text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 10, 2005
|Filing date
|Oct 26, 1999
|Priority date
|Apr 10, 1998
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Vishnu K. Agarwal, Garo J. Derderian
|Original Assignee
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (104), Non-Patent Citations (32), Referenced by (4), Classifications (7), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/059,057 filed Apr. 10, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,730,559 entitled "Capacitors and Methods of Forming Capacitors", naming Vishnu K. Agarwal and Garo J. Derderian as inventors, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.
This invention relates to capacitors and to methods of forming capacitors.
Typical capacitors comprise a pair of conductive electrodes spaced apart by intervening capacitor dielectric material. As integrated circuitry becomes denser and as individual electronic components such as capacitors get smaller, integrated circuitry fabricators face the challenge of developing capacitor constructions and materials which achieve desired capacitance despite the decreasing size. Example materials under consideration for capacitor dielectric layers include titanates and tantalum pentoxide. These and other capacitor dielectric layer materials can occur in crystalline and in amorphous phases.
It is generally known that the capacitance of dielectric materials such as these can, at least initially, be increased from their as-deposited form by annealing. Such annealing can promote crystallization, re-crystallization or crystal realignment which can facilitate increase in capacitance and reduction in current leakage through the material. However, such annealing can also cause single crystals to be formed in the dielectric layer which in essence extend entirely through the dielectric layer between the layer's opposing surfaces. Annealing or crystal formation to this degree can undesirably have the effect of increasing current leakage. This is primarily due to continuous paths being provided by the continuous grain boundaries for current leakage from one side of the layer to the other. It would be desirable to improve upon these adverse characteristics of capacitor dielectric layer materials.
The invention in one aspect includes methods of forming capacitors and to capacitor constructions. In one implementation, a method of forming a capacitor includes forming a first capacitor electrode. A first layer of a first capacitor dielectric material is formed over the first capacitor electrode. A second layer of the first capacitor dielectric material is formed on the first layer. A second capacitor electrode is formed over the second layer of the first capacitor dielectric material. In accordance with another implementation, the first layer comprises a first titanate compound comprising capacitor dielectric material and the second layer comprises a different second titanate compound comprising capacitor dielectric material. A capacitor in accordance with an implementation of the invention includes a pair of capacitor electrodes having capacitor dielectric material therebetween comprising a composite of two immediately juxtaposed and contacting, yet discrete, layers of the same capacitor dielectric material. A capacitor in accordance with another implementation includes a pair of capacitor electrodes having capacitor dielectric material therebetween comprising a composite of two immediately juxtaposed and contacting, yet discrete, layers of two different capacitor dielectric materials, said two capacitor dielectric materials including two different titanate compounds. A capacitor in accordance with still another implementation includes a pair of capacitor electrodes having capacitor dielectric material therebetween comprising a composite of two immediately juxtaposed and contacting, yet discrete, layers of two different capacitor dielectric materials, one of the two different materials comprising a titanate compound and the other comprising Ta2O5.
Preferred embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to the following accompanying drawings.
This disclosure of the invention is submitted in furtherance of the constitutional purposes of the U.S. Patent Laws "to promote the progress of science and useful arts" (Article 1, Section 8).
A semiconductor wafer in process in accordance with one aspect of the invention is indicated in
A first layer 18 of a first capacitor dielectric material is formed over first capacitor electrode 16. Exemplary and preferred materials include barium strontium titanate (BST), strontium titanate (ST), strontium bismuth titanate (SBT), lead lanthanate zirconia titanate (PLTZ), Ta2O5, and mixtures thereof. The preferred method of depositing layer 18 is by chemical vapor deposition. Layer 18 as initially formed can be either crystalline or amorphous, with an initial amorphous structure being preferred and shown in the fabrication of a capacitor dielectric layer in accordance with this aspect of the invention. Regardless, first layer 18 of first capacitor dielectric material is preferably subsequently annealed at a temperature of at least 300� C. for a time period sufficient to achieve a selected crystalline structure intended to densify and facilitate capacitive properties of such material (FIG. 2). Exemplary anneal conditions include a temperature range of from about 300� C. to about 1200� C. at a pressure of from about 2 mTorr to about 5 atm for a treatment time of anywhere from about 1 minute to 2 hours. Unfortunately as described above with respect to the prior art, such annealing can cause sufficient recrystallization to form singular grains at various locations throughout layer 18 having grain boundaries which extend from one surface of the layer to the other, as shown.
Referring to
Referring to
Electrode layer 22 and/or any intervening diffusion barrier or other layer provided over layer 20 are chosen and deposited in such a way that a degree of desired stress (either tensile or compressive) will be imparted into layer 20, either during formation/deposition or subsequently such as when it is heated. Such stress can be imparted inherently by the electrode material during its deposition, or by choosing deposition/forming conditions that themselves impart a desired stress. For example, selection of temperature and pressure conditions during deposition/formation of the electrode layer can be selected to impart a desired stress regardless of the electrode material being deposited. Alternately, the material can be chosen relative to the second capacitor dielectric layer to impart a desired tensile or compressive stress. Such example materials for use with the preferred titanates and pentoxides capacitor dielectric layers include TiNX, WNX, TaNX, PtRhX, PtRuX PtIrX, and mixtures thereof. Further alternately, and by way of example only, the second capacitor electrode material could be doped with a conductivity enhancing impurity during its formation chosen to achieve a selected stress on the second layer of the capacitor dielectric layer.
Regardless, such stress can largely prevent complete recrystallization of the same material of layers 18 and 20. Exemplary dedicated anneal conditions include temperatures ranging from 500� C. to 1000� C., and pressures ranging from 50 mTorr to 50 atmospheres. Accordingly, layer 20 is preferably ultimately annealed either with a dedicated anneal step or in conjunction with other wafer processing to render it substantially crystalline in its finished composition. Regardless, the preferred capacitor construction will comprise a pair of capacitor electrodes having capacitor dielectric material therebetween comprising a composite of two immediately juxtaposed and contacting, yet discrete, layers: of the same capacitor dielectric material, as shown.
Accordingly in the above described preferred embodiment, first layer 18 of the capacitor dielectric layer material is essentially provided with a selected finished crystalline structure prior to formation of second layer 20 thereon. Such is achieved by the crystallization or recrystallization anneal immediately prior to formation of layer 20. Also in the preferred embodiment, the final composition of second layer 20 of the first material is also desirably formed to be crystalline, although alternately such could remain amorphous if so initially deposited. In the preferred embodiment for a capacitor dielectric layer where both of layers 18 and 20 are crystalline in their final form, an interface line 19 essentially forms therebetween where such discrete layers contact (FIG. 5). Interface line 19 is characterized by a perceptible change in crystallinity from one layer to the other, such as shown or evidenced in this example by a substantial lateral shift or displacement in grain boundaries from one layer to the other.
In accordance with another implementation of the invention, first layer 18 can comprise a first titanate compound and second layer 20 can comprise a different second titanate compound. In accordance with still another implementation of the invention, first layer 18 can comprise one capacitor dielectric layer material and second layer 20 can comprise another different capacitor dielectric layer material, with one of the materials comprising a titanate compound and the other comprising Ta2O5. By way of example only, example titanate compounds are those referred to above.
Fluorine or other grain boundary passivation treatments can also be conducted relative to the first and second layers of material intermediate or after such layers have been deposited. Example such treatments are described in our U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,611 and references cited therein.
In compliance with the statute, the invention has been described in language more or less specific as to structural and methodical features. It is to be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the specific features shown and described, since the means herein disclosed comprise preferred forms of putting the invention into effect. The invention is, therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the proper scope of the appended claims appropriately interpreted in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 9, 2008
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Thanks for helping!
