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jaybuddy brauchte ein neues Logo Design und hat einen Wettbewerb auf 99designs gestartet.
Aus 414 Designs von 99 Designern wurde eine Gewinner gewählt.
Amateur Endurance
Amateur Endurance is an online, endurance sports magazine. The purpose of our website is to serve as the online endurance sports information resource for those who are just beginning their sport. We are a content heavy site and have an extensive product reviews section. We started Amateur Endurance to help newbies find quality information on endurance sports.
Our readers are men & women ages 18-60 who are looking to become more active. Our readers are 75% men and 25% women and most of them are looking for training, nutrition, hydration and gear information for half-marathon, marathon, and triathlon.
* Logo
* Blues and Whites (but avoid really bright blues)
* Amateur Endurance or AE somewhere in the logo
* Simple, sharp, and clean look - think facebook, Nike, New Balance, Saucony
* .psd web file and .ai file for print.


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Let's Move! Active Schools is an initiative of First Lady Michelle Obama that aims to ensure 60 minutes of physical activity a day for students in kindergarten through the 12th grade. Of the 544 schools honored nationally as Let's Move! Active Schools, 16 were from Bibb County –Alexander II Magnet, BruceElementary, Bernd Elementary, Heard Elementary, Ingram-Pye Elementary, Lane Elementary, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Elementary, Porter Elementary, Skyview Elementary, Springdale Elementary, Taylor Elementary, Weaver Middle, Central High, Howard High, Rutland High, and Southwest High. Powered by a national collaborative of leading health, education and private sector organizations, Let's Move! Active Schools equips schools with the resources, programs, professional development and grants to increase physical education and physical activity opportunities for students, and to cultivate an Active School environment. To earn a Let's Move! Active Schools National Award, a school must have met significant benchmarks in five areas: physical education; physical activity before and after school; physical activity during school; staff involvement; and family and community engagement.
Teacher of the Year
Denise McIntosh
A Message from the Principal, Donna Jackson
Welcome to Springdale Elementary School! I am excited about returning to Springdale as your principal. I have worked in the Bibb County School System for 24 years. I am pleased to be a part of your school community and look forward to meeting and working with each of you.
My commitment to you, our school family, is to do all I can to maintain and foster a warm, caring, and enriching environment for all of our students. The most important thing I can do as your leader is to create a safe environment where all children can learn. We will strive to help the students maximize their potential. Our children deserve more than an adequate education, they deserve an outstanding education! We will set our standards high and know that our students will succeed.
I am pleased to be a member your school community and invite you to become an integral part of our school. We need your help in making certain this year is a successful one. It is important that each and every student and parent know that they are important to our school. As parents, you know your child better than anyone else. For this reason, we want you to help guide us in making decisions and educational goals for your child. We share with you the responsibility for the instruction and guidance of your child. We sincerely invite your involvement in maintaining a standard of excellence at Springdale Elementary.
Thank you in advance for your cooperation and for sharing your children with us.
Donna Jackson
Dear Parent(s)/Guardian(s):
At Springdale, we are very proud of our teachers. We feel they are ready for the coming school year and are prepared to help your child do their best in school. We are required by federal law, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA), to let you know about your child's teachers' qualifications. It is your right to request the following information about your child's teachers' training and credentials:
Please know that our staff is committed to helping your child reach his or her highest academic potential throughout their school career. That commitment includes making sure that all of our teachers and paraprofessionals are highly skilled and are providing quality instruction to your child.
If you wish to request information concerning your child's teachers' qualifications, please contact your child's principal.
Are you looking for fun, educational
opportunities for your child during the
summer? Click HERE to download a
compilation of the programs featured
at the recent Summer Academic Fair.

subset: commoncrawl


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As Chinese Premier Hu Jintao prepares for today's state dinner at the White House in his honor, the headlines are filled with questions about his control over China's rapidly modernizing military. So it falls to Adm. Gary Roughead, the Navy's top officer, to signal that he's not worried about Chinese seapower — either with optimism that his Chinese counterparts will be responsible mariners or with unsubtle reminders that they're not yet as good as his own sailors.
In barely a month, China's made big strides in military technology, rolling out a stealth jet prototype called the J-20 and reaching what the U.S. Navy calls "initial operating capability" on its DF-21D "carrier killer" anti-ship missile. Much as the new Chinese weaponry has caused anxiety in U.S. defense circles, Roughead signaled that he doesn't think the Chinese can rapidly develop new weapons systems that can compete with what the U.S. has.
"[A]s you get into higher-end capability, I am not so sure that the rate of acceleration is the same," Roughead told a Financial Times interviewer. "When you start moving into higher-end capabilities, the incremental improvements are harder, more costly and more complex." That's in line with Defense Secretary Robert Gates publicly questioning "just how stealthy" the J-20 is during his recent trip to China.
On that trip, though, the Chinese military tested the J-20, apparently without Hu's knowledge. And that seemed in line with the past two years' worth of increasing Chinese military assertiveness. It wasn't even two years ago that the People's Liberation Army Navy, known as the PLAN, harassed a U.S. spy ship in the South China Sea. But Roughead was far more welcoming than angry with the PLAN in his interview.
Global maritime cooperation? "I would very much like the PLAN to be part of that and in fact they are." New Chinese subs and satellites? "As we all seek to do… they clearly want to assure that operational space around the mainland and the areas they consider to be vital and important." Growing Chinese sea power in general? "[C]onsistent historically with the economic rise of powers." If there's a message there, it's that the U.S. Navy isn't looking for a confrontation.
And if there's a subtext, it's that the U.S. would dominate one if the Chinese bring it. The Navy's top information officer, Vice Adm. Jack Dorsett, said earlier this month that the Chinese haven't yet knitted together all their sea, air and land fighting forces or integrated them with their new technologies. Roughead let it be known that the U.S. Navy is "experienced in the application and the use of very high-end equipment in operational environments on a daily basis," and keeps 37 percent of the fleet forward deployed — "I don't know what percentage I would put on the PLAN that is forward-deployed," he added.
The carrier-killer missile? Sure, the Chinese will have it fully ready in "the next couple of years," but can it overcome the "challenges of finding, targeting and then hitting" a maneuvering U.S. Navy ship? What's more, for all the talk about the PLAN developing an anti-ship missile to cheaply blunt the power of an aircraft carrier, Roughead noted that the Chinese are building their own carrier, which "speaks a little about the value of them." And just because the PLAN builds a carrier, "[k]nowing how to operate it and being very competent in those operations is something very different," he said.
Same goes for the new Chinese submarine production. "I would submit that our new Virginia class is the best in the world," Roughead said, adding that no one should discount the U.S.' growing skills at anti-submarine warfare.
Gates returned from China without a solid commitment from the People's Liberation Army to create a military-to-military communications channel. That means interviews like Roughead's are going to be pored over in Beijing for keys to U.S. military intentions. And how Chinese admirals interpret the U.S. Navy chief's interview — emphasizing the cooperation or the U.S.' military advantage — will say something about their own.
Photo: DoD
See Also:
- China Testing Ballistic Missile 'Carrier-Killer'
- Is This China's First Stealth Fighter?
- China Is Loving America's Stealth Jet Freakout
- Don't Panic: China's New Stealth Jet Takes to the Air [Updated …
- Can Talks Stop U.S.-China Arms Race?


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Your little one will gain confidence, improve motor skills, learn to pay attention and follow directions, plus gain a positive "I can do it: attitude. Children ages 4 years & older are taught life skills that will give them a great start with Slough Karate for kids.
KickFit Martial Arts Schools offers a variety of programmes that will fit your family needs. Our Mums and Dads are getting in the best shape of their lives while having a great time learning valuable and practical Self-Defence with Slough Kickboxing.
The KickFit Slough Martial Arts system is a blend of traditional and contemporary Karate and Martial Arts at Slough that offers not only an effective self defence programme, but also a means for personal and character development along with self-discipline.


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|Official Name:
|Ville de Montréal
|Native Name:
|Native Name Lang:
|Settlement Type:
|"Quebec's Metropolis", "The City of Festivals" "The City of Saints","The Metropolis", "The City of a Hundred Steeples", "Sin City"[1] [2] [3] [4]
|Concordia Salus ("well-being through harmony")
|Pushpin Map:
|Canada Quebec
|Pushpin Map Caption:
|Location of Montreal in Quebec
|Coordinates Display:
|Subdivision Type:
|Subdivision Name:
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|Subdivision Type2:
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|Subdivision Name1:
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|Urban agglomeration of Montreal
|Established Title:
|Established Date:
|May 17, 1642
|Established Title1:
|Established Date1:
|Established Title2:
|Established Date2:
|January 1, 2002
|Parts Type:
|Government Type:
|Montreal City Council
|Leader Title:
|Leader Name:
|Denis Coderre
|Leader Title1:
|Federal riding
|Area Magnitude:
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|Population As Of:
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|4127100 (2nd)
|Population Density Metro Km2:
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|Pop 2006–2011
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|Postal Code Type:
|Postal code(s)
|Postal Code:
|H (except H7 for Laval)
|Area Code:
|514 and 438
|Blank Name Sec2:
|Blank Info Sec2:
|US$ 155.9 billion [6]
|Blank1 Name Sec2:
|GDP per capita
|Blank1 Info Sec2:
|Coordinates Region:
|Le Plateau-Mont-Royal
|Le Sud-Ouest
|Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie
|Leader Title2:
|Prov. riding
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|Elevation Max M:
|Utc Offset:
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Montreal (;[7] in French pronounced as /mɔ̃ʁeal/; French: Montréal) is the most populous city in Quebec. It is the second most populous municipality in Canada after Toronto.
