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Bad gas Mileage
Ok guys I have a 2003 Focus Automatic with the 2.0L SPI has around 116K miles and it is in great condition. Tires have less than 10K miles on them, fresh tune up. I'm only getting around 25mpg. Is this normal? I was hoping for around 28-30 when I bought the car. I have used gas from several different gas stations and they are all around 24.5 mpg to 25.2 mpg. I know the winter blend doesn't get as good of fuel mileage but my 05 F-150 got the same gas mileage on summer blend as it did on the winter blend.
Any ideas??
I just replaced the air filter a few minutes ago. Looks like the one I pulled out was the original motorcraft air filter that came in the car new. Maybe that has somthing to do with the bad gas mileage.
I had around 22-23 mpg on my spi, on summer blend, before i tuned it up a little.
now i get around 29 mpg if i drive it right, and thats on winter blend. ( just recently did all this) looking to get about 31-32 in the summer. would make me very happy.
changing the fuel filter helps, 35 psi on the tires, correct alignment, clean air filter ( that you seemed to address,) 5w20 (synthetic or synthetic blend motorcraft,) and a little higher spark plug gapping helped A LOT (.60)( helped me achieve 2mpg or so alone), and i get on it time to time. try not to also rev the engine on cold start ups to make the heat get hotter. start it up (non jack rabbit) and put the heat on when car is at normal operating temps. try not to run the rear defroster ( turns the a/c on, which we all know takes a few mpg.) added an intake and exhaust which helped, id say 2mpg easily. its hard not to romp on it now, but it definitely helped if you control the temptation.
although my car has 27k miles, it is 12 years old, and replacing everything i listed really helped. you dont need a intake/exhaust to get your 28-30 goal. keep them tires at 35 psi helps a good amount, and driving right. hope i helped.
my fuel economy with all this helped me mark up about a 30% increase!
I usually drive 70mph on the highway. It is using 5w20 syn-blend Motorcraft oil. Its had a fresh tune up when i bought the car. I crank the car on cold mornings and drive it, when i see the temp guage quit rising i turn the heat on. I never use the rear de-foger.
Which intake and exhaust did tou use? Any nore suggestions?
I run a generic cold air intake. sits right under the drivers fender, gets some real colder air.i paid 110 at a local shop, great fitment and workmanship. they still have a few if you would like one let me know.
exhaust, is a 2.5" trubendz exhaust. they're 280 shipped and i have the magnaflow muffler on it, the quietest)
i also realized, you get better mpg at 55-60 MPh for some reason with this car, over 60 it drops drastically. the spark plugs being gapped a little bigger than spec really helped too. ( specs are .54, .60 helps you achieve a little more mpg for some reason) have you ever ran techron cleaners/seafoam threw the car? those seem to work wonders. also, not sure if the tune up also meant replaced oxygen sensors?
Did not replace o2 sensors... Never ran sea foam though it but I've only had the car for 3 wreks now. Ive sloeed down to 65 on tbe highway and seems to be doing a tad better.. Next tank full we will see if the air filter helped any.
Thanks for all the help!! I need all I can get!!
Where os the fuel filter at on these cars???
fuel filter is on the rear door passenger side close to the middle bottom of the car but not exactlyhe niddle. ill look up the thread tomorrow for more details.
1hotfocus, you have been a greta help! Thanks brother! Can you get a pic of the intake you have?
Since I have replaced the air filter, the MPG's have went up to around 28MPG, so I am happy...
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I saw that post in that other thread, I am definitely getting that. Worth a try for only $20.
This is a discussion on result of a DEALER OIL CHANGE... within the General Maintenance, Troubleshooting & Accidents. forums, part of the Tech & Modifying & General Repairs category; I saw that post in that other thread, I am definitely getting that. Worth a try for only ....
I saw that post in that other thread, I am definitely getting that. Worth a try for only $20.
--Anthony 2011 DGM WRX stg2+sf intake WTFtuned ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
Official Subie owner as of 01/10/11
Stink Eye Mob #87
Bye bye Bimmer
Hellooo '11 REX
My "Build" Thread!
Hawk-Eye Alliance #1856...ssshhh don't tell anyone!
Mine came yesterday.
Build Thread
ProTuned Stage 3ish '11 WRX Ltd HB (SWP) ~ 354 awhp 404 ft-lb tq on E85
Friends don't let friends drive Mitsubishis.
We had a problem here. A new tech who no longer works here was puttin on oil filters too tight causing leaks. Sucks about your situation but it's not a shock. I had them do my oil at work in my dads truck and they never put his oil filler cap back on. I do all oil changes at home now. And yes I work at a Subaru dealer... And unfortunately my work sucks. Anyways good luck!
so an update, subaru fixed the problem, it was a "defective oil filter" said the service guy. whatever that means... now i gotta go pick my baby up
You should have asked him to show you the filter & explain.
The Big 2011/2012 Mod Thread
Ooh,hang on. That is the throb of a turbocharged flat four engine. A sound which,all over the world,heralds the imminent arrival of a moron - JC.
The first question you should always ask if you take your car to Jiffy Lube (or equiv) is "Did you put oil in it..."
Sad state of affairs for car work these days
06 GTO M6 Quicksilver, SLP 455 Bobcat, LS7 Clutch w/ SS line (RPM tune:373rwhp/373rwtq)
07 WRX TR M5 Garnet Red Pearl w/ Straight PPGs and Cusco front LSD (Agile tune:307whp/343wtq)

subset: commoncrawl


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Sri Lanka has borrowed from the flavours of foods introduced by centuries of invaders, raiders and traders.
When someone mentions Sri Lanka you might think of Dilmah Tea, but this country's culinary history is much richer. Ceylon, as it was previously known, has a long history involving invaders, raiders and traders, and all have left their mark on the food of Sri Lanka.
It is thought the first settlers were from northern India, who developed an impressive irrigation system. Combined with Sri Lanka's temperate climate and fertile soil, a Garden of Eden environment evolved for produce; and the coast was abundant with seafood.
The Portuguese probably had the biggest impact on Sri Lanka. In the mid 16th century they arrived to trade spices, bringing plants that they had discovered in the New Americas: potatoes, tomatoes, corn, guava and others but most significantly, chilli. Prior to the Portuguese arrival, chilli was unknown in Asia. Heat in dishes was achieved through various peppercorns.
Later the Dutch arrived, bringing Malaysian labour, and added Dutch and Malay influence to Sri Lanka's food.
And then the British colonised Sri Lanka with their Indian Tamil labour. After adding Anglo and Indian culinary touches, religious food restrictions and Ayurvedic principles around the use of spices, it becomes clear that Sri Lankan food is complex, subtle, balanced and totally delicious.
My Sri Lankan friend, Rehan, and Mary Taylor of Food Matters, have given me lots of advice. We have been teaching an Introduction to Sri Lankan Food class at Cook the Books and it is the class that we have to keep repeating - it seems there's a great interest in learning about this unique cuisine. Here is a basic introduction.
Shopping for spices
Don't be put off if you don't know what the listed spices are, and don't buy little cardboard packets from your supermarket. Find a good Indian warehouse such as Mahadeo's and go shopping. Ask for help, buy only what you need, and you will be amazed at how reasonable the prices are. Plus, you're buying fresh spices and not those that have sat on a shelf for months.
* Mahadeo's Spices & Produce 14 Virginia Avenue, Eden Terrace, Auckland City
* Food Matters for food-themed tours of Sri Lanka
* COOK@Cook the Books Sri Lankan and other cooking classes
* Grant Allen has been a professional cook for 30 years. He works as a caterer in Auckland. Check out Grant's Facebook page here.


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Oct. 1, 2012
Ticket Information | 2012-13 Men's Schedule | 2012-13 Women's Schedule
ANN ARBOR, Mich. -- The University of Michigan men's and women's basketball team will host a pair of doubleheaders at Crisler Center during the non-conference schedule.
The first doubleheader tips off the regular season for both teams, Friday, Nov. 9. The women begin the Kim Barnes Arico era against Detroit at 6 p.m., followed by the men's game at 8:30 p.m. against Slippery Rock. In the men's season opener they will unveil the 2012 Big Ten championship banner prior to tipoff.
In December, the men and women will have an additional doubleheader match-up. On Thursday, Dec. 20, the women host Valparaiso at 6 p.m., followed by the men's game against Eastern Michigan at 8:30 p.m.
Each game will be ticketed separately. For both doubleheaders, all Wolverine fans attending the women's game must purchase a ticket for the men's game if they wish to stay for the second game of the night. Fans with a men's ticket are welcome to come early free of charge to the women's game, but must sit in non-reserved seats.
Season tickets for the 2012-13 Michigan men's basketball season are now available only in the upper level of the renovated Crisler Center, with prices starting as low as $340 per seat ($17 per game). There are 20 games in the 2012-13 season-ticket package, including nine Big Ten match-ups. Tickets can be purchased at MGoBlue.com/tickets.