Came for opening weekend to Glacier National Park. The freshly minted service staff were keen and friendly.
The food didn't disappoint either. Nothing fancy but very tasty.
Have a great summer. Keep working hard for those tips! 👍
We had the chicken salad wrap and was very disappointed in the taste. I think it was suppose to be like tuna salad but really wasn't the same. We really liked the huckleberry tea and lemonade. Wait staff were friendly and helpful.
Service was good, food was fair. I had Bison burger, it was certainly a frozen patty and it was so dry I had to cover with ketchup to really be able to eat it. The Buffalo fries were great.
Great food and service! Nice selection of local beers! You won't be disappointed! We had a group of four and were easily accomodated.
The food is ok but the prices are high. The place is always crowded because there's no place else to eat. The service is ok and what you'd expect with students as staff. Sandwiches are your best option.
Food was average, but that is what you should expect. Service was good and it was a convenient place for a quick bite to eat.
Staying at Lake McDonald and made a trip to West Glacier thinking that the grocery store there would have more of a selection than inside the park. The selection turned out to be slightly better but still very limited. What fruits and vegetables there were did not look fresh. So decided to eat at the cafe. Here again, choices are...
We stopped in for a quick lunch before our rafting trip and were pleasantly surprised with a delicious lunch and incredible service. Fast and friendly! Our salads were so crisp and delicious. The kids meals were well portioned and equally fresh and satisfying. It was my favorite meal in Glacier!
We had stopped in to eat here for dinner the night before and the breakfast menu had looked good. Since we were backpacking in Glacier and didn't have a car, we decided to walk back with our packs and eat breakfast.
The breakfast menu was pretty decent...with all restaurants in the area, the featured items were the huckleberry pancake and...
We ate here twice. We ordered breakfast to go. While the staff was friendly and kind, it was rather disorganized to get our meal. It was very tasty (oatmeal). The second time we came for dinner. We shared a double burger. It was burned and was horrible for $15. I was too tired to complain so I'm not sure how...
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Human & Organisational Factors in the Oil, Gas & Chemical Industries
25th -26th November 2010, Manchester Conference Centre
The third international conference on Human & Organisational Factors in the Oil, Gas & Chemical Industries is run by the Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors.
We are very pleased to announce that Andrew Hopkins will be speaking on both days of this conference. Professor Hopkins is a world renowned expert in the analysis of the causes of major industrial accidents and has assisted many organisations in improving and developing systems of prevention.
This event is the third conference in this series - previous events have been very well attended by delegates from not just the oil, gas and chemical industries, but also other major hazard industries including nuclear, railways and aviation. As in previous years, the 2010 conference has an international flavour, with speakers from the UK, US, Australia and Netherlands.
Following feedback from delegates at previous events, we have increased the contributions from industry speakers. This event is therefore a rare opportunity to hear how several major hazard organisations have addressed key aspects of human factors. There are also contributions from regulators, from the HSE in the UK, and the CSB in the US.
There will be plenty of time to network with speakers and other delegates - including during refreshments and at an informal dinner on the evening of the 25th November (included in the delegate price). During the technical sessions, there will be time to put questions to the speakers, and participate in open forums at the end of each day. For further details please click here.


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Senator Smith Calls For Rockaway Transportation Study
Senator Malcolm A. Smith of Queens met with a New York Metropolitan Transportation Council (MTC) rep to discuss a transportation study of the Rockaways.
"Because of the rapid growth and continued commercial and residential development occurring in the Rockaway, it is imperative that we put into place an effective long term plan that will address the needs of the peninsula," Smith said.
Discussion centered around a planning effort similar to the one the MTC instituted in Southern Brooklyn, where the community works hand in hand with transportation agencies to develop services, according to Smith.
"We must explore long term planning and oversight to help ensure that our transportation services are adequate, and that current and future residents of the Rockaways will not be left under served," Smith said.


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Lead Generation is one of the most essential parts of any business. All of your marketing efforts will be in vain if you do not have a list of leads that you can convert into customers. The key to having a long term company that has constant profits is its efficient lead generation program. If you are only going to focus on bringing in the sales, it'll become a lot more difficult to generate consistent profits. In the following article we shall be looking into three effective lead generation tips that will help you gain more ground in your business.
If you're aiming at purchasing leads then go for only those companies that are known to give pre-screen, highly targeted leads that will help you get a better return on your investment. There are plenty of fake companies and people that say they can get quality leads. But, when you actually purchase them, they are random, cold and un-responsive. It is always good to get your own leads by making the effort and using money instead of buying them. But if you still see this as an option, please be very careful in who you're dealing with before you shell out the money.
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So whatever approach you take towards doing that, make sure that it's contributing to your reputation in some way.
Last but not the least; there are many newsletters or ezine publications on the web, which you can leverage to reach out to your target market and get more leads. You'll find them in a wide range of niches and most of them are all too happy to take on advertisers. Your options include a huge solo mailing advertisement or one that is contained within the newsletter. This is a great way of generating a ton of leads at once without spending a great deal of cash. In this instance you have a limited ability to send a focused and targeted message to your audience that exposes them to your offer. Newsletters have a tendency to be very niche specific and focused so it's hard to go wrong with this type of advertisement.
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The only important thing to remember is to make sure you're putting in consistent efforts to optimize your landing page and make the whole process easier. Learn to effectively target the leads you've generated in order to really see what's going on in your business. Invest time, money, and care into this and you'll find that you're enjoying an excellent return on your investment. Now you can take your steps in the right direction for your business.
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3 Effective Lead Generation Tips
by jere2badge


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OstoMart Ltd,
Unit 1,
The Carlton Business Centre,
Freephone Number: 0800 220 300 (UK Only)
Email Address: email@example.com
Website: www.ostomart.co.uk
Please Note: OstoMART's products are available on the UK Drug Tariff list (on prescription) and available internationally via the OstoMART Store
Osto-EZ-Vent® – New
Astoa® Range: Barrier Cream, Adhesive Flange Extender and Mouldable Adhesive Ring Seals – New
Responder – Home Delivery Service – UK Orders Only
More products and services are available on the Ostomart website, including a wide selection of fashionable ostomate-suitable clothing, ranging from male and female swimwear, to underwear, to trousers.
*=All of OstoMart's products and services are for the UK Market only. UK Patients can request samples from the above product pages on OstoMart's website.
The Astoa Product Range
OstoMART Ltd are pleased to announce the launch of a brand new range of advanced stoma accessories called Astoa®
Safe, Dry, Secure…NEW Astoa® advanced stoma accessories.
The NEW Astoa range of accessories from OstoMART Ltd have been expertly designed to provide increased absorption, flexibility, leakage prevention and skin protection whilst providing you with increased security and confidence.
NEW Astoa Barrier Cream will help to maintain skin integrity, prevent skin irritation and support the natural barrier properties of the skin. Some barrier cream products can leave the skin looking and feeling greasy but Astoa Barrier Cream does not affect the adhesion of the stoma flange/baseplate and simply has to be tried to be believed.
NEW Astoa Mouldable Adhesive Ring Seal is available in 3mm THIN and 4mm STANDARD options and is highly mouldable so you can stretch it, break it, reshape it, mould it and seal it to fit even the most awkward of areas. Astoa Mouldable Adhesive Ring Seals have high fluid absorption so they can remain intact for longer periods and therefore promotes extended wear time of the appliance.
NEW Astoa Hydrocolloid Flange Extenders are available in WIDE, SMALL and LARGE options and is designed to secure the appliance to the body whilst helping to protect the skin from excoriation and maceration. They are extremely flexible with fantastic elasticity benefits so you can bend and stretch and the tape will move with you.
