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Norway is known for its breathtaking fjords, savage Vikings and Norse mythology. While millions have witnessed the grandeur of Norway's inlets, and we only need to visit York to learn about the very real history of the Viking hordes, Norse mythology has, for the last few hundred years, been considered little more than just the elaborate fiction of a dead religion. In recent years, however, evidence has been slowly accumulating to suggest that parts of the Norse narrative could very well have taken place.
The jotnar were giant creatures of immense strength and power. Ymir was the first, and his offspring populated the 'mythical' land known as Niflheim – described as a land of mist and ice, easily attributed to any of Norway's expansive glaciers. These earthly beings fought the Norse gods, with huge massacres taking place. The mythology goes on to say that during a time of peace the jotnar and the gods married and interbred, before falling out again. The early creatures could not take exposure to sunlight, and would turn to stone at the slightest ray, but with the blood of the gods their tolerance grew, and could soon only be vanquished by a bolt of lightning – something the gods held dominion over. Legend has it that the jotnar, or trolls as they have come to be known, became extinct as the gods became more frequent and accurate with their lightning, but evidence has come to light that some think proves that trolls still occupy the deepest forests and widest tundra of Norway.
Norway has a secret, and has gone to extreme lengths to conceal it. Norway gained its independence from Sweden on 1905, and lost it again to the Germans in WWII barely 35 years later. When the Nazi occupation ended and the threat of Soviet communism reared its ugly head, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation rallied the free world to unite against the reds. Norway shares a border with what was then the USSR and now Russia, so one would think that it would welcome NATO and a show of force great enough to keep the iron curtain from rising. The contrary was true. During the Cold War Norway did accept NATO as a guardian, but laid down very strict rules. The rules we are most interested in here are 1: No foreign troops on Norwegian soil during peace time, 2: No allied manoeuvres in the county of Finnmark, and 3: No allied air or navy manoeuvres east of 24 degrees east.
Let's break these rules down and discover why troll conspiracy theorists believe they were put in place: 1: Foreign troops in Norway would have access to the vast open uninhabited swathes of land, high mountains and dense forests that traditionally separate the trolls' land of 'Midgard' from the human world. While it is relatively easy to keep curious individuals away with stories of animal attacks and hostile terrain, a military force would have no problem venturing into troll territory, and subsequently encountering Norway's dark secret. The second and third rules in place restrict all manoeuvres in Finnmark specifically, but also all of Norway east of the line of latitude at 24 degrees east, which takes in all of Finnmark, some coastal regions and the border with the (then) USSR. You may ask what is so special about Finnmark? The map below was obtained from a Norwegian government source who wishes to remain anonymous. The source has marked an area on the map as home to a particularly giant species of troll. Is this why Norwegian Cold War foreign policy was so adamant that the area be left untouched?
During the Cold War, the USSR performed nuclear tests in the area near Murmansk close to the border with Norway. The country was quick to condemn the tests, as any would be, but a government minister who was present in those tense times claims that more than one whisper circulated around the top echelons of the government suggesting that the biggest risk of the nuclear neighbour would be the tests angering the ancient landlords of Finnmark. It is also no coincidence that many landslides and avalanches were recorded following the explosions. They were publicly attributed to vibrations from the bombs, but conspiracy theorists argue that the new rocks were the remains of trolls, turned to stone by the nuclear flashes from across the border.
The USSR was notorious for its sealed borders, and the frontier with Norway was evidence of this. One characteristic that set it apart, however, was a wide stretch of level sand between the two countries (the brown strip by the road in the image below). Military experts will tell you that these were to detect crossings by defectors out of the Soviet Union – but troll experts think they know differently: Humans crossing could easily brush away their tracks – these were for tracking trolls coming into the USSR.
Since the end of the Cold War activity in the Finnmark area has lessened, and subsequently, says our anonymous troll expert, the trolls that have lain dormant underground and on top of mountains are moving around with more frequency. What evidence suggests this you ask? We are told when we can't see the troll, to look at what surrounds it. And now, more than any time in the last 20 years, the Norwegian and Russian militaries surround Finnmark. A recent article in the Barents Observer reports that Norway is modernising and strengthening its border forces in the region, and Russia has recently displayed an increased presence along its side of the border, evidence by the recent satellite imagery below, that clearly shows tactical nuclear submarines moored at Zapadnaya Litsa, and the next that shows MIG bunkers near by. These mobile nuclear missile platforms are in position to guard against trolls crossing the border into Russia.
Norway's own military has stepped up its presence in troll inhabited regions, moving its entire command centre to a large Cold War complex, deep underground in Bodo, inside the artic circle and midway between the two largest troll lands. The BBC reported on the move and even featured a video of the inside of the base. Such access, our conspiracy theorist suggest, is merely a smokescreen to deflect attention from the real use of the underground base: launching missions into the surrounding caves to eradicate the local troll population.
Another telling sign is the privatisation of a number of former Norwegian military installations. Many of these are radar stations like the one pictured below, just north of Jevnaker. Official sources tell us that the dishes use the Have Stare technology utilised by the US missile defence shield, but local employees reportedly wonder why the installations are more frequently set up to sweep across domestic terrain. Could they be looking for trolls? And who is the new private manager of these sites?
Someone who thought he knew was Erik Knatterud, who tragically died last year in a car accident. Erik was a self-proclaimed troll expert, and spent his time collecting stories and eye-witness accounts. Erik kept quiet about any kind of conspiracy, but believed in the trolls, and would provide a sympathetic ear to shocked witnesses. One of the many stories he collected concerned a brand new BMW, smashed to pieces in the icy wilderness of northern Norway. The car was destroyed, but there was no sign of a crash, no roadkill, nor any skid marks to indicate any loss of control. The driver, unscathed but in shock, was discovered nearby exclaiming: 'He had to stomp on it, he just had to stomp on it'.
Other incidents that conspiracy theorists believe were troll related include the 1982 crash landing of a small commuter plane. Witnesses at the time said that they saw British fighter jets in the area shortly after the aircraft suffered damage to its tail and plummeted into the sea. Whether the jets were British or not, the theory that the passengers on the plane had seen something they shouldn't have and needed to be silenced is as popular as the idea that a giant troll swatted them from the air.
When you factor in the human cost of keeping the trolls under wraps it makes for a grim picture. Our source points to an increase in 'polar bear' attacks on humans, and the subsequent tragic killing of innocent polar bears, just to cover up the activities of wayward trolls. How many of the attacks are real, troll or otherwise, and how many are misinformation aimed at keeping the public away is unclear, but we know that extreme attempts have been made in the past to keep the public in the dark. One such attempt, published in Weekly World News in 2000, even suggested that troll sightings were actually emperor penguins, introduced to Norway in 1936 by a naturalist.
You, like us, may at this stage still be sceptical – but our troll expert has told us where we can see trolls for ourselves – at least the remains of trolls. When subjected to intense light the trolls turn to stone and either shatter in an explosion of pebbles or remain rock for the rest of time. Look at any valley or coast in Norway, our source says, and you can see the remains of the trolls in rock formations and landslides and shingle beaches. Just pray you don't meet one in the flesh.
Discover the fact behind the myth with The Troll Hunter – Coming to UK cinemas 9th September.


text:
Opened 8 years ago
Closed 8 years ago
#3876 closed Bug (fixed)
Dialog elements should use explicit labels instead of implicit labels.
|Reported by:
|Owned by:
|CKEditor 3.0
|SVN (CKEditor) - OLD
|IBM Confirmed Review+
Most dialogs elements in CKEditor 3 are using implicit labels at the moment. e.g.
<label id="68_uiElement" class="cke_dialog_ui_checkbox"> <input class="cke_dialog_ui_checkbox_input" id="67_uiElement" type="checkbox" /> Match whole word </label>
Checkpoint 12.4 of the WCAG 1.0 standard recommends explicit labels to be used instead.
Attachments (2)
Change History (7)
Changed 8 years ago by martinkou
comment:1 Changed 8 years ago by martinkou
- Keywords Review? added
Changed the labels of radio buttons and checkboxes in dialogs to explicit style.
comment:2 Changed 8 years ago by garry.yao
- Keywords Review- added; Review? removed
The new form of label violate Checkpoint 10.2:
The label must immediately precede its control on the same line (allowing more than one control/label per line) or be in the line preceding the control (with only one label and one control per line).
comment:3 Changed 8 years ago by martinkou
- Keywords Review? added; Review- removed
Checkpoint 10.2 only applies to implicit labels. The rational for the recommendation is that screenreaders wouldn't be able to know which input to associate a label to if the label isn't placed at certain places. Now that we have converted to explicit labels, checkpoint 10.2 does not apply any more
There's one small problem in yesterday's patch, though. In Firefox, the space between the input elements and the labels have disappeared. I'm proposing another patch to fix this.
Changed 8 years ago by martinkou
comment:4 Changed 8 years ago by garry.yao
- Keywords Review+ added; Review? removed
comment:5 Changed 8 years ago by martinkou
- Resolution set to fixed
- Status changed from new to closed
Fixed with [3810].
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
The boss of Heathrow today warned capacity constraints were "damaging the UK economy when the country can least afford it" after the number of passengers flying between the UK and China fell for a fourth consecutive month.
Heathrow is full to capacity and cannot take on new routes.
Its traffic to China, including Hong Kong, dropped 0.7% in January compared with the same time a
year earlier.
By contrast, rival European hubs in Paris and Frankfurt saw the number of passengers flying to China increase by 9% last year. Amsterdam grew
at 6%.
Colin Matthews, chief executive of the Heathrow's owner BAA, warned British trade was suffering as a result.
"Business leaders in the world's fastest-growing economies say they are put off investing in the UK because of a lack of direct flights. Heathrow's China traffic declined this month, in marked contrast to our European competitor hubs.
"Capacity constraints are damaging the UK economy today when the country can least afford it." Last year BAA blanketed Westminster Tube station in advertisements declaring that "no island can afford to be an island" after the Government decided not to allow a third runway at Heathrow.
Overall, the world's busiest airport handled 5.2 million passengers last month, a record for January.Reuse content