Originally called Ville-Marie, or "City of Mary,"[8] it is named after Mount Royal,[9] the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The city is on the Island of Montreal, which took its name from the same source as the city,[10] [11] and a few much smaller peripheral islands, the largest of which is Île Bizard. It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold snowy winters.[12]
In 2011 the city had a population of 1,649,519. Montreal's metropolitan area had a population of 3,824,221 and a population of 1,886,481 in the urban agglomeration, with all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal included. The 2014 estimate of the population of the metropolitan area of Montreal is 4.1 million.[13]
French is the city's official language[14] [15] and is the language spoken at home by 56.9% of the population of the city, followed by English at 18.6% and 19.8% other languages (in the 2006 census).[16] In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area, 67.9% of the population speaks French at home, compared to 16.5% who speak English.[17] Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada with 56% of the population able to speak both English and French.[18] Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the world, after Paris.[19] [20] [21] [22]
Historically the commercial capital of Canada, it was surpassed in population and economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s. It remains an important centre of commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, education, culture, tourism, gaming, film and world affairs.[23] Along with Washington DC and New York City, Montreal is one of the three North American cities home to organizations of the United Nations,[24] being the location for the headquarters of the International Civil Aviation Organization. Montreal has the second-highest number of consulates in North America.[24] Montreal was also named a UNESCO City of Design.[25] [26] In 2009, Montreal was named North America's leading host city for international association events, according to the 2009 preliminary rankings of the International Congress and Convention Association (ICCA).[27] The 2016 edition of QS Best Student Cities ranked Montreal the 7th-best city in the world to be a university student.[28] In August 2015, the Economist Intelligence Unit's Global Liveability Ranking placed Montreal 14th out of 140 cities.[29]
Montreal has hosted multiple international conferences and events throughout its history, including the 1967 International and Universal Exposition and the 1976 Summer Olympic Games.[30] [31] It is the only Canadian city to have held the Summer Olympics. Currently, the city hosts the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One, the Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Just for Laughs festival.[32] [33] [34]
In the Mohawk language, the island is called Tiohtià:ke Tsi (a name referring to the Lachine Rapids to the island's southwest) or Ka-wé-no-te. In the Ojibwe language, the land is called Mooniyaang[35] (a name meaning "the first stopping place" and part of the seven fires prophecy).
Montreal was originally called Ville Marie, or "City of Mary",[8] it is named after Mount Royal,[9] the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. According to one theory, the name derives from mont Réal, (Mont Royal in modern French), but Cartier's 1535 diary entry, naming the mountain, refers to "le mont Royal". Another possibility mentioned by the Government of Canada on its web site concerning Canadian place names, is that the name was adopted as it is written nowadays because an early map of 1556 used the Italian name of the mountain, "Monte Real".[36]
See main article: History of Montreal.
See also: Timeline of Montreal history.
Archaeological evidence demonstrates that First Nations native people occupied the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago.[37] By the year AD 1000, they had started to cultivate maize. Within a few hundred years, they had built fortified villages.[38] The Saint Lawrence Iroquoians, an ethnicity distinct from the Iroquois nations of the Haudenosaunee then based in present-day New York, established the village of Hochelaga at the foot of Mount Royal two centuries before the French arrived. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at other locations in the valley since at least the 14th century.[39] The French explorer Jacques Cartier visited Hochelaga on October 2, 1535, and estimated the population of the native people at Hochelaga to be "over a thousand people".[39]
Seventy years later, the French explorer Samuel de Champlain reported that the St Lawrence Iroquoians and their settlements had disappeared altogether from the St Lawrence valley. This is believed to be due to outmigration, epidemics of European diseases, or intertribal wars.[39] [40] In 1611 Champlain established a fur trading post on the Island of Montreal, on a site initially named La Place Royale. At the confluence of Petite Riviere and St. Lawrence River, it is where present-day Pointe-à-Callière stands.[41] In 1639 Jérôme Le Royer de La Dauversière obtained the Seigneurial title to the Island of Montreal in the name of the Notre Dame Society of Montreal to establish a Roman Catholic mission to evangelize natives.
See main article: Fort Ville-Marie. Dauversiere hired Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve, then 30, to lead a group of colonists to build a mission on his new seigneury. The colonists left France in 1641 for Quebec, and arrived on the island the following year. On May 17, 1642, Ville-Marie was founded on the southern shore of Montreal island, with Maisonneuve as its first governor. The settlement included a chapel and a hospital, under the command of Jeanne Mance.[42] By 1643, Ville-Marie had already been attacked by Iroquois raids. In the spring of 1651, the Iroquois attacks became so frequent and so violent that Ville Marie thought its end had come. Maisonneuve made all the settlers take refuge in the fort. By 1652, the colony at Montreal had been so reduced that he was forced to return to France to raise 100 volunteers to go with him to the colony the following year. If the effort had failed, Montreal was to be abandoned and the survivors re-located downriver to Quebec City. Before these 100 arrived in the fall of 1653, the population of Montreal was barely 50 people.
By 1685, Ville Marie was home to some 600 colonists, most of them living in modest wooden houses. Ville Marie became a centre for the fur trade and a base for further exploration.[42] In 1689, the English-allied Iroquois attacked Lachine on the Island of Montreal, committing the worst massacre in the history of New France.[43] By the early 18th century, the Sulpician Order was established there. To encourage French settlement, they wanted the Mohawk to move away from the fur trading post at Ville Marie. They had a mission village, known as Kahnewake, south of the St Lawrence River. The fathers persuaded some Mohawk to make a new settlement at their former hunting grounds north of the Ottawa River. This became Kanesatake.[44] In 1745 several Mohawk families moved upriver to create another settlement, known as Akwesasne. All three are now Mohawk reserves in Canada. The Canadian territory was ruled as a French colony until 1760, when it was surrendered to Great Britain after the Seven Years' War.[45]
Ville Marie was the name for the settlement that appeared in all official documents until 1705, when Montreal appeared for the first time, although people referred to the "Island of Montreal" long before then.[46]
Montreal was incorporated as a city in 1832.[47] The opening of the Lachine Canal permitted ships to bypass the unnavigable Lachine Rapids,[48] while the construction of the Victoria Bridge established Montreal as a major railway hub. The leaders of Montreal's business community had started to build their homes in the Golden Square Mile (~) from about 1850. By 1860, it was the largest municipality in British North America and the undisputed economic and cultural centre of Canada.[49] [50]
In the 19th century maintaining Montreal's drinking water became increasingly difficult with the rapid increase in population. A majority of the drinking water was still coming from the cities harbor, which was busy and heavily trafficked leading to the deterioration of the water within. In the mid 1840s the City of Montreal installed a water system that would pump water from the St. Lawrence and into cisterns. The cisterns would then be transported to the desired location. This was not the first water system of its type in Montreal as there had been one in private ownership since 1801. In the middle of the 19th century water distribution was carried out by "fontainiers." The fountainiers would open and close water valves outside of buildings, as directed, all over the city. As they lacked modern plumbing systems it was impossible to connect all buildings at once and it also acted as a conservation method. The population was not finished rising yet however, from 58,000 in 1852 it rose to 267,000 by 1901.[51] [52] [53]
Montreal was the capital of the Province of Canada from 1844 to 1849, but lost its status when a Tory mob burnt down the Parliament building to protest the passage of the Rebellion Losses Bill.[54] For strategic reasons, the government established Ottawa as the capital, as it was located more in the interior of the nation.An internment camp was set up at Immigration Hall in Montreal from August 1914 to November 1918.[55]
After World War I, the prohibition movement in the United States led to Montreal becoming a destination for Americans looking for alcohol.[56] Unemployment remained high in the city, and was exacerbated by the Stock Market Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression.[57]
During World War II, Mayor Camillien Houde protested against conscription and urged Montrealers to disobey the federal government's registry of all men and women.[58] The Government, part of the Allied forces, was furious over Houde's stand and held him at a prison camp until 1944.[59] That year the government decided to institute conscription to expand the armed forces and fight the Nazis. (See Conscription Crisis of 1944.)[58]
Montreal was the official residence of the Luxembourg royal family in exile during World War II.[60]
By 1951, Montreal's population had surpassed one million.[61] However, Toronto's growth had begun challenging Montreal's status as the economic capital of Canada. Indeed, the volume of stocks traded at the Toronto Stock Exchange had already surpassed that traded at the Montreal Stock Exchange in the 1940s.[62] The Saint Lawrence Seaway opened in 1959, allowing vessels to bypass Montreal. In time this development led to the end of the city's economic dominance as businesses moved to other areas.[63] During the 1960s there was continued growth, including the World's Fair known as Expo 67, and the construction of Canada's tallest skyscrapers, new expressways and the subway system known as the Montreal Metro.
The 1970s ushered in a period of wide-ranging social and political changes, stemming largely from the concerns of the French speaking majority about the conservation of their culture and language, given the traditional predominance of the English Canadian minority in the business arena.[64] The October Crisis and the 1976 election of the Parti Québécois, supporting sovereign status for Quebec, resulted in the departure of many businesses and people from the city.[65] In 1976, Montreal was the host of the Olympics.[66] During the 1980s and early 1990s, Montreal experienced a slower rate of economic growth than many other major Canadian cities.
Montreal was merged with the 27 surrounding municipalities on the Island of Montreal on January 1, 2002, creating a unified city covering the entire island. There was great resistance from the suburbs to the merger, with the perception being that it was forced on the mostly English suburbs by the Parti Québécois. As expected, this move proved unpopular and several mergers were later rescinded. Several former municipalities, totalling 13% of the population of the island, voted to leave the unified city in separate referendums in June 2004. The demerger took place on January 1, 2006, leaving 15 municipalities on the island, including Montreal. De-merged municipalities remain affiliated with the city through an agglomeration council that collects taxes from them to pay for numerous shared services.[67] The 2002 mergers were not the first in the city's history. Montreal annexed 27 other cities, towns, and villages beginning with Hochelaga in 1883 with the last prior to 2002 being Pointe-aux-Trembles in 1982.