TRY THEM FOR YOURSELF…for further information or to request free samples simply call Freephone 0800 220 300, email firstname.lastname@example.com or visit our website www.ostomart.co.uk
"OstoMart was founded in 1991. The quality of service offered by the Company was quickly recognised by professionals and members of the public alike and the rapid expansion of the business required a move to bigger premises in Nottingham where our registered office is today.
In the past ten years OstoMart has progressed dramatically; forever changing to meet the new challenges of the market place but always with our clients as the number one consideration of the Company. Our motto is CLIENT FIRST and these words can be seen in every one of our service centres and reflected in our daily contact with our clients.
All members of the OstoMart team have worked hard to achieve the ISO9002 certificate for quality service and as a Company we are very proud of our achievement."
Photographs, logos and product names on this page are provided by, and/or copyrighted to, OstoMart. These pictures, logos and product names are used with their kind permission.
This Website & Lifestyle Guide & Community
© 1998 - 2014 Ostomyland
All rights reserved.
Thanks for your continued support! :-)
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The 2012 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit issue includes a new mobile campaign powered by NellyMoser, Inc. Behind-the-scenes videos of the 19 different swimsuit model photo shoots can be launched from the magazine's pages using the Swimsuit Viewer App for iPhone, iPad and Android. Each video is launched by scanning one of the digitally watermarked photos using the Digimarc Discover Platform.
The SI Swimsuit Viewer 2012 app provides a branded mobile experience that enhances the print content and then brings viewers to the magazine's mobile site. Satellite TV company DirecTV is sponsoring the app and will feature cover model Kate Upton in a brief DirecTV ad at the end of each video.
The Digimarc Discover Platform enables smartphones and other sensor-equipped devices to access media content using built-in cameras and microphones. Each watermarked image includes a small yellow tag with an image of a video; the tag also appears on the front cover. A house ad inside the magazine explains the Digimarc and encourages readers to download it from the appropriate marketplace.
Sports Illustrated first connected video to the magazine in 2008, and the publisher likes to use cutting-edge technology, according to Roger Matus, NellyMoser EVP.
In January, NellyMoser released a study of the top 100 U.S. magazines, finding a 439 percent increase in action codes of all kinds from January through December. In that study, Digimarc tags accounted for less than 1 percent of all tags used.
Why not stick with something tested and accepted by consumers?
"They were quite concerned about putting something that would cover up part of the image. They wanted the photos to shine through," Matus says.
Two years ago, the swimsuit issue used JagTags to connect readers' mobile phones to video; last year, it was Microsoft Tags leading to videos hosted by NellyMoser. Matus could not disclose metrics from last year's videos.
The addition of the app ups the ante. Although many marketers worry about reducing response when consumers need to go to an app store to download an app before viewing content, Matus notes, "They feel their content is pretty compelling to the Sports Illustrated reader."
NellyMoser provides creative services, campaign programming, site hosting, and detailed analytics for the campaign. The platform includes a database of more than 100 characteristics for each of 6,500 mobile devices that allows it to serve the best video format for a particular device.
"When a device comes in, we look it up on the database and know exactly its resolution, the color depth, and the frame rate it can handle. We also know the performance of the mobile network," Matus explains.
NellyMoser is promoting the concept of Companion Apps, like the SI Swimsuit Viewer App, as an alternative to magazine apps that offer magazine content through an app.
"We're not duplicating the content of the magazine, we're enhancing it. That's a big deal for publishers. You still want the magazine at the center of the universe," Matus says.
Related reading
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In the age of social media and an abundance of content, why is the humble email newsletter suddenly thriving? We look at how the biggest innovations in email marketing have aided the rise of email newsletters, and how you can learn from these for your own newsletter efforts.
How chatbots can refine the customer acquisition process
Today, people have ever-decreasing attention spans and aren't interested in putting too much effort into becoming consumers. That's what makes chatbots perfect for collecting customer information and moving customers down the sales funnel.
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In the past 18 months, Desigual, the flamboyant and colorful Spanish fashion/retail brand, has seen mobile become the dominant platform for both web traffic and email opens, and become a major influence on offline sales.


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Wedding Dresses and accessories Bridesmaid Dresses Jewellery Flower Girl Wedding Shoes Alterations Veils and tiaras Wedding Dress Dressing More info
Glorious tiaras specialise in bridal accessories, bridal combs, hair pins, hair vines, birdcage veils and vintage brooch bouquets. More info
Maria Modes Bridal of Macclesfield provide the ultimate wedding dress for the ultimate bride. Bridal gowns in Cheshire. More info
Wedding Dresses and Bridal Wear, based in Cheshire More info
A fabulous bridal boutique situated in the heart of Cheshire. Stocking a great range of designers as well as accessories and jewellery. More info
Atelier Bride is a luxury, fashion forward bridal boutique. Stockists of some of the finest wedding dress designers, including Bliss Monique Lhuillier, Lyn Ashworth by Sarah Barrett and Sassi Holford. More info
Looking for a bridal gown or bridesmaid dresses? Sarah's Shoes is a professional bridal wear company based in Alderley Edge, Cheshire. More info
Bridal shop based in Cheshire stocking a wide range of wedding dresses. More info
The Bridal Lounge is a professional bridal wear company based in Stockport, Greater Manchester. More info
Bridal studio based in Stockport, Cheshire. More info
Bridal shop in Stockport, Cheshire. More info
a family run Bridal Boutique!
We are a family run Bridal Boutique in Cheshire specialising in Bridal and Bridesmaids, currently stocking Alfred Angelo (bridal and bridesmaids), Badgley Mischka, Enzoani and Diane Harbridge! More info
Hand made and off the peg Wedding Dresses and wedding accessories from Julie Mitchelmore in Stockport Cheshire More info
Specialists in Wedding dress & evening wear alterations as well as made to measure gowns. A relaxing boutique environment for all consultations. More info
Beautiful Bridal Gowns, Mother of the Bride and Groom and Special Occasion Wear. All exclusive designs, made to measure by hand in our Cheshire Studio. Bespoke Design service to enable you to create your dream dress. Plus size and Petite specialists. More info
Stockport, Cheshire bridal boutique with stunning wedding gowns from Ronald Joyce, Mori Lee, Mark Lesley, Diane Harbridge & more. Our beautiful collection of wedding dresses will wow you with their style & elegance. More info
Bridal wear and wedding dressmaker based in Congleton, Cheshire. More info
Wedding dresses in Cheshire. Bridalwear collections by: Benjamin Roberts, Diane Harbridge, David Tutera, New for 2014 Stella York & House of Mooshki. Bridesmaids by: Twobirds, Mark Lesley, Linzi Jay. Mother of the bride & groom collecitons. Accessories include veils, tiaras, shoes & accessories More info
Bridal wear in Cheshire. Designer wedding dresses including Charlotte Balbier, Sophia Tolli, Justing Alexander and more. More info
Specialist bridal wear specialist in Cheshire. Bridesmaid, prom and special occasion dresses also available. More info
Bridal wear in Cheshire. Stunning wedding & bridesmaids dresses with matching shoes. More info
Edith & Winston Bridalwear is based in the heart of the picturesque Cheshire village of Knutsford. A family run Bridal Boutique in Cheshire. Selling tiaras, veils & more. Showroom stocks sizes 14+ but all can be ordered from 6-32. More info
Bridal Wear in Altrincham in Cheshire. Sotckists of MiaMia, Amanda Wyatt, Charlotte Balbier, Terry Fox and more. More info
Cost of a typical dress including in-house alterations.


