text:
Date of Stay: October, 2011
Just returned from a weekend trip to Toms Cove Campground. Overall, the park is beautiful, located on the bay in Chincoteague. Morning and evening views are spectacular, you can't beat it. However, the campground lacks modern facilities, no Wi-Fi, not all sites have cable. Camp store lacks many supplies and does not accept credit cards for payment. Seasonal sites look awful and are in need of removal or better management. The regular sites are actually a very nice size however, the water and electric hookup are on different sides of the site necessitating an extension cord for electric. While the location is fantastic, this campground needs serious updating and cannot expect to have return visitors just based upon the views. Other campgrounds do have the views AND the extras.
Date of Stay: September, 2011
We camped here after finding Buttonwood online and read the great reviews on Trip Advisor. We were not disappointed. The campground is actually what I would consider "cut in two" as the riverfront sites are across the road from the office and "hill" section. Riverfront area and sites are very level and lengthy. Some sites away from the river were flooded from the recent rains. The hill section was lovely, very nice landscaping and extra touches. If you have kids, stay on the hill section as there is new playground equipment and activities in this area. Choose the riverfront area if you enjoy the river but be aware there is no playground equipment and the danger of crossing the road is obviously hazardous for kids. Also note there are train tracks across the river so be prepared for loud trains throughout the day and night. We both agreed that we would return again as the price was right and overall the park is very beautiful and the staff very friendly.
Date of Stay: August, 2011
Stayed at this campground for two weeks for our summer vacation with friends. Park is right on the water, cannot beat the location. Get up and walk a few feet to the beach. Our site was a tad small and nothing to write home about as you are stacked in rows side by side. Pool area was very nice with many activities for both family and kids. Even a dog bone hunt for pets! Camp store was nicely stocked and used the laundromat which was OK. The showers and restrooms were in excellent condition and meticulously maintained. Location of the park near many restaurants and shopping areas. Would definitely stay again when returning to Myrtle Beach.
Date of Stay: June, 2011
Stayed here in June and July 2011. We kept our fifth wheel in storage during the between time to save gas. Camper was fine upon our return however, the brake cord had been stolen. It was replaced by the staff when they learned what happened. Our first site was at the very top of the campground and in need of landscaping and general grass care. All sites in this area lacked basic care and seemed messy. Our second site was on a loop and was extremely tight to get our camper onto it. The staff assured us they would move and place for us but they did not. The swimming area was brand new and great for kids, but there was still construction going on and made the whole area look unfinished. We had a good time, lots of activities for the kids but would not return as the campground was not worth the price we paid.
Date of Stay: April, 2011
We camped here over Easter weekend with friends. Love the atmosphere of this park with lots of activities for the kids. Our site was not level and was flooded from the recent rains, however, they brought stones to try and dry out the site. Most of the staff was very friendly although have experienced rather rude staff on previous trips. Sites are close together but if you request the red carpet sites near the playground, you will be in awe of the mountain views. They are additional charges for almost everything, even use of the water slide, but in spite of that, do plan to stay again as overall, the beauty of the park and friendliness of the staff make it a campground to return to.


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Rapid-growth markets provide significant opportunities for global insurers despite entering period of slower growth
Global insurance companies seeking to expand their businesses are increasingly looking to a new wave of rapid-growth markets (RGMs) as well as the BRICs.
According to EY's Waves of Change: The shifting insurance landscape in rapid growth markets report, the overall contribution of rapid -growth markets will continue to be very significant. This is in spite of the slowing growth experienced by some of the larger economies within the BRICs. It is likely that China will continue to play a dominant role in driving premium growth in international markets but new emergers in Latin America, such as Mexico and Columbia, and in the Asia Pacific region such as Thailand and Indonesia are offering valuable long-term opportunities.
EY's report features a risk-opportunity matrix ranking 21 rapid-growth markets in terms of their future prospects for insurers, based on projected economic and premium growth until 2020, financial stability, regulatory change, macroeconomic volatility, liquidity risk and other factors. Opportunities for global expansion into new markets represent a powerful force accelerating the growth in insurance premiums today – especially as economic performance languishes in much of the developed world.
Malcolm Rapson, EY's Africa Insurance Sector Leader, comments, "South Africa and other African countries continue to be attractive for insurance investment. South Africa showed the fourth largest absolute growth in insurance premiums within 21 Rapid Growth Markets. This was behind China, India and Brazil, but ahead of Russia, Mexico and Indonesia. South Africa is also seen as a good trade route into Sub-Saharan Africa, with South African companies being amongst the most successful to penetrate into African markets. South Africa is also acknowledged for its solid regulatory environment and its trend to follow best practice regulatory developments".
Rapson continues, "EY's ranking matrix which plots the 21 Rapid Growth Markets based on opportunity and risk reflects Turkey, Indonesia and China as topping the opportunity ranking, whilst Hong Kong, the United Arab Emirates and Chile are seen as lowest risk. Nigeria just edged out South Africa in terms of opportunity of the three African countries included in the survey, with both ahead of Kenya. However, South Africa is seen as lower risk followed by Kenya and Nigeria."
Shaun Crawford, EY's Global Insurance Leader, comments:
"The overall contribution of rapid-growth markets to insurance premium growth will continue to be very significant. Some of the larger economies, such as Brazil, Russia, India and China, appear to have entered a period of slower growth but they continue to possess high, long-term potential. And new waves of market liberalization and rapid consumer adoption of new technologies are opening additional markets such as Mexico and Thailand to non-domestic firms. However, each market has its own distinct risk profile. Insurers will need to model the risks across all the geographies to clearly evaluate the drivers for growth and pick their targets carefully."
High growth, low risk
According to the matrix, China, Mexico and Thailand will offer the best risk versus opportunity potential for insurers between now and 2020. China, despite a recent modest slowdown, continues to boast extraordinary income growth that spurs auto and home ownership. In addition, an aging population will drive the development of life and health markets. However, while some regulatory restrictions have been relaxed, market entry remains difficult for foreign firms.
Mexico has also undergone a period of extensive liberalisation, opening its market to foreign insurers. On some measures, Mexico is the most open insurance market in the study. Yet the pace and unpredictability of regulatory change can be risky for investors.
Thailand offers intriguing near-term growth potential, with modest risk but unlike other markets, such as Malaysia and UAE which also fall into this category, Thailand's future growth prospects are also strong.
Malaysia and the UAE are both Islamic nations where rising incomes, a sustained construction boom and the increased adoption of sharia-compliant insurance products are creating new opportunities, but both markets are fairly small and so insurers are going to need to look elsewhere for rapid growth.
High growth, higher risk
Brazil and India remain important opportunities given the size of the markets despite recent slowing growth. India is second only to China in terms of absolute forecast growth in insurance premiums. Yet the regulatory environment has proved extremely challenging for investors. In addition, a large current-account deficit and reliance on portfolio-capital inflows elevate liquidity risks.
South Africa is fourth, behind China, India and Brazil, in terms of market size. Following a program of liberalization, Brazil is the most accessible of the BRICs for foreign insurance companies.
Indonesia offers an extremely strong economic growth picture – second only to China and Vietnam in EY's Rapid-growth markets forecast. However, it is challenging to obtain licenses, so acquisition is the main entry route.
Colombia is also a notable market that ranks relatively high in opportunity and only moderately on the risk scale. Despite low interest rates, the insurance market there has expanded at greater than 10% annually over the past four years and offers high growth potential because of relatively low insurance penetration. Significant regulatory liberalisation that took effect in 2013 has also created new opportunities for foreign firms.
Shaun comments, "While investment in RGMs will continue to be vital for global insurance firms, outsized returns will not come easily. The wave of regulatory change across the world, consumer buying habits, social media and cultural change, as well as macroeconomics such as the impact of QE, -these are all things that are easy to overlook but which are absolutely critical when deciding to enter and grow in a market. The companies that use this information to carefully tailor products and develop market-entry strategies suited to particular economies and their cultures will see the greatest rewards."
Notes to Editors
About EY
EY is a global leader in assurance, tax, transaction and advisory services. The insights and quality services we deliver help build trust and confidence in the capital markets and in economies the world over. We develop outstanding leaders who team to deliver on our promises to all of our stakeholders. In so doing, we play a critical role in building a better working world for our people, for our clients and for our communities.
EY refers to the global organization and may refer to one or more of the member firms of EY Global Limited, each of which is a separate legal entity. EY Global Limited, a UK company limited by guarantee, does not provide services to clients. For more information about our organization, please visit ey.com.
This news release has been issued by EYGM Limited, a member of the global EY organization that also does not provide any services to clients.
Following on from EY's successful integration in 2008 of 87 countries into one area from across Europe, Middle East, India and Africa (EMEIA), the firm has launched its Africa Business Center™ (ABC), which aims to enhance the effective and efficient links between its geographic reach and areas of expertise. The firm enjoys representation in 33 countries across Africa.
Web: www.ey.com/za
Twitter: @EY_Africa