The 21st century has brought with it a revival of the city's economic and cultural landscape. The construction of new residential skyscrapers, two super-hospitals (the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montreal and McGill University Health Centre), the creation of the Quartier des Spectacles, reconstruction of the Turcot Interchange, reconfiguration of the Decarie and Dorval interchanges, gentrification of Griffintown, subway line extensions and the purchase of new subway cars, the complete revitalization and expansion of Trudeau International Airport, the completion of Quebec Autoroute 30, and the construction of a new toll bridge to Laval are helping Montreal continue to grow.
See main article: Geography of Montreal.
Montreal is in the southwest of the province of Quebec. The city covers most of the Island of Montreal at the confluence of the Saint Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers. The port of Montreal lies at one end of the Saint Lawrence Seaway, the river gateway that stretches from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic.[68] Montreal is defined by its location between the Saint Lawrence river to its south and the Rivière des Prairies to its north. The city is named after the most prominent geographical feature on the island, a three-head hill called Mount Royal, topped at 232 m above sea level.[69]
Montreal is at the centre of the Montreal Metropolitan Community, and is bordered by the city of Laval to the north; Longueuil, Saint-Lambert, Brossard, and other municipalities to the south; Repentigny to the east and the West Island municipalities to the west. The anglophone enclaves of Westmount, Montreal West, Hampstead, Côte Saint-Luc, the Town of Mount Royal and the francophone enclave Montreal East are all surrounded by Montreal.[70]
Montreal is classified as a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb).[71] [72]
Summers are, on the whole, warm and humid with a daily maximum average of 26to in July; temperatures in excess of 30°C are common. Conversely, cold fronts can bring crisp, drier and windy weather in the early and later parts of summer.
Winter brings cold, snowy, windy, and, at times, icy weather, with a daily average ranging from -9to in January. However, some winter days rise above freezing, allowing for rain on an average of 4 days in January and February each. Usually, snow covering some or all bare ground lasts on average from the first or second week of December until the last week of March.[73] While the air temperature does not fall below every year,[74] the wind chill often makes the temperature feel this low to exposed skin.
Spring and fall are pleasantly mild but prone to drastic temperature changes; spring even more so than fall.[75] Late season heat waves as well as "Indian summers" are possible. Early and late season snow storms can occur in November and March, and more rarely in April. Montreal is generally snow free from April 15 to November 15.
The lowest temperature in Environment Canada's books was NaN°C on January 15, 1957, and the highest temperature was 37.6°C on August 1, 1975, both at Dorval International Airport.[76]
Before modern weather record keeping (which dates back to 1871 for McGill),[77] a minimum temperature almost 5 degrees lower was recorded at 7 a.m. on January 10, 1859, where it registered at NaN°C.[78]
Annual precipitation is around 1000mm, including an average of about 2100NaN0 of snowfall, which occurs from November through March. Thunderstorms are common in the period beginning in late spring through summer to early fall; additionally, tropical storms or their remnants can cause heavy rains and gales. Montreal averages 2,050 hours of sunshine annually, with summer being the sunniest season, though slightly wetter than the others in terms of total precipitation — mostly from thunderstorms.[79]
See main article: Architecture of Montreal. For over a century and a half, Montreal was the industrial and financial centre of Canada.[80] The variety of buildings included factories, elevators, warehouses, mills, and refineries which today provide a legacy of historic and architectural interest, especially in the downtown area and the Old Port area. There are 50 National Historic Sites of Canada, more than any other city.[81]
There are many historic buildings in Old Montreal in their original form: Notre Dame of Montreal Basilica, Bonsecours Market, and the impressive 19th‑century headquarters of all major Canadian banks on St. James Street (French: Rue Saint Jacques). Saint Joseph's Oratory, completed in 1967, Ernest Cormier's Art Deco Université de Montréal main building, the landmark Place Ville Marie office tower, the controversial Olympic Stadium and surrounding structures, are but a few notable examples of 20th-century architecture.
Pavilions designed for the 1967 International and Universal Exposition, popularly known as Expo 67, featured a wide range of architectural designs. Though most pavilions were temporary structures, several have become landmarks, including the geodesic dome U.S. Pavilion, now the Montreal Biosphere, and Moshe Safdie's striking Habitat 67 apartment complex.
The Montreal Metro has public artwork by some of the biggest names in Quebec culture.
In 2006 Montreal was named a UNESCO City of Design, only one of three design capitals of the world (the others being Berlin and Buenos Aires).[25] This distinguished title recognizes Montreal's design community. Since 2005 the city has been home for the International Council of Graphic Design Associations (Icograda);[82] the International Design Alliance (IDA).[83]
The Underground City (officially RESO) is the set of interconnected complexes (both above and below ground) in and around Downtown.
See main article: List of neighbourhoods in Montreal.
The city is composed of 19 large boroughs, subdivided into neighbourhoods.[84] The boroughs are:Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grace, The Plateau Mount Royal, Outremont and Ville Marie in the centre; Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie and Villeray–Saint-Michel–Parc-Extension in the east; Anjou, Montréal-Nord, Rivière-des-Prairies–Pointe-aux-Trembles and Saint-Leonard in the northeast; Ahuntsic-Cartierville, L'Île-Bizard–Sainte-Geneviève, Pierrefonds-Roxboro and Saint-Laurent in the northwest; and Lachine, LaSalle,The South West and Verdun in the south.
Many of these boroughs were independent cities that were forced to be merged with Montreal in January 2002 following the 2002 Municipal Reorganization of Montreal.
The borough with the most neighbourhoods is Ville Marie, which includes downtown, the historical district of Old Montreal, Chinatown, the Gay Village, the Latin Quarter, the gentrified Quartier international and Cité Multimédia as well as the Quartier des Spectacles which is under development. Other neighbourhoods of interest in the borough include the affluent Golden Square Mile neighbourhood at the foot of Mount Royal and the Shaughnessy Village/Concordia U area home to thousands of students at Concordia University. The borough also comprises most of Mount Royal Park, Saint Helen's Island, and Notre-Dame Island.
The Plateau Mount Royal borough was a working class francophone area. The largest neighbourhood is the Plateau (not to be confused with the whole borough), which is undergoing considerable gentrification,[85] and a 2001 study deemed it as Canada's most creative neighbourhood because artists comprise 8% of its labour force.[86] The neighbourhood of Mile End in the northwestern part of the borough, has been a very multicultural area of the city, and features two of Montreal's well-known bagel establishments, St-Viateur Bagel and Fairmount Bagel. The McGill Ghetto is in the extreme southwestern portion of the borough, its name being derived from the fact that it is home to thousands of McGill University students and faculty members.
The South West borough was home to much of the city's industry during the late 19th and early-to-mid 20th century. The borough included Goose Village and is home to the traditionally working-class Irish neighbourhoods of Griffintown and Point Saint Charles as well as the low-income neighbourhoods of Saint Henri and Little Burgundy.
Other notable neighbourhoods include the multicultural areas of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce and Côte-des-Neiges in the Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grace borough, and Little Italy in the borough of Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie and Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, home of the Olympic Stadium in the borough of Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve.
See main article: Old Montreal.
Old Montreal is a historic area southeast of downtown containing many attractions such as the Old Port of Montreal, Place Jacques-Cartier, Montreal City Hall, the Bonsecours Market, Place d'Armes, Pointe-à-Callière Museum, the Notre-Dame de Montreal Basilica, and the Montreal Science Centre.
Architecture and cobbled streets in Old Montreal have been maintained or restored and are frequented by horse-drawn buggies carrying tourists. Old Montreal is accessible from the downtown core via the underground city and is served by several STM bus routes and Metro stations, ferries to the South Shore and a network of bicycle paths.
The riverside area adjacent to Old Montreal is known as the Old Port. The Old Port was the site of the Port of Montreal, but its shipping operations have been moved further east to a larger site, leaving the former location as a recreational and historical area maintained by Parks Canada. The new Port of Montreal is Canada's largest container port and the largest inland port on Earth.[87]
See main article: Mount Royal.
The mountain is the site of Mount Royal Park, one of Montreal's largest greenspaces. The park, most of which is wooded, was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, who also designed New York's Central Park, and was inaugurated in 1876.[88]
The park contains two belvederes, the more prominent of which is the Kondiaronk Belvedere, a semicircular plaza with a chalet, overlooking Downtown Montreal. Other features of the park are Beaver Lake, a small man-made lake, a short ski slope, a sculpture garden, Smith House, an interpretive centre, and a well-known monument to Sir George Etienne Cartier. The park hosts athletic, tourist and cultural activities.