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CAPITOLA -- The vacant four-acre lot on McGregor Drive, where contractors often store equipment, could become a temporary skate park, dog park or bike pump track at a cost of $100,000 to $200,000.
Or the city could proceed with the permit process for a hotel, hiring a consultant to guide the project, which could cost more than $100,000.
Or the city could wait for a developer to bring in a hotel proposal and keep leasing the lot as a construction yard for $1,000 a month.
The Capitola City Council will discuss those choices at 7 p.m. Thursday in City Hall, 420 Capitola Ave.
"I believe there is room on the McGregor property for multiple recreation uses (dog and skate and bike), if the council decides to go that direction," city manager Jamie Goldstein said via email.
In the spring, the council agreed that deciding what to do with the McGregor property should be a priority.
Capitola bought the McGregor Drive property, fronting Highway 1, in 1984 to meet requirements from the California Coastal Commission to create a remote parking lot for the summer beach shuttle. The shuttle was switched in 2003 to the Crossroads parking lot on Bay Avenue, which is closer to the beach.
City staff believe the best use of the McGregor site is a hotel, which if built could generate $250,000 to $400,000 a year in room taxes.
The site is on the eastern edge of the city, a 2-minute drive to New Brighton State Beach, but has poor pedestrian and bicycle access.
In 2007 and 2012, the city issued a request for proposals for a hotel but none proved economically viable, according to Public Works Director Steve Jesberg, due to lack of sewer and water service. The area is served by Soquel Creek Water District, which has discussed a moratorium on hookups.
According to Jesberg, the water service issues have been resolved but sewer service remains an impediment along with "permitting risk."
A proposal for an oceanview hotel at La Bahia in Santa Cruz was rejected by the Coastal Commission, which had the final say.
The entitlement process is "generally outside staff's area of expertise," Jesberg said in recommending a consultant be hired.
Capitola does not have a skate park, dog park or bike pump track. In 2012, the council voted 3-2 in favor of a 6,000-square-foot skate park for Monterey Park but had no funds to build it. The council voted against allowing dogs on Capitola Beach citing beachgoer safety.
Follow Sentinel reporter Jondi Gumz at Twitter.com/jondigumz
WHAT: City Council discussion on McGregor Drive options
WHEN: 7 p.m. Thursday
WHERE: City Hall, 420 Capitola Ave., Capitola


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Central Wash. town featured on 'Today in America'
SELAH, Wash. -- A Yakima Valley town will soon be in the national spotlight. A National TV show called "Today in America" featured Selah in one of it's videos.
The show, hosted by Terry Bradshaw, shows all of Selah's best outdoor activities and attractions.
Crews began filming last February.
The video will be featured at least twice on the national level and 12 times regionally. The schedule and times are yet to be decided.
Selah contributed about $24,000 toward production costs.


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The Food Pantry of Waukesha County, Hebron House of Hospitality, Hope Center and The Women's Center will once again collaborate in the third annual Match Day event, a 24-hour online fundraiser to increase awareness for the basic needs of individuals suffering in greater Milwaukee on March 13 at www.MatchDayMKE.org.
These agencies are collaborating on Match Day to raise funds for their programs that promote economic development and independence for individuals and families struggling for basic needs in Waukesha County.
In 2013 the Food Pantry served 17,575 individuals, Hebron House provided 21,560 nights of shelter for 659 people, Hope Center served 9,766 individuals, and The Women's Center served more than 9,000 individuals. 'Without these agencies, we'd see an increase in crime, violence and poverty,' said County Executive Dan Vrakas. 'These agencies do more than simply meet basic needs. They help drill down to the root of the problems and uncover their causes. For example, if someone is hungry, why are they hungry? Are they jobless, or homeless, or experiencing violence in the home? These groups address the issue and empower individuals get their lives back on track.'
The Greater Milwaukee Foundation's Basic Needs Fund was created in 2008 to assist nonprofits in addressing urgent food and shelter needs within the metropolitan area. Match Day was organized by the Greater Milwaukee Foundation to increase support for the 20 nonprofit agencies the Basic Needs Fund supports, including the Food Pantry of Waukesha County, Hebron House of Hospitality, Hope Center and The Women's Center.
The Food Pantry of Waukesha County, Hebron House of Hospitality, Hope Center and The Women's Center provide referrals and rely upon the programs and services of one another in an effort to offer individuals and families a comprehensive network of resources to ensure independence, empowerment, economic stability and employment literacy. A collaborative relationship among these four recipients of the Basic Needs Fund recognizes that clients benefit from a multifaceted approach. The Food Pantry of Waukesha County, Hebron House of Hospitality, Hope Center and The Women's Center also recognize that Waukesha County donors want their dollars reinvested back into their communities to maintain community sustainability.
'Match Day is an opportunity for our agencies to raise awareness and funding for the food and shelter needs that directly benefit the many women, men and children struggling in Waukesha County,' said Hebron House Executive Director Bernie Juno. 'The generosity of our Waukesha County neighbors has always been appreciated, but their support is even more critical this year during Match Day because this event will not be held in 2015.'
Match Day is an opportunity for individuals, businesses, and foundations to support nonprofit organizations that help individuals and families attain basic needs. All gifts starting at $10 or higher are matched proportionately. Donors may schedule their online donation ahead of time to be processed on Match Day. More than $620,000 was raised in 2013 by the four Waukesha County agencies. Match Day will not be conducted in 2015 due to the Greater Milwaukee Foundation's 100th anniversary celebration.
The Greater Milwaukee Foundation, individual donors, the Brewers Community Foundation, The Ceres Foundation, Faye McBeath Foundation, and United Way of Greater Milwaukee have pledged more than $750,000 toward the Match Day pool on March 13. For more information, visit www.MatchDayMKE.org.


text:
Thom Yorke Falls Down At Atoms For Peace Show
Thom Yorke took a tumble while doing his signature eclectic, haphazard dance. Check out the video below. You can buy concert tickets here and purchase a CD here.
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Tony Nappa
Somebody set up us the bomb!
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A woman was stabbed in the arm during a fight in the street with another woman in Masterton on Tuesday night.
Detective senior sergeant Scott Miller said police received a call around 8pm and discovered ambulance staff outside a Bannister Court address attending a woman in her twenties who was bleeding profusely from a stab wound on the back of her arm.
He said she was taken to Wairarapa Hospital and transferred to Wellington in the early hours of the morning in a stable condition.
Mr Miller said another woman has been arrested and will appear in court this week.
He said police have conducted interviews with residents and a scene examination but would welcome more information.
"Obviously, anyone in Bannister Court, we would be interested in speaking with them."
He said it was not a party situation and the street was known as "quite a quiet street".
For more articles from this region, go to Wairarapa Times-Age


text:
I'm sure many of you read with horror this week about the newlywed woman who died in her wedding dress during a trash the dress shoot.
A colleague, who read the story, turned to me (as the one-stop knowledge shop for all things bridal, it seems nowadays. I can talk about non-wedding stuff too, guys!) and asked "So why do women trash their wedding dress?"
I actually had nothing.
"They umm... ahh, you know, you've got this dress and err... yeah nah, no idea actually."
And I really don't have any idea.
I get that wedding dresses are very sentimental. I get that they are often expensive and seen as "pure" or "special" or whatever.
I don't, however, get the need to "trash" it - except for maybe if the marriage went sour.
According to Wikipedia, it's art - daaah-link. You know, taking things out of context. Yada, yada. That's all well and good and I'm the first to admit I don't understand all art forms.
But there are different types of trash the dress shoots, though, so I think it's important to differentiate. One of the favourite ones I've seen was in Rarotonga and it involved the couple and they were swimming underwater in their full gears. It was hot and sexy, and most of all they looked happy and so clothes-tearingly in love.
I've also seen this awesome set of photos where they did bombs into the water from a big rock.
I get that. I get the need to want to do a bomb. (Insert "taking the plunge - literally" pun in here.)
But then there are these dark, moody, melancholic trash the dress shoots which look like a mix between scenes from Twilight and Edward Scissorhands. They look SO depressed; a bride, coated in mud and sitting in a tree above a murky creek with spooky lighting and cobwebs in her hair.
They look, and excuse my phrasing considering the opening line of this post, like corpse brides. How is that hot?*
Then there are the just "WTF" ones, like this: "Behind you! Look! There's a train coming and you're looking emo while sitting on the tracks!"
And this: "Um. lady, you're lying on train tracks and there's a creepy dude creepin' up on yo'."
There's no way I'd ever want that image of me blown up and put on a canvas to hang in the lounge of our home.
But somehow I think I'm in the minority because a whole lot of brides-to-be are asking me "OoOooo are you gonna trash the dress?" and I always politely say "I don't know? Um, maybe?"
I love the thought of symbolically trashing it as a "goodbye to pureness" but it's fair to say those days are, *cough*, well gone. Hah.
And I like the thought of having a lot of fun doing it - whether it's doing some bombs, or throwing paint at each other, like below. But hold the mud, please.
Would you or did you do a 'trash the dress'? Seen any great or terrible ideas?
* Rhetorical question. Please don't answer, that's sick.
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I do not get this at all, I would never dream of trashing my dress, some people have more money than sense me thinks.
I don't understand doing this unless the marriage didn't work out and you wanted to trash the traditional bride's dress then. What about having it packed away for use (with alteration if needed or wanted) for the next generation, or using parts of it for making a quilt - am I too sentimental for this day and age? It seems a waste of money - better getting a wedding dress you can alter (eg shortening, dying, adding to or taking parts from) to wear again, especially if money is tight. I haven't added to ideas on how best to trash - perhaps just burn it as you would money if you had that much!
My dress is second-hand - bought off Trade Me. I absolutely would not trash it because I think it is a real waste of money and a shame.
There will be someone else out there like me who wants a lovely dress but wont be able to afford one and would probably be happy to use my dress after my wedding. How are they supposed to do that if I've gone swimming in mangroves or something!?
Having worked with wedding photographers in my day job, it's more a) a chance to put the dress on again, and b) a chance to experiment with some other settings and photography styles that you couldn't on your wedding day, for fear of messing up your hair and makeup, or just for time constraints. And dare I say, it's a chance for the photographer to show what they can do without wedding-day limitations, and get a nice portfolio piece into the bargain.
It's not something I'm into, but I do get why other people do it. I've seen some beautiful TTD shots - but I don't think they're worth risking one's life over!
I absolutely cannot imagine trashing my dress. I LOVED it - never felt so pretty as I did in that dress, so why would I ruin it? I'm a bit sentimental about it. I could imagine doing something thoughtful (using bits in a quilt, or whatever) but never trashing. At the moment it hangs in a cupboard and gets regular visits from me...
I've never understood it... beach shots where the dress gets wet/sandy are one thing (and dry-cleanable), paint and tears is just a waste. Maybe I'm a bit sentimental, but isn't it nicer to keep the dress (and maybe a daughter or even granddaughter might wear it one day - how nice is that?).
I do love the sense of fun and (relative) spontaneity in the swimming/bombs/skipping/sandy type pics - I guess that would be the focus for me if I was in that position rather than the 'trashing' per se.
As far as I can tell it's "just" a photo shoot with a theme. Not much different to the glamour type shoots where the subject is photographed against something very much in contrast with their beauty. eg, derelict house, graffiti covered subway etc. I did a mock wedding shoot with an already married couple who got re-dressed up in their wedding gear. We gave up trying to explain to well-wishers that it was't actually their big day, just went with it and had a lot of fun.
We did a trash the dress (more of a drown the gown) in Rarotonga the week after our wedding!
The photos are amazing and my husband and I did it together so it was like an extention of wedding pictures really. We got some amazing pictures under the water and around the island and had a once in a lifetime experience.
The dress is fine, it just needed a dryclean to get the sand out of it, and it was an fun experience and we got to dress up in the dress again. I wouldn't have done a paint one or anything that ruined my dress, so this was a fun experience to get some arty photos in our wedding atire.
I have seen some beautiful/fun 'trash the dress' aka 'rock/shock the frock' shoots. Some for brides who, for one reason or another, got rather traditional shots on their big day. When clearly they wanted to swim or lay in a field in their dress ... each bride to their own I guess! PS I'm not married. Don't think this would be for me actually but as I say have seen some awesome photos esp those in water ...
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October 27, 2011
Steamboat Springs' Vincent Kretzchmar scores an early goal against D'Evelyn, helping the team to a 1-0 win on Thursday.
Stories this photo appears in:
Steamboat soccer downs D'Evelyn at state
Win is Steamboat's 1st in playoffs since 2003
The proverbial monkey is off the back. The Steamboat Springs High School soccer team went down to Denver, played in frigid weather on a slick field and controlled possession. But this time, the team won.
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text: Ronald Reagan Slept/Showered/Swam… LIVED Here (Sold for $5.2m) (Photo Gallery!) By The Editor 15, 2013 2:52pm A presidential property with views out the wazoo in the Pacific Palisades just went under the hammer for $5.2 million, a sum just over its asking price. Occupying rare space by going for a sale price above listing, the phenomenon might be explained by a meteor shower in Russia, or by the fact that the 4BR/4BA mid-century modern property was once owned by popular prez Ronald Reagan! Check out the photos of the prez's former pad. And imagine the man floating back and forth in his pool, gazing out over the spread of the city from the Pacific Ocean to the Getty Museum, and perhaps sipping on an old-fashioned as the buzz of LA laid at his feet.


