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review – The Nauvoo City and High Council Minutes
"The Nauvoo City and High Council Minutes is one of the most critical resources available for anyone trying to untangle the complex story of Mormon Nauvoo." —Lachlan E. Mackay, Director of Community of Christ Historic Sites, Nauvoo, Illinois.
"Open the cover of John Dinger's edition of The Nauvoo City and High Council Minutes and find yourself in Nauvoo in February 1841 in a warm corner of Amos Davis's parlor, listening to the formation of the Nauvoo Legion. Dinger, a knowledgeable guide, whispers in your year, explaining who John C. Bennett is. This extraordinarily vivid on-the-ground experience makes me want to bestow bouquets on every clerk, whether appointed or volunteer, who dutifully (and usually anonymously) records the stream of individual actions that make up the collective life of a community–present-day clerks take note!" — Lavina Fielding Anderson, editor of Lucy's Book: A Critical Edition of Lucy Mack Smith's Family Memoir
"Signature Books has added another gem to the histories of the early Mormon Church. The minutes of the Nauvoo City and the minutes of the Nauvoo Stake High Council of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints have been edited by Professor John S. Dinger in one volume for the first time. In the edited minutes and footnotes, the cast of characters play out their roles under a bright light from 1839 to 1845. Dinger includes biographical sketches of the councilmen of the City and Stake. The footnotes are rich with useful bibliographical references. The footnotes also provide a context of the minutes to the events in Nauvoo history. This early history during the leadership of the Prophet Joseph Smith is another pillar to Mormon history." —James E. Crooks Retired Librarian, The University of Michigan and the University of California
Reviewed by Bryan Buchanan for the Association for Mormon Letters
These days, it is fairly rare that a previously unpublished documentary source of importance appears. Buckle up. Signature Books has once again produced a gem in *The Nauvoo City and High Council Minutes* edited by John S. Dinger.
While the Nauvoo high council minutes have appeared (albeit in somewhat abridged format) previously, only tantalizing excerpts here and there from the city council minutes have ever emerged. John Dinger brings his legal expertise to the table in a yeoman's effort to produce coherent sets of minutes for both of these key Nauvoo decision-making bodies. Despite working almost until the point of no return from confusing transcripts, Dinger has compiled a fascinating chronology of the chaos that swirled almost constantly in Nauvoo.1
The physical makeup of the minutes is practically as interesting—in both cases (city and high council), scribes would take contemporary rough notes which would then be transferred and cleaned up into bound minute books. In the case of the city council, one more step was added of producing a finished set of minutes suitable for publication. However, teasing gaps remain—the missing book containing the trial of John C. Bennett being the prime example. No other source that I have read gives such a feeling of being "on the ground"—one can easily grasp what issues were on the minds of citizens and how quickly those could change.
Though Dinger himself muses about a true critical edition of the minutes appearing at some point, much of the footnoting serves just that purpose. The editor notes additional material that appears in either the loose minutes or the bound minute books and uses a system of symbols to show when he moves from one source type to another. Footnotes also give brief biographical details for participants and refer to other entries that shed greater light on the discussion at hand, perhaps the greatest value of the notes. Occasionally, the reader can sense the grief that Dinger went through trying to make sense of cryptic entries—at times, he admits that at a distance of 170 years, it is simply impossible.
Leafing through the entries, one quickly notes the breadth of matters that the city council considered. In a unique "created" community where virtually no one had much experience in government, the reader sees a group consulting other cities for precedent and experimenting with ordinances. The entries cover the most mundane (dogs were clearly a pressing problem—several ordinances deal with them!) to matters such as what to do with the Nauvoo Expositor. The color of meetings dealing with the latter show through boldly in the minutes: W.W. Phelps asking whether they were trampling upon anyone's rights, resounding answers of "No!" and resultant discussions of reimbursing those who had property destroyed with some council members stating they didn't think such action would even be necessary. The meetings leading up to the final decision to suppress the Expositor (and take down Robert Foster's barn as a casualty) are probably the climax of the book.
Though histories of the period mention the dissent and commotion present in late Nauvoo, these entries bluntly show a city hurtling toward complete chaos in a way that a secondary history written at a distance of decades cannot. The minutes, though understandably dealing with tedious governmental matters at times, are fascinating for anyone with even a passing interest in Mormon history.
The high council minutes don't lag behind the city council in interesting subject material. In the period predating the formation of the city council, one can easily see the seamless blend of temporal and spiritual in their discussions. As time passes and secular matters move to the other body, the high council turns attention to hearing complaints. These range from the trivial (she took some of my trinkets, waah) to more important matters like what to do with Francis Gladden Bishop who would move in and out of favor until finally becoming a minor player in the succession events. The most riveting to me were the many trials of 1842 when polygamy begins to really be whispered about and people begin to claim authority from Joseph Smith to have sex with anyone they want. Candid depositions with a degree of detail unexpected in the Victorian era make for entertaining reading. The divide between the two Nauvoos—one composed of the elite privy to details and the general populace—is never more apparent than in reading this section. Council member Wilford Woodruff notes in his diary the "exhertion abo[u]t these days to clense the Church," an effort that would only intensify as time passed.
As might be expected in trying to annotate such a collection, there are some minor hiccups. The brief biographical details given on most of the people mentioned are in some cases helpful, others with little more than birth and death dates not so much. On the other side of the coin, Alanson Ripley gets two sketches (p 346, 364)! When mentioning that Hosea Stout had later filled in names of high council members mentioned at first only by number, Dinger occasionally anticipates that four members always appear when only two are mentioned (p 379 n 92, 380, n 97). There are a few typos also: "Alonson Ripley." "Stephen C. LeSeuer," "legal council," etc. but, with such a large amount of data (names, dates, places) this is almost to be expected.
A few more substantive issues came up—at this point in Mormon historiography, unqualified references to *History of the Church* are beginning to seem out of place. With the upcoming publication of Dan Vogel's annotated edition of this source, one more barrier between reader and subject will be removed. Also, occasionally a footnote referring to a general topic could have used a little more oomph—for example, in a note dealing with attempts to publish the JST, Dinger says simply "Joseph Smith was re-writing portions of the Bible."
John Dinger and Signature are to be commended for publishing such a notable addition to the field of Mormon history. Writers and researchers treating the Nauvoo period now have a major addition to their pool of sources. Perhaps someone will employ this treasure in finally writing the definitive history of Nauvoo.
1. Only as they were preparing to go to press were the author and publisher able to consult scans of the originals which allowed them to confirm their understanding of the confusion.
Review by Doug Gibson, Ogden Standard-Examiner
The LDS Church Library no longer allows access to the Nauvoo City Council and High Council minutes from 1839 to 1845. That's a shame, but the minutes, when accessible, were recorded. Signature Books, with the assistance of historian John Dinger, has published the minutes, along with notes, and they're just plain fascinating for enthusiasts of history. Without spin, they lay out the controversy that swirled in Nauvoo prior to Joseph Smith's murder and the LDS exodus west.
The documents lend credence to the belief that the then-secret doctrine of polygamy sparked much of the contention that roiled Nauvoo. Many of those associated with the anti-Smith publication, the Nauvoo Expositor, were accused of using polygamy as an excuse to commit adultery. In the city council meeting of June 8, 1844, Hyrum Smith is cited as claiming that Joseph Smith's revelation on polygamy, read to the Nauvoo High Council on Aug. 12, 1843, "was in answer to a question concerning things which transpired in former days & had no reference to the present time." As curiously noted, "Hyrum Smith married four plural wives in 1843." It's clear that Hyrum Smith had rationalized that it was OK to mislead. Also, on page 255 of the Nauvoo City Council minutes, the LDS prophet, and Nauvoo mayor, Joseph Smith, supports Hyrum's incorrect words, saying that he had not preached the doctrine in public or private.
From reading the various minutes and notes commentary, polygamy was used as a cudgel in a conflict between the Smiths and their enemies, such as William Law, Wilson Law, Robert and Charles Foster, Chauncey and Francis Higbee, Sylvester Emmons, and others. These accusations were often judged in the non-secular, but equally powerful, Nauvoo High Council meetings. On May 24, 1842, "Chancy" Higbee was excommunicated by the high council after being judged guilty of adultery and for teaching "the doctrine that it was right to have free intercourse with women if it was kept secret …" Higbee, the minutes report, claimed "that Joseph Smith autherised (sic) him to practice these things."
Other accusations used to discredit critics included counterfeiting, stinginess, and plots to kill Joseph Smith. The final accusation was probably closest to the truth, as the violence that was commonplace in that era made lynching and murder a real possibility. The City Council minutes note how the Smiths used Nauvoo civil law to construct a habeus corpus statute so far-reaching that it could blunt any attempt to have Smith or others extradited to Missouri or anywhere outside of Nauvoo. In fact, Smith used habeus corpus to initially avoid arrest for trashing the Nauvoo Expositor press.