The mountain is home to two major cemeteries, Notre-Dame-des-Neiges (founded in 1854) and Mount Royal (1852). Mount Royal Cemetery is a 165acres terraced cemetery on the north slope of Mount Royal in the borough of Outremont. Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery is much larger, predominantly French-Canadian and officially Catholic.[89] More than 900,000 people are buried there.[90]
Mount Royal Cemetery contains more than 162,000 graves and is the final resting place for a number of notable Canadians. It includes a veterans section with several soldiers who were awarded the British Empire's highest military honour, the Victoria Cross. In 1901 the Mount Royal Cemetery Company established the first crematorium in Canada.[91]
The first cross on the mountain was placed there in 1643 by Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve, the founder of the city, in fulfilment of a vow he made to the Virgin Mary when praying to her to stop a disastrous flood.[88] Today, the mountain is crowned by a 31.4 m-high (103 ft) illuminated cross, installed in 1924 by the John the Baptist Society and now owned by the city.[88] It was converted to fibre optic light in 1992.[88] The new system can turn the lights red, blue, or purple, the last of which is used as a sign of mourning between the death of the Pope and the election of the next.[92]
See main article: Demographics of Montreal. According to Statistics Canada, at the 2006 Canadian census the city had 1,620,693 inhabitants.[93] A total of 3,635,571 lived in the Montreal Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) at the same 2006 census, up from 3,451,027 at the 2001 census (within 2006 CMA boundaries), which means a population growth of +1.05% per year between 2001 and 2006.[94] In the 2006 census, children under 14 years of age (621,695) constituted 17.1%, while inhabitants over 65 years of age (495,685) numbered 13.6% of the total population.[93]
People of European ethnicities formed the largest cluster of ethnic groups. The largest reported European ethnicities in the 2006 census were French 23%, Italians 10%, Irish 5%, English 4%, Scottish 3%, and Spanish 2%.[95] Some 26% of the population of Montreal and 16.5% that of Greater Montreal, are members of a visible minority (non-white) group,[96] up from 5.2% in 1981.[97]
Visible minorities comprised 31.7% of the population in the 2011 census. The five most numerous visible minorities are Blacks (9.1%), Arabs (6.4%), Latin Americans (4.2%), South Asians (3.3%), and Chinese (2.9%).[98] Visible minorities are defined by the Canadian Employment Equity Act as "persons, other than Aboriginals, who are non-white in colour".[99]
According to a report published by the city, the population of the island was expected to number 1,991,200 by 2012, with 3.9 million in the Greater Montreal Area, an increase of 15.8% over 2001. However, in 2009, the Greater Montreal Area was estimated to number 3.86 million people, suggesting that the area would surpass the four million threshold by 2012.[100] According to StatsCan, by 2030, the Greater Montreal Area is expected to number 5,275,000 with 1,722,000 being visible minorities.[101]
In terms of mother language (first language learned), the 2006 census reported that in the Greater Montreal Area, 66.5% spoke French as a first language, followed by English at 13.2%, while 0.8% spoke both as a first language.[102] The remaining 22.5% of Montreal-area residents are allophones, speaking languages including Italian (3.5%), Arabic (3.1%), Spanish (2.6%), Creole (1.3%), Chinese (1.2%), Greek (1.2%), Portuguese (0.8%), Romanian (0.7%), Vietnamese (0.7%), and Russian (0.5%).[102] In terms of additional languages spoken, a unique feature of Montreal among Canadian cities, noted by Statistics Canada, is the working knowledge of both French and English possessed by most of its residents.
The Greater Montreal Area is predominantly Roman Catholic; however, weekly attendance in Quebec is among the lowest in Canada.[103] Historically Montreal has been a centre of Catholicism in North America with its numerous seminaries and churches, including the Notre-Dame Basilica, the Cathédrale Marie-Reine-du-Monde, and Saint Joseph's Oratory. Some 65.8% of the total population is Christian,[104] largely Roman Catholic (52.8%), primarily because of descendants of original French settlers, and others of Italian and Irish origins. Protestants which include Anglican Church in Canada, United Church of Canada, Lutheran, owing to British and German immigration, and other denominations number 5.90%, with a further 3.7% consisting mostly of Orthodox Christians, fuelled by a large Greek population. There is also a number of Russian and Ukrainian Orthodox parishes. Islam is the largest non-Christian religious group, with 154,540 members,[105] the second-largest concentration of Muslims in Canada at 9.6%. The Jewish community in Montreal has a population of 90,780. In cities such as Côte Saint-Luc and Hampstead, Jewish people constitute the majority, or a substantial part of the population. As recently as 1971 the Jewish community in Greater Montreal was as high as 109,480.[106] Political and economic uncertainties led many to leave Montreal and the province of Quebec.[107]
The religious breakdown of the population of Montreal is:[104]
See main article: Economy of Montreal.
Montreal has the second-largest economy of Canadian cities based on GDP and the largest in Quebec.[108] The city is today an important centre of commerce, finance, industry, technology, culture, world affairs and is the headquarters of the Montreal Exchange.
Industries include aerospace, electronic goods, pharmaceuticals, printed goods, software engineering, telecommunications, textile and apparel manufacturing, tobacco, petrochemicals, and transportation. The service sector is also strong and includes civil, mechanical and process engineering, finance, higher education, and research and development. In 2002, Montreal was the fourth-largest centre in North America in terms of aerospace jobs.[109] The Port of Montreal is one of the largest inland ports in the world handling 26 million tonnes of cargo annually.[110] As one of the most important ports in Canada, it remains a trans-shipment point for grain, sugar, petroleum products, machinery, and consumer goods. For this reason, Montreal is the railway hub of Canada and has always been an extremely important rail city; it is home to the headquarters of the Canadian National Railway,[111] and was home to the headquarters of the Canadian Pacific Railway until 1995.[112]
The headquarters of the Canadian Space Agency is in Longueuil, southeast of Montreal.[113] Montreal also hosts the headquarters of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO, a United Nations body);[114] the World Anti-Doping Agency (an Olympic body);[115] the Airports Council International (the association of the world's airports – ACI World);[116] the International Air Transport Association (IATA),[117] IATA Operational Safety Audit and the International Gay and Lesbian Chamber of Commerce (IGLCC),[118] as well as some other international organizations in various fields.
Montreal is a centre of film and television production. The headquarters of Alliance Films and five studios of the Academy Award-winning documentary producer National Film Board of Canada are in the city, as well as the head offices of Telefilm Canada, the national feature-length film and television funding agency and Télévision de Radio-Canada. Given its eclectic architecture and broad availability of film services and crew members, Montreal is a popular filming location for feature-length films, and sometimes stands in for European locations.[119] [120] The city is also home to many recognized cultural, film and music festivals (Just For Laughs, Just For Laughs Gags, Montreal International Jazz Festival, Montreal World Film Festival, and others), which contribute significantly to its economy. It is also home to one of the world's largest cultural enterprises, the Cirque du Soleil.[121]
The video game industry has been booming in Montreal since 1997, coinciding with the opening of Ubisoft Montreal.[122] Recently, the city has attracted world leading game developers and publishers studios such as Ubisoft Montreal, EA, Eidos Interactive, Bioware, Artificial Mind and Movement, Strategy First, THQ, Gameloft mainly because of the quality of local specialized labor, and tax credits offered to the corporations. Recently, Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, a division of Warner Bros., announced that it would open a video game studio.[123] Relatively new to the video game industry, it will be Warner Bros. first studio opened, not purchased, and will develop games for such Warner Bros. franchises as Batman and other games from their DC Comics portfolio. The studio will create 300 jobs.Montreal plays an important role in the finance industry. The sector employs approximately 100,000 people in the Greater Montreal Area.[124] As of March 2016, Montreal is ranked in the 21st position in the Global Financial Centres Index, a ranking of the competitiveness of financial centres around the world.[125] The city is home to the Montreal Exchange, the oldest stock exchange in Canada and the only financial derivatives exchange in the country.[126] The corporate headquarters of the Bank of Montreal and Royal Bank of Canada, two of the biggest banks in Canada, were in Montreal. While both banks moved their headquarters to Toronto, Ontario, their legal corporate offices remain in Montreal. The city is home to head offices of two smaller banks, National Bank of Canada and Laurentian Bank of Canada. The Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec, an instutitonal investor managing assets totalling $248 billion CAD, has its main business office in Montreal.[127] Many foreign subsidiaries operating in the financial sector also have offices in Montreal, including HSBC, Aon, Société Générale, BNP Paribas and AXA.[126] [128]
Several companies are headquartered in Greater Montreal Area including Rio Tinto Alcan,[129] Bombardier Inc.,[130] Canadian National Railway,[131] CGI Group,[132] Air Canada,[133] Air Transat,[134] CAE,[135] Saputo,[136] Cirque du Soleil, Quebecor,[137] Ultramar, Kruger Inc., Jean Coutu Group,[138] Uniprix,[139] Proxim,[140] Domtar, Le Chateau,[141] Power Corporation, Cellcom Communications,[142] Bell Canada.[143] Standard Life,[144] Hydro-Québec, AbitibiBowater, Pratt and Whitney Canada, Molson,[145] Tembec, Canada Steamship Lines, Fednav, Alimentation Couche-Tard, SNC-Lavalin,[146] MEGA Brands,[147] Aeroplan,[148] Agropur,[149] Metro Inc., Laurentian Bank of Canada,[150] National Bank of Canada,[151] Transat A.T.,[152] VIA Rail,[153] Novacam Technologies, Dollarama, Rona[154] and the Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec.Montreal had a GDP of C$145 billion (US$148 billion) in 2008, placing it 41st city in the world.[155]
The Montreal Oil Refining Centre is the largest refining centre in Canada, with companies like Petro-Canada, Ultramar, Gulf Oil, Petromont, Ashland Canada, Parachem Petrochemical, Coastal Petrochemical, Interquisa (Cepsa) Petrochemical, Nova Chemicals, and more. Shell decided to close the refining centre in 2010, throwing hundreds out of work and causing an increased dependence on foreign refineries for eastern Canada.
See main article: Culture of Montreal.
Montreal was referred to as "Canada's Cultural Capital" by Monocle magazine.[26] The city is Canada's centre for French-language television productions, radio, theatre, film, multimedia, and print publishing. Montreal's many cultural communities have given it a distinct local culture.
As a North American city, Montreal shares many cultural characteristics with the rest of the continent. It has a tradition of producing both jazz and rock music. The city has also produced much talent in the fields of visual arts, theatre, music, and dance. Yet, being at the confluence of the French and the English traditions, Montreal has developed a unique and distinguished cultural face. Another distinctive characteristic of cultural life is the animation of its downtown, particularly during summer, prompted by cultural and social events, particularly festivals. The city's largest festival is the Montreal International Jazz Festival, which is the largest jazz festival in the world. Other popular festivals include the Just for Laughs (largest comedy festival in the world), Montreal World Film Festival, Les FrancoFolies de Montréal, Nuits d'Afrique, Pop Montreal, Divers/Cité, Fierté Montréal and the Montreal Fireworks Festival. There are many smaller festivals, totalling over 100 each year in Montreal.A cultural heart of classical art and the venue for many summer festivals, the Place des Arts is a complex of different concert and theatre halls surrounding a large square in the eastern portion of downtown. Place des Arts has the headquarters of one of the world's foremost orchestras, the Montreal Symphony Orchestra. The Orchestre Métropolitain du Grand Montréal and the chamber orchestra I Musici de Montréal are two other well-regarded Montreal orchestras. Also performing at Place des Arts are the Opéra de Montréal and the city's chief ballet company Les Grands Ballets Canadiens. Internationally recognized avant-garde dance troupes such as Compagnie Marie Chouinard, La La La Human Steps, O Vertigo, and the Fondation Jean-Pierre Perreault have toured the world and worked with international popular artists on videos and concerts. The unique choreography of these troupes has paved the way for the success of the world-renowned Cirque du Soleil.