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Westchester, NY, USA < change city >
Bands (77)
Florists (77)
Wedding Day Beauty (59)
DJs (58)
Caterers (56)
Cakes (36)
Videographers (31)
Invitations (30)
Limos (27)
Wedding Fashion (26)
Coordinators (25)
Officiants (22)
Ceremony Musicians (14)
Favors (13)
Jewelry (12)
Ceremony Sites (119)
Reception Sites (76)
See All Vendors >
Dash Of Class
1250 Hylan Blvd
NY, United States
5 ratings, 4 reviews, 5 weddings
From the lighting, screens, music selections and professionalism, Dash of Class a...
DJ Scott Rubin
Mahwah, NJ 07430, USA
DJs, Bands/Live Entertainment
3 ratings, 3 reviews, 3 weddings
Scott did an exceptional job DJing at our wedding. He got everyone up and dancing...
Dtm Productions
North Haledon, NJ, USA
3 ratings, 3 reviews, 3 weddings
Jeff Scott was our DJ and he was loved by everyone!!! We had a 3 person DJ crew a...
Premier Entertainment
East Rutherford, NJ, United States
3 ratings, 3 reviews, 3 weddings
Premier Entertainment is definitely a cut above the rest. I do think our guests s...
74 Events
New York, NY, USA
DJs, Bands/Live Entertainment
2 ratings, 3 reviews, 3 weddings
Rob was our DJ, but for all the planning we dealt with DJ Gaza. They were the fir...
Elegant Ensembles
360 Knickerbocker Road
Closter, NJ, USA
DJs, Bands/Live Entertainment
4 ratings, 3 reviews, 4 weddings
We booked Moxie through Elegant Ensembles and our guests still rave about the mus...
James Daniel Entertainment
125 Bedford St
Stamford, CT, United States
DJs, Bands/Live Entertainment
3 ratings, 3 reviews, 3 weddings
Really nice guys. Did not play my requested songs. Played things that I did not...
Wedgewood At The Orchard
55 Webster Avenue
New Rochelle, NY, United States
DJs, Florists, Coordinators...
3 ratings, 3 reviews, 3 weddings
They took my vision and made it into a reality. I was floored when I picked up my...
Gemini Dj
Somerset, NJ, USA
2 ratings, 3 reviews, 3 weddings
Played good music during the reception that got people moving. They were extreme...
Revolutions Entertainmen...
808 Mary Circle
Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA
DJs, Ceremony & Reception
2 ratings, 2 reviews, 2 weddings
Greg and Steve rocked out wedding!! Seriously fun and unique! They made our plann...


text:
This committee tracks, studies and considers issues involving the use of the forensic sciences. The Committee provides support, advice and policy direction, as well as recommendation of new initiatives (projects), directives, and draft resolutions for use by the Association. The Committee seeks to recognize excellence in forensic service providers in law enforcement agencies. If you are interested in more information about the Forensic Science Committee, please contact Michael Rizzo, IACP staff liaison, 1-800-THE-IACP Ext. 818.
Two IACP Committees met for the second time recently to tackle issues of common concern including developments in forensic science and wrongful convictions, and trends in drug use and trafficking. The Forensic Science Committee joined with the Police Investigative Operations Committee for their annual midyear meetings in Savannah, GA on June 8-10, 2016. According to Forensic Science Committee Chair, Stephanie Stoiloff, "This was a very informative and productive midyear meeting, largely due to the examination of topics from multiple perspectives." Other topics discussed were Data, Privacy and Public Safety and the impact of property crimes on our communities' economies.
Detective Lieutenant John Grassel, Rhode Island State Police
Senior Police Bureau Commander Stephanie Stoiloff, Miami-Dade Police Department, FL
Susan Ballou, Forensic Science Research Program Manager, National Institute of Standards and Technology
Thomas Callaghan, Chief Biometric Scientist, FBI Laboratory Division
Michael Cariola, General Manager, Bode Cellmark Forensics
Chief Mike Corley, Brownwood Police Department, TX
J.C. Downs, Forensic Pathologist, ForensX, LLC
Herb Drake, Assistant Special Agent in Charge (retired), ATF/Justice
Chief Joel Fitzgerald, Fort Worth Police Department, TX
Michael Garvey, Director, Office of Forensic Science, Philadelphia Police Department, PA
Janet Girten, Deputy Director, Colorado Bureau of Investigation
Director Fred Harran, Bensalem Township Police Department, PA
Assistant Director Skylor Hearn, Texas Department of Public Safety
Terence Hess, Chief, Investigative and Forensic Science, Combating Terrorism Technical Support Office
Ted Hunt, Chief Trial Attorney, Jackson County Prosecutor's Office, MO
Rick Lautenbach, Laboratory Director, Target Forensic Services Laboratory
Julie Lecea, Forensic Program Manager, Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI)
Assistant Chief Mary Lentschke, Houston Police Department, TX
Chief Daniel Losada, Knoxville Police Department, IA
Kevin Lothridge, Executive Director, National Forensic Science Technology Center
Matthew Mathis, Director Crime Lab Division, Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department, NC
Chief Kevin Paletta, Lakewood Police Department, CO
Benjamin Perillo, Executive Director, ANSI-ASQ National Accreditation Board
Nelson Santos, Deputy Assistant Administrator, Drug Enforcement Administration
Martha Smith-Blackmore, President, Forensic Veterinary Investigations, LLC
Captain Daniel Sollitti, Jersey City Police Department, NJ
Chief Mike Ward, Alexandria Police Department, KY
Chief Wayne Willcox, Armstrong State University, GA
Donald Wyckoff, Business Manager, ASCLD/LAB
IACP recognizes the significant impact forensic science has on the criminal justice system. The August Vollmer Excellence in Forensic Science Award has been created to honor the proactive, innovative use of forensic technologies by law enforcement.
For more information about the August Vollmer Excellence in Forensic Science Award please click here.


text:
SoHo Photo Shoot by Scott Clark Photography + DM EventsDear Scott Clark Photography & DM Events; Please excuse the serious swooning going on over on this side of the computer screen. This shoot is just.too.much. I am seriously obsessed with your Trump Hotel gone hip styling, and the life lesson
View CreditsRead More


text:
Don't show me this again
2 Bedroom Suites with Private Courtyards & Vaulted Ceilings
Transform your Las Vegas stay into a trip to Italy or Spain by booking a Mediterranean suite at Green Valley Ranch. These two bedroom suites boast an impressive 2,000 sq. ft. of finely appointed living space, featuring 2 impressive bedrooms, 2.5 bathrooms, and Garden floor level suites with a private dining courtyard and stunning 15-foot vaulted ceilings. Within these truly luxurious suites you'll also find two 42-inch LCD TVs, an eight-person dining table, a wet bar, a powder room, and a work desk with a two-line phone and internet connection.
Naturally, Jacuzzi suites in Las Vegas feature phenomenal amenities, but the Mediterranean suite takes this to another level entirely. Here you'll enjoy luxurious down duvets and pillows with ultra-soft 320-count Egyptian cotton linens adorning comfortable, spacious beds. There's also a 42-inch LCD Plasma TV, a ®Bose Radio/CD Player with iPod adapter, a laptop-sized safe and full-length mirrors. Expect nothing but the finest in amenities within our elegant Mediterranean suites, as these were designed with the ultimate tastes in mind.
Jacuzzi rooms are what make an ordinary Las Vegas vacation extraordinary, so we've placed a Jacuzzi® tub in each of the two Master Bathrooms of the Mediterranean Suite, as well as separate steam showers, 15-inch LCD TVs, lighted makeup mirrors, dual vanity/sinks and plush cotton robes. To indulge in true decadence during your next stay in Las Vegas, book a Mediterranean Suite today.


text:
acornsales necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 98 diseños de 30 diseñadores freelance.
We are looking to have a new logo created for a secondary site our company is putting up (http://www.personalizedembossers.com)
Site is still under development and not live, but our parent site is http://www.acornsales.com
We are working on a supplemental website to our company which is http://www.acornsales.com and our additional site which the domain is http://www.personalizedembossers.com and we are in need of having a logo designed. Our main product that we plan to sell on this site will be only focused on Personal Embossers including Address Embossers, Monogram Embossers, Book and Library Embossers. We need to have an eye-catching professional logo designed that will feature our tag line "making a quality impression" We will require a vector based PSD and EPS file of the logo once completed.
You can view these products on our current site here:
- Tag Line is optional but if included it is "making a quality impression"
- Eye-Catching and Professional Design
- Design that will have a mark of quality products
- Cartoony Graphics


text:
Dems Challenge Romney on ResidenceJOHN McELHENNY , Associated Press
Jun. 8, 2002 2:36 PM ET
Undated %mlink(STRY:; PHOTO:MAMC104-060702; AUDIO:%)
BOSTON (AP) _ Citing property and tax documents, state Democratic officials have filed a legal challenge to Republican Mitt Romney's gubernatorial candidacy, contending he has not lived in Massachusetts long enough to be eligible.
Romney lived in Utah from 1999 until this year while directing the Salt Lake City Olympics. He filed Massachusetts income tax forms as a nonresident in 1999 and 2000, and amended the forms to ``resident'' in April after returning to Massachusetts and deciding to run for governor.
The Massachusetts Constitution requires a candidate to live in the state for seven consecutive years before running for governor.
``What we have here is Mr. Romney attempting to rewrite history after the fact,'' said James Roosevelt, the state Democratic party's chief legal counsel. ``All the documents indicate he was domiciled in Utah.''
Romney said Democrats were trying to block his candidacy on a technicality. Romney has maintained a home and raised a family in the Boston suburb of Belmont for 30 years, and he says tax status does not define one's residency.
``It's sad that the campaign is going to be diverted on matters that are insignificant,'' Romney said. ``Any effort to try to ruin me, by hook or by crook and by legal machinations, is going to end up failing.''
The challenge was filed Friday with the state Ballot Law Commission. After Romney's campaign responds, the commission will schedule a hearing and could decide the issue later this month, Roosevelt said.
The commission has one Democrat, one unenrolled member, and three Republicans, including two appointed this week by Republican acting Gov. Jane Swift.
The challenge cites the property tax discount Romney received on his Park City, Utah, home in 1999 and 2000 that is reserved for Utah residents; the income tax filings for the same years in which Romney filed as a Utah resident; the fact that Romney lived and worked full time in Utah; and his Utah driver's license.
Barbara Kresser, the assessor in Summit County, Utah, has said county officials erred in giving Romney the property tax discount.
Also Friday, the campaign for Democratic gubernatorial candidate Robert Reich said he met the seven-year residency requirement.
Reich worked in Washington while serving as Labor Secretary under President Clinton. He filed state taxes as a nonresident in 1994 and owned a house in Washington.
Reich returned to resident status on Aug. 1, 1995, when his family moved to Massachusetts, and he commuted to Washington, returning home on weekends, spokeswoman Dorie Clark said.
© The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. Learn more about our Privacy Policy and Terms of Use.