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1.800.555.8260 We're here to help
As a registered member, you'll be able to:
I'm building a box with a buddy for his Alpine Type X 12...
The optimum box specs are 14.5 x 16.5 x 17.5 vented (which is 1.8 cubes), my question is how would I go about constructing the vent? And what should I tune to?
12Volt.com's calculator says that 1.5 x 12 vent = 22.81 port length (at 32hz)
How would I go about creating all of this, as I have never built a ported box before...
This calculator is a little crude, but it seems like its what you're looking for. Just change the red numbers to get the box shape and volume, etc that you're looking for. You typically use the wall of the box as one side of the vent, and cut a piece of extra wood for the other side. Here's an example.
Because my name is on the business, I work hard to make sure you get the best possible shopping experience. I look forward to hearing your comments .
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Browse our latest Discovery Book catalog online
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Copyright ©1996-2014, Crutchfield New Media, LLC All rights reserved. Crutchfield is a trademark of Crutchfield New Media, LLC.


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Education Program Coordinator, 870-241-3373
*See glossary for definations
Drawing paper and colored pencils
Scrap material for snake construction
Habitat pictures
Handout comparing poisonous and nonpoisonous snake traits
Slide show/video on snakes of Arkansas
Snake specimens-live or preserved and/or pictures of snakes
Snake-ology quiz
Before participants arrive at the center, have them research poisonous snakes in Arkansas, their traits and where they are found in the state. They should share this information through presentations.
Slither your way through the Snake-ology Quiz.
Pit viper – any of various venomous snakes of the family Crotalidae, such as a copperhead, rattlesnake or fer-de-lance, that has a small sensory pit below each eye
Venom – poison transmitted to prey or an enemy chiefly by biting and stinging
*Note to teacher: Due to various presentation techniques by different staff, if you want to make sure a certain framework is discussed, or tie in one not mentioned, please make that request when reserving your program.


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Exchange Rate Volatility and the Asian Financial Crisis: Evidence from South Korea and ASEAN-5
This paper investigates the degree of volatility and asymmetric behavior of real exchange rates in East Asian. Exponential generalized autoregressive heteroskedasticity (EGARCH) is deployed to estimate the volatility of the exchange rate returns before and after the 1997 Asian financial crisis. We found that the EGARCH (1,1) specification fits the monthly currency series of the Asian currencies well, suggesting that volatility in exchange rates is time varying and asymmetric. The results show that before the crisis, only three currencies displayed evidence of asymmetries in their conditional variance. After the sharp fall in their currencies, all but one showed a significant increase in volatility and asymmetric effect. We conclude that the crisis caused a contagion that spread through the currency markets. The results of this study underline the importance of economic and political stability in the member countries for the stability of the regional economy.
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Volume (Year): 10 (2007)
Issue (Month): 02 ()
Pages: 237-264
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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Darby, Julia, et al, 1999.
"The Impact of Exchange Rate Uncertainty on the Level of Investment,"
Economic Journal,
Royal Economic Society, vol. 109(454), pages 55-67, March.
- Julia Darby & Andrew Hughes Hallett & Jonathan Ireland & Laura Piscitelli, "undated". "The Impact of Exchange Rate Uncertainty on the Level of Investment," ICMM Discussion Papers 49, Department of Economics University of Strathclyde.
- Darby, Julia & Hughes Hallett, Andrew & Ireland, Jonathan & Piscitelli, Laura, 1998. "The Impact of Exchange Rate Uncertainty on the Level of Investment," CEPR Discussion Papers 1896, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Nelson, Daniel B, 1991. "Conditional Heteroskedasticity in Asset Returns: A New Approach," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 59(2), pages 347-370, March.
- Ding, Zhuanxin & Granger, Clive W. J. & Engle, Robert F., 1993. "A long memory property of stock market returns and a new model," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 1(1), pages 83-106, June.
- Bollerslev, Tim & Ole Mikkelsen, Hans, 1996. "Modeling and pricing long memory in stock market volatility," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 73(1), pages 151-184, July.
- Tom Doan, "undated". "RATS program to replicate Bollerslev-Mikkelson(1996) FIEGARCH models," Statistical Software Components RTZ00173, Boston College Department of Economics.
- Pagan, Adrian R. & Schwert, G. William, 1990. "Alternative models for conditional stock volatility," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 45(1-2), pages 267-290.
- Adrian R. Pagan & G. William Schwert, 1989. "Alternative Models For Conditional Stock Volatility," NBER Working Papers 2955, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Pagan, A.R. & Schwert, G.W., 1989. "Alternative Models For Conditional Stock Volatility," Papers 89-02, Rochester, Business - General.
- P E Hart, 1998. "Job creation and destruction in the corporate sector: the relative importance of births, deaths and..," NIESR Discussion Papers 134, National Institute of Economic and Social Research.
- Beum-Jo Park, 2002. "Asymmetric Volatility of Exchange Rate Returns Under The EMS: Some Evidence From Quantile Regression Approach for Tgarch Models," International Economic Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 16(1), pages 105-125.
- French, Kenneth R. & Schwert, G. William & Stambaugh, Robert F., 1987. "Expected stock returns and volatility," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 19(1), pages 3-29, September.
- Chinn, Menzie D., 2000. "Before the fall: were East Asian currencies overvalued?," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 1(2), pages 101-126, September.
- Menzie D. Chinn, 1998. "Before the Fall: Were East Asian Currencies Overvalued?," NBER Working Papers 6491, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Arize, A. C., 1996. "Real exchange-rate volatility and trade flows: The experience of eight European economies," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 5(2), pages 187-205.
- Malik, Ali Khalil, 2005. "European exchange rate volatility dynamics: an empirical investigation," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 12(1), pages 187-215, January.
- Paul R. Krugman, 1991. "Target Zones and Exchange Rate Dynamics," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 106(3), pages 669-682.
- González-Rivera Gloria, 1998. "Smooth-Transition GARCH Models," Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, De Gruyter, vol. 3(2), pages 1-20, July.
- Toda, Hiro Y. & Yamamoto, Taku, 1995. "Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 66(1-2), pages 225-250.
- Schwert, G William, 1989. " Why Does Stock Market Volatility Change over Time?," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 44(5), pages 1115-1153, December.
- G. William Schwert, 1988. "Why Does Stock Market Volatility Change Over Time?," NBER Working Papers 2798, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Hsieh, David A, 1989. "Testing for Nonlinear Dependence in Daily Foreign Exchange Rates," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 62(3), pages 339-368, July.
- Glosten, Lawrence R & Jagannathan, Ravi & Runkle, David E, 1993. " On the Relation between the Expected Value and the Volatility of the Nominal Excess Return on Stocks," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 48(5), pages 1779-1801, December.
- Lawrence R. Glosten & Ravi Jagannathan & David E. Runkle, 1993. "On the relation between the expected value and the volatility of the nominal excess return on stocks," Staff Report 157, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
- Balaban, Ercan, 2004. "Comparative forecasting performance of symmetric and asymmetric conditional volatility models of an exchange rate," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 83(1), pages 99-105, April.
- Christie, Andrew A., 1982. "The stochastic behavior of common stock variances : Value, leverage and interest rate effects," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 10(4), pages 407-432, December.
- Hu, Michael Y. & Tsoukalas, Christos, 1999. "Combining conditional volatility forecasts using neural networks: an application to the EMS exchange rates," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 9(4), pages 407-422, November.
- Tse, Y. K. & Tsui, Albert K. C., 1997. "Conditional volatility in foreign exchange rates: Evidence from the Malaysian ringgit and Singapore dollar," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 5(3), pages 345-356, July.