Nicknamed French: la ville aux cent clochers (the city of a hundred steeples), Montreal is renowned for its churches. As Mark Twain noted, "This is the first time I was ever in a city where you couldn't throw a brick without breaking a church window."[156] The city has four Roman Catholic basilicas: Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral, the aforementioned Notre-Dame Basilica, St Patrick's Basilica, and Saint Joseph's Oratory. The Oratory is the largest church in Canada, with the second largest copper dome in the world, after Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome.[157]
See main article: Sports in Montreal.
The most popular sport is ice hockey. The professional hockey team, the Montreal Canadiens, is one of the Original Six teams of the National Hockey League (NHL), and has won an NHL-record 24 Stanley Cup championships. The Canadiens' most recent Stanley Cup victory came in 1993. They have major rivalries with the Toronto Maple Leafs and Boston Bruins both of which are also Original Six hockey teams. The Canadiens have played at the Bell Centre since 1996. Prior to that they played at the Montreal Forum.
The Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League (CFL) play at Molson Stadium on the campus of McGill University for their regular-season games. Late season and playoff games are played at the much larger, enclosed Olympic Stadium, which also played host to the 2008 Grey Cup. The Alouettes have won the Grey Cup seven times, most recently in 2010. The Alouettes has had two periods on hiatus. During the second one, the Montreal Machine played in the World League of American Football in 1991 and 1992. The McGill Redmen, Concordia Stingers, and Université de Montréal Carabins play in the CIS university football league.
Montreal has a storied baseball history. The city was the home of the minor-league Montreal Royals of the International League until 1960. In 1946, Jackie Robinson broke the baseball colour barrier with the Royals in an emotionally difficult year; Robinson was forever grateful for the local fans' fervent support.[158] Major League Baseball came to town in the form of the Montreal Expos in 1969. They played their games at Jarry Park until moving into Olympic Stadium in 1977. After 36 years in Montreal, the team relocated to Washington, D.C. in 2005 and re-branded themselves as the Washington Nationals.[159]
The Montreal Impact are the city's professional soccer team. They play at a soccer-specific stadium called Saputo Stadium. They joined North America's biggest soccer league, Major League Soccer in 2012. The Montreal games of the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup[160] and 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup[161] were held at Olympic Stadium, and the venue hosted Montreal games in the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup.[162]
Montreal is the site of a high-profile auto racing event each year: the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One (F1) racing. This race takes place on the famous Circuit Gilles Villeneuve on Île Notre-Dame. In 2009, the race was dropped from the Formula One calendar, to the chagrin of some fans,[163] but the Canadian Grand Prix returned to the Formula 1 calendar in 2010. The Circuit Gilles Villeneuve also hosted a round of the Champ Car World Series from 2002–2007, and was home to the NAPA Auto Parts 200, a NASCAR Nationwide Series race, and the Montréal 200, a Grand Am Rolex Sports Car Series race.
Uniprix Stadium, built in 1993 on the site of Jarry Park, is used for the Rogers Cup men's and women's tennis tournaments. The men's tournament is a Masters 1000 event on the ATP Tour, and the women's tournament is a Premier tournament on the WTA Tour. The men's and women's tournaments alternate between Montreal and Toronto every year.[164]
Montreal was the host of the 1976 Summer Olympic Games. The stadium cost $1.5 billion;[165] with interest that figure ballooned to nearly $3 billion, and was only paid off in December 2006.[166] Montreal also hosted the first ever World Outgames in the summer of 2006, attracting over 16,000 participants engaged in 35 sporting activities.
Montreal was the host city for the 17th unicycling world championship and convention (UNICON) in August 2014.
Montreal and the National Basketball Association (NBA) have been in early discussions for an expansion franchise located in the city.
|Montreal Canadiens
|Ice hockey
|Bell Centre
|Montreal Alouettes
|Percival Molson Memorial Stadium
Olympic Stadium
|Montreal Impact
|Saputo Stadium
See main article: Media in Montreal.
Montreal is Canada's second-largest media market, and the centre of francophone Canada's media industry.
There are four over-the-air English-language television stations: CBMT-DT (CBC Television), CFCF-DT (CTV), CKMI-DT (Global) and CJNT-DT (City). There are also five over-the-air French-language television stations: CBFT-DT (Radio-Canada), CFTM-DT (TVA), CFJP-DT (V), CIVM-DT (Télé-Québec), and CFTU-DT (Canal Savoir).
Montreal has four daily newspapers, the English-language Montreal Gazette and the French-language La Presse, Le Journal de Montréal, and Le Devoir. There are two free French dailies, Métro and 24 Heures. Montreal has numerous weekly tabloids and community newspapers serving various neighbourhoods, ethnic groups and schools.
See main article: Montreal City Council and Mayor of Montreal.
The head of the city government in Montreal is the mayor, who is first among equals in the city council. Gérald Tremblay, who is a member of the Union Montreal party, resigned as mayor on November 5, 2012.[167] The office of acting mayor was held by city councillor Jane Cowell-Poitras[168] until November 16, when Michael Applebaum was selected as the new mayor.[169] Applebaum resigned on June 18, 2013[170] and Cowell-Poitras again assumed the office of acting mayor until the selection of Laurent Blanchard.[171] The November 3rd, 2013 elections were won by Denis Coderre. Coderre was sworn in on November 14.
The city council is a democratically elected institution and is the final decision-making authority in the city, although much power is centralized in the executive committee. The Council consists of 65 members from all boroughs.[172] The Council has jurisdiction over many matters, including public security, agreements with other governments, subsidy programs, the environment, urban planning, and a three-year capital expenditure program. The Council is required to supervise, standardize or approve certain decisions made by the borough councils.
Reporting directly to the council, the executive committee exercises decision-making powers similar to those of the cabinet in a parliamentary system and is responsible for preparing various documents including budgets and by-laws, submitted to the council for approval. The decision-making powers of the executive committee cover, in particular, the awarding of contracts or grants, the management of human and financial resources, supplies and buildings. It may also be assigned further powers by the city council.
Standing committees are the prime instruments for public consultation. They are responsible for the public study of pending matters and for making the appropriate recommendations to the council. They also review the annual budget forecasts for departments under their jurisdiction. A public notice of meeting is published in both French and English daily newspapers at least seven days before each meeting. All meetings include a public question period. The standing committees, of which there are seven, have terms lasting two years. In addition, the City Council may decide to create special committees at any time. Each standing committee is made up of seven to nine members, including a chairman and a vice-chairman. The members are all elected municipal officers, with the exception of a representative of the government of Quebec on the public security committee.
The city is only one component of the larger Montreal Metropolitan Community (Communauté Métropolitaine de Montréal], CMM), which is in charge of planning, coordinating, and financing economic development, public transportation, garbage collection and waste management, etc., across the metropolitan area. The president of the CMM is the mayor of Montreal. The CMM covers 4360km2, with 3.6 million inhabitants in 2006.[173]
Montreal is the seat of the judicial district of Montreal, which includes the City and the other communities on the island.[174]
See also: Boroughs of Montreal.
See main article: Education in Montreal.
With four universities, seven other degree-awarding institutions, and 12 CEGEPs in an 8km (05miles) radius, Montreal has the highest concentration of post-secondary students of all major cities in North America (4.38 students per 100 residents, followed by Boston at 4.37 students per 100 residents).[175]
Higher education (French)
Additionally, two French-language universities, Université de Sherbrooke and Université Laval have campuses in the nearby suburb of Longueuil on Montreal's south shore. Also, lInstitut pastorale des Dominicains is Montreal's university center of Ottawa's Collège Universitaire Dominicain/Dominican University College. The Faculté de théologie évangélique is Nova Scotia's Acadia University Montreal based serving French Protestant community in Canada by offering both a Bachelor and a Master program in theology
The education system in Quebec is different from other systems in North America. Between high school (which ends at grade 11) and university students must go through an additional school called CEGEP. CEGEPs offer pre-university (2-years) and technical (3-years) programs. In Montreal, seventeen CEGEPs offer courses in French and five in English.
English-language elementary and secondary public schools on Montreal Island are operated by the English Montreal School Board[180] and the Lester B. Pearson School Board.[181] French-language elementary and secondary public schools in Montreal are operated by the Commission scolaire de Montréal (CSDM),[182] Commission scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys (CSMB)[183] and the Commission scolaire Pointe-de-l'Île (CSPI).[184]
See main article: Transportation in Montreal.
Like many major cities, Montreal has a problem with vehicular traffic congestion. Commuting traffic from the cities and towns in the West Island (such as Dollard-des-Ormeaux and Pointe-Claire) is compounded by commuters entering the city that use twenty-four road crossings from numerous off-island suburbs on the North and South Shores. The width of the Saint Lawrence River has made the construction of fixed links to the south shore expensive and difficult. There are presently four road bridges (including two of the country's busiest) along with one bridge-tunnel, two railway bridges, and a Metro line. The far narrower Rivière des Prairies to the city's north, separating Montreal from Laval, is spanned by eight road bridges (six to the city of Laval and two that span directly to the north shore) and a Metro line.
