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The Real Story of Canada's "Good Indian"
October 5, 2013 marks the 200th anniversary of the death of the great Shawnee warrior Tecumseh.
For almost two years I have been working on an article that examines his role in North American history and in the evolution of aboriginal and non-aboriginal relations since his death.
Not only was he an extremely important (and largely misunderstood) historical figure, but what he believed in and stood for continues to resonate in the indigenous movement to this day, and can be traced directly to the heart of the sorry state of our relations. As with the tale of Tecumseh, these modern relations have been marked by a repeated pattern of misunderstanding, betrayal and ignorance.
The more I have dug into this story, the more I have become convinced that continued misunderstanding and stalemate is no longer an option. The fastest growing demographic in our country is finding its voice and not only do we bear a moral responsibility to listen, but our economy and resource development depends on it.
My hope is that this piece will be read by many and provoke a productive discussion as part of a national conversation among Canadians - Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal alike. To do that, I've decided to take a different approach to its release and distribution. Rather than rely just on traditional means, my plan is to release it through a network of interested Canadians via social media on the anniversary of his death. With the help of National Public Relations who were excited enough about the idea that they've taken this on as a pro bono project, we are planning a number of special events to accompany the release.
So I have approached a select group of prominent Canadians who I believe feel the same as I do about this issue and have asked them to help and be part of this adventure. On Saturday, they will be joining me and the Huffington Post to commemorate Tecumseh's death and to ask Canadians to start thinking about relations with indigenous people in a new way.
Two hundred years ago today, in what is now called Moraviantown, Ont., the great Shawnee warrior, Tecumseh was killed defending Canada against invading American troops during the War of 1812. After waging a fearsome battle with the encroaching American militia for over five years, Tecumseh had struck terror in the hearts of American settlers, soldiers and commanders alike. His alliance with the British General, Isaac Brock, and their victory at Detroit, decisively shifted the early momentum in the War to Canada's favour. No longer could the Americans boast that victory would be (as Thomas Jefferson promised then president James Madison) "a mere matter of marching." Indeed, it can be said that it was Tecumseh - as much as any other single individual - who saved Canada in the War of 1812.
Growing up in Canada's public school system, I was never taught this. Attending a PhD program with a minor in Canadian history, I never learned this. More recently, my son took a 4th year university course in Canadian Native history where his syllabus consisted of three novels and no definitive textbook on his chosen subject. Needless to say, he knew nothing about Tecumseh's defining role in a war that's been described as the foundation of Canada's national identity.
Oddly, it was my casual reading of American history that introduced me to Tecumseh. He was a compelling figure and the more I learned about him, the more fascinating he became. How could I have missed his remarkable story?
Yet it is not like we never heard of Tecumseh - or more correctly, the name Tecumseh. My wife attended Tecumseh Public School in Scarborough, Ont. (and basically, knew nothing of his role in Canadian history). There is a town of Tecumseh in Ont. (in fact two - New Tecumseh and plain old Tecumseh) and one in Saskatchewan. There are Tecumseh Streets in Ottawa, Niagara, Winnipeg and Toronto. Naval Academies, nuclear submarines, University departments of Aboriginal Studies are named after him. In fact, if you care to look, Tecumseh seems to be everywhere. But for most of us, Tecumseh is a Mall, or a Tae-kwon-do studio or a boat motor or even an uber modern Loft in the trendy King West neighbourhood of Toronto.
Since I first encountered Tecumseh, and perhaps in the spirit of the 200th anniversary of the War of 1812, there has been modest redemption made to his historical importance to Canada. Added to his desultory and remote memorial, erected in 1963 near where he was slain, and to the sad plaque on a rock in Upper Canada Village, near Morrisburg, Ont., (where he never set foot), Tecumseh has now been commemorated on a Canadian quarter and on his own stamp, as well as one shared with Sir Isaac Brock. The noted academic and activist James Laxer has published a very credible account of the War of 1812 that prominently features Tecumseh's central role in the defense of Canada.
But in this orgy of celebration of the War of 1812, it strikes me that his true legacy has been badly (and perhaps, conveniently) miscast. Far from being ignored, he is now being appropriated by white society and cast as a "good Indian" - brave, heroic, co-operative, and at the ready to do the bidding of his British brethren. He is being placed aside Issac Brock, and the Canadian militia as the great defenders of Canada. His historical role has been reduced to Laura Secord with a feather.
A more thorough reading of Tecumseh's life and influence - not just in the War of 1812 but much more broadly in setting a pattern of aboriginal and non-aboriginal discord over the last two centuries - tells a very different story. While he was undoubtedly brave and heroic, he was anything but compromising or in the thrall of British objectives. He had been present at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1795 when the British closed the doors of Fort Miami on defeated Natives seeking refuge and was under no illusions about the British indifference to the Indians' conflict with the Americans. He was fierce and determined to take back the land in the Ohio Valley that Americans had taken from his people and cared little for the white man, let alone Canada. To the contrary, his contact with the British and Americans alike led him to conclude that Indians and Whites "were bestowed with different characteristics, beliefs and modes of existence" and thus were meant to be separate and live apart.
Tecumseh's true historical significance is derived from much more than his feats on the battlefield in the War of 1812. It was his statesmanship, diplomacy and charisma that convinced and motivated Indian braves throughout the length and breadth of the North American frontier to put aside their tribal differences and loyalties, and join a pan-Indian Confederacy to take back the land that had been stolen from them through dozens of unscrupulous treaties. He also brandished a powerful vision and philosophy that combined spiritualism with militarism which still reverberates in the protests of modern day Aboriginal leaders and the Idle No More movement.
More than this, what he represented also ignited the intense fear and subsequent dehumanizing of the Indian by the white man that lurks at the root of Canadian attitudes today. It was his ideas, as much as his tomahawk and scalping knife, that made him an inspiration to Indians and dangerous in the extreme to non-Indians.
Story continues after slideshow
A native dancer looks on during an 'Idle No More' gathering on Parliament Hill in Ottawa on Monday, Jan. 28, 2013. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Sean Kilpatrick
Native dancers rally during an 'Idle No More' gathering on Parliament Hill in Ottawa on Monday, Jan. 28, 2013. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Sean Kilpatrick
LJ Henshell:A First Nations Drummer plays during a protest at Intercity Shopping Center in Thunder Bay, Ontario
LJ Henshell:A child protests in Thunder Bay, Ontario
Doug Cleverley:At the #IdleNoMore rally in Owen Sound (Saugeen Ojibway Nation territory), during a spontaneous round dance at the main downtown intersection.
Courtney Harrop:Idle No More actions, Coast Salish Territories, Powell River, BC
Courtney Harrop:Coast Salish Territories, Powell River, BC
Courtney Harrop:Coast Salish Territories, Powell River, BC
Tla'Amin Prayer song on #J11 2013 Idle No More, Coast Salish Territories, Powell River BC
Tla'Amin Killer Whale Dance, #J11 #IdleNoMore, Coast Salish Territories, Powell River, BC
Eleanor Kure:At the Idle No More protest in Halifax Nova Scotia. with an eco-justice article in pocket, spreading the word that Bill C45 affects every Canadian, not only First Nations. Thank you FN, for beginning this movement.
mizzren:Thunderchild First Nation @ Lloydminster Flash Mob. January 16, 2013
Idle No More supporters jump onto a truck as they are pushed by a driver trying to pass, as the protesters block Highway 2 as part of a planned national day of action, in Edmonton, Alberta on Wedneday January 16, 2013.
Aboriginal protesters march down Huron Church Road towards the Ambassador bridge in Windsor Ontario, Wednesday, January 16, 2013. About 1000 demonstrators disrupted traffic to the country's busiest border crossing for several hours.
Aboriginal protestors pray at the end of their blockade of a CN railroad track just west of Portage La Prairie, Man., on Wednesday, January 16, 2016. They ended their protest without incident.
Aboriginal protesters demonstrate at the base of the Ambassador Bridge in Windsor Ontario, Wednesday, January 16, 2013. About 1000 demonstrators disrupted traffic to the country's busiest border crossing for several hours.
Idle No More demonstrators block a CN east-west track just west of Portage La Prairie, Manitoba Wednesday, January 16, 2016.
Vicki King Jamieson:New Credit Youth supporting INM
Caillum:Thousands of people, both Native and Canadian, show their support at an Idle No More protest in Montreal on January 11th, 2013.
Video of the Global Day of Action rally in downtown Somba K'e (Yellowknife)on the Akaitcho territory of the Yellowknives Dene First Nation in Denendeh (Northwest Territories).
"Today (Friday, December 21, 2012) in Denendeh and across the globe, we made an impact, a statement for true justice to be brought forward and acknowledged. But it will not stop, for the 8th fire has been lit and will only grow. Mahsi for all who showed up and united, we felt the support....we felt the fire!! And there's more to come in the new year." On Facebook By Lawrence Nayally, Melaw Nakehk'o and Eugene Boulanger https://www.facebook.com/events/112403725595655/
Attawapiskat Chief Theresa Spence, wearing a headdress, takes part in a drum ceremony before departing a Ottawa hotel to attend a ceremonial meeting at Rideau Hall with Gov. Gen. David Johnston in Ottawa, Friday January 11, 2013.
Attawapiskat Chief Theresa Spence, centre, departs a Ottawa hotel to attend a ceremonial meeting at Rideau Hall with Gov. Gen. David Johnston in Ottawa, Friday January 11, 2013.
Prime Minister Stephen Harper meets with First Nations leaders in Ottawa on January 11, 2013.
Prime Minister Stephen Harper meets with First Nations leaders in Ottawa on January 11, 2013.
Attawapiskat Chief Theresa Spence makes a brief statement on Victoria Island near Parliament Hill Friday January 11, 2013 in Ottawa. Spence is speaking out for the first time about how her reserve spends government money, saying most of what flows to her isolated James Bay reserve actually gets spent outside the community.
Aboriginal Chiefs stand at the main gate to Parliament Hill during a protest Friday January 11, 2013 in Ottawa.
Idle No More protesters listen to speakers during a rally on Parliament Hill Friday January 11, 2013 in Ottawa.
Gordie Odjig of Wikwemikong stands at the west gate to the Langevin Block during the aboriginal meeting in Ottawa on Friday, January 11, 2013.
Randall Gray:
Randall Gray:
HuffPost Blogger Melinda Gopher:Brock Conway, Blackfeet activist, with Saulteaux Actor Adam Beach and companion. Photo: Morning Star Gopher
Native protesters march up Wellington Street in Ottawa on Friday, January 11, 2013.
Four-year-old Phoenix Sky Cottrelle,from Aamjiwnaang First Nation, holds a sign as aboriginal protestors gather on Victoria Island before they march to Parliament Hill in Ottawa on Friday, January 11, 2013.
Aboriginal protestors hold signs as they march from Victoria Island to Parliament Hill in Ottawa on Friday, January 11, 2013.
Gordie Odjig, an aboriginal protestor from Wikwemikong, shouts as he marches from Victoria Island to Parliament Hill in Ottawa on Friday, January 11, 2013.
Courtney Harrop:Idle No More event Dec 30th,2012. Tla'Amin Nation Coast Salish Territories Powell River, British Columbia.
AUPELOCAL6CHAIR:Planned overnight and what a turn out!
Phyllis Racette:#IdleNoMOre Dauphin, Mb
Jolene Aleck:Chicago's Idle No More 1.5.2012 rally @ the Canadian Consulate
gerrybates:Idle No More at Waterfront Station, Vancouver, BC
