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App Information Ninja runner
- App NameNinja runner
- Package Namecom.Jan_Slegl.NinjaRunner
- UpdatedDecember 16, 2013
- File Size18M
- Requires AndroidAndroid 2.3 and up
- Version1.12
- DeveloperJan Slegl
- Installs100,000 - 500,000
- PriceFree
- CategoryArcade
- Developer
- Google Play Link
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**Devices WITHOUT root permissions and withAndroid >= 5.0 (Lollipop), can connect with this app but theyCANNOT view the WEP-WPA-WPA2****Devices WITHOUT root permissions and with Android < 5.0(Lollipop), CANNOT connect with this app and they CANNOT view theWEP-WPA-WPA2**Do you want to know if your Access Point is vulnerable at the WPSprotocol?Wifi Wps Wpa Tester is the app that you need!With this app, you can test the connection to AP with WPSPIN.PINs are calculated with many algorithms:-Zhao-TrendNet-Dlink-Dlink+1-Belkin(root)-FTE-xxx-TrendNet-Asus-AiroconRealtek-EasyBox Arcadyan-ArrisAnd others default PIN of MANY Access Point.Then NOT ALL AP ARE COMPATIBLE WITH THIS APP.App allows to do PINS BRUTEFORCE in a SMART WAY ( ONLY FOR ROOTEDDEVICES )Why SMART?Because, app will try 11000 PINs COMBINATIONS rather than10^8.In fact, AP tells to your device if the first 4 of 8 digits of WPSPIN, are correct and the last digit is a checksum of previous 7digits.NO OTHERS APP ( CLONE OF THIS APP ) CAN DO THIS.And, app allows to notify if WPS is in LOCK STATE ( ROOT AND NOROOT ).NO OTHERS APP ( CLONE OF THIS APP ) CAN DO THIS.WPS Lock state is a state when Access Point, for security reasons,does not allow no more PINs. THEN is USELESS to try othersPINs.App needs root permissions for devices with Android version <5.0 ( LOLLIPOP ).For devices with Android >= 5.0 you can test the PINs with thisapp and you can connect, BUT YOU CANNOT SEE WPA ( OR WEP ) PASSWORDWITHOUT ROOT PERMISSIONS.Use this app only with your own AP for do not go against thelaw.Privacy Policy :https://www.iubenda.com/privacy-policy/8000344
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WPS Connect 1.3.6 APK
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XPOSED IMEI Changer 1.6 APK
ROOT REQUIREDXPOSED FRAMEWORK REQUIREDIF You dont know What is XPOSED Framework then do not try thisapplication (it wont work)Hi Guys,I read about the Xposed framework in xda and other websites.somewebsites have really good tutorials about it.So what I understandis that we can modify a function and its return values using theXposed Framework.I have created and Xposed Module For Changing (MASKING) the IMEINo of the PhoneChange Means How Other Application gets the IMEI No of the deviceusing below codeAs you all know,The Value is not permanent as it is an XposedModule :)XDA-Developers Threadhttp://forum.xda-developers.com/xposed/modules/xposed-imei-changer-t2847187Pro version :https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.vivek.imeichangerproStepsInstall appEnable module in xposed frameworkCome back to app and enter new valuePress ApplyGo to xposed moduleOpen framework pageDo a soft rebootOpen the appAnd you can see new valuecheck the value by dialing *#06#, you can see the new value
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Hungry Shark Evolution 4.8.0 APK
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Forums → WEPR → Rousseau, Locke, or Hobbes?
- 3 Replies
I apologize if I spelled "Rousseau" wrong, as I haven't the slightest idea of how to spell it.
Anyways, all of these dudes came into play right before the American revolution. Around the 1500's to the 1600's and some of the early 1700's. Y'know, right before the Industrial revolution.
There's some setting to help you out.
OK, so, like, these guys' ideas helped shape the American Constitution, even a hundred years after they sold the farm, if you nomsayin'.
Their ideas were the building blocks of modern government-citzen relationships. They were the ones who helped the monarchies crash and democracies rise.
OK, so, back to the entire point of this thread...
As an AG community, we will decide which of these bad boys had the best ideas of their time.
Now for some biographical treatment.
This guy believed that a man's rights should never be altered with, and, if a gov.t ever violated this, the people had the absolute right to overthrow their current gov.t/leader/whatever and start anew. John Locke was quick to say that man was naturally good in heart, and that their gov.t corrupted them.
A bit on the opposite side, Thomas Hobbes thought that people were evil by instinct and had to have a harsh monarchy to hold them down, and, without a mnarchy, people would go insane and create chaos. Today, were pretty sure this isn't true, but it can happen in miniscule areas.
Kind of the best-of-best-worlds guy, Rousseau thought that their should be a democracy to restrict people's rights, and, in return they would receive peace. However, people were to give up A LOT of rights and elected leaders for congress who made all of the decisions instead of voting for things as a whole.
"OK, so, what does this matter?" you may ask. Well, should the gov.t be able to take your things for peace? Should the gov.t be able to take your guns, filth, and riches for protection?