text:
Making Revolutionary
Change: Airpower in
COIN Today
From Parameters, Summer 2008, pp. 52-66.
Much of the
reporting on the Iraqi and Afghan wars focuses on the ground
dimension . . . . The fact remains, however, that Iraq and Afghanistan are air
wars as well, and wars where airpower has also played a critical role in
Anthony H. Cordesman1
What a difference a year makes. The idea that airpower would be playing a critical role in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars would hardly have been predicted in December 2006, when the Army and Marine Corps issued a completely revisedbut airpower litecounterinsurgency (COIN) manual commonly known as Field Manual (FM) 3-24.2 Complimentary reviews appeared in unlikely venues such as The New York Times Book Review.3 What seems to have captured the imagination of many who might otherwise be hostile to any military doctrine were the manuals much-discussed Zen-like characteristics, particularly its popular Paradoxes section.4 This part of the manual contained such trendy (if ultimately opaque) dictums as sometimes, the more force is used, the less effective it is and some of the best weapons for counterinsurgents do not shoot.5
These maxims helped create the perception that the new doctrine was a kinder and gentler form of COIN that largely eschewed the concept of killing or capturing enemy fighters as a means of suppressing an insurgency.6 Supporting this interpretation is the fact that FM 3-24 favors deploying enormous numbers of forces20 per 1,000 residents7each of whom, according to the manual, must be prepared to become . . . a social worker, a
civil engineer, a school teacher, a nurse, a boy scout.8 Further, as popularly understood, the aim of this revamped force was not to confront the insurgents themselves, but rather to win hearts and minds of the indigenous population.9 To do so, the manual prefers a low-tech approach compatible with traditional Army culture that has individual soldiers engaging in close, personal contact with the target. In FM 3-24s interpretation of COIN, that target is a countrys populace.
All of this discussion left little theoretical room for the role of airpower. FM 3-24s examination of airpower is confined to a brief, five-page annex that essentially conceives airpower as aerial artillery. Accordingly, airpower is discouraged not just because the use of force is generally disdained by the popular interpretation of the manuals theory, but also because of the mistaken idea that air-delivered munitions are somehow more inaccurate than other kinds of fires.10
In perhaps no other area has the manual been proven more wrong by the events of 2007. As this article will outline, the profound changes in airpowers capabilities have so increased its utility that it is now often the weapon of first recourse in COIN operations, even in urban environments. As to weapons accuracy, by early 2008 Human Rights Watch senior military analyst Marc Garlasco made the remarkable concession that today airstrikes probably are the most discriminating weapon that exists.11
It is important to underline that the manuals flawed conclusions about airpower are not the result of nefariousness or service parochialism. Rather, FM 3-24 draws many of its lessons from counterinsurgency operations dating from the 1950s through the 1970s. While this approach is remarkably effective in many respects, it inherently undervalues airpower. The revolutions in airpower capabilities that would prove so effective during 2007 were unavailable to counterinsurgents in earlier eras. The writers of FM 3-24 were stuck with antiquated ideas about what airpower might contribute to a joint COIN effort.
In any event, many welcomed the kinder and gentler approach to COIN as being a near-total reversal of the less-than-successful strategy then in effect in Iraq. In early 2007 one of FM 3-24s principal architects, General
David H. Petraeus, arrived in Iraq as the senior US commander, and the manual quickly became known as The Book on efforts there.12 Shortly thereafter, some 30,000 additional forces, mostly Army units, surged into Iraq. By the end of 2007 the level of violence was significantly reduced.
Was airpower omitted from the operations that produced 2007s successes? Hardly. Of enormous significance is the fact that airstrikes in Iraq increased fivefold between 2006 and 2007.13 In addition, virtually every other aspect of airpower was exploited during the surge with great effect.14 In short, contrary to the assumptions bred by FM 3-24, ground-force commanders rather unexpectedly embraced airpowers potential and created the modern eras most dramatic revolution in COIN warfare.
This article examines why airpower became critical to COIN operations in 2007, a trend continuing today and one with huge implications for the future. Among other things, it will discuss the revolutions in precision and persistence that have so radically enhanced airpowers value in COIN warfare. It will also outline the strengths and weaknesses of the Air Forces new doctrine on irregular warfare which seeks to capture the services COIN approach. The author argues that while FM 3-24s surface-force-centric approach to COIN can work, recent experience in Iraq demonstrates that leaders of all services want a more joint and interdependent concept that exploits airpower in all its dimensions. Such an approach can reduce the need for the enormous numbers of US ground forces FM 3-24 entails, freeing them to prepare for other kinds of conflicts. Airpower can help, this article contends, to provide options for decisionmakers faced with a COIN challenge that capitalize on systems which are also useful in other kinds of conflicts.
FM 3-24 Can Work
It cannot be emphasized enough that there has never been a question as to whether FM 3-24s ground-centric approach could work. It can; its force ratios alone would overwhelm any insurgency, even without implementing any of the manuals Zen-like features. The American soldier is, without doubt, the finest infantryman in the world, perhaps in the history of warfare. US ground forces, if deployed in the numbers FM 3-24 dictates, simply cannot be defeated by any insurgency.
The real question, especially when looking to the future, is whether FM 3-24s approach is a practical, sustainable, and optimal strategy for the twenty-first century. Maintaining large numbers of forces in Iraq has strained the entire US military, especially the ground components. What is worrisome about a strategy so dependent upon boots-on-the-ground is that there are nearly 40 countries more populous than Iraq, some of which are failing or al-
ready failed states. FM 3-24s force ratios would be unattainable if the United States intervened in many of these nations.
The manuals solution is not just manpower-intensive; it requires a particular kind of manpower that is difficult to recruit, train, and maintain. As already noted, FM 3-24 calls for counterinsurgents who are experts at soft power activities. Although the Army recently met its recruiting goals, it has done so by inducting thousands of troops without high school degrees and thousands more requiring moral waivers due to otherwise disqualifying factors. While such recruits may make competent general-purpose forces, they are not the prized counterinsurgency professionals described in FM 3-24.
In framing strategy for the future, it is important to evaluate to what extent experience in Iraq has matched the perception of the doctrine. Has the situation improved because soft power techniques won hearts and minds? Or did the exercise of hard power predominate? While thousands of ground troops did surge into Iraq, relatively few were the highly trained counterinsurgents FM 3-24 desires. All the same, important aspects of the manual were implemented with great success. Troops were deployed from their sprawling compounds into scores of small outposts. Sadly, as many predicted, this contributed to 2007 being the deadliest year of the war for US forces.
Still, the physical presence of the additional forces had the sanguinary effect of stifling insurgent activity in Iraqs most prominent media center, Baghdad, and apparently creating a sense of security and progress beyond the citys limits. Additionally, FM 3-24s tenet of encouraging the reestablishment of the rule of law was markedly advanced by the creation of a secure Green Zone for law enforcement and judicial facilities, along with housing for Iraqi personnel and their families.15
As important as these developments were (and are) to the COIN effort, there is strong evidence that 2007s successes were attributable to other than the kinder, gentler aspects of the manual. Were hearts and minds won? Polls indicate that while Iraqi perceptions of Americans improved somewhat, the overwhelming numbers suggest that the vast majority of the population remains unchanged in their dislike of American forces. For example, 63 percent of Iraqis thought the surge had either made things worse or had no effect, and only four percent gave US forces credit for improved security.16 Additionally, 79 percent of Iraqis had little or no confidence in American troops, andamazingly42 percent still think attacks on American forces are acceptable.17
Yet security did improve. Giving some credence to the soft power techniques that popularized FM 3-24 does not change the fact that there was an extraordinary amount of killing and capturing during 2007. Although figures of enemy casualties are hard to verify, in September 2007 military of-
ficials told USA Today that the number of insurgents killed was already 25 percent ahead of 2006.18 By the end of the year, some unconfirmed reports indicated the total number killed may have more than doubled compared with the previous year.19 As regrettable as it may be, killing does seem to suppress violence in locations where hearts and minds remain mostly lost.
Capturing helps too. In Iraq, the number of suspected insurgents captured and detained skyrocketed from 15,000 at the end of 2006 to more than 25,000 during 2007.20 What makes this number so important is that as late as the fall of 2006, the total number of insurgents then at large was estimated by the Brookings Institution as totaling 20,000 to 30,000.21 In other words, notwithstanding the chic interpretations of effective COIN doctrine, capturing and imprisoning tens of thousands of Iraqi males seems to have had a profoundly positive effect on reducing violence.
Of course killing and capturing were not the only reasons for the decline in violence. Accommodations were made with Sunni and Shia leaders that produced separate sectarian fiefdoms. There is the much-reported Awakening in Anbar province that armed and employed many former insurgents to protect their religiously homogenized territories. Similar offers were extended to other groups with some success. In a real sense, however, violence may have subsided in many of the protected areas because the purging of the other sects was already complete. It remains to be seen the degree to which peace came at the price of pluralism, tolerance, and genuine democracy.22
Obviously, there are several factors that produced the relative peace Iraq enjoyed by the end of 2007. Nevertheless it is undeniable that, as the Congressional Research Service observed in February 2008, one of the major shifts [in strategy] has been in the kinetic use of air power.23
The Precision and Persistence Revolutions
Why did airpowers COIN utility become so prominent in 2007? The short answer might be captured in developments in two areas that are nothing short of revolutionary: precision and persistence. Together, these elements do not just physically degrade an insurgencys ability to wreak violence; they also can create psychological effects upon insurgents that COIN practitioners are only beginning to understand.
Historian Paul Gillespie labeled precision-guided munitions the ultimate weapon in conventional fights, largely because of their vastly increased ability to avoid collateral damage.24 In fact, he cites a study that concluded only twenty of twenty-three thousand munitions dropped by NATO in the 1999 Kosovo campaign caused collateral damage or civilian casualties.25 Though Gillespie recognizes that even the most precise weaponry has limits with respect to the strategic and political results it can achieve, he
nevertheless insists that precision-guided munitions have changed the modern battlefield, and in the process created a new American way of war.26
Changes in munitions themselves complement their newfound accuracy. Some of these have been customized for COIN operations to explicitly mitigate collateral damage,27 and the results have proven effective. As Lieutenant General Gary L. North explained regarding the small diameter bomb (SDB):28
The SDB is uniquely qualified for urban targets that call for precision accuracy and reduced collateral damage and in close-air-support missions that our aircrews find themselves in during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. We now have the ability to put ordnance in places where collateral damage might be a concern.29
The concept of precision is more than the ability of the weapon to hit the right place; it is as much about knowing the right place to strike. That revolution involves advanced concepts of command and control that ever-improving intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities facilitate. With regard to the latter, much of the improvement is not so much in the sensors themselves, but in the length of time the sensors are able to sense.
What has been game-changing in this regard is the increased availability of various long-loiter, armed unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms. In the fall of 2007, retired Army General Barry McCaffrey used terms very similar to Gillespies to describe the astonishing advances in airborne ISR capabilities that are revising the way war is conducted. In essence, General McCaffrey was describing the persistence revolution in ISR when he said:
We have already made a 100-year war-fighting leap-ahead with MQ-1 Predator, MQ-9 Reaper, and Global Hawk.30 Now we have loiter times in excess of 24 hours, persistent eyes on target, micro-kill with Hellfire and 500-pound JDAM [Joint Direct Attack Munition] bombs, synthetic aperture radar, and a host of ISR sensors and communications potential that have fundamentally changed the nature of warfare.31
Likewise, in March 2008 defense analyst Loren Thompson told USA Today that current UAV assets present a whole new dimension to detecting and destroying of terrorists cells.32 These technological innovations have transformed COINs all-important intelligence-gathering function. As Thompson said, a UAV is almost like having your own little satellite over a terrorist cell.33 Ground commanders realize the value of airborne ISR, and this explains recent reports that cite such assets as General Petraeuss top hardware priority in Iraq.34
ISR developments have major implications for the way airpower is used in COIN. Conventional COIN theory as reflected in FM 3-24 places
great emphasis on intelligence obtained from the indigenous population. While such intelligence can be quite valuable, it has to be viewed through a cultural lens and is vulnerable to a multitude of subjective machinations of those furnishing the information.
Visual observations have a grammar all their own. A May 2008 U.S. News and World Report article explained how sophisticated aerial surveillance had become by noting that Air Force ISR capabilities often can provide a superior perspective than even the boots on the ground.35 The article noted that at the forward deployed Air Operations Center UAVs are used to:
[E]stablish a pattern of life around potential targetsrecording such things as the comings and goings of friends, school hours, and market times. Despite the distance, the real-time video feeds often give them a better vantage point than an Army unit has just down the street from a group of insurgents.36
Similarly, journalist Mark Benjamin provides an exceptionally incisive illustration of how the persistence revolution complements the new precision capabilities by observing that ISR assets can now effectively track individual people for extended periods.37 Benjamin reports:
The Air Force recently watched one man in Iraq for more than five weeks, carefully recording his habitswhere he lives, works, and worships, and whom he meets . . . The military may decide to have such a man arrested, or to do nothing at all. Or, at any moment they could decide to blow him to smithereens.38
The last statement may be more insightful than perhaps even Benjamin realized. The precision and persistence of todays airpower creates opportunities to dislocate the psychology of the insurgents. Insurgents sheer inability to anticipate how high-technology airpower might put them at risk can inflict stress, thereby greatly diminishing their effectiveness. For example, The Los Angeles Times reported in April 2008 that in Afghanistan NATO forces recently have had unusual success in tracking and targeting mid-level Taliban field commanders, killing scores of them in pinpoint airstrikes. Because the Taliban believed that cell phone signals were being used to target them, they began blowing up telecommunications towers. The result, The Times reported, could hardly have been a worse public-relations move for the insurgency because ordinary Afghans were enraged; many had become dependent upon cell phones, and the system was a source of national pride.39
Another data point comes from the 2008 operations in Basra. When the Iraqi Armys effort ran into difficulties, US airpower proved instrumental in stabilizing the situation.40 Again, evidence is emerging to suggest airpower is having the proper psychological effects. Specifically, according to CNN,
Shia cleric Muqtada al-Sadr ordered his militias to stand-down in a nine-point statement [that] followed US airstrikes in Baghdad areas considered strongholds of his Mehdi Army.41
Airpower can unnerve even the fiercest fighters. Though they may be willing to die heroically in battle against US forces, that is not the death contemporary airpower permits. As one Afghan told The New York Times, We pray to Allah that we have American soldiers to kill but added pessimistically that these bombs from the sky we cannot fight.42
The helplessness that airpower inflicts on insurgents thinking can produce real effects. In Colombia, for example, the rebel group known as the Revolutionary Armed Force of Colombia (FARC in its Spanish acronym) is facing accelerating desertions, raising the possibility that the entire insurgency may unravel. Why? According to interviews with former rebels, the sheer terror of being bombed by Colombian fighter planes was a crucial factor in their decision to desert.43
In short, the psychological effects of persistent ISR and precision airpower are revising the oft-misunderstood notion of airpowers strategic impact. Where historically there was much discussion about the effect, or lack thereof, of airpower on the civilian populations of hostile nations, now the issue is much different: It focuses on the psychological impact on the insurgents themselves, not the civilian population. As one report put it:
Iraqi insurgents have learned to fear the drones. They hear some sort of air noise and they dont know exactly what it is, but they know its associated with my buddy getting killed, says [a US soldier]. Anything that makes them uneasy makes me happy.44
As that anecdote reveals, airpower can now inflict on insurgents the same kind of disconcerting sense of vulnerability that the enemy sought to impose upon US troops via improvised explosive devices, the most deadly weapon COIN forces face.45 Today, the situation is much-reversed as a result of American air assets: US soldiers do not have to feel like they are sitting ducks for every ambusher or bombmaker. As they peer up at that . . . bird? . . . its the insurgents who have to worry.46
As important as imposing this kind of friction on the minds of enemy combatants may be, it is also still possible in certain circumstances to use airpower kinetically to influence the civilian population, albeit not in the traditional way. Doing so can help win hearts and minds. For example, consider the effect when B-1 bombers destroyed an al Qaeda torture compound in early March 2008. After the facility was flattened, a former Iraqi victim declared, Im a lot happier now . . . . It was like my mother gave birth to me again. Furthermore reports say that [a]s Coalition forces left the area, villagers stood
on the side of the road cheering and clapping to be rid of this remnant of al-Qaida.47
Air Force Doctrine; Needs a Vector Check?
Ironically, the Air Forces own recently published doctrine is not especially reflective of the precision and persistence revolution as implemented in the field beginning in 2007. The drafting of that doctrine began only when it became clear that FM 3-24, with its airpower-lite views, would function not just as service doctrine for the Army and Marine Corps, but also as the design for the entire operation in Iraq. By early spring 2007, the Air Forces historical complacence regarding COIN abruptly ended as it convened a COIN conference that jump started its own doctrine-development project.48
That effort produced Air Force Doctrine Document (AFDD) 2-3, Irregular Warfare, which was fielded the following August.49 AFDD 2-3, which aims to cover counterterrorism and other operations in addition to COIN, does represent a marked advance in Air Force thinking. It references Air Force key capabilities in the areas of ISR, mobility, agile combat support, precision engagement, and command and control. Importantly, it makes the vital point that the introduction of a large US ground force on foreign soil may exacerbate the local situation while providing adversaries a new target set for attacks and propaganda. Airpower, on the other hand, can deliver a variety of effects from great distance without increasing force presence in a region or country.50
Still, there are issues. The Air Force doctrine mimics FM 3-24s tendency to overemphasize what hearts and mind-winning efforts by occupying troops can accomplish in situations where xenophobia imbues the populace, and the insurgencys core is comprised of ideologically immovable extremists. Thus, it undervalues the function of force in suppressing intractable insurgents. Perhaps most surprising is its seeming replication of FM 3-24s relegation of airpower to an enabling role as opposed to that of an independent maneuver force.51