The island of Montreal is a hub for the Quebec Autoroute system, and is served by Quebec Autoroutes A-10 (known as the Bonaventure Expressway on the island of Montreal), A-15 (aka the Decarie Expressway south of the A-40 and the Laurentian Autoroute to the north of it), A-13 (aka Chomedey Autoroute), A-20, A-25, A-40 (part of the Trans-Canada Highway system, and known as "The Metropolitan" or simply "The Met" in its elevated mid-town section), A-520, and A-720 (aka the Ville-Marie Autoroute). Many of these Autoroutes are frequently congested at rush hour.[185] However, in recent years, the government has acknowledged this problem and is working on long-term solutions to alleviate the congestion. One such example is the extension of Quebec Autoroute 30 on Montreal's south shore, which will serve as a bypass.[186]
See main article: Société de transport de Montréal and Montreal Metro.
Public local transport is served by a network of buses, subways, and commuter trains that extend across and off the island. The subway and bus system are operated by the Société de transport de Montréal (STM). The STM bus network consists of 197 daytime and 20 nighttime routes. STM bus routes serve 1,347,900 passengers on an average weekday in 2010.[187] It also provides adapted transport and wheelchair-accessible buses.[188] The STM won the award of Outstanding Public Transit System in North America by the APTA in 2010. It was the first time a Canadian company won this prize.
The Metro was inaugurated in 1966 and has 68 stations on four lines.[189] It is Canada's busiest subway system in total daily passenger usage, serving 1,050,800 passengers on an average weekday (as of Q1 2010).[187] Each station was designed by different architects with individual themes and features original artwork, and the trains run on rubber tires, making the system quieter than most.[190] The project was initiated by Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau, who later brought the Summer Olympic Games to Montreal in 1976. The Metro system has long had a station on the South Shore in Longueuil, and in 2007 was extended to the city of Laval, north of Montreal, with three new stations.[191]
The commuter rail system is managed and operated by the Agence métropolitaine de transport, and reaches the outlying areas of Greater Montreal with six lines. It carried an average of 79,000 daily passengers in 2014, making it the sixth busiest in North America following New York City, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, and Toronto.[192]
On April 22, 2016, a new planned automated rapid transit system, the Réseau électrique métropolitain, was unveiled. The 67adj=midNaNadj=mid network, consisting of four branches and 24 stations, is planned to be completed by late 2020 and will be the third largest automated rapid transit network, after the Dubai Metro and the Vancouver Skytrain. Most of it will be financed by pension fund manager Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec.[193]
Montreal has two international airports, one for passengers only, the other for cargo. Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport (also known as Dorval Airport) in the City of Dorval serves all commercial passenger traffic and is the headquarters of Air Canada[194] and Air Transat.[195] To the north of the city is Montreal Mirabel International Airport in Mirabel, which was envisioned as Montreal's primary airport but which now serves cargo flights along with MEDEVACs and general aviation and some passenger services.[196] [197] [198] [199] [200] In 2015, Trudeau was the third busiest airport in Canada by passenger traffic and forth by aircraft movements, handling 15.5 million passengers,[201] [202] and 232,648 aircraft movements.[203] With 60.8% of its passengers being on non domestic flights it has the largest percentage of international flights of any Canadian airport.[204] Trudeau airport is served by 40 carriers to over 100 destinations worldwide.[205]
Airlines serving Trudeau offer flights to Europe, the United States, Western Asia, the Middle East, Central America, the Caribbean, Africa, Mexico and other destinations within Canada and it contains the largest duty-free shop in North America.[206]
Montreal-based VIA Rail provides rail service to other cities in Canada, particularly to Quebec City and Toronto along the Quebec City – Windsor Corridor. Amtrak, the U.S. national passenger rail system, operates its Adirondack daily to New York City. All intercity trains and most commuter trains operate out of Central Station.
Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, was founded here in 1881.[207] Its corporate headquarters occupied Windsor Station at 910 Peel Street until 1995.[112] With the Port of Montreal kept open year round by icebreakers, lines to Eastern Canada became surplus, and now Montreal is the railway's eastern and intermodal freight terminus.[208] CPR connects at Montreal with the Port of Montreal, the Delaware and Hudson Railway to New York, the Quebec Gatineau Railway to Quebec City and Buckingham, the Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway to Halifax, and CN Rail. The CPR's flagship train, The Canadian, ran daily from Windsor Station to Vancouver, but all passenger services have since been transferred to VIA Rail Canada and the Canadian terminates in Toronto.
Montreal-based Canadian National Railways (CN) was formed during in 1919 by the Canadian government following a series of country-wide rail bankruptcies. It was formed from the Grand Trunk, Midland and Canadian Northern Railways, and has risen to become CPR's chief rival in freight carriage in Canada.[209] Like the CPR, CN has divested itself of passenger services in favour of Via Rail Canada.[210] CN's flagship train, the Super Continental, ran daily from Central Station to Vancouver, but after it was transferred to Via it was eliminated in 1990.
See main article: List of people from Montreal.
Montreal has sister cities:
Friendship cities:
. Christopher C. Burt. 2007. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SV229set7RIC&pg=PA61&lpg=PA61#v=onepage Extreme Weather: A Guide & Record Book]. 61.


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• Dr. Eric Gass and Allison Gass (nee Best) are parents of twin girls, Aubrey Ann and Emerson Brooke Gass, born April 14, 2009. They join their brother, Evan Clark Gass, 3. Grandparents are Tom and Sally Gass of Manitowoc and Bill and Kathy Best of Wauwatosa. Allison is a 1991 Wauwatosa East High School graduate.
• Jeff Miklas, a graduate of Wauwatosa West High School, earned a degree with a double major in actuarial science and finance, investment and banking from the University of Wisconsin-Madison on May 16. He graduated with distinction with a 4.0 GPA.
• The following students graduated from the University of Wisconsin-Stout in May: Sarah Adams and Wendell Eskridge, both of Wauwatosa.
• Scott Kocen graduated with a degree in biomedical engineering from Marquette University on May 17. He is the son of Jeff and Linda Kocen of Overland Park, Kan. He is the grandson of Lois and Gene Wells of Wauwatosa and Clarence and Joyce Kunde of Neenah.
• Amanda Yentz of Wauwatosa is a spring graduate, with honors, of Northwestern University. She earned a bachelor's degree in communication studies and French, and is working in Chicago at DraftFCB as a media planner. Yentz is a 2005 Wauwatosa East graduate and the daughter of John and Mary Yentz of Wauwatosa.
• The following Wauwatosa students were named to the spring 2009 University of Wisconsin-Madison dean's list: Erin Bannen, Brett Becker, Leia Blazek, Emily Christian, Rachel Cusatis, Jill Dearing, Katherine Domina, Callie Grebe, Timothy Griesbach, Bryan Haas, Aniela Jankowski, Courtney Krueger, Bryan LaBissoniere, Jonathan Lee, Mariel Maslowski, Jeffrey Miklas, Matthew Miklas, Melissa Miles, Eric Minkley, Kaveke Mualuko, Katherine Omernick, Mark Omernick, Kelsey Prestby, Anna Rehberger, Ashley Rineck, Lauren Rineck, Katherine Robles, Sanam Salimi, Alexandra Scoptur, Margaret Seidenstricker, Kelsey Sorum, Candace Stohs-Krause, Elise Strupp, Olivia Templin, Laura Urbaniak, Emily Van Deraa, Audrey Zaferos, Melanie Zaferos and Sophia Zebell.
• Nathaniel Eklund, a graduate of Wauwatosa West High School, was named to the spring 2009 University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee dean's list.
• Margaret Seidenstricker of Wauwatosa graduated from the University of Wisconsin-Madison on May 17. She earned bachelor's degrees in French and in journalism and mass communication.
• Craig Siwy of Wauwatosa received a master of science degree from the Medical College of Wisconsin on May 15. He is the son of the late Dan and Arlene Siwy of Wauwatosa. He is the father of Meredith M. S. Barrett. He intends to be a systems analyst, or work for a a health care provider or a clinical systems software firm.
• Ann Gieschen-Salazar, a nursing major at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and a resident of Wauwatosa, received a Her Scholarship from the Women's Fund of Greater Milwaukee.
• Theodor Ceci of Wauwatosa East High School received the American Legion, Stenz-Griesell-Smith Post 449 of Brookfield, George Brown Memorial Scholarship. He will attend the University of Wisconsin-Madison to pursue a degree in engineering.
• Jay Badenhoop, Ph.D., son of Wauwatosa residents Richard and Joan Badenhoop, was named 2009 Professor of the Year at Potomac State College of West Virginia University, where he is a professor of chemistry. Badenhoop graduated from Wauwatosa East High School in 1983.
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- Celebrations: Sept. 10
- Celebrations: Aug. 29
- Celebrations: Aug. 22


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need a photo changes on wordpress website
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Pipedreamers Antiques & Collectibles
Dennis & Sharon Fisher, West Suffield, CT
Here is a William Guerin Limoges France very large 10 piece dresser set which includes two candleholders/candlestick holders, two cologne bottles with stoppers (it should be noted that the stoppers are intentionally angled), two pin trays/dishes one with ornately cut handle (perhaps doubling as a ring tree), one larger covered jar/dish with handle, two smaller covered jars/dishes, and a large kidney shape tray. This amazing set is in a salmon colored Dahlia pattern with embossing scalloped rims gold trim on a tan/pinkish to cream colored background. Measurements are as follows: tray 12 1/2" long 9 1/2" wide at widest point----two small covered jars 2 1/2" across, 1 1/2" tall------pin dish without handle, 4 3/4" long, 3 1/4" wide------pin dish with handle 5 1/4" long, 3" wide-----large lidded covered jar 3 1/4" tall, 3 1/4" across-----cologne bottles 6 3/4" to top of stopper finial-----candlesticks7" tall. This set is in excellent condition with the exceptions of one of the candlestick holders having damage at the base (see pix), some gold loss to all and light surface wear. This scarce set dates from 1900-1932 and is unusual to find such a beautiful set with as many pieces.
We are happy to accept lay-a-ways! We require a non-refundable 25% deposit within 10 days, and the balance to be paid in full within 30-60 days.
We always combine purchases to save on shipping! Please check out the many other wonderful items in our store!
To order this item, please click on "Shopping Bag" at the top of the screen, or you may call me at 860-668-5472.