Season tickets for the 2012-13 women's basketball season are currently on sale through the U-M Athletic Ticket Office. Fans can purchase season tickets for as low as $50 for general admission or $100 for reserved lower bowl seats. There are 17 games in this year's season-ticket package, including eight Big Ten match-ups and marquee non-conference contests against Duke and Florida. Tickets can be purchased at MGoBlue.com/tickets.
The Michigan ice hockey and volleyball team will also be hosting events on Friday, Nov. 9 -- parking information will be made available on MGoBlue.com.
Men's Basketball contact: Tom Wywrot (734) 763-4423
Women's Basketball contact: Sarah VanMetre (734) 763-4423
» Learn about Michigan men's basketball season tickets for the 2017-18 season.


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What supported old wall? Turns out, not much
As in a medical autopsy, construction workers learned why Indiana's old Water Street retaining wall and Vinegar Hill steps had reached the end of their useful lives by tearing them apart.
A demolition crew several weeks ago began dismantling the leaning wall and the crumbing steps, believed to be a century or more old.
"There was not enough footer under it," Alan Neeper said of the old wall. Neeper is a project superintendent for Francis J. Palo Inc., the Clarion-based company building a new retaining wall and an elaborate new stairway leading from Water Street to the hilltop residential neighborhood where film star Jimmy Stewart grew up.
"The concrete was not in real good shape. It didn't take much to knock it down," Neeper also said.
The workers discovered there was no footer under the old steps or the walls along the sides of the steps, and they found very few reinforcement bars embedded in the old concrete. And there was no drain for the water that collected in the steep hillside behind the wall.
Neeper said the old wall — which had been leaning toward Water Street for years — probably would have eventually toppled.
So what's being done to make sure the $1 million-plus new wall and stairs will not suffer the same fate?
First, Neeper said, the footer being built under the new wall is much wider, 4 to 8 feet wide compared to about 2 feet for the previous footer.
Secondly, the new wall has a key along its bottom edge that fits into a slot 1 to 3 feet deep in the stone below the new footer.
Lots of rebar, at about 1-foot intervals, runs vertically and horizontally through the concrete of the new retaining wall and the walls beside the steps. The rebar is epoxy-coated to inhibit rust.
And a 6-inch drain was installed under the footer and a larger drain was placed horizontally in the hillside behind the new wall to channel away water that would otherwise press against the wall.
Plus, there have been advancements in concrete itself, Neeper said. Today's concrete is more uniform in consistency than concrete mixed a century ago.
Other technological advancements in construction are also helping. Builders 100 years ago probably relied on strings and plumb bobs to align and level the old wall and steps, Neeper said. But the Palo workers are using an electronic distance measurement device with a laser to precisely plot points along the edges of the new structures.
The new wall is 18ᄒ inches thick and about 12 feet high at its tallest point. An estimated 800 cubic yards of concrete — more than the amount needed for some bridges Palo has built — will be needed to complete the new wall and stairs. Pouring of concrete for the new stairway began Wednesday.
Kevin Gruver, a Palo foreman, said it takes only a few hours to pour the concrete for some sections of the new stairway, but days were spent preparing the site, building forms and tying in rebar.
"Everything has to be very well-timed" during the concrete-pouring process, he said.
Ninety trees first had to be removed from the steep slope above and behind the old wall before demolition started.
"It took a week just to cut the trees," Neeper said.
"The wall's the easy part" of the project, Neeper added. In his opinion, the stairway of 69 steps leading up to Vinegar Hill is the real challenge.
And it's the most decorative project Neeper has worked on. Bridges tend to be more utilitarian in appearance, but the new stairway to Vinegar Hill will feature brick inlays, columns with cast stone caps, decorative lights and a curved concrete wall and ornamental fence at the top.
The new wall and steps were originally scheduled for completion next spring, but Neeper said if the weather remains favorable the project may be finished by Thanksgiving.
At the same time, a crew of about seven workers from another Clarion contracting company, M&B Services, is forging ahead with a separate, but companion, project — another round of improvements under the Indiana Economic Development Project (commonly referred to as the streetscape enhancements) along North Seventh Street between Philadelphia Street and Water Street.
As in other blocks of the downtown that received improvements under the ongoing revitalization project, North Seventh is getting new sidewalks, street curbs, decorative lights and new trees. The street will be repaved and some utilities are being moved underground.
Part of the block is also being converted to a "people place," a pedestrian gathering area that will be furnished with benches and tables.
The block will also feature 6,150 square feet of brick pavers — about 15,000 bricks — embedded in the new sidewalks.
North Seventh Street in that block will have two 12-foot-wide vehicle lanes, one northbound and one southbound.
Bryan Kiskadden, the M&B Services site foreman, said a final component of the project will be the erection of a 19-foot-tall arch over the entrance to North Seventh from Philadelphia Street. A sign on the arch will proclaim the people-gathering space as "IRMC Park." Indiana Regional Medical Center bought the naming rights to the pedestrian plaza in 2008.
Kiskadden said generally good weather has also allowed the North Seventh streetscape enhancements to progress ahead of schedule. He estimates the work may be finished in September.
C.J. Onyak, an engineer and project manager with EG&G, an Akron, Ohio-based firm designing the streetscape enhancements and helping to secure funding for the project as a public-private partnership, said the retaining wall, new steps and lighting and landscaping along North Seventh Street will cost $1,606,286. The North Seventh Street enhancements (other than the lighting and landscaping) will cost $932,591.
Still to come in the ongoing streetscape improvements is Phase C , the fourth and final part of the project. It will encompass the 600, 700, and 800 blocks of Philadelphia Street. Improvements in those blocks likely will not start until 2014 or later.
Randy Wells has been a reporter and staff writer at The Indiana Gazette since 1988. His regular assignments include coverage of the Indiana County commissioners, Indiana Borough council and the Marion Center Area School District. His email address is firstname.lastname@example.com.
More articles by RANDY WELLS →


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Senate President Joseph A. Montalbano of North Providence joined guest host Tim White and myself for a taping this morning of WPRI/WNAC-TV's Newsmakers, steering wide of answering specific questions about Operation Dollar Bill and offering few details about how the General Assembly will help the state to curb its $450 million budget deficit.
Asked by White whether he has been called before a grand jury probing Dollar Bill, Montalbano basically declined to comment. In terms of seeing his name linked to the Dollar Bill probe by the Providence Journal, the legislative leader responded, "I said from the beginning that I am going to defend my integrity to the death." Without getting specific, Montalbano accused the ProJo of engaging in "misreporting."
Although 2007 was a somewhat tough year for Montalbano -- with considerable media attention focusing on Senators Daniel Daponte and Stephen Alves, chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, not to mention his own issues with the state Ethics Commission -- there hasn't been so much of a whisper about a challenge to the Senate president when the General Assembly resumes business next Tuesday.
For his part, Montalbano expressed satisfaction that the Ethics Commission did not find a conflict of interest as part of his $12,000 settlement over his previously undisclosed legal work for town of West Warwick. (And as Charlie Bakst previously reported, he still harbors hope of landing a state judgeship.) In response to my question about how long he hopes to remain Senate president, the 19-year senator said for at least one more term. (Speaker William J. Murphy has suggested a self-imposed eight-year term limit for himself.)
Despite Steven Coaty's win in Newport (and that of Frank Ferri in Warwick, who didn't gain the official Democratic imprimatur in his primary), Montalbano says 2008 will not see broad gains in the General Assembly by Republican candidates.
In terms of the state budget deficit, Montalbano said the state should seek to be more efficient. He had some kind words for Governor Carcieri, and in response to a question about strained relations between Carcieri and the Democrat-controlled legislature, he said his door remains open.
The show will be broadcast Sunday, at 5:30 am on Channel 12 and at 10 am on Fox 64.


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Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa
The five-year-old didn't laugh as much as his 40-year-old father, which, granted, isn't the basis upon which to conclude too much. Then again, most of the adults at a Saturday-morning sneak preview of Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa were clearly having a better time than the wee ones, which should be expected from a film proffering Charles Darwin wisecracks, class-warfare one-liners, smoky backroom union brokering (including a monkey subbing a spark plug for a lit cigarette), and Alec Baldwin reprising his every last dick-boss role as an alpha lion with a shellacked, gray-streaked mane. The kid adored all heck out of the first movie, which, like its subversive sequel, featured the voices of Ben Stiller, Jada Pinkett Smith, David Schwimmer, and Chris Rock; he didn't have much to say about the second one, save for his fondness for the gag about the crashing plane and the penguins, the latter of whom emerged as the acting-out favorites among the pre-K crowd. Alas, a sad note as Stiller's Alex is reunited with his parents in Africa — the dad is played by Bernie Mac, whose performance ranks among his richest. On a happier note: Sacha Baron Cohen's King Julien has an expanded role, while Rock's zebra, who isn't as special as he thinks, provides a kids' movie with a thoughtful moral about fitting in and standing out. Funniest movie of '08? Close enough, for those who don't mind monkeying around.