- Dumas, Bernard, 1992. "Dynamic Equilibrium and the Real Exchange Rate in a Spatially Separated World," Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 5(2), pages 153-180.
- Hsieh, David A., 1988. "The statistical properties of daily foreign exchange rates: 1974-1983," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 24(1-2), pages 129-145, February.
- Michael McKenzie & Heather Mitchell, 2002. "Generalized asymmetric power ARCH modelling of exchange rate volatility," Applied Financial Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(8), pages 555-564.
- Chen, Cherry C. & So, Raymond W., 2002. "Exchange rate variability and the riskiness of US multinational firms: evidence from the Asian financial turmoil," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 12(4-5), pages 411-428.
- Bera, Anil K & Higgins, Matthew L, 1993. " ARCH Models: Properties, Estimation and Testing," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 7(4), pages 305-366, December.
- Bollerslev, Tim & Chou, Ray Y. & Kroner, Kenneth F., 1992. "ARCH modeling in finance : A review of the theory and empirical evidence," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 52(1-2), pages 5-59.
- Maurice Obstfeld, 1994. "The Logic of Currency Crises," NBER Working Papers 4640, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Cushman, David O., 1988. "U.S. bilateral trade flows and exchange risk during the floating period," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 24(3-4), pages 317-330, May.
- Hamilton, James D. & Susmel, Raul, 1994. "Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity and changes in regime," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 64(1-2), pages 307-333.
- Tom Doan, "undated". "RATS programs to estimate Hamilton-Susmel Markov Switching ARCH model," Statistical Software Components RTZ00083, Boston College Department of Economics.
- McAleer, Michael & Nam, Jason Chee Wei, 2005. "Testing for contagion in ASEAN exchange rates," Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (MATCOM), Elsevier, vol. 68(5), pages 517-525.
- Hu, Michael Y. & Jiang, Christine X. & Tsoukalas, Christos, 1997. "The European exchange rates before and after the establishment of the European Monetary System," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 7(3), pages 235-253, October.
- Nikiforos Laopodis, 2001. "Time-Varying Behavior and Asymmetry in EMS Exchange Rates," International Economic Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 15(4), pages 81-94. Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)
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Oregon Historical County Records Guide
Marion County Scenic Images
Mark Hatfield Bust
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A bust of former Oregon Governor Mark Hatfield in the Governor's Office in the Oregon State Capitol in Salem. (Photo No. marDA0093)
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Dimensions: 2571 x 3872 pixels (300 dpi version); Date created: September 2010; Camera: Nikon D80 Digital SLR; Lens: Nikon AF-S DX Zoom-Nikkor 18-135mm f/3.5-5.6G IF-ED; Photographer citation: Gary Halvorson, Oregon State Archives; Keywords/Tags: vertical, Oregon, Marion County, Salem, Oregon State Capitol, historic building, interior, Mark Hatfield, bust, statue, government, public art, Governor's Office, history, culture.
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copper flashing, galvanized nails...
I just replaced a turne flashing apron with copper. I used copper nails to fasten the copper flashing but would like to know if the roofing nails used to fasten the existing roof asphalt shingles which now sit under the copper may cause any type of oxidation to the copper. I don't think the nails were stainless or aluminum, they should be galvanized, but not sure for certain.
Also, I have aluminum around the chimney, I would like to make a transition from copper to galvanized to sit next to the aluminum on the chimney. Will this work?
Galvinic Series
If I'm reading my galvanic series chart (see link) correctly copper your copper flashing has potential to eat away zinc (galvanization) and iron (the body of the nails). This is more of an issue when the metals are wet (hopefully they won't be under the flashing). If the nail heads were corroded away the shingles would be more susceptible to blow-off... but at least they won't be eating holes in your flashing!
My comments are strictly theoretical, as I have no experience with the combination you are talking about. My guess is that it will be fine, but you could always put a dab of sealant on the nail-heads, or a layer of 15# felt between them and the flashing if it makes you sleep better.
Hopefully a real roofer will chime in with some more experienced advice.
As far as the transition from copper to aluminum, aluminum is more noble than zinc, so aluminum touching copper is better than galvanized touching copper. Also, copper downstream from galvanized is not as bad as the inverse.
I was about to come in here and see what kind of crap was posted, but its all good... Thumbs up
Thanks guys.
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Hi Everyone
I ususally don't put my 2 cents worth in on these type of discussions, but I have to think that most all of you know what your talking about and the knowledge is abound in this forum. I have a great suggestion that I think would help this situation, now don't think bad about it, but maybe you guys should get together on my car and work out all the problems, fix the body work and prime and paint it for a comparison. I will tell you one thing (my opinion only) and that is I believe most if not all of you are way above me on the knowledge you guys have and I have learned from each and everyone of you about one thing or another and have tried numerous suggestions from most of you and I have a good start on my rods body and if its not to my liking its hit the board for more info and start over again untill I get it right.
Better read than the paper today.
Since when did "hotrodders" paint ANYTHING?
I thought their intention was to just "build" it and then ROD the SH.. OUT OF IT.
Customizers on the other hand DO paint their creations and VERY well too.
Just some levity guy's.
Thought this was about ADHESION,
Which WAY is BEST.
Actually, I've learned something here, mostly from Centerline's comment. My opinion was that epoxy under filler was mostly prima donna overkill, but that has changed. I realize now that a lot of guys are going to struggle a bit with the straightening process, and that hitting the panel right away with some corrosion resistant epoxy can be a very good thing if the work can't be completed within a couple of days. That seems to ring true whether metalfinishing or filler will be attempted.
crash tech that is my feeling exactly. Since this forum is designed to help out hobbyist I think that the recommendation to apply epoxy immediately after stripping paint is a good way for a person new to the bodywork process to not become so overwhelmed with the project. I have worked on cars that my buddies decided to tackle themselves and once they stripped the paint and found out how much work is involved stopped the work and left the car in the garage in bare metal for months. Then they come and ask me for help when they realize how much previous work was lying under all those layers of old paint. I am still confused as to what this test was supposed to be testing. Who plans on whacking a car against a work bench once it is finished anyway. Anyone new to painting should just read the tech sheets and follow them to the letter. They will tell you what to apply how to apply it what to sand it with, everything. As for water attacking filler from the backside of a panel you shouldn't be using filler over holes anyway if you actually care about the project. I personally like using filler over bare metal. It seems to feather out on the edge better than it does over epoxy.
I Can End This Debate Once And For All!
I can remember watching American Hotrod and seeing the painters there spraying epoxy first before the filler.
So there!
If Boyd has it done on his cars, it's got to be best!
Boyd is an idiot but he does, or used to have one of the best body and paint guys in the industry working for him. Of course now that same guy works for Chip Foose. Can't blame him for jumping ship either.
Interesting thread .... I guess I am one of the only ones around here doing collision work and using epoxy.... course I use it to hide and seal
Reckon filler aint the best way to go... yep we all agree there, but Ima gona have ta learn that there metal finishin mo betta than I doos it now
It makes this redneck and for someone like me it is super fast to apply filler, work it and move on to the next panel....
As for the adhesion...Brain has really stated the truth there as far as ownership... and then you have those who apply glaze over scuffed paint everyday without failures too... so you say tomatoe I say EPOXY
Ok so my post aint much, but with this dial up this weekend i am on, I had to say something
I got Charlies autograph at NACE. You just couldn't help but smile in that guys company. His ear to ear smile was contagious. Seemed like a awful nice guy.