Much like FM 3-24, AFDD 2-3 declares several times that irregular warfare (IW) is not a lesser-included form of traditional warfare as if it were relevant to an Air Force approach to COIN.52 Actually, the record of 2007 forcefully demonstrates that airpowers instrumentalities of traditional war includelesser or otherwisetremendous capabilities across the full spectrum of conflict. This utility extends, for example, beyond the kinetic uses previously addressed. To illustrate: by taking 5,000 trucks off dangerous Iraqi roads in a single month, C-17 transportsthe same aircraft that would be employed in high-end warbecame, in effect, perfect counter-IED weaponry.53
This concept is vitally important because airpowers inherent flexibility differentiates it from groundpowers assertion (as reflected in FM 3-24)
that its conventional capability cannot easily transition from the traditional fight to a COIN role.54 The failure of AFDD 2-3 to emphasize this agility as a central and unique strength of airpower detracts from the overall doctrine. Additionally, the doctrine does not examine at all how airpower may be used (as it was in 2007) to inflict a psychological toll on insurgents.
Most troubling, a central pillar of the doctrine is building partnership capacity, or BPC. While BPC may have strategic, big picture value apart from IW, it has little practical utility in most COIN environments. It is very often too expensive and too time consuming. Iraq is a perfect example: It will take nearly three years before the Iraqis are able to conduct their first airborne kinetic strike, and that will likely be a small-scale, relatively low-tech operation involving a few Russian helicopters.55
While this minimal capability may have some morale value for the Iraqis, its true military value in COIN is marginal. It should not be overlooked that the emergence of US airpower as a premier COIN weapon in 2007 depended greatly upon what has been described as a battery of technology involving drone aircraft, three-dimensional satellite images, and increasingly small precision weapons guided by lasers or Global Positioning Systems.56 For a host of reasons, few partner nations will have access to such high-tech capabilities, and it is simply too difficult to build these technologies on a timeline that will make a difference in most COIN scenarios.
Similarly, some advocates are urging the Air Forces acquisition of low-tech, fixed-wing aircraft, specifically for a COIN role. While there may be instances where such aircraft could prove effective, overall it is not a solution the US military ought to embrace without having a rationale beyond COIN. Slow-moving, low-altitude, fixed-wing aircraft are simply too vulnerable, even to older antiaircraft systems. In a real way, implementing this suggestion would build an air force with significant manpower and infrastructure requirements yet with all the low-tech deficiencies that consigned airpower to a peripheral role in FM 3-24. It is simply not the kind of airpower that proved successful in 2007.
This is another example of how AFDD 2-3 embraces a concept appropriate for ground forces but not for air forces. While a few months of training can turn a poorly educated but culturally imbued host-nation soldier into an effective counterinsurgent, such is not the case with airpower. It takes years of education and training to produce an airman, time and resources many nations do not have. Finally, why should the Air Force acquire a capability useful in only one kind of conflict, especially when doing so will burden the service with yet another platform having unique operational and sustainment requirements?
If a modest, demonstrably cost-efficient aerial kinetic capability is desired for indigenous forces, the BPC ought to focus on acquiring rotary as-
sets already part of the Armys aviation arm. Indeed, if all that is desired is a standoff, precision-strike system, the Armys satellite-guided Excalibur artillery round would seem to be a better, quicker fit for local forces.57 These assets have utility across the full spectrum of conflict, not simply COIN, a tenet that should drive the bulk of the US militarys future equipment purchases.
The Way Ahead
The experience of 2007 (and extending into 2008) indicates that neither FM 3-24 nor AFDD 2-3 have the doctrine quite right.58 While each manual arguably advances a valued perspective, neither really captures the principles that should guide an American COIN doctrine designed to optimize a truly interdependent joint team. Several factors call for a reevaluation.
First, the efficacy of killing and capturing insurgents needs to be fully acknowledged. In fairness, the perceptions of FM 3-24 in this regard seem to frustrate its authors. Lieutenant Colonel John Nagl, one of the manuals primary drafters, insists the manual is more about ensuring the right people were killed and captured as opposed to suggesting that killing or capturing could be avoided altogether by some collection of nonviolent means. Likewise, General Petraeus bristles at the suggestion the manual shy[s] away from the need to kill the enemy arguing that [t]he words kill and capture are on every page.59
We need to understand that the complex nature of todays insurgent threat differs from that of the twentieth century. According to former Army officer John R. Sutherland, the twenty-first century has given rise to what he calls the iGuerrilla which he describes as the New Model Techno-Insurgent who exploits technology in a wide variety of ways.60 What is key, Sutherland contends, is that the iGuerrilla cannot be swayed by logic or argument and is markedly different from those insurgents of the twentieth century who, he contends, are relegated to the dustbin of history.61
Hearts and minds campaigns, however successful they may be among the bulk of the population, cannot by themselves end the pattern of near-anarchic violence the hardcore iGuerrillas use to block COIN success. Counterinsurgents can, however, defeat the New Model Techno-Insurgent at his own techno-game if they accept the fact that technology is a centerpiece of their culture; it is, in fact, our asymmetric advantage. Recently, strategic theorist Colin Gray noted:
[H]igh technology is the American way in warfare. It has to be. A high-technology society cannot possibly prepare for, or attempt to fight, its wars in any other than a technology-led manner.62
The United States has to develop technology capable of substituting for boots-on-the-ground in order to provide future decisionmakers with broader options. Pragmatism drives this approach, not any deficiency in the valor or dedication of US ground forces. Apart from the difficultyand risksof acquiring and maintaining a COIN-focused Army, there is the mind-numbing price of a manpower-intensive COIN strategy.63 Currently, it costs more than $390,000 to deploy each US soldier to Iraq,64 an expense complicated by the political reality that COIN seldom engages, as Jeffrey Record observes, core US security interests,65 at least in the publics perceptions. This fact is likely one of the main reasons why, despite the real success of the past year, a poll found that 62 percent of Americans think the United States should have stayed out of Iraq,66 and another survey shows that 56 percent want the troops brought home.67
Beyond the potential reluctance of the US electorate, another difficulty in using significant numbers of US ground forces as counterinsurgents is the fact that although Americas image is improving around the globe, it is still extremely negative.68 That no country on the entire continent of Africa would host the US Africa Command headquarters is but one indicator that for the foreseeable future a large footprint of American ground combat forces in any overseas operation should expect to be unwelcome by the indigenous population.69
Thus, the notion that American COIN or nation-building efforts can best be executed by infusing the host state with large numbers of US troops is fundamentally flawed. In fact, the deeply entrenched view of US troops as an occupation force is now the main rallying point for anti-American feelings among many Iraqis.70 More broadly, in a new book Middle Eastern expert William R. Polk argues that the fundamental motivation of insurgents during the past three centuries is traceable to an aim primarily to protect the integrity of the native group from foreigners.71
Considering all the brutal realities of twenty-first century insurgencies it is imperative, as strategist Phillip Meilinger observes, to completely recast Americas approach to COIN in an effort to achieve politically desirable results with the least cost in blood and treasure.72 Doing so, Meilinger contends, requires the adaptation of a new paradigm that leverages airpowers precision strike and persistent ISR capabilities with US Special Forces and indigenous troops on the groundmuch the formula employed with great success in Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, and northern Iraq in the early 1990s. Overarching this effort would be a reconceptualization of the entire fight against extremism, one that makes psychological operations the main weapon and posits an intelligence entity as the supported command.73
To be sure, a COIN doctrine compatible with Americas posture in the world, as well as its high-tech strengths, does not necessarily eliminate the need for boots-on-the-ground. It does, however, emphasize that indigenous forces should comprise the bulk of the counterinsurgent force ratios outlined in FM 3-24. They can be supported by US Special Forces, along with specially trained Army advisers, but the face of the COIN effort interfacing with the local population should be native, not American.74 This blend of local ground forces reinforced with US advisers and sophisticated American technology can work; recent reports, for example, showed the Iraqi Army to be considerably resilient when backed by Coalition airpower.75 Necessary for success, however, is not just any kind of airpower, but rather the high-tech precision and persistence-enabled airpower that has proven so effective since 2007.
Of course, the solution to any COIN situation will never be exclusively military. Yet at the same time it is a mistake to underestimate what military means can accomplish. In that respect, exploitation of the air weapon can contribute as never before. The experience of 2007 clearly demonstrates that its newfound precision and persistence have revolutionized COIN warfare. US doctrine must evolve to fully capitalize airpowers newly enhanced prowess.
1. Anthony H. Cordesman, Air Combat Trends in the Afghan and Iraq Wars, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 11 March 2008, http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/080318_afgh-iraqairbrief.pdf.
2. Department of the Army, Field Manual 3-24, Counterinsurgency (Washington: Headquarters Department of the Army, 15 December 2006).
3. Samantha Power, Our War on Terror, The New York Times, 29 July 2007, http://select.nytimes.com/preview/2007/07/29/books/1154682945065.html.
4. See John A. Nagl, Foreword to the University of Chicago Press Edition, in The U.S. Army and Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2007), http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/841519foreword.html.
5. FM 3-24, paras. 1-150, 1-153.
6. Ibid., Appendix A, para. A-50.
7. Ibid., para. 1-67.
8. Ibid., para. 2-42.
9. Ibid., Appendix A, para. A-26.
10. Ibid., Appendix E, para. E-5.
11. As quoted by Josh White, The Man on Both Sides of Air War Debate, The Washington Post, 13 February 2008, A06, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/12/AR2008021202692.html.
12. Dan Ephron, The Book on Iraq, Newsweek (Web exclusive), 15 December 2006, http://www.newsweek.com/id/38021.
13. See, e.g., Anthony H. Cordesman, US Airpower in Iraq and Afghanistan: 2004-2007, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 13 December 2007, http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/071213_oif-oef_airpower. pdf.
14. Ibid.
15. Michael Gordon, In Baghdad, Justice Behind the Barricades, The New York Times, 30 July 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/world/middleeast/30military.html?ref=world.
16. ABC News/BBC/ARD/NHK Poll, Iraq Five Years Later: Where Things Stand, 17 March 2008, http://www.abcnews.go.com/images/PollingUnit/1060a1IraqWhereThingsStand.pdf.
17. Ibid.
18. Jim Michaels, 19,000 Insurgents Killed in Iraq Since 03, USA Today, 26 September 2008, http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2007-09-26-insurgents_N.htm.
19. See, e.g., List of Insurgent Fatality Reports in Iraq, Wikipedia, 2 April 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_insurgents_killed_in_Iraq.
20. Gordon Lubold, Do U.S. Prisons in Iraq Breed Insurgents? The Christian Science Monitor, 20 December 2007, http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/1220/p01s01-woiq.html.
21. Michael E. OHanlon and Jason H. Campbell, Iraq Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction and Security in Post-Saddam Iraq, The Brookings Institution, 1 October 2007, http://www.brookings.edu/fp/saban/iraq/index.pdf.
22. Steven Simon, The Price of the Surge, Foreign Affairs, 87 (May/June 2008), 57, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20080501faessay87305/steven-simon/the-price-of-the-surge.html.
23. Catherine Marie Dale, Operation Iraqi Freedom: Strategies, Approaches, Results, and Issues for Congress (Washington: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, 22 February 2008), http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL34387.pdf.
24. Paul G. Gillespie, The Ultimate Weapon, MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History, 20 (Winter 2008), 56.
25. Ibid., 63.
26. Ibid., 56.
27. See generally, Ernie Haendschke, Adding Less-Lethal Arrows to the Quiver for Counterinsurgency Air Operations, Air & Space Power Journal, 22 (Summer 2008), 33, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj08/sum08/haendschke.html.
28. Department of the Air Force, GBU-39B Small Diameter Bomb Weapon System, August 2006 (fact sheet), http://www.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=4500.
29. See Air Force Print News, USAFE Unit Debuts Small Diameter Bomb in Combat, 5 October 2006, http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?storyID=123028471.
30. Department of the Air Force, MQ-1 Predator Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, January 2007 (fact sheet), http://www.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=122; Department of the Air Force, MQ-9 Reaper Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, January 2007 (fact sheet), http://www.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=6405; Department of the Air Force, Global Hawk, October 2005 (fact sheet), http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=347.
31. Barry R. McCaffrey, Memorandum for Colonel Mike Meese, United States Military Academy, Subject: After Action Report, 15 October 2007, 5.
32. Tom Vanden Brook, Air Force Seeks More Fighter Drones, USA Today, 6 March 2008, 6, http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-03-05-Reapers_N.htm.
33. Ibid.
34. Matthew Cox and Gina Cavallaro, Petraeus: ISR Gear is Key to Success, ArmyTimes.com, 11 April 2008, http://www.armytimes.com/news/2008/04/military_petraeus_gear_042108/.
35. Anna Mulrine, A Look Inside the Air Forces Control Center for Iraq and Afghanistan, U.S. News and World Report, 29 May 2008, http://www.usnews.com/articles/news/world/2008/05/29/a-look-inside-the-air-forces-control-center-for-iraq-and-afghanistan.html.
36. Ibid.
37. Mark Benjamin, Killing Bubba from the Skies, Salon.com, 15 February 2008, http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2008/02/15/air_war/.
38. Ibid.
39. Laura King, In Afghanistan, Insurgents Attacking Cellphone Network, The Los Angeles Times, 23 April 2008, http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-cellphones23apr23,1,3026509.story.
40. Sholnn Freeman, U.S. Airpower Joins Basra Offensive, The Washington Post, 29 March 2008, A10, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/28/AR2008032801167_pf.html.
41. Mohammed Tawfeeq and Jonathan Wald, Al-Sadr Calls off Fighting, Orders Compliance with Iraqi Security, CNN.com, 30 March 2008, http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/30/iraq.main/index.html?iref=topnews.
42. Barry Bearak, A Nation Challenged: Death on the Ground, The New York Times, 13 October 2001, B01.
43. Juan Forero, Colombias Rebels Face Possibility of Implosion, The Washington Post, 22 March 2008, A01, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/21/AR2008032103536_pf.html.
44. John Barry and Evan Thomas, Up in the Sky, An Unblinking Eye, Newsweek, 9 June 2008, http://www.newsweek.com/id/139432.
45. See generally Multi-National Force-Iraq, Terrorist Tactics, 3 January 2007, http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=727&Itemid=44, and Clay Wilson, Improvised Explosive De-
vices (IEDs) in Iraq: Effects and Countermeasures (Washington: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, 10 February 2006), http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA454399.
46. Barry and Thomas.
47. Joel Langton, B-1B Destroys al-Qaida Torture Compound in Iraq, Air Force Print News, 11 March 2008, http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123089666.
48. See Christine Harrison, Doctrine Center Jump Starts Irregular Warfare Doctrine, Air Force News, 1 March 2007, http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123043045.
49. Department of the Air Force, Air Force Doctrine Document 2-3, Irregular Warfare (Washington: Headquarters Department of the Air Force, 1 August 2007), http://www.e-publishing.af.mil/shared/media/epubs/AFDD2-3.pdf.
50. Ibid., 15.
51. Ibid., 10 (identifying as a COIN truth for airmen the notion that the Air Force provides critical capabilities that enable joint force operations in COIN).
52. See, e.g., ibid., viii.
53. Robert M. Gates, Remarks to Air War College (Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala.: Air University, 21 April 2008), http://www.defenselink.mil/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=1231.
54. See, e.g., FM 3-24, ix (Western militaries falsely believe that armies trained to win large conventional wars are automatically prepared to win small, unconventional ones. In fact, some capabilities required for conventional successfor example, the ability to execute operational maneuver and employ massive firepowermay be of limited utility or even counterproductive in COIN operations.)
55. Erik Holmes, Were Starting to See it Clicking, Air Force Times, 31 March 2008, 25.
56. Benjamin.
57. Matthew Cox, GPS-Guided Excalibur Debuts in Afghanistan, ArmyTimes.com, 20 March 2008, http://www.armytimes.com/news/2008/03/army_excalibur_031808w/.
58. See, e.g., Ernesto Londo�o and Amit R. Paley, In Iraq, a Surge in U.S. Airstrikes, The Washington Post, 23 May 2008, A10, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/22/AR2008052203869_pf.html.
59. Charles M. Sennot, The Good Soldier, Mens Journal, June 2008, 108, 114.
60. John R. Sutherland, iGuerrilla: The New Model Techno-Insurgent, Armchair General, May 2008, 62.
61. Ibid.
62. Colin S. Gray, The Airpower Advantage in Future Warfare (Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala.: Air University, Airpower Research Institute, 2007), 32, http://aupress.maxwell.af.mil/ARI_Papers/GrayARI2.pdf.
63. See, e.g., Gian P. Gentile, Listen to the Airman, Military Review, 88 (March-April 2008), 114 (expressing concern about the dominance of COIN thinking in the Army), http://usacac.army.mil/CAC/milreview/English/MarApr08/GentileINSIGHTSEngMarApr08.pdf.
64. Amy Belasco, The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11 (Washington: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, 11 April 2008), http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL33110.pdf.
65. See Jeffrey Record, The American Way of War: Cultural Barriers to Successful Counterinsurgency, Cato Institute Policy Analysis No. 577, 1 September 2006, 1, http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa577.pdf.
66. CBS/New York Times Poll, 28 March-2 April 2008, http://www.pollingreport.com/iraq.htm.
67. Andrew Kohut, The Iraq Challenge, The New York Times, 1 June 2008, http://campaign-stops.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/01/the-iraq-challenge/.
68. Mark Rice-Oxley, Global BBC Poll Shows Improved U.S. Image, The Christian Science Monitor, 2 April 2008, http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0402/p01s13-woeu.html.
69. Karen DeYoung, U.S. Africa Command Trims Its Aspirations, The Washington Post, 1 June 2008, A18, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/31/AR2008053102055.html?sub=new.
70. See Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Smart Way Out of a Foolish War, The Washington Post, 30 March 2008, B03 (It is also important to recognize that most of the anti-U.S. insurgency in Iraq has not been inspired by al-Qaeda. Locally based jihadist groups have gained strength only insofar as they have been able to identify themselves with the fight against a hated foreign occupier.), http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/27/AR2008032702405_pf.html.
71. William R. Polk, Violent Politics: A History of Insurgency, Terrorism & Guerrilla War, From the American Revolution to Iraq (New York: Harper, 2007), xiv to xv.
72. Phillip S. Meilinger, Airpower in COIN: Verities, Legends, Surprises and Suggestions (London: Royal Aeronautical Society, January 2008, copy on file with the author).
73. Ibid.
74. See John A. Nagl, A Battalions Worth of Good Ideas, The New York Times, 2 April 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/02/opinion/02nagl.html.
75. Michael Knights, Rocky Road for Basra Operation, Janes Defence Weekly, 23 April 2008, 28.
Major General Charles J. Dunlap, Jr., is Deputy Judge Advocate General, Headquarters US Air Force. He is a graduate of St. Josephs University, Villanova University School of Law, the Air War College, and the National War College. General Dunlap has served in the United Kingdom and Korea and deployed for various operations in the Middle East and Africa, including stints in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom.
Go to Summer issue Table of Contents.
Go to Cumulative Article Index.
Go to Parameters home page.
Reviewed 14 July 2008. Please send comments or corrections to firstname.lastname@example.com