Locke = No
Rousseau = It depends
Hobbes = Absolutely freakin' sandwhich yessums (Or yes for English speakers)
I disagree with Locke because most of his justifications do have root in fluffy Divine and religious arguments, which doesn't make for a compelling case for me. Hobbes point of view was extremely justified for his time, gven that he lived through the lawlessness of the English Civil War; to a certain extent yes, even till today, we have all shown ourselves to be quite incapable of behaving without a strong enough authority and enforcer in place. I tend to favor Hobbes more when you apply his theory to international relations, i.e that it's a realist world. On the other hand, I tend to follow personally a more Rousseau like approach to life, since I find human suffering an abhorrence.
But to answer your question, I would say that I tend to go for a more Hobbes and Rousseau approach. To day that the government, at least a democratic one limits our freedom is quite the opposite; the government has to use the law to give us all a semblance of freedom. No one can truly do whatever he wishes to do, because there are so few private spaces in this world, everything we do will in one way or another affect someone else. The law and the government exist to demarcate as fair a space for everyone ad possible to maximize their freedom.
I would mix Rousseau and Hobbes ideas together, we should be able to vote for our leader and have freedoms but there is a line, and that's where Hobbes idea comes in. If we have too much freedom, we go out of control and when the police try to stop actions of violence, people just say 'This is police brutality'. With Hobbes idea the policeman would say 'Police brutality? I'll give you bloody police brutality'
We need freedoms but also discipline, without it we as a country becomes lazy and believes they have right over authority.
I like Hobbes and Rousseau. I always beleived that the key to get peace is to follow this: "Your freedom ends when the other's freedom begins". Of course it needs to have a balance, we don't want a totalitarian state or complete anarchy.
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subset: commoncrawl


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With snow covering much of the country, seeing transport slide to a halt, a lot of Britons are taking unscheduled "working from home" days while others are wondering what life would be like if they canned the commute and set up on the sofa instead.
There are two main ways to work from home. A home worker performs tasks in their own home, but for another person's business. This should be differentiated from someone working at home on a self-employed basis.
But beware: There are a multitude of 'opportunities' on the Internet aimed at enticing people into parting with their money. Although I am apparently a target for a good scam (Wise up Women or Get Scammed Silly Online!), I have managed to avoid handing over my bank details so far!
Home working can also be open to abuse from unscrupulous employers. A popular scam involves advertising a task like envelope stuffing, and promising lots of money 'on commission'. Sometimes you are asked to pay for your own 'start-up' kit. The reality is that you may be offered no work at all, or that the market becomes so saturated that you will earn almost nothing.
There is a very simple rule of thumb to adhere to when looking for home working schemes: "If it sounds too good to be true, it probably is."
Make sure you're not ripped off by an employment scam
Legitimate work from home
There are real opportunities out there, if you know where to look.
A good source is http://www.workingmums.co.uk/. This site is particularly aimed at women, as the title suggests, but welcomes all 'flexible job seekers', including men.
It details jobs from big, well-known companies where you can become a representative or purchase a franchise. Other jobs include catalogue delivery, sales, marketing and consultancy roles. It advertises a mixture of both home working and self-employed opportunities. Make sure you are clear about which type you are applying for, as this will affect your tax status.
Bear in mind that even a trusted website might accidently advertise a scam. Just as the Yellow Pages can't check the validity of every single advert it places, you can't expect the website to investigate all its job advertisements. It is up to you to be alert and keep an eye out for things like unrealistic salary offers or illegal pyramid schemes.
Do you have a skill?
Can you bake cakes, teach a sport or tutor children in languages or music? Could you start your own business using your skills?
Be mindful of the legislation applicable to your area of expertise. If you dream of a cake-making business make sure you are aware of health and safety requirements, and prepare for a visit from the council to check that your cooking premises are up to scratch. If you are going to tutor children you will need a Criminal Records Bureau check.
It is important to go into any enterprise with your eyes open to avoid problems further down the line.
Could you use skills from your job to enter the freelance market? Ideally work will be found via old contacts, but if not you could register on a website like http://www.peopleperhour.com/. This site is free to join, although you will be charged a fee on completion of a job.
I initially found that this was a good method of getting work, but its popularity has led to vast numbers of freelancers bidding on each job. The site has gone global, meaning that people from different economic climates are adding their skills to the market. The downside of this is that they may be willing to work for much less than the UK minimum wage. Sadly this has led to some employers offering very poor rates of pay.
Create an online presence
Whatever line of work you decide to try your hand at, it's a great idea to have an online presence. You could decide to pay for a professional website, but an alternative is to create your own blog like mine. This can be done quickly, easily and, most importantly, for free from a website like WordPress. This is a great way of advertising your business and showing potential customers exactly what you have to offer.
Sort out your tax online
Don't forget that if you are self-employed and earning money, you will need to declare it. You must do this within three months of starting work, or you could be fined £100. Anyone who has tried to freelance or work from home will be aware earning decent money can be a long slow process. But even if you are not earning over your personal allowance you must still register with HM Revenue & Customs.