Randy... I wasn't surprised to see you finally chime in, and welcomed your response. I really respect your ability and skills, and would love to have 1/4 of the knowledge and ability that you have as far as metal working goes. If I had my way, I would never use body filler again. The fact is that working in a collision shop, it is pretty much impossible to make a living and not use it.
This board is a Hotrodding Board, but the people here do all kinds of work on their vehicles, and come here for help. Some people here are simply trying to get their daily drivers looking better. They may have bought them with damage, or hit something themselves. Although your style of metal working could be used to repair the damage better. The fact is that most don't have your ability, and many times, the time to repair it in that manor. Using body filler is an acceptable repair for most people, as long as it is used properly.
If I was doing an actual "Restoration" I would do everything that I possibly could to avoid using body filler to repair damage. Then again, I have fenders from a Model T that have hammer marks all over them. I am relatively sure that, when they had paint on them, the marks were barely, if at all noticeable. If I were actually going to use these fenders, I would have to remove the marks as much as I could. I would not fill them with body filler, but I would be able to take my time with them without loosing money or being without a vehicle to drive.
There are different standards for repair of a vehicle. Some should have no filler in them. Others, realistically, it doesn't matter, if the repair is done properly.
I've worked in shops in some shops that put down epoxy first, but most have been over baremetal. The vast majority of collision shops to make money are going to pull out the metal somewhat close and put filler over baremetal. Time is money. I've done it at home both ways as well, depends on the car and situation. Either way IMO is acceptable if the steps are done properly, but for a hobbiest who has plenty of time, and lot of work to do, I would spray the epoxy first. I didn't check out that test, but something was wrong there. I've seen plastic filler put over sanded paint and not fail, at least out the door. You are not suppose to apply filler over paint unless it is one designed to be used that way. Of course non of this was smacked against a table. It wouldn't be so widely recommended if putting filler over epoxy was a problem. It had to be thoroughly tested before they would recommend the practice and put rep on the line.
Last edited by Centerline; 11-27-2005 at 02:26 PM.
I have been paying attention to what is really better and what I have found out is either way works if you follow directions.
The tests that were done only show one case of many that I can think of in my head. The real question is if you did say 10 cars each way under controlled conditions and then monitored how the paint stuck to the car for the next 10 years than we might get an idea of what really is better. The tests as done only show how well stuff holds together under conditions that are not seen on the car unless there is an accident. What was done is still very interesting. One fact that came out of the tests if I remember correctly has to do with sandpaper grit.
Lots of guys use 24 grit on steel before the bondo. The truth is something like 80 grit gives a better surface for the bondo to adhere to since there is more scratch per area.
In the end, if you are following directions either way will do just fine. I believe that the home hobbiest is better off doing an epoxy prime to protect the metal. Letting the epoxy cure good and then scuffing with the 80 before the bondo. This way he is dealing with sealed metal and if it take him a few weeks or months (or years) the metal is still protected.
If you will be moving on to sealing quickly than bondo direct to metal makes sense.
Most of the cars that we work on see limited use anyway so they should last for a very long time.
Bill In a situation where that pinholed metal is what you are working with I think the epoxy first makes good sense. In theory it makes good sense on any restoration or repair where corrosion protection is important. As far as pinholes from welding, the person doing the welding has a lot of control over that. I think the epoxy mainly makes people feel good about what they are doing. I own a 1979 f-150 4x4 that I painted around '99. It has more rust repair panels butt welded in place than you could count of both hands. That truck has spent a lot of time on paths etc. never spent more than a week inside since it was painted, never been waxed. Filler directly over metal, no epoxy on it at all. Not one failure over a repaired area to this day. So should I have used epoxy? Maybe, but at this rate it appears to me that the clear will fail before the moisture attacks one of the seams. I would be willing to bet that the factory seams in the door jambs or the leading edge of the hood where the panel is double walled will fail before any of the patch panels. In all my restoration experience it is always the stuff that you really cant control that comes back to bite you like where the factory overlapped three different pieces of metal on a fire wall, etc.. You remove the seam sealer and see surface rust between the overlapping panels. Do you replace the fire wall to eliminate the rust or do you grind it, prime it and reapply seam sealer? If you didn't replace it, that area will be a weak link in the paint job. What the epoxy does for you is it makes you feel that at least you tried to control a non ideal substrate as best as you could without replacing it. There is nothing wrong with that. Does the epoxy mean that rust will never show up again? Only time will tell.
This bedside has 5 different patch panels welded in. Filler over bare metal. 6 year old paint.
Last edited by bloverby; 11-27-2005 at 07:44 PM.
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text: Anyone else out there ever experienced this ? What did you have done ? Did it correct it ? Need some help guys, my 05 "chuggles" (yes, that is the word GM uses) at highway speed under a light load. I've done a ton of research and Have come across a TSB that describes my problem accurately. The repair calls for the TCM to be reprogrammed. How is it done ? What cost can I expect ? Thanks in advance.


text: I have a '96 Sonoma w/2.2L I-4 engine, apparently the engine was replaced and spun the #3 main bearing slightly(1/4 turn max). Upon disassembley, and inspection, found out there are several differant engine blocks and crankshafts/bearings for this engine model. It appeares that I have a '98 and up replacement block with a '96 crankshaft installed. The engine builder used '96 bearings in the '98 block and apparently ground the locating tabs off of the center bearing(#3) to make it fit in the block. Can anyone direct me to a source for accurate information about this engine or help me figure out what is needed to replace the crankshaft in this engine as it only has approx. 25,000 on a complete engine and cyl. head rebuild ? Any help will be greatly appreciated.


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Located in Karpacz Górny, Willa Architekt is on a hill that is on the boarder of the Karkonosze National Park. It offers rooms with a TV set with satellite channels and free Wi-Fi. The rooms of the Architekt are bright, and each features a classic interior décor with floor to floor carpeting. All have a seating area, work desk and a private bathroom with a shower. The property offers a common room as well as a kitchenette and a dining area dedicated for guests' use. Guests can also enjoy a game of table tennis. The nearest ski lift, Michałek, is within 493 feet of the guest house. The Wang Temple is 1,969 feet away, and Śnieżka ski complex is a 6 minute walk from the Architekt.


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Accepting only Mainland Chinese citizens, Jiuhe Business Hotel offers affordable accommodation. Free WiFi is available throughout the property. It is within a kilometre of Yinchuan Railway Station. Jiuhe Business Hotel is within a 10-minute drive of Yuehai Park. Helan Mountains is a 45-minute drive away. Yinchuan Hedong International Airport can be reached in 60 minutes by car. All rooms are equipped with air conditioning, a TV and an electric kettle. Free toiletries and slippers are provided in the private bathroom with a shower. Staff at the 24-hour front desk can assist with luggage storage. Daily maid service is also provided. Free parking spaces are available around the site. Many dining options are located within walking distance. Guests can find a wide range of local dishes around.