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Wymondham, Norfolk -- (SBWIRE) -- 10/03/2013 -- New home owners can now find their next perfect piece of kitchen furniture in a much easier way than ever before, thanks to a brand new range by Bryan Turner Kitchens, supported with the release of their latest annual brochure this week. The Norfolk based firm specialises in sophisticated and architecturally perfect luxury fitted kitchens to suit any kitchen with a need for perfect design.
Their bespoke furniture, which is made to exact standards, allows homeowners to have their luxury kitchen furniture arranged in a perfectly designed manner. Not only that, but people are given accesses to a line of styles and designs which come in a wide array and have the support of a Bryan Turner's dedicated staff.
All of the bespoke kitchen furniture by Bryan Turner Kitchens can be found either on the website or in their new brochure, which launched this week. Bryan Turner Kitchens' annual brochure is seen as a highlight among industry experts, as it showcases some of the latest industry leading and on trend designs, perfected by Bryan Turner himself.
With beautiful full page spreads, specification information and high quality photography, the brochure, curated by leading Norfolk marketing agency Naked Marketing, gives potential customers the ideal starting point to find their ideal luxury kitchen with a timeless design.
So how does this new range of bespoke kitchen design affect people in the East of England? A company spokesman said, "We believe our new brochure gives our customers the ideal starting point to find their ideal bespoke kitchen design. Our business invites the customer to discover kitchen furniture that not only looks great but also fits perfectly into their everyday lives. We don't want to leave you with any design question unanswered."
As a result of their strong pride in work and flexibility in finding what's best, Bryan Turner Kitchens offers a large amount of potential bespoke kitchen furniture on their website with full colour pictures and contact information.
For more information about Bryan Turner Kitchens, their design principles and their brand new brochure, please visit their website.


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POPPY passed away at 5.45pm on Wednesday 01st May 2013. She was very peacefully euthanised at home. It was canine kidney failure complicated by a very high blood sugar that the vet couldn't explain, because Poppy hadn't previously been diagnosed as diabetic.
She was close to death when I decided that it would be best for her to go gently and easily by injection rather than dying from breathing difficulties at the end, or maybe having a cardiac arrest, which I simply couldn't put her through. So her actual end was very good, though she'd suffered very stoically at least a few weeks prior and for her last week I never left her, never slept and gave her constant intensive care, comfort and love.
I'm in complete shock that she has gone, because I lost my precious MISHKA in January and now my angel Poppy has gone also. POPPY truly is/was my lifeforce, my heart, my soul, my inner being, my little girl, my greatest ever friend, my nurse, my therapist, my angel, my star and my sole reason for not killing myself through years of suicidal thinking, because she genuinely deeply loved me and only me - we had a very special bond that was unique, because Poppy was a unique individual who was self-aware and conscious of herself, which made her a one in a million dog.
I can't even begin to describe all her qualities and charming idiosyncrasies and what she meant to me through 14 years of constant devoted and loving companionship, but three words that sum up her eulogy are PUREST DEEPEST LOVE and both together with MISHKA I'd sum them up with one word, which is SOLACE.
For 14 years I lived vicariously through them - I ceased to be 'one' and became a trio. It was always we three together linked heart and soul. When I go to the fields for a walk the landscape is empty and I am empty. I feel as though my legs are missing, because there was always Poppy on the left and Mishka on my right, or Mishka behind and Poppy in front... always... but now there's nothing there and it strikes me how much they held me up like buttresses supporting the walls of a building that would otherwise collapse. Plus they were my wings... one at each side of me, moving me along, giving me strength and courage to go forward.
It's been so hard to cope without my MISHKA, but I had POPPY and we had each other, so that helped to make it easier to bear. But now my life, my breath, my heart, my love and my soul have left me; which is what she embodied and gave to me with her strong deep loving energy. Now she is beneath the ground with Mishka beside her.
My mind is completely disabled. I find it an impossibility to think about tomorrow, let alone the time beyond that without my blessed POPPY beside me, always with me, and always welcoming every hug whenever they came. Life and the future without my MISH is horrible enough without her joy to lift my heart, but it's unimaginable without my POPPY; it really is.
Of course I can get other dogs, plus I have my little TOBY - but they aren't my POPPY and nothing and no-one could ever replace or substitute her or my MISHKA. Losing both together is simply too much for me to bear. I have to take it a day at a time and I have no idea how I'm going to be feeling tomorrow, or the next day, or next week - I can't see that far ahead. I think I will simply have to get used to the feeling of living day to day empty with two thirds of myself missing. I am a puzzle of three parts - prior to POPPY and MISHKA I was broken, but they rebuilt me and filled me up and made me a whole person. Now I'm just one third... and it feels bizarre.
Eventually I'm going to create a big website and book about caring for dogs as they enter old age and dying, with emphasis on early detection of chronic kidney and other organ failure, plus diabetes, and caring for terminal dogs. I want to do all that as Poppy's legacy and tribute, so no other older dog has to die from unsuspected disease before the fullness of their time has passed, as it's far too common for them to do so.
All I can hope now is that eventually if there is an afterlife we will be reunited to be together forever, because it would be so wonderful to hold her again and love her and go walkies together.
Hello everybody! It's been a very long time since I've visited my pals here at Dogster and I hope you are all doing fine. I will try to catch up with you all over the next coming weeks (or at least that is the plan anyway). I've not been visiting you, because 2011 has been an exceptionally tough year for mum and she's had too much to cope with to find the free time for Dogster, but I'm very happy to say that she always has the time for us!
I'm doing very well myself and mum cannot believe my age (neither can I). Apart from being a bit wobbly on my legs sometimes, plus not having the energy to run around for no reason the way I did as a youngster I feel basically the way I did when I was six! In fact during this past year I'm feeling even better, because I can now step-up onto the dog sofa all by myself without any help from mum at all, which we're both very pleased about!
I've also been feeling different towards mum for the past several months, because for about a year I'd gone right off her and didn't want to go to her or have cuddles, which wasn't like me at all. These days I've changed around and we have a better relationship than ever before. I think it's because I'm more used to the boy Toby grabbing some of her affection and also because mum has made more of an effort to give me extra attention to make up for it. So we're all cuddly and sweet together again and she knows I love her lots.
The weather here is cold now, but not too bad and I'm not bothered at all about wearing my sweater and coat anymore, because I like how they keep me warm outdoors. Mum is going to be taking some up to date pics/vids of us this week to show you how well I am. All of you take care and stay well. I'll visit again as soon as mum has free time. Woof Woof! xxx
Hi all... I'm writing for all the furmily just to let you know that it's likely we won't be back to Dogster until mum has got another puter since her big one got completely trashed by a virus, because we only have a tiny netbook instead and for some reason Dogster hates it and hardly works at all and keeps jamming the screens too. So we can't do anything hardly at all on the site; plus it all takes forever.
So we are going over to DOGGYSNAPS following the trail of many other UK members who have gone over there from here and say it's better for UK people, plus the site works better too. It's unlikely mum will be able to buy another puter for a long time, so we will stay over at Doggysnaps while we can only use the netbook.
We were quite fed up anyway, like a lot of members it seems, of this new site and all the adverts, which have priority over the actual functionality for the members - also usually on sites where you pay for a better membership the adverts are less, but not here. We still like the old site better!
Anyway... we are well. Mishka is very happy and bouncy still, Toby is a cheeky little terror, and I am fine despite my new acid tummy complaint that mum is taking care of everyday. Shame we're not able to upload our great new pics and vids; plus some mum has just found on an old camera from 2006!
We will love you and leave you (for the time being) in the hope you will all stay well and happy. Licky licks from us all xxxx
Copyright © I-5 Publishing, LLC. All rights reserved.