A man waves a flags as aboriginal protesters and supporters in the Idle No More movement block the Blue Water Bridge border crossing to the United States in Sarnia, Ont. on Saturday, January 5, 2013.
gerrybates:Idle No More at Waterfront Station, Vancouver, BC
gerrybates:Idle No More at Waterfront Station, Vancouver, BC
gerrybates:Idle No More at Waterfront Station, Vancouver, BC
gerrybates:Idle No More at Waterfront Station, Vancouver, BC, January 2, 2013.
gerrybates:Idle No More at Waterfront Station, Vancouver, BC
gerrybates:Idle No More at Waterfront Station, Vancouver, BC
gerrybates:Idle No More at Waterfront Station, Vancouver, BC
seawaytoday:Akwesasne Idle No More att Cornwall, ON
Gail Chicky Gallagher:
seawaytoday:Akwesasne Idle No More at Cornwall, ON
seawaytoday:Akwesasne Idle No More at Cornwall, ON
seawaytoday:Akwesasne Idle No More at Cornwall, ON
seawaytoday:Akwesasne Idle No More at Cornwall, ON
Jennifer Shay:Red Deer Rally and March December 19, 2012
theMikeBee:Idle No More drummers accompany marchers in Calgary on Dec 10, 2012.
theMikeBee:Treaty 7 members and allies gather Dec 10 at Olympic Plaza in Calgary.
Twila Eagle Bear-Singer:Inside Denver Canadian Consulate
AUPELOCAL6CHAIR:December 30, 2012 Idle No More at Legislative Building, Edmonton, AB
AUPELOCAL6CHAIR:Rachel Notley, MLA, NDP
AUPELOCAL6CHAIR:In support of Theresa Spence and Canada!
Amy Modig:Angela Gonzales holds sign in support of Idle No More Rally at Anchorage, Alaska 12-29-12
Diane Michano-Richmond:Rally held at Marathon Centre mall..
Diane Michano-Richmond:Pic River First Nation & community of Marthon, On..
Diane Michano-Richmond:A small gathering at Marathon Center mall....
Niwaabidahn Debwewin:
Cleesmeek:Erected December 22 in solidarity of Chief Theresa Spence's hunger strike. Video posted in The Pique, Whistler Newspaper
Niwaabidahn Debwewin:
Niwaabidahn Debwewin:
Niwaabidahn Debwewin:
Niwaabidahn Debwewin:
Niwaabidahn Debwewin:
Niwaabidahn Debwewin:
Niwaabidahn Debwewin:
Niwaabidahn Debwewin:
Niwaabidahn Debwewin:
FracturedLand:"It is only out of arrogance that @PMHarper doesnt meet with #ChiefSpence…" - Grand Chief Phillip Stewart #idlenomore (at CBC Vancouver)
stolley:Kitigan Zibi (KZ)Anishnabeg showing their support for Chief Theresa Spence, on December 30, 2012
Joe Clark and Chief Atleo visit Chief Spence. Credit: April Maloney, Twitter
350orbust:On Christmas Day at noon, a group gathered in downtown Red Lake to show their support for Chief Theresa Spence and Idle No More
Rusty Nolan:My son is 2 and did the Round Dance for Theresa Spence. His Mohawk name in english means "ClearWater"
Red Lake Ontario shows its support for Chief Theresa Spence and the IdleNoMore movement.
caring canuck:"Thank you for being part of this important movement. We're here in a peaceful way. We're here to bring awareness to the issues that have been clouded for too long. Our Children deserve the best future we can leave them, and that's all we're trying to do. Our ancestors are crying with us, they are praying with us, they are guiding us in our every step. We ask only for equality, we ask only for reciprocity, we ask only for respect. We are the first people of this land and we deserve a say in our future. Today is only the beginning - we can't give up. People - we have to carry on, we have to keep singing, we have to keep praying and if we have to keep marching - we will. We have to teach our children to follow us and if they have to fight the same fight we are fighting we have to teach them that it's worth it. I ask you to open your hearts and keep a prayerful mind. These are hard times. Put all your intentions and your thoughts into your songs and your words and walk in a confident way - do not lose hope." Margaret Commodore Dec. 21, 2012
Princess Tonya:This billboard is situated on the Tsuu T'ina Nation in Alberta Canada in Treaty 7 Territory. #idlenomore
Jamie Lea Green, a member of the Spirit of Kitlope dancers from the Haisla First Nation, takes part with her toy poodle "Baby" in a rally in support of the Idle No More movement, in Kitimat, B.C. on Sunday Dec 30, 2012. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Robin Rowland
First Nations members block traffic as they form a circle while protesting on the street outside Prime Minister Stephen Harper's official residence at 24 Sussex Drive in Ottawa on Saturday, December 22, 2012. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Fred Chartrand
About 100 people march in a demonstration, lead by Dene National Chief Bill Erasmus, second left, during -29 C degree weather in downtown Yellowknife on Friday December 21, 2012. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Bill Braden
Aboriginal drummers play in an intersection in downtown London, Ont. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Dave Chidley
A group of hundreds of protesters walking and driving along eastbound 401 in London, Ont. on Wednesday, December 19, 2012. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Dave Chidley
Alex Rogers, wearing a Grass Dance head-dress, stands in front of protest signs while people from Aamjiwnaang First Nation and supporters gather for a meeting with officials as their blockade of the CN St. Clair spur line in Sarnia, Ont., Sunday, December 23, 2012. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Dave Chidley
Lot?t Honyust, from the Oneida Frist Nation, raises his fist during a protest in London, Ont. on Wednesday, December 19, 2012. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Dave Chidley
An Idle No More protest blocks the CN/CSX railway line in Sarnia, Ontario. The Canadian Press Images/Stephen C. Host
Justin Trudeau meets with Attawapiskat Chief Theresa Spence in her teepee in Ottawa.
Idle No More protest blocking the CN/CSX railway line in Sarnia by local first nations. The Canadian Press Images/Stephen C. Host
Stephanie Evans protests alone as part of the "Idle No More" campaign outside an event where Prime Minister Stephen Harper was visiting the residents at Trinity Lodge senior's home in Calgary, Alta., Sunday, Dec. 23, 2012. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Jeff McIntosh
NDP MP Charlie Angus offers Attawapiskat Chief Theresa Spence a blanket.
More than 100 people gathered in front of the Vancouver Art Gallery on Dec. 21, 2012 as part of Idle No More protests across the country.
More than 100 people gathered in front of the Vancouver Art Gallery on Dec. 21, 2012 as part of Idle No More protests across the country.
More than 100 people gathered in front of the Vancouver Art Gallery on Dec. 21, 2012 as part of Idle No More protests across the country.
More than 100 people gathered in front of the Vancouver Art Gallery on Dec. 21, 2012 as part of Idle No More protests across the country.
More than 100 people gathered in front of the Vancouver Art Gallery on Dec. 21, 2012 as part of Idle No More protests across the country.
More than 100 people gathered in front of the Vancouver Art Gallery on Dec. 21, 2012 as part of Idle No More protests across the country.
More than 100 people gathered in front of the Vancouver Art Gallery on Dec. 21, 2012 as part of Idle No More protests across the country.
More than 100 people gathered in front of the Vancouver Art Gallery on Dec. 21, 2012 as part of Idle No More protests across the country.
More than 100 people gathered in front of the Vancouver Art Gallery on Dec. 21, 2012 as part of Idle No More protests across the country.
More than 100 people gathered in front of the Vancouver Art Gallery on Dec. 21, 2012 as part of Idle No More protests across the country.
More than 100 people gathered in front of the Vancouver Art Gallery on Dec. 21, 2012 as part of Idle No More protests across the country.
More than 100 people gathered in front of the Vancouver Art Gallery on Dec. 21, 2012 as part of Idle No More protests across the country.
More than 100 people gathered in front of the Vancouver Art Gallery on Dec. 21, 2012 as part of Idle No More protests across the country.
Robert Mulder:We are with you, Grandmothers, Sharbot Lake
While few Canadians know anything about Tecumseh, in his time, he was one of the most famous and feared, men alive - and that legacy would endure for decades after his death. Immediately after the War of 1812, the British built and named a schooner after him. The 1820s were marked by songs, poems and paeans to Tecumseh, honouring his bravery and heroic demise. William Tecumseh Sherman, the hero of the Civil War half a century later, was named after him. Robert Johnson, Martin Van Buren's vice-president, ran his campaign in 1836 on the admittedly amateurish slogan, "Rumsey, dumpsey, rumsey, dumpsey ... Colonel Johnson killed Tecumseh." (He claimed to have shot the Shawnee leader in Southern Ontario 23 years before.) Three future presidents - Andrew Jackson, William Harrison and Zachary Taylor- and a Presidential candidate - Winfield Scott - would launch their political careers based on the reputations they had gained by fighting Tecumseh and his allies.
No authenticated portrait of the great warrior exists. Because he spoke no English and did not write, there are only second-hand accounts of his words and deeds. But from what we know, Tecumseh was a remarkable specimen. He was routinely described in diaries as "one of the finest looking men I ever saw" or "one of the most finished forms I ever met." The great defender of Canada, Sir Isaac Brock, referred to him as "the Wellington of the Indians," and declared that "a more sagacious and gallant warrior does not, I believe exist." John Richardson, a teenaged militia volunteer who claimed to have encountered Tecumseh during the War of 1812, and went on to become one of Canada's first novelists, offered a more fulsome description:
"Habited in a close leather dress, his athletic portions were admirably delineated, while a large plume of ostrich feathers, by which he was generally distinguished, overshadowing his brow, and contrasting with the darkness of his complexion and the brilliance of his black and piercing eyes, gave a singularly wild and terrific expression to his features. It was evident that he could be terrible."
By all accounts, he was eloquent, fearless and thoughtful ... and his entire life had been marked by war with the Americans. Between 1774 (when he was 6 years old) and 1784, his village was attacked five times. His father was killed at the Battle of Point Pleasant in 1776 and his older brother died on the Tennessee frontier around 1788. Naturally, he had little love for the "Long Knives."
But his hatred was not just reserved for the Americans' battlefield slaughter; it extended to their relentless acquisition of Native land in the period between 1794 and 1809 and even to the Indian Chiefs, whom he viewed as complicit in its surrender.
Tecumseh's brother, the so-called Prophet, awoke the Indian indignation at what was happening to their homes and way of life. The Prophet gave his fellow Indians reason to believe that they could resist American encroachment on their lands and offered a vision that revived Native spiritualism. Calling for the rejection of alcohol and a return to tradition, he preached about the unity of the land with mankind and contended that no single tribe had the right to cede territory without the consent of all.
In 1808 the brothers decide to give physical shape to this philosophy and established Prophetstown, where the Tippecanoe River meets the Wabash in what is now Indiana. Almost immediately Indians throughout North America began to gather there to return to their spiritual roots, embrace this way of life once more and ready for battle when the time was right.
Tecumseh came to embody the Prophet's philosophy and insisted that, "...instead of each Indian group or tribe possessing an exclusive right to a territory...the land must be regarded as common property for all Indian people, and it could only be sold with the consent of all Indian people." The basis for his position was Tecumseh's fundamental belief in the unity of the land with the Indian people. He claimed, "No tribe has the right to sell (land) even to each other, much less strangers ... Sell a country? Why not sell the air, the great sea as well as the earth?" Quite simply, the land was, "a dish with one spoon." To enforce this principle, Tecumseh made it clear that he was prepared "...to destroy village Chiefs by whom mischief is done. It is they who sell our lands to Americans. Our object is to let all our affairs be transacted by warriors." His message was unambiguous and threatening ... if the Chiefs who were ceding Indian land were not prepared to get in line, he would overthrow them, as well as the Americans, by forming a new pan-North American warrior nation.
He then began the first of what would be many journeys across the length and breadth of Central and South Eastern United States organizing fellow Natives to join his cause. When Chiefs resisted his entreaties, he appealed directly to the young braves to take up arms and push the Americans out of Indian lands.