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New Braunfels Herald Zeitung (Newspaper) - February 13, 2011, New Braunfels, Texas Saturday, March 2(Mf*— Travel back in time as we celebrate the history of our crown jewel, Landa Park. Fine dining, dancing to the Sentimental Journey Orchestra, silent auction, unveiling of the Memory Trail and an elegant, once in a lifetime evept under the stars at the Landa Park Dance Slab. Hosted by the New Braunfels Parks Foundation. fOHr"T» Proceeds benefit the restoration of the historic Landa Lake Gazebo. Sponsored ir» part by: Hunter Industries | The McKenna Foundation • The Wurstfest Association Frost Bank * Texas Monthly * Landa Park Miniature Train New Braunfels Convention & Visitors Bureau -Choice of Soup -Smoked Salmon Wrap - Shrimp Pouch -Seared Tuna Cerviche Salad -Fillet Mignon topped w/Leeks & Reduced Balsamic -Blue Crab Roll -Chocolate Mousse offered: Saturday, Sunday or Monday 4:30 - Close $32.00 PER PERSON must rsvp for this special*A'TAN I I Asian Bistro J & Sushi Bar830-620- 1 888 Fellow, Acaderpy Of General DentistryLINEUP FOR TODAY'S NEWS SHOWS Gingrich ABC's "This Week" — Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak; former House Speaker Newt Gingrich; former Minnesota Gov. Tim Pawlenty NBC's "Meet the Press" — Reps. John Boehner, R-Ohio, and Bobby Schilling, R-lll,; Atlanta Mayor Kasim Reed. CBS' "Face the Nation" — Sen. John McCain, R- Ariz.; Egyptian-American scholar and Nobel laureate Ahmed Zewail CNN's "State of the Union" — John Negroponte, former U.S. ambassador to the U.N.; Edward Walker, former U.S. ambassador to Egypt; Sen. Lindsey Graham, R-S.C.; White House budget director Jacob Lew. "Fox News Sunday" — Gov. Haley Barbour, R-Miss.; Rep. Paul Ryan, R-Wis. McCain Barbour Follow a regular stream of stories, reader comments online at www.herald-zeitung.coin. Follow us on Facebook and Twitter (@newbraunfelsHZ) *Pfc*RivcrCrrsl 83o.625.76ii M r V -JM 1280 E. Common St. I*oIt\111j Denial, P À ^eW Braunfek> TX 78130 CT.. ' cwcwtw.ri'uerrrptftlpntnl mm Most Insurance Accepted Spa Days DOT Therapy Treatments Laser Hair Removal W FLOWERS & CHOCOLATE • WITH PURCHASE OF !/i SPA DAY : GIFT CERTIFICATE , J Delivered Day of Appointment One Coupon Per Person » : PEDICURE WITH PURCHASE \ OF A SPA FACIAL OR MASSAGE * — 4* . One Coupon Per Person Expires 2/26/ i I •www. rivercrestdental.com Cigna Network Provider Long-time Texas newsman Sam Kinch Jr. dies DAVE MCNEELY Dave McNeely has covered Texas politics and government since 1962. Sam Kinch Jr., among the finest Texas political reporters ever, died Feb. 1. On Feb. 18, he would have been 71. Sam earned a reputation during his 40-year career for tenacious journal ism, working for behind-the-scenes stories that provide the guts of good political coverage. Sam also was my mentor and longtime friend. As editor of The Daily Texan, the University of Texas at Austin student newspaper, Sam assigned me to cover the Texas Legislature — which I still am, 48 years later. Sam helped me become Texan editor the next year. He coached me later as a professional. My then-wife Saundra and I raised daughters Mjichelle and Candace with Sam and high-school sweetheart Lilas's kids, Keary, Sean and Ashby. I heir ages spanned just seven years, and other kids like David Tiede, Nicholas Bonavita and Liz Mann (Stewart) often joined our troupe for camping and canoeing. Sam considered a vigorous press critical to a healthy democracy, lough but fair, he was respected even by the subjects of critical stories. His father Sam Kinch Sr. had been a long-time capitol correspondent for the Fort Worth Star-Telegram. After college, Sam covered Congress and the White House for the National Observer, Dallas Times Herald, and Dallas Morning News. His instructions for his memorial service ran six single-spaced pages. They told what was to be in the pro-gram, and what was not. The preacher, Tom Mitchell, said it was his first time to see included as preceding someone in death two employers — the Observer and Times Herald. Sam also wrote, "I don't want anything about sitting down to eat with my enemies," Mitchell quoted. "I don't think 1 have any." In 1970, Sam joined the News state Capitol bureau, to head Texas political coverage. Early in 1971, the Sharpstown stock fraud and banking scandal broke — the night before the inauguration. It turned state government upside down. In 1972, rancher Dolph Briscoe beat both Gov. Preston Smith and Lt. Gov. Ben Barnes for the governor's nomination. There were 76 freshmen elected to the 150-member Texas House of Representatives. Sam literally wrote the book about how the scandal unfolded. "Texas Under a Cloud," with Ben Procter, told how Houston banker/developer Frank Sharp used quick-profit stock deals to get several lawmakers to pass banking and insurance laws he wanted. By 1984, Sam thought newspapers were paying too little attention to the nitty-gritty scuttlebutt of Texas politics. With friends George Phenix and the late John Rogers, Sam cofounded and became editor of the newsletter Texas Weekly. It became must reading for insiders. Patricia Kilday Hart of Texas Monthly called Sam "one of the most provocative and thoughtful journalists ever to walk the halls of the state Capitol." She met him in the 1970s as a UT student intern at the News. "No mentor has ever been so generous with his knowledge and enthusiasm," she wrote the day of his death. "His kindness continued when I returned to the capitol — working for his competition, the Dallas Times Herald. Sam had "a boundless sense of fun, but he also worked harder than any other reporter I've ever known." She learned that after she left the Times Herald, by filling in for Sam producing Texas Weekly when he and Lilas took their annual monthlong vacations. "Sam had exacting standards," Hart wrote. "He sweated every mistake." She'll remember him "for his ridiculous ties, gutter humor and humanity." I he late Gov. Ann Richards once stopped in her tracks when she heard Hart was subbing for Sam. Then you have to tell me a dirty joke," she ordered Hart. "Sam always had a dirty joke for me." Sam was firm but fair as a parent, said son Sean. When Sean was about 12, his dad warned if he caught him smoking marijuana, "I'll break your knees." "It sounded like hyperbole," Sean said. But with my dad, you didn't want to take a chance." Sam, never known for sartorial subtlety, had a tuxedo with Texas suspenders and cummerbund to wear at Ashby's wedding to wife Amy in Washington's National Presbyterian Church. But Sam forgot to pack the suspenders. He said his belly could hold up the trousers. He was right, Ashby said — until he and Lilas headed back up the aisle at the ceremony's close. It was "the perfect time for maximum visual exposure," Ashby said. And Sam's pants dropped. " There is some debate about whether he did it on purpose," Ashby said, "because it turned out he was wearing American flag boxers." By 1998, Sam and Lilas wanted to spend more time with family, and traveling. He sold his share of Texas Weekly to seasoned journalist Ross Ramsey. Ramsey in 2009 sold it to the online Texas Tribune, of which he is the managing editor. He later co-authored two books on political campaign finance, with Anne Marie Kilday. Sean summed up his unique father by quoting Shakespeare's Hamlet: "He was a man. Take him for his all in all. I shall not see his like again." Sunday, February 13, 2011 — Herald-Zeitung — Page 5A On Herald-Zeitung.com Most commented stories: Letter to the Editor: What about all the lives saved by guns? Police go house-to-house searching for clues Sunday a.m.: 18-month-old child still missing; search now 'in recovery mode' Monday 2 p.m.: State, federal agencies assist search for missing 18-month-old Rolling blackouts: Something doesn't make senseMost read stories: 6:30 P.M. UPDATE: Search for Joshua continues; NBPD interviews sex offender 4 p.m. Sunday: Police say 18-month-old still missing — search continues Police go house-to-house searching for clues Monday 2 p.m.: State, federal agencies assist search for missing 18-month-old Sunday a.m.: 18-month-old child still missing; search now 'in recovery mode'Online voices: The conversation continues 24/7 Joshua Davis The case of a missing 18-month-old got readers talking on our website this week. I have an 18-month-old and knowing how they behave at this age, I am willing to bet that if he did wander off, he could not have gotten far before realizing he was alone and cried himself to sleep. It was dark and the only thing that would have led him very far would be a pet or person, something he was taking interest in.... I just read about a boy this age who survived 3 days in the freezing and was rescued. If it were my child, 1 would want everyone to stay on it for at least 3 days before calling it a recovery. People are willing to help and I wish authorities would let them. It makes me sick that it is going this way.... — emattingly I am sooo sad for the family of this little baby, 1 pray that God will bring him home safely and without incident. God bless his father and pregnant mother and hopefully they will get there baby back.... —JustusSkids Millennium Medi-Spa is New Braunfels Premier Spa Relax with our Signature Spa Services ^ ^ 830.608.9989 | www.millmedispa.com ;
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SEC Group Urges Creation of Exchange for Small Companies
* An advisory group wants the SEC to push for the creation of a market limited to small companies as a way of increasing IPOs.
