Grantor: BENNETT LARRY JASON, BENNETT ALICIA Legal: Sub/Mine: FOREST PARK 1ST ADD RI Lot: 2 Block: 5 City: ... Grantee: DENNY PATRICK H
In afternoon trading, the Dow Jones Industrial Average was up 61.42 to 16,519.08, an increase of .37 percent.
The NASDAQ was up 53.69 to 4252.63, an increase of 1.28 percent.
The S&PR00;500 was up 9.32 to 1,881.12, an all-time high and an increase of .5 percent.
Get your copy of The Ranger online, every day! If you are a current print subscriber and want to also access dailyranger.com online (there is nothing more to purchase) including being able to download The Mining and Energy Edition, click here. Looking to start a new online subscription to dailyranger.com (even if it is for just one day)? Access our secure SSL encrypted server and start your subscription now by clicking here.


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Forums Home » Dog Health
Need help with new standard poodle puppy and 9 year old mini poodle getting along...This forum is for dog lovers seeking everyday advice and suggestions on health-related issues. Remember, however, that advice on a public forum simply can't be a substitute for proper medical attention. Only your vet can say assuredly what is best for your dog.
|Topic closed to new posts.


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Continuing the iconic lineage of the Sky Hi family, the PUMA Future Sky Hi is an update of the silhouette made famous in the '80s both on and off the court. The upper, made of a perforated nubuck with leather overlays, features a breathable neoprene tongue, heat-cut SKY branding and contrast stitching. As many will notice, the shoe features a raised heel portion under a false white outsole giving the illusion of the wearer being constantly raised off the ground. The texture of that raised blue portion extends onto the bottom of the shoe, which features a waffle-like crisscross pattern.
Slated for a Spring 2013 release, we'll keep you up to date with details, although we can confirm thus far that the style will not drop in Australia and China (with the exception of Hong Kong).
Photography: HYPEBEAST


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Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn often can be seen with the naked eye on clear, dark nights. If you know where to look, you also can find Uranus! Binoculars are needed to see Neptune, and a small telescope is needed to see tiny, distant Pluto.
To find out when and which planets are visible — and where you should look — refer to Sky and Telescope's sky chart.
Unlike stars, planets do not twinkle. They look like bright, un-twinkling stars that move independently of other objects in the sky.
More information on planetary viewing with small (and large!) telescopes can be found at Sky and Telescope's planet observing page.
What's Needed?
Connections to the National Science Standard(s)
Standards D (grades K–4): Understand and communicate that objects in the night sky have describable properties, locations, and movements.
Standards D (grades 5–8): Understand that Earth is the third planet from the Sun in a system that includes the moon, the sun, eight other planets and their moons, and smaller objects. These objects orbit the Sun. Most objects in our solar system are in regular and predictable motion.


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Potholes and Cyclists
Just a brief PSA for those of us who ride our bikes around the area:
We live in a community that really has started encouraging bicycling. Bike lanes and sharrows are popping up everywhere!
You know what else has been popping up everywhere? Potholes. But this of course is old news to those of us from the area.
Parkways and other less-traveled roads (by cars) that tend to get more bike traffic seem to get forgotten - or at least put off - when it comes to road maintenance. I'm not complaining about that, I know the priority needs to be on highly-trafficked roads (but someday, hopefully those others...!).
What I'd like to remind drivers of is that it can be dangerous for cyclists to ride through potholes. Often said potholes are on the far right sides of lanes, where we are obligated to ride. Sometimes we have no choice but to veer out farther into the roads. If you're in a vehicle behind a bike doing this, please be patient. We're doing our best.
Yesterday I was out on the Root River Parkway near Greenfield Park (although it's not Tosa, I know there are similar issues in our neck of the woods). Road conditions were very rough, and I'm sure I was in the way of some drivers. Thankfully none of them felt the need to tell me that... But I'm sure a couple wanted to!
When possible cyclists change their routes. But it's not always a great option.
Thank you, in advance, for working with us on this!