Please feel free to contact me via email or telephone for any inquiries about this item.
Another shopper has this item in their Cart or Wish List .
Offering a Fine Selection of Antiques and Collectibles Limoges * Prussia * Wedgwood * Fenton * Nippon * More!
Many wonderful items on sale!


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Cram-Scape, the best 317 runescape private server! Every skill is working and are level 120 max! A lot of shops, items, boss, minigames, perfect pking, etc..!!
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Discuss life in London's Penge West (and East). Meet new people, talk about local restaurants, pubs, shops, services, transport, planning, it's up to you.
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Treasured Scraps Collectibles is a Richmond Virginia based source for new and used gifts, collectibles, antiques, and more
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Programmes Resource Stewardship
What are we doing?
We are working across the sciences, social sciences and humanities to radically rethink global resource stewardship. We aim to deliver a framework, accountable to future generations, that will create actionable input on critical global issues such as freshwater resources, land-use and atmosphere.
Why is it important?
Freshwater, land, atmosphere and biodiversity are universally vital resources subject to both cumulative and systemic pressures arising from human activities, which put them under threat of severe degradation and even depletion. Around the world these key resources are subject to a wide range of property rights and management regimes, the environmental efficacy and social equity of which are subject to competing ideological claims and disciplinary critiques.
How are we different?
We have gathered an interdisciplinary team of philosophers, anthropologists, economists, modellers and environmental scientists to rethink how we monitor, manage, maintain and allocate globally important resources. Our aim is to work through understandings of individual and collective behaviour and current institutional practice, with a focus on how technical information is used in decision-making, to deliver a new framework for stewardship that will ensure that the world's essential resources remain available for generations to come.
Research Themes
Fundamental principles of resource stewardship


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- Carry Case Included!
- New Battery
- Adult Pads included
- Like new condition
The HeartStart FR2+ Defibrillator has come to be a trusted tool of professional responders and designated response teams in the workplace and public settings. Its clean, uncluttered design is optimized for fast, efficient operation and rapid delivery of potentially life-saving therapy. Commands are clear, streamlined, confident, and concise: ideal for responders who are trained, drilled, and ready to save a life now.
The therapy delivered by the HeartStart FR2+ is the most proven in the industry. More than 40 studies confirm its effectiveness. Philips' high-current/low energy therapy ensures a potent defibrillation dose, while at the same time, minimizing side effects that may be harmful to a fragile heart. So the HeartStart FR2+ can deliver its most powerful therapy from the very first shock. There's no need to hold back.
Capabilities and Features:
- Automated defibrillation, with manual override (ECG model only)
- SMART Analysis
- SMART CPR and Quick Shock
- Infant/child defibrillation
- Conscious monitoring with optional FR2+ ECG Assessment Module
- Optional rechargeable battery
- Two display options: text-only, and text with ECG
- Voice and text prompts
- Over 8 hours of data collection
- Programmable voice recording
- Automated self-tests
- "Ready-for-Use" indicator
- Long-life battery: 300 shocks (minimum) or 12 hours monitoring
- Pads can connect to most ALS defibrillator/monitors via pads adapters
- Research shows that for some patients, especially those in long-duration cardiac arrest, CPR prior to defibrillation may provide more benefit.1,2 The SMART CPR algorithm of the HeartStart FR2+ Defibrillator can be configured to look at characteristics of a shockable heart rhythm and advise the user to provide either an immediate defibrillation shock or CPR first, followed by a shock.
Quick Shock
- Research also suggests that the opportunity for survival can be improved if interruptions to CPR are minimized.3,4 The Quick Shock capability of the HeartStart FR2+ Defibrillator readies the defibrillator within seconds to deliver a shock, reducing the time between CPR and defibrillation.


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Huawei P10 press render leaks ahead of MWC unveiling
Ahead of Huawei's Mobile World Congress 2017 press conference, the press render of its next flagship smartphone, the P10, has been leaked online by smartphone leakster Evan Blass. We have seen renders of the smartphone earlier, so there aren't any surprises here. The P10's design appears to be a slight evolutionRead More


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ZTE, Dongfeng Automobile, Maanshan Iron & Steel: China Equity Preview
The following companies may have unusual price changes in China trading. Stock symbols are in parentheses, and share prices are as of the last close.
The Shanghai Composite Index, which tracks the bigger of China's stock exchanges, gained 21.68, or 0.8 percent, to 2,687.98. The CSI 300 Index rose 0.6 percent to 2,955.40.
ZTE Corp. (000063 CH): China's second-biggest maker of telephone equipment said its half-year net income gained 12 percent from a year earlier to 877.5 million yuan ($129.2 million). The shares declined 0.4 percent to 22.68 yuan.
Dongfeng Automobile Co. (600006 CH): The truck maker said its first-half net income more than tripled from a year earlier to 382 million yuan. The shares gained 3.5 percent to 5.94 yuan.
China Railway Erju Co. (600528 CH): The company said its first-half net income rose 67 percent from a year ago to 465 million yuan. The shares gained 0.5 percent to 9.59 yuan.
China Merchants Energy Shipping Co. (601872 CH): The company said its first-half net income doubled from a year earlier to 442 million yuan. The shares gained 0.9 percent to 4.68 yuan.
Maanshan Iron & Steel Co. (600808 CH): China's second- biggest Hong Kong-traded steelmaker returned to profit in the first half after a demand recovery elevated the company's steel sales and prices. Shares gained 0.3 percent to 3.56 yuan.
Pingdingshan Tianan Coal Mining Co. (601666 CH): The company said its first-half net income gained 44.5 percent to 1.27 billion yuan. The shares rose 1.6 percent to 18.74 yuan.
China Railway Group Ltd. (601390 CH): The company said it has won 24 railroad-related construction contracts worth a combined 39.2 billion yuan. The shares gained 0.7 percent to 4.50 yuan.
--Zhang Shidong, Feiwen Rong. Editor: Glenn J. Kalinoski
To contact Bloomberg News staff for this story: Zhang Shidong in Shanghai at +86-21-6104-7014 or firstname.lastname@example.com


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Sawyer and Adelbert streets, South Portland, ca. 1920s
Contributed by Maine Historical Society
Purchase a reproduction of this item on VintageMaineImages.com.
The street view of part of the Sylvan Site in South Portland was taken near the corner of Adelbert and Sawyer streets. The development was built in the 1920s. The photograph was hand tinted.
View/Add Comments
Other Information
- Title: Sawyer and Adelbert streets, South Portland, ca. 1920s
- Creator: Fenley, Walter
- Creation Date: circa 1920
- Subject Date: circa 1920
- Local Name: Sylvan Site
- Town: South Portland
- County: Cumberland
- State: ME
- Media: Photographic print, hand colored
- Dimensions (cm): 17 x 27
- Local Code: Coll. 446, Box 1/13
- Collection: Sylvan Site
- Object Type: Image
For more information about this item, contact:
Maine Historical Society
489 Congress Street, Portland, ME 04101
(207) 774-1822
Cross Reference Searches
LC Subject Headings
Sayer Street (South Portland, Me.)
Housing development--Maine--South Portland
Real estate development--Maine--South Portland
Sylvan Site (South Portland, Me.)--Photographs
Dwellings--Maine--South Portland
Housing, Single family--Maine--South Portland
Hinckley, Frederick Wheeler, 1878-1933
Adelbert Street (South Portland, Me.)
Housing developers
Land subdivision--Maine--South Portland
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A few days ago, the Library as Incubator Project posted an interview they did with me about earlier this month. I had a lot of fun doing the interview, and it also got me to think through how my art informs my practice as a librarian (and vice versa). Check it out!
Historical Resources at Risk: The Case of the State Historical Society of Iowa
In recent weeks, the State Historical Society of Iowa has been faced with reorganization and funding cuts, which threaten to reduce access to its irreplaceable collections and to displace staff who have dedicated their careers to helping Iowans learn about their past. Plenty of folks have written about the specifics of the situation (the petition link includes links to many helpful sources to educate yourself), but what I want to focus on is my experience with SHSI, and why that experience makes me believe absolutely in the importance of keeping this organization funded and its records accessible [1].
I was lucky enough to work at SHSI at the start of my Master's program, and it was one of the most valuable and enjoyable jobs I've had. I started volunteering there when I decided I would apply to the Library and Information Studies program, and later came on as a work-study employee after I was accepted. I bounced around to do a few different things at the Iowa City branch, including some cataloging, preservation/conservation, and special collections (one of my first assignments was working with Civil War and World War I diaries from Iowa veterans, which was challenging and lots of fun). I got to learn about some awesome Iowans through the records they left behind, and their stories are the ones I turn to again and again when I talk with others about the value of preserving history.
Filed under librarianship
Dissertation Research Ahoy! (a.k.a. Ernestine Rose and the Harlem Public Library: Theory Testing using Historical Sources)
I've been talking a lot about my dissertation lately (surprise), and wanted to go ahead and stick a quick run down of what I'm doing here too. I'm very excited about the work I'm doing, and I would love to hear your feedback! I'm also happy to share my documentation and talk more about my process with anyone who is interested.
What is this project about?
I started thinking about this topic after being encouraged to look at Ernestine Rose by one of my mentors. The project has evolved over time, and while her career is still the jumping off point, I'm now focusing on her work at the Harlem Public Library in particular. She was at this library from 1920-1942. There are a handful of articles in our field that argue that Rose helped make the library into an innovative community space and an integral part of the Harlem Renaissance (e.g. Anderson, 2003; Jenkins, 1990). While she initially worked to integrate the library by hiring people of color, there are some indications that she dampened her support for the advancement and inclusion of these same folks later on in their careers (Whitmire 2007, 2014).