The city council debate that preceded the Nauvoo police's destruction of the Expositor press as a "nuisance" is very interesting. Anger from past atrocities against Mormons, notably the Haun's Mill massacre, were used as rationales to destroy the Expositor's press. Interestingly, one Nauvoo councilman, Benjamin Warrington, opposed destroying the press. He wanted to give the editors time to stop publishing and assess them a $3,000 fine.
Both Smiths spoke in opposition to Warrington's proposal, Hyrum adding that he doubted the publishers had the money to pay the fine. Those in favor of the press' destruction cited " Blackwater's Commentaries on the Laws of England," a reference book widely used in that era. Nauvoo city attorney and councilman George P. Stiles used "Blackwater" as evidence, "{saying a} Nuisance is any thing {that} disturbs the peace of {the} community."
The destruction of the Expositor began before the city council meeting authorizing the act had finished. As are most decisions made in haste and with excessive emotion, it backfired, increasing the danger to Joseph Smith and others. An attempt to use Nauvoo's liberal habeus corpus law to escape legal heat failed, and to protect Nauvoo from armed mobs, Joseph and Hyrum agreed to be jailed in Carthage, Ill. Assurances of safety from a feckless governor, Thomas Ford, failed, and history records that both Smiths were murdered by a mob.
The Nauvoo City Council minutes after the Smiths' murders are interesting. There is little of the anger or bluster that was part of the meeting that sanctioned the press' destruction. It's muted, and frankly reflects the shock and despair that must have surrounded Nauvoo and church members at the loss of their prophet. Much of the minutes cover discussion on how much the city must remunerate the Nauvoo Expositor for the destruction of its property. Hiram Kimball was assigned the task of dealing with the remuneration.
Also, it's clear that city leaders were concerned that the mobs that had killed the Smiths were still eager to attack Nauvoo. The council endorsed pleas by Governor Ford and others to avoid violent reprisals.
"The Nauvoo City and High Council Minutes" is a massive, indispensible treasure trove of Mormon history in Illinois. I'll have further blog entries that will concentrate on the minutes of meetings that determined the church successors to the slain Smiths, and another blog will focus on day-to-day matters that fell before the high council. Some were amusing; one recounts a man brought for church discipline because he sold his wife for her weight in catfish!
Reviewed by Roy Schmidt for the Association for Mormon Letters
When I first heard Signature Books was to publish The Nauvoo City and High Council Minutes, I was very excited. While these records have been partially published in the past, they were not easily accessible. I could not be more pleased with this publication.
Editor John S. Dinger is a Deputy Prosecuting Attorney for Ada County in Boise, Idaho. He is also a member of the editorial board for the Mormon History Association. He has, in my opinion, done a remarkable job in presenting the material contained in the book in a professional and highly competent way.
The book itself is nicely bound and attractive. There is an excellent index, and footnotes are used throughout. In addition, appendices include the complete Nauvoo City Charter, the Prospectus of the "Nauvoo Expositor," as well as excerpts from the first (and only) edition of that newspaper. These resources aid in our understanding of many of the items addressed by the City Council, and to some degree the Nauvoo High Council.
Dinger has included short biographical sketches of those who served as City and Stake Councilmen. Many of the names will be familiar to readers: John C. Bennett, Ezra T. Benson, Zebedee Coltrin, Heber C. Kimball, the Pratt brothers, and brothers Don Carlos, Hyrum, Joseph, Samuel Harrison, and William Smith. Others, such as Samuel Bent, Phillip Hammond Buzzard, Noah Packard, and Leonard Soby, will probably be less familiar. To give a idea as to the quality of these sketches, I present that of Samuel Bent mentioned above:
"Samuel Bent was born in March 1798 in Concord, Vermont. In 1833 he converted to Mormonism and moved to Kirtland, Ohio, three years later, then to Missouri, where he became a paramilitary Danite from June – October 1838. In the 1840s he lived twenty miles southeast of Nauvoo in Ramus, Illinois, and then on to a farm a few miles south of Nauvoo. In September 1847 he arrived in Utah, right behind the original pioneer company and settled in what became Bingham Canyon. Later he helped settle Ogden and became a ward bishop, stake patriarch, and territorial legislator. He died in May 1882." (xlvii)
I find it interesting to note several of those serving on the City Council also served on the Nauvoo High Council, such as William Marks, Ezra T. Benson, Shadrach Roundy, David Fullmer, and Reynolds Cahoon. Some nonmembers, like Daniel H. Wells who later joined the LDS Church, also served on the Nauvoo City Council.
All sorts of things came before both councils. I noted one of my personal heros, Elder Elijah Abel, was paid a sum for building a coffin (349). Elder Abel made his living in Nauvoo as a mortician. Readers may recall Abel as an African-American who held the Melchizedek Priesthood. He was ordained a Seventy, and served several missions for the Church. He and members of his family are buried in the Salt Lake City Cemetery.
Then there was the case of one Henry Lyman Cook, who was brought before the high council for selling his wife for her weight in catfish. The record reads, in part, as follows: "Upon examination of the case, it appeared, from the evidence, that Cook had lost his wife not long since and was left with three children [,] and being in destitute circumstances, and not in condition to keep house, thought that he best get married again and advised with who also thought best if he could get a suitable companion. Not long afterwards, upon a short acquaintance of some of his friends, he got married to Mary. Not long after this he found she was in the habit of traveling about of nights when there was no need of it&c. and that she would shamefully use his children & set bad examples before them, use very indecent language to them &c and also would abuse & insult him without a cause and entirely refuse to be subject to him or be under his control, boasting that she would not be governed by no man and threaten[ed] to use violence on him and his children[,] and that she would go off and leave him, but come back again and many such like improprieties, and that he had remonstrated against such proceedings with as much patience as could be expected under the circumstances[,] and used every method to bring her to her duty that he thought would avail any thing with her[,] and afterwards that he had whipped her pretty sevearly (which was his own testimony)[,] thinking that it might bring her to her duty. [He said] that he did not sell her but something had been said about it which was understood as a joke by himself and the witness[,] but the party making the offer held it as a bargain & so did she. It also appeared that he had formerly been a civil upright man who desired to live in peace and good order, all of which was abundantly proven.
"President Hyrum Smith spoke at some length on the subject, and, after giving Cook a very appropriate and severe reprimand for whipping his wife, he thought that Cook had acted as well as could be expected under his circumstances and decided that he should be acquitted. The vote was then put to the council by Pres[iden]t Mark[s] and carried unanimously(438-439)." (Note: spelling as in original.)
While many important cases were brought before the Nauvoo City Council, none were more important than those involving habeas corpus, and the Nauvoo Expositor. Regarding the former, Editor Dinger writes: "The habeas corpus acts passed in Nauvoo were so expansive that the municipal court could review not only the legality of the arrest warrant but determine the guilt or innocence of the defendant, eliminating the possibility for a later trial regardless of where the crime occurred or where the warrant was issued. No other American city possessed such broad laws. This enabled Nauvoo's Mormon-dominated municipal court to try all cases against Joseph Smith and other LDS leaders (xxi-xxx)." Many objected to these expansions which was one of the reasons the Illinois Legislature eventually repealed the Nauvoo City Charter.
The case of the Nauvoo Expositor is most interesting. On June 7, 1844 the Expositor published its first and only issue. In it, Joseph Smith was accused of teaching and practicing plural marriage, theocracy, and the plurality of gods, etc. It is fascinating to note the charges were mostly true. Nonetheless, Joseph and other leaders took exception, and deigned to have the Nauvoo Expositor declared a public nuisance, and its press destroyed. I was under the impression the case was brought before the City Council in sort of a kangaroo court, and the press simply ordered destroyed, and that was the end of it. The story is more complicated than that. On June 10, 1844, the City Council met, and continued their meeting of the 8th which was adjourned. Joseph brought up the Expositor: "The Mayor said – if he had a council who felt as he did, the establishment (referring to the Nauvoo Expositor) would be [declared] a Nuisance before night . . . .(254)." After some discussion, the council adjourned for an hour. After coming back into session, the council considered passages from James Kent's "Commentaries on American Law," and portions of Blackstone's "Commentaries on the Laws of England." Satisfied the law was on their side, the council passed an ordinance to destroy the press.
One councilor, Benjamin Warrington, argued against the destruction, feeling a fine of $500 would suffice should suffice. The discussion became quite heated at times: "C[ouncillor] Phelps continued [that he] felt deeper this day than he ever felt before. – [He] wanted to know by yes if there was anyone here who to avenge the blood of that Innocent female. Yes, resounded from every quarter of the room. – [He] referred to the Tea Plot at Boston[.] Are we offering[,] or have we offered[,] to take away the right of anyone [by] this [action] 2 day [today]? No!! from every quarters. – N[o] – Refered to [the] Laws grinding the poor – and spoke at great length – in support of active measures to put down iniquity (262)." The ordinance, as noted above, passed and the press destroyed, and the type scattered. In a footnote on page 266, Editor Dinger finds: "Before the city council had adjourned at about 6:00 p.m., the police had already entered the Expositor offices on Mulholland Street, and, as described by Francis Higbee, 'tumbled the press and materials into the street and set fire to them, and demolished the machinery with a sledge-hammer, and injured the building.'"