text:
Polo Ralph Lauren Pima Cotton V-Neck Vest
Price $79.50
- Ribbed V-neckline
- Sleeveless silhouette with ribbed armholes
- Ribbed hem
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- Imported
Shipping your purchase is easy on belk.com. Depending on the destination of your package, you can expect it to arrive within 4-7 business days. Shipping Information
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Authentic and iconic, Polo is the original symbol of the modern preppy lifestyle. Combining Ivy League classics and time-honored English haberdashery with down styles and All-American sporting looks, Polo sportswear and tailored clothing present a one-of-a-kind vision of menswear that is stylish, timeless and appeals to all generations of men.
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NewSat Optimistic Despite NBN's Snub
NewSat has been keen to be a part of Australia's National Broadband Development project, but the company's CEO is disappointed with NBN's lack of interest on what NewSat can offer.
The huge cost of the national broadband development project has prompted criticisms from the opposition party. Opposition leader Tony Abbot is citing the low subscription rate of NBN networks as he urges the government to abandon future plans of extending fiber networks in rural areas. The lower-than-expected growth rate of NBN clientele raises more concerns as to whether NBN has been prudent enough in spending people's taxes, and whether building satellites is really better than leasing.
NBN CEO Mike Quigley stood by the satellite contract, arguing that Australia has no sufficient satellite communications capacity. Optus admits that its Ku-band satellites cannot accommodate the amount of satellite capacity needed by NBN.
Being the only independent satellite firm in Australia, NewSat has been keen to be a part of the massive broadband project, but the company's CEO is disappointed with NBN's lack of interest on what NewSat can offer. The satellite communications carrier will launch two Ka-band satellites a year ahead of the launching date of NBN's. Ballintine told CommsDay that his company has never been invited by NBN to discuss potential collaboration despite NewSat's technical expertise and long-standing reputation in teleport services.
Ballintine argued that building a satellite is not the most cost-effective option for NBN since it could have leased satellite capacity on Jabiru fleet instead. He said this would involve only a fraction of the cost spent by NBN on its satellite contract. "It's simply disappointing that we weren't consulted, because we've got something to say," Ballintine said.
Ballintine is extremely puzzled as to why NBN has chosen not to talk with NewSat despite the company's world-class teleports in Perth and Adelaide, which are rated as among the best in the industry by the US military and the World Teleport Association. NewSat is also the largest employer in the local space sector.
There is a possibility of unhealthy competition resulting from the excess capacity of NBN's satellites, warned Ballintine. One of the two proposed NBN satellites is mainly intended for backup purposes only. The spare capacity can be resold and find its way in the commercial market for consumption by oil, mining and gas industries. This could have a serious effect on NewSat's business, Ballintine said. He added that taxpayers would definitely hate the idea of helping foreign capacity buyers to exploit cheap rates due to unused local surplus.
Nevertheless, the CEO is still optimistic of the prospects of the Jabiru fleet. Jabiru 1 and Jabiru 2 satellites are going well as planned, and the funding for Jabiru 1 is about to be completed. Over the past months, the company has been signing multi-million contracts with energy, telecommunications and mining companies. The company is looking forward to securing credits from US Ex-Im Bank and Coface of France. The terms of the financing are expected to be announced in April or May.
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text: AVEDA Salon Our salon uses Aveda products with the longest lasting color and the softest ingredients on the market – Aveda products are 97% naturally derived with gentle, plant-based processing and conditioning. Our stylists deliver the right products and treatments to condition and restore your hair to perfection. By treating yourself to color in our salon, you experience the aesthetic innovations of our expert hair stylist while redefining the limits of color with Aveda's unmatched quality. We will transform your hair to be both healthy and stunning. Style Women's cut and blow dry $45 & up Blow Dry $35 & up Men's cut $25 & up Children under 12 cut and blow dry $25 & up Formal Styling Special Occasion Styling $45 & up Foil Hi-Lites Full $90 & up Partial $75 & up Long $100 & up Lo-Lites $100 & up Color Permanent Color $60 & up Semi Permanent Color $50 & up Permanent Color & Hi-Lites $120 & up Vener Ritual... These treatments are especially designed to recharge and protect your hair Color Treated Hair $20 & up Normal to Dry, Dull Hair Hair $20 & up Protect & Reinforce Hair $20 & up Scalp Regulation $20 & up Condition $20 & up Reservations/Spa Etiquette | Cancellation Policy | Testimonials | Directions | Preferred Vendors


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The factory system must be dis-armed by using the key to unlock the door.
When you leave the vehicle, you must activate the security system by locking the doors with the switch on the door, not the key. When you return, you must use the key to unlock the doors to de-activate the system. If you just reach in and unlock it with the switch, the alarm will not be disabled, and will think that an intruder is trying to steal your car. At least that's the way it is for an '87.
Hope this helps.


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Shangbang Hotspring Hotel
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TripAdvisor Reviews Shangbang Hotspring Hotel Chongqing
Travel Blogs from Chongqing
I got cha(tea) faced!
Today I laid in bed for a while and it was super nice. I have been exhausted from our busy days and I still have jet lag. Stephanie made amazing breakfast sandwiches with croissant bread that we got at the bakery yesterday. Yum! Then we picked up Honglin, Stephanie and Marlin's mandarin tutor and went tea tasting. We sampled ...
Another great day in chongqing
... with potato noodles in a spicy fish brooth, romaine lettuce in peanut sauce, beef and mushrooms, and broccoli.
Then we grocery shopped for dinner and decided on pork, veggies, and and something with peaches.
Stephanie took me for a foot massage, which I was told is a must do while here. It was an amazing 60 minutes! While our feet soaked in hot water with aloe they massaged our shoulders and ...
The adventures of Ford wives
Real housewife of chongqing checklist:
Yoga - check
Mani pedi-check
Lunch with the other housewives- check
Grocery shopping- check
For lunch we went to a great Indian restaurant. So far the majority of my meals have not been Chinese, but they all have been super good!
Stephanie made an amazing dinner of caesar salad and bread! It was super yum and good to have some ...
Chongqing on the Yangtze
... that it was over run with people (tourists like me- but all Chinese). Came back on the Metro and rather than just staying on line one I transferred to line 2 so I could ride on the metro that is more like a skyway - no rails. Very good and probably a lot cheaper to build than a conventional rail metro. (photos later). Lots of impressive bridges crossing the two rivers that flow through the city. The Chinese sure know how to build bridges. ...
Leshan, Chongqing and our Yangtze River Cruise
... like a mudflow and contains a lot of garbage. I like to think hazy skies and silty water rather than pollutants but I doubt it. I think you could open a flip flop emporium for amputees with all that you see floating by. They hose all of the garbage right off of the deck and Lee-Ann saw one gang throwing all of their rubbish out of their stateroom window which included a loose decks of cards, cardboard boxes, paper cups, endless packaging and two minute noodle ...


