text:
... UPDATE @ the bottom of my original post)....I really need some support...someone to relate with :(
UPDATE.... Here we go again... My dr. office has been closed since last fri for the holiday...but they didnt inform anyone, so I still have NO MEDS. I am still on my period, it is still heavy, and I'm still having cramps. We still have no pot because he wants to quit. His mood is WORSE! It feels like he hates me. He is in a great mood when I call him @ work, and as soon as he walks in the door I can feel his while demeanor change. If a friend calls or texts him he can joke around and talk to them like nothings wrong. I would rather him hit me than feel the way he has been making me feel. He makes me wish I didnt exist. Before anyone suggests it, I have no plans to leave him. Our good times are great but our bad ones make me wonder how I haven't had a nervous breakdown. We have the next 4 days off together....and that stresses me the fuck out!
I can relate to being on welbutrin...I was really emotional and crying all the time...i ended up having to switch to another medicine...good luck and I hope the next few days are better for you! try to do things you can do with both of the kids so they both get attention...GL!!
I'm sorry maybe he can take the kids out to the park for a few hours or maybe he can just take one to the park. They need alone time too. My hubby was taking our 6 yo DS to his Dad and I got the baby (1) DS ready and said have a nice bye bye with Daddy. I don't even ask I just say here you go I need an hour or two to myself. You deserve you time ASk him nicely and gently to take the kids for a ride a walk to a friends house for a bit.


text:
Hey guys,
Just thought id say hello!!! My short little story is ive always owned Jap cars and every time ive sold and bought one, a BMW has always crossed my mind but i never got one, but now i have!!!! Looking forward to the good info on this site. LOL to include the fact i do have a Nikasil block but the car has done 137k with full history and runs sweet, ill use good fuel i guess lol

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Style News - StyleWatch - People.com
Courtesy H&M
If you suddenly discovered you had the power to vote on whether you'd rather see David Beckham covered-up or, well, not … you'd be pretty pleased, right? Then today is going to be a good day for you, because H&M (which sells Beckham's underwear line) is giving you that awesome responsibility. Beckham shot two versions of H&M's upcoming Super Bowl ads, and he's asking fans to vote on which spot — the Covered or Uncovered version — they'd like to see on Feb. 2.
View original post 211 more words


text:
They both cut their teeth as teen drama stars and now Adam Brody and Leighton Meester have struck up a bona fide Tinseltown romance.
According to a report, the "Oranges" costars have been dating for a few weeks, though they've gone to great lengths to keep it under the radar.
Grabbing some grub to go, Leighton Meester stopped at Hugo's Restaurant in Los Angeles on Wednesday (January 30).
The "Gossip Girl" star showed off her svelte frame in a black tank top, gray cardigan, black leggings, and gray Uggs as she carried her lunch back to her car.
Bringing an end to their dramatic legacy, the "Gossip Girl" gang aired their final episode on the CW network last night (December 17).
And fans finally got a solid answer on who the real Gossip Girl is- Penn Badgley's hunky character Dan Humphrey.
It has been a wonderfully drama-filled run for "Gossip Girl," and tonight (December 17) everything will come to an end with a two-hour series finale.
And according to show creator Stephanie Savage, everyone has come together to make the final moments of the CW legacy the best it can be, and Manhattan has always played a key role in the story.
Fashion reigned at the launch of Target's brand new Neiman Marcus Holiday Collection on Wednesday (November 28) in New York City.
Looking stunning in a floral-print top with matching black pants and jacket, Zoe Saldana attended the festivities along with the lovely Kate Bosworth, who rocked a sleeveless white dress and black heels, topped off with fiery red lipstick.
She's a fashion icon on the small screen, so it was only appropriate that Leighton Meester attended the Target and Neiman Marcus Holiday Collection launch event in New York City on Wednesday (November 28).
The "Gossip Girl" actress made a chic arrival in an elegant emerald ensemble, working the red carpet with fellow actresses, including Kate Bosworth and Zoe Saldana.
Taking a break from her "Gossip Girl" duties, Leighton Meester pitched in on promotions by covering the November 2012 issue of Flaunt magazine.
Surrounded by naked men, the 26-year-old actress showed off her sexy side for the Yu Tsai shot spread while chatting about differences between her and Blair Waldorf to the meaning of life.
With the final season of "Gossip Girls" currently underway, Leighton Meester garnered a little overseas exposure by covering the December 2012 issue of Cosmopolitan Australia magazine.
The 26-year-old actress chatted with the Land Down Under publication over coffee at one of her favorite Los Angeles hangouts, Marmalade Cafe.


text:
StarTech.com Mini USB Bluetooth 4.0 Adapter 10m (33 feet) Class 2 EDR Wireless Dongle
£14.49 Limited availability Ask us a question about this product
Please allow an additional 4 - 6 working days before despatch
This item is coming from a different warehouse and may take slightly longer than usual to despatch. Once the item has been despatched, usual delivery time applies.
Price Drop Notification
StarTech.com Mini USB Bluetooth 4.0 Adapter 10m (33 feet) Class 2 EDR Wireless Dongle Product Description
The USBBT2EDR4 Class 2 USB Bluetooth 4.0 Adapter lets you add Bluetooth wireless capabilities to a laptop or desktop computer through USB, with support for transfer distances of up to 10m (33ft). This Bluetooth adapter is based on the well-established Broadcom 20702 chip, offering reliable throughput and Packet Loss Concealment (PLC) technology which reduces errors / dropped connections and improves audio performance. Compliant with Bluetooth 4.0 LE EDR , the USB Bluetooth adapter offers data transfer rates up to 3 Mbps and low power consumption. This Bluetooth Smart Ready transceiver is an effective way to connect to a rapidly growing list of the Bluetooth Smart peripherals on the market, including the latest Apple and Android smartphones and tablets, headsets or monitoring equipment. Bluetooth v4.0 also integrates added security for all transfers using 128-bit AES encryption. A conveniently portable device, this ultra-compact adapter is unobtrusive when connected to your laptop, so you won't have to remove it each time you store your laptop in a carrying case or bag. The adapter is also backward compatible with previous Bluetooth standards (v3.0, 2.x, and 1.x) to ensure connectivity with all of your Bluetooth devices.
- Bluetooth 4.0 LE EDR compliant Bluetooth Smart Ready transceiver
- Class 2 device with 10m (33ft) effective range
- Support for Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) with data transfer rates up to 3 Mbps
- Low power consumption
- Ultra-compact form factor
- Backward compatible with Bluetooth v3.0, 2.x and 1.x devices
Wireless LAN
Bluetooth Version 4.0
Frequency Band 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz
Data Transfer Rate Up to 3 MBps
Wireless Range Up to 10 m
Antenna Type Integrated Antenna
Interface USB
Environmental Operating Temperature -10 to 50 °C - Humidity 0 to 90 %
Form Factor Bluetooth USB Adaptor
Case Colour Black
In The Box 1 - USB Bluetooth Adapter • 1 - Driver CD • 1 - Instruction Manual
Dimensions 1.5 cm (W) x 1.9 cm (D) x 0.6 cm (H) - Weight 0.3 kg
Reviews of StarTech.com Mini USB Bluetooth 4.0 Adapter 10m (33 feet) Class 2 EDR Wireless Dongle
Unfortunately, We don't currently have any reviews for this product.
Why not be the first to write about StarTech.com Mini USB Bluetooth 4.0 Adapter 10m (33 feet) Class 2 EDR Wireless Dongle?
Add Review
You need to be logged in to leave a comment.
Please log-in or if you have not yet got an account with us, you can register here.
Why buy from 365games.co.uk?
Trusted Retailer
We've been trading online for 13 years.
Insured Delivery
All orders are insured and delivered to your address with the best of care.
Direct Payment
We're working with the best and most secure payment gateways.
Get Rewards!
Get rewarded with Player Points! Saving you even more money!


text:
PSV crush Monaco
Page Tools
PSV Eindhoven cruised into the quarter-finals of the Champions League on Wednesday with an impressive 2-0 victory in Monaco.
Jan Vennegoor of Hesselink lost his marker to head the Dutch league leaders in front after 27 minutes and American substitute DaMarcus Beasley scored from close range after 69 minutes to wrap up a 3-0 aggregate win.
Monaco, beaten by Porto in last year's final, started with a flurry of pressure but were largely subdued after Hesselink's opener left them needing to score three times.
A bad night for the principality side was complete after 76 minutes when defender Gael Givet was shown a straight red card for a wild lunge on PSV's Peruvian striker Jefferson Farfan.
- Reuters