On one of these recruiting missions, while Tecumseh was in Georgia and Florida, William Harrison, the governor of Indiana and the man tasked with expanding the American frontier, took advantage of his absence and marched on Prophetstown. Ignoring his brother's instructions to avoid engagement with the Americans, the Prophet ordered an attack and was routed by Harrison's forces. (The battle was later immortalized in one of the most famous campaign slogans in U.S. electoral history - "Tippecanoe and Tyler too" - which propelled Harrison to the White House in 1840.) Tecumseh returned to his razed and smoldering village, resolved to take his battle to an entirely new level.
Meanwhile, half a world away, Napoleon was marching his troops across Europe towards Russia. U.S. president James Madison, who began his term by seeking neutrality in the British-French war, was now being ridiculed as a weakling and "whiffling Jemmy" by a new generation of "War Hawks" in Congress who were trying to rekindle the revolutionary zeal of the Founding Fathers.
This would not be the last time that the U.S. would construct a somewhat flimsy rationale for going to war, but faced with internal revolt and the prospect of losing the upcoming Presidential election, Madison opportunistically declared war on Britain in June 1812.
With equal opportunism - and working on the assumption that the enemy of my enemy is, if not my friend, at least a potential ally - Tecumseh recognized that Madison's declaration might give him the leverage he needed to beat back the Americans. He headed to Fort Malden in Amherstburg, Ontario to meet with the Canadian Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Matthew Elliot. But while he negotiated an alliance with the British against the Americans, he had little interest in helping to defend Canada, but instead was keenly intent on using the British to drive the Americans out of his home in the Ohio Valley.
If the purpose of the War of 182 was to "invade and take over Canada" then capturing the populous Eastern and Central fronts, which housed the Capitals of Upper and Lower Canada, were surely the most strategically important targets. But this is not what happened. Instead, the Americans focused on Tecumseh's turf and the Western Front.
It quickly became apparent that beyond the internal politics behind the decision to go to war, the real goal of the conflict was to subdue Tecumseh's forces and drive the Indian and British presence out of the Ohio Valley. Madison and his cabinet understood that a war against the Indians was far more popular - and winnable - than a conflict over some vague concept of maritime rights. So the War of 1812 began not so much as a war between Canada and the United States, but a war between Tecumseh and the Americans.
The commander of the Western front, William Hull approached Detroit and prepared his assault into Canada, but his men refused to cross the border and fight on foreign soil, leaving Hull in a bit of a quandary. Isaac Brock, the Major General overseeing the forces of Upper Canada, and the first to understand that the key to Canada's defense would rest with the Indians, polled his own officers who expressed similar reluctance.
Tecumseh took it upon himself to brow beat, cajole, inspire and ultimately, convince the British to attack. But before they did, Brock wisely engaged in a bit of psychological warfare. In a letter to Hull he described the real threat facing the Americans:
"It is far from my intention to join in a war of extermination, but you must be aware that the numerous body of Indians who have attached themselves to my troops will be beyond my control the moment the contest commences."
Brock's message to Hull was far from subtle - it is hard not to know what "war of extermination" means, especially in light of Tecumseh's well-known reputation for his take-no-prisoners ferocity.
Canadian novelist, John Richard recorded the terrifying scene that Hull faced on the eve of the Battle of Detroit.
"[B]odies stained and painted in the most frightening manner for the occasion ...some painted white, some black, others half black and half red ... all with their hair plastered in such a way as to resemble the bristling quills of a porcupine, with no other covering than a cloth around their loins, yet armed to the teeth with rifles, tomahawks, war-clubs, spears, bows, arrows and scalping knives. Uttering no sound, intent only on reaching the enemy unperceived, they might have passed for the spectres of those wilds, the ruthless demons which War had unchained for the punishment and oppression of man."
When the battle finally began, it was over without a shot being fired. Just the sight of Tecumseh and his braves, outfitted for slaughter, left the American forces in a state of awestruck panic. A terrified General Hull, described as being rendered "catatonic" at the sight, surrendered without a fight.
This encounter set the tone for the following year. By then, it was apparent to the British that the real value of the Indians was not just to fight, but to terrify.
While much of our understanding of the War of 1812 focuses on our own border, in the south, a very different kind of war was taking place. As charismatic, persuasive and commanding as he was, not all Indians fell under Tecumseh's sway. His message posed a direct threat to many Chiefs who had benefited, at least for the present, from the sale of their lands and through an alliance with the Americans. The Creeks in particular were divided as young Tecumseh supporters splintered off to form the Red Sticks and civil war broke out between the two factions. Another tribe that Tecumseh had wooed, the Seminoles, joined the Spanish and escaped Black slaves and confronted American filibusters who were threatening to seize Florida. Further North, Indian tribes became emboldened by news of Tecumseh's victories and began confrontations with settlers that spread news of bloody massacres. Pierre Berton described the carnage that was taking place in this way - "hearts cut out and eaten raw, throats slit, torture and clubbing to death of white men who are forced to run the gauntlet".
For the Americans, it suddenly seemed that their simple border skirmish was spreading throughout the length and breadth of their much-coveted frontier. Again their enemy was not so much the British, but the Indians, and Tecumseh's fingerprints were on every conflict.
With his humiliating surrender, Hull was replaced by the despised William Harrison. His arrival in the Niagara area coincided with the first major setback for the British - the death of Isaac Brock in October, 1812. While the British suffered few casualties other than Brock in the Battle of Queenston (and the Americans were ultimately forced to surrender because their terrified militiamen, once again, refused to cross the river to engage the Indians), Tecumseh lost the one ally who fully understood his importance to the defense of Canada.
Notwithstanding this development and the muscular forces the U.S. were amassing on the Western front, Tecumseh and his allies continued to wreak havoc on the Americans throughout the first part of 1813. Massacres occurred repeatedly throughout what are now Ohio, Indiana and Illinois - in Raisin River in January, at Fort Meigs in May and Fort Mims in August. As reports of slaughter and atrocities grew, they became the source of outrage among previously uninterested American citizens. In response, the U.S. government unleashed the ferocious Indian hater Andrew Jackson to subdue the Creeks and Seminoles in the South.
If Tecumseh's memories of the Battle of Falling Timbers caused him to doubt the dependability of the British to serve Indian interests, his apprehension was significantly heightened by Brock's replacement, Henry Proctor.
Proctor and Tecumseh locked horns many times after Brock's death. Continuing a pattern that had been apparent since the start of the War, the British had proved reluctant to push back the growing American forces and lay claim to the territory that was Tecumseh's home. Their differences were fundamental - Proctor wanted to defend Canada; Tecumseh wanted to retake the Ohio Valley. As Proctor retreated further into the Thames Valley of the Niagara peninsula it was clear to Tecumseh that he was going in the wrong direction and the Shawnee warrior was forced to confront Proctor. Fearing that he would lose the support of the Indians, Proctor promised Tecumseh that they would stand and fight the American invaders at the Lower Thames (now Chatham, Ont.). But when Tecumseh and his 1,200 warriors arrived, they found that the area had not been fortified and Proctor had retreated even further inland to Moraviantown. Convinced that their British allies were once again abandoning them, half of Tecumseh's warriors simply turned back, leaving him to forge ahead with a badly diminished force. Meanwhile Harrison crossed into Canada and was advancing rapidly with 5,000 American troops.
When Tecumseh reached Moraviantown, Harrison's army was in sight and Proctor finally agreed to take a stand and fight. Almost immediately, however, the British line broke and they began to surrender.
Sensing a rout, Proctor turned on his heels and rode away, leaving Tecumseh and his warriors to carry the battle alone.
The specifics of what happened next in the Battle of Moraviantown are murky. History is unclear about what happened to Tecumseh's body but it is beyond dispute that he was killed that day and that his surviving braves dispersed and retreated into the swampy grass of the Thames Valley. For his role, Henry Proctor was later returned to England to face court martial where he was stripped of his rank and died nine years later.
After Tecumseh's death, the War of 1812 continued to rage on. The Americans never captured and held any territory of significance in Canada but they did succeed in breaking through the Central front and laying siege to Fort York (now Toronto). The British spectacularly invaded Washington, D.C. and burned down the White House, forcing Madison and his Cabinet to flee the new capital. Andrew Jackson cemented his hero's status by slaughtering 557 of Tecumseh's Red Stick warriors at Horseshoe Bend in what is now central Alabama and then went on to command one of the more lopsided victories in military history, the Battle of New Orleans - after the war was officially declared over.
Notwithstanding the many ongoing conflicts, by 1814, peace talks were the most critical component of the U.S. government's strategy. Even though Napoleon was now in full retreat and the British were able to re-dedicate their war machine to the North American continent, their assessment of the situation was that the "war was unlikely to be lost but impossible to win." So the two warring factions sent their respective representatives to neutral ground in Ghent, Belgium to negotiate a peace treaty.
To the great surprise of the American delegation, the rights and residency of the Indians once again resurfaced as the centre piece of not just the waging of war, but now to the making of peace. In fact, the British made it clear that the "sine qua non" of any cessation of hostilities was that the Americans agree to an Indian Territory and buffer zone "as a useful and permanent barrier between both parties, rendering British, United Sates and Indians as peaceful neighbours." The American's were flabbergasted. Basically, the British were demanding that they give up what is now Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, 4/5ths of Indiana and 1/3rd of Ohio to become dedicated Indian Territory. Basically, this was the boundary that had existed before the Treaty of Fort Wayne that set off Tecumseh's campaign five years earlier. It was as if Shawnee warrior himself was somehow engineering the terms of peace from the grave.
For the shocked Americans, this was a non-starter. Agreeing to the central British demand would mean abandoning 100,000 U.S. citizens, curtailing any ambition for further western expansion and potentially strengthening the bond between the British and the troublesome Indians. Lead negotiator (and another future American President) John Quincy Adams countered that agreeing to these terms would amount to "the surrender of national independence."
In the end, the armistice and Treaty of Ghent resulted in no territory exchanging hands. What had begun for the British negotiators as their "sine qua non" of peace was abandoned. As the negotiations went back and forth, the British realized that a possible end to hostilities meant that they no longer needed their Indian allies to defend the borders of their colony. At the same time, with the death of Tecumseh, it was equally clear to the Americans that the Indians would never again pose the same kind of substantive military threat. In short, absent any need for, or fear of the Indians, both sides concluded that their interests were of little concern. As a result, the Indians were only granted "all the possessions, rights and privileges which they may have enjoyed or been entitled to in 1811." In other words, the efforts of Tecumseh's confederacy, his death and his defense of Canada were for naught. While both the British and the Americans would declare victory, it was clear that the real losers of the War of 1812 were the Indians.