This site uses Facebook comments to make it easier for you to contribute. If you see a comment you would like to flag for spam or abuse, click the "x" in the upper right of it. By posting, you agree to our Terms of Use.


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Perinatal care at the borderlines of viability demands a delicate balance between parents' wishes and autonomy, biological feasibility, clinicians' responsibilities and expectations, and the prospects of an acceptable long-term outcome — coupled with a tolerable margin of uncertainty.
A multi-professional workshop with consumer involvement was held in February 2005 to agree on management of this issue in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. Participants discussed and formulated consensus statements after an extensive consultation process.
Consensus was reached that the "grey zone" is between 23 weeks' and 25 weeks and 6 days' gestation. While there is an increasing obligation to treat with increasing length of gestation, it is acceptable medical practice not to initiate intensive care during this period if parents so wish, after appropriate counselling.
Poor condition at birth and the presence of serious congenital anomalies have an important influence on any decision not to initiate intensive care within the grey zone.
Women at high risk of imminent delivery within the grey zone should receive appropriate and skilled counselling with the most relevant up-to-date outcome information. Management plans can thus be made before birth. Information should be simple, factual and consistent.
The consensus statements developed will provide a framework to assist parents and clinicians in communication, decision making and managing these challenging situations.
Perinatal care of the extremely low gestation and extremely low birthweight infant has improved. Although the boundary of viability has been challenged and has shifted over the past two decades,1-4 there is substantial risk of long-term neurodevelopmental disabilities in very premature babies who survive.5-9 A number of international guidelines on managing premature babies at the threshold of viability, formulated predominantly by physician expert panels, have been published. These guidelines acknowledge that, within boundaries set by birthweight and gestational age, there is a discretionary zone (a "grey zone") in which attitudes of parents and clinicians play an important role (Box 1).10-14
The debate on management of neonates at the threshold of viability is an emotive and complex issue that involves families, clinicians and other health care professionals.15-19 In view of this, and in contrast with previously published guidelines prepared by expert panels, it was considered desirable to conduct a consensus workshop to bring together the views of multiple stakeholders, including consumers. The workshop, with participants from New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, had two aims:
To produce consensus statements to support clinicians and parents in dealing with the challenging scenarios encountered at the borderlines of viability; and
To agree on accurate, meaningful and consistent information across NSW and the ACT for clinicians, parents and prospective parents of extremely premature infants.
The limits of viability have until recently been addressed in terms of gestational age or birthweight in relation to mortality and long-term outcome. The concept of a gestational "grey zone" was acknowledged by workshop participants as clinically more practical and relevant to perinatal care, as varying biological and clinical situations can render "cut-off" limits impractical and conflict-provoking.
In planning the workshop, the organising group was cognisant of adult learning principles.20 All participants would be actively involved and have experience of the dilemma in practice. It was crucial to achieve meaningful consensus by involving as many well informed stakeholders as possible, with a spread of urban and rural professionals as well as parents. Each of the 10 tertiary neonatal intensive care units in NSW and the ACT were invited to send professional delegates from five disciplinary groups (fetomaternal obstetrics, midwifery, neonatology, neonatal nursing, and developmental teams/other allied health professionals). Representation was also invited from parental groups, professional associations, medical and nursing colleges, and rural or regional clinical practices.
The workshop was held in February 2005 over one and a half days. The program included presentation of outcome data for very premature births along with ethical, parental and medicolegal viewpoints to stimulate discussion and to identify a preliminary grey zone.
It was agreed that the most relevant and up-to-date NSW and ACT survival and outcome data should form the basis for consensus discussions. The analysis included 897 births of premature infants between 22 weeks' gestation (220) and 25 weeks and 6 days' gestation (256) to NSW and ACT resident mothers between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2000.
Follow-up assessments of the surviving children were performed at 2–3 years of age, corrected for prematurity. Most children were assessed at a tertiary centre, but about 10% who lived too far from a major hospital were assessed by their paediatrician or general practitioner. Assessments consisted of a neurological examination and a standardised psychological assessment (the Griffiths Mental Development Scales21 and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, second edition22).