This review is already too long, but I would call attention to the trial of Sidney Rigdon before the High Council as found on pages 505-25. Several things impressed me. The trial was held in public as opposed to the closed sessions found in the church today. Sidney chose not to attend the court. Rigdon's excommunication was a foregone conclusion as everyone but Stake President William Marks spoke against him. I find myself having a much higher opinion of Marks than I had heretofore. Most important is that the Quorum of the Twelve took over the meeting from the Nauvoo High Council, and did much to establish itself as the presiding council of the church.
One final remark. The original records of the Nauvoo City Council, and High Council Minutes are held by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. John Dinger was denied access to these records. He writes: "In preparing the minutes for publication, I relied on typescripts, photocopies, and photographs. In addition, as we were preparing to go to press, other researchers achieved access to some digital scans that helped clarify questions I had (xvi)."
The Nauvoo City and High Council Minutes, is, I believe a most important work. Scholars, researchers, and other interested parties will gain a much deeper understanding of the goings-on of the church and its leaders at a most important time. Although somewhat pricy, a purchase of this work will be money well spent.
Follow up Review by Doug Gibson, Ogden Standard Examiner
Polygamy opponents were swept aside in Nauvoo turmoil after Joseph Smith's death
The months in Nauvoo following the murder of the LDS Church founder Joseph Smith were not surprisingly, filled with turmoil and political intrigue. The recent publication of The Nauvoo City and High Council Minutes by Signature Books provides detailed accounts of the Nauvoo Stake's high council meetings. It's very interesting reading. The High Council was a political tool, a body used to cast out prominent church members who did not support Brigham Young's claim of leadership, or the church's still-secret embrace of polygamy.
The purge of those who did not support Young in the months following Smith's murder is an important part of LDS Church history. The Machiavellian tactics, while ruthless and arbitrary, ultimately underscored why the Mormons survived the Nauvoo disaster and thrived. They needed a "dictator," — Young — not afraid to seize control and exercise it.
The Sept. 7, 1844 high council case of Leonard Soby, who publicly opposed polygamy in 1843 and helped publish The Nauvoo Expositor a year later, is a typical example of 1844 post-Martyrdom. Despite his past dissident status, which included an association with the anti-Smiths Nauvoo Expositor newspaper, Soby retained an uneasy status among the Nauvoo LDS religious hierarchy.
However, his support for Sidney Rigdon as church leader, and an altercation between Soby, Rigdon, Young and Orson Hyde on Sept. 3 over ordination authority for Rigdon, led to high council members "surprising" Soby with a motion that he be disfellowshipped. Soby protested vigorously, arguing that he was not a sinner, such as an adulterer or a moonshiner, but simply had honest differences with his high council colleagues.
It didn't help. Soby may have been a bit naive, or disingenuous. By September 1844, among the Nauvoo High Council, any hesitancy to damn Rigdon as a false prophet trying to usurp authority was a one-way ticket out of the LDS Church. By the end of the night, Soby was effectively disfellowshipped. He followed Rigdon to his church in Pennsylvania, which eventually failed. Soby, 34 when drummed out of the LDS Church, died in 1891 in New Jersey. He remains a footnore in early LDS Church history.
For Young's majority in the Mormon leadership, there was a far bigger fish to fry than Soby, or even Nauvoo Stake President William Marks, whose support for Rigdon and opposition to polygamy also ended his tenure later in 1844. On Sept. 8, 1844, in a public meeting, Rigdon would be kicked out of the church he had worked with Smith to build, with a litany of LDS Church apostles offering evidence against him.
As Brigham Young mentioned, Rigdon and Soby has been caught by Young and allies ordaining persons as "prophets" and "kings" etc. It was clear that Rigdon, who had already lost popular support in a contest with Young for church leadership, was attempting to take what members he could from Nauvoo with him to set up a rival church.
According to Young ally Orson Hyde, Rigdon, when asked that he surrender his license, threatened to publish "the history of this people since they came to Nauvoo of all their iniquity and midnight abominations." Rigdon was referring to polygamy, and it was personal to him. His daughter, Nancy Rigdon, when 19, had resisted Joseph Smith's efforts to make her a plural wife.
The stress of the Nauvoo polygamy battle caused Rigdon further deterioration of a long-taxed body and mind. By late 1844, he was a feeble adversary for Young and his allies. Young, who had long lost patience with Rigdon, chastised Rigdon with contempt. Other apostles provided anti-Rigdon rhetoric similar to what apostle John Taylor, future prophet, offered. He said "… he (Rigdon) is in possession of the same spirit which hurled the devil & those who we{r}e with him from heave(n) down to perdition(.)"
Only Marks offered support for Rigdon. To what must have been a very hostile audience, the Nauvoo Stake president bravely pointed out that over the course of years, allegations against Sidney Rigdon had always been unfounded. Marks also argued in favor of a first presidency-directed church, rather than one — as Young and others argued for — directed by the Quorum of the 12 Apostles.
Marks added, "… I do not know of any other man this day that has the same power to receive revelations as Sidney Rigdon(,) as he has been ordained to be a prophet unto this people, & if he is cut off from the body this day I wish to the man if there is any that has the same power as he (Elder Rigdon)."
Young caustically responded that "Sidney had done as much (as was needed to show his unworthiness) when he arrived from Missouri(;) he had done as much as would sever any man from the priesthood …" Various Young allies also began to charge that the late Joseph Smith had had very little regard for Rigdon, and that his reputation within the church had been overstated. This is not an uncommmon tactic to use, in war, business or religion, when a longtime member of a group is being deposed by a new generation.
As mentioned, the removal of Rigdon and allies such as Soby and Marks were needed if the Mormons were to survive as a religion. Rigdon was an ill man by 1844, both physically and emotionally. He had suffered great physical hardships due to persecution in the 1830s and severe depression and anguish brought on by the introduction of polygamy and attempts by Smith to marry his daughter. Had Rigdon somehow defeated Young as Smith's successor the LDS Church would have withered away. Rigdon's efforts to build his own church was a miserable failure, and he spent his later years as an obscure, almost iconic curio who few paid attention to. His eccentricities included long, rambling denunciations mailed to Brigham Young that were ignored or perhaps considered with bemusement by the Utah leader.
In fact, I suspect that support for Rigdon from Marks, Soby and others (several were excommunicated the same day that Rigdon was cast out) had more to do with disgust for polygamy and the knowledge that Young intended to continue the practice.
There's no way to know if Joseph Smith — had he lived — would have abandoned his polygamy experiment.
Under Young's leadership, however, it was here to stay, and opposition to "the principle" would not be tolerated.
By Roger Launius for the Roger Launius's Blog
Nauvoo, Illinois, in the 1840s was a theocracy; the practices of its Mormon overlords infuriated the non-Mormons of Hancock County steeped as they were in the ideals, issues, and influence of republicanism in the antebellum era. As The Nauvoo City and High Council Minutes offered here demonstrate, the Mormons established a government in Nauvoo that threatened the most cherished principles of American democracy. That they intended to expand it was evident in the creation of the secret Council of Fifty of the political kingdom of God, the attempt on the part of Joseph Smith Jr. to gain the American presidency in 1844, and negotiations with several governments for their own independent commonwealth. This aspect of the history of Mormon Nauvoo, more than anything else, led to the conflict of the Mormons with their non-Mormon neighbors.
John S. Dinger's excellent edited work containing the Nauvoo city council minutes and its ecclesiastical counterpart, the High Council's minutes, demonstrates beyond all doubt that there was an exceptionally thin line between church and state in the city of the Saints during the 1840s. Once granted a city charter at the end of 1840, Nauvoo's leaders moved swiftly to establish a city council and to pass ordinances both minor and in many cases of an intrusive nature in the daily lives of residents. Always they set about to create as much autonomy from the state and national governmental apparatus as possible and this caused friction between the Mormons in Nauvoo and the larger society. For instance, as detailed in these minutes, the city council broadened the scope of habeas corpus for the municipal court, thereby ensuring that no one outside the city would be able to arrest and spirit away from Nauvoo for trial elsewhere Joseph Smith and other Mormon leaders. This infuriated secular officials outside of Nauvoo who could not arrest inside the city individuals wanted for much of anything. This was especially true of Joseph Smith who had outstanding arrest warrants from Missouri on his escape from jail in 1839 and on an attempted murder charge for the former governor, Lilburn Boggs.