But the end of the War didn't mean that the Americans were finished with the Indians. The next year, the Cherokees, who had sided with the Americans in subduing the Tecumseh-inspired Creek War, were forced to sell the last of their land in South Carolina. Two years later, the last of Tecumseh's Red Sticks were hunted down and killed in the Florida swamps as Jackson waged the first Seminole War. In 1822, in direct defiance of a Supreme Court ruling, the Georgia legislature began efforts to remove all Indian tribes from its territory. The United States Congress subsequently made Georgia's initiative a nationwide initiative and passed the Indian Removal Act. In the last act of resistance to removal, now-president Andrew Jackson finished what he started and waged the second Creek and Seminole Wars. By 1838, The Indians were fully defeated, and that year were marched out of the South on the "Trail of Tears" to Oklahoma.
In Canada, the Indians fared better ... but only until Confederation, when the government became sufficiently organized to follow America's lead.
Before 1867, the colonial government had signed numerous, sometimes vague or even blank treaties with Canada's Aboriginals. The first of these were largely "Peace and Friendship" treaties, designed to forge political alliances with the Indians and gain their assistance in trade or conflicts with the French. These documents rarely involved the transfer of land or promises of annuities. Throughout the last decades of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th, most treaties arose to accommodate growing British settlement along Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence, and involved small one-time payments that did not forcibly relocate the Indians off the treaty land.
The discovery of minerals along the shores of Lakes Superior and Huron however, changed the game entirely. The Robinson Treaties in 1850, involving massive transfers of land in relatively unpopulated areas, in exchange for reserves, lump sum payments, annuities and defined hunting and fishing rights in unoccupied Crown lands, became the model for future Aboriginal agreements.
But it was Confederation and the British North America Act that introduced a new set of problems and took the nature of relations between the Indians and the new government of Canada to a whole different level.
The problem, of course, was that Canada, consisting of the Atlantic provinces, Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia, had a gaping hole in it that extended from Lake Superior to the Rocky Mountains. This was partly solved by the acquisition of Rupertsland from the Hudson Bay Company in 1869 and the introduction of the Manitoba Act the following year. But these efforts to close "the gap" created another issue - what to do with the Metis and Indians who believed that the vast expanse of land between Manitoba and British Columbia belonged to them? Canadian native history provides a sad and definitive answer to that question - confiscate that land, move the Indians to reserves and if they resist, follow the American model and crush the resistance, either by force or through (what we now know was a planned policy of) starvation.
The pace and scope with which the new government pursued this goal however was truly breathtaking. After putting down Manitoba's Red River rebellion in 1870, the government of Canada entered into seven numbered treaties in six years that saw one of the largest confiscations of lands in modern history. The entirety of what is now the central and southern Prairie provinces were transferred to the federal government. In fact, even before the railroad, this was Canada's first act of national enterprise.
Having secured the northern part of the continent, the new government of Canada saw no need for any further negotiations. But because Macdonald and others also saw nothing worth preserving in Indian culture, they still sought to expunge it. Indian agents and missionaries were dispatched to reservations to manage the affairs and Christianize the "wards of the state." Ceremonies such as potlatches and the sun dances were outlawed; a pass system was introduced that controlled both entry to and exit from the reserves; and "nations" were broken down into bands, with tribes relocated at will.
After over 20 years of inactivity - and only because of the discovery of gold in the Yukon in 1896 - treaty negotiations began anew. Three years later, Treaty #8 was finalized and ceded parts of Northern British Columbia, Alberta and Saskatchewan and the southern portion of the Northwest Territories. After a short lull of 6 years Treaties #9 and #10 saw Northern Ontario and the rest of Northern Alberta transferred from the Indians to the federal government. The last of the numbered Treaties had to wait almost 15 years but with the discovery of oil in Norman Wells, the government saw the need to acquire the rest of the Northwest Territories and the Yukon. The coup de grace came two years later in 1923 with the Williams Treaties which cleaned up earlier, ambiguous and blank treaties going back to the 1700s and forced the Aboriginals to give up hunting and fishing rights in previously surrendered land - a practice that had been guaranteed in the all the treaties previous to it.
In six short years the government of Canada had secured their nation at the Indian's expense, and within 50 years, the mopping up was complete. By and large, all of these numbered treaties exist unchanged to this day. Virtually all are being contested in the courts and are subject to land claims disputes and only a handful of new treaties have been successfully negotiated in almost a century.
While they vary in detail, the general thrust of all the treaties is more or less the same. Millions of square miles of what was Indian territory were surrendered to the federal government in exchange for a one-time "present" (of usually around $10-12) for every man, woman and child belonging to the affected band; an additional payoff to the Chief (of around $25) and up to four "subordinates" (on the order of $15); a one-time provision of farm implements and seeds "for the encouragement of the practice of agriculture"; an annual stipend (usually around $1,000 - $1,500) for the purchase of ammunition and twine; the promise to maintain schools on the reserve; (until the Williams Treaties) the right to hunt and fish on the ceded land (provided the government did not have other plans for it, such as mining or the creation of non-aboriginal communities); and the setting aside of "reserves" usually equal to one square mile of land for each family of five.
As an illustration of how anachronistic these still-enforced treaties are, they also provided for an annual payment of $5 for every band member - a ritual that is practiced on reserves to this day.
Not only were these treaties patently one-sided and unfair, the understanding of their purpose and intent, and the obligations of the parties to each other, were as unclear when they were signed as they are contentious today.
At the center of this misunderstanding was the very concept of what constituted "land." For the non-aboriginals, land was simply property that could be bought, sold and "owned" like any other commodity in a mercantile or capitalistic system. For the aboriginals, land was an extension of the self and the Indian people. As Tecumseh noted, it could no more be sold than the air or sea. The notion that land could be "surrendered" therefore, was completely inimical to their very understanding of what was at issue. As Aboriginals saw it, they were not selling the land but merely sharing and letting the crown use it.
For the government, the treaties represented a straightforward legal transaction - a buy-sell arrangement - where land was purchased in exchange for cash and services. For the Aboriginals, the documents simply outlined relations between two peoples. So for example, Treaty #6 (for the first time) provided the Plain and Wood Creek Indians who signed it with a guarantee that the Indian Agent would keep a medicine chest in his residence. To the legalistic European mind the meaning of this provision was literal - the Indian agent was given a physical medicine chest and their obligations were finished. For the Indians, the "medicine chest" was metaphorical - a guarantee of health care for all time.
At an entirely other level of incomprehension, each party also had (and has) a completely different interpretation of the status of the other and who they were dealing with. The Aboriginals saw themselves as sovereign and the negotiations as between two separate "nations." The federal government paid (and continues to pay) lip service to this notion, but their behaviour makes it apparent that they viewed this as little more than a quaint conceit and in reality, expected the First Nations to cede to the authority and dominance of "the crown."
It is this gaping chasm between how the First Nations' leadership and the federal government view each other's respective obligations, rights and status that has led to the failure to modernize these treaties. It is also at the heart of our ongoing bitter and acrimonious relations, destined to stay in this sordid state of affairs until we come to acknowledge and accept these differences.
When we puzzle at how it is possible for Canadians - who view ourselves, above all else, as tolerant, reasonable and a "good people" - to look on the plight of Canada's indigenous peoples with such indifference, we would be well advised to trace the deeply rooted fear and misunderstanding Tecumseh triggered towards Indians in his time. His uncompromising fierceness - both physically and intellectually - was a direct threat to the North American ambition and made him too dangerous to live. And to eliminate the Indian, it became necessary to demonize and dehumanize the Indian. In this regard, Tecumseh can be seen a metaphor for all Indians. The threat he posed and the danger he represented was inherited by all Aboriginals at the time and arguably, all who came after.
The significance of Tecumseh in our history cannot be underestimated, yet for most of the last 200 years, his power and the influence he wielded over Indian thought has not been recognized as a significant part of our national story. Perhaps more importantly, our failure to acknowledge the central role indigenous people played in shaping our history - and the distorted picture of that role, when it is offered - plays out in aboriginal and non-aboriginal affairs to this day.
As with the tale of Tecumseh, these modern relations have been marked by a repeated pattern - of misunderstanding, betrayal and ignoring.
While our record is far from unblemished, Canadians did not massacre Indians on anywhere near the same scale as the Americans. But we did "remove" them in much the same way, relocating them to isolated and remote areas, relegating them to the status of "the other" and hiding them out of sight from our conscience. But it will be impossible to ignore them for much longer, as indigenous people are now the fastest growing demographic in Canadian society. Not only do we have a moral responsibility to come to grips with what has become a stain on Canada's international reputation, but given the recognition of aboriginal rights in the Canadian Charter and in a series of recent court rulings, failure to do so will invariably mean that economic and resource development will come to a grinding halt.
Tecumseh believed that his people and whites were essentially different. He was and is right in this regard. The temperament, world vision, spiritualism and especially the history of aboriginal and non-aboriginal Canadians are worlds apart. Nothing in our history or experience would provide non-aboriginals with a frame of reference to understand why anyone would chose to live a 16th century and isolated lifestyle in our interconnected digital world; or why individual ownership of property would be contentious or divisive; or why preserving and protecting "the land" would take priority over exploiting and exhausting our resources; or why spiritualism, ceremony or respect could be more valued than materialism, competition and "winning." And we lack this perspective not just because our history does not include the surrender of our property, or the removal from our homes or residential schools or the stigma of systematic second class citizenship - in sum, of being misunderstood, betrayed and ignored for 200 years. We lack this understanding because we have never cared enough to acknowledge these differences, learn their importance and accept their permanence.
On this, the 200 anniversary of Tecumseh's death, if we really want to honour his contribution to saving Canada perhaps it is time to end this pattern and set out to mend the wounds of the past... or forever be haunted by his ghost.
Follow Allan Gregg on Twitter: www.twitter.com/allangregg