text:
The Myth of Aging
The Darker Side of Sunlight
An Urban Education
Getting Out of the Ivory Tower
Global Innovation
Protecting Cyberspace
On the Right Path
Research News
Chartered Research Centers and Institutes
Contact Us
Alumni Association
Law Alumni Association
GW News Center
Protein Microscope: 'A Technological Tour de Force' |
Research Takes Center Stage With New Leadership | Studying
the Human Genome | GW Research Expenditures | Technology
Management Recognition | The Soul of
Rock 'n' Roll | 'Hooking' the Hookworm | Studying
Latin America | An
Anthropological Treasure | Biomedical
Engineering Pursuits | Two Share Trachtenberg
Prize | Bernard Wood
Named AAAS Fellow
Akos Vertes, professor of chemistry and co-director
of GW's Institute for Proteomics Technology
and Applications, is the principal investigator
charged with developing a new in vivo "protein
microscope" that promises to advance the
treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The work
is made possible through a $1.5 million grant from
the W.M. Keck Foundation.
Julie Woodford
Akos Vertes' latest project is generating enthusiasm
from groups as diverse as undergraduate students and
major foundations.
Vertes, professor of chemistry and co-director of GW's
Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications,
is the principal investigator charged with developing
a new in vivo "protein microscope" to enable
researchers for the first time to view how proteins interact
in living tissue. Vertes is collaborating with Mark Reeves,
associate professor of physics, Fatah Kashanchi, associate
professor of biochemistry, and Eric Hoffman, the James
A. Clark Professor of Pediatrics and Biochemistry.
The microscope is expected to enable researchers to
identify protein targets that may advance the treatment
of neurodegenerative diseases such as Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease) and spinal muscular
atrophy. The project also may have implications for research
on a multitude of other diseases, including HIV and cancer.
The W.M. Keck Foundation awarded a $1.5 million grant
to support this research at the IPTA, which is an interdisciplinary
research collaborative among the departments of chemistry,
biology, and physics in the Columbian College of Arts
and Sciences; the departments of biochemistry and molecular
biology and of pharmacology in the School of Medicine
and Health Sciences; and the computer science department
in the School of Engineering and Applied Science. "This
is a very prestigious grant," Vertes says.
The research has two primary phases. First, researchers
will create an in vivo "protein microscope" that
provides images of protein distributions in living cells
and tissues by combining a high-tech mass spectrometer
with a special optical microscope. Second, in collaboration
with the Children's National Medical Center, researchers
will explore protein distributions in and around the
neuromuscular junction in unprecedented detail.
The microscope is being designed to produce images with
resolutions of 100 nanometers or one-tenth of a micron—about
two-thousandths of the thickness of a human hair. "Our
current limitation is three microns. We hope to do 30
times better, which may not sound like a big deal, but
this is the length scale where the real action starts," Vertes
says. "We will be able to see the distribution
of various proteins at the surface of the cell."
Vertes cautions that the project is still in the design
phase, but he doesn't hide his hope. "We
have the coalescence of resources, recognition, and scientific
excitement in one package," he says. "This
is a high-risk, high-return project with very broad applications.
We're on a technological tour de force."
—Rachel Muir
As GW strives to keep pace with its ever-expanding research
enterprise, the University has created one new management
position and filled a second to guide University efforts.
Elliot Hirshman, chair of psychology, has stepped forward
to play a leading role in the process as the University's
interim chief research officer.
A cognitive neuroscientist, Hirshman came to GW in 2002
from the University of Colorado at Denver, where he served
as chair of psychology. Earlier in his career, he spent
more than a decade at the University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, rising steadily through the ranks to
professor of psychology and special assistant to the
The author of more than 100 peer-reviewed journal articles,
he specializes in the cognitive and biological basis
of human memory.
As GW's first chief research officer, Hirshman
is responsible for overseeing the University's
extensive research infrastructure. "The research
enterprise at GW has grown dramatically over the last
decade, and it is, therefore, critical to have a single
person who is focused solely on and has broad accountability
for research issues," he says. "My top priority
is to advance research at GW. This involves facilitating
the critical research needs of our investigators while
ensuring that we are in compliance with our sponsor and
governmental regulations."
According to Hirshman, research at GW has expanded in
every school and college in recent years. "We have
contracts and grants from NSF, NIH, many other government
agencies, and numerous private foundations," he
says. Amidst this explosive growth, he is quickly mastering
the nuances of his new position.
Donald R. Lehman, executive vice president for academic
affairs, says that he chose Hirshman for the job based
on his extensive research experience with grants and
contracts and his significant administrative experience
as department chair at GW and at Colorado. "Elliot
brings a number of strong attributes to the job," he
says. "He has an outstanding record of scholarly
research, strong leadership skills with a vision, and
experience working across the schools as chair or co-chair
of two major task forces at the University level."
Hirshman is quickly putting those skills to work in
his new position. "I'm excited to be on board," he
Anne Newman Hirshfield is the GW Medical Center's associate vice
president for health research, compliance, and technology transfer.
On the medical side, The George Washington University
Medical Center recently welcomed Anne Newman Hirshfield
as associate vice president for health research, compliance,
and technology transfer following a nationwide search.
Hirshfield comes to GW from the University of Maryland,
where she served for the past decade as assistant dean
for research at the School of Medicine. She joined the
University of Maryland in 1978 as assistant professor
of anatomy, teaching gross anatomy and embryology and
conducting research on female reproduction. Her extensive
publication list includes more than a dozen books that
she has written or co-written and more than 80 peer-reviewed
journal articles and abstracts.
She began to shift gears from researcher to administrator
in the late 1980s, when, as treasurer of the board of
The Society for the Study of Reproduction, she spearheaded
the organization's efforts to address various management
and financial issues. "I really enjoyed the opportunity
to help shape the future of an institution," she
says. "When the opportunity arose for me to help
strengthen the research infrastructure at Maryland, I
jumped at the chance."
A highlight of Hirshfield's tenure at Maryland
was bringing together a multidisciplinary team devoted
to securing major facilities enhancement funding from
the National Institutes of Health. The project resulted
in $3.5 million to build the largest biosafety level
3 facility east of the Mississippi for the study of hazardous
infectious agents and facilitated the building of a genomics
center. She also received acclaim for developing an in-depth
relational database for researchers and a more general
Web-accessible compendium of research activities written
in clear, non-technical language.
Hirshfield looks forward to making an even greater difference
at GW, where she plans to concentrate her efforts on
expanding the research mission of the Medical Center
by increasing the number of funded investigators, the
extent of interdisciplinary collaborations, and the resources
available to investigators to do their work. She also
will be leading compliance and technology transfer activities.
"I'm tremendously excited to be here," she
says. "This is a great institution with a proud
history, and the Medical Center has assets already in
place that will serve as a solid foundation for growing
research: a splendid location, a new hospital, enthusiastic
leaders who have made a strong commitment to research,
some key core facilities, and a number of highly talented,
dynamic investigators who are committed to enhancing
the research environment. The potential is enormous."
—Jamie L. Freedman
As the science of genomics transforms the medical field,
GW is taking a leading role in moving the discipline
forward through a research center and a new graduate
degree program.
The Catharine Birch McCormick Genomics Center officially
opened last year after being established with a $7.2
million gift from the estate of William P. and Catharine
Birch McCormick, MD '37. A core University facility,
the center brings together a number of GW departments
engaged in genomics research—biochemistry, pharmacology,
immunology, microbiology, computer science, biology,
anthropology, and engineering—in an effort to centralize
and extend the scientific genomics capabilities on campus.
"Our McCormick Genomics Center is unique because
of our location in the heart of Washington, and because
of the directions we are planning for the center," says
Allan Goldstein, chair of GW's department of biochemistry
and molecular biology. "All of our partners are
right here at our doorstep, Children's National
Medical Center, The Institute for Genomics Research,
Howard Hughes, NIH, FDA, and the biotech corridors in
Virginia and Maryland. We have all the elements here—a
hospital, clinical practice, and strong research—to
make this successful."
Genomics is the study of the genome—all the genes
in an organism, as well as the relationship between genes
and the function of cells and organs in health and disease. "Genomics
is really genetic anatomy, or breaking diseases down
into genetic components," explains Tim McCaffrey,
director of the center. "A goal of the center is
to try to translate the information that has been discovered
so that people can use it to understand disease and create
new treatments."
One of only four women in her GW medical class, Catharine
Birch McCormick left her entire estate to the University
for the study of biochemical genetics. "She was
way ahead of the curve in understanding what advances
could be gleaned from genomics," says Goldstein,
who knew her well. "She understood before the science
itself had been fully developed. We set up the center
to be true to her legacy."
Pharmacogenomics—the study of how genetic variations
affect the ways in which people respond to drugs, is
an exploding field within genomics. Starting this fall,
GW, partnering with Winchester, Va.-based Shenandoah
University, will offer the nation's first undergraduate
program in pharmacogenomics.
Combining the expertise of GW, with its medical school
and strength in the basic sciences, and Shenandoah, with
its school of pharmacy, the partnership provides an academic
solution to an exploding need in the marketplace.
Falling under the umbrella of personalized medicine,
pharmacogenomics is the intersection of pharmacology
and genetics. The cornerstones of this fast-growing field
are tailoring drug therapies to individual patients based
on their genetic makeup and predicting drug responses
in patients, including the possibility of life-threatening
side effects, via genetic testing.
"Pharmacogenomics is going to revolutionize the
way we practice medicine," Goldstein says. "In
the near future, we'll all carry around a chip
the size of a credit card containing our individual human
genome, and when we go to the doctor's office,
they'll plug it into a computer and then design
a treatment that is right for each patient. More than
100,000 Americans die every year due to complications
from medications that they take, because their genomes
are a little bit different."
"Pharmacogenomics is a priority focus area for
us," McCaffrey says. "I believe that in the
not too distant future, many drugs will be co-prescribed
with genetic tests to gauge whether individual patients
can take them safely and whether they will be effective.
All the technology is there, and we're eager to
start applying it."
Students enter the GW/Shenendoah program as juniors
and go on to earn a Bachelor of Science degree in health
sciences with a specialization in pharmacogenomics. Based
primarily at GW's Virginia Campus, the program
combines a focus on the basic sciences, taught by GW
faculty members, with pharmaceutical courses taught by
the Shenandoah faculty. The senior year curriculum doubles
as the first year of Shenandoah's Doctor of Pharmacy
program, enabling students interested in completing a
doctorate to graduate in seven instead of eight years.
Students who choose to stop at the bachelor's level
will be well positioned to quickly land positions in
the burgeoning biotechnology workforce.
An inaugural class of 25 students is expected this fall.
In subsequent years, the program is expected to double
to 50 students annually in this eventual $2 billion industry.
GW's research expenditures—external
grant and contract funds used or spent during a
particular fiscal year—have grown 129 percent
since 1997.
Several schools
and units have contributed significantly to the
$125 million in research expenditures booked in
Fiscal Year 2004.
In May, the International Association for Management
of Technology identified GW's School of Business
as one of the top 50 global centers of research
about management of technology. IAMOT recognized
the top 50 schools at its 14th International Conference
on Management of Technology held in Vienna, Austria.
Last fall, the school, along with GW's School
of Engineering and Applied Science, also was recognized
for research excellence and received a "High
Quality" peer review designation from the
Decision Analysis Society.
"GW was one of the first schools of business
in the country to recognize the emerging importance