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no matter how bad things may be in your life, every time you see him a smile always finds a way to spread across your face. he is the type of guy who always makes you laugh but never makes you cry. every second you are with him you are either smiling or laughing because he just has that affect on people. he is the most amazing guy i have or will ever meet. not only is he amazing, but he is a genius--he is the smartest guy i know. he may be dorky (which apparently is a complement), but thats one of the many things that i love about him. he isnt just any dork--he is MY dork. the second you are forced to leave his side you miss him, for when you are around him you feel complete. when you are apart, you feel like part of you is missing. if you ever find any guy as amazing as nuriel, you should make sure u get him before anyone else does because you dont find guys like this every day.
by hick January 15, 2005


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Ye Olde Corps
AN UNUSUALLY large crowd was gathered around the doors of a tavern in Philadelphia one frosty morning in November, 1775, as two weather-beaten trappers approached the common.
The stocky one of middle height stopped and grasped his companion by the arm.
"Od's blood!" he muttered, "a new cargo of rum must have come in yesterday. Look yonder at all of the big heads waiting to draw their daily ration of courage to help them face their wives!"
The short one with the hooked nose jutting prominently past the coonskin tail of his cap paused a moment in retrospect.
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Real-world projects show tangible returns.
Alyssa Danigelis is a Fortnightly contributor and technology writer who blogs for Discovery News.
Real-world projects show tangible returns.
Much is riding on successful smart-grid deployments. Last fall, the Department of Energy set aside $11 billion for smart-grid creation. On top of that, many utilities are investing millions of their own money in grid improvements within their service areas. The expensive question remains: Will these investments pay off? Lacking a standard path for smart-grid development, utilities nationwide are venturing into unknown territory, putting their smart-grid business cases to the test.
Saving Power
AEP's gridSMART Ohio Project: American Electric Power (AEP)
• 5.2 million customers
• $14.4 billion revenue (2008)
• Service areas in Arkansas, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia
• Approx. 39,000-MW generating capacity
• Coverage: 110,000 customers
• Cost: $150 million. The Department of Energy awarded $75 million and the rest is coming through a combination of monies subject to regulatory approval and in-kind donations from vendors that want to participate.
• The Project: AEP's vast service territory poses significant challenges to implementing advanced grid technology because it encompasses everything from urban and suburban areas to mountainous and rural sections across eleven states. For that reason, AEP is taking a holistic approach with its smart-grid demonstration project in central Ohio. Working in partnership with the DOE, and with General Electric, AEP is investing in advanced technologies to operate the grid more efficiently. The utility aims to achieve this by installing smart meters, distribution automation equipment, demand-response technology, integrated voltage/var control, all the way through to smart appliances and home energy management systems. Smart appliances will help the utility determine how best to control them during peak periods without having a negative effect on residential customers' lifestyles. The reason for the high $150 million price tag is that AEP is also planning to test community storage technologies, adding plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and creating a cyber security center.
"Our demographics match the demographics across the nation within a few percentage points," says Teri Flora, director of corporate communications for AEP Ohio. She's realistic about the project and expects to see both successes and failures. "We're confident that we can produce a demonstration project that will allow smart grid to progress across the country."
• Returns: The utility expects that the improved efficiencies will reduce consumer costs by about $5.75 million over the course of the project. Consumption will be reduced by 18 megawatts and peak demand will be reduced by 15 megawatts. "By maintaining power at the appropriate level, supporting the vars, they're eliminating waste on their network," says Mark Hura, global smart-grid leader for General Electric. "They're more efficient about how they're delivering that power." With the integrated volt/var control application alone, AEP is looking at curbing peak demand by up to 2 percent for the customers on the circuits that have the installation.
• Timeline: Smart-meter deployment began in December 2009. Hura says that GE has installed the smart-meter technology infrastructure and the advanced coordinated voltage/var