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Castelli Gisele Women's Shorts - $59.96
The Castelli Gisele Women's Shorts are soft, comfortable, and equally suited to both indoor and outdoor cycling. These are the shorts for the casual to intermediate rider that needs superior features in a day-to-day pair of shorts. Castelli constructed the Gisele shorts from the highly malleable and breathable Softflex RS fabric. With a soft, cotton-like feel, this material is designed specifically for women. However, with nearly the same return and direction-specific stretch as Castelli's race-level fabrics, we find these shorts to be thankfully absent of the shrink-and-pink design strategy that so commonly plagues women's cycling apparel. In fact, you'll find that the shorts are highly breathable, and that they effectively wick moisture away from your body to the outer layer where it's quickly evaporated -- even in indoor environments where a lack of airflow ordinarily inhibits this. Accordingly, you stay drier and far more comfortable. The cut and fabric of the Gisele make it one of Castelli's more relaxed pair of shorts. Multiple panels form an anatomic cut that provides support and comfort to fit a wide variety of shapes. The waistband is constructed from a soft microfiber, and it's been extended a bit in the rear in order to create the same supple coziness that you'd enjoy from a pair of yoga pants. The leg cuffs, too, are microfiber, and utilize soft silicone leg grippers to hold the shorts in place without any sense of discomfort. For added comfort, Castelli included its women's-specific, Kiss3 chamois. The Kiss3 has a soft microfiber surface with a basteriostatic treatment that reduces both irritation and abrasion. Additionally, the Kiss3 features a variable density construction. So, the chamois provides more support at points of high pressure, like the sit bones, while featuring less where it isn't required. This way, the insert is more adept at following your movements in the saddle, not provoking irritation as it resists them. - $59.96


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Boat is equipped with a Volvo V8-350 GENV DP, Wide Band Blue Hull, Aluminum Radar Arch, Camper Canvas, Cockpit Cover, Garmin VHF Radio with Antenna, Garmin 741XS GPS Map, Wood Cabin Flooring, Air Conditioning/Heater, Main Cabin Flat Screen TV/DVD, Electric Stove, VHT Vacuflush System, Aft Sunpad and Swivel Bucket Seat, Premium Beach Weave Snap-In Carpet, Stern Cushion Rail, Arch Television Antenna, Galvanized Anchor, Fire Extinguisher System, Remote Control Spotlight, Dockside Water Inlet, Windlass with 200' Line and 30' Chain, Transom Switch, and Stereo Remote.
The Exterior colors of this boat are White/Biscayne Blue, Cabin Interior color is Soho (Neutral) with Blue Canvas.
The 270 is power packed and equipped like every other Signature. The fully trailerable 270 is available with two cockpit seating options so you can decide to whether to focus on entertaining or watersports. Chaparral's only single engine cruiser offering delivers crisp acceleration, tracks true and is dry riding in big water. An integrated swim platform creates a seamless look. Key options include a remote spotlight, aluminum radar arch, a windlass and a generator.
600 High Street
Central Falls, RI 02863
United States


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How-To Geek Forums / Off Topic
Windows Vista Music Video (kinda lame but funny)(11 posts)
Yeah, I listened to about 10 seconds before I decided to inflict pain on everybody else =)
Sir Geek. what are your preffered tones (and thanks for this magnificent foru)
I listen to a number of different types of music.... I have odd taste in music, but I find that most of these are good for productivity:
Geek, you have a slightly different avatar on last.fm, just wondering, who makes all these avatars - do you do them yourself?
Oh yeah, your music taste is indeed kinda strange!
Yeah, I drew the avatars... I enjoy drawing comics, in fact I drew one edition of the geek comic (but haven't had the time to do it on a regular basis)
@Lighthouse yeah we do - he posted a link to a radio station he created on last.fm
@Geek, oh yeah, i saw that, it's really good - you should do some more!
Topic Closed
This topic has been closed to new replies.


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A number of sleep disorders can keep you from catching your zzz's. To help you understand what could be keeping you from the rest you need, get familiar with the vocabulary of sleep issues.
Many types of trauma can cause an acute spinal cord injury. The more common types occur when the area of the spine or neck is bent or compressed.
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, a disorder in which mental functions deteriorate and break down.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurological disorder marked by the progressive degeneration of nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain. It is often referred to as Lou Gehrig's disease, after a famous baseball player who died from it.
The brain is an important organ that controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, respiration, temperature, hunger, and every process that regulates your body.
Ataxia is a symptom—not a disorder. It refers to a failure of muscle control in the arms and legs, resulting in a lack of balance, coordination, and possibly a disturbance in gait.
Bell's palsy is an unexplained weakness or paralysis of the facial muscle that begins suddenly and worsens over three to five days. It can strike at any age, but it occurs most often in pregnant women, and in people who have diabetes, influenza, or another upper respiratory ailment.
A brain tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue in the brain. The tumor can either originate in the brain itself or come from another part of the body and travel to the brain.
A cerebral aneurysm is a bulging, weakened area in the wall of an artery in the brain. This weak spot raises the risk that the artery wall will burst open.
Cluster headaches occur in groups, or clusters, and individual attacks last one to three hours on average. They may occur every other day—or several times a day.
To help diagnose a migraine, your doctor may ask you when your headaches occur, how long they last, and what they feel like.
Evaluating and diagnosing damage to the nervous system is complicated and complex. Many of the same symptoms occur in different combinations among the different disorders.
When an area of the brain is damaged, which typically occurs with a stroke, an impairment may result. An impairment is the loss of normal function of part of the body. Sometimes, an impairment may result in a disability, or inability to perform an activity in a normal way.
Encephalitis is a term used to describe inflammation of the brain. The inflammation causes the brain to swell, which leads to changes in a person's neurologic condition, including mental confusion and seizures.
Epilepsy is one of the most common disorders of the nervous system and affects people of all ages, races, and ethnic backgrounds.
A glossary of terms relating to the nervous system.
Guillain-Barré syndrome is a neurological disorder in which the body's immune system attacks part of the peripheral nervous system. The disorder usually occurs a few days or weeks after a person has had symptoms of a respiratory or gastrointestinal viral infection.
A head injury can be as mild as a bump, bruise, or cut on the head, or can be moderate to severe because of a concussion, deep cut, fractured skull bone(s), or internal bleeding.
Headaches vary greatly in terms of pain location, pain intensity, and how frequently they occur.
Hippocrates, the father of medicine, first recognized stroke over 2,400 years ago. At this time stroke was called apoplexy, which means "struck down by violence" in Greek.
The nervous system is a complex, sophisticated system that regulates and coordinates the body's basic functions and activities. It is made up of two major divisions: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
One theory says that migraine pain occurs because of waves of activity by groups of excitable brain cells, which trigger chemicals, such as serotonin to constrict blood vessels.
Lumbar disk disease is caused by a change in the structure of a spinal disk. Most of the time, disk disease is a result of aging and the degeneration that occurs within the disk.
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, the membranes that surround the brain. Most cases of meningitis are caused by viruses; bacterial meningitis is rare.
A migraine headache is unique among headaches because it includes symptoms other than pain. Nausea and vomiting, lightheadedness, and sensitivity to light are common with a migraine.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an unpredictable, chronic disease of the central nervous system. Some people with MS may be mildly affected, but others may lose their ability to write, speak, or walk.
Muscular dystrophy causes the muscles in the body to become very weak. The muscles break down and are replaced with fatty deposits over time.
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder that causes weakness of the skeletal muscles. MG affects the voluntary muscles of the body, especially the eyes, mouth, throat, and limbs.
Neurocutaneous syndrome is a broad term for a group of disorders. These diseases are life-long conditions that can cause tumors to grow inside the brain, spinal cord, organs, skin, and skeletal bones.
Here is a list of nervous system disorders that require clinical care by a physician or other healthcare professional.
A neurological exam may be performed with instruments, such as lights and reflex hammers, and usually does not cause any pain to the patient.
Neurological surgery is used to treat disorders of the brain, spine, and nerves. The doctor who specializes in neurological surgery is called a neurosurgeon or neurological surgeon.
Neurology is the branch of medicine that is concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the nervous system.
A list of online resources to find additional information on nervous system disorders.
Disorders of the nervous system include stroke, infections such as meningitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, and functional disorders such as headache and epilepsy.
Stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is disrupted. The disruption is caused when either a blood clot or piece of plaque blocks one of the vital blood vessels in the brain or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts.
To find out the cause of your sleep problems, your doctor may run a number of tests. These may confirm or rule out various health conditions and other problems.
Parkinson's disease is the most common form of parkinsonism, a group of motor system disorders. PD is slowly progressing and degenerative.
Dyssomnia sleep disorders cause difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. An example of a dyssomnia is periodic limb movements in sleep.
Parasomnias are common sleep disorders that are characterized by strange or bizarre behavior or experiences during sleep.
The goals of a neurological rehab program include helping the patient return to the highest level of function and independence, and improving the overall quality of life—physically, emotionally, and socially.
Stroke rehabilitation works best when the patient, family, and rehabilitation staff works together as a team. Family members must learn about impairments and disabilities caused by the stroke and how to help the patient achieve optimal function again.
The most important controllable risk factor for stroke is controlling high blood pressure. Blood pressure of 140/90 or higher can damage the arteries that supply blood to the brain.
Septicemia is the clinical name for blood poisoning. It is a medical emergency and requires urgent medical treatment.
If you notice any of these symptoms, call 911 or your local emergency medical service immediately. Treatment for stroke is most effective when started as soon as possible.