of management of technology and innovation, and
has had a strong teaching and research program
ever since," says Professor Richard G. Donnelly,
director of the GW School of Business Program on
Management of Science, Technology, and Innovation. "We
taught some of the first courses in the field in
the 1960s, and our MSTI Program went on to found
and launch GW's well-regarded MS program
in project management as a spin-off."
Rosetta Tharpe, a Pentecostal evangelist and gospel
musician, was an unsung inspiration of the rock 'n' roll
movement. Professor Gayle Wald's book, Music in the Air:
The Life and Work of Sister Rosetta Tharpe, will be published
by Beacon Press in December.
Associate Professor of English Gayle Wald was awarded
a National Endowment for the Humanities fellowship for
2005-06 as well as a GW University Facilitating Fund
award to complete her book Music
in the Air: The Life and Work of Sister Rosetta Tharpe (forthcoming Beacon
Press) in December.
Tharpe, a Pentecostal evangelist and gospel musician
born in Arkansas, transitioned from playing on street
corners and before small congregations in Chicago to
collaborating with Cab Calloway in New York's Cotton
Club. She was a celebrated musician in the 1940s and '50s
and a lasting influence on artists such as Elvis Presley
and Bonnie Raitt. Though many historians and journalists
credit Presley with putting rock 'n' roll
on the map, Wald says the inspiration of gospel pioneers
such as Tharpe—who is largely excluded from traditional
rock 'n' roll histories—was the driving
force behind the quintessential American genre.
"About eight years ago at an academic conference,
I saw a video of Tharpe performing and was blown away
by this woman who was in complete control of her audience,
belting gospel lyrics and acompanying herself on an electric
guitar," Wald says. "She is an artist who,
despite her talent and fame, fell between the cracks
of history. The more I studied her, the more I saw that
the contributions of African American women, the soul
of the gospel music that inspired rock 'n' roll,
have been largely been ignored.
"This project has made me retrain myself as a
historian; I had to dig deep because the lives of women
like Tharpe are not well documented. No matter how rich
a legacy, a person can be forgotten."
Wald says her book will be the first dedicated entirely
to Tharpe's life and work. Most of the research
she conducted for the book came from oral histories—it
was a challenge to find interview subjects because most
of Tharpe's musical peers are deceased.
"Most of the people with whom she collaborated
have died, and she has no surviving relatives. I interviewed
people who were at her recording sessions in various
capacities, such as Gordon Stoker of the Jordanaires,
Elvis' back-up band, as well as people from her
hometown and modern artists whom she inspired, such as
Roseanne Cash."
Wald says the small community of musicians and fans
who do know about Tharpe and her work are looking forward
to the book's release; Wald hopes to bring Tharpe's
history and influence to a wider audience. She will return
to the classroom in the fall of 2006 to teach a dean's
seminar through the Columbian Research Fellowship, which
she hopes will further illuminate Tharpe's legacy.
—Laura Ewald
In February, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration gave "investigational
new drug status" to a groundbreaking human hookworm
vaccine developed by GW researchers. Clinical trials
of the vaccine started at GW Hospital this spring.
There is no current vaccine to prevent hookworm disease,
one of the most common chronic human infections, with
about 740 million cases in areas of rural poverty in
the tropics and sub-tropics. Professor Peter J. Hotez,
chair of GW's Department of Microbiology and Tropical
Medicine, leads a team that conducts research, development,
and pilot manufacture of the new vaccine as part of the
Human Hookworm Vaccine Initiative. The initiative is
sponsored by the Albert B. Sabin Vaccine Institute and
funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; the
project was recently renewed for the next six years with
a $23 million grant.
"Approval to begin safety trials was a major milestone
for the human hookworm vaccine project," Hotez
says. "Our ultimate goal is to take this research
to developing countries, where the vaccine will be tested
with individuals who suffer from hookworm infection."
The infection is caused by parasitic worms that latch
onto the inner layers of the small intestine with teeth-like
projections, causing blood loss at the site of attachment.
Hookworm disease is the iron deficiency anemia resulting
from moderate and heavy infections. Because women of
reproductive age and children have the lowest iron stores,
they are most vulnerable to chronic hookworm blood loss.
In children, chronic hookworm disease can cause physical
growth retardation and cognitive impairment.
The first phase of clinical research assesses the initial
safety of the new vaccine as well as the immune system's
response to it—there will be several more years
of trial and research before the vaccine is licensed
for public use.
In the fall, the Sabin Institute signed a memorandum
of understanding with Brazilian federal and state production
facilities for further clinical development and widespread
manufacture of the vaccine—representatives of the
Sabin Institute and GW visited the research and production
plants. A team in Brazil is assembling baseline data
in a rural area affected by the disease. Hotez says Brazil
is among the few countries that is technologically capable
of developing biological products and that also has a
high endemic incidence of hookworm and pockets of extreme
poverty. "Brazil has the technical capacity the
project requires and intrinsic interest in the problem
because hookworm is a public health threat in their nation," he
The data gathered in Brazil will be pooled with data
from safety and tolerability trials in the United States
to provide required groundwork for a wider clinical trial
to gauge the efficacy and safety of the new vaccine.
"This is the best and most substantive international
collaboration I've ever had in 20 years of work
in tropical medicine," Hotez says. "We are
working to alleviate the suffering of the poorest of
the poor."
The GW Center for Latin American Issues and the
GW Latin American & Hemispheric Studies Program
has been awarded a two-year Department of Education
Title VI Business and International Education Program
grant worth $184,000 to enhance GW's ability
to educate students, faculty, and others about
Latin America's business environment with
the aim of making U.S. businesses more competitive
internationally. The grant has allowed the GW center
to develop a regional focus on Latin America in
the international business program and provide
education for faculty members. Professors Fernando
Robles, Reid Click, and Hildy Teegen will travel
to Latin America to enhance their expertise and
develop specialized teaching materials. Through
the grant, GW also will give high school teachers
special training and resources to help education
students learn about Latin American issues.
More than 1,000 pottery and clay samples such as these
were elementally analyzed by anthropology professor Jeffrey
Blomster and his team during their research on the ancient
Olmec. Their findings were significant in explaining
the origins of the Olmec and showing that they were the
first dominant civilization in Mesoamerica. The research
was featured prominently in the Science section of The
New York Times.
For more than a decade beginning in 1992, Assistant
Professor of Anthropology Jeffrey Blomster led a team
that examined pottery samples throughout Mexico and Central
America. Elemental analysis supported their theory that
the ancient Olmec—best known as the creators of
colossal stone heads—synthesized Mesoamerica's
first unified iconographic system and disseminated it
to other cultures. Blomster and his team believe the
Olmec were the region's first dominant civilization,
a "mother culture" with significant influence
on neighboring settlements.
Since the 1940s, researchers have debated whether the
Olmec were a mother culture in Mesoamerica or rather
a "sister culture," one of several influential
peoples that developed simultaneously and contributed
equally to one another's lifestyles and ideology.
Blomster and colleagues Hector Neff of California State
at Long Beach and Michael D. Glascock of the University
of Missouri say their findings support the priority of
the Olmec in ideology and published a provocative report
in Science in February. While their research supports
Olmec priority in synthesizing a distinct ideology, the
group emphasizes that the Olmec did not "create" other
civilizations in Mesoamerica—they interacted with
groups that had already achieved a certain level of complexity.
The team conducted elemental analysis of more than 1,000
pottery and clay samples from San Lorenzo—the hub
of early Olmec civilization—and six other sites
that were prominent between 1200 and 900 B.C. during
the "late formative" Olmec period of 1500
B.C. to 900 B.C. It was possible to link 725 archaeological
ceramic samples with specific regions from which the
clay originated. The results showed that all seven areas
had Olmec-style pottery and figurines—some that
were direct imports made in the San Lorenzo region and
some that were replicas made from local clays. What most
interested Blomster and his colleagues was that San Lorenzo
had nothing from the other sites—and that none
of the other sites had anything from one another, only
from themselves and San Lorenzo.
Blomster says that the reproductions of Olmec pieces
made in the other regions may not have had the same prestige
or value as the imported pieces from San Lorenzo, a conclusion
he formed because the original Olmec pieces were found
in the higher status households of local leaders or people
of wealth. "Higher-status houses at the other sites
had more access to original Olmec pottery. The difference
was in having the real thing versus obtaining a 'knockoff,'" he
While Blomster's article sparked more debate between
the mother-culture versus sister-culture theorists, he
says he is pleased with the results and finds them to
be conclusive evidence of the significant prominence
and influence of the Olmec people. He says the presence
of the original Olmec artifacts and their replicas in
other locations implies more than the practice of exporting
material goods; it indicates the exporting of cultural
values and beliefs.
As biomedical engineering transforms the quality
of health care worldwide, GW seeks to assume a
leadership role in the burgeoning field through
its new Institute for Biomedical Engineering. After
more than 10 years of informal collaboration between
GW's School of Engineering and Applied Science
and the School of Medicine and Health Sciences,
the institute was established last year through
the University's academic excellence program.
Under the leadership of director James K. Hahn,
the institute already is involved in several projects.
The institute's full-body analysis of swimming
techniques using computational fluid dynamics and
computer animation has garnered national media
attention, as the institute works with Olympic
swimmers such as Natalie Coughlin to analyze her
movements (for more information, see pages 20-21).
Other activities involve surgical simulation, image-guided
surgery, and development of new techniques for
diagnosing breast cancer.
For the first time in the 14-year history of the Oscar
and Shoshana Trachtenberg Prize for Research Scholarship,
co-winners have been selected because members of the
faculty selection committee simply could not make up
their minds.
One winner is Józef Przytycki, professor of mathematics,
internationally known for his work on knot theory, a
branch of topology aimed at understanding closed curves
in three-dimensional space. Knot theory has diverse applications,
including the study of DNA molecules and other proteins
and twisted objects. According to his chair, professor
Daniel Ullman, Przytycki "is at the peak of his
career, working with the energy of a fanatical young
prodigy but with the wisdom, breadth, and experience
of a senior researcher."
A recommender from another university noted that he
is " 'nonstop' mathematics, always
thinking about something, discussing it with whoever
is nearby." Przytycki, who earned his Ph.D. from
Columbia University in 1981, has published over 100 papers
and has made GW a mecca for knot theorists by organizing
a research conference, Knots in Washington, twice a year.
The co-winner of the prize is widely-known public intellectual
Amitai Etzioni, who earned his doctorate in 1958 from
the University of California at Berkeley. Etzioni served
as president of the American Sociological Association
in 1994-95 and has published an astounding number of
books and articles. In 1990, he founded the Communitarian
Network, a nonprofit organization dedicated to strengthening
the moral, social, and political foundations of society.
He is a prolific writer; in 2004 alone, he wrote three
books (From Empire to Community, The Common Good, and
How Patriotic is the Patriot Act?) and edited two more,
while also producing numerous journal articles, book
chapters, magazine articles, and op-ed pieces.
GW President Stephen Joel Trachtenberg established the
endowed fund for faculty scholarship in 1991 in memory
of his late parents, Oscar and Shoshana Trachtenberg.
The award is presented annually to a tenured member of
the faculty to recognize excellence in scholarship.
The Council of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science has elected Bernard Wood
as a fellow for his contributions to and accomplishments
in paleoanthropology. Wood is the Henry R. Luce
Professor of Human Origins in the Department of
Anthropology and an adjunct senior scientist at
the National Museum of Natural History. His research
focuses on understanding the forces that have shaped
the evolution of primates, in particular the hominid
lineage, and exploring methods for recovering information
about the evolution of human locomotion, feeding,
growth, and development.
back to top
© 2005 The George Washington
The George Washington University is an equal opportunity/affirmative
action institution.