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I love driving. I have a excellent MVR. I think this would be something i would be interested in.
I understand driving trucks are a complete different world. I would enjoy driving around the country, might as well get paid for it.
Am I crazy?
I love driving. I have a excellent MVR. I think this would be something i would be interested in.
I understand driving trucks are a complete different world. I would enjoy driving around the country, might as well get paid for it.
Am I crazy?
From random people I know, it kinda sucks. Always on a tight schedule, underpaid, or paying too much if you own your own truck, cooking the books on how long you've been driving (not sure if thats an issue anymore, if they switched to electronics), dealing with idiots in cars, dealing with idiots while you drive a tractor trailer, away from the family for long haulers, and well some parts of the country aren't all that interesting.
Personally I'd get sick of having to drive all over the US at a top speed of anywhere from 62-70mph.
If you have any outstanding debts or are tied down to anything else, do NOT become a driver! My Dad did over the road for a few months since it would offer better longevity than staying as a mechanic.
Anyway, he was pulling insanely long 11 hour days of driving, that's a lot of time behind the wheel. Especially since you need to be much more focused than driving a smaller vehicle due to reaction times and predicting other driver's behavior. The pay also sucked, thankfully his house is paid off and has a good amount saved up. He was saying he was making roughly $300 a month, after he paid to use showers, buy food, pay to do laundry, etc. Factor in trying to sleep in a moving vehicle that isn't as forgiving as a car, a truck bounces around a LOT more than crashing in your parent's mini van when you were younger.
If you have outstanding debts you WILL go belly up since you have 0 discretionary income your first 6 months on the road. This is OTR trucking too, btw, which you pretty much have to do for at least a year before applying for the trucking jobs that allow you to see your family every night.
After 3-5 years you should be able to make $45-70k depending on many factors. Turnover on "loads", time waiting around, company you are working for, etc.
If you are in your early 20s with little attachments it can be a good career I'm sure. Once you are in your 30s you should be able to find a distribution route and drive home at the end of the day to see your family, which you will want to have after a while.
Don't be fooled by the schools quoting they are hiring hundreds of drivers etc. It is artificially inflated numbers, since the Government subsidizes these schools and gives them a check after every student that graduates and gets on the road. The companies have a vested interest getting you behind the wheel and getting you hired, will that exist 6 months down the road, I don't know, but I wouldn't want to be the one to gamble. There are plenty of unsatisfactory drivers getting through school.
wow thank you to both replies!
I have nothing tying me down to where I am now. To be honest I would rather be on the road 11 hours. Family isn't too much of an issue.
I am 25. I used to talk to out Drivers that dropped off the trailers at Walmart. They said pretty much the something you did about working for the right company and how hard it is with owning and paying your own tractor.
I do have substancial medical bills. I am
currently doing the 5.00 a month thing. I have over 200k in medical.
it was much higher then that at one point.
I was riding around town today and passed the School Bus Parking area gas/BusWash. I was amazed at the kind of cars I saw at the Driver Parking. From the 20 or so cars I saw, all but one were newer. Most of them were actually really nice.
They driver better cars then some of the office workers I work with. They must make good money.
I recently went to RoadMaster CDL School In Tennessee. First week was Drug screening and Physicals, which was a Monday. No issues with the Drug Testing, but the physical part was kind of "iffy". In 2008 I broke my neck and many many bones, 2010 I had neck surgery to fix some things they did not in 2008. With my neck the way it is the doctor would not clear me right away and needed more information.
The rest of the week I was in class. Aced all the practice tests, felt so comfortable with all the information. My MVR came back spotless which I was not worried about. One stop sign ticket in 2006. I always knew I wanted a career in Transportation so I was always careful about speeding and I own a street bike so its not like I cant speed. Anyway, jump to Thursday I find out they wont clear me until 2014 to drive a truck. Im guessing with some of the job functions they were afraid I would hurt my neck.
I left very disappointed on Thursday afternoon. You might wonder why I didn't just stay and get my CDL: The school wont approve my tuition if I cant be placed directly into a Job. I either had to come up with the cash or try later. I opted for later to decide and research more paths.
I left very disappointed on Thursday afternoon. For those who care the RoadMaster school staff exceeded my expectations and reviews I had read online. They need a guy like me to organize and prepare all the class work, that part of it was a cluster f***. The best part was I shipped my bags and took the motorcycle. I left class everyday and hit the mountain road all I could. Great weather and great roads.
& I called my office and was immediately rehired! I was back at work today! I would never leave a Job in bad terms but on my last day we all laughed about how I should make a scene and walk out. Good thing I have good work ethics.
Thanks for reading. Im sure ill think of somethings and add them later. I wished I would have taken more pictures of the Volvo and Freight liner. What an amazing piece of machinery. I was intrigued.
From my Hotel Room:
Another training Center was across the street.
WTF is this contraption
What we learned on:
Last edited by hrama803; 03-24-2012 at 12:23 AM.
Don't do it. I've had my CDL for over 7 years, I did the "regional" thing for a year ( going from southern pa to mass. and conn. and back) and it sucked. I made $40k, and was home every day and weekends, but I had to run 20 +hours a day. Which is illegal as hell BTW. Got tired of it and found a local rental company. That didn't pay anything, so I found my current job.
I don't drive as much anymore, or go as far for the most part. When I do have to drive, its usually 120000 pound oversized load.
This only weighs 94000 lbs
The contraption on the back of the trailer is supposed to reduce drag and increase fuel milage same as the "skirts" that are on the bottom of trailers.
I had an uncle who did it for a few years. It's essentially a pyramid scheme for the trucking companies.
You pay back your schooling. You pay for fuel, repairs, maintenance, etc. if you're leasing your own truck (which they make sound glamorous). You pay for everything and then your paycheck is miniscule.
My uncle ended up basically breaking even each month and, after two years, had nothing to show for it. It's a horrible joke of a career if you're not with the right company-- and it sounds like there are few good companies out there.


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FY2010 Annual Report
FY2011 Annual Report
Members Present: Bob Burger – Chair, Patricia Hswe, Mary Laskowski, Lisa Hinchliffe, Lori Mestre, Zoe Revell, Lynne Rudasill, Marek Sroka, Joe Straw
The SAC discussed possible changes in the current budget to be proposed for the next fiscal year. There were several suggestions. First, it was suggested that the budget item for survey prep programming be reworded to "Assessment project" in order to allow forms of assessment beyond surveys, such as focus groups. If such a focus group was created, the budget could then also be used to hire a facilitator for objectivity within the group. In addition, the portion of the current budget marked for "incentives" could be folded into this "assessment project" fund.
Side Note:
This discussion of an assessment project prompted a discussion of departmental libraries possibly holding their own surveys since several surveys thus far have not yielded useful results for smaller libraries. This would allow future assessment projects to focus on the libraries at a more general level.
There was some concern raised about the population of the survey, specifically the lack of humanities students. This concern was dismissed because it was generated by confusion of % of major responding vs. % of respondents. Also, there are several subjective modifiers remaining that will be removed. Finally, there was some confusion between the summary and the yet-to-be-drafted recommendations document that will be rectified in the summary. All of the recommendations from SAC members will be considered and incorporated into the summary. Members are asked to keep in mind that the summary is a tool to help read the survey results themselves, the summary is not intended to be read on its own. SAC members will bring suggestions for the recommendations document to the next SAC meeting
The survey form is completed and GAs will begin testing on Thursday, March 9 to make sure all the bugs are out of the system. The survey is set to begin as scheduled.
Respectfully Submitted,
Chris Stevens
Graduate Assistant to the Coordinator for Information Literacy


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Remember when Sven Goran Eriksson was England
manager? Remember his habit of leaving matches long before the end, sometimes
before half-time?
Well, it was understandable, the guy had lots
of other interests on his plate, lots of other meetings to attend (often in
nearby hotels). But it made you wonder what the point of his turning up at all
was when he generally missed most of the decisive action.
Fortunately for those who take an interest in
the fortunes of the national team, Fabio Capello seems a little less keen on
swift departure than his predecessor. He was, for instance, there at Wembley at
the final whistle of the Community Shield, thus enabling him to see two
Englishmen convert their spot-kicks in a penalty shoot out (he would also have
seen the goalkeeper reckoned to be in with a shout of being his number one this
season giving a passable impression of Massimo Taibi, but let's not dwell on the negatives here).
What would have cheered him up even more than
the sight of Frank Lampard and Michael Carrick's
dead-eyed skill, however, was that he stayed long enough to witness at first
hand the intervention that took the game to penalties in the first place. It
came in the 92nd minute, even as Wembley emptied, with the corporate Svens
already heading for a traffic-free getaway. Wayne Rooney latched on to a
beautifully balanced through ball from Ryan Giggs, powered through the meanest
defence in the Premier League as if it were made of blotting paper and clipped
the ball delicately over Petr Cech's
massive, spreading frame. It was a superb goal, well executed in its build-up
and wonderfully taken by a player who had never stopped trying, never stopped
running, never stopped making the difference.
Watching that, Capello will have had mixed
feelings. On the one hand he will have been thrilled to see Rooney deployed
down the middle for his club at last. True, he took the goal coming in from the
left, a position Alex Ferguson has long said he can exploit to devastating
effect. But Rooney is at his most compelling in the centre, dropping off the
opposing defenders, exploiting the space in front of the back four in order to
conjure up room behind. Now Ronaldo has headed south, the United manager has
promised this is where we will see him this season. Though given Rooney's ability to fill in, we shouldn't be too surprised if he ended up in goal. After
all, given Ben Foster's
nerve-wracked performance, United may well have a gap there soon.
Capello will have been thrilled too to see
Rooney's finish, the touch, the
confidence, the excellence of his decision-making. He will have known, seeing
him leave a pacy, strong defender like Jose Bosingwa panting in his wash, that
he has in his possession a player of rare speed and agility, a player with
But before he could get too excited, the England
manager will have remembered the two previous international competitions in
which Rooney was involved and he will have sighed at the fragility of his
barrel-chested genius. On both occasions, in 2004 and 2006, he was compromised
by his metatarsals. And once they snapped England's
hopes went with them.
It is not fanciful to suggest that the preparations
Capello makes during the build up to the World Cup finals in South Africa next June, a period that begins
tonight in the Amsterdam Arena with a tough friendly against Holland, will all be undermined if Rooney
succumbs once more to his big tournament curse.
Capello knows the simple equation of his job:
with the United forward in his team he has a chance, a fleeting, faint and
distant chance perhaps, but a chance nonetheless. Without him he has none. With
Rooney fit and firing and playing like he did on Sunday, next summer Capello
might just arise as Sir Fabio. With him sitting in the stands, his foot in
plaster and wearing a face like John Prescott hearing that the pies have just
run out, the manager knows hope will disappear somewhere in the direction of Greenland.
With nine months to go, Rooney's
health is all that matters for England
now. Everything else is just set dressing.


text:
The East Anglian Air Ambulance (EAAA) confirmed Thursday that the prince will join the charity after he finished his training in spring 2015, xinhua reported.
Having the Duke of Cambridge as one of our pilots is marvellous news as he brings much experience to the charity after his successful career as a search and rescue pilot, said Andrew Egerton Smith, chairman of EAAA.
Smith said William will join the day and night shifts and will carry out his missions in Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire and Bedfordshire, and his salary will be all donated to the charity.
"The duke sees this as a true form of public service, helping people in their most difficult times," Kensington Palace's spokesman said.
"He regards his work with the RAF search and rescue force as having been an exceptional privilege and the duke wanted to make his own contribution to the outstanding work of the air ambulance service," he said.
The EAAA is a 365-day helicopter emergency medical service. It currently operates two helicopters and employs three pilots in Norwich and three in Cambridge.