The city council's minutes also detail the most controversial aspect of city governance in the history of the Mormon sojourn in Nauvoo, the Expositor affair. In June 1844 Mormon dissidents published the Expositor newspaper to communicate what they believed were abuses of power by Joseph Smith. In response Smith, acting as mayor, directed the city council to take action to silence the newspaper, a blatant effort to eliminate critics and to purge dissenters from the community. Nothing else that the Mormons ever did revealed so convincingly to the non-Mormon community around Nauvoo the threat to democracy present in Joseph Smith Jr.'s theocratic city-state. When council member Orson Spencer said, "We have found these men covenant breakers with God, with their wives!! &c.," he unconsciously put his finger on the repressed anxieties that haunted the Mormon mind (p. 260). The council meeting was, in fact, an act of blame making, a psychological purgation or a casting out of "iniquity" by attributing it to others. When council member Levi Richards exclaimed about the press, "Let it be thrown out of this city," he was expressing symbolically what everyone really wanted, the casting out of the dissenters for whom the press had spoken (p. 261). Within two days of the council's deliberations, that deed had been accomplished and the final violent death of Joseph Smith by lynching had been set in train.
The High Council's deliberations were no less significant to the governing of the Mormons in Nauvoo. Perhaps the most explosive issue to be considered by the High Council was the doctrine of plural marriage. The minutes for this formal discussion is both telling and obscure: "August 12, 1843; Saturday. [High] Council met according to adj[ornment] at H[yrum] Smith's office. No business before the Council. Teaching by Pres[iden]ts Hiram Smith & William Marks" (p. 467). Not much information there, but the editor provides a lengthy footnote to explain what had taken place, and how the High Council had approved the revelation on plural marriage that Joseph Smith had written on July 12, 1843, and was incorporated in the Mormon scripture, the Doctrine and Covenants, as Section 132. This footnote is exemplary of a very fine set of explanatory notes that expand upon obscure references throughout the volume.
Indeed, as The Nauvoo City and High Council Minutes makes clear, Nauvoo was very much a religious city-state under tight control. It was a haven where the followers of Joseph Smith Jr. had their most important choices—what they should do to serve God and the theocratic state that they envisioned—made for them. This is very important primary source for any future studies of the history of Mormon Nauvoo and must be on the shelf of any serious student of the subject.
Reviewed by Ben Park for the Juvenile Instructor
In his preface to this volume, John S. Dinger claims, "The minutes collected in this volume are a treasure trove of material reading to the religious and secular life of the early Latter-day Saints," and that "these two sets of documents are, I believe, two of the most important primary sources for the period" (xvi). I agree, and thus take privilege in reviewing the volume. Nauvoo is an absolutely fascinating period of Mormon history, filled with contention, innovation, conflict, dissent, and intrigue. All of these tensions come out in these important documents, as well as the mundane events that transpired in day-to-day activities.
Though the two councils in question, the City Council and High Council, were two separate bodies, they had significant overlap. Both were made up of Mormon authorities, both looked to Joseph Smith for leadership, and both seemed to merge the church/state realms that America prided itself on keeping separate (though never, in actuality, succeeded). What took place in one council likely had significance to the other, and decisions from both bodies demonstrated the LDS Church's performance of power during the waning years of Joseph Smith's life. What we witness in these meetings are men attempting to run the Kingdom of God on earth–no small task to take place in disestablished America. Religious sermons are offered in secular council, secular decisions are made in religious courts. Perhaps more than anything else, this collection demonstrates the permeable boundaries of church and state in Mormon Nauvoo.
As it is difficult to offer a traditional review of a documentary volume–especially where there is no thesis, driving narrative, or even major themes–I will mostly focus on two events depicted in the book, and show what these minutes tell us. And since the succession story is currently one of my points of research, I have chosen two occasions that have immediate implications for my study: the debate over the Nauvoo Expositor, and the excommunication trial of Sidney Rigdon. Fortunately, these events are documented in separate councils–the former in the City Council, the latter in the High Council–and thus they offer a helpful overview of both sources.
The destruction of the Nauvoo Expositor has always been a point of controversy in Mormon history. As the event to Joseph Smith being imprisoned and eventually killed, as well as an event that demonstrated the extent of power, both religious and secular, Joseph Smith held in Nauvoo, it has received much attention in historiography. The Nauvoo City High Council Minutes reveals much of the inside information concerning the decision to declare the Expositor a "nuissance." The topic was first brought up in the June 10th council meeting, where they discussed "An Ordinance concerning libels and for other purposes" (256). Hyrum Smith and John Taylor immediately declared it to be slander, and Joseph Smith himself jumped to his own defense in relation to his friendship with William Law, one of the main individuals behind the Expositor. They read from both state and national constitutions regarding the freedom of press, and decided that while "we are willing they should publish the truth–but the paper is a nuisance–and stinks in the nose of every honest man" (257). Hyrum then moved that "the best way [would be] to smash the press all to pieces and pie the type" (258). Though there was some opposition to such a rash action from Benjamin Warrington, the council moved forward and destroyed the press.
While the basic points of this narrative have long been known, the minutes provide acute insight into the feeling behind the decision. Hyrum Smith's passion is predominately displayed in his desire to defend his brother's (and his) reputation. Phineas Richards brought up the memory of his son dying at Haun's Mill–an element in the Mormon memory that played a poignant role in their actions toward dissent and external persecution–and even stated that this was a "day of immense Moment, not to this city alone but to the whole world" (261). Other invocations of their charter's rights, of state law's precedents, even of America's legacy of the Tea Party were present, demonstrating the attitude of the assembly. While perhaps not justifying the council's actions, these minutes certainly reconstruct the mentality behind one of Mormonism's most notorious events. Indeed, their "Ordinance Concerning Libels" is a poignant read demonstrating their pesecution history and concomitant defensive mentality (263-266).
Fast forward several months. After the destruction of the Expositor, the imprisonment and death of Joseph Smith, and the return of the Quorum of the Twelve to take control of the Church, there was a contentious trial over Sidney Rigdon's authority claims. This was one of the most important meetings in the Church's young history, and set a precedent that we still follow today. Rigdon had been Smith's counselor long before Smith's death, and now attempted to assume control based on that position. While a meeting a month earlier had helped to solidify Brigham Young and the Twelve's position, this trial was significant in determining the basis of that succession. "I will say now that those who are for Bro[ther] Joseph & Hyrum, the book of Mormon & doctrien and covenants & building up of the temple," Brigham trumpeted, "are for the Twelve [and] this will be considered one party & those that are for Sidney Rigdon [-] I want them to be just as honest as what they are in their secret Combinations" (506).
What is fascinating here, and which I have written about earlier this year, is how these very debates shaped how Joseph Smith's theological legacy was to be remembered. Prior to his martyrdom, Orson Hyde explained, "Joseph carried us through all the ordinances of the house of God[,] now says he (Joseph) ["]Upon your shouldsers [(]the Twelve[)] the burden of this church rests & you must
turn round up your shoulders to the same" (511). From this point on, the temple ordiances, previously a privately controlled concept known only to a select few, became the dominant theme for the debates surrounding succession. While a polished version of these minutes were published in the Times and Seasons, their publication here should help expand our discussion of how the succession story played out.
These two cases, and many more, are presented with helpful detail in Dinger's Nauvoo City and High Council Minutes. As such, the volume has obvious importance to scholars of Mormon Nauvoo.


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You Are Living a Dream!
Hi guys,
I wish I could be there with you to enjoy the trek. It's quite the distance as Marilyn tells me. You are so lucky and I wish you both the very best on this trip. Caroline is in Hong Kong right now but I will send her the link to your blog.
best wishes,
Hot! Hot! Hot!
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Yes, ıt ıs has been quıte hot for the last 4-5 days (36 degrees celsıus) and the sun ıs a kıller. It ıs well worth ıt though. Each day, dıfferent landscape and a most welcomıng people so dıfferent from us. We have walked the last 5 days mostly ın the mountaın and we sweat lıke never before, mornıng to nıght. The effort ıs well worth ıt and food ıs great most of the tıme. Lodgıng ıs also ok except for last nıght where we stayed ın the barn of the ımmam and a nıce bıg scorpıon. you wıll see a pıcture of that famıly. We only meet 3-4 walkers a day so we are mostly alone ın the mountaıns. 3 days ago we were ın beautıful Kalkan and tonıght we are ın Kas. 2 lovely small towns wıth beaches and lots of tourısts. We walk a bıt wıth 2 ısrealıs. Whıle younger, they fınd the trek quıte dıffıcult. We took a day off 4 days ago and went canoeıng for 18 kms... a good rest for the legs but not the arms! Altıtude ıs dıffıcult because we go up and down more or less 1000 meters regularly but the aır ıs fresh up there (7 degress less!). So go look at the photos!
Post your own travel photos for friends and family More Pictures
You Are Living a Dream!