text:
Project for Deivu
This project was awarded to Deivu for $1500 MXN.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project Budget$1500 MXN
Total Bids1
Project Description
Hola Deivu, vi tu perfil y me gustaría ofrecerte mi proyecto. Podemos conversar los detalles en el chat.
Awarded to:
Skills Required
Looking to make some money?
- Set your budget and the timeframe
- Outline your proposal
- Get paid for your work
Hire Freelancers who also bid on this project
Looking for work?
Work on projects like this and make money from home!Sign Up Now
- Forbes
- The New York Times
- Time
- Wall Street Journal
- Times Online


text:
The Information and Resource display located in the lobby of the chamber's office offers a great way to get your business noticed while supporting your chamber at the same time.
Profile Display Inc. will be contacting you soon to let you know how you can participate in this great project. Spaces are limited. If you would like to act now call 888-545-9853 or click here for more information.


text:
I am at wits end here and I will be scheduling an appointment at the dealer(against my will) over the next couple of days if no one on here has a solution.
car: 2011 wrx premium sedan
mods: check the build thread in my signature
miles: 20,xxx
I used my cruise control last week sometime and everything worked just fine. I have been having the intermittent issue with abs/traction/hill assist lights all coming on randomly after a light tap of the brake pedal. it has been going on for a little over 6 months but has only happened like six times. I read on iwsti a 20 page thread regarding the issue. it appears as though the brake light switch located above the rake pedal is not sensitive enough and needs to be adjusted. I made the adjustment according to this thread on iwsti:
How To: Adjusting Stop (Brake) Light Switch on GR - Subaru Impreza WRX STI Forums: IWSTI.com
everything went fine and the lights stopped popping on.
just to eliminate that as the issue I returned the switch to its factory sensitivity. that didnt work. next I decided to disconnect the battery for about ten minutes to see if that worked. wishful thinking, it did not. The light on the cruise control button is lit up at night when my headlights are on. the cruise light on the dash turns on with the key in the accessory position. when I push the cruise control button to set it nothing happens. no cruise light on the dash just nothing. I read the manual looking for the fuse or relay for the cruise control but found nothing.


text:
If you like RTS games you have to check out Supreme Commander. Here are some of the E3 footage of the game. It should come out in january or feb.
StarCraft is the greatest RTS of all time.
[image]http://ohv.prettyblack.jp/1971roadrunner2.jpg [/image]
oh great... more Star craft guys... I like that RTS too, but at the time I was more into Total Annihilation. TA just had more strategy and dynamics involved.
true...thats where Starcraft was at the other side of the spectrum. 3 races, 2 resources (3 if zerg and protoss) very simple staight-forward military. Easy to get into with a good amount of depth. TA is more like chess worlds more strategy involved..(like Warcraft for tht matter)
yea that was some of the problems some of my friends had with TA since partly it had the worst sinlge player game (they actually forgot about single player, spent most of their time making the multiplayer and mechanics of the game) and so when they played they were confused to what to do and the amount of units overwhelmed them. Like 12 protos cruisers was huge in Star Craft, but 12 of anything in TA was whimpy But TA brought flexibility to the game play style that I couldn't find in Star Craft, since star craft was too concrete in its mechanics, while TA allowed so much more. Examples like, making tanks roll into construction plants and letting them get wrecked so they block new units from coming out or picking up mobile bombs in transports and raming them into an enemy fleet of some sort, the stealth of aphibious units, how verticle hieght actually matters in TA and the ability to kidnap enemy units. I mean how cool is that? I sometime would buld a fleet of air transports to send them in and capture an enemy commander or capture one of their construction workers and covert them to my side so that I could use their technology as well as mine. Plus Star Craft had no water units, what's up with that, lol. But by far Star Craft had a much more indepth story line and that is one thing Chris Tylor is making sure in his new game, Supreme Commander, will have. But you have to admit (if you watched the videos) that Supreme Commander is a real head turner.
opps just notice my link didn't really go though. here Video 1 Video 2
The conttol and zoom features are AWSEOME!!!! Wy did't anyone think of this sooner really cool
hehe cuz Chris Tylor didn't make other RTSs other than the Total Annihilation franchise I'm holding off from building a new comp untill Supreme Commander comes out. Going to be so sweet
Definetly the battles look epic!
yea, i'm hoping playing it will live up to the hype. It's been a really long time since i've been this excited about a game.


text:
If you use Pinterest.com there are lots of ideas on there for organizing small spaces.
Welcome to the Quilting Board!
If you use Pinterest.com there are lots of ideas on there for organizing small spaces.
Well, the easiest way to organize fabric is to buy only what you need for the project you're working on. Of course, that means you only work on one project at a time - which doesn't happen in my house.
I have a glass door china cabinet (purchased from a thrift store) to store fabric in. It works, but that 'neat' thing - well, it isn't! (It seems I'm not capable of long term neatness.) But I can see the fabric without searching through tubs.
I would hinge your design wall to your door so that it folded maybe 3 times on piano hinges or other double hinges. Just open it out when you wanted to use it, fold it flat against your door when it wasn't in use. If you were using the back of the door for something, you could use the last part of the design wall for whatever you were using the door back for since it would become your new door back.
We are downsizing in the next few years so I am hoping to gather lots of tips before it happens. I have my eye on the Ikea Expediet cubbies.Am planning to start with one. I could put some bins in some of the openings and maybe cover a few with little tension rods and curtains. Good luck!
I hope you got your rolling drawers for Christmas. They are wonderful and hold all those little things that you need to find fast! Everything is in storage right now, but when I get it all together again I am going to put the rubbermaid shelf liner in the drawers to keep it neater.
Wow - lots of good ideas here
May I suggest if you do choose to use plastic containers, CLEAR ones. I like being able to see what is in them without digging thru them all
Country 1


text:
Ramada Limited Augusta/Near Fort Gordon
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
Travelers also recommend:
- More recommendations
TripAdvisor Reviews Hotel Breitenfelder Hof Leipzig
Travel Blogs from Augusta
My bags are packed, I'm ready to go...
I left Aiken on the 9th and spent the night in Atlanta. My flight from Atlanta to Chicago was uneventful. Once in Chicago I made my way to British Airways First Class Lounge and so the adventure began. British Airways offers a pre-flight dinner service for those in business or first class who may want get a full night's sleep. As a first class passenger I could ...
Getting ready to travel
When traveling with 3 kids under 10 you start preparing months in advance! We have packed each person their own duffle bag, packed an extra bag for dirty laundry, and a carload of snacks and drinks that are corn free and fun. Also, each child was given a toiletry bag to hang from eat in front of them to keep toys and iPods in. Our hope is this will cut down on anyone stepping on their siblings beloved x, y, or ...
Augusta Here We Come
... accessories. Good fun! Many shops - William Sonoma, Victoria Secret, Barnes and Noble and so on.
After our long day on the road we relaxed and watched TV to learn the sad news about the Air Asia air disaster. So very sad to learn about the results. Our hearts go out to the Indonesian people who have lost their loved ones.
Jane and Hugh's "Morning Glory" Ranch
... acre site. Over the years, this facility has slowly been closed down. Six weeks ago, a new museum committed to the heritage of the Savannah River Site (SRS) opened. It's goal is to tell the story of the site's role in winning the Cold War.
Jane and Hugh have a very peaceful place to bring their horses and animals down to. And we had a wonderful stay at Morning Glory Ranch. Thank you and hope to see you when we return in March!
Visiting Dave and Linda Goetz
On the 5th of October, we moved to Pointes West (Fort Gordon) Recreation Area outside Appling, GA.
While there, we spent the afternoons and evenings visiting with our dear friends from our NATO assignment in The Netherlands, Dave and Linda Goetz. In addition to getting caught up, we also got to see and visit with two of their ...


text:
20-Somethingers Can't Find Work! Blame the Colleges? The Economy? Themselves? – Top Of The Stack April, 1st
Here Are SOME of the stories we're looking at for today's show …
1)Nearly 300,000 college graduates held minimum wage jobs last year.
- To the business world… a college degree is still important!
- Business Insider: Maybe college just inst worth it after all! (SEE THE CHART ABOVE)
- "To (All) The Colleges That Rejected Me" — Whiny High School Senior Blames everyone but herself about not getting in to college in the WSJ.
2) Anti-Bullying Proposal in Wisconsin: Let's fine teachers who don't report when students are being picked on!
- To combat bullying, school bans DODGE BALL!?!
3) Princeton Alum catches heat for telling female Princeton students they should find a husband before they graduate.
4) North Korea's Kim Jung Un does some more crazy stuff over the weekend.
5) RBusinesses are fighting back against bad customers!!
LISTEN TO "THE TOM SULLIVAN SHOW" MONDAY THROUGH FRIDAY 3 to 6 PM ET!