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Watched for lingering showers and storms through this morning as low pressure to our north helped to assist formation. Once the front passes, skies started to clear out; we'll dry out and warm up into the lower 90's. Winds will be a little breezy at the same time around the southwest 15 to 20 mph. From what we've seen since last night, San Angelo saw nearly a quarter of an inch, bringing our yearly total to 0.75", still well behind the average; this time of year we should already be past 5". Tonight a little extra cloud cover is expected, partly cloudy skies with temperatures near seasonal around 58 degrees with light winds out of the southwest. As the system continues to push east watch for mostly clear skies through the rest of the week. Mostly sunny skies on Friday with temperatures near 93 degrees. Mid 90's for the weekend until the next low pressure makes it's way in by Monday. This may also bring our next chance for showers, for now holding off as it gets closer into the forecast. But cooler weather is expected dropping back to the low to mid 80's Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday.
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Like House Industries' usual typographical work seen emblazoned across billboards and greeting cards, these House 33 t-shirts embody the same aesthetic and care to detailing. The number 33, a motif frequently found on the studio's products e.g. the custom motocross racing plate, is found throughout the shirts. Although some graphics are new and others are past favorites, each t-shirt's typeface proves to be a classic. From the individualized limited-edition, hand-numbered packaging to the screen-printed design, House Industries, once again, produce a complete product range that exemplifies their rich history and design heritage. Purchase the shirts here.
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|Product #: PAC3386
Easel Pads 50 Sheets 1" Ruled
These pads contain high quality white sulphite bond paper ruled on one side, bound with strong resin glue and wire stapled. They each have a perforated head strip that is 3-hole punched and have an extra heavy chipboard back. Recyclable.
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Well there is alot off rain there
Is that a frog it sure is a ugly one
Enjoy the time with out the girls
16 July Lencois
Trip Start Jun 22, 2013
35Trip End Aug 27, 2013
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My last night in Salvador was fine, never really did much, just went for a meal and a drink, but I did take a walk down the road where everyone seemed to get mugged (I was with Mario) just on the off chance I could see the guy that had me and maybe they were going try it on someone else, but there was little chance of that now, they had put a cop on the street corner (but he had his earphones in and seemed to be either on the phone or listening to music) I only wanted a few moments with him, just for a little payback, but it never happened
I was up early and all packed ready to go, went down and went to the truck, stashed my kit, then came back and went off to breakfast, there were a couple of guys in the street, they looked wrecked, just lying there in the dirt, I left them to get on with their lot
We packed up and left Salvador, I think most people were glad to leave, but even the day we left I met another girl who had been mugged, she was trying to find the police station at 6:30 am, I had to tell her she was stuck until 9:00 am when they opened
This town really has to get its act together for the World cup, after people post reviews anywhere about their experience here, it will kill their tourist trade, and this place needs them, it don't need muggers or bad publicity, they don't have enough police to put them on every street corner in this place
I think there are more than a few that won't return here, I know it's off my list of places to revisit, as interesting as the place is, there are just too many no go areas
Anyway, the weather was nice when we left, but pretty soon the heavens opened up and it really threw it down, we stopped to buy some food for the cook group and the streets were badly flooded in a few minutes, getting back to the truck was going to be a wet walk, I started off, but some wouldn't walk in it and Danny went back to get brollies from the truck for them (I can't say I blame them, I got soaked
After everything was packed away and people dried off we set off for our next stop, Lencois
It was a full days driving and just as boring as other long days, and some slept, some read books, others just stared out of the window watching the greenery pass by, there wasn't much to see really with the rain streaming down for most of the day, but there was the usual 'pee' stops and time to stretch our legs and get rid of the 'numb bum'
Well we arrived at Lencois, seems a very small place, Collin had quite a job getting through the narrow streets to our camp site, but he did his usual marvellous job of navigating them
It was a case of put up tents and prepare food, all as soon as possible
We then had a meeting about the activities that could be done here, horse riding, treks, tours, caving
I quite fancied the caving, but that seems nothing like any caving I have heard of, no crawling about, no small tunnels, just a 3 hour drive to a cave and a 3 hour trip back, not quite what I hoped for, there isn't any paragliding, but they seemed to push the treks and walks up mountains (I thought that is why they made Land Rovers?)
Everyone was up for that, but I passed (especially as there was a waiver form to fill out, why, it's a walk, that shouldn't be any danger in that, I read the waiver, it wipes out any claims you might have to make) Peggy and John werent happy, so they passed as well)
So that just leaves a walk and wander round the town, they are going to be gone for 8 hours or more (which to me is quite some trek or walk)
Well we are here for three nights, so unless there is something really spectacular here, this will be the only entry, but I might add a few more photos after I have been round the town and found out about the place