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These classic tweezers also come in a fun leopard print design.
An introduction to the pluckers, shapers, and fillers you need for getting your best-looking brows.
You probably recognize these tweezers from your mom's vanity table, your best friend's bathroom cabinet, and countless magazine stories. But what you might not know is that they've been winning beauty awards for the past 30 years. Made of stainless steel, they'll last you for years without wearing down. The hand-filed precision tips are slanted to help you grip even the finest hairs.
Tweeze your brows to arched perfection (just make sure you don't overpluck).
I'm not sure how you even write a review for tweezers. They... tweeze. Effectively. And they are solid, and so far they haven't rusted.
After getting frustrated with cheap tweezers, I spurged and bought the tweezerman slant tweezer. These are great! Light and great construction, the precision tips pick up even fine hairs. Definetly a worthwhile purchase!
They're tweezers. They pluck hair. They pluck the hair I want plucked. I guess that's what you want in tweezers.
I have had better tweezer. I didn't think they did a good job at all I wouldn't recommend these at all
Very sturdy and it is the perfect weight and slant on the end. Hopefully I don't lose these so I can keep these around for years and years.

subset: commoncrawl


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Philly is now 11 weeks old and growing so fast! I still can't leave her out of her pen with my JRT in the house, but there are times I can keep them seperate and let Philly out. She's learning, with the squirt bottle technique, not to climb screens and curtains, and not to dig in my plants.
Here are a few pictures of her watching the Phillies and with her new toys:


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- About RIC
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MUSE 502: Perception, Assessment, and Evaluation in Music
The nature of musical perception, discrimination, and talent are studied, with emphasis on music aptitude and the theories on which they are based, such as learning theories. Included are standard evaluation techniques.
3 credit hours
- Graduate status
Page last updated: Monday, October 2, 2006


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Heatshield HP Starter Shield 1/16'' Thick, 7 1/4'' x 21 3/4''
- Rated for 1100F continuous use, 2000F intermittent.
- Prevents starter heat soak so you are not stranded
- Easy installation, starter removal is not necessary
HP Starter Shields, pro-long your starter's life and improve its performance! Our starter heat shields help prevent starter failure caused by overheating. Using a heat shield for the solenoid and starter can prevent the starter from having starter heat lock. Quality construction and design allow for easy installation. Simply wrap the heat shield cover around the starter and fasten with the hook and loop fasteners; starter removal is not necessary in most cases. Two different sizes are available; therefore, trimming is not necessary. Our heavy-duty starter shield is recommended in situations where there is less than 1inch of air space between the starter heat shield and the heat source. Investing a little now can save you time and money in the future!
Application List
Insulation Type:Radiant heat barrier, requires 1 Inch of airspace. Not designed for direct contact.
Material:Aluminized Fiberglass
- 501000
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How mobile technology is changing travel [INFOGRAPHIC]
Well, yes, we all know it is (especially now with this latest research), but sometimes the speed in which mobile travel has evolved is lost in the midst of constant app launches and new devices.
So here is a decent summary of developments in the world of mobile and travel in the past few years, by way of the obligatory information, courtesy of My Destination.
About the Writer :: Kevin May
Kevin is senior editor and a co-founder at Tnooz. He was previously editor of UK-based magazine Travolution and web editor of Media Week UK from 2003 to 2005.
He has worked in regional newspapers (Essex Enquirer) and started his career at the Police Gazette at New Scotland Yard in London. He has a degree in criminology, a postgraduate diploma in magazine journalism and publishes his first book - a biography about Depeche Mode - in 2017.
Is is possible to get an insight in the research paper that was used to make this infographic? I am very interested in this subject and would like to see the sources of all numbers. Thanks in advance! Greetings Natalie
I love graphics like this. I am confused on the one towards the top though – the 139% column bar for the UK. I'm not that statistically knowledgeable, but figured this chart couldn't go over 100% for each bar. Am I missing something? Is it that a person could have more than one mobile device; so if I had two mobile devices, my mobile penetration would be 200%?
You're right TomR, This figure shows that in the UK, there are more mobile devices than people in age to have one
Tim Chester
Nice infographic. Would love to know where all the airports with free wifi are – it still amazes me how much transport hubs charge to access the internet.
Hey Tim,
I completely agree – on trains you have to pay…even if you have just forked out over £100 to go somewhere only 3 hours away. Looking forward to the increase of free wifi as the year goes on.
Come l'avvento del Mobile sta cambiando il mondo del Turismo | Internet Mobile
[…] tnooz.com via Antonello on Pinterest 04 mag 2012 / 0 Comments in Internet Mobile, Mobile Marketingby […]
Comment le mobile transforme le monde du voyage – Infographie « Etourisme Marketing. Cours Ritzy
[…] tnooz.com via Pierre on Pinterest Évaluez ceci : Share […]
50% wait times? I do not understand where that comes from. GateGuru and TSA apps are the only apps with that data. I've only seen two airports with this data on their websites.
Hay Zachary,
This particular insight came from travel trade magazine. I hope this helps!


text: Expanding Yokowo's line of two-piece battery connectors is a compact version with two fewer blades than the original six-blade type. The four-blade model allows for both horizontal and vertical blade insertion, and its compact size yields a pitch reduction from 3 mm to 2.5 mm. The receptacle side features a dual-beam contact in both insertion directions to ensure a constant connection. Other features include a current rating of 2 A per blade, 30-mΩ maximum (initial) contact resistance, an operating temperature ranging from –40°C to 85°C, a voltage rating of 12 V ac/dc, and a functional lifespan of 2000 cycles. For more details, visit www.yokowoconnector.com/productline/index.html.


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|GTA V Latest News | #GTAV | #GTAOnline
2005 New Videos
GTA: San Andreas - File Downloads | @ 10:42 PM MDT | By Zidane
I've made some short video clips of some neat things. An 'easter egg', two glitches, and the 'biggest jump in GTA history'. If you've got some time to kill, check 'em out! More coming soon.
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You can check out all of the videos at the videos page.
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Video Pick // Afghanistan by Augustin Pictures
Afghanistan – touch down in flight from Augustin Pictures on Vimeo.
Afghanistan shot by Lukas and Salome Augustin of Augustin Pictures. The imagery is beautiful!
As each of us has his own impression of Afghanistan that is predominantly marked with pictures of foreign forces, explosions and terror, we were privileged to have access to capture daily life and portrait some people of Afghanistan.
We hope the pictures you know will merge with the pictures you see and will enrich your view on the country in the Hindu Kush.
Locations: Kabul and Mazar-e Sharif