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The town is full of people in trouble. Make your way through a variety of stages, including a park, golf course, nighttime cityscape and even a concert hall as you try to help people with their problems. In this action-platform game you can jump between trees, buildings and even people - just do whatever it takes to help the town's people.
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Customer review on 19/07/2011
from what I can tell the game has an Osu Tatakae Ouedan/Elite Beat Agents theme to it where people need help with random thing as Minon Runs into the scene to the rescue, in Japanese ninja like style, screw running on the ground, he needs to step on things. be it people, buildings, blades of grass, etc, every so often you need to make a decision on where to go next, this is where Minon has nothing else to step on, so you lay down dominos for him to run on, but you have to decide quick before he loses balance.
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Comfort Inn Bellingham
Select your stay dates to check availability at Comfort Inn Bellingham
Comfort Inn Bellingham
About the Hotel
Property Location
Located in Bellingham, Comfort Inn Bellingham is in the suburbs and convenient to Park Bowl and Bellis Fair Mall. This hotel is within close proximity of North Bellingham Golf Course and Marine Life Center.
Make yourself at home in one of the 85 air-conditioned rooms featuring refrigerators and flat-screen televisions. Your pillowtop bed comes with Egyptian cotton sheets, and all rooms are furnished with double sofa beds. Wired and wireless Internet access is complimentary, while DVD players and cable programming provide entertainment. Private bathrooms with shower/tub combinations feature deep soaking bathtubs and complimentary toiletries.
Enjoy a range of recreational amenities, including an indoor pool, a spa tub, and a sauna. Additional amenities at this hotel include complimentary wireless Internet access and a television in a common area.
A complimentary buffet breakfast is served daily.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include complimentary high-speed (wired) Internet access, a 24-hour business center, and express check-in. A roundtrip airport shuttle is complimentary (available 24 hours).
Hotel Facilities
- Free breakfast
- Fitness facilities
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- One meeting room
- Free WiFi
- Television in common areas
- Long-term parking (surcharge)
- Express check-out
- Total number of rooms - 85
- In-room accessibility
- Designated smoking areas
- Multilingual staff
- Coffee/tea in common areas
- Laundry facilities
- Accessible bathroom
- RV, bus, truck parking
- Free airport transportation
- Number of floors - 3
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Free self parking
- Smoke-free property
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- 24-hour front desk
- Year Built 1992
- Computer station
- Elevator/lift
- 24-hour business center
- Spa tub
- Sauna
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Indoor pool
- Express check-in
Room Facilities
- Refrigerator
- Sofa bed size double
- Microwave
- Egyptian-cotton sheets
- Hair dryer
- Premium bedding
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Slippers
- DVD player
- Coffee/tea maker
- Free local calls
- Heating
- Premium TV channels
- Private bathroom
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Flat-panel TV
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
- Sofa bed
- Air conditioning
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Phone
- Deep soaking bathtub
- Free WiFi
- Cable TV service
- Iron/ironing board
- Free newspaper
- Pillowtop mattress
- Shower/tub combination
- Desk
- Pillow menu
- Portable fan
- Free toiletries
- Daily housekeeping
- Free wired high-speed Internet
Hotel Policy
Know Before You Go
- Up to 4 children 18 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding. Children may not be eligible for complimentary breakfast.
- Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.
- The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Late check-out fee: USD 60
- Rollaway bed fee: USD 10.00 per night
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.Show all hotel policy Show less hotel policy