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Abilene Reporter-News, The (Newspaper) - May 14, 1974, Abilene, Texas "WITHOUT OR WITH OFFENSE TQ'FRIENDS OR FCJES WE SKETCH .YOUR WORLD EXACTLY AS IT YEAR, NO. .331 PHONE 673-4271 ABILENE, 79604. TUESDAY EVENING, MAY 14, 1974 22i PAGES IN THREE SECTIONS Auocialtd Preu (fl v DONALD M. ROTHBERf Press Writer WASHINGTON itu- Committee loday began; its first full day impeachment eyidebce. most members expected 1-.to get.7their .first chance to listen to White House tapes. Committee members wenl into, the 'closed session carry; ing looscleafed index books tlicy received last week committee staff. While' -the panel moved ahead review of the staff has collected over, the past four months. President Nixon continued to put out word lhat '.'there isn't any chance" he leave of- -fice voluntarily., The tommltlee session to- day; was.cxpecled ,tp focus on the Watergate cover-up, .when. the President learned of it and what'he'did about it. In addition to the index list- ing materials collected by (he staff, committee mem- bers receive each day another looseleaf book laying out Ihc specific allegations and the evidence supporting them. Daylong closed sessions are scheduled for today, Wednes- day and Thursday. Extraordinary security was in force for NIC sions! The committee'-hearing room "was scaled with no one other than the 38 members o[ the panel and inside before or. after sessions. For the 'first Jime, commit- tee, members other than the chairman arid ranking Repute-, .lican were lo listen White House tapes. And on Wednesday, the committee is scheduled lu vole on issuance.of a subpoe- na demanding additional tapes. Notice of the meeting, committee members oh Monday, did nol'.specify which tapes would be' sought.; r in Said Re- on By L. KNUTSON Associated Press Writer Steering a Steer Rancher .Travis Marks ?cutsVquite ;.ih South .Texas' )jL...n.tij rkuiig n'is sieer. Here he is riding in a parade al Fannin, Tex. (AP Wirephoto) Chainna'n Sam J. Ei'vin Jr., D-N.C., is reported' by a' high- level Senate Watergate coni- mittee source to be "re-think- ing" his statement that the panel's report should be de- layed until impeachment pro- ceedings a in s I President Nixon are completed. has been advLsed'that If the committee, does not Is-' s.jj ..s 'report on Jlay 28; there.-rnay never te an appropriate time for it to do so, the source said. By E1JJE Drugs Destroyed; x Other Items Sold Q. What happens to the drugs and suns IJic police confiscate? A: Police Chief Warren Dodson leljs'u's drugs are destroyed by priloyot.Hie-, judge as a case is disposed .of in court, unclaimed guns''are' sold al public'' auction and all alcoholic beverages are.turned over, to .Hie Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission. Some of Ihe liquor is destroyed (if it's oijt.of date or (he bottle's been the rest is sold M auction to package store owners who nre qualified lo sell it. 0- I was In Abilene High auditorium "onti evening and' was alritosV nauseated by the overpowering aroma .of bats aid g'rano. Is anyone tryins to remedy A. Yes, they've tried. Abilene High Princi- pal Dill Graves' said' just in the' lie's -beer exterminators have been out 10 or 15 times and-there-are still bats in the belfry or at.least in Ihe loft. BatjliiE bats is kind of futile a lot like trying to get rid of inesqiiile trees in the you think you've gotten rid of (hem when anolher hardy crop appears. One cMerminator guaranteed he could keep the bats out permanently for a fee of tacli month but Graves fell the price was a little sleep to pay for a faint, musty bat aroma that many people don't notice.and few rec- ognize. i What, specifically, are book lints used for al (be city library? A. Il's kind of hard lo say since money collected from tines goes directly into the cily's general fund.'When library funds are allocated, Hie money comes Ivom the geiii'i- al fund so the fines travel in. a cnclc. Charges on lost and damaged books Xerox fecsfnd are placed in the library fund and used as needed, says Libiary Director Dee Blackmon. 0 WwM you priil the hotirs that the Taylor Cointy Collseiim, box office Is men ticket sales? I've driven twice on Saturdays lioplng to buy Urtrls for a show Ikat night; both was closed. A Week-days Ihc hours arc D till i nil 4-30 p.m. On Saturdays, if there SB that night, Ihe box office outside llic open during those same hours Mrs. Joe Coolcy, the lady whos selling the tickets, says it's not uu- ,un for everybody lo show up at once m before noon and this throws her ID to 20 minS es late for her lunch break, consc- 1S sometimes doesn't gtt-tack u.v lil or thereabouts. Wfeere cat HM A fllrin'l know there was a bumper A' "e u Vou can pick up the butians -ds and window stickers at he of SSiraercc, Ml Hickory. The inch stickers could be used on but they're intended for doors and Kach item costs a BOSTON (AP) The House Judiciary which is impeachrrie'nt pro- ceedings a" g a i n s t President N'ixon; has requested a.fulPset 61 records from I he'closed .'in-' 3u'est inlo the death" of1 o Kopcclirie, j Globe reported Miss Kopcchne July, wlieii'. a. M. Kennedy; wenl off a bridge and into 'a-.tidal. ,pri Chappa-' quiddick Island off the Massa- chusetls coaSt. Tbe newspaper, said a mem- ber of the Judiciary com- mittee staff telephoned the Sodal" Law Library- in Suf-. .folk u.n t y-Courthouse 'here and requested, :a' full set of copies ,of Ihe' re- cords and lawyers'-': briefs, in the. case be sent promptly-to library keeps copies of records ancl briefs of all eases lha't are appealed to the Judicial 'Court for reference 'by law- years.. A spokesman for I h e cdmriuttee refused to com- ment "in any on the re- ported request, tlie Globe said. "I don't know if we have and couTdn't' comment if we the spokesman .told the Globe when asked if material had been requested. Edgartown 'District Courl Judge Janies A. Boyle direct- ed that tjie January 1970. in- fiucsl be open, but the- state Supreme Judicial .Court, or- dered il closed after Kenne- dy's counsel :argued lhat an open hearing-would result in publicity "so widespread as to taint with irremediable. preju: dice" any courl proceeding held later. At a news conference Sun- day in Charlotte, N'.C., Eh'in -said he. wouldn't want the port to be issued "at a time the House had the qucs: lion under- consicleralion of .whether: articles ment should be preferred against Ih'e President or wheii the Senate is sitting as a jury 'Ervin.. said he would ask the committee to decide -whether to request from the Senate a .further extension tor filing the 'report-. i. The source said Ervhy is lieinj advised that if the com- mittee decides to delay its rc- port" until; after the House votes or until afler a possible .Senate trial, the pressure for further '.delay -will still exist and may be even greater. That is ..because it is feared -the'report niight trials of the seven defendants in the Wate'rgatc cover up ''..Volunteer -Work Cures Loneliness Shortly after Mrnford Bernard retired, his wife died and he was -faced with foneliness.- Now he- rs ho longer lonely and is one of the best volunteers the Abi- lene State School has Story, picture, Pg. IB. Amuscmcnls 2A Bridge 8A Business Mirror 5A Classified 4-8C Comics -1C Editorials 4A. Horoscope fl A .Patients 8C Obituaries 2A.8C Spcrls 1-2C.8C To Your. Good Health 4B TV. Loa 2A TV Seoul Womsn's News case. Those' trials'are' sched- uled to begin'no earlier than next September. "Wlml it conies lo is that we'either issue the report Hay 28 or riot at the 'source said. "Sen; Ervin is re- the whole thing." The Senate resolution that created, the committee last year requires the filing of a final report. Until, recently, Ervin has said he has told the staff to "meet the Hay 28 deacl- liriel' Sen.- Lowell P. member, livis. suggested lhat the panel issue a final report on sched- ule but delete any cortchlsions bearing directly on the. guilt nr innocence of-any of Ihe Wa- tergate figures mentioned. 2A 2-3B Scholar- Athletes Finish Strong in Sports, Books By ART LAWI.EK Repwttr-News Sptrtswriter The Abilene Exchange Club met Tuesday to honor what is perhaps the most impressive list of scholar-athletes produced by Abilene High School and Cooper during the 10-year history of the Exchange Club awards. Cooper's Mack M c C o 11 u m Nathan Collie (golf) and Clay Cockcrell have fin is heel 1-2-3 academically among Cooper's senior students. Those three, and Bill Mearse (baseball) and Luis Guerra (track) all finished above lite six-point grade-point standard for Abilene Public Schools. Abilene High's Paul Ogden (foolball and track) headed Ihe list of honorces at the northsirte school, finishing third in his class. The other four scholar- alhlclcs al Abllon'e High were .linimy Strong David Hollon Mark Fox (swimming) and Bob Bailey Ogden and Strong i also finished above the school's' six-point GPA scale.-.. STUDENTS ;WHO finish with averages above (.0 must make straight As in all required cours- es and in advanced studies. McCollutn, the son of Mr. and Mrs. 0. D. McCollum, 1902 Wil- low Drive, is a two-year letter- man in football at Cooper and wilt serve.as valedlctoriifn'at Ihis year's.comhiencemenl cises. His'GPA is 6.4-19. Collie, will serve as salu- talarioh, is.a one-year letterman in golf and his grade point aver- age is 6.323. He is. the1 son of Mr. and Mrs. It. L. Collie. 2310 Ivan- hoc. Cockcrell, the son of Dr. and Mrs. E. G. 1810 film- wood, finished third in his class' wilh a 6.261 GPA and is a .two- year in golf. icho finished wilh a this year's only two- sport leUerhian, having earned two letters in baseba.ll and one in foolbaii.'Ogden's parents are Mr. and Mrs. Emil Ogden, 1626 Delwbod. HIM- MKARSK, a one-year leltenrian on Ihe Cougars' base- ball squad, finished 10th in his class wilh a 6.125 and is the son of Mr. and Mrs. B.C. Mearsc, 3102 Monterey Cr, Guerra finished with a 6.M2, good for 24th place among Coop- er seniors: -.The one-year lelt'or- man is the son of Dr. and Mrs. J.-J, Guerra, J40I S. Hlh. Strong, who recently finished second in the 880-yard dash in Class AAAA at the state track meet In Austin, has a 6.2330 GPA. The two-year letterman is Ihe son of Mr. and Mrs. Garry D. Strong, MM N. 10th. Seven of the 10 scholar-alh- leles IhJs year finished wilh av- erages above 1.0. David Hollon, a, one-year let- A lerman for tlie Eagles' fpolbiill team, finished 48tli in his class at 5.7605 and is' the son of Mr. and Mrs. Leo Hollon, 3832 N. 9th. MARK FOX, one of tlic'slate's lop AAAA swimmers, finished wilh a 5.7257 GPA, good for 52nd place. The three-year Eagle let- lerman was recently accepted by the Naval .Academy. He is the son of Dr. and Mrs. Irljy Fox, 2601 Hickory. Bob Bailey, a two-year letter- man on the Eagle baseball squad, finished with a a.6808 grade point average. He is the son of Mr. and Mrs. Hob ell' Bailey, 2450 Gartielrt. Breaking it down by spoils, foolball and baseball had three athletes each earning Ihe schol- ar-athlete and golf had two apiece iind swim-' ming one. Last year there were four basketball players on Ihc list, but this year none made Ihe elite list. Tennis and gymnastics alho failed to produce any honor- ees. The group was honored at a luncheon at noon Tuesday at Ab- ilene Country Club. Last year's winners.at Abilene High were Martin Stewart, Olen Frazier, Henry Gindrall, Jeff Hill and Gary Stlrman. Cooper honorces were Kim Lawrence, Allen Chancy, David Jones, David Murchison and Ken Hanks. However, it was learned late lasl that the subpoena .would; include a meeting on 'April 4, -1972, involving the President, H. R; Hald.eman and "John N. Mitchell. Four itays before lhat meeting, ac- cording lo testimony "bv Jeb Stuart Magrudei', Mitchell ap- proved a political intelligence plan lhat included .bugging Democratic National Commit- tee headquarters in the Water-, gate office building. Chairman Peter W..Rodinp Jr.. D-N.J. has said he hopes lo complete the closed portion of the break-in and c o v e r -u p presenlation this week. .--.-'..-v .But during the initial session T.hu rsd ;i y, the .pace pi wed slower than Rodino and John'Doar; chief counsel of impeachment inquiry .had anticipated. And Ihc tape playing could slow .it even more... AH parties who ;have any of the tapes have described thonvas r extremely difficult to under--' stand: At the White House on lion- Caspar Weinberger, sc- crelary of .hc'alth', education ancl told'' newsmen that the President has assured him "there any chance" he Renewed statements of the President's determination to stay in office followed .calls WEATMlT U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COfVJV.ERCE .NOliOtwL Wtottter IWwtrnH-.Map, Pg, 1C) AMD V1CINITV (10-mllf Partly .cloudy wllh a' sligh] cT Ihiinlcfshov.irs today. Gensral. ly fair Lonlgril and Wednesday- Cwltr IS lo 25 mpll, becoming northerly lo to mph by noon lE35y. today in mlddlt E55. Low tonlghl 55. High VJednesday In law Vr. of rfi'rt 20 cent today. Wind fp effecl twi lohes. High flM ,iof_24 hours, and 73. T. C.T-J dale ond'SO. sunrise tomorrow: last week from some Republi- can members of Congress' for Ibe to consider res- ignation. NiiM picked up support for his antiresignafion stand ffojii congressional Democrats Jon Monday. ;-_'. U tjorlty Leader- Mike Mansfield of Montana said, "Resignation is not the answer It is lime to keep Rain Chanel The expected. passage of a Pa- cific cool front at noon Tuesday was only predicted to drop tem- peratures .slightly. -over, the Tuesday and. Wednesday said forecasters at'., Ihe National Weather Service. The., front, which at a.m. wa's south 'of gives the area 'a 20' per. cent chance "of thuhdersfiowers a chancs which is 'not expected to In- crease, forecaster' D. W. Eck said. _" THE' CHANCE for said, is thu'ridershWers do, .riot '.'form over the.-Abilehe area when the front line passes, '.'We witi prob- ably have, to for 'the 'next system." Eck 'said: That next he entered 'tile-northwest U.S. Tues- day, and is hot expected tosaf- lect- the Abilene area for several 'days.' Tha only other' notable wea.tti- er phenomenon is an unusually high morning "low" temper i- ture of 73 degrees caused by the hi oh 'win As. T.J Eck" .'said the .-h'iiniidity also at Bi per cent. Conversation Versions .WASHINGTON. (AP) The V.T.Me House acknowledged dav Iliat Ihc Watergate tran- scripts released by President Nixon ago contain livo versions of a of one presidential- conversation. There nve substantial., differ- ences in kev words and phras- in the livo versions of the law-recorded conversation be- tween President Nixon and Asst. Atty. Gen. Henry. E. Pe- tevscn on April 16, 1973. While House De-iuly Press Secretarv Gerald L. Warren .said White House secretaries went "over-and over various portions of the transcripts lo try lo.riull out all of the words, possible." "What apparently happened is that one of 'the revisions was just added onto one. of the earlier anil included in Ihc material released by the White House April 30, Wan-on said. Warren acknowledged the dunlicalirin aflcr The'Washing- ton Post, published a story about the incident. Wairen said he did not know .whether there were any other such dnplications. Asked what the disclosure [lid lo President Nixon's argu- ment that the'frnnscripls pro- vide all Ihe evidence on the Walcrgale break-in and .cov- er-up needed bv Ihe HOUSE Ju- diciary Coiiimiltcc its iin- pc.ichmcnt inquiry, Warren said: "I think it's obvious the fr.mscripts provide a great amount of evidence. II should not be'forgotten th'f. chairman and i- a n k i n g; (Republican) inember; the. Judiciary Committee) have been invited to.listen to the tapes fy the Irahscnpls." Warren also noted.'that the conimitlee-has tapes of :eight of the conversations covered in the .Iranscripis; President Nixon released Ihc transcripts in response to a Judician' Comiyittce .subpoc-, na for lapfu of 42 presidential conversations. However', he refused In release Ihc tapes jhemselves. The transcripts contain 31 of the conversations, sought rin the subpoena, mate- rial not requested .by.-the com- mittee. The White House has offered no explanation for. the .absence 6r the 11 conversalibris. But the -White House
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Our line has played at a much higher level since Diehl left halfway through the tampa game. I think the line should stay the way it is, even upon his return.
Our line has played at a much higher level since Diehl left halfway through the tampa game. I think the line should stay the way it is, even upon his return.
I like DD a bunch but he has been declining for some reason. I am sure its not all coinsidence that the oline is playing better. Also Beatty at LT and Locklear at RT. Bennet getting the blockign shemes down better too....
"Measure Twice......Cut Once"
You couldn't be more full of **** if you were break dancing in a Port-a-Potty.......Kruunch
Eli had time to throw last night and I'll tell you this, when that happens the defense has no chance at stopping him. I think it was the best I saw the offense perform in over 2 years. Reminded me of the blow out game against the seahawks a few years back.
that seems like the low hanging fruit reason, and it may be true.
but with o lines, coaches say its usually the number of reps that is the difference between good and bad. it wouldn't be the weirdest thing if the game experience over the last 3 weeks has made this much of a difference.
keep in mind, for the most part they've been very good at pass protection, so its not like they completely suck and don't know what they're doing, its just they're run blocking has stunk.
another think other analysts have said about the new offseason rules, the reduction in padded practices makes the most difference in the run game (apparently).
"When I was 15, I could not believe how dumb my father was.....when I was 25, I could not believe how much he had learned in 10 years"
1st to use the phrase "In Reese we trust"
Absolutely. He was one of the worst offensive linemen in the league last year according to profootballfocus.
When the pass protection and the run game almost instantly transform, there is really only one answer.
Not THE problem, but maybe A problem. We saw a very good and "patient" running back, Brown tear up the Panthers last night. Brown has good vision and saw the cracks opened by our O-Line and took advantage with his explosiveness. We haven't seen a North-South runner like this in a long time. Again, Brown waited for the gap, as opposed to Bradshaw who rushes the gate a little early. Diehl is definately on the downslide of his carreer, and the current line-up has had a couple of good games strung together. No need to screw up what is working. Who knows, maybe a little rest can make Diehl a better relief player,, in this stage of his carreer, than a starter. Protection of Eli was the key to the win last night, and this O-Line did a great job of that last night. My guess is Diehl will be warming the bench while we have this motor firing on all pistons.