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Q School Set For Record Field
OVER 200 players have now entered the 2013 PDC Qualifying School, which will be held from January 17-20 at the Robin Park Tennis Centre in Wigan.
Players will challenge to win Tour Cards to compete full-time on the PDC circuit this year across four days of competition in Wigan.
Four players from each day will win a Tour Card, with at least two and up to six further Tour Cards on offer from the Q School Order of Merit, which will be made up of performances of players across all four events.
In addition, all players who do not win Tour Cards will then become Associate Members of the PDPA and entitled to compete in UK Open Qualifiers and European Tour Qualifiers throughout the year.
Associate Members will also be able, in ranking order, to top up the field for Players Championship events should all 128 Tour Card Holders not enter.
The record interest in Qualifying School has seen almost 250 players already enter for the event, including former Las Vegas Desert Classic champion Peter Manley, 2005 UK Open finalist Barrie Bates, former World Matchplay winner Peter Evison and experienced stars Steve Maish, Chris Thompson, Mark Lawrence and Darren Johnson.
In addition, they are joined by a number of international aces who recently competed in the Ladbrokes World Darts Championship, headed by Daryl Gurney - who reached the second round - German teenager Max Hopp, South African youngster Charl Pietersen, Finland Jani Haavisto and Spain's Carlos Rodriguez.
Pietersen is looking to emulate his fellow countryman Devon Peterson, who won a Tour Card two years ago at Q School but is taking a year out in 2013 to overcome an arm injury.
The field also includes former World Cup of Darts competitors Ken MacNeil, Dyson Parody, Dylan Duo, Marko Kantele, Par Riihonen and Rocco Maes, plus the Team Taylor/Redtooth Darts winner Paul Amos, alongside 13 other players from the event which ran across the UK last year.
Entry for the PDC Qualifying School, costing £200, is open until midday on Tuesday January 15 through the PDPA, either online via www.pdpa.co.uk or by calling 01228 594 273.
The top 64 players from the PDC Order of Merit following the Ladbrokes World Darts Championship retain their Tour Card by right, with only Devon Petersen relinquishing his Tour Card.
A further 40 players who held Tour Cards from the 2012 PDC Qualifying School also have Tour Cards, while Scandinavian Darts Corporation Order of Merit winner Jarkko Komula is joined by PDC Unicorn Youth Tour Order of Merit players Chris Aubrey and Josh Payne in winning a two-year Tour Card.
This leaves 22 Tour Cards available, with 16 coming from the four winners on each of the four days at Qualifying School, with up to six available from the Q School Order of Merit should the four Lakeside Championship semi-finalists decline the offer of a Tour Card.
2013 Tour Card Holders
PDC Order of Merit (64, minus Devon Petersen)
Phil Taylor, Adrian Lewis, James Wade, Michael van Gerwen, Simon Whitlock, Andy Hamilton, Wes Newton, Raymond van Barneveld, Dave Chisnall, Justin Pipe, Gary Anderson, Kevin Painter, Mervyn King, Paul Nicholson, Robert Thornton, Terry Jenkins, Ronnie Baxter, Mark Webster, Brendan Dolan, Kim Huybrechts, Vincent van der Voort, Mark Walsh, Colin Lloyd, John Part, Richie Burnett, Peter Wright, Andy Smith, Steve Beaton, Colin Osborne, Ian White, Denis Ovens, Wayne Jones, Jamie Caven, Scott Rand, Michael Smith, Steve Brown, Mark Hylton, Alan Tabern, John Henderson, Co Stompe, Joe Cullen, Dean Winstanley, James Richardson, Magnus Caris, Arron Monk, Dennis Priestley, Jelle Klaasen, Roland Scholten, Steve Farmer, Nigel Heydon, Michael Mansell, James Hubbard, Dennis Smith, William O'Connor, Peter Hudson, Darren Webster, Mark Dudbridge, Jerry Hendriks, Mensur Suljovic, Antonio Alcinas, Mark Jones, John Bowles, Shaun Griffiths.
2012 Tour Card Holders (40)
Gino Vos, Johnny Haines, Stuart Kellett, Andy Jenkins, Jamie Lewis, Richie Howson, Tony West, Jim Walker, Nick Fullwell, Andrew Gilding, Adrian Gray, Ted Hankey, Matt Clark, Michael Barnard, Connie Finnan, Ross Smith, Gareth Cousins, Matthew Edgar, Tony Littleton, Keith J Stephen, Mareno Michels, Reece Robinson, Keegan Brown, Gareth Pass, Bernd Roith, Joe Murnan, Liam Kelly, John Scott, Darren Whittingham, Steve Grubb, Stephen Hardy, Gary Butcher, Andrew Cornwall, Paddy Meaney, Les Wallace, Steve West, Daniel Starkey, Kurt Van De Rijck, Paul Barham, Jeff Smith
PDC Unicorn Youth Tour - Tour Card Winners (2)
Chris Aubrey, Josh Payne
SDC Order of Merit Winner (1)
Jarkko Komula


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Bulls Drop 9-3 Decision to West Virginia in Game 2
By USF
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TAMPA- Despite three hits from sophomore Jimmy Falla and senior Jonathan Koscso, the University of South Florida baseball team (10-13, 1-1) dropped a 9-3 decision to West Virginia (15-10, 1-1) Saturday evening at the USF Baseball Stadium.
Koscso and Falla accounted for six of the Bulls' 13 hits on the night. USF out hit West Virginia, 13-12, but left 13 men on base.
The Bulls tagged WVU starter Harrison Musgrave for 12 hits over the span of 8.0 innings but only could muster up three runs. Musgrave threw 140 pitches on the night.
USF starter Matt Reed retired the first seven batters he faced but fell into some trouble in the top of the third after surrendering a one-out walk and two consecutive singles leading to the opening scoring in the game for both teams.
The Bulls were quick to answer.
In the bottom of the frame, Koscso led off the inning with a single, stole second, then advanced to third on a wild pitch putting him in position to score on a one-out RBI groundout by junior Sam Mende.
The tie game was short lived as West Virginia scored three in the fourth. The Mountaineers would chase Reed in the fourth after a lead-off triple and an RBI single to make it 5-1.
The four plus innings for Reed were the shortest in five starts this season for the lefty. He would scatter eight hits, giving up six runs, all earned. He struck out two while walking one.
Reed suffered the loss, his second of the season.
Falla continued to swing with a two-out, RBI single in the bottom of the seventh to cut the WVU lead to 6-2. Andrew Longley walked after the Falla single to load the bases but they would stay loaded as Alex Mendez went down swinging to end the scoring threat.
After 3.1 innings of scoreless relief, WVU finally got to Bulls reliever Andrew Loynaz in the eighth scoring a run after he walked the first two batters of the inning. Jimmy Moran came into the game with two on and one out but WVU would go on to score three in the inning as Moran, making his first appearance since March 8th, fell victim to a two-run error by Brazeal at first and an RBI double by Grant Buckner.
USF picked up their third and final run of the night on an RBI single by Koscso, scoring Longley, who lead off the inning with a double.
The Bulls will look to take the series in the rubber match of the three game set. The finale on Sunday will begin at 1 p.m.
Game Notes
Tonight's attendance was 1685... The game was played in 2:49... The 4.0 innings plus inning by Reed was his shortest this season... Reed had went 6.0 innings or more in all four of his previous starts and 7.0 or more in three... The appearance for Moran is the first since March 8th vs. Florida Gulf Coast... Falla is seven for his last nine... The multi-hit game for Falla is his fifth in his last eight games... Andrew Loynaz worked a career-high 3.1 innings... All nine USF batters registered a hit but Falla and Koscso were the only ones to have more than one hit.


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The second sequel Lego Star Wars computer game is due to hit the shops in February 2011, the Blog reads in the weekend papers.
Lego Star Wars 3: The Clone Wars is a traditional fantasy game starring the characters from Star Wars with an adorable Lego makeover.
Lego, made of bright shiny ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), is the perfect petrochemical toy, and this screen-based representation of its attractions is sure to introduce it to new generations of young followers.


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Pro Guide - Mario Galaxy 2 Edn
by: Shrinktheweb S.A. • 20
All Android applications categories
by: Shrinktheweb S.A. • 20
This guide app includes: Complete Walkthrough, Cheats, Tips, Star List, General Help, Infinite 1 Ups, Unlockables, Easter Eggs and much more for Super Mario Galaxy 2!
*This app is unofficial, please read Disclaimer at bottom of description*
Need some help in Super Mario Galaxy 2? Included in this app is a full guide, cheat code and tip list. You can carry your guide around easily to a friends house and e-mail your friends specific sections right from your phone.
• Cheats
• Tips
• Complete Walkthrough
• Unlockables
• Easter Eggs
This is an unofficial guide. We are not affiliated with the developers or publishers of this game title in any manner. No one has anyone else authorized, sponsored or sanctioned this unofficial guide. It is the sole creation and responsibility of Shrinktheweb S. A.
All characters and their names and all places and events and all other aspects are the property of their respective owners. All trademark and copyright concerning are the property of their respective owners. We make no claim to and do not have any rights to any of the foregoing.
In creating this unofficial guide, we assert its rights under the "fair use" doctrine pursuant to United States copyright law and the equivalent in other jurisdictions. If you believe that there has been a contravention of your proprietary rights then email details to firstname.lastname@example.com
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Team preview: Eastern Wash.
Blue Ribbon Illustrated previews the 2003-04 college basketball season, exclusively on Insider.
Updated: November 5, 2003, 10:48 AM ETBlue Ribbon Yearbook
Editor's Note: Insider has teamed with Blue Ribbon College Basketball Yearbook, long known as the Bible of college basketball, to provide a comprehensive look at all 327 Division I teams.
Eastern Washington, under third-year coach Ray Giacoletti, has emerged as a Big Sky Conference contender each and every season, following the strong foundation built by former EWU coach and current Loyola-Marymount head man Steve Aggers. The Eagles have won 15 or more games in each of the last five seasons.
A program that was once considered the dregs of the Big Sky has now maintained excellence.
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- Tourney Losses Remembered
- Tournament losses tend to stick in coaches' minds.
Medcalf »
- Wins In March Help Recruiting
- One NCAA tournament run can do wonders for recruiting.
- Epic Final Four Ahead
- Look at the teams. This Final Four just feels big.
First look »
- Coaches: Badgers have great shot vs. UK
- Coaches: Duke will end Michigan State run
- Goodman: Grading every D-I coaching hire
- Recruiting: Eliminated teams' chances in '16
- Transfer List: Top 10 transfers, complete list