Categories of functional disability23 were defined as:
None/minimal: developmental quotient above 1 SD below the mean;
Mild: developmental delay (developmental quotient between 1 SD and 2 SD below the mean), or mild cerebral palsy;
Moderate: developmental delay (developmental quotient between 2 SD and 3 SD below the mean), moderate cerebral palsy (able to walk with the assistance of aids), or sensorineural or conductive deafness requiring amplification with bilateral hearing aids or unilateral/bilateral cochlear implant;
Severe: developmental delay (developmental quotient more than 3 SD below the mean), bilateral blindness with visual acuity < 6/60 in the better eye, or severe cerebral palsy (unable to walk with the assistance of aids).
Two interactive large-group sessions — panel discussion and discussion of hypothetical case scenarios — were held to identify key issues pertinent to care around the borderlines of viability. Both sessions were facilitated by an external facilitator.
Panel discussion teased out the most important issues from the clinical scenarios, forming the basis of questions for the subsequent small-group work in developing consensus proposals.
Hypothetical case scenarios (compiled by the workshop organising committee) highlighted common practical issues and forced participants to confront the way in which decisions have to be made in the clinical area. An electronic multigrade response system (hand-held Digivote [Bramshaw ICS Conference Communications, Melbourne, Australia]) was used by participants to help compile responses. The tracking of each participant's discipline was based on the delegate's first answer in identifying his or her discipline or group.
After the large-group discussions, delegates were split into multi-professional groups of 10, each of which was allocated a question or issue developed during the panel session and asked to formulate a response suitable for inclusion in a consensus document. Each group's consensus statement was presented to the main group for refinement and approval, with the Digivote device used to record each participant's response on a five-point Likert scale: 1, strongly agree; 2, agree; 3, disagree; 4, strongly disagree; or 5, unable/don't wish to comment.
Consensus was considered to be unequivocally reached if the combined "agree" and "strongly agree" votes were over 90%, while agreement of 75% was a minimum criterion for consensus, given that statements varied in their degree of gravity.
The proposed consensus statements were grouped according to similarity of themes and content. Statements with higher voting scores formed the principal statement and incorporated any similar statements. The report was circulated for consultation within the committees of the Pregnancy and Newborn Services Network, along with various consumer and professional groups (see Acknowledgements). It was also reviewed by the NSW Health Clinical Ethics Advisory Panel. The process was completed in November 2005.
The workshop was attended by 112 delegates. Participants, according to discipline, were as follows: obstetricians, 10 (9%); midwives, 19 (17%); neonatologists, 28 (25%); neonatal nurses, 29 (26%); allied health professionals or members of a developmental team, 11 (10%); perinatal care administrators (non-clinical), 8 (7%); and parent and community advocates, 7 (6%). Consumers who attended the workshop were offered, and accepted, the opportunity to debrief with a skilled social worker after the workshop.
Statistics on births at 220 to 256 weeks' gestation in NSW and the ACT are shown in Box 2. Infants born between these gestational ages who were not admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) did not survive. With increasing gestational age, an increasing number of infants were born alive and admitted to an NICU.
Of 342 infants admitted to an NICU, 183 survived to hospital discharge. One infant died at 5 months of age, leaving 182 infants available for follow-up, of which 166 (91%) were assessed at 2–3 years (the remainder being lost to follow-up). The average birthweight for children assessed was 750 grams, compared with 713 grams for those lost to follow-up. The average gestational age at birth for both groups was 24.5 weeks.
With increasing gestational age, the proportion of infants diagnosed with mild, moderate or severe functional disability decreased. A comparison was made to a control group of 460 singleton term infants without a major congenital anomaly assessed at 3 years of age using the same assessment methods.24 Extremely premature infants were more likely than term infants to have a mild (13% v 2%), moderate (10% v 1%) or severe (16% v 0.5%) functional disability.