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Evening all!
I was around this forum when it first started back in 2007 but kinda drifted away. I have been doing lots of catching up on various build threads etc.. on here and the forums so busy now its great!
I'm not new to the scene and am on various other BM forums but for those that dont know me I'm building quite a special e36. Started out as a 318is now has an S62 mocked up in the bay, the wheels are 19" centre locking touring car wheels and the interior going to be tan leather & carbon with some uber rare Recaro A8's taking pride of place in the front.
The cars FAAAAR from finished! So dont expect to see it at any shows this year! LOL


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Our Code of Conduct sets out the principles we expect suppliers to comply with to ensure that our products are made in good working conditions, and the people making them are treated decently and paid a fair wage. It is available in thirty-one local languages.
In countries such as Bangladesh, where many people cannot read or write, it can be difficult for workers to understand formal, written Codes of Conduct. Working with local charities and designers, we asked workers to design posters for our Code of Conduct. The newly designed posters feature cartoon-style pictures that can be easily understood by all workers.
We created posters in southern India, China and Bangladesh. Creating posters for each region and country meant that workers were able to highlight the issues most important to them in a way that makes sense in the local culture.
The workers who designed the posters developed a thorough understanding of the Code and their rights. They can now share this knowledge with their co‐workers. The posters have been printed and sent to the factories we work with. We also consulted with workers to get their advice on where to display the posters in the factory for maximum impact.


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Caribbean 26, fantastic use of space for either family pleasure cruising or for fishing, a very well respected boat within the industry, Game On has been well looked after having been regularly well maintained mechanically by her current owner, the legs are currently off been serviced.
Cockpit: • Fibreglass non-skid floor with inspection hatch. • Fibreglass engine box. • Engine box cushion. • Upholstered side. • Deck side stowage compartments. • Fibreglass swimming platform. • 12 volt cockpit light. • Rod/Gaff storage racks. • Flush mounted cockpit shower in transom panel. Deck: • Bow platform with automatic anchor raising system, footswitch, anchor and chain. • Mooring cleats forward and aft. • Aluminium bow rail. • Deck fuel filler. • Heavy duty aluminium rubbing strip. • Non-skid deck. Flybridge: • Acrylic deflection screen. • Aluminium safety rails. • Aluminium flybridge ladder with heavy duty steps. • Vinyl upholstered fibreglass seat incorporating stowage locker. • Forward stowage lockers with hinged doors. • Flush mount compass. • Dual hems with flybridge and lower station controls. • Full Aluminium targa bimini with cover.
pictures were taken on the 24/03/16 so reflect a true representation, a great value buy for someone, in our opinion with a good wash down and new blue canopies will make her an excellent purchase, having been reduced from £20k.
Shamrock Quay Marina
William Street
United Kingdom


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Frank Ticheli, composer and Professor of Composition at the USC Thornton School of Music, talks about how to make a living as a composer. He explains that there are a number of ways to make a living as a composer. For instance, Ticheli composes for chamber groups and young musicians. Other sources of income can come from video games or films.
Composing | Making It
This Video Clip Appears on:
Songwriting Company or School:
Thornton School of Music (USC) | University of Southern California (USC)
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You missed it This great deal for Jinky's Café Santa Monica is over. But don't despair, we've got more great deals every day.
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Step into this sun-drenched Santa Monica breakfast hub where locals flock to satisfy their pancake cravings -- or enjoy a healthy and nutritious meal:
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How is this subpanel grounded?
1 Attachment(s)
I recently moved into this house and am looking to install some outlets upstairs. Previously, a sub panel was installed which should make this job a lot easier, but I can't seem to figure out how it is grounded. The two neutral/ground buses are attached with a tie bar which I originally thought had to be separated (and then one bus used as a neutral and the other as a ground). Is this subpanel installed properly? If so, how is it grounded?
It also appears that there are only 3 wires coming into the subpanel, 2 hot and a neutral... Is that up to code?
hopefully this picture uploaded properly.
If the sub panel is connected to the main panel via conduit that would be the ground. The ground and neutral should be kept separate. i can't tell if the bond screw is inplace not connecting the neutral bus to the box.
I don't see any ground wires in that picture. All I see is blue,red, black and white wires. Ground must be green or bare.
It appears as if this house is wired using conduit. If that is true then the conduit is the ground.
Looking more closely, your neutral terminates on the top lug and you can trace across the top bus and down to the bottom bus via the splice plate. Both busses are connected and are therein both acting as neutral busses.
call me crazy but did they use BLUE as a grounded conductor? :eek:
The blue is connected to a breaker. It is a hot wire. Conduit makes it easy to use different colours for different circuit. Makes for much easier circuit tracing.
You wanna look at that again and tell me what you see... :) Let me give you a BIG hint, thats a AFCI breaker....
Guess you never wired one before, never mind. Just for fun, you wanna explain to me how its getting its 2nd pole?
Couple questions, what country is the OP from and is that Panel really mounted horizontally?
I'm getting in a pissing match. I'll just say you must be right. I never wired one before.
Looks like a blue wire with white tape maybe connected to the netural connection on an arc-fault.
The picture loaded sideways, but the subpanel is installed upright. Thanks for all the input. I'm in new york city, and we can only use BX wires here because the rats eat through nm. So they, and the conduits, must be acting as the ground.
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Cinnamon Coffee Cake
For variety, add chopped walnuts or pecans, fresh blueberries, or finely chopped dried fruits (such as cranberries or raisins) to the topping.
- Prep:
- Total Time:
- Servings: 6
Source: Everyday Food, January/February 2003
- 2 cups flour
- 3/4 cup plus 2 tablespoons sugar
- 1 tablespoon baking powder
- 1/2 teaspoon salt
- 1/2 cup vegetable shortening
- 1 teaspoon cinnamon
- 1 large egg, beaten
- 3/4 cup milk
- 2 tablespoons butter, melted
Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Grease an 8-inch square baking pan. In a medium bowl, combine flour, 3/4 cup sugar, baking powder, and salt. Using a pastry cutter or two knives, cut in shortening until the mixture resembles coarse crumbs. Put 1/2 cup of the mixture in a small bowl, stir in remaining 2 tablespoons sugar and cinnamon, and set aside. Stir egg and milk into remaining flour mixture.
Spoon batter into the prepared pan, and smooth the surface. Pour melted butter over the top. Sprinkle reserved crumb mixture evenly over the butter. Bake the cake until a toothpick inserted in the center comes out clean, about 35 minutes.