text:
Day of Darkness
(Image by Wikipedia) Permission Details DMCA
Day of Darkness by Wikipedia
We are certainly living in the midst of a very dark period in American history. This is a nation that is not advancing, it is regressing; it is no longer growing, it is rapidly declining. This is a country that possesses monumental wealth but, at the same time, is plagued by a myriad of critical problems that seem to be insurmountable.
Where is the evidence that supports this premise? It's everywhere; just look at the deteriorating conditions in this country, the absence of a functioning government and the mounting extreme violence in this society. When America needs leadership and direction there is none to be found. There are no signs or indications that this government is ready to reassume the responsibilities of governing this country in a competent manner and doing what is in the best interests of the American people.
Republicans block, obstruct and filibuster. Democrats vacillate, cave in and refuse to change the filibuster rules. We have a president who won't prosecute the Wall Street criminals but goes after whistleblowers instead; a president who has done more to restrict the constitutional rights and freedoms of the American people than any other in our history. Don't believe it; then do some research and find out for yourself.
The financial sector is on the road to collapse, full of deceit, manipulation and drowning in a sea of trillions of dollars of toxic derivatives. The banking industry, a chief subsidiary of Corporate America, has become an albatross around the neck of America. Because of its reckless actions, schemes and deceitful practices used to subvert laws and regulations it represents a distinct danger to this nation's financial stability.
The American people are now fully aware that those political incompetents that inhabit the U.S. Congress, that institution that I have referred to as a massive cesspool, simply don't give a damn about them, their needs or their many problems. They also are very frustrated by the fact that no matter whom they vote for, it makes no difference whatsoever.
Of the 100 senators and the 435 members of the House those who could be called honest, dedicated, and uncorrupted representatives of the people could be counted on the fingers of your two hands. Senators Bernie Sanders and Elizabeth Warren and a handful of others fit that description and they are in a class by themselves. The rest are, in one way or another, under the control and in the employ of Corporate America.
Government has many roles that it should play in this country and one of them, although some would disagree, is to set a standard of honesty, decency and morality for the people it represents. It, in its dealings and actions, should be a role model for the American people. Unfortunately it is none of those things and, as a result, it has brought significant damage upon this country.
The White House: it no longer matters who enters the Oval Office because an incoming president immediately comes under the control of the Washington Establishment. To believe that some future president will assume that office and become an agent of change, one who will go up against the powers that control Washington and attack the nation's problems, is delusional thinking at best. It just does not happen.
A lot of the turmoil and extreme stress in this society can be attributed to Corporate America which is directly responsible for the destruction of our manufacturing sector. Millions of Americans are desperate for work and, yet, the corporate stooges in Congress want nothing to do with job creation. Unemployment is worsening as many Americans have given up on finding a job; but this is not reflected in the monthly reporting of the % of Americans who remain unemployed. That's just plain misinformation and the media says nothing about it, lets it just pass.
Student loans are a national disgrace. Senator Elizabeth Warren of MA is introducing legislation in the Senate that "would set interest rates for federally-subsidize loans at .75% for one year compared to the current rate of 3.4% which is set to double on July 1, 2013." Should this Congress allow that to happen it would be absolutely the height of irresponsibility on its part.
As Warren has stated, "If the Federal Reserve can float trillions of dollars to large financial institutions at extremely low interest rates to grow the economy, surely they can float the Department of Education the money to fund our students, keep us competitive and grow our middle class."
Violence in America is not decreasing, it's rapidly escalating. Not only did we see the slaughter of 20 little children that were mowed down by an assault weapon in Newtown, CT but since then there has been a rash of incidents in which kids anywhere from 5 to 10 years old have used firearms in their homes to kill a sibling or a family member. When is this sickness in America ever going to be cured? Or is the NRA infallible?
This is a society in which guns and violence are everywhere; movies, TV shows and video games include violence of every form imaginable. America gives every appearance of becoming a shooting gallery with rampant and escalating violence that is now embedded in our national psyche. Watching this idiocy disguised as entertainment will warp one's mind but, nonetheless, the theaters are filled, the ratings are great and the kids stay glued to their screens. And this is what we call a civilized society?
Every state except Illinois now has a concealed carry law that allows people to carry guns in many public places and that state will soon be forced by federal law to also adopt that same kind of legislation. Is this pure madness or what? And how about this: students in five Pennsylvania universities are being allowed to carry guns on campus; here's the link.
How long will we in America continue to watch as our children are slaughtered by assault weapons? What in the world does it say about a government and a society where children can lose their lives in an instant wherever they are, on the street, in their homes or in their schools? It says that we are living in a society that is in the process of unraveling.


text:
Wheaton, IL, USA < change city >
Ceremony Sites (417)
Reception Sites (269)
Photographers (157)
Florists (134)
DJs (113)
Bands (110)
Wedding Day Beauty (76)
Cakes (68)
Caterers (64)
Limos (44)
Invitations (43)
Videographers (37)
Wedding Fashion (29)
Coordinators (24)
Rentals (23)
Ceremony Musicians (21)
Officiants (21)
Favors (19)
See All Vendors >
blue dress barn
3893 Territorial Rd
Millburg, Michigan 49022, us
Ceremony Sites, Reception S...
7 ratings, 8 reviews, 25 weddings
We recently had our wedding at Blue Dress Barn. My wife really liked the barn an...
Danada House
3S501 Naperville Rd
Wheaton, IL, United States
Ceremony Sites, Reception S...
4 ratings, 4 reviews, 36 weddings
The Danada House is beautiful and I fell in love as soon as I went for my walk th...
Seven Bridges Golf Club
1 Mulligan Dr
Woodridge, IL 60517
Reception Sites, Attraction...
4 ratings, 4 reviews, 35 weddings
WOW! The staff at Seven Bridges was spectacular! The venue was completely ours. T...
Eaglewood Resort
1401 Nordic Rd
Itasca, IL 60143, US
Hotels/Accommodations, Rece...
6 ratings, 4 reviews, 31 weddings
Everything about this hotel is BEAUTIFUL!! Everyone we dealt with was so accomoda...
The Westin Chicago North...
400 Park Blvd.
Itasca, Illinois 60143
Ceremony Sites, Reception S...
5 ratings, 3 reviews, 34 weddings
We used the lakeside permanent tent! We had around 265 guests! It was April. Abs...
Holy Ghost Church
254 North Wood Dale Road
Wood Dale, IL, United States
Ceremony Sites
4 ratings, 3 reviews, 9 weddings
Holy Ghost Church is a gorgeous church. We love it!
Alpine Banquets
8230 S Cass Ave
Darien, IL 60561, US
Reception Sites, Ceremony S...
2 ratings, 3 reviews, 16 weddings
The staff is extremely helpful and treats you as family. Every detail is already ...
Hyatt Lodge
2815 Jorie Blvd
Oak Brook, IL 60523, US
Hotels/Accommodations, Rece...
6 ratings, 3 reviews, 47 weddings
The Hyatt Lodge is a beautiful location for a wedding reception. The food is some...
White Pines Golf Club & ...
500 W. Jefferson Street
Bensenville, Illinois 60106, USA
Reception Sites, Ceremony S...
3 ratings, 3 reviews, 12 weddings
This venue provides some of the most breathtaking views from ponds and waterfalls...
Holiday Inn
150 S Gary Ave
Carol Stream, IL 60188
Hotels/Accommodations, Rece...
4 ratings, 3 reviews, 29 weddings
Holiday Inn is very nice, but our guests did have some trouble booking rooms. Th...


text:
Hi all, just was wondering if people have been having trouble with Shipments of Bees and Queens with either Carrier at either the Shipping end or the Receiving end of their orders.
Hi all, just was wondering if people have been having trouble with Shipments of Bees and Queens with either Carrier at either the Shipping end or the Receiving end of their orders.
My closest UPS shipping point, one of those UPS independently owned stores, will not ship bees at all. He outright refuses to take them even though I had shown him a UPS carton from a delivery that UPS sent to me. The next nearest UPS point is too far for me to drive every-time I need to ship a queen, etc. (my shipping and handling fee would need to be about 25 dollars to cover the time, gas, etc....and you know how cheap beekeepers can be.. )
So I send everything USPS. The clerk I usually deal with, her father had bees and she enjoyed them as a kid. They place them in a potato type sack for sending them out. I had, in three years, one returned package due to a bomb scare and a bunch of cancelled flights last year, and one queen dead on arrival in another shipment. The USPS is about a quarter mile from my house.
I send a lot of small orders out. Between one and ten. So the flat rate priority envelope, (4.60) with delivery confirmation (.65) is the best way to go.
Darn UPS disturbed me the other morning. I was planning on getting some work done but they delivered my overnight shipment of queens about 0930 hours. Disrupted my whole plans for the day...
My usps is so screwed up in my area, I never new when or where the queens would come in. Once they were to be at the local PO in the morning. They called late in the evening and told me that they were at a PO 30 miles away and the transport had left for deliverys on the next day. That would mean that my bees would arrive on day 3. That is when I went to UPS. Yes it costs more. I had my queens shipped standard frt, but will call at the local UPS center. With assurance of exact delivery time, I can make 50 divides the day befor Queen arrival with peace of mind that my queens will be at the UPS depot at 8 am the next morning.
On one occasion I shipped Queens through USPS Priority Mail and they were held over two days at the local Distribution Center before finally leaving, and with UPS I have shipped Nucs in solidly designed and screened boxes and also Packages, the Screens were punctured and the Nucs and Packages were placed in Cardboard Boxes and completely taped up at some point during shipment. In one case the Nucs and the Packages arrived OK at their Destination, the others I am not sure about as yet but it does not look to good at this point. I have been using both Carriers for years and have not run into this problem before.
I have had mostly good experiences w/ both USPS and UPS. While in SC I have UPS hold my queens for me to pick up. At home, in NY, they deliver right to my door. The Post Office is real good about calling me to come get them, though I have received them at the box too.
Mark Berninghausen
i had a bad experince with them first they put the bees in a cardboard box and didnt mark them as bees so the guy who delivered them threw them around like they were regular freight and then they had a hole punched in one of the nuc boxes and bees were everywhere in the box , fortunatley the guy who i got my nucs from was just as upset as i was , we both are working from his end and mine to solve this problem .scott
scott ellis


text:
When the rain just won't go away, as is common in Singapore,
and you're in the mood for something that doesn't come in a
plastic container or styrofoam…
When jostling with the lunch or dinner crowd at the food court
or hawker centre isn't what you have in mind…
When you're starving (or expecting visitors), and the only food at
home is a freezer full of uncooked meats…
Or when you're having one of those grueling all-day
(or all-night) sessions at the office…
Call The Shepherd's Pie at 6789 0707 for a hearty,
homemade pie to share with family, friends, or colleagues
… delivered to your doorstep.
We deliver to most areas in Singapore… home, office or
workplace, hotel, convention center, park, Sentosa Cove…
Or pick up your order from our Bedok location and save on delivery charges.
Our pies are halal.
For orders and delivery, call 6789 0707.
Pick Up Location
Block 3015, Bedok North Street 5
Shimei East Kitchen, #06-05
(Take Passenger Lift Lobby 2)
Singapore 486350
© Copyright 2015 The Shepherd's Pie. All Rights Reserved


text:
If the downstairs is crowded, try the more sedate upstairs seating. It's a great place to unwind before you head back outside for more adventure.
Columbia Harbour House is a nice change of pace in the Magic Kingdom. It's never as frenetic as some quick-service locations, with a more grown-up New England decor and a menu that promises–and delivers–something different. If you like seafood, give it a try.
Tip: The smell of seafood, which you would expect to be present in any seafood restaurant, can be strong in this restaurant and may bother some children (and adults) with sensory issues. Pass if you think it will bother someone in your group.
Thanks to Bob and Donna Angelo for these photos.