I'm using the documents held in several New York City repositories (New York Public Library's 42nd Street Branch and Schomburg Center, Columbia University archives, and New York Municipal Archives) that relate to the library to describe the library, and also to test two theories (more on why that matters later). There are a couple challenges/considerations that I want to mention right off the bat. My research is very context-heavy, so it's vital for me to describe that context and how the library fits within it, rather than describing the library as though it exists in a vacuum. Equally as important is discussing the role of other people besides Rose within the library. While my focus is on her career, I don't want to risk overshadowing the contributions of others by only talking about her.
Why does it matter?
There are several big reasons (in my opinion) why this project is important. First of all, most of what's out there focuses on the library's role in the Harlem Renaissance, where became a well-known center for events and a place where authors often went to write (Anderson, 2003; Jenkins, 1990). There is not a lot of information currently about the library during the Great Depression and the beginning years of World Way II, both of which would have presumably had a big impact on the library. In addition, no one has thoroughly discussed her work and the library within the broader context of New York City, the New York Public Library system, or society as a whole throughout this 22 year period.
Additionally, no one has applied the two theoretical frameworks I'm using to historical research. The first of these is a framework I'm developing to analyze change (called, appropriately, Change in Historic Institutions). I've made a model of this, and plan to share the model in a more detailed post later on, but for now I'll just focus on the broad concepts. This model focuses on identifying change, discussing whether that change is innovative or adaptive, and its impact and perceptions. Second, I'm looking at Information Worlds, which envisions actors within the variety of contexts they navigate, and uses five concepts (Information value, information behavior, social norms, social types, and boundaries) to describe those worlds and the interaction between them. Both theories are very broad and adaptable, and very context-focused, making them appropriate for this study. These are drastically oversimplified discussions of both theories, so if you have questions, I'm happy to go into further detail!
Finally, I think this work has the potential to be used by professionals in public library settings. When she was working in Harlem, Ernestine Rose had already had some experience in her career (she was about 40 when she took the job), and would have needed to draw on this experience while remaining adaptable and flexible to meet the needs of a quickly changing neighborhood. Her employees also faced discrimination from the library system, and used their own experiences to make the library a dynamic and community-oriented place. The story of Rose and the library as a whole might offer some useful ideas for modern librarians on what to do (and perhaps what not to do) in their own institutions.
References for your reading pleasure:
Anderson, S. A. (2003). "The Place to Go": The 135th Street Branch Library and the Harlem Renaissance. Library Quarterly, 73(4): 383–421.
Jenkins, B. L. (1990). A White Librarian in Black Harlem: Study to Chronicle and Assess Ernestine Rose's Work during the Renaissance in Harlem. Library Quarterly 60, 216–231.
Whitmire, E. (2007). Breaking the Color Barrier: Regina Andrews and the New York Public Library. Libraries & the Cultural Record, 42(4), 409–421.
Whitmire, E. (2014). Regina Andrews, Harlem Renaissance Librarian. Urbana-Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Filed under academia, library history, library science
#YesAllWomen and Making College Campuses a Safe Space
#YesAllWomen is taking off on Twitter right now, and if you haven't given it a look, you should. It's heartbreaking to hear people's stories of feeling unsafe and unsupported even in the face of reporting sexual violence and stalking, and being denied privileges ranging from the ability to use public transit without incidence to being able to go to work and have an uneventful day. All of these stories are important and need to be heard and taken seriously. Far too many of these stories were ones I can relate to. This tweet touched on something that's been on my mind a lot lately: Sexual violence on college campuses:
As a researcher, I've been a part of a project that starts to look at getting information to survivors, particularly on campuses. As a woman, I've experienced assault and stalking on and off college campuses, as have many of my female (and a few of my male) friends. Once I finish my dissertation, this is a research stream I want to dive into again, and Soraya's tweet helped reinvigorate me, especially after the recent coverage FSU has gotten for its treatment of rape survivors.
So why am I posting about wanting to do this research on my blog? Because I want feedback, and right now seems like a good time to get feedback from the people I ultimately want to help. On a lot of campuses, there doesn't seem to be much survivor-focused information that's pushed out where people can access it easily and anonymously (and without prodding to pursue a certain course of action during their healing process). Libraries are an important part of the campus community, and are already a resource people are using (and are potentially less intimidating than other resources might feel). What I'm hoping to do is to construct a shell web resource, available without cost to university libraries, that gives survivors the information they need and can be added to by the library so local resources are also included. This way, it could be included on the library site as a desperately-needed information resource, although it should be emphasized that it will be there to point people to the things they need and provide information that is empowering and nonjudgmental, but it will not be something that turns the library into a counseling resource or anything like that. I eventually want to expand on it more to include resources for other related issues (domestic violence, mental health, etc.) and to offer resources to public libraries as well, but this is such a huge problem on college campuses that it's important to start there.
So here's where you come in: What do you want to see in this resource? What do you think would be helpful information to share with survivors at various stages of the healing process? I have plenty of ideas, but I want more! And while we're at it, what other ways can information professionals (librarians and researchers like myself) be involved in bringing these conversations to light, and what kind of research can we be doing to help (hopefully) make an impact? I'm happy to hear from folks in the comments, but I also don't want to jeopardize the privacy of any survivors (or non-survivors) who want to share their thoughts, so I'm happy to get emails as well (juliacskinner at gmail dot com). And last but not least, I want to thank everyone who has shared their stories on Twitter–you are strong and courageous for putting yourself out there, and I'm grateful that there are so many people out there inspiring and supporting one another!
Filed under library science
PhD Debt, "Bad Decisions," and Misdirected Focus
I've been thinking about some of the arguments I've seen recently that place the focus of student debt arguments on students. The end of one article I saw last month caught my attention for this reason, and I've written a bit of a response. It's somewhat more blunt and cranky than my writing typically is, but if you don't mind that, read on!
Last month, an article was published in The Atlantic that brought attention to Karen Kelsky's PhD Debt spreadsheet in Google docs. The spreadsheet gave current and former grad students a chance to talk about their debt and how they try to manage it. Lots of people have some really good ideas about dealing with debt, and some of these, as well as plenty of information on the rising cost of education, make it into what was mostly a very enjoyable article. However, at the end of the article, the author reminds us that PhD debt can also be the result of "simply making poor decisions," and points to the following quote:
I tutored, worked 5 jobs, never bought drinks or ate on campus. I had several craiglist tutor jobs up. I also had a 6 years of Research Assistant to an administrator in which I published a lot. I got 3 years fellowships. I played the game and it was okay for the tuition payoff. I don't regret it but do not recommend it for anyone unless you are rich and want to get a "vanity PhD."
I have several friends who owe over 100K and are very bitter and they have a right to be. I want to say I was lucky but I worked my ass off!
There were over 14 of us when we started and only 4 graduated. There are 3 more that have over 100K debt and are still in the program. They let some of the people "hang themselves with their own rope" by not funding them and those people withered away. The older grad students were left to fend for themselves and also died on the vine. I also saw just plain bad decision making like some grad students living by themselves when they should have got a roommate or buying a new mac computer every 2 years and attending every conference on credit card debt.
I know people who have done this. I've worked full-time in graduate school. We all work our asses off and make a lot of sacrifices. But ending the article with this implies that this should be the path everyone takes (or is able to take). First of all, huge kudos to this person for having the energy and ability to work so many jobs and balance that with graduate school. If you're able to do that, good for you, and you have a skill set there to be proud of.
However, how feasible is this for…almost anyone else? How can you tell me and my colleagues that it's stupid of us to borrow money to attend conferences, when the decision not to attend a conference means not being able to share your research or get a job with your degree? How could someone who's a parent possibly work all these jobs on top of the insane workload of school and childrearing? How could you tell me that when I elected to live alone when my world was crashing around me last year, that I made a "bad decision" by choosing to keep my sanity rather than living with that insane couple from Craigslist?
Ending the article with a quote that emphasizes other people's different choices as "bad" places the onus of student debt squarely on the shoulders of debtors, and ignores the much, *much* bigger issue of unreasonable educational costs. Students have always made sacrifices to go to school, but the implication was that they would be able to be more prosperous in their careers. I love my students, my field, and my research so much, and I'm grateful every day to do my work. However, I also am looking at paying back a mortgage's worth of debt so I can do work that will hopefully help people and improve education.* This means that I don't have the freedom to be as flexible in where I go or how many risks I can take, which in turn potentially diminishes how well I can do the work I'm paying all this money to do. I feel like in my field I'm very lucky because my colleagues are supportive and wonderful, and wherever I go I'll probably be in an environment that fosters creativity and professional development, but I know that's not the case for a lot of people.
Just like every other student, my path is a process of balance as I try to negotiate keeping costs low while in school while also doing the things I need to for success. In my case, I grow, cook, and preserve as much of my own food as possible, I hand wash my clothes, I keep my heat low and my A/C high, and I walk wherever I can (among many, many other things). But I also need to travel to conferences, pay my rent, keep the lights on, and sleep once in a while in lieu of working a 4th job, and so I take out loans. The idea of paying them back is absolutely terrifying, but it's also the only option if I want an education (our departments try to offer as much assistance as they can, but in a lot of cases their hands are tied when it comes to how much students can be compensated and for how long).
My path isn't right for everyone either (I doubt most people are interested in fermenting sauerkraut in their apartments!), but I think it's a mistake on the part of the article's author and this former student to judge other people's decisions without knowing what goes into them. I have very good reasons to live alone, and I have very good reasons to not get a 4th job. Other students have struck a different balance and there are very good reasons behind their decisions too. Yes, sometimes people make bad choices, but that is true with absolutely any set of decisions one is offered with, and the vast majority of the time, student loans are used to try to make ends meet. My advice to them is to remember that this problem is bigger than any one of us, and to turn your judgment and frustration towards those making it near-impossible to get an education. If you still want to direct some feelings towards struggling grad students, make sure they are feelings and actions that help those people learn and put food on the table at the same time.
*I think the biggest problem I have with a lot of this is the assumption that because someone is willing to pay for an expensive education, that it means it's ok that the education is expensive (and this wasn't in the article, per se, just a trend I've noticed).
Filed under Uncategorized


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