From 10 questions debated by 12 groups, a total of 40 draft statements were proposed, refined and voted on. Acceptance of over 90% was achieved for 26 proposed statements, with 17 receiving acceptance of over 90% across all discipline groups.
Final consensus statements derived from the workshop are shown in Box 3, Box 4 and Box 5. It was established early (voting results not shown) that factors including planned pregnancy, assisted conception, maternal age, maternal illness, antenatal complications and fetal conditions or compromise carried significant weight in the decision-making process. It was acknowledged that unexpected births outside tertiary perinatal centres are even more complex than births in major centres. The local team's skills, time factors and transport logistical issues have a pivotal impact on the likelihood of a favourable outcome.
The case scenarios developed the most common presentations of premature labour in an otherwise uncomplicated pregnancy. Gestation was assumed to be known with reasonable accuracy.
Participants were asked the highest gestational age at which they would agree, if requested by parents, not to initiate resuscitation: 100% would agree at 230–6 weeks; 72% at 250–6 weeks; and 36% at 260–6 weeks. The break-even point appears to be between 250 and 266 weeks' gestation, below which there was a majority trend towards agreeing not to resuscitate (Box 6).
An alternative scenario attempted to remove the influence of parental request (by hypothesising a situation prior to meeting the parents). Over 90% of participants said they would not wish to initiate resuscitation at 230–6 weeks. This fell to 40% at 245 weeks, and only 20% said they would not wish to offer active treatment at 250–6 weeks (Box 7).
Participants were asked to rank the influence of certain factors on making a decision about whether to resuscitate an infant born with a known gestation of 234 weeks. Parental wishes and condition at birth were ranked as the most important issues (Box 3). Other factors included birthweight and absence of congenital abnormality. The availability of resources was ranked the least important factor. Neonatal events that would influence the offering of withdrawal of intensive care included Grade III and Grade IV brain haemorrhage (ie, major intraventricular and/or parenchymal haemorrhage) (ranked highest), ventilator dependence at 36 weeks, and the presence of necrotising enterocolitis requiring surgery.
The incidence of prematurity is currently 6.7% in NSW and the ACT.25 The risk of birth within the gestational grey zone defined in the workshop is 1 in 100, which is higher than the risk for Down syndrome, about which mothers are more likely to receive counselling. The workshop participants overwhelmingly endorsed an effort for general education in the community regarding premature births (Box 4).
The agreed grey zone was identified as between 230 and 256 weeks. The fact that gestational age assessment is not always accurate may confound management decisions. When other serious fetal conditions exist, the management principles recommended here could apply beyond this gestational range. Counselling on the options of active resuscitation and treatment within the grey zone should take into account the infant's condition at birth, serious anomalies and other relevant factors. It is not appropriate to discuss health care resource implications during counselling. Institutions should develop decision-support management policies and procedures that are culturally sensitive and appropriate for the family and local community (Box 5).
The perinatal care of women and their babies at the borderlines of viability is a complex issue that deserves much ethical debate and consideration.24-29 The risk of infant death or survival with long-term sequelae increases acutely with each weekly (and even daily) reduction in gestational age at birth.7-9 In contrast to guidelines developed by expert panels,10-14 our consensus workshop was conducted as an interactive forum involving well informed members of multidisciplinary perinatal care teams as well as community representatives and parent advocates.
In our workshop, the debate focused on perinatal scenarios and was based on the best antenatal estimation of gestational age rather than birthweight. While it is accepted that female premature infants generally have better outcomes, this factor was not included in discussions, as sex is not usually known before birth. Poor condition at birth correlates with early mortality and morbidity.30,31 Given the uncertainties surrounding very premature births, workshop participants stressed the importance of appropriate counselling in clinical practice and developing management plans before birth.