text:
Patterns of kinesin evolution reveal a complex ancestral eukaryote with a multifunctional cytoskeleton
- First Online:
- Received:
- Accepted:
- Cite this article as:
- Wickstead, B., Gull, K. & Richards, T.A. BMC Evol Biol (2010) 10: 110. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-110
- Citations
- 6.1k Downloads
The genesis of the eukaryotes was a pivotal event in evolution and was accompanied by the acquisition of numerous new cellular features including compartmentalization by cytoplasmic organelles, mitosis and meiosis, and ciliary motility. Essential for the development of these features was the tubulin cytoskeleton and associated motors. It is therefore possible to map ancient cell evolution by reconstructing the evolutionary history of motor proteins. Here, we have used the kinesin motor repertoire of 45 extant eukaryotes to infer the ancestral state of this superfamily in the last common eukaryotic ancestor (LCEA).
We bioinformatically identified 1624 putative kinesin proteins, determined their protein domain architectures and calculated a comprehensive Bayesian phylogeny for the kinesin superfamily with statistical support. These data enabled us to define 51 anciently-derived kinesin paralogs (including three new kinesin families) and 105 domain architectures. We then mapped these characters across eukaryotes, accounting for secondary loss within established eukaryotic groupings, and alternative tree topologies.
We show that a minimum of 11 kinesin families and 3 protein domain architectures were present in the LCEA. This demonstrates that the microtubule-based cytoskeleton of the LCEA was surprisingly highly developed in terms of kinesin motor types, but that domain architectures have been extensively modified during the diversification of the eukaryotes. Our analysis provides molecular evidence for the existence of several key cellular functions in the LCEA, and shows that a large proportion of motor family diversity and cellular complexity had already arisen in this ancient cell.
- aLRT
approximate likelihood ratio test
hidden Markov model
intraflagellar transport
last common eukaryotic ancestor
minimal ancestral repertoire
metropolis-coupled Markov chain Monte Carlo.
The transition from prokaryote to eukaryote was a hugely important event in the evolutionary history of life and provided the foundations for the evolution of numerous complex organismal forms. Present day eukaryotes differ fundamentally from prokaryotes in having much higher complexity of cell organization. This complexity cannot have appeared fully-formed, but arose by stepwise elaborations of cell structure - implying that certain lineages of extant eukaryotes might have retained "simpler" ancestral features (see [1, 2]). However, the order and relative importance of many of the acquisitions that must have occurred to allow the cellular features now seen in extant eukaryotes remain controversial. By comparing the genomes of a wide taxonomic range of eukaryotes, and including sufficient taxon sampling to account for secondary loss, we can reconstruct the likely genomic composition of the last common eukaryotic ancestor. In this way, it is possible to reconstruct the ancestral repertoire for some of the molecular components of key eukaryotic features and identify evidence for intermediate states, if they exist. This in turn helps us to understand the biology of the ancestral eukaryote and how the prokaryote-eukaryote transition proceeded.
One of the key changes that enabled increased cellular complexity in eukaryotes was the evolution of the cytoskeleton - based ancestrally on actin filaments and tubulin-based microtubules (intermediate filaments most probably only appearing later in a specific lineage). This network and its associated motors, plays an essential role in several eukaryote-defining cellular processes, including division of genetic material at mitosis and meiosis, inheritance of cytoplasmic organelles, intracellular transport of vesicles, and cellular motility based on either crawling or beating of cilia/flagella. In keeping with this central role, cytoskeletal motor proteins arose early in the eukaryotic lineage [3, 4, 5]. Of the three superfamilies of motors - kinesins, dyneins, and myosins - only the kinesins are ubiquitous to all eukaryotes thus far analyzed [6, 7, 8, 9]. To shed light on the cellular complexity of the last common eukaryotic ancestor, we analyzed the kinesin motor protein superfamily using comparative genomics, protein domain architecture analysis and the most comprehensive supported kinesin motor domain phylogeny to date. From these data, we look at the evolution of the kinesin superfamily across eukaryotes. We also reconstruct the kinesin repertoire of the LCEA and infer some of the biological features of this ancestral cell.
Results and Discussion
Diversification of kinesin paralog families
To map the ancient evolutionary history of the kinesin gene family we surveyed 45 eukaryotic organisms for which complete or near-complete genome was publicly available. These organisms represent a wide taxonomic diversity of eukaryotes and encompass five of the six proposed eukaryotic 'supergroups' [10, 11]. To survey for kinesins, we used a hidden Markov model-based strategy [12] using the Pfam kinesin motor domain model (PF00225; see Material and Methods for details). This approach identified 1624 encoded kinesin-like protein sequences (Additional file 1). To improve phylogenetic resolution and analysis speed we removed 166 sequences with scores <100 (expectation value > 10-25), representing the most divergent kinesin-like sequences. This threshold is lower than used in previous work [8] and sufficiently liberal to include all the previously identified kinesins from Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (including the divergent kinesin Smy1) - and also include all kinesins from Drosophila melanogaster except the atypical Cos2 (which may have no motor activity, binding to microtubules in an apparently ATP-independent manner [13]) and all but the very-highly divergent VAB8 (klp5) from Caenorhabditis elegans. We aligned the motor domains from these 1458 protein sequences, trimmed the alignment to 330 well-conserved characters and removed 195 near-identical sequences (>95% identity). From this alignment we calculated a Bayesian phylogeny by combining 8 independent runs of MrBayes3.1.2 [14]. To evaluate support for the inferred tree, we used two approximate Likelihood Ratio Test (aLRT) methods [15, 16]. These methods estimate support for each node by systematically measuring the ratio of the likelihood of the given tree to an alternative topology in which that node has been collapsed (see Materials and Methods). We considered as well-supported only those tree topology nodes with p > 0.95 by both aLRT methods. The identities of these well-supported nodes are largely independent of the amino-acid substitution matrix used in the test (see Material and Methods).
Our phylogenetic analysis provided evidence for an additional 14 paralog groups, which were not part of kinesin families on our phylogenetic tree. Each of these paralog groups was well supported, but none are considered bona-fide kinesin families at this stage, either because they lacked sufficient membership (<1% of sequences examined) or contained only sequences from one eukaryotic supergroup. We designated these additional tentative paralog families X1-X14 (Figure 1 and Additional file 2). Names, unique identifiers and kinesin family/subfamily for all the 1624 identified kinesins in this study can be found in Additional file 3.
By definition, each kinesin family is shared by at least two eukaryotic supergroups [17] and is therefore most likely anciently derived (although not necessarily ancestral). In addition to these families, our analysis shows that there are multiple paralogs within at least 10 kinesin families (Kinesin-1, 2, 3, 4/10, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14 and 16; Figure 1) that are most likely the products of additional ancient gene duplication events. In keeping with the standardized nomenclature of Lawrence et al. [17] we have identified well-supported subfamilies by appending a letter to the family name (e.g. Kinesin-9A and 9B). In this analysis we have considered two levels of "ancient" paralogy: 1) well-supported kinesin families shared by at least two eukaryotic supergroups, and also 2) subfamilies for which there is evidence at least for the paralog being present at the root of a major taxonomic group (with the exception of Kinesin-2B, for which only the metazoan members form a well-supported clade, but for which there is a probable ortholog in Monosiga; see Additional file 2). All subfamilies have good topological support (p > 0.95 using both aLRT methods, as above).
The identification within several kinesin families of paralogs shared by multiple eukaryotic supergroups suggests that the use of family name alone does not accurately reflect the evolutionary (or functional) complexity of the kinesin motor families. Our analysis suggests that the evolutionary diversification of the kinesin gene family has been extremely complicated, encompassing at least 51 ancient paralogs (Figure 1). The majority of these paralog forms arose from gene duplication events that at least predate the major taxonomic units of eukaryotes [10, 11] and therefore most likely arose in an early phase of eukaryotic evolution. It is worthy of note that our phylogeny (Additional file 2) also shows evidence of paralogs in closely related organisms that are the result of relatively recent lineage-specific duplication events. These paralogs are not the focus of this work and will not be discussed at length here, but they demonstrate that kinesin diversification is not restricted to events very early in eukaryotic evolution and gene duplication has generated novel kinesin genes throughout the diversification of the eukaryotes.
Diversification of kinesin protein architectures
Motor proteins are generally composed of a motor head domain that converts chemical energy to force, and a range of additional domains that bind cargo, filaments or accessory proteins (e.g. [18, 19]). Since regions outside of the motor head domain direct many interactions, considerable functional diversification might be achieved through the evolution of the protein domain combinations. To further investigate the diversification of the kinesin superfamily, we identified putative domain architectures for all 1624 identified kinesin proteins using Pfam and CDD database searches [20, 21]. In total we found 105 different kinesin protein domain architectures (Additional file 4; domain architectures for all 1624 identified kinesins are available in Additional file 3). Surprisingly, most domain architectures were specific to only one organism in our analysis, indicating that these domain combinations were relatively recent acquisitions. It is also noteworthy that most kinesins in our analysis (1300/1624) possess no identifiable protein domains outside of the motor itself. This implies that the great majority of the interactions between these motors and other proteins is controlled either by poorly conserved stretches of peptide or protein domains that are not yet described in protein domain databases.
After the exclusion of unreliable and convergent kinesin architectures (Additional file 6), a total of 21 architectures were identified that potentially represent shared derived characters. These 21 characters (see Additional file 5; marked 'c' on Figure 2), were included in our analysis of kinesin protein evolution (below). Several of these domain combinations are widely distributed among the species analyzed, suggesting that the protein domain architecture had an ancient ancestry within the eukaryotes and that shuffling of protein domains linked to the kinesin motor has played an important role in the early diversification of many kinesin protein families.
The kinesin repertoire of the last common eukaryotic ancestor
The phylogenetic branching order and root position of the eukaryotes is a contentious issue. Burki et al. [26] have recently performed large-scale phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequence and suggest three major eukaryotic branches: excavates (which in their analysis included the discicristate group containing Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and Naegleria) [29], unikonts (containing Metazoa, Fungi and Amoebozoa) [7, 30] and a major clade, which encompasses the majority of phototrophic or ancestrally phototrophic eukaryotes (containing Archaeplastida, stramenopiles and alveolates) [26]. Many aspects of these groupings are also consistent with other concatenated multi-gene phylogenetic analysis [22, 23, 31, 32]. The results of the Burki et al. analysis [26], however, did not sample the metamonad genomes (Trichomonas and Giardia) [33, 34], which have also been tentatively classified as excavates [29] (see [22, 32, 35] for phylogenetic evidence of monophyly if not holophyly), but were excluded because these taxa often produce long branches within phylogenetic trees and are therefore potentially a source of artifact in tree inference [36].
As it has been suggested that the metamonad branch may represent the first branch in the eukaryotic phylogeny and the excavates may be paraphyletic to the root of the eukaryotes, the consensus view of the eukaryote phylogeny is a polytomy of four major clades: 1) metamonads (e.g. Trichomonas and Giardia); 2) discicristates, (e.g. Trypanosoma, Leishmania and Naegleria); 3) unikonts (including Metazoa, Fungi and Amoebozoa); and 4) a large 'ancestrally phototrophic' clade (including Archaeplastida, stramenopiles, and alveolates) [26]. Therefore, a number of primary branch groups are possible. We used a Dollo parsimony approach to compare four topological variations possible within this polytomy (Figure 3A-D) with the results of an unconstrained Dollo parsimony analysis (Figure 3E). These alternative topologies included a tree that placed the metamonads (Trichomonas and Giardia) as the first branch [37, 38, 39] and a tree topology equivalent to the bikont-unikont model [7, 30, 40, 41].
For comparison we have included the most parsimonious tree generated when using the Dollo method without any topological constraint (Figure 3E). This is the simplest possible explanation for the extant distribution of the characters if no assumptions are made with regards to the branching order of that tree. The resultant tree is very unlikely to be a realistic eukaryotic phylogeny. However, even given this topology, the LCEA possessed a complex repertoire of minimally 11 ancestral kinesin families and 5 kinesin architectures (Figure 3E).
Each of the 4 likely alternative topologies for eukaryotic evolution implies a slightly different ancestral kinesin repertoire in the LCEA (Figure 3A-D). However, our analysis identifies a complex core set of ancestral characters that were present in the LCEA under any of these 4 tree topologies. These include 11 kinesin paralogs - namely, Kinesin-1, 2, 3, 4/10, 5, 8, 9A, 9B, 13, 14, 17 - and 3 protein domain architectures - KISc, KISc-FHA, SAM-KISc. This core set will here be referred to as the minimal ancestral repertoire (MAR and are marked in bold on Figure 3). These results show that a large proportion of the extant diversity of the kinesin superfamily was already established before the radiation of eukaryotes from the LCEA. They also strongly suggest that the ancestral eukaryotic cell had a complex biology built around a microtubule-based cytoskeleton.