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NEW YORK—I have been considerably interested in the controversy over the high-school graduate in Westbury, Long Island, N.Y., who had the courage to refuse an American Legion citizenship award because it came "from an organization whose policies I cannot respect."
The American Legion is a powerful organization and the student, Stephen Bayne, perhaps took on more than he alone could very well explain to the public, so I think it is only fair that some of us help him.
While I respect the Legion for many of the things it has done, and while I certainly have great respect for the men who fought for our country, I still cannot respect the attitude that the Legion has taken, for instance, on the United Nations. This position, clothed in patriotism and practically the same as that of the DAR, presents UNESCO, a specialized agency of the U.N., as being Communist.
When its own committee reported that UNESCO was not Communist, the Legion, without reading the report, announced at its convention that this U.N. agency was Communist. This is childish and the kind of behavior we certainly do not want to uphold as a pattern for our young people to follow.
It is very unfair for the public school authorities to withhold any honors coming to Stephen because of his attitude. They should be pleased that education has given one young boy the strength to stand for things in which he believes. This is an achievement of which the whole Westbury school, particularly the faculty, should be proud.
There will be given tomorrow (June 24), at New York's Town Hall, a program of African music and dance that seeks to show authentically the influence of music from that continent on American society. A member of the Nigerian parliament, Anthony Anehoro, will speak.
This program is being undertaken by the Union of Nigerian Students, who feel that too little has been said in this country about the fact that Nigeria, which has the largest population in Africa, will soon be independent.
"Our aim," they say, "is to correct the wrong impressions of some American people in relation to Africa in general and to Nigeria in particular. We have, as a Union, had a long history of independent existence—that is to say that we have carried out our programs without any outside aid and have sought to disseminate what we know of African culture at all levels."
They will feature some good performers on this program—Babatunde Olatunji and his dancers and drummers, together with Al Minns and the Leon James Jazz Dancers—which should be interesting to young and old and bring to many a better understanding of what is going on in Africa today.


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Definition of potato
1 : sweet potato
2a : an erect South American herb (Solanum tuberosum) of the nightshade family widely cultivated for its edible starchy tuberb : the tuber of a potato —called also Irish potato, spud, white potato
Examples of potato in a Sentence
She's growing carrots and potatoes in her garden this year.
Origin and Etymology of potato
Spanish batata, from Taino
First Known Use: 1565
POTATO Defined for Kids
Definition of potato for Students
: the thick edible usually rounded underground tuber of a widely grown South American plant that is eaten as a vegetable
Learn More about potato
See words that rhyme with potato Spanish Central: Translation of potato Nglish: Translation of potato for Spanish speakers Britannica English: Translation of potato for Arabic speakers Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about potato
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up potato? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


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Hi all, been trying to perfect Marcus Wareing's egg custard tart:
One (of the few) problems i encounter on my quest for perfection, is that the egg custart mixture puffs up during baking, it does settle mostly after cooling, but i dont think it should puff up at all if done correctly.
Anyone got any idea what i could be doing wrong. See a video of Marcus making this tart here:
thanks guys


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The man accused of an assault that left the victim in hospital for over a week has been found not guilty at Napier District Court today.
Amit Malik, lawyer for the accused Agatupu Samu, told the court his client was in fact a hero and a compassionate man who had done all he could to help by calling the police when he found the victim beaten in a pool of his own blood.
As a result of an attack, the victim was left with broken ribs, a broken finger, a ruptured spleen - which was later removed, a punctured lung and a puncture wound to his hip.
The Judge described his injuries as "horrific and life threatening".
Mr Samu met the victim on the evening of June 29 last year near the Sunken Gardens on Marine Parade. The victim was sitting on the seafront drinking at the time.
Mr Malik said Mr Samu began chatting with the victim, offered him a bed for the night and tried to call a taxi for him on multiple occasions.
The court heard Samu left the victim, who was by this stage intoxicated, for a third time to go and call a taxi before returning to find the victim had been assaulted.
Mr Malik said Mr Samu witnessed two men running away from the scene and had then provided detailed descriptions of the two men to police officers who subsequently dealt with him.
Mr Samu had been consistent in his descriptions of the people leaving the scene in the hope of assisting with police enquiries, Mr Malik said.
The context of the evening meant Mr Samu could not have assaulted the victim.
"He did all he could to look after a lonely, drunk stranger. His actions, his interactions, tell a story of a compassionate man, not a violent one."
Mr Samu was found by police covered in the victim's blood on the night the assault took place.
Crown prosecutor Clayton Walker said it was impossible to tell when or in what circumstances the blood, some of which was splattered over the shoes and jeans of Mr Samu, had been transferred.
The jury deliberated for two hours before delivering their verdict today.
For more articles from this region, go to Hawkes Bay Today