We took the approach of establishing a grey zone of borderline viability. The grey zones defined in previous guidelines (ranging from 22 to 28 weeks) are summarised in Box 1. Common to all guidelines, parental involvement was emphasised. Each suggested the use of institutional or local outcome data to establish more precise management guidelines within the grey zone. There are inherent pitfalls in generalisation using non-local NICU outcome data, as unique local factors may influence survival and long-term outcome. For example, a US study showed that non-white infants were more likely to survive than white infants, although they did not have a better developmental outcome.7 Furthermore, NICU collaborative networks that receive data contributions from multiple geographically distant centres show differences in outcome between centres.32
Our consensus workshop used regional outcome data that included all births, live births, NICU admissions, survivors and follow-up assessments. Participants' responses to the case scenarios clearly showed a gradual increase in the acceptance of active intervention with increase in gestational age. Results supported the approach of defining a grey zone rather than a specific cut-off limit. Nonetheless, it was established that the vast majority (> 90%) of workshop participants would not wish to initiate active treatment before 24 weeks, and 100% would agree with parents if non-intervention was requested at this stage.
The hypothetical scenario of "no parental influence" explored the clinician's own perception of or inclination for intervention. In reality, this scenario does not exist. Nevertheless, clinicians may encounter situations in which there has been limited opportunity for discussion, counselling or preparation of parents.
A complicating factor in the debate about management of extremely premature infants is that clinicians, nurses and parents tend to have differing views about the advisability of active intervention and the health-related quality of life of surviving children. Studies surveying parents of very premature infants and surviving teenage children who had themselves been extremely low birthweight infants (less than 1000 g) have shown that consumers (parents and teenagers) are more likely than health professionals to believe that treatment was worthwhile.33-37 Australian surveys38-41 indicate that neonatologists, neonatal nurses and obstetricians tend to underestimate survival and overestimate likely disabilities. Of the three, neonatologists' estimates of outcomes are closest to the true picture.
Another issue is the degree to which outcomes are influenced by clinicians' attitudes. It has been shown in a population-based comparison of two perinatal management strategies that proactive management is associated with better survival of infants born in the grey zone gestational age range.42 The workshop participants considered ongoing audit of outcomes and regular updates of information as essential.
The principle of non-directive counselling (and the difficulty of achieving it) was discussed during the workshop. In a recent survey regarding counselling of parents within the grey zone, substantial differences were noted between clinicians' and parents' perceptions.43 Although clinicians aimed to conduct counselling sessions in a non-directive way and believed they had done so, most parents perceived the experience as directive counselling.
Workshop participants agreed that consistent, transparent information should be shared between parents and members of the perinatal team. Information on survival and long-term outcomes of very premature infants was best provided in a written form available to parents. One outcome of the workshop was to update and revise — with substantial consumer input — the NSW and ACT parent information booklet for extremely premature births.44 The objective of the booklet is to provide simple and factual information written in appropriate language for parents. It is envisaged that these efforts will be of great benefit to the counselling process.
Participants also discussed whether all pregnant women should be given information about the risks associated with very premature birth. The incidence of premature birth at the borderlines of viability (1 in 100) is higher than that of aneuploidy. While it appears logical to provide consumer information on premature birth, its presumed benefits need to be evaluated. In contrast to aneuploidy, for which early detection and intervention are possible, there is no effective prevention or treatment for extremely premature birth. Participants suggested that all pregnant women should be given some idea of premature birth rates and information about symptoms of premature labour and other antenatal complications. Early medical attention may then be sought if these symptoms occur.
1 Summary of published guidelines on managing premature infants at the threshold of viability (ie, in the "grey zone")
World Health Organization; International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
22–28 weeks or 500–1000 g birthweight as "threshold viability"
Fetus and Newborn Committee, Canadian Paediatric Society; Maternal–Fetal Medicine Committee, Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
American Academy of Pediatrics; American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
2 "Grey zone" births* and outcomes, New South Wales and Australian Capital Territory, 1998–2000
Gestational age at birth (weeks)
Total births in NSW and the ACT at gestational ages of 22–25 weeks
Infants with IVH Grade III or IV or parenchymal cysts at 6 weeks (% discharged)
IVH = intraventricular haemorrhage. na = not applicable. NICU = neonatal intensive care unit. ROP = retinopathy of prematurity.