It is clear that several kinesin families are linked to specific cellular functions [17, 42]. However, for some families pleiotropy and a lack of knowledge of function across a broad taxonomic base makes it difficult to unambiguously infer ancestral function. Of the 11 paralog families in the MAR, at least three have conserved functions in nuclear division (mitosis and/or meiosis; Kinesin-5, -13 and -14) that are most likely ancestral to the whole family. From this, we can infer that the LCEA built a bidirectional spindle containing both plus-end directed (Kinesin-5) and minus-end directed (Kinesin-14) motors [43, 44, 45, 46]. The presence of these antagonistic motors suggests that, even in early eukaryotic cells, spindle construction relied on generation of counteracting pole-to-pole forces (see [47, 48, 49]). Alongside these spindle motors, the LCEA encoded a Kinesin-13 microtubule depolymerizing motor [50, 51], possibly embedded in the kinetochores, as it is in several extant species examined [52, 53, 54, 55]. It is credible to suggest that the Kinesin-8 and Kinesin-4/10 (also part of the MAR) were also part of this ancestral nuclear division mechanism. However, the identification of significant alternative roles for these families outside of nuclear division [56, 57, 58], makes the possibility of this being the ancestral function tentative.
The presence of Kinesin-1 and -3 paralogs in the MAR, suggests strongly that the LCEA had the capacity to traffic membrane-bound bodies within the cytoplasm [59, 60, 61, 62, 63]. This implies that the ancestral cell built cytoplasmic microtubules and processed vesicular traffic - in agreement with the wide taxonomic distribution of many additional components of the eukaryotic membrane-trafficking system in extant eukaryotes [64].
Notably, none of the four trees representing alternative hypotheses encompassed by the eukaryotic ancestral polytomy model represents the most parsimonious topology under the Dollo approach. The most parsimonious explanation of the observed data (Figure 3E) is clearly inconsistent with any current views of the eukaryotic branching order. The placing of Amoebozoa as the primary eukaryotic branch is almost certainly an artifact caused by the lack of flagella/cilia and the associated loss of kinesins with ciliary function in the two amoebozoa for which complete genome data is publicly available. Such artifact has been described previously [8]. Consistent with the hypothesis that the positioning of the Amoebozoa in unconstrained trees is an artifact of ciliary loss, the ancestral repertoire implied by the most parsimonious unconstrained tree is the MAR set without the families associated with cilia/flagella [8] (Kinesin-2, 9A, 9B and 17; Figure 3E/F). We investigated what evidence for kinesin paralogs might be available from expressed sequence tag sequencing of amoebozoan organisms which build flagella. However, only 2 and 1 kinesin motor fragments are contained in the expressed sequence tag libraries for Mastigamoeba and Hyperamoeba, respectively from TBestDB [65]. Of these, the Mastigamoeba sequences could be placed with reasonable confidence into the Kinesin-14A and Kinesin-13 groups (the fragment of kinesin sequence from the two Hyperamoeba datasets could not be grouped; data not shown).
Finally, the MAR, as defined by comparison of 4 alternative eukaryote topologies above, shows that the LCEA had a cilium/flagellum. Kinesin-2 is the anterograde motor of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) machinery - a series of components critical for building and servicing cilia/flagella (see [66, 67]). In Chlamydomonas, the protein KLP1 (Kinesin-9A) is a part of the central apparatus of the cilia [68], although the level of conservation of this function is yet to be widely assessed. For two of the MAR paralogs - Kinesin-9B and Kinesin-17 - there is currently no published functional data at all. However, the presence of Kinesin-2, 9A, 9B and 17, and also the non-MAR family Kinesin-16, only in organisms which build flagella/cilia at some stage in their lifecycle ([8] and Figure 1) predicts an ancestral role associated with this organelle.
The microtubule-based cytoskeleton in extant eukaryotes - with its motors and accessory proteins - is vastly more complex than the prokaryotic FtsZ-based system from which it evolved (see [69]). It is used in many of the cellular processes that define eukaryotes. Yet there is little molecular evidence for the timing of the acquisition of several of these key features. Here, we have explored the evolution of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton through the evolution of its kinesin motors. We have used genomic information from 45 diverse eukaryotes to produce the most extensive kinesin phylogeny to date, for which we have derived statistical support. We have used this to define 51 anciently-derived kinesin paralogs, contained within 17 kinesin families and 34 subfamilies. We also defined 105 gene architectures for the 1624 kinesin sequences included in the analysis - of which only 6 architectures are shared between the major taxonomic groups in our analysis.
The branching order of the major lineages of eukaryotes is still a contentious issue. However, by accounting for multiple possible topologies, as well as secondary loss, we have shown that a minimum of 11 kinesin families were present in the last common eukaryotic ancestor. The prevailing trend in current models of early eukaryotic cell evolution is the proposal of stepwise acquisition of cellular complexity with particular extant eukaryotic lineages being identified as derived from intermediary and primitive phases of early eukaryotic evolution (reviewed in [1]). This idea is contradicted by the results presented here, which demonstrate that, at least for the kinesin-driven cytoskeleton, the LCEA already possessed a highly complex cellular form before giving rise to any of the sampled extant eukaryotic groups. This proto-eukaryotic cell was surprisingly highly developed in terms of kinesin motor types - containing the majority of families now found in eukaryotes. In contrast, the domain architectures of these motors have been much more extensively modified during diversification of lineages, such that only 3 can be unambiguously traced back to the LCEA. These results are consistent with a growing body of literature which suggests that the LCEA had a highly complex cellular form. Alongside the complex kinesin repertoire shown here, this ancestral cell possessed genes encoding the major cellular components of meiosis [70], a derived and complex DNA replisome [71], and many components required for endocytosis [64, 72] and probably phagotrophy [30].
The kinesin types present in the LCEA provide molecular evidence for some of the cellular processes present in the proto-eukaryote. The LCEA had nuclear division machinery that included antagonistic motors to generate tension and kinetochore-associated microtubule depolymerizing agents. It also trafficked vesicles along cytoplasmic microtubules and built an axoneme with a central apparatus (and which, on the basis of dynein distribution, was motile [9]). The data presented here also show that, although there have been significant gene duplication events within the kinesin families (for example deep within the metazoa and also the land plants), the history of kinesins is in many cases a history of paralog loss from an ancestral form which possessed a motor repertoire more complex than many extant organisms.
Kinesin motor domain phylogeny
Predicted protein datasets were obtained for 45 diverse eukaryotes for which complete or near-complete genome sequence data is publicly available. Additional file 7 provides a comprehensive list of sources and versions for these datasets. From these datasets, we extracted complete kinesin repertoires using HMMERv2.3.2 [22] to find all predicted proteins with a match to the Pfam 'kinesin motor domain' profile (PF00225; [69]). In total, 1624 sequences match the kinesin motor model at or above the 'gathering threshold' (score = -135; expectation value < 2 × 10-4). However, for phylogenetic reconstructions, highly divergent sequences cause problems with both sequence alignment and tree inference [73] and we found that inclusion of the most divergent kinesin sequences hindered tree reconstruction (data not shown). For this reason, 166 sequences with scores < 100 (expectation value > 10-25), representing the most divergent sequences, were excluded from phylogenetic analyses (Additional file 1). The remaining 1458 sequences were trimmed to 80 aa either side of the kinesin motor domain (as defined by the Pfam model) and the motors domains aligned using MAFFT6.24 [74] adopting the E-INS-i strategy [75]. This alignment was then trimmed to well-aligned blocks (330 characters) and we reduced redundancy in the dataset by removing 195 sequences from duplicated genes that encode proteins predicted to be identical or nearly identical (>95% identity at the amino acid level) to other sequences from the same organism. Both untrimmed and trimmed alignments are available in Additional file 8 and 9, respectively.
Bayesian phylogenies were inferred from the protein alignment using metropolis-coupled Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMCMC) method as implemented in the program MrBayes3.1.2 [14]. The WAG substitution matrix was used [76] with a gamma-distributed variation in substitution rate approximated to 4 discrete categories and shape parameter estimated from the data (mean α = 0.927). Ten runs were preformed each consisting of 4 Markov chains heated to a 'temperature' of 0.2 and run for 12,000,000 generations. All runs were initiated from a starting tree inferred from BLASTp scores as described in [8] - a strategy which gave significantly better stationary phase tree likelihoods than those using starting trees inferred by either maximum parsimony or neighbor-joining (data not shown). Chains were sampled every 8,000 generations. Two runs, which did not reach apparent stationary phase by halfway through the run, were discarded. For the remaining 8 runs, the first 6,400,000 generations of each was discarded as burn-in and the remaining generations were used to construct the majority-rule consensus tree shown in Additional file 2.
Assessing topological support for the kinesin tree
Since the scale of the phylogenetic analysis (1263 sequences) made bootstrap replication unfeasible, we tested the level of support for the inferred topology using the approximate Likelihood Ratio Test (aLRT) method of Anisimova and Gascuel [15]. Both non-parametric Shimodaira-Hasegawa-like (SH) and parametric χ2-based p-values were generated using the aLRT implementation in PhyML 3.0 [16] with the LG substitution matrix [77]. It is likely that both aLRT methods provide a better estimate of branch support than do Bayesian posterior probabilities. aLRT methods directly test the inferred topology by comparing it to an alternative topology where each node has been systematically collapsed. In contrast, Bayesian methods rely on adequate sampling of the posterior distribution of topologies to provide a good estimate of the posterior probabilities. Because our dataset is highly complex and the tree topology was calculated from a very large MCMCMC search, the resulting trees sampled for the consensus tree will include numerous trees with slight variations in topology by virtue of stochastic error within the MCMCMC sampling procedure. This has the effect of increasing the frequency of recovery of low posterior probabilities in large and complex datasets, as is evident when compared to the results of the aLRT topology assessment methods (Additional file 10). Kinesin families (K1-20) were defined as encompassing all sequences within the most basal clans having p > 0.95 support in both aLRT tests. To test the affect of a change in amino acid substitution matrix, we repeated the aLRT test using the WAG [76] and JTT matrices [78]. Of the 485 nodes recovered in the phylogenetic analysis supported with p > 0.95 for both χ2- and SH-based approximate likelihood ratio tests using the LG matrix, 461 (94.5%) and 463 (94.9%) were recovered with p > 0.95 for both tests when using the WAG or JTT matrix, respectively - demonstrating that a change in matrix had a relatively minor effect in the clade support values used to classify kinesin paralogues.
Unsurprisingly, the proportion of sequences falling into one of the well-supported kinesin families decreases as the 'quality' (as assessed by Pfam score) of the kinesin motor domain decreases (Additional file 11). This implies that a large proportion of the highly divergent kinesin motors excluded from tree inference do not belong to established kinesin paralog families, and it is unlikely that large numbers of bona fide family members were excluded from our analysis.
Identifying kinesin protein architectures and ancient patterns of kinesin evolution
We used all 1624 sequences identified from the HMMER search as separate search seeds for PfamA [20] and CDD [21] searches in order to identify the presence and relative order of conserved protein domains. The results of the two protein architecture searches were compared, noting the relative position of the domains within the amino acid sequence. Using these comparisons consensus putative domain architecture were identified for each protein sequence. All architecture types were mapped onto our comprehensive phylogeny in order to identify the phylogenetic distribution of the protein architectures (Additional file 2). Kinesin protein architectures specific to paralog families or specific phylogenetic clusters were judged as the product of a single protein domain rearrangement or domain acquisition event (Additional file 5; see Additional file 6 for exclusions). We identified several kinesin domain architectures, which include domains present in a low number of distantly related genomes or for which the kinesin motor domains belong to distantly related paralog families. In these cases, we conducted further analysis to investigate whether these sequences were composed of domains related by either convergence or vertical inheritance, or if the domain classification was artifactual. For each candidate domain architecture marked 'd' on Figure 2, functional and annotation data was accessed from Pfam and CDD [20, 21], domain alignments were made using MUSCLE and manually edited using the SEAVIEW alignment platform [79, 80]. 11 cases of domain classification, for which no good evidence of homology could be found, were either excluded as likely artifact or adjusted for taxon distribution as appropriate (Additional file 6). SAM1 and SAM2 domains are homologous and were classified as one domain for the purposes of this study (Additional file 6).
Evaluating kinesin evolution under alternative eukaryotic tree topologies
To investigate the minimum complement of kinesin forms present in common ancestor of all 45 genomes sampled, we coded the presence and absence of kinesin families (marked 'c' Figure 1) and reliable protein architectures (marked 'c' Figure 2) as binary characters. In both cases we were careful to include only characters that were strongly suggested to be monophyletic by the phylogenetic analysis, allowing for some secondary loss of domain architectures within established kinesin families. To further ameliorate patterns of secondary loss we coded the presence and absence of kinesin across the 8 higher taxonomic units (marked on Figures 1 and 2) to produce a matrix of 8 'taxa' and 39 characters. We used a Dollo parsimony analysis method [27] implemented through Phylip 3.68 [28] to assess the ancestral repertoire implied by several alternative eukaryotic topologies, the best scoring Dollo parsimony tree topology (see Figure 3). To further investigate these alternative topologies we used a second coding of the data; in this case we used only the kinesin subfamilies in Additional file 2 (or kinesin families where no subfamilies had been identified), producing a matrix of 8 taxa and 51 characters. Kinesin family member that did not fall into any of the subfamilies were coded as uncertainty in any absences for the other subfamilies.
Predicted protein datasets were obtained from the sources specified in Additional file 7. We thank each of these organizations and the respective genome sequencing projects for making sequence, gene model and annotation data publicly available. BW is supported by the Wellcome Trust. TAR is supported by a Leverhulme Early Career Fellowship and BBSRC grant BB-G00885X-1. KG is a Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellow.
Supplementary material
Copyright information
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