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission should urge the creation of a new stock exchange limited to small companies that have trouble raising capital in public markets, an agency panel recommended Friday.
The SEC Advisory Group on Small and Emerging Companies made the recommendation as its co-chairman suggested that a 2012 law intended to increase the number of initial public offerings might fail to have a big impact.
Strict regulation
That so-called Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act was designed to induce more IPOs by reducing disclosure requirements and restrictions on how firms can advertise for investors.
"The JOBS Act, at least in my view, definitely did not do enough," said Stephen M. Graham, the advisory group's co-chairman and a partner who has represented emerging companies at Fenwick & West LLP in Seattle. "The main reason why companies don't want to go public is liquidity in the stock," as well as disclosure requirements, he said.
The advisory group said the exchange should be open only to sophisticated investors, which it did not define, because financial disclosure of the listed companies would be limited. The panel said the companies would still be subject to a regulatory regime "strict enough to protect investors but flexible enough to accommodate innovation and growth," according to its draft recommendation.
For firms that don't want to go public, the SEC should encourage platforms that make it easier for shares to be traded on a secondary market such as New York-based SecondMarket Inc., Graham said.
The SEC isn't required to hew to the advisory group's recommendations. Still, some of the committee's past suggestions were included in the JOBS Act legislation.
"I think the small exchange is the best" recommendation, SEC Commissioner Daniel M. Gallagher told reporters after listening to the panel's debate. "Whether it should be limited to accredited investors, I am not sure about."
Liquidity rules
The SEC's definition of such investors includes banks or other financial firms, organizations with assets in excess $5 million and individuals with a net worth of more than $1 million.
The committee also recommended the SEC adopt rules aimed at improving the liquidity of smaller-company stocks. Specifically, it said the SEC should adopt rules to increase the minimum trading increment for smaller exchange-listed companies.
Stocks are currently traded in minimum increments of 1 cent. Until 2001, shares were priced in minimum increments of one-sixteenth of a dollar before technology allowed traders and electronic exchanges to usher in "decimalization," or penny pricing.
While decimalization reduced the cost to buy or sell shares, it also narrowed spreads for investment banks and other trading firms and reduced their incentive for making a market for a low-priced stock.
The committee said larger "tick sizes" would restore that incentive, thereby improving liquidity for such shares. The panel didn't specify how much tick sizes should increase and said the listed companies should have a say in the minimum amount.
A roundtable of regulators and market participants is scheduled for Tuesday to discuss changes to tick sizes. The SEC-sponsored gathering will include representatives of mutual funds, electronic trading firms and venture capitalists.
In a study issued in July, the SEC staff declined to recommend an increase in the minimum tick size. The study, which was a review of academic literature, decided it was uncertain whether an increase would improve the number of initial public offerings.


text:
Due to increased workload and positive growth, we actively seek the services of accomplished Naval Architects and Offshore Engineers to join our operations in Indonesia. You wilt be called upon to provide best practices in how to work in the demanding offshore marine environment.
Qualification & Experience :
• Engineering services covering Stability, Hydrodynamics and Moorings, MWS services, Transportation and Installation projects, and general naval architectural & offshore based consultancy.
• Self-motivated with drive and passion to meet the fast growing demand for consultancy.
• Fluent in English and report writing skills.
• Degree Level, 1-5 years related Experience.
Please send your application in English together with your CV and mark the subject with: GLND Vacancy Ref. NDU 0813 not later than 2 weeks to : email@example.com Only shortlisted candidates will be notified. All application will be treated with strict confidence.
Author : Lowongan Kerja | Updated at : 12:41 PM | Category : architect, gl noble denton, Industri minyak dan gas, jakarta, naval architect, offshore engineer, s1


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Subaru WRX Forum (http://www.wrxtuners.com/forums/)
- Bolt-on Tech (EJ255/EJ257 2.5L 2008+ WRX, STi, and GT) (http://www.wrxtuners.com/forums/f121/)
- - Start from scratch? (http://www.wrxtuners.com/forums/f121/start-scratch-36721/)
Start from scratch?
I've noticed that a guy could buy a 5 speed manual Impreza for really cheap...could you reasonably start a build from there?
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Depends on what your goals are and what you consider reasonable. What is your budget and what are you wanting to get out of it?
I was thinking 10,000 for the car and 5 thousand for mods at firdt, then maybe just something I can keep building on over time. My main concerns are how much does it cost to add a turbo (and evrything that you need with it). Will the transmission hold well, and my goal is a daily driver that is awesome to drive and over 300 horsepower...and that's still kimd of open ended.
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Over 300 whp on the wrx trans is right on the edge of its limitations depending on how agressive you drive it. Wont hold up for sure with hard launches, hard shifts, and driving like a ass in general. The cost of a turbo and supporting mods depends on if your buying new or used (big difference there). You may be able to get around 300whp on a vf series turbo which can be had for 300-500 used or close to a grand or better brand new. Supporting mods needed would be downpipe (100-350), catback (200-500), injectors (?), intercooler (300-800), tuning platform (not sure how much for a open source cable and laptop or 595 I think for a accessport. Most tuner shops will have a cable to flash open source with), and a tune (250-500). At the least a good boost gauge would be good to have as well. You also need to factor in maintenance cost if the car is due. You dont want to go modifying and pushing a car that has been neglected of regular maintenance. You will probably want your suspension and brakes up to par with the added power as well. All these prices are just off the top of my head estimates from low to high end of the spectrum. Someone els can chime in if I have forgot something or am misinforming you. Fast, cheap, reliable....pick only two.
If you're going to coax that much power out of the engine, then you will be disappointed with how the stock suspension handles it. $3k-$5k for suspension upgrades is not unreasonable if you include tires, spring/strut or coilover assemblies, sway bars, endlinks, bushings, and other reinforcement pieces.
an aluminum radiator should not be overlooked either
Yeah I was thinking about the suspension. Really seems like startimg from scratch would be more expensive haha
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So what's the difference between the regular WRX and the track edition? I was looking at some 2007 wrx trs and found them with around 95k miles for like 12 grand
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Are you sure it wasn't just a 2007 wrx tr. tuner ready?
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Oh tr stands for tuner ready...well then
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So does it mean anything then?
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Just a stripped down version... not many "extras".
I have an 06 tr. not many options power windows and power lock, power mirrors that's about it. I think it had a different interior then the regular wrx if I'm correct. Adair( boo-Kaybear) also has a tr I think.
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Or and mirrors arnt color matched,
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You sound like you want an over all wicked powerful car, just buy an STi and go from there...
[quote=psinuse;323106]You sound like you want an over all wicked powerful car, just buy an STi and go from there...[/quote]
Yeah that's what I was thinking. Just buy an sti and go from there. Better car all the way around that's why there more expensive
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