* Births at between 22 weeks' and 25 weeks and 6 days' gestation.
3 Consensus statement: gestational "grey zone"
4 Consensus statement: all pregnancies
5 Consensus statement: clinical approach within the "grey zone"
6 Proportion of participants who would "agree" or "strongly agree" to non-resuscitation if requested by parents


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Elbow, Foot and Ankle, Hip, Knee, Shoulder
Arthroscopic Surgery, Non-Operative Orthopaedics, Sports Medicine, Trauma/Fractures
Our approach to treating patients
Walnut Creek Orthopedics & Sports Medicine is a small, patient-oriented practice. The staff are devoted to the well-being of each patient, and strive hard to help all patients return to a fulfilling level of activity. Our patients include professional athletes, student athletes, recreational athletes, and active people who all share the common goal of getting past injuries and returning to peak performance. We have had great success in helping our patients reach this goal, by providing each of them with individualized care and attention.
Dr. William Workman has a strong background in sports medicine, both as a practicing physician and as an athlete. He was amongst the first orthopedic surgeons to obtain additional board certification in Orthopedic Sports Medicine. As an athlete, he competed in baseball as a pitcher for the University of California Golden Bears, and played professionally in the California Angels system.
After completing a five-year orthopedic residency at Yale Medical School, Dr. Workman travelled to Boston where he completed his orthopedic sports medicine fellowship at Harvard Medical School. While at Harvard, he served as a team physician and travelled with the New England Patriots (NFL). In addition, he has provided orthopedic sports medicine coverage for the Boston Bruins Hockey Club (NHL), New England Revolution Soccer team (MLS), the United States Women's Soccer team, the women's professional tennis tour (USTA), and Harvard University Athletics. His extensive involvement with elite level athletes has furthered his understanding of athletic injuries and treatment.
Dr. Workman currently serves as team orthopedist for the Oakland Athletics (MLB). In addition to his work with the A's, he has been the orthopedic surgeon for the US Open (USGA) Wellness Team in 2010 and 2012. He also serves as the team doctor for Acalanes High School in Lafayette, CA.
During his residency, and later as a fellow in orthopedic sports medicine, Dr. Workman perfected his arthroscopic surgical techniques, which allow him to treat many sports and work-related injuries through a minimally-invasive approach. Arthroscopy offers huge benefits to the patient: these less-invasive surgical procedures result in decreased post-operative pain and complications, and hasten recovery time and a return to athletic endeavors or simple daily activities.
Dr. Workman has gained national recognition for his arthroscopic approach to treating injuries, which he teaches to orthopedic surgeons from around the world. He is a consultant to major international sports medicine corporations, he conducts clinical research, and is actively involved in national and international sports medicine societies.
Dr. Nancy Rolnik specializes in sports medicine and musculoskeletal disorders. She received excellent training at Northwestern University School of Medicine followed by residency training in family medicine and fellowship training in primary care sports medicine. Since relocating to the Bay area in 2003, she has been involved with St. Mary's College athletic department and in 2011 became the Head Team Physician, caring for both the athletes injuries and medical conditions including concussions, female athlete triad and a variety of other medical ailments. She has a wide breadth of knowledge and treats the whole person.
Dr. Rolnik's main focus is returning active patients back to their chosen activity as quickly and safely as possible employing a variety of treatment options including cortisone, viscosupplement, or PRP injections, casting or bracing, physical therapy and activity modifications. Her training includes the care of children and adults. She is prudent about her return to play criteria but strives to return athletes back to play as quickly and safely as possible to reduce reinjury. Nutrition, injury prevention and joint preservation are also a big focus during her visits. She educates her patients so they understand their injury and the steps necessary for recovery. While she prefers her patients live injury free lives, when one occurs she treats each patient with compassion and uses the most up to date options to return each athlete back to their activity/sport.