How and when you feel sleepy has to do with your sleep/wake cycles, which are triggered by chemicals in the brain.
One way that scientists measure sleep is through brain waves, which change in specific ways as you move through the sleep process. Your brain waves change during four basic stages of sleep.
Almost every 40 seconds in the United States, a person experiences a stroke.
Detailed information on stroke, also called brain attack, including history, statistics, symptoms, types, effects, diagnostic, treatment, and rehabilitation information
Tension headaches are typically a steady ache, rather than a throbbing one, and affect both sides of the head. Stress or muscle tension is often the cause.
Here is a list of the most common types of neurological disorders, including acute spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and headaches.
Although there is no cure for stroke, advanced medical and surgical treatments are now available, giving many stroke victims hope for optimal recovery.
Muscular dystrophy is a group of inherited diseases that are characterized by weakness and wasting away of muscle tissue, with or without the breakdown of nerve tissue.
Strokes are classified as either ischemic or hemorrhagic. Ischemic strokes are caused by blockage of an artery. Hemorrhagic strokes are caused by bleeding in the brain.


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Stanley Vemco Garage door opener repair
I have a Stanley Vemco garage door opener that was installed in 1996, recently after a thunderstorm the door will not close properly, it appears the saftey sensor at the bottom of the door is not working properly. If I hold the door closer button down the door will start to close, when I release the button the door reverses and goes back up. I am looking for a schematic of the circuit that controls the saftey feature, or if anyone has repaired a similar problem, how was it repaired? I could replace the sensors, but I think the circuit that is driving them is the problem. I also know that Stanley no longer supports this product, it appears they dropped the line in 1997.
Any time you troubleshoot a powered door, the first thing you should do is disconnect the door from the opener. and see if the door moves freely by hand, then also see if the opener operates without a load on it. If it operates without load, it may be the "down pressure", which should be adjustable. if the door does not move freely, repair tracks or whatever is damaged, then try again.
Try jumping out the wires for the photo eyes, and see if it is the safety beam. I'm not sure if the eye is normally open, or normally closed, so try it with the wires jumped, and then again with the wires capped.
Most likely the board got fried, and it is time for a new unit.
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That is an invitation that no-one could resist. Join Valerie in her bedroom.
She is ready and eager. First she stretches her superb legs right across the bed. There is not long for her to wait for the stroking to begin. She opens herself to the firm caresses. Soon all the attention is going to her perfect ass and pussy. Her lips part in silent surrender.
As arousal becomes more intense her body reveals the feelings that flood through her. The exquisite pleasure grows and grows.
Runtime: 24:54 Minutes Format: Full HD 1080p File Size: 309 MB
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Love and Romance Flowers by Acme Floral
Looking for the perfect way to say "I love you" to that special someone? Look no further than Acme Floral in Akron, OH for romantic gifts including valentines day flowers, roses and romantic gifts. Acme Floral has everything you'll need for the perfect way to declare your love. Sweep them off their feet with our romantic gifts!
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Writing is one of the representatives of the trace in general; it is not the trace itself. The trace itself does not exist.
Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology1
In an exploratory essay on the concept of the archival fonds and the post-custodial era, Terry Cook has urged archivists to:
liberate themselves from the constraints of the 'custodial era' with its focus on physical groupings of records, and to embrace instead the implications of the 'post-custodial' era with its conceptual paradigm of logical or virtual or multiple realities. 2
He goes on to argue that in future the archival profession will no longer be defined in terms of the 'curatorship of physical objects', but in relation to its knowledge of the 'conceptual relationships between creating structures, their animating functions, and the resulting records'. 3
Australian archivists have been quietly grappling with these conceptual relationships since Peter Scott rejected the record group as an inappropriately physical way of preserving and representing records in their contexts of creation. In abandoning the record group, Scott was driven by his understanding of the dynamic nature of the relationships amongst records and between records and their contexts of creation and use. This understanding was in part forced upon him by the type of jurisdictional and functional arrangements, organisational structures and recordkeeping processes common in mid-twentieth century bureaucracies, and the ways in which they were subject to change at an ever increasing rate. He therefore conceived a system capable of capturing and re-presenting archival data about the nature of the 'logical or virtual or multiple' relationships that exist at any moment of time (and hence through time) amongst records, and between records and their contexts of creation and use. At the time when Scott advocated the abandonment of the record group as the basis for the physical arrangement and description of archives, he was seen by many to be abandoning the basic archival principle of respect des fonds, and what Chris Hurley has described as 'that great [but ultimately elusive] archival grail quest – The Search for the Holy Fonds'. The object of Scott's own quest was a system that could reconstruct recordkeeping systems in their legal, functional and organisational contexts at any given point in time, a system that was capable of generating for users multiple views 'on paper' or 'on the screen' of a complex reality that has always been conceptual rather than physical.
Cast in the role of defenders of the evidential qualities of the non-current record of social and organisational activity, archivists developed principles or sets of rules to govern the arrangement and description of records in their physical custody. The primary aim of these rules as articulated by writers such as Muller, Feith and Fruin, and Jenkinson was to provide for what Jenkinson termed the moral defence of the record – to ensure that records were preserved in the context of their creation and would thereby retain their qualities as evidence of the functions and activities of the organisations or persons that created them.
The rules they devised were more or less appropriate to the type of jurisdictional and functional arrangements, organisational structures and recordkeeping processes of their places and times, and as well as being shaped and conditioned by the available technology. They were however rooted in an understanding of the fonds as a physical object, an organic growth, capable of reconstruction on the shelves in the repository and able to 'inherently reflect the functions, programmes, and activities of the person or institution that created them'. 4 Thus the French respect des fonds prescribed ways of physically arranging records in archival repositories to represent the fonds:
the whole of the documents of any nature that every administrative body, every physical or corporate entity, automatically and organically accumulated by reason of its function or of its activity. 5
The fonds was defined in terms of jurisdiction and competence. It was seen as having both an external and internal dimension, the external dimension relating to the external structures in which the records were accumulated or created and the internal dimension to the internal recordkeeping structures.
Archival systems that were based on these rules had as their object the physical grouping of records in the repository to represent the higher level external structures in which they had accumulated, thus also reflecting the functions and activities of the records creator, as well as to recreate internal filing structures. The systems also aimed to describe the resulting record groups in archival finding aids.
The variant German provenienzprinzip (principle of provenance) was cast at a different level of the organisational hierarchy, that of the administrative unit that created the records. It was linked to the registraturprinzip (principle of registration order), which was derived from observing the way pre-action registry systems order official documents. The Germans believed that the functions and activities of records creators were best reflected in registration or filing order rather than in the administrative structures in which records were created. This belief stemmed from an understanding of how the recordkeeping processes which govern filing order themselves are based on the activities of the records creator, an understanding which is close to David Bearman's view that the recordkeeping system is the locus of functional provenance:
Record-keeping systems are established to serve institutional or personal purposes and therefore reflect the functions and activities of the creating organization or individual. . .
Suffice it to say here that what systems analysts would call the business function being conducted, not the 'office of origin', determines the form and content of records and dictates the procedures for their creation and dissemination. 6
Respect des fonds and the German variants were blurred in their translation by Dutch and English archivists into the associated principles of provenance and original order, and subsequently various permutations of these principles developed in North America. The external dimension of the fonds came to be equated with the principle of provenance and to be defined as the grouping together in the physical custody of the archives of the records of a single creator. The internal dimension of the fonds came to be equated with the principle of original order, and was defined as maintaining records in their filing or sequence of action order. Over time respect des fonds and the related principles of provenance and original order as thus elaborated came to be considered as the fundamentals of archival science. 7
Thinking in many northern hemisphere archival institutions about how best to preserve records in context got bogged down in attempts to develop, refine and implement sets of rules that would result in a physical manifestation of the fonds on the repository shelves and a surrogate of this physical manifestation in the archival finding aids. Given the impracticalities involved in the endeavour, in many systems, record groups brought together the records of organisational or administrative units which operated at a lower level than the fonds. And in practice records tended to be preserved in the order in which they were found or transferred. Archivists became trapped in systems that attempted to represent records and their context by freezing them in time. And they became wedded to the cataloguing notion that archival data consists of the description of the physical objects thus 'created', the formed fonds or record group. They were like the early photographers who captured on film incomplete streetscapes, ones from which all moving objects had 'vanished', or else immobilised their subjects for long enough for them to be 'frozen' on film.