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1. Hopanoids
Bacteria and other prokaryotic organisms such as blue-green algae do not in general contain any of the conventional sterols found in plants and animals, but rather many species have related molecules, i.e. pentacyclic triterpenoids, based on a hopane skeleton with a cyclopentane E-ring and termed 'hopanoids' (from the plant genus Hopea, from which they were isolated as components of the resin). The more complex forms are sometimes termed 'bacteriohopanepolyols'. They were first discovered in 1973 as the compounds responsible for the alignment of the cellulose microfibrils secreted by Acetobacter xylinum.
The cyclohexane rings in hopanoids have chair-chair-chair-chair-chair conformations in comparison to sterols, which have chair-boat-chair-boat-open conformations. The resulting ring structures are planar, rigid and hydrophobic with a length corresponding to half the thickness of a membrane bilayer. Overall the molecules are amphiphilic and in that they modulate the fluidity and the permeability of phospholipid membranes, they have been called 'sterol surrogates'.
The hopanoids are structurally highly diverse. The simplest C30 hopanoid is diploptene or hop-22(29)-ene, and this is usually found with diplopterol or hopan-22-ol.
Perhaps the most abundant hopanoid in living organisms is tetrahydroxybacteriohopane (bacteriohopanetetrol), i.e. with a distinctive five-carbon terminal side chain linked by a carbon-carbon bond to the isopropyl group of the hopane framework and with four hydroxyl groups. Many forms of this are known in which the terminal hydroxyl (C35) group is substituted, for example with a glycosidic or ether linkage to glucosamine, adenosine or ribose. In some species, the polyhydroxy side chain can be acylated, and Frankia species contain the phenylacetate monoester of tetrahydroxybacteriohopane (bacteriohopane-32,33,34,35-tetrol), for example. Further hydroxylated forms are known, and penta- and hexaols and amino-polyols occur in some genera. Some of these have additional methyl groups (C2β, C2α or C3β) or double bonds in the ring at C6 and/or C11 with stereochemical isomers adding to the variability. The more complex of these are sometimes referred to as 'composite structures'. Hopanon from dammar resin has the diplopterol structure but with an additional ketone group on C3. Some hopanoids are so tightly bound within organisms that they are not easily extracted for structural analysis, so it is likely that many further types will eventually be characterized.
Hopanoids are most abundant in aerobic bacteria (methanotrophs, heterotrophs and cyanobacteria), but they also occur in some anaerobic bacteria, but not in Archaea or eukaryotes. In particular, they occur in a number of dinitrogen-fixing bacteria. However, no clear taxonomic pattern has yet emerged. In most instances, the hopanoid content of prokaryote cells is comparable to that of sterols in eukaryotic cells.
A few higher plants and some ferns, mosses and fungi contain hopanoids, although these lack the complex side-chains and have an oxygen atom at C3. Their function in eukaryotes is not known.
2. Biochemistry and Function
As with sterols, squalene is a primary precursor for the biosynthesis of the hopane skeleton. Biosynthesis of isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, the intermediates in squalene biosynthesis, is via the 'non-mevalonate' or '2C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP)' pathway. Indeed, it was anomalies in the results of biosynthetic studies with hopanoids that lead to the elucidation of the MEP pathway (see our web pages dealing with biosynthesis of cholesterol and plant sterols for details). A further important distinction is that hopanoid biosynthesis does not proceed via 2,3-epoxysqualene, but rather squalene per se undergoes cyclization without migration of the methyl groups. Bacterial hopanoids lack the 3β-hydroxyl group of sterols, therefore.
Microbial hopanoids are synthesized by a squalene-hopene cyclase that is quite distinct from the squalene epoxide cyclase. Studies of the crystal structure of the former suggest that the active site is located in a large central cavity of a size and shape to bind squalene in the necessary conformation. The cavity is surrounded by loops containing aromatic residues, which may stabilize the putative ionic intermediates. It is believed that cyclization begins with a reaction in which a carbon-carbon double bond is protonated via an aspartate residue at the top of the cavity. Then rings A and probably B are formed in a concerted manner before rings C and D are fashioned in ring closure reactions. Finally, the ring E is formed and the carbocation at C-22 is deprotonated to form hopene (or reacts with the elements of water to form diplopterol). Like sterol biosynthesis, it is one of the most complex single-step processes known to biochemistry, with the formation of five ring structures, modification of thirteen covalent bonds and the generation of nine new stereochemical centres, all under precise enzymatic control.
Addition of methyl groups to form 2β- and 3β-methyl hopanoids probably occurs after synthesis of the hopanoid rings, with S-adenosylmethionine as the methyl donor. Adenosylhopane (see partial structure above) is the first intermediate produced during the biosynthesis of the side chains of bacteriohopanepolyols, and this is utilized to produce the wide range of products formed in microorganisms by down-stream processing. For example, the five-carbon side chain in the bacteriohopanetetrols is derived from the D-ribose moiety of adenosylhopane after loss of the adenyl group. However, relatively little is known of the enzymology of these reactions.
The presence of the 3-oxygen atom in plant hopanoids suggests that these are formed via a 2,3-epoxysqualene intermediate.
The C30 hopanoids are believed to have very similar functions to those of sterols in the membranes of animals and plants in that they modulate the fluidity of membranes by interacting with their complex lipid components to increase the degree of order or rigidity. They are important in adjusting membrane permeability, including the diffusion of oxygen, and in adaptation to extreme conditions. However, they may differ from sterols in their ability to direct vesicle formation. The hopanoid polyols share some of the properties of the C30 compounds, although they may also have similar functions to those of glycolipids in eukaryotic organisms. For example, in Frankia species, most of the lipids in the membrane barrier that prevents diffusion of oxygen into the nitrogen-fixing cells are hopanoids. Hopanoids have been located in the plasma membrane and outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria, and in the outer membrane and thylakoid membrane of cyanobacteria. They are reportedly concentrated in detergent-resistant domains, akin to rafts, in at least one bacterial species.
It is apparent that hopanoids are essential for growth in many if not all hopanoid-producing organisms as inhibition of hopanoid biosynthesis can limit their growth markedly and selectively in comparison with other bacteria. However, some species appear to grow when hopanoid synthesis is inhibited, although they are much less resistant to environmental challenges. With cultures of single species, bacteriohopanepolyols have only been detected in cyanobacteria capable of nitrogen fixation, implicating them as markers for diazotrophy in the oceans, although there is no known mechanistic link between hopanoid production and nitrogen fixation.
3. Geohopanoids
As the pentacyclic ring structure of hopanoids is very stable and not readily degraded, geochemists tend to look upon them as molecular fossils ('geohopanoids' or 'homohopanoids') that serve as biological markers for particular organisms in geological formations from recent sediments to petroleum deposits and rocks. Different bacterial genera possess characteristic hopanoid distributions. For example, 2α-methylhopanes that are characteristic of the photosynthetic cyanobacteria have been found in 2.7 billion year old shales in Australia, i.e. from a period long before the atmosphere was oxidizing. However, this interpretation is controversial as such compounds have recently been detected in an anoxygenic species.
Although they are resistant they are not immune to change in the geological environment over millions of years, and stereomutation, reduction and defunctionalization occur to produce hopanols and hopanoic acids, for example, commonly with 28 to 35 carbon atoms. The pattern of the various products can have indicative importance in oil exploration, so their analysis is of great practical importance. Hopanoids are sometimes stated to be the most abundant lipids on earth, although similar claims have been made for other microbial lipids and for plant waxes.
4. Tetrahymanol and Related Lipids
A number of pentacyclic compounds related to the hopanoids are known that are derived from the gammacerane skeleton in which the E-ring is six-membered. The most important of these is tetrahymanol (gammaceran-21α-ol), which was first isolated from the ciliate protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis. It was subsequently detected in several other eukaryotic organisms, including ferns, fungi and protozoa, before it was found in prokaryotes, such as the purple non-sulfur bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris.
Various structural variants have been found including 20α-methyltetrahymanol, 2β-methyltetrahymanol and 2β,20α-dimethyltetrahymanol, which occur with tetrahymanol per se and various hopanoids in the nitrogen-fixing, symbiotic root-nodule forming bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum.
Like the hopanoids, tetrahymanol is formed by a squalene-hopene cyclase, with the nature of the E-ring depending on the orientation of the terminal methyl groups during the final cyclization step. When sterols are added to cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis, synthesis of tetrahymanol is inhibited completely, suggesting that sterols and tetrahymanol have similar functions in this organism.
Gammacerane structures have been found in sediments and other geological formations, together with the homohopanoids, where they are believed to be useful geochemical markers for ciliate protozoa.
5. Analysis
Hopanoids and those derived from the bacteriohopanetetrols especially require special extraction methods because of their high polarity. Indeed some are so tightly bound that their presence in many organisms may have gone undetected. At one time, the molecular structures were simplified by removal of part of the side chain by chemical means to facilitate analysis, so much information was lost. This no longer appears necessary, and HPLC allied to modern mass spectrometric methods involving atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization appears to be one way forward. High temperature gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has also been applied successfully to the problem.
Suggested Reading
- Bradley, A.S., Pearson, A., Sáenz, J.P. and Marx, C.J. Adenosylhopane: the first intermediate in hopanoid side chain biosynthesis. Org. Geochem., 41, 1075–1081 (2010) (DOI: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2010.07.003).
- Damsté, J.S.S., Van Duin, A.C.T., Hollander, D., Kohnen, M.E.L. and De Leeuw, J.W. Early diagenesis of bacteriohopanepolyol derivatives: Formation of fossil homohopanoids. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59, 5141-5157 (1995) (DOI: 10.1016/0016-7037(95)00338-X).
- Kannenberg, E. and Poralla, K. Hopanoid biosynthesis and function in bacteria. Naturwissenschaften, 86, 168-176 (1999).
- Ourisson, G., Rohmer, M. and Poralla, K. Prokaryotic hopanoids and other polytriterpenoid sterol surrogates. Ann.Rev. Microbiol., 41, pp. 301–333 (1987).
- Rohmer, M. From molecular fossils of bacterial hopanoids to the formation of isoprene units: discovery and elucidation of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway. Lipids, 43, 1095-1107 (2008) (DOI: 10.1007/s11745-008-3261-7).
- Sáenz, J.P., Waterbury, J.B., Eglinton, T.I. and Summons, R.E. Hopanoids in marine cyanobacteria: probing their phylogenetic distribution and biological role. Geobiology, 10, 311-319 (2012) (DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4669.2012.00318.x).
- Sessions, A.L., Zhang, L.C., Welander, P.V., Doughty, D., Summons, R.E. and Newman, D.K. Identification and quantification of polyfunctionalized hopanoids by high temperature gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Org. Geochem., 56, 120-130 (2013) (DOI: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2012.12.009).
- Talbot, H.M., Rohmer, M. and Farrimond, P. Rapid structural elucidation of composite bacterial hopanoids by atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 21, 880-892 (2007) (DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2911).
- Volkman, J.K. Sterols and other triterpenoids: source specificity and evolution of biosynthetic pathways. Org. Geochem., 36, 139-159 (2005) (DOI: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2004.06.013).
Updated May 10, 2013