Ca fait plaisir d'avoir de vos nouvelles. Imagine moi qui deteste les arraignees,etc... croyez-vous qu'avec un scorpion aux alentours, que j'aurais rester dans cet endroit? Les photos sont merveilleuses! Rappellez vous que vous n'avez plus 20 ans, alors prenez soin! Nous pensons souvent a vous. Des gros bisous de nous deux.:)
John & Claudette

subset: commoncrawl


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Kitchen Sink Cookies
READY IN: 1hr 30mins
Recipe by Kathleen Constance
I'm calling these "Kitchen Sink" cookies because they have pretty much everything BUT the kitchen sink in them! These should satisfy everybody's cookie preference, except maybe peanut butter, although it would be interesting to add that as well. I think this recipe would be fairly flexible as some of the ingredients can be either substituted or removed entirely, depending on your preference or what you have in your baking cupboard. They turn out soft and chewy.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 cup butter
- 3⁄4 cup white sugar
- 3⁄4 cup brown sugar
- 1 teaspoon vanilla
- 2 eggs
- 1 cup white flour
- 1 cup whole wheat flour
- 1 teaspoon baking soda
- 1 teaspoon baking powder
- 1⁄3 cup wheat bran
- 1⁄2 cup coconut
- 1 cup oatmeal
- 1 cup Rice Krispies
- 1⁄2 cup raisins
- 1⁄2 cup dried cranberries
- 1 cup chocolate chips
- 3⁄4 cup sunflower seeds
- 1⁄3 cup sesame seeds
- 1⁄3 cup flax seed
Directions See How It's Made
- In a large bowl, cream together butter and sugars. Add vanilla and eggs and mix well.
- Blend in flours and baking powder and soda.
- Mix in all remaining ingredients.
- Roll cookie dough into 1" balls and place on non-stick or parchment-covered cookie sheets. Flatten each with a fork.
- Bake at 350 degrees for 10 to 14 minutes, depending on your "doneness" preference. I cooked mine for 12 minutes with my oven rack slightly above centre and they turned out perfectly golden brown!
- Suggested substitutions: Finely chopped nuts for the flax seeds. Any chopped dried fruit for either the raisins or the cranberries, or both. The sunflower and sesame seeds would give a slightly different flavour if lightly roasted first, rather than raw. Wheat germ can be substituted for the wheat bran.


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About This Course
Course Name/Code: American Masterpieces, HUEN 232
Catalog Description: A survey of the major works of American prose and poetry from colonial times to the present.
Prerequisites: HUEN 121 and HUEN 122
Credits: 3
Required Text(s): Please use the online campus bookstore to locate required textbooks for the course. Make sure that you search using the correct course code and look for the course with the "OL" suffix in the drop-down list. (See Textbook Ordering Help.)
Course Workload Preview
The following preview of anticipated course workload is subject to instructor change.
- Participate on a weekly basis in class discussion.
- Read the assigned selections in the anthology.
- Take approximately 4 quizzes for each historical period/unit (18 for the course).
- Take four final tests and one final examination.
- Read a play, a novel, or a sampling of poetry by an American writer and write a literary analysis about some aspect of the work.
- Respond to the focus questions/study guide for each author and/or work assigned.


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Greetings & welcome aboard.
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Opinions on holster are like noses on people, nearly everyone has one. Hopefully, you get enough advice to avoid a BIG box that you are no longer using.
IMHO, figure out how you want to carry, and then buy from one of the good custom makers.


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The Norwich office of Eversheds recently upgraded its telephone systems to provide a greater level of client service by the introduction of direct dialling to the telephones on all lawyer's desks, one contact number for the multi-site Norwich operation and voice mail.
Eversheds briefed three large suppliers of voice telecommunications systems to explain current problems and objectives. We also wanted to tap their knowledge of the marketplace and discover the benefits we might gain from installing new systems.
The attitude of the suppliers varied enormously. At one end of the scale we were expected to specify our requirements exactly so that the catalogue could be consulted for the prices. At the other end was the willingness of the supplier to understand our business and then produce a series of options with the case for and against, involving not only costs but also the likely reaction of our lawyers and staff as well as our clients to any new facilities.
We eventually installed tandem switches, supplied by GPT, one in each of the two main buildings. The switches are linked together with a high- speed fibre optic link and to any of the users or callers this network appears as one entity. One main number is used and there is one location for the operators. In the case of a disaster at one of the buildings we have the ability to use the other switch and could provide an emergency backup if needed.
We have fibre optic ISDN circuits from the BT exchange to each building and a number of copper circuits that act as an emergency service. These fibre optic and copper circuits enter the buildings by a number of different routes to reduce the possibility of a "Fred digging up the phones" problem.
The introduction of direct dialling in (DDI) coupled with needing only one switchboard resulted in a significant saving of operator time and increased the degree of client access to our lawyers. To the caller, this facility provides the appearance of each lawyer having a personal telephone number and yet the total number of lines used on the switch is not increased. Plus there is the added benefit of out of hours service.
We are in the final phase of piloting our integrated voice mail system. We were most concerned to protect those clients who did not want to talk to a machine, yet still provide this service to clients who were likely to benefit from the increased efficiency the application could bring.
Key to this was the close coupling of the voice mail system to the switchboard, and the careful training of our users. We installed the system for initial use by our support staff because we realised that they would be the first suppliers to use it. This, we judged, would allow our IT staff to become familiar with the training and operational needs of the users first of all. It would also allow lawyers to become familiar with the system before having to cope with clients starting to use the service.
One of the main problems to overcome was the introduction of a message waiting light that would not require the replacement all of our telephones. A second problem was to allow a caller to contact another person by pressing zero for the operator or the telephone extension of, for example, a secretary.
Overall, however, the firm is pleased that the introduction of this new technology has further increased the level of service offered to its clients and simultaneously increased it own efficiency.
Graham Roberts is director of Technology for Eversheds in East Anglia.


text:
Good gifts for a "tween" girl?
Posted in the Greeneville Forum
"International Panda of Mystery"
Since: Jan 11
WAAAY down South.
#1 Feb 11, 2011
Okay, this may seem like a total no-brainer for most of y'all, but I'm pretty much socially-retarded so you'll have to cut me some slack. ;)
What are some good gifts for 8-12 year old girls these days? I get invited to birthday parties every other week, and my gifts are always bombs. When my youngest niece turned 8, I got her a dollhouse... a nice wooden one, not a plastic Chinese Walmart one. She was unimpressed (but tried to be polite and said thank you and everything... it was just obvious she was disappointed when she unwrapped it) and her mom told me later that she had outgrown dolls and was into clothes and "nail stuff" now. Another friend's kid turned 10 last week and I gave her a bunch of dvds (I knew the parents were giving her a little tv/dvd player for her room so I thought movies would be cool) and she asked why I got her a bunch of "little kid movies"... Neverending Story, Labyrinth, and a few Disney/Pixar animated movies. Sorry, I ain't gettin' a 4th grader a copy of The Hangover... I realize that times have changed since I was a kid, but come on.
I have another birthday party in a couple weeks. The girl is turning 9. Should I just get her a vibrator and some lace thongs, or what??:\
Also, I don't give money or giftcards anymore, because I found out once that the kid's mom took the money I gave him "to put in a savings account until he turns 18" but I'm 110% certain she just used it herself. So. Suggestions for actual wrappable gifts, please.$30-50 range. Thanks guys.
#2 Feb 11, 2011
buying for kids is really tough these days because they all grown up so fast, when i was 12 i was still playing with dolls but now kids are dating and wearing makeup. my girls are 6 and 9 and they like hannah montana, jonas brothers, nail polish and lip glossies, cute shirts, stuff like that. pajamas are always good especialy in winter. jewelry is good also and charm necklaces and bracelets. my little one is 6 and she doesn't play dolls anymore, so dolls are probably no good after that age.
#3 Feb 11, 2011
Anything with Justin bieber. I got THREE girls whos 6,7, and 9 they all LOVE justin! I promise u get them anything Justin Bieber and they will love u forver. i agree w/ "supermom", after about age 5 or 6 they don't want dolls no more, its all about boys, lol. soooo a dollhouse at 8 not such a good idea, sorry!
#4 Feb 11, 2011
lol a doll house for a 8 year old is pretty bad pann you must not have kids! 8 years they want ipod, music cds, get a gift cert. for a manicure, pedicures too get cute panties like boyshort panties, jewlry like tinkerbell gold charms they got at walmarts are pretty, nail polishe and eye shadow kits are GREAT present for a 9 year old girl they pretty cheap at wamart and kmart and comes in cute kaboodle boxes already.when my daughter turned 9 i took her for a girls day out, go her hair done and high lites, nails done, went to applebees and got stuffed then went and got a new outfit\ she was happy as a pig in poop. I promised this year when she turns 10 she can get her ears peirced again, she got her ears peirce twiced on each side but she wants peirced again at the top in the cartlige part but i said not until shes 10 and then she wants her nose and lip belly button done too but i said ONE year at a time in case you change your mind and if you still want it, we ca do nose at 11 and lip at 12 and belly button at 13 thems the rules of the house!
#5 Feb 11, 2011
I like alot of the other posters ideas so i may use them again too but will add some of my own:
1. cute panties like the ones with little sayings on them or cute pics on the front, they have adorable ones at walmart
2.anything Justin Bieber, Miley, Jonas Bros, girls will love
3. taylor lautner poster, or twilight movies on dvd
4. take her to get her hair cut and styled if its ok with the mom and maybe cute highlights! that was sweet the girls day out plan!