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A Night Spent Learning About Black Holes
A few months ago I was in Waterloo, Canada. Anyone who knows anything about me and knows anything about Waterloo can probably guess I was there to visit Research In Motion, the company behind the iconic Blackberry. It was an interesting visit, and an interesting town. One of RIM's founders, Mike Lazaridis, with whom I met, poured some of his personal fortune into launching The Perimeter Institute For Theoretical Physics, which I also visited. It's a place where some of the world's smartest people gather to try to decode what are literally the very secrets of the universe.
The day of my visit happened to coincide with a public lecture by Brian Greene, a professor of mathematics and physics at Columbia University. He's the author of "The Elegant Universe" which was adapted into a PBS TV series of the same name. I was invited to attend the lecture and since I had nothing else to do other than return to my hotel room, I accepted. I was warned however to arrive early as seats would fill up soon.
The lecture was given not at the Perimeter Institute itself, but rather at a local high school auditorium. I arrived, was surprised at the turnout. It seemed the entire town had turned up on a beautiful late summer evening to sit in a stuffy un-air conditioned auditorium to hear a physics lecture. I wondered how often this sort of thing happens in the U.S. It was indeed, standing room only.
I hadn't thought much about the lecture since then. It was certainly fascinating. Greene spoke about, and focused mostly on the finer points of black holes. He relied for some of the lecture on material from his latest book, "Icarus At The Edge Of Time" to illustrate complicated points. I had mostly forgotten about it, until I read the news that Stephen Hawking is The Perimeter Institute's new distinguished research chair, which means he'll be visiting Waterloo a few times a year beginning in the summer of 2009, and hopefully giving some public lectures, for which, I'm sure the entire city of Waterloo will turn out.
What I had also forgotten since that night was the fact that I had recorded the lecture. Today I ran across the file by chance, and thought I'd share the audio here. It's about 68 minutes long (I didn't edit out the introductions) but you can now hear Brian Greene's lecture on black holes too. It is, I think, worth the time, even if you have absolutely no interest in theoretical physics.


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Open Front Split is a front split variation, which relied on the flexibility of the inner thighs first and hamstrings. Open front split requires the hips to be one in front of the other. This split is often compared to the True Front Split, where the hips are squared.
Watch Open Front Split Muscle Anatomy Animation and Training Program Trailer
This split variation is often used for various dance elements such as Ponche, martial arts elements such as kicking, figure skating elements such as Illusion Spin and many other skills in various sports and disciplines.
Many people perform this split largely from the flexibility of their inner hamstrings on the lead leg. This allows the hips to get to the floor in a split, but places a lot of stress on the front leg, and on the lower back if one would try to sit up right. This often leads to injuries when the split is transfered over into skills.Kinesiological Stretching techniques allow a complete focus not only on each hip individually, but on each of the muscles separately. This makes sure that the flexiblility is coming from all the structures. Each muscles does it's job, instead of all the pressure being placed on already overstretches muscles. And just like all other EasyFlexibility Programs. The results come fast and safe.
NOTE: This product is available in both DIGITAL & DVD (PHYSICAL) form. Please make your selection from the drop down menu below.
Adductors Strength & Flexibility All Levels
Back Bending Beginner
Butterfly Stretch
Foot and Ankle
Glutes, Abductors and Iliotibial Band


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SpeedCommander is a comfortable file manager. It builds on the proven two window technology and offers a multitude of exclusive features. Sort, copy, move or delete your files either using the keyboard or the mouse. It reads and creates ZIP archives, Microsoft CAB files, and fully supports ten additional compression formats. The newly expanded search feature will find files within all ten supported Archive formats. The internal file viewer displays over 80 graphics and text formats. In addition, it contains a powerful text editor with numerous extras including syntax highlighting. With the integrated FTP client, you can both download files from the net and upload your own web pages. It even integrates a web browser for you to surf the web.
Reviewing 15.50.7800 (Jan 14, 2015)
The very 1st TC is from 1993. I doubt Speed Commander is older than that.
A good program IMO, adds stuff compared to TC but most of it is useless to me and it's nowhere near as fast as TC.
Reviewing 15.10.7400 (May 31, 2014)
Given that SpeedCommander existed years before Total/Windows Commander, I'm amazed by TC's fanboy commants about how SpeedCommander is a knockoff ... :-)
(And no, no one can expect a developer to speak all languages fluently enough. Less English nationalism please!)
Reviewing 15.10.7400 (Dec 10, 2013)
I've used a free version of this program for years and find that it works very well.
Lots of options and modern UI.
-1 for being way too expensive.
Standard $54.93
Pro $82.43
Reviewing 15.00.7340 (Oct 9, 2013)
This looks to be quite an ordinary piece of software compared to Xplorer2 (http://fileforum.betanew...l/XplorerA/1125310745/1). Xplorer2 not only seems to be much better but is available as a free version or a USD19.95 paid version. I have used Xplorer2 for many years and highly recommend it.
Reviewing 14 Beta 1 (Aug 4, 2011)
From homepage of the program.
Unit Price: USD 62.11
Total: USD 62.11
[Info] includes 19% sales tax/VAT to USD 52.19: USD 9.92
Delivery: License key
Does not match what this site say's it costs, nearly twice as expensive.
Support forum german only.
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Reducing Your Possibility For Anxiety Attacks
Sometimes our emotions take over control and we feel like there is nothing we can do to stop them. This is what typically occurs when you have a panic attack. However, the only way to overcome it is through self discipline. You are really the only person in the world that can actually alleviate your onset of anxiety attacks. Let's take a quick look at some of the little things you can do to help prevent yourself from having these stressful episodes.
You can control your breathing, even though it feels like you can't. When you have an attack your breathing will become very short and quick. Sometime people tend to stop breathing for a few moments. Continually tell yourself you can breath. Train yourself to start taking larger gasps of air and try to return your breathing back to its normal state. This will take some time and effort. You have to believe in yourself and on a subconscious level your body will want to calm down your breathing when you have an attack. This is like tricking your brain into doing what you actually want, without you really knowing you are doing the activity.
Speaking with your partner, friend, or even medical professional is a great start. Sometimes these anxiety attacks are brought on by feelings that we have let build and build up too far. Talking it out with someone who is understanding will take a literal load off of your chest. The power of just saying out loud the problems we are having is immense. And having someone to listen and acknowledge our feelings makes us feel better about having them in the first place. We know that it's hard to say the first word to someone else, but once you get going the rest will just flow right out of you.
Identifying the causes of your stress is one of the best methods to start eliminating them one by one and decreasing your possibility of having panic attacks. Physically sit down with a pencil and paper. Think about the things that cause stress in your life. This shouldn't be too hard as they should be the first things that come to mind. And when you think about these situations they will bring your emotions to the forefront. This will give you the perfect identifier for the degree to which these things are causing you to stress out. Many people have reported just the physical act of writing down their stress sources is a great first step in their healing process. They finally come to terms with the true issues they are having in life, and they see them right on the paper in front of them. There is no way of escaping it once it becomes real, and by real we mean out of your head.


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Date of Stay: October, 2009
Wow, this is a unique park which has an indoor pool and workout area. The owners are really nice and seem to always have a positive attitude. There is great variety of wildlife in the park, so pets must be on leashes. I really loved the deer and donkeys live next door. This is a well kept park and the landscape and grounds are very well maintained. There is a quiet time in the park at 10pm and I found that to be a blessing. I love the peace and quiet that this resort has and I really like the concept of recycling. All of the people I met at the park were really friendly. If you have a chance to stay in the Texas Hill Country, this is a park I highly recommend. It's a paradise.
Date of Stay: January, 2009
I was tired driving in late at night however I found the manager to be very nice. The park seemed to be neat and tidy as far as I could tell. Like I said I was there only for a quick night sleep then off to Meridian.


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Chromecast Impressions, New Details: Hands-On With Google's TV Dongle [VIDEO]
- Brett Nuckles , Design & Trend
- Jul, 26, 2013, 08:11 AM
New details have surfaced about Chromecast after it was launched yesterday.
Early reviews of Google's TV dongle are pending but hands-on impressions of the device have begun to surface.
Wired reports that Chromecast is "fundamentally different" from services like Apple TV or TiVo. There is no video functionality built into the device.
Rather, users can plug the two-inch dongle into the HDMI port on their HDTV and instantly beam games, video and other content from your Android phone, tablet or Chromebook laptop straight to the TV.
At least in theory. Only smartphone apps that have built-in support for Chromecast can be used in tandem with the device. For now that includes just three apps: Netflix, YouTube and Google Play.
But app developers are expected to adopt the functionality at a rapid pace.
And since Chromecast's streaming capabilities rely on Wi-Fi, it needs a robust Wi-Fi signal and a good connection to work properly, according to Wired. But if you have the necessary equipment, setup is reportedly a breeze, taking as little as three minutes.
And users of iOS devices will be momentarily disappointed. The Chromecast setup page currently says iOS support is "coming soon," despite a promise of support from Google.
You can order Chromecast right now on Google's Play Store for a bargain $35. The device was announced yesterday at a press event in San Francisco, ZDNet reports.
A developer preview of the Chromecast SDK also launched yesterday for Android, iOS and Chrome apps.
The device itself is also available for purchase from Amazon and Best Buy in addition to Google's Play Store, Ars Technica reports.
Chromecast will also sync with music apps like Google Music and Pandora to turn your entertainment center into a digital jukebox.
Watch a review from Android Authority below:


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There are football fans in many parts of the world who consider America to be a backwater of the sport. They view it only as a place where washed up players go to see out their careers, where the people don't understand the game, and a place where they don't even call it by the proper name.
But Richard Fleming has a very different view. Arsenal supporters will recognize him as a former host of the MatchDay Show on Arsenal Player and as one of the Club's play-by-play announcers. He recently left England to join Arsenal's partner club in Major League Soccer, Colorado Rapids, as their Director of Broadcasting and new play-by-play voice.
The veteran journalist, who worked for the BBC for 16 years, has covered the World Cup, Africa Cup of Nations and virtually every level of English football. But he also put in a lot of time studying the game in America and developed not just a fondness for Major League Soccer, but a very healthy respect for the growing league and its passionate following.
We caught up with Richard to talk about the game in America and how it is growing by leaps and bounds. In part one of our interview we discussed his move to the States, the evolution of Major League Soccer from a feisty start-up to influential league, and the state of the game in America.
» Part two: Emulating Arsenal?
There has been a big media push, the fan base is growing, there are soccer-specific stadiums, and I think it's the place to be.
What was behind your move to America?
"It was interesting at the time when I covered three MLS Cups in 2004, 2005 and 2006. So few major industries wanted to be connected with soccer. They didn't see it as a growth industry, whereas now, people want to be associated with the sport and I think it's noticeable that NBC have gotten on board. There has been a big media push, the fan base is growing, there are soccer-specific stadiums, and I think it's the place to be. That was one of my reasons behind leaving London and heading over here.
"It's a growing market. And you look at Europe and the rest of the soccer world where they are looking to bring in the Financial Fair Play, clubs are spending way beyond their means. There are so many clubs in England that have gone into administration, gone into liquidation, and money is tight. It still has popularity and the fans are still going but MLS is just slowly and patiently building it up, building a brand and it's now in position where its strong and its getting stronger. And that's why I joined the new British invasion."
How is "soccer" in America different from the rest of the world?
"Over the years I've put together about 10 documentaries on various aspects of Major League Soccer. From the early days things were slightly different from what the rest of the world was used to: centralized contracts, salary caps, all of that. And then of course there is this hunger – which I know the rest of the world is now beginning to latch onto – the hunger for statistics. In Europe we never had anything like that. An assist didn't exist. You weren't listed for an assist in a goal. It's just crept into the English game more and more. So now there are things that are beginning to spill over in the other direction."
Why has it taken so long for soccer to take hold in America?
"It fascinated me that the largest sports-loving nation in the world never fully embraced soccer. So I looked into why it hadn't really taken off in America. Historically there are people who point to the Wall Street crash as having a detrimental effect on the growth of the game and as the trigger for the downward spiral of soccer in the early part of the 20th century. It was very much an immigrant sport and the first thing to go industrial-wise were the saw mills and the steel works where a lot of the immigrants were based. And of course the sport that they played on a social level was soccer – was football. So the social side of the companies went and then the companies went under.
It fascinated me that the largest sports-loving nation in the world never fully embraced soccer.
"After that soccer always struggled to regain that popularity because then the other more popular American sports took over. The nationalist sort of fervor that emerged in the Second World War took grip and history suggests that NFL, the NBA, baseball and hockey took hold.
"Now it is reinventing itself with Major League Soccer. When I was over in 2004-2005 and 2006 they were just beginning to rebuild slowly because the [Tampa Bay] Mutiny and [Miami] Fusion had gone to the wall, other clubs were struggling, clubs were playing in NFL stadiums and many of the doom-merchants were saying, 'We knew that was going to happen.'"
What is the state of the sport in America now?
"Portland, the [Seattle] Sounders, the Canadian sides coming on – Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver – I think it's a huge indication to where this sport is going. I remember [MLS Commissioner] Don Garber saying in 2004, 'We'll build slowly. We're going to have soccer-specific stadiums and the growth is going to be steady and be patient.' Here we are, nine years later and there are 19 teams and more want to be on board.
"You've got a queue of teams looking to join MLS, looking to be that 20th franchise. New York is obviously the front runner and that's the favourite option of MLS but there is also Orlando, Phoenix, Atlanta a whole host of others. I think it's even getting to the point where people are talking relegation and promotion and talking about two divisions. It's an incredibly healthy state."
What is your impression of the fans in North America?
"I have noticed that the knowledge of the fans now is far greater than even in 2004 or 2005. There was an understanding then of course, but now there is a real passion. And it's a huge pat on the back to the fans because they have got to this point despite the media.
"I think one of the big differences in North America is geographical – you don't have stadiums that are 70 per cent home fans and 30 per cent away fans. You don't have that rivalry in the stadium confines although there are pockets of fans who do travel.
"But there's a perception – the wrong perception – that fans outside of the US have because they listen to the vociferous anti-soccer fraternity that have a voice in the US that says 'It's not a sport' or 'It's for girls or the youngsters' and that perception has filtered over to other parts of the world. There is this belief that because soccer is not the No. 1 sport in the US that for some reason there isn't an understanding or knowledge. But I tell my colleagues, 'You know what? They know as much about soccer, football, call it what you like, as the rest of the world.'"
Many Premier League clubs – especially Arsenal – have a huge following in America. So where did this impression come from?
"Part of that is the media haven't always fully embraced it over here. That, I think, is a huge applause for the fans that they have taken that upon themselves to learn, to educate themselves. They now know more about global soccer than most of the journalists who are working in it. They follow it, they are hungry for this sport and they have a passion that is as passionate as any of the teams in Europe.
I tell my colleagues, 'You know what? They know as much about soccer, football, call it what you like, as the rest of the world.'
"I think some of the media over here have – either by decision or by just taking their eye off the ball – have not kept pace with the growth of soccer. Whether that's because they felt that it's a niche sport or that their budget, their focus and their direction is on NFL or NBA.
"But the mass media is beginning now – NBC was a big push – and you can talk to some of the soccer journalists here who are as good as any soccer journalists anywhere in the world. There are those in the industry like Steve Davis and Grant Wahl and all of those guys who are working their buns off to promote this global game against those who are quite happy to just slap it down.
"But I think the fans have had to educate themselves and learn because there is a reticence on the part of the media for whatever reason. They haven't kept pace with the growth of soccer. They are now beginning to because I think MLS has made them sit up take notice, because they are not going away, they are getting stronger.
"MLS is aware of the battle they still have to win over the hearts and minds in a very competitive market. The US is mad about their sports and like it or hate it, soccer is the global game. It's here to stay, it's building. It's getting stronger but its growth has been perhaps slowed by those who refuse to see it as a genuine contender with the rest of the national sports."Copyright 2017 The Arsenal Football Club plc. Permission to use quotations from this article is granted subject to appropriate credit being given to www.arsenal.com as the source


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Paul VI Catholic High School offers students a pathway to earn dual course credit at both PVI and Northern Virginia Community College (NOVA). These earned dual course credits are also fully transferable from NOVA to any Virginia State college or university, and may also be transferable to colleges and universities outside the state. Dual Enrollment courses will be taught on the PVI campus during the regular school day using approved PVI instructors and are offered at reduced tuition rates.
For a list of participating institutions, click here: Guaranteed Admissions
Courses Offered:College Composition (ENG 111 & 112)Intermediate German (GER 201 & 202)Music Appreciation (MUS 121)Biology with Lab (BIO 101 & 102)
Sample Plan for Science:Fall – Biology 101 Prerequisites – CP Biology or Honors Biology, Compass Test (Reading and Writing)Spring – Biology 102 Prerequisites – C or better in Biology 102 Summer – Chemistry 111Summer session at NOVA Annandale*Prerequisites – Compass Test (Math, Reading, Writing) *Full NOVA cost per credit hour Fall /Spring Microbiology/Genetics – Dual Enrollment 200 level coursesPrerequisites – Biology 101/102; Chemistry 111
Science Dual Enrollment Potential Path for a PVI student:Biology 101/102 Þ Chemistry 111 Þ Cyberscience Microbiology & Genetics (AP Biology: C or better) Summer session/NOVA
Junior Year Rising Senior Senior Year4 credits/semester 4 credits 4 credits/course
PVI student: Total Dual enrollment NOVA science credits = 20
*additional option to take AP Chemistry during senior year.
Please note: Biology 101/102 is also offered as a full year stand alone course (8 credits total), if students do not wish to take the entire 20 credit PVI Dual Enrollment path
Students from Other High Schools:Students from other local schools may choose to take AP Biology at their own high school as a junior. They may enter the dual enrollment program with Chemistry 111 during the summer after junior year and participate in Cyberscience Microbiology and Cyberscience Genetics for dual enrollment during senior year.
Path for local high school student:AP Biology Þ Chemistry 111 Þ Cyberscience Microbiology & Genetics Any local high school Summer session/NOVA
Junior Year Rising Senior Senior Year 4 credits 4 credits/course
Local High School Student: total NOVA Dual Enrollment Credits: 12
Questions about PVI Science Dual Enrollment? Contact Doctor Potter or Mrs. Liberti at firstname.lastname@example.com and firstname.lastname@example.com
Additional links:NOVA's dual enrollment website PVI Cyberscience Program What is the Compass Placement Test?
Paul VI Catholic High School 10675 Fairfax Blvd. Fairfax, VA 22030 (703) 352-0925 firstname.lastname@example.com
Paul VI Catholic High School admits students of any race, color or national origin.


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EXP Core Performance delivers precision fit and fabrication that's perfect for your workout. A cut-out racerback detail enhances the breathability of a tank with a built-in, medium-support shelf bra and removable molded cups for added shaping.
- Scoop neck, racerback with cut-out detail
- Built-in mesh lined shelf bra, medium support
- Removable molded cups for added support & shaping
- Sweat-wicking compression fit stretch fabric
- Polyester/Nylon/Lycra® spandex
- Machine wash
- Imported
Shipping and Returns
We ship anywhere in the U.S. and to over 55 international destinations.
Everyday Free Standard Shipping on orders $50+ placed online at Express.com for U.S. or Canada.
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Earn 50 Birchbox points for every friend that purchases a subscription.
Create a free account to check out faster, store multiple shipping addresses, view and track your orders in your account, and much more.
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Feel like a modern day Holly Golightly wherever you go by grabbing the matching 1.7 fl oz spray.
Give your beauty routine a fall makeover— here's what Birchbox staffers will be adding to their vanities this season.
Availability: Out of stock
kate spade new york's charming designs are meant to be playful, feminine, and joyful — the same goes for the brand's signature scent. Attention-getting without being overpowering, Twirl is an incredibly versatile fragrance. The fruity floral is as suitable for the office as it is for a cocktail party. And just like everything else in the kate spade new york universe, Twirl makes you feel instantly more pulled together and ladylike.
Wrists, neck, hair—anywhere is fair game for a spritz or two. (Twirling while you apply is optional, but highly encouraged.)
This is a great scent, very summery, fun and floral. I loved it as a nice day time scent to wear for any activity
Smells annoys me wish I would have smelled before spraying myself
I really like this scent. I love florals and this one is nice without being too overpowering. Would consider purchasing in the future...
The scent is amazing the packaging is beautiful this is a classic scent everyone should experience
This was my favorite perfume in 4 years of birchboxes, but at a $65 price tag for 2 oz. it's an "in my wildest dreams" product