Meanwhile in Australia, the Commonwealth Archives Office (CAO), unencumbered by the baggage of archival systems past and concerned almost exclusively with modern records, began to re-examine the purposes of archival systems. The subsequent development of Scott's system, the Commonwealth Records Series (CRS) system was informed by new thinking about the nature of records of social and organisational activity and of recordkeeping systems, the recordkeeping continuum, and the relationship between archival work and current recordkeeping. 8 The CAO defined its role as a defender of the archival record in terms that went beyond the physical custody of old records to address the broader notions encompassed by the Oxford Dictionary's definition of custody as 'safekeeping; protection; defence; charge; care; [and] guardianship'. 9 It looked to exercise these responsibilities across the recordkeeping continuum, i.e. in relation to recordkeeping processes from the time of records creation. At the same time, it was carving out a place for itself in the management of Commonwealth records generally. It therefore needed an archival information system that would support its programs of intervention in relation to current recordkeeping processes in Commonwealth agencies, as well as its programs for managing records already in its repositories.
Thus, the development of the CRS system reflected a view of the purposes of an archival system which went beyond the arrangement and description of records in the physical custody of the archival authority and incorporated the type of information needed to manage the disposal of unwanted records from current recordkeeping systems, to assure the transmission of records of continuing value from agency systems of control to archival control, and to manage subsequent archival program action, eg conservation action or administration of access. The CRS system thus attempted to address two of the purposes of archival documentation systems defined by Bearman in 'Documenting Documentation', the preservation of the evidential qualities of archival records and the requirements of their internal management. It is noteworthy that scant attention was paid to the other main purpose identified by Bearman, serving the needs of end users to locate and access relevant information. 10
The development of the CRS system was also based on new thinking about the concepts of respect des fonds, provenance and original order. Scott did not reject the need to preserve records in their contexts of creation, but rethought the objectives behind the associated principles in a modern context:
If the long-established principles of respect des fonds (provenienzprinzip) and respect for original order (registraturprinzip) have any general validity beyond the immediate historical situations in which they were developed, it would seem that they entail the following objectives:
- Archives should be kept in their administrative context, in the sense of both (a) the office unit and person producing them and (b) the record system of which they form a part.
- Archives should be kept in the order in which they were produced, entered on record, or incorporated into a record system. To these one might add other objectives, such as flexibility in archives management (especially in numeration and location) and efficient use of storage accommodation. 11
This quotation also reflects how Scott, following Dutch and English traditions, blurred the French and German principles. However, in the way he defined records creating entities in his system, and in his decision to locate the physical level of control in the record series as the most logical building block for reconstructing recordkeeping systems, he was much closer to the German approach.
Scott concluded that the physical arrangement of records in the repository and the documentation of records in their context could and should be separate processes. The object of description ceased to be the creation of a surrogate ('word photograph') of the physical grouping of records in the repository. It became instead the creation of knowledge representations in the archival system of contextual and recordkeeping relationships. The highest physical level of control or grouping of records in the repository would be determined by the physical process of accumulation of the records, not by the organisational or system structures in which they accumulate. The identification of records creating entities was linked initially to recordkeeping processes, rather than to higher level jurisdictional or organisational structures, thus revisiting the German view of the functional nature of the relationship between provenance and filing order (as expressed in their provenienzprinzip and registraturprinzip principles). 12 This way of defining records creating entities was later abandoned in favour of one which relied on legislative and administrative arrangements, ie the instruments by which the Commonwealth government structured itself to carry out its functions, but still pitched at office unit level. Archival description would analyse and document separately contexts and records, then recombine information about contexts and records in finding aids that reconstruct provenance and recordkeeping system relationships 'on paper' or intellectually. The higher level organisational structures in which records accumulated were not represented as context or records creating entities in Scott's system. However they were represented in outputs from the system, such as Inventories of Agencies, which brought together archival data about the hierarchical relationships between lower level records creating entities.
A set of rules (rule-base) was developed to apply this new thinking to the type of organisational structures and recordkeeping processes dominant in Australian bureaucracies in the mid twentieth century. Hence agencies became the focus for descriptions of context, and the series for records. Although as originally conceived, Scott had envisaged the inclusion of descriptions of functions and legislative arrangements as separate context entities, this was not implemented. Information about functions and legislation came to be incorporated in the descriptive texts of agency registrations, an issue which will be discussed below. It was determined that the series was the appropriate level of physical arrangement, ie that it represented best the physical process of records accumulation. It was defined in Scott's seminarl 1966 article as:
a group of record items, which, being controlled by numbers or other symbols, are in the same sequence of numbers or symbols, or which, being uncontrolled by numbers or symbols, result from the same accumulation or filing process and are of similar physical shape and informational content.(p.498)
In deciding to use the series as the focus for documenting records, and the building block for reconstructing recordkeeping systems, Scott was following much the same logic in relation to manual registry systems as Bearman does when he states that for electronic records, the recordkeeping system has the advantage of being a real thing 'with concrete boundaries in time and space'. 13
A set of procedures and archival practices was developed to translate this rule-base into arrangement and description action in relation to records in and out of custody, e.g. the separate registration of organisations, agencies and series, which ideally occurred prior to transfer, and the physical processes of accessioning consignments of records series.
Heather MacNeil has stated that:
In asserting the principle of respect des fonds as the only sound basis for archival arrangement, early archival theorists were asserting the primary nature of archives as evidence and, by extension, the archivist's primary obligation to protect the integrity of evidence in the methods used to treat archival fonds. That obligation is asserted more directly in Jenkinson's moral defence of archives, which refers to the fact that we protect archives not only from physical deterioration but also from loss of meaning, due to their accidental or deliberate eradication from their context. 14
However they were also asserting that the only way to assure the moral defence of the record was through a combination of physical arrangement and physical custody.
Peter Scott broke the nexus between moral defence, physical arrangement and custody, at least in relation to representing the provenancial and recordkeeping contexts of records. He was one of the first to challenge the 19th century view, still embedded in some archival systems to this day, that the fonds, in terms of either its external or internal structures, can be represented through the physical arrangement of records in an archival repository. He also rejected the corollary notion that the description of records and their contexts should mirror the arrangement of the records in the physical custody of the archives authority. Scott believed that it was possible to respect the fonds by 'context control', by documenting records and their contexts in terms of the relationships between them. Thus it was not necessary to reconstruct the fonds physically. (Indeed it is not logical to attempt to do so because fonds have what we recognise today as a virtual not a physical reality. Because of this the physical reconstruction of the fonds in a record group, while providing one view of what is a multiple reality, obscures or obliterates other views.)
It was Scott's great insight that the contexts in which records are created, both the provenance and recordkeeping system contexts, can only be represented 'on paper' or intellectually. As a consequence, the Commonwealth Archives Office abandoned attempts to reflect provenance and recordkeeping systems either in the physical arrangement of records on the repository shelves, or by describing them in the state in which they were found or transferred. Instead Scott set out to build a system that could represent the logical, virtual and multiple relationships between records and their contexts of creation (provenance relationships), and amongst the records themselves (recordkeeping system relationships). How well the CRS system achieves this will be further explored below. In terms of the way he designed his system, his genius lay in the separation in the system's structure of knowledge about context from knowledge about the records themselves, and the system's capacity to establish relationships between contexts and records, thus anticipating the use of relational databases in archives systems by twenty years!
Almost thirty years after Scott attempted to explain his series system to the archival world in the pages of The American Archivist, the Australian response to the General International Standard Archival Description, ISAD(G), has parallelled Scott's response to the record group. Although now regarded as an 'historical document', the 'Madrid Principles' adopted by the International Council on Archives (ICA) in 1992 provided the basis for the development of ISAD(G), which essentially follows a cataloguing model, combining records and context data in one logical record in the archival descriptive system, a surrogate for the physical record in custody. Australians were critical of the confusion of the theoretical basis for description with a statement of a particular application of the principle in the 'Madrid Principles', which in part stated:
(3) The basic unit of archival management is the 'fonds' (group, collection)The Australian Society of Archivists' (ASA) comments also raised three critical issues in relation to the 1992 version of ISAD(G):
(4) An archival accumulation can be analyzed into levels of arrangement; these in turn are represented in levels of description. 15 [My emphasis.]