text:
ace cash advance mentor ohio
LDB Classifieds
LDB Links
Select One
LDB Banner Program
LDB Web Edit Program
LDB Classified Ads
LDB Links
LDB Print
Industry News
Libeco Lagae Opens New High Point Showroom
ace cash advance mentor ohio
Libeco Lagae recently opened a new 1,500-square-foot
permanent showroom in Market Square Tower, 382, on the third
floor. The company previously showed at its temporary space in
Market Suites Square and was pleased to be able to celebrate the
opening of the new showroom at the High Point Furniture Market
this past April.
For more than 150 years and five generations of management by
the Libeert family, the parent company, Libeco Lagae N.V. has
offered an exclusive collection of high-quality, pure and blended
linen fabrics for furniture, upholstery, windows, apparel,
decorative accessories and pillows, blankets, rugs. Libeco Lagae
N.V. is currently the largest weaver of Belgian Linen in the world.
As Libeco Lagae continues to grow and expand its product
line, the showroom is a perfect space for customers to explore
the diversified, high added value linen products that the company
has to offer. Libeco Lagae is known for its large ranges in
piece-dyed linen and offers many assortments such as plaids,
stripes, wide-width, glazed, and chintzed linen. At the upcoming
Showtime in June, Libeco Lagae will be introducing its new line
that includes a brand new plaid collection, core solids, gorgeous
new stripes, and other 100 percent Belgian Linen styles. The
company looks forward to seeing its current and potential new
customers in June during High Point Market.
buy generic cialis online
payday loan fontana ca
capital payday loans
payday loans high apr
easy cash advance saskatoon
places you can cash a money order
this page
ace cash advance mentor ohio
LDB INTERIOR TEXTILES is published by EW Williams Publications Company
Phone: 1-201- 592-7007 Fax: 1-212-988-0588


text: Save This Event For Later Fools Classic Doylestown, PA, Sat Apr 6, 2013 Registration Page | Contact Event | Event Website | Google Calendar Start line address: Doylestown, PA 18902 Presented by Philadelphia Cyclocross School Loading all categories... This is a past event. If you're looking for this year's event, you probably want to search the event calendar. Fools Classic Confirmed Participants Total Event Registrations: 109 Open: Pre-Registered - 109 entries Loading... Last refreshed at: 12:00:46 AM


text: A Java program that generates every combination of a given character set. It is something I wrote about a year ago to replace a dictionary cracker a friend and I made. It has a basic GUI but it is limited to eight character password generations. It needs a scalable means of increasing and decreasing the character length and probably also needs some cleaning up, as it isn't extremely fast. The dropdown list on the GUI doesn't work, it was intended to specify variable password lengths. It would be nice to set a minimum and maximum length, this would likely speed the processing up a lot since it starts at 1 length and works it's way up. Please use it as you like and improve it. I'd love to see some updates to it. For now I have ended my work on it and am turning it over to the world.