5. gift certificates to the movies she can go with her friends
6. go to claires or simular place and gets lots of accessories for hair, jewelery, bracelets, ear rings, lipgloss, nail polishes ect. would be the best ever... make a gift bag of mixed fashion and hair accessories you will be a hit.
7. bath and body works scented bath stuff and body spray sooo good and everybody loves it.
#6 Feb 11, 2011
Pann, altho there are SOME good ideas on here, I'm sure you will use your better judgement and x out the panties!
#7 Feb 11, 2011
That is why I give gift cards. They can get what they want.
"International Panda of Mystery"
Since: Jan 11
WAAAY down South.
#8 Feb 11, 2011
Panties, piercings, and posters of teen heartthrobs. Okay. Wow. Why I don't just take her out for drinks and a lapdance at the Chippendale Club? The kid is turning NINE, people.
Sigh. I guess I was thinking of something more like whatever the current fad toy is? Like, when I was little it was Pogs. And in then middle school it was Tamagotchi eggs... EVERYBODY had to have a Tamagotchi egg.*I* never had one, because I was dorky and poor and had to play outside in the dirt with a stick. Which might explain some of my current neuroses, but anyway...
"International Panda of Mystery"
Since: Jan 11
WAAAY down South.
#9 Feb 11, 2011
Haha, "lord have mercy" was my reaction to the first few posts, also.
#10 Feb 11, 2011
well mister hignin mighty what did you play with when you were 9?? beside your little ding dong? Pretty panties are FINE for a 9 year girl, maybe not 5 or 6 but by age 9 they want feel pretty and cute too, it's like dress up when tey have sexy panties they feel like "a big girl", doesn't mean they have to have sex yet. it's like the magazine that said, sexy doesn't mean sex.
#11 Feb 12, 2011
I hope when I have kids I don't have girls! Too much to worry about! Fancy panties and makeup and boys at 9? WOW!!:-0
#12 Feb 12, 2011
Wow. Pann, I hope you just put something like this on topix to humor yourself. You do know you're getting advice from people who's kids are going to grow up to be the future "Whores of Greenevile" posts. LMAO. I hope some of you people don't have children. And MAMA, you really just put sexy in a reference to a 9 year old little girls panties. Hey 9 year old boys. Find out who this 1 is, cuz she's gunna be ready to procreate at 10.
United States
#13 Feb 12, 2011
Yeah Pann.. all the piercing stuff from Mama disconerted me too... Holy shyt! Anyway, give money or a gift card without deeming that it should go in a savings account. You can't do that to a gift.. if it's a gift, it's a gift. Kids LOVE Claires gift cards, Wal-Mart gift cards, or if she has an Iphone, an Iphone card...I just asked my 12 year old granddie about what earrings she liked.. I was planning on sending her real jewelry, and she told me she wanted the "gooey squishy kind at Claires." NOw, I have no idea what the hel& she's talking about, so I'm just getting her a gift card for there. Do little girls still like those animal rubber bands for their arms? Little girls are born to shop, so that's why gift cards ANYWHERE won't go wrong. lol
United States
#14 Feb 12, 2011
should be "disconcerted"... not enough coffee today....
#15 Feb 12, 2011
I think the little animal bands are called Wacky Bandz or Silly Bandz. Kids collect them and trade. They're neat.
Claires is a really good idea, I agree with this suggestion. they have a lot of age-appropriate stuff there... I really hope the parents here who posted about getting piercings and stuff for their little girls really think abut what they're doing. There is a reason you have to be 18 to get that stuff done unless a parent signs... just like tattoos, you're making a permanent mark on your face or body.
And for the record, I think a dollhouse would have been a great gift for an 8 year old, I can't believe that little girls today are giving up their toys to wear makeup... stay a child as long as you can!
#16 Feb 12, 2011
Highlights in a 8 or 9 year olds hair? Are you kidding me? There's no way I'd let my daughter get them that young. Now the mani& pedi idea is great. There's a store in the JC mall called Justice go there and you will find it all. My cousins love that store! And the have age appropriate undies too!!
#17 Feb 12, 2011
A tween boy lol
#18 Feb 12, 2011
U can get movie tickets at consumer credit union for like $6.75 if u bank there. Or get someone u know that banks there get them for u. I give them to all my nieces and nephews for Christmas
Since: Sep 10
Location hidden
#19 Feb 12, 2011
i have an 8 year old grand daughter who just loves making her own jewelry and hair accessories. Go to Bob's Factory Outlet on the Asheville Hwy. and look in their craft section. They carry the embroidery floss and all kinds of beads that the kids make bracelets and necklaces with.They also have cool foamy letters and all kinds of glitter, paste, and paints for her to make her name to put on her door or wall of her room. These kinds of things have been a huge hit with her and her friends, especially when our son is looking for something for a bunch of little girls to do on a week end sleep over.
"International Panda of Mystery"
Since: Jan 11
WAAAY down South.
#20 Feb 12, 2011
Hey, I never thought of that. Bob's is right down the road from me... They had a bunch of fancy beading kits and stuff last time I was in there. Actually they had a whole wall of those Wacky Band bracelets, too. Hmm... Alrighty, I'm gonna hit up Claire's and Bob's and hopefully put together something that will please the kid but not contribute to her delinquency. ;)
Thanks for all the input, seriously. There's just no way to know this stuff unless you have kids/grandkids.
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Metformin Obesity Study
The recruitment status of this study is unknown. The completion date has passed and the status has not been verified in more than two years.
Verified January 2006 by Boston Children's Hospital.
Recruitment status was: Active, not recruiting
Recruitment status was: Active, not recruiting
Boston Children's Hospital
Glaser Pediatric Research Network
Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation
Information provided by:
Boston Children's Hospital
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: July 7, 2005
Last updated: January 17, 2006
Last verified: January 2006
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
This trial will test the hypothesis that among obese adolescents, treatment with extended-release metformin (Glucophage® XR), coupled with a lifestyle intervention, will result in decreased obesity (as measured by body mass index [BMI]) as compared to subjects who receive treatment with placebo and the same lifestyle intervention.
Drug: Metformin
Phase 3
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
|Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Factorial Assignment
Masking: Double-Blind
Primary Purpose: Educational/Counseling/Training
|Official Title:
|A Multi-Center, Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Double- Blind Trial of Metformin in Obese Adolescents
Resource links provided by NLM:
Drug Information available for: Metformin Metformin hydrochlorideU.S. FDA Resources
Further study details as provided by Boston Children's Hospital:
Primary Outcome Measures:
- Change in BMI
- Body mass index (BMI)
Secondary Outcome Measures:
- Change in insulin sensitivity
- Fasting insulin concentrations
- Characterization of insulin dynamics and insulin sensitivity
- Characterization of fat distribution and fatty infiltration of the liver
- Use of CT to characterize abdominal fat distribution
- Use of CT and ALT levels to assess fatty infiltration of the liver
- Characterization of body composition
- Characterization of dietary amino acids
- Characterization of the insulin/glucagon ratio
- Characterization of the impact of gender on response to metformin XR
- Characterization of the impact of race/ethnicity on response to metformin XR
- Characterization of health-related quality of life
|Estimated Enrollment:
|Study Start Date:
|October 2002
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|13 Years to 17 Years (Child)
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion Criteria:
- Subjects must be between the ages of 13.00 and 17.99 at week 0 (Baseline)
- Subjects must have a BMI > 95th percentile for age and gender using the CDC data, and must weigh less than 300 pounds (< 136 kilograms) at week 0 (Baseline)
- Completion of informed consent/assent process
Exclusion Criteria:
Subjects will be excluded from the study for any of the following:
- Known diabetes as defined by the American Diabetes Association criteria.
- Prior drug therapy to treat diabetes or insulin insensitivity
- Has ever used a medication to aid in weight loss
- Subject is currently taking the following medications at the time of the Screening visit:
cimetidine, amiloride, digoxin, furosemide, morphine, nifedipine, procainamide, ranitidine, triamterene, trimethoprim, vancomycin and quinidine, as these medications may increase metformin levels.
- Recent glucocorticoid therapy
- History of any syndrome or medical disorder associated with significant obesity
- Recent history of involvement in a formal weight loss program
- Alcohol use
- Elevated creatinine (> 1.2 mg/dl)
- Untreated disorders of thyroid function
- Elevated liver enzymes (Alanine Aminotransferase [ALT] or Aspartate Aminotransferase [AST]) > 80 (approximately 2 times upper limit of normal).
An AST or ALT of > 2 times upper limit of normal was chosen based on data which show that approximately 5% of obese adolescents have liver enzymes greater than 2 times the upper limit of normal in the clinical setting.