(1) Descriptions of Records must not be limited by custodial considerations
(2) Allowance must be made for Description of Context and Provenance to be developed independently of the description of records
(3) Allowance must be made for more than one records-creator when attributing a 'unit of description', i.e. for multiple-provenance attribution at the series level. 16
Many Australian archivists also find the other English language 'standards' – the Canadian Rules for Archival Description, RAD, the British Manual for Archival Description, MAD and the US APPM inadequate for similar reasons. In particular, for the reasons rehearsed above in discussing Scott's abandonment of the record group, Australians are critical of placing the fonds at the centre of archival arrangement and description, as many of our international colleagues advocate, whether by prescribing its use as an entity for data capture about the record, by formulating it upon ideas which stress one phase in the evolution of context and structure to the exclusion or detriment of others, or by persisting with the notion that it can be kept physically intact, or by prescribing that each series can only belong to one fonds. It is interesting to note that in spite of the significant contribution of Canadians such as Terry Cook, Richard Brown and Brian Brothman to the elucidation of the virtual nature of the fonds in its external dimension, and the development of 'new provenance theory' (which focuses on functions and activities, rather than organisational structures), the official Canadian descriptive tactic in RAD, takes an opposite approach and has stuck to a structural and physical definition of respect des fonds as:
the principle that the records of a person, family or corporate body must be kept together in their original order, if it exists or has been maintained, and not be mixed or combined with the records of another individual or corporate body. 17
In response to these international developments, the ASA Council commissioned Chris Hurley to collect and 'systematise' information about how Australian archival institutions structure and use descriptive data. The outcome of this project is an evolving document, the Australian Common Practices Manual: ACPM. Although intended to be descriptive of Australian practice rather than prescriptive, the ACPM has adopted a conceptual framework for presenting and comparing information about the structure and use of descriptive data in Australian archival information systems which is based on the identification of four kinds of descriptive entity – ambience, provenance, records and contents. Developed by Chris Hurley, this conceptual model was refined for presentation in full in his chapter in this publication. In the ACPM, it is used as an 'analytical matrix' to compare and correlate his findings in relation to Australian archival information systems. 18 It also provides us with a powerful tool for exploring the layers of contextuality (jurisdictional, functional, organisational and recordkeeping system-related) that surround the point at which the transaction is captured as a record, as well as the nature of the relationships that occur within and across the layers. A particularly exciting aspect of the model is the inclusion of two different kinds of context entities – ambience (for entities such as organisations, families or groupings of agencies by jurisdiction or competence) and provenance (for persons and corporations who create, maintain, use, control or dispose of records). Ambient entities are described as properly defining and differentiating jurisdictional responsibility and activity. Ambience provides for what has been a 'missing link' in the Australian system until now – a way of representing in the system higher level entities that do not directly create records. Most archival systems in Australia do not provide for ambient entities. Standardised ways of capturing and representing such entities will be a critical part of any national or international plan for 'documenting documentation'.
The ACPM approach enables us to draw key distinctions between systems that take a cataloguing approach and associate data about records and their context in one descriptive entity, and series system approaches which construct relationships between separate records and context entities, either within the layers of contextuality or across their interfaces. It also suggests a very different way of conceptualising the fonds than that favoured by international colleagues who still see it as having an external and internal dimension. Pursuing the logic of his model of the Australian system, Chris Hurley proposes that if one wished to document the fonds within this model, it could be treated as two coextensive entities in the archival system, one residing in the ambient layer, and one in the records layer.
The Manual in itself is not a standard, but it is an exciting step in that direction. It is not only concerned as is the ISAD(G) with defining data content and structure for archival systems. More significantly it is moving towards an archival system specification for common application. Although it does not prescribe a series system approach (yet!), it forces its users to take a series system perspective, but a series system perspective re-invigorated and enriched by the multiple layers of contextuality introduced into the conceptual model. It is currently providing a springboard for the presentation of Australian views on standardisation to the international community via Chris Hurley's role as Australia's representative on the ICA's Ad Hoc Commission on Descriptive Standards.
In part as a response to the Australian critique, but mainly as a result of Canadian initiatives, ISAD(G) is being revised to incorporate access points and authority records. An associated document, the draft International Standard Archival Description for Authority Records, ISAD(AR), sets out standards for the description of 'fonds' which will be held as records in an authority file, containing administrative histories and biographies. Each 'series' description could then be linked to these descriptions of the 'fonds' by access points.
Indications are that our international colleagues believe (mistakenly) that provisions for multi-level description of the fonds, and the introduction of authority files to enable indexing of the 'series' description by 'fonds' will address Australian concerns, in particular the need to allow for the separate documentation of context and records. Heather MacNeil has stated:
In RAD, the techniques of multilevel description and authority control are the means by which internal and external structure are brought together in order to identify and explain these systems of interrelationship and to facilitate intellectual access to them; in the Australian series system, external and internal structure are rigorously separated through the techniques of context control and records control in order to accomplish the same end. The different approaches are complementary, not contradictory. 19
But the Australian requirement that multiple relationships can be established between context and records entities to represent complex and dynamic realities (the corollary of the requirement for the separate documentation of context and records) cannot be fully met by multi-level description techniques or the introduction of authority files and access points. The problem with the international argument arises most particularly from the insistence simultaneously on the fonds as both the 'highest level' of description and the focus for the capture of archival data about the records. This results in an approach which
On the other hand, as discussed below, it is true to say that, the Australian series system has not generally dealt well with documenting the layer of contextuality that is to do with jurisdictions and functions. The exploration by some Canadians of the virtual nature of the fonds has much to offer here, though not the RAD technique of multi-level description. Ironically, Scott may have thrown out the baby with the bath water. In abandoning the physical record group, he also failed to make adequate provision in his system of intellectual 'context control' for the jurisdictional and functional layer of contextuality that the abstract fonds represents.
As quoted above, Cook has referred to the role of the archivist in building a knowledge-base of the 'conceptual relationships between creating structures, their animating functions, and the resulting records.' One of the purposes of the CRS system has always been the construction of such a knowledge base. However Scott's original choice of context and records entities did not allow for the full elaboration of all the layers of contextuality identified in Chris Hurley's model. Moreover, the CRS system as 'prototyped' by Scott was quickly codified before many of the features he envisaged had been developed. Perhaps for this reason, its further conceptual development has been somewhat limited. Essentially the CRS system operates at a single layer of contextuality. In this provenance layer, it captures detailed data about administrative structures as well as data about their mandates, functions and activities, much of which is 'lost' in descriptive text, rather than presented in structured data elements. Missing in large measure from the series system in Australian Archives is the ambient layer which has to do with jurisdictional, organisational and functional context. Apart from the maximalist 'organisation' (pitched in the CRS system at the level of the whole of government), ambient context in the sense of higher level organisational structures is represented only through the controlled and controlling relationships established between agencies. Also largely absent until recently have been the 'animating functions', assigned to organisations via legislative and administrative mandates. Functions are both broader and narrower than the boundaries of the structural entities to which they relate – they both embrace and penetrate them. They are translated into action by processes that take place within organisational structures, processes which in turn are made up of sequences of transactions that are captured as records in recordkeeping system structures.
As Scott originally conceived the series system, contextual entities included not only organisations and agencies, but also functions and legislation (mandates and controls). Officially, however, legislative mandates and functions remained 'on the drawing board', until analysis of functions was undertaken in the 1980s to enable the construction of a functional thesaurus to index the automated system of agency and series registrations and inventories, RINSE. Until then, information about functions, activities and legislation remained buried in the descriptive text of agency and series registrations. Scott himself pursued his concept relating to functions by working away at his own functional classification of records held in the New South Wales Office of Australian Archives when he was in charge of the region during the 1970s and early 19802. 20 Functional analysis is now regarded by Australian Archives as an indexing tool. It has not been considered as either a way of classifying context or records entities, or as a way of defining and capturing archival data about them. Nor has it been considered as a context entity in its own right.
Finally, although much work is undertaken in Australian Archives to analyse recordkeeping systems and they are represented in the system through the establishment of controlling, controlled and related series relationships, much rich data about recordkeeping systems and processes is also buried in series description text. This is particularly ironic given Scott's view that:
an archivist may be defined essentially as a preserver and interpreter of records in their original recordkeeping systems. 21Scott himself undertook extensive analysis of Australian 19th and 20th century recordkeeping systems, and lectured for many years on this subject in the University of NSW archival program, but no publications resulted from his endeavours.
Exploration of how to best represent the ambient layer of context has begun in other institutions which have adopted and modified the series system. The Public Record Office Victoria uses the term 'record groups' to refer to portfolio-based entities or entities made up of other 'groupings' of agencies by common jurisdiction or function. Its archival system establishes relationships between provenance entities and these ambient entities, thereby enabling links to be made between lower level records creating units and higher level organisational structures, functional or jurisdictional groupings. It also maps the transfer of functions between record groups and agencies. A further development of this aspect of the system has been the separate registration of functions and the establishment of relationships between functions and other entities in the system – record groups (ambient entities), agencies (provenance entities) and series (records entities). 22
Pursuant to these developments, Chris Hurley proposes that functions may be another type of ambient entity – treated not 'as attributes of another entity, or as the basis for a vocabulary of retrieval, but as ambient entities in their own right'. In making this suggestion, he is hinting at a way to push the logic of the series system even further. This begs a host of questions. Should data relating to functional context be associated with entities which are essentially defined by their organisational structure? Is it appropriate to treat functions, activities, processes and transactions as attributes of other types of entities, e.g. organisations or agencies? Could functional as opposed to structural context be documented separately, then relationships established to link these entities to other context entities and records entities? Could activities, processes and transactions be treated as other types of context entity? And finally, what might be achieved by exploring this approach – would it enable archival systems to better achieve their purposes? Tentative answers are provided in the PROV's experience, which suggests that functional approaches are much preferred by end users and that records 'align much more easily and simply under functions'. 23 Whereas relationships between administrative structures and records are constantly changing with increasingly frequent reshuffles, amalgamations and divisions, the relationships between functions and records are relatively stable. There is still much experimentation and exploration to be done in these areas.