Dr. Rolnik also offers percutaneous tenotomy, Tenex, which is a new ultrasound guided debridement of tendon and soft tissue diseases including tennis or golfers elbow, patellar or quadriceps tendonits, and plantar fasciitis. The innovative Tenex Health TX™ procedure is a gentle method for removal of diseased tissue and restoration of natural tendon and soft tissue function using a minimally invasive approach. Using conventional ultrasound guidance and the breakthrough Tenex Health TX™ System, she can quickly and precisely cut and debride pathologic soft tissue that is causing pain or reducing mobility, thereby improving the quality of life for her patients. Please reference http://tenexhealthpatient.com/ for further information.
In her free time, Dr. Rolnik enjoys family time with her husband and two young children. She enjoys tennis, hiking, cycling, yoga, photography, scuba diving, travel and gardening. She practices what to preaches – stay active, strong and balanced.
Contact Information
Facebook Page for Walnut Creek Orthopedics & Sports Medicine
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Our Staff
Nancy Rolnik, MD: Primary Care Sports Medicine
Janis L. Workman, Esq.: Practice Manager
Stephanie Williamson: Patient Accounts Executive
Tere Harding: Clinical Manager/Certified X-ray Technician/Worker's Compensation Specialist/Surgery Coordinator/Medical Records Specialist
Eden Brodsky: Head Surgery Coordinator/Reception
Teresa Coppin: Head Receptionist/Insurance Authorizations
Tanya Buck: Medical Assistant
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Umnitza Angel Eyes, A B&M Short Shift Kit, ECIS Cold Air Intake, Borla Catback Exhaust System, and software on the way hopefully. Next is weight reduction mods, looking to by a used NAV system too and install DVD player in the glovebox, I have a 13% tint on there now, An intercooler would be nice i've been thinking of that, oh yea and I'm putting 18" rims on it in a month or 2, probably ADA or M3 18", im trying to find whats lighter? ANYONE KNOW?
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text: The New Vision Medical Career Program is sponsoring a garage sale to benefit the Geneva General Child Care Center on Thursday, May 31 from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. and Friday, June 1 from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. The garage sale will be held by the New Vision classroom in the basement of Living Center North, 196 North Street (in the back of the Geneva General campus, directly across from the Child Care Center). Items for sale will include toys, furniture, clothing, knick knacks, and books. All proceeds will benefit the Geneva Child Care Center. This project helps to provide toys and equipment for the classrooms at the Center. Our goal is to raise $3,500. Donations for the sale will be accepted until May 25 at the Child Care Center. For more information contact the New Vision Medical Career classroom at (315) 787-4068.


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What is the function of a brake booster?
According to Autoshop101, a training resource site for automotive electronics that is supported with training materials from Toyota, a brake booster magnifies the force of the brake pedal by two to...
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How to Remove a Brake Booster From the Brake Pedal in a Tahoe?
The Chevrolet Tahoe has been popular among soccer moms and big families for years. Over that time, they've become fairly advanced, including features like electronic throttle control and a tighter ...
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What is a brake booster on a car?
A brake booster is a mechanical device that attaches to the braking system on a vehicle. This part multiplies the force a driver uses when applying his or her foot while braking in various driving ...
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What Is a Brake Booster?
A brake booster works much like an amplifier. When the brake pedal is pushed, the brake booster creates an immediate force that reacts quicker than normal, causing faster braking time with less eff...
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What is a brake booster line?
According to FamilyCar.com, the brake booster is "mounted on the firewall directly behind the master cylinder and, along with the master cylinder, is directly connected with the brake pedal." The l...
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text:
Tilden, Samuel J. (1814-86). Letters, 1844-48 | Illinois History and Lincoln Collections
Collection identifier: 324
Extent: 1.0 microfilm reel
Scope and Contents:
This collection contains microfilm copies of letters of Samuel Tilden concerning New York politics, elections, the Free Soil movement, the law for the government and organization of Texas into a territory, and the issue of slavery.
In 1955, Norman Graebner acquired the film, made from the originals in the New York Public Library's Tilden collection. He then gave it to the Illinois Historical Survey.


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