- Mobility impairment that prevents full participation in recommended physical activity
- Other serious medical condition that the Principal Investigator or Lead Site Investigator determines may put the patient at undue risk if enrolled in the study
- Unable to comply with the protocol in the opinion of the Principal Investigator or the Lead Site Investigator
- Subjects with child-bearing potential who are unwilling to remain abstinent or use an effective method of birth control. Females who have had at least one menstrual cycle must either be abstinent or must consistently be using an effective method of birth control (e.g., intrauterine contraceptive device, oral contraceptive or medroxyprogesterone acetate or barrier method [diaphragm or condom] plus contraceptive jelly, cream, or foam) during the study. This will be documented at each visit. Additionally, all females who have begun menstruating must have a negative result on the urine pregnancy test administered at every visit in order to remain on study drug and undergo radiologic procedures.
- Previous pregnancy
Contacts and Locations
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the Contacts provided below. For general information, see Learn About Clinical Studies.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00120146
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00120146
|United States, Massachusetts
|Children's Hospital, Boston
|Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02115
Sponsors and Collaborators
Boston Children's Hospital
Glaser Pediatric Research Network
Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation
|Principal Investigator:
|Carine Lenders, MD
|Boston Children's Hospital
More Information
Publications automatically indexed to this study by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number):
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on May 23, 2017
Publications automatically indexed to this study by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number):
Wilson DM, Abrams SH, Aye T, Lee PD, Lenders C, Lustig RH, Osganian SV, Feldman HA; Glaser Pediatric Research Network Obesity Study Group.. Metformin extended release treatment of adolescent obesity: a 48-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 48-week follow-up. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010 Feb;164(2):116-23. doi: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.264.
Lenders CM, Feldman HA, Von Scheven E, Merewood A, Sweeney C, Wilson DM, Lee PD, Abrams SH, Gitelman SE, Wertz MS, Klish WJ, Taylor GA, Chen TC, Holick MF; Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric Research Network Obesity Study Group.. Relation of body fat indexes to vitamin D status and deficiency among obese adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Sep;90(3):459-67. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27275. Epub 2009 Jul 29.
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT00120146 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|Study First Received:
|July 7, 2005
|Last Updated:
|January 17, 2006
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Nutrition Disorders
Body Weight
Signs and Symptoms
Hypoglycemic Agents
Physiological Effects of Drugs
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on May 23, 2017


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text: TechVault FAQ PRODUCT APPLICATION CUSTOMER SUPPORT Reading Room IDT Publications Educational Resources Technical Reports User Guides & Protocols Quick Reference SDS Video Library Real-Time PCR Synthetic Biology Gene Silencing SciTools Next Generation Sequencing Genome Editing DECODED Archive FAQ/ PRODUCT Top Questions Is there any information on the stability of fluorescently labeled oligos and the fluorescent modifications? How do I order an oligo with a modification? Do fluorescently modified oligonucleotides need to be protected from light? What is the stability of fluorescently labeled oligos and their fluorescent modifications? Do your oligos have an expiration date? What are aptamers and why are they growing in popularity? Does IDT provide a negative control sequence for miRNA Inhibitor (anti miRNA oligonucldoetide, or AMO) experiments? What are AMOs (miRNA inhibitors) and how are they used? Do modifications affect the stability or shelf life of oligos? Can an expiration date be printed on the oligonucleotide tube label? 12345678910... Product Support Topics DNA/RNA Synthesis Gene Silencing and Small RNAs Genome Editing Genotyping GMP Manufacturing Modifications Molecular Biology Reagents NextGen Sequencing PCR/qPCR Purification QC Information RNase H2 SciTools Applications Synthetic Biology


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Article Preview
Use of 'Automation'
WILBUR CROSS Editorial Director Books for Business Overseas Press Club ();
April 25, 1965,
, Section NEWS BACKGROUND EDITORIALS, Page E11, Column , words
In your April 11 issue you published a letter from Burnham Finney in which he said that The Times was incorrect in having stated (in a news story on March 28) that John Diebold "is known as the man who coined the word automation."
April 25, 1965
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Super cropping: how "pruning" (training) can help you produce bigger, better buds.
So the question we all want answered is "how do I get the biggest buds from my cannabis plants?"
Providing the optimum environment, the right lighting, the best nutrients etc all comes into it, but advanced level growers use sophisticated techniques to push bud production even further. Pruning your plants not only alters their shape, but also their hormone (axuin) distribution. (see our overview of cannabis pruning techniques here). Super cropping (or as we joke, "high stress training") manipulates the plant physiology to maximize bud production from a cellular level. Its a combination of multiple pruning techniques.
Brief botany lesson: understanding why super cropping works:
At its most basic, pruning is used by gardeners to keep long living plants healthy and at low risk of disease. More advanced techniques are also used to shape and train plants. Understanding the principles of how and why plants respond to pruning is the key to realizing their potential and ever resourceful marijuana growers have adapted some of these useages to get better harvests.
So lets have a quick botany lesson. (if you want, skip this bit and go down to "How to supercrop"!)
1: APICAL or terminal bud (growing point)
3: AXILLARY BUDS form in leaf axis
5: LATERAL SHOOT develops from a lateral or axillary bud. It will have its own apical bud.
6: a NODE is a point from which leaves and stems develop. The stem between nodes is called an INTERNODE.
Understanding apical dominance
The most active site of cellular activity in plants is at the green shoot tips at the top, where the hormones that stimulate and control the plant's growth are made.
The most growth is made just below the apical bud, in the leading shoot. This is because the top bud imposes what is called apical dominance, whereby the hormones move down the stem and inhibit the growth of the side buds (the lateral buds). These lateral buds will only grow into side branches once the growing tip has grown away strongly. Meristem tip pruning exploits apical dominance. When you prune the growing tip, apical dominance moves down the plant: shoots then sprout from buds immediately below the wound and from lower down on the stem. The topmost remaining stem will grow most strongly, but because it does not have absolute dominance, shoots will also grow from the axillary buds lower down the stem.
Horizontal training.
Because apical dominance is strongly associated with vertical growth, it can also be broken by pulling a vertical shoot down to almost 90º and tying it in horizontally. LST is – by its name, a low stress training technique that exploits this.
When you force a lateral shoot into a horizontal position, you break the dominance of the lateral apical bud. A number of side shoots then develop simultaneously from buds along the stem, all will grow upwards with similar vigour and flower (this technique is used for cordon fruit trees to increase crop yield from the one tree, or climbing roses to encourage flowering).
Knuckling pushes the marijuana plant a little harder than LST does. I'd hate to call it EXTREME STRESS TRAINING because we never want to put our cannabis plants in danger … but in some ways the name is apt. LSTing depends on gently encouraging the lateral stems on the plant to grow out horizontally through tying in or weighing down. With knuckling you don't encourage, you DEMAND the plant … and here's a little more botany to explain why.
The second area of intense cellular activity is in the CAMBIUM layer.
1: Tough outer skin (the "herd") which protects the soft tissue within, and minimizes water loss.
2: In the cambium layer, cells divide and diversify to create vascular bundles of transporting tissues and increase stem girth.
3: Vascular bundles of cells carrying water and mineral salts (xylem) or manufactured food
(the phloem) from the leaves to all parts of the plant.
4: The pith is a connecting matrix for other tissues.
Crimping & Knuckling
both exploit the high level of activity in the cambian layer. Stressing the stem within the cambian layer (without breaking the outer "herd" puts the cells into hyperdrive as they work to repair the perceived damage. Not only do they repair the damage, they strengthen and improve it, with the xylem and phloem cells bigger than before. Thus the stem receives more food and water more quickly. If you think of these vascular cells as a road infrastructure, they've just been upgraded from a country lane to a 3 lane motorway.
Stem crimping.
Gentle but firm is the key to this one. Starting from seedling stage, gently twist the stem in opposite directions. Continue up the branch every 5cm or so and repeat once a week. Remember the aim is to simulate extreme flexing for the plant, not put pressure on the root system or damage the outer protective layer.
One issue with crimping is that if you have a lot of plants which you've topped (meristem tip pruning) to create multiple stems, this is going to be very time consuming … you can simulate the same effect to a lesser extent by making sure you have a fan aimed at the plants stems. This is what creates stronger cambian tissue in nature (well wind, rather than a fan!)
So what is supercopping? And how do you do it?
Combine stressing at cellular level with breaking the vertical apical dominance through horizontal training and the end result is, quite simply, more marijuana bud.
Supercropping is simply combining methods of training. Its not a case of supercropping vs topping, both techniques can be combined. Pick the techniques which seem best to you …
OK so that's the theory, how does it work in practice? Here's what we've done for super-cropping.
- We broke absolute apical dominance by topping the plants after around 2-3 weeks of vegetative growth. This encouraged 3 main stems to develop instead of one.
- Knuckling. (if anyone knows a better name for this I'd be grateful!)
If LST uses weights or ties and SCROGing involves a screen and weaving plants, knuckling uses the repair abilities of the cambian layer to make the plant make its own support structure. All work on the principle of breaking vertical growth dominance. (and if you skipped the botany lesson above, you'll have to go back and read it if you want to know why)
But you have to be brave to create knuckling. With one hand support the lower stem. With the other, bend the stem into a right angle until you feel the inner core snap. (Yes you read that right). Try not to tear the outer protective layer (this will take longer to heal) but if you do, splint with cloth or even gaffer tape.