Some recent treatments of the concept of the archival fonds follow Scott in recognising that in its so-called external dimension it has what we readily identify today as a virtual rather than a physical reality:
It is at the heart of this process or relationship linking the creator and the records that the essence of provenance or respect des fonds is found. But a relationship by definition is abstract; it is not a concrete thing that one can touch or arrange or push into archival boxes. The fonds is thus a concept expressing a dynamic interconnection between the abstract description of the records creator(s) and the concrete description of the actual records (series, files, items). 24However, especially when dealing with paper records, few writers question the physicality of the internal dimension of the fonds. Nor did Scott extend his thinking about 'context control' to 'records control':
Essentially the point at issue is the level of physical classification of records; i.e. while one may reaidly classify items into series, my view is that it is impossible physically to classify series into record groups. 25
Whereas series were to have 'their administrative context and associations recorded on paper', record items were to be 'kept in their administrative context and original order by physical allocation to their appropriate series'. 26 Thus according to the rule-base of the CRS system, original order must be preserved by the physical arrangement of the records into series. But, in what physical sense are records ever 'actual'? Are series conceptual or physical entities? Can original order be represented by physical arrangement? Clearly it cannot in electronic recordkeeping systems, but this may be equally true of paper systems in which the physical ordering or placement of records is not immutable and records can be and are re-ordered – whether at document or file level.
Documentary forms that result from social or organisational transactions or communication become records when they are captured by recordkeeping processes in the broader context of the related social or organisational activity. They thereby acquire their special quality as evidence. Recordkeeping, whether achieved by rudimentary accumulation processes, or highly formalised and systematic ones, incorporates individual documents into the record by 'placing' them in relation to other documents that form part of the record, and establishing their relationships to their contexts of creation and use. Recordkeeping systems capture the content of documents, represent their structure, and link related documents together. Among other things, quality recordkeeping systems retain the information content and structure of records in reconstructable relations, and link to the original records information about subsequent access and use. They also enable records to be retrieved at a later date in a form that represents their original structure and in a way that reflects their context of creation and use. 27 Both the relationships amongst documents in a recordkeeping system or accumulation of records, and between records and their contexts of creation and use, are multiple and dynamic. Although electronic recordkeeping systems are readily identified as being able to define multiple contextual and documentary relationships, it is often assumed that manual paper systems are limited to capturing the 'original' filing order and representing it physically. But is this really so?
Chris Hurley has touched on, but not explored further, the virtual nature of 19th century recordkeeping systems and the way they capture 'metadata' about the documents they contain – he refers to the loss of 'physicality' in 19th century systems through top-numbering (physical re-location into other series/systems), and subsequent shifts in provenance and control, which were 'documented' in the systems' registers and indexes. He could also have added through the frequent temporary attachment of papers together to facilitate business transactions, at a time when copying technology was not available to enable multiple permanent associations of documents on files.
In the paper filing systems of the 20th century, records move between series through top-numbering, and sub-sets are shuffled around with administrative change, physically retired to secondary or archival storage, or destroyed. In decentralised organisational structures, the 'logical' paper record of a particular transaction can be physically captured at and dispersed across various office locations. Even at item level, the record is not always completely captured in a document's content, structure and physical placement. For example, the various stages in the process of becoming for the record that is the title deed, a single document which is continually updated and amended to capture within it the records of a series of property transactions, may be captured physically in the document's content and structure, but equally may only be evident in the 'metadata' present in related records. Consider also the document used on the cover of this publication, which apparently captured the records of at least three transactions, and has been placed in a different recordkeeping system context by a top-numbering process that removed it from its 'original' filing order. The changes in status which the series system was developed to accommodate related to structural provenance or control, but continuing and frequent changes in status also occur in relation to location, arrangement and recordkeeping system ordering. The record is always in a process of becoming.
The rule-base of the CRS system enshrines the record series as the foundation for both the intellectual and physical control of Commonwealth records. It perpetuates the notion that, although provenancial relationships and recordkeeping system relationships can be and are best represented intellectually, a record series is a physical entity, not an abstraction based on the dynamic relationships in both time and space between the records accumulated by the recordkeeping process that creates the series. It should be noted, however, that in relation to this part of the rule-base, the physical level of arrangement in the repository has most often been at the consignment (or accession) level rather than the series.
For the same reasons that the fonds can be only partly manifest by what is in the boxes on the shelves, logical, virtual and multiple documentary relationships cannot be adequately represented physically. In so far as he insisted that records (at least those of continuing value) be arranged physically in record series to reflect their process of accumulation, Scott did not carry through the logic of his insights about 'context control'. He developed a system that could, by separating context and records-related knowledge, then establishing relationships between them, reconstruct provenance and recordkeeping systems 'on paper' or as knowledge representations in an archival information system. By extension it could do the same for the record series themselves. The logic of his thinking, especially when combined with the liberating effect of new technology, can lead to the conclusion that the system of physical arrangement on the repository shelves is irrelevant to both 'context' and 'records control', and can as well be determined according to the demands of stores management.
The loss of physicality that occurs when records are captured electronically is forcing archivists to reassess basic understandings about the nature of the records of social and organisational activity, and their qualities as evidence. Even when they are captured in a medium that can be felt and touched, records as conceptual constructs do not coincide with records as physical objects. Physical ordering and placement of such records captures a view of their contextual and documentary relationships, but cannot present multiple views of what is a complex reality. The traditional custodial role takes on another dimension when it is accepted that the record is only partly manifest in what is in the boxes on the repository shelves. The purpose of archival systems is to ensure that records are preserved in the context of their creation and use, and retain their qualities as evidence so that when retrieved for future use their meaning and significance can be understood. Even when documenting records in traditional forms, archival systems cannot fulfil this purpose if they do not go beyond concerns with the physical grouping and description of records in the repository, to capture data about contextual and documentary relationships.
As a defender of the pre-twentieth century (paper) record, Jenkinson stressed the importance of continuous custody to preserve physical integrity and attempted to defend its moral integrity through its physical preservation as part of the fonds (his Archive Group). As a defender of the record of modern 20th century bureaucracies, Scott broke the nexus between moral defence and physical arrangement and custody, at least in relation to the preservation of the record's provenancial and recordkeeping system context. Defenders of the post-modern record are turning away from a custodial role and are exploring how to preserve and provide access to electronic records of continuing value in their contexts of creation and use through the capture and management of archival metadata.
In an eloquent defence of the role of a government archival authority in the management of the recordkeeping continuum, Glenda Acland characterises the record as an evidentiary, post-custodial conceptual reality, in contrast with the relic, which is a curatorial, custodial, physical thing. 28 She thus articulates an understanding of the nature of records of social and organisational activity which informs post-custodial thinking about an archival mission, one which is supported by the 'twin pillars' of appraisal and documentation programs having as their object the capture of representative traces of the functions and activities of records creators, rather than records as 'physical things'.
Australian disciples of Scott can potentially contribute much to the development of strategies for documenting records in context in ways that support a post-custodial role for the archival profession, whether in relation to paper or electronic records. But just as Scott liberated the Commonwealth Archives Office from the monster of physical order at the record group level, they may need to liberate themselves from the notion that the series is a physical grouping of records. Australian experience in analysing the contexts of records creation and use in order to document provenancial relationships, and in analysing recordkeeping systems in order to document record series and the relationships between them, is of continuing relevance, and can contribute to understandings of the 'conceptual relationships between creating structures, their animating functions, and the resulting records'. However Australian archivists generally need to broaden their conceptualisation of the layers of contextuality that surround the point where the transaction is captured as a record. And their knowledge of recordkeeping systems needs to be sharpened and better communicated. Australian experience of archival intervention across the continuum of recordkeeping processes is also highly relevant to the development of successful strategies for managing the electronic record. Moreover the insights that are being gained from revisiting basic concepts and developing systems to capture and manage archival metadata have the capacity to inform the redesign and redevelopment of archival documentation strategies for records in more traditional documentary forms.
There is much to celebrate and build upon in the work of Ian Maclean, Peter Scott and the Australian archivists who have been inspired by their vision of a 'fully integrated government reocrds system'. 29The Australian experience of managing the records continuum and the Australian series system's potential as a conceptual model for the documentation of records in context through time and space have much to offer as archivists move beyond custody in their moral defence of the virtual electronic record.
I am grateful to Glenda Acland, Terry Cook, Chris Hurley, John Levett, Michael Piggott and Frank Upward for their comments and encouragement.
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