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Captain CHARLES SARGEANT JAGGER, MC, ARA, 13th Battalion Worcestershire Regiment, (1885-1934)
Jagger, in his introduction to his book "Modelling and Sculpture in the Making", wrote that the sculptor had chosen the most exciting, the most arduous and the least appreciated of all the arts. Financially, the future would be a gamble with the odds against him. Although there are many tools needed for the actual modelling, and also for the making of armatures, backgrounds for reliefs and so on, the most useful tools the sculptor possesses are his own two hands.
Charles Sargeant Jagger was born at Kilnhurst, near Sheffield, on the 17th December 1885. His father, Enoch, was a colliery manager, the family was not rich and as art offered no guarantee of an income, Jagger's father would not let his son study sculpture. But as Jagger had shown that he had talent in drawing, he was apprenticed to Mappin and Webb as a metal engraver at the age of fourteen. In 1905, having completed his apprenticeship, he was offered a teaching post at Sheffield Technical School of Art. For the next two years, Jagger taught metal engraving in the evenings and studied sculpture during the day. Then, in 1907, he was awarded a scholarship by the West Riding County Council to study at the Royal College of Art in London. Here, he achieved considerable success in his studies, and he was awarded a number of prizes which enabled him to visit Italy and North Africa in 1911. He belonged to a circle of friends that also produced two world-famous sculptures, namely William McMillan and William Reid Dick.
On the 2nd December 1914, Jagger enlisted in the Artists' Rifles. But it was not until the 23rd September 1915 that he set sail with the British Mediterranean Expeditionary Force for Gallipoli. He was by then a 2nd Lieutenant in the 13th Battalion Royal Worcesters. Jagger described their send-off at Plymouth as "magnificent" and as "one of the greatest days I shall live to see." Little could have prepared him for the conditions under which he was to serve. The rocky landscape, prickly scrub that grew everywhere, flies and insects, and the total lack of washing facilities. Veterans that had come directly from the Western Front longed for the mud of Flanders. However, on the 5th November, he was shot through the left shoulder and shipped out to the Blue Sisters' Hospital on Malta. A story was told afterwards that the doctors were going to amputate Jagger's arm but for the intervention of a nurse (a fellow artist's daughter) who recognised Jagger as a sculptor and insisted on nursing him back to full health. This was later found to be a myth, the truth being that his wound was completely clean, no amputation was suggested and he met the nurse during his recuperation !
Jagger's experiences at Gallipoli continued to haunt him for many years after. It was this period of service, not the trenches in France, which he remembered with deep horror and these feelings made him resolve to record his experiences in sculpture.
In March of 1916, Jagger returned to England where he married Violet Constance Smith. Before long, Jagger was declared fit and he was promoted to the rank of First Lieutenant and was sent to the Newton Rifle Range on the Isle of Wight. Eighteen months later, he was sent out to the Western Front and on the 15th April 1918 was badly wounded. He had been shot two inches above the heart at the Battle of Neuve Eglise. In recognition of his valour, he was awarded the Military Cross. Jagger had nearly recovered by the time the Armistice was declared. While he was convalescing, he was told that the British War Memorials Committee was about to employ sculptors. He was awarded his first commission which depicted the 1st Battle of Ypres in 1914 - the Worcesters at Gheluvelt. Further commissions were forthcoming. In 1919, "No Man's Land" commissioned by the British School at Rome and the Hoylake and West Kirby war memorial commissioned by Wirral Council for Grange Hill, above Hoylake and West Kirby. In 1921, the following memorials were commissioned. "The Sentry" was commissioned by S. & J. Watts for their warehouse in Portland Street, Manchester, now the Britannia Hotel; the Portsmouth war memorial was commissioned by the Portsmouth City Council for the Municipal Park, Southsea; the Bedford war memorial was commissioned by Bedford Council.
Sculptures of Earl Beatty and Earl Haig (see photo of Earl Haig sculpture) were commissioned by the architect, Sir Edwin Lutyens, for Queen Mary's doll's house in 1921 and the doll's house was erected in 1923. It was a miniature palace inside Windsor Castle and was more opulently decorated than the humble abodes of her loyal, grown-up subjects. Every furnishing was reproduced by Britain's finest craftsmen to a 12th of its actual size. The doll's house included a miniature copy of Hutton and Hutton's standardised railway timetable, the A.B.C. for 1923, which was perfectly readable with the aid of a very large magnifying glass. It is thought that the information giving all the train times across the UK network on pages measuring only a few millimetres may have been engraved with a very fine needle.
Other memorials included the Anglo-Belgian memorial in Brussels, a gift of the English people to the Belgians; the Royal Artillery memorial at Hyde Park Corner, London, commissioned by the Royal Artillery War
Commemoration Fund; the Nieuwpoort memorial to the missing, commissioned by the Imperial War Graves
Commission; the Port Tewfik memorial at Suez, commissioned by the Imperial War Graves Commission and the Tank memorial at Louverval, Cambrai, France, also commissioned by the Imperial War Graves Commission.
Jagger's death on the 16th November, 1934, at the age of 48 was almost completely unexpected, although in retrospect his war wounds and the long hours he constantly worked made his early death from a heart condition seem less surprising. Between 1918 and 1934, he had produced some 45 works (equivalent to two a year). With this quantity of work behind him and the great majority of it done on commission, it is natural to ask whether he was forced to compromise. Jagger was said to have been skilled at persuading people to let him do what he wanted (the Royal Artillery War Commemoration Fund minutes reveal instances of this) and the fact that many of his patrons also became his friends, must have given him great flexibility. There is evidence presented by the remarkable body of work he left behind him which is in itself sufficient evidence of his having made a very personal and extremely powerful statement.
Acknowledgments :
"Modelling and Sculpture in the making" by Sargeant Jagger, published for the Studio Ltd. 1933.
"War and Peace and Sculpture" edited by Ann Compton, published by the Imperial War Museum,1985.
Christopher Wright writing in the Antiques Trade Gazette, March 2002.
PLEASE NOTE - all items shown in this article have now been sold.


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Grand ReOpening Activites at Possum Run Plants & Provisions
Saturday, April 23, 2016
5384 Possum Run Road
Bellville, OH 44813
Presented By: Possum Run Plants & Provisions
Come enjoy some fun and educational activities at our Grand ReOpening at Possum Run Plants and Provisions!
Scheduled fittingly to coincide with Earth Day and Arbor Day, our week-long festivities kick off with getting you to one of the most magical places to visit in Mid-Ohio. We'll be hosting a variety of workshops and demonstrations for learning experiences for all ages.
Add some music, refreshments, freebies and more fun to brighten your hearty lifestyle.
DON'T FORGET: sign up for the AMAZING DOOR PRIZES in the Barn.YOU could win $100 in plants for your home & garden!Relax next to the waterfall café. See you there!
For the complete schedule of events and more information about Possum Run Plants & Provisions, please visit our website!
« Back to Calendar


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Feature Story
Marquez-Katsidis a holiday classic
Story by Andreas Hale
Photos by Chris Cozzone
It's unusual for a major fight to fall on a Thanksgiving weekend, but in the case of Juan Manuel Marquez (51-5-1, 37 KOs) and Michael Katsidis (27-2, 22 KOs), Saturday's clash could serve as the perfect after Thanksgiving dinner treat – and you won't have to pay anything for it . . . click here for more


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As fighting between the Shia Mahdi army and the Iraqi national army continued yesterday, witnesses described scenes in the city to Ghaith Abdul-Ahad.
"Yesterday we were in the street and saw a black car coming. They stopped and two men opened the boot. They dragged out an Iraqi soldier and threw him in the street and they drove away."
"He was a young soldier dressed in a military uniform, he had a bullet hole in his head and there was blood on his face - even his boots were covered with blood.
"We found his ID card, his name was Ahmad Raad al-Helfy. We went through his mobile phone and found a number marked "mum", we dialled and an old women answered. I told her that her son had died and that she was the mother of a martyr; she started screaming and wailing."
Said Abu Saleh, 30
"The situation is very difficult in Basra, all the side streets are controlled by the Mahdi army. Even if the army has lots of tanks, the Mahdi fighters are controlling the streets. The fighters are driving in captured Iraqi Humvees and waving new guns."
Resident of Hayyaniya, a stronghold of the Mahdi army
"Our fighters are being targeted not by the Iraqi government but by government militias working for Moqtada al-Sadr's rivals in the Supreme Iraqi Islamic Council. They are a executing a very well-drawn plan. They are trying to exterminate the Sadrists and cut and isolate the movement before the September local elections. The Sadrists are the only Shia resistance movement against the occupiers [Americans] and we have wide popularity.
"We are going through a battle of existence. We will fight to the end; we either survive this or we are finished.
"We have captured lots of their vehicles, machine guns and mortars. We have new rocket-propelled grenades we got from their supply trucks. Our fighters know how to use the side streets as their battle space."
Sheikh Ali al-Sauidi, a senior commander in the Mahdi army speaking in a telephone interview