When to start super cropping?
We did this 5 weeks into vegetative growth. This photo taken a few weeks later shows the formed knuckle and increased stem width after the bend.
These white widows have been grown in pots, in a coco-perlite mix. Move ability is key for watering, and I knew they would need to be transported before end of flowering so couldn't tie or scrog them. Knuckling has induced horizontal training without any external support structure:
The 3 thick stems now spread horizontally and there are innumerate sideshoots growing vertically. When put into flower, each of these side shoots will form their own colas.
Now we've exaggerated this whole process for the purpose of writing this article. The white widows have been left in vegetative growth for a long 14 weeks, which you wouldn't normally do with an indoor marijuana plant. It does show you however how its possible to get one hundred heads on an outdoor cannabis crop – and keep the plant neat, tidy & just a little less noticeable ….
The technique we've described doesn't need such a long veg stage nor such big marijuana plants though … it will even work on autoflowering cannabis, which has virtually no vegetative stage at all. What we have noticed though is that the process needs to be done before flowers start. Super cropping during flowering means stress that will delay flowering whilst the plant attends to damage done by the techniques. But I guess that goes without saying really.
What we need now is a photo of the finished plant once its flowered … hang tight for an update, or follow Heavy Ds grow!
Here we go, a super stinky auto thats been knuckled heavily to reduce its height. This pure sativa based auto grows BIG BIG BIG and isnt normally recommended for an indoor grow. However its been grown under a Fero LED Adjustable indoors and its turned out great!
This plant is a monster! It takes up a 1.5m by 1.2m square area and stands at 80cm. It has its own self-supporting scrog effect thanks to the knuckling, and has survived moving house in the back of a van fine!


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Signs are beginning to appear that the sat-nav is about to go full circle. What started out as a peripheral and software add-on package for the PDA then became a standalone device in itself. But this hugely successful gadget could be supplanted by the evolution of what it replaced - the smartphone - as the power of the mobile increases.
TomTom has clearly seen this one coming, and launched a range of car mounting kits including this, the new TomTom Hands-free Car Kit for iPhone. Not all of them are for Apple devices, either, in anticipation of the TomTom for Android app version due in October. However, the one we are reviewing here is still focused on the iPhone, and replaces the original TomTom for iPhone Car Kit, although it's not quite a direct replacement.
Related: iPhone 7 release date, news and rumours
The Hands-free Car Kit is of noticeably sturdier build than the original Car Kit. Not that the latter was flimsy - far from it - but this goes even further to house your beloved Apple smartphone in the manner it deserves. The new kit is designed to accommodate every iPhone from the original version up to the latest iPhone 4S. However, the new kit does lack something important from the original - the GPS receiver. So any remaining users of the original iPhone will be better off getting the first Car Kit, if they want to use a satellite navigation app, although this point is a bit moot as the lack of recent iOS updates will probably be more of a hindrance.
You can still get the original Car Kit, although now it is being marketed for the iPod Touch only, as it's not designed for the iPhone 4 body. It's worth noting that, physically at least, the TomTom Hands-free Car Kit will only fit future iPhones so long as the use the same docking connector, as such this might rule out the iPhone 5 onwards with Apple seemingly set to do away with its 30-pin dock standard for a new 9-pin option. The flexibility of the securing mechanism means that the Hands-free Car Kit will fit a phone even if it's inside an unusual cover.
The phone attaches via its 30-pin dock connector at one end, and a rubberised bracket at the other, which secures with friction. The Kit has a regular windscreen suction mount, with an adhesive disk so you can make a permanent placement for it on your dashboard. We found the suction mount provided a more secure attachment than the previous kit. It rotates, too, so you can have your phone in portrait or landscape orientation, the latter being preferable for satellite navigation.
What the TomTom Hand-free Car Kit for iPhone loses with the GPS it gains in other areas, primarily revolving around the facility to use your phone safely whilst driving, as implied by the device's name. There's a microphone connected to the mount, but it can be detached, with a number of accessories to help you reposition it. There's an extension cable, so you can reposition the microphone where you want. A sun visor clip, so you can attach the microphone there, and another clip to attach it to an A pillar. There are also three adhesive clips you can use to route the cable neatly to the microphone location. A 2 Watt speaker is located at the rear of the mount to assist with the hands-free capabilities.
It's Good to see iPhone specific products but the 30 pin adaptor is now obsolete no? Also this can only accept one phone to sync with it. I have a Samsung phone and my wife has an iPhone so this wouldn't be practicable in our car. We bought an iO PLAY2 and I did a review of it here on you tube: http://www.youtube.com/watc... but it's not iPhone specific but does allow you to connect with a fly lead. So far it's proving really easy to use.
This new version is total crap compared to the original, which had GPS and a line out connector. It's a downgrade. They should of kept the original features and design, with better build quality, and iPhone 5 support. Not to mention, it's not even available in North America, where it really matters. WTF TomTom?
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The Russian connection: See all our coverage | Read about our investigation
Was she just drunk, or, after dispatching Fed-Ex, has she decided to bat for the other team?
More likely the former than the latter, but no one knows for sure. Britney is reported to have grabbed the clippers from the aghast stylist's hands and chopped off her girly locks herself. And a series of sketchy reports places Brit in and out of rehab.
Maybe she's making a statement about how little she has to do to be mobbed by the press. Or how absurd conventional notions of beauty are? (One fan who stood outside the tattoo parlor while Britney got inked told the camera crews also on the spot, "Her head is completely shaved. It looks terrible.") Or maybe Brit's just gone from imitating Madonna to imitating Sinéad O'Connor. Congress, watch out!


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Bday cake & cupcakes i made and because i don't like buttercream (Too much fat and sugar to eat at once. Not really good for health too!)
i like to use marshmallow frosting that is light as a cloud and absolutely delicious (no fat!).
it holds up well and is good to frost and decorate cakes.
Made flowers with marzipan.


text: PPL EnergyPlus, LLC is an unregulated subsidiary of PPL Corporation. PPL EnergyPlus is not the same company as PPL Electric Utilities. The prices of PPL EnergyPlus are not regulated by the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission. You do not have to buy PPL EnergyPlus electricity or other products in order to receive the same quality regulated services from PPL Electric Utilities.SOURCE PPL EnergyPlus


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Yet another "Replaced Valve Cover gasket and still Leaks"
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Originally Posted by
Yes? So u agree that there is a difference between OE vs OEM but u r the one that said "you went back to OEM BMW."
Victor Reinz is an OEM/OES to BMW.
In an older.and different thread u mentioned the same about VDO/Siemen fuel pump. This is strange since VDO is the OEM that makes bmw fuel pump.
Not trying to start drama but I think u had a bad technician that wasn't following SOP when replacing the fuel pump/vcg. That tech decided to.cover his track by blaming the parts and poor.QA/QC.
Also...I am sure the company reimbursed u (although at a discount rate) for.warranty repair. Therefore saying fixing stuff for.free is a bit of.a stretch
Btw...no need to educate me on oem vs oe. I already know the difference since I have been buying parts more often than the regular joes.
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They do not reimburse labor..... So yes FREE. No my techs are following SOP. Victor rienz has a high failure rate on the E46 gaskets. This has been noted by the whole BIMRS.org group we pressured our main vender to carry Goetz gaskets for this reason. But I am sure you know the whole history and are a much better mechanic than we are. Victor Rienz DID not make the original BMW valve cover gasket. As for the VDO pumps I stand behind the statement. Maybe they improved quality but its not worth the risk to me.
Same with Febi Bilstien there cam sensors are wonderfull POS's
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When you are looking for a new job, one of the daunting tasks can be determining your salary requirements. You want to ask for enough to make the job worth your while, but you don't want to ask for so much that you are not considered. So how much money do app developers make?
Using the anonymous job site Glassdoor, we found that the average salary for an app developer is around $80,000 a year. The site breaks out figures based on the specific job title from specific companies.
Below, we've made a list of what app developers at various different companies make–all the figures drawn from anonymous users at Glassdoor. You can use the site to determine the salaries of various positions at other companies.
A Software Engineer ( Senior Oracle App Developer) at Audatex a Solera Company Salaries averages $95,217 a year. This is based on responses from three employees. A Lead App Developer at McGraw-Hill Ryerson earns between $86,000 and $94,000 a year. A Senior App Developer at Ercot earns $87,000-94,000 a year.
At Bank of America/Merrill Lynch, the Senior Specialist, Systems and App Development Analyst earns $85,000-93,000 a year and the Vice President, Sys and App Development Team Leader earns between $140,000-152,000.
A Senior App Development Specialist at First National of Nebraska earns $67,000-72,000 and a Cobol Translation Developer (Comp App Developer) at Revenue Solutions earns $55,000-61,000 a year.