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Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
Barcelona chairs, pair
$14,000 purchase
made by Gerald R. Griffith, Germany / USA, 1929 / c. 1955
material stainless steel, leather
size 30 w x 30 d x 30 h in seat height 17 inches
description Signed with decal manufacturer's label to frame of one example: [Manufactured by G.R. Griffith]. Signed with decal studio label to frame of each example: [Stainless Steel Beauty Strength Durability].
condition Both examples exhibit varying degrees of wear to leather in the form of large tears across cushions, open seams along corners and an overall brittleness resulting in some loss. Cushions would benefit from conservation. Straps remain stable and frames show light wear commensurate with age and use.


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Discussion in 'The Coffee Shop ~ Chit Chat' started by Patman, Jan 2, 2011.
im looking for someone from Saskatoon with the same interest on trucks then me.
I am from Weyburn. Is that close enough. I have a niece in Martensville and a Brother in Law in Saskatoon.
Not in Sakatoon but just next door.
Separate names with a comma.


text:
Billions in emissions funding 'wasted'
BILLIONS of dollars are being wasted in paying industries in developing countries to reduce climate-change emissions, two analyses of the United Nations' carbon offsetting program say.
Leading academics and watchdog groups have alleged the UN's offset fund is being abused by chemical, wind, gas and hydro companies who are claiming emission reduction credits for projects that should not qualify. The result is that no genuine pollution cuts are being made, undermining assurances by Britain and others that carbon markets are reducing greenhouse gases, the researchers said.
The criticism centres on the UN's clean development mechanism (CDM), a system set up by the Kyoto process that allows rich countries to meet emissions targets by funding clean energy projects in developing nations.
Credits from the project are bought by European companies and governments which are unable to meet reduction targets. The market for the credits is worth $US20 billion ($20.8 billion) a year, but is expected to be worth more than $100 billion within four years. More than 1000 projects have been approved with 2000 more in the pipeline.
A working paper by two Stanford University of California academics examined more than 3000 projects applying for or granted up to $10 billion of credits from the CDM funds over the next four years, and found that most should not be considered for assistance. "They would be built anyway," said David Victor, a law professor. "It looks like between one and two-thirds of all the total CDM offsets do not represent actual emission cuts."
Governments consider CDM is vital to cutting global emissions under the Kyoto treaty. To earn credits under the mechanism, emission reductions must be in addition to those that would have taken place without the project.
But this "additionality" is impossible to prove and open to abuse, critics said. The Stanford paper by Professor Victor and his colleague Michael Wara found nearly every new hydro, wind and natural gas-fired plant expected to be built in China in the next four years is applying for CDM credits, even though it is Chinese policy to encourage these industries.
"Traders are finding ways of gaining credits that they would never have had before. You will never know accurately, but rich countries are clearly overpaying by a massive amount," Professor Victor said.
A separate study published this week by the United States watchdog International Rivers argued that nearly three-quarters of all registered CDM projects were complete at the time of approval, suggesting that CDM money was not needed to finance them.
"It would seem clear that a project that is already built cannot need extra income in order to be built," said Patrick McCully, the director of the group in California. "Judging additionality has turned out to be unknowable … It can never be proved definitively that if a developer or factory owner did not get offset income they would not build their project."
On Sunday a spokesman for the CDM in Bonn said the fund was significantly cutting emissions and providing incentives for companies to use clean technologies: "The process is in continual reform. All the projects are vetted independently and are then certified by third parties. There are many checks and balances and we can show how all projects are vetted."
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Join Wei Shen for the fight of his life. Invited to an exclusive tournament on a hidden island, Wei must overcome the best of the best fighters from across Asia and emerge victorious.Read full description
Join Wei Shen for the fight of his life. Invited to an exclusive tournament on a hidden island, Wei must overcome the best of the best fighters from across Asia and emerge victorious.
Starring Wei Shen, the Zodiac Tournament invites you to become the dragon and unleash your fists of fury! You must utilise all of your best moves as well as some new ones, to defeat the island's hidden big boss as Wei enters this deadly game of death. New fighting styles, new combatants and new collectibles are also included in this retro gameplay add-on.
In the short (hour or so long) Sleeping Dogs: Zodiac Tournament, you fight in an exclusive fighting tournament on an island away from the main game. While the fights and collectibles are interesting and well-done, I feel the DLC is not that worthwhile for the money and should've been included with the original game (it comes with Definitive Edition). So if you still haven't upgraded to the Definitive Edition and are looking for more to do, this DLC could be something, I just don't recommend it.
Probably one of the least expensive DLCs that hit the original Sleeping Dogs game, the Zodiac Tournament DLC puts Wei into a ton of action on the Zodiac Island. Fight your way through the other competitors to unlock some nice looking perks! Unfortunately I found that it didn't add too much gameplay into the original game, and it didn't really bring many hours of gameplay either.
Zodiac Tournament is an unabashed tribute to the classic film "Enter the Dragon". From the beginning setup and title card sequence, the tone is set for a DLC the doesn't take itself seriously and revels in a aesthetic that calls back to 1970's Hong Kong chop socky films. The focus in the missions is on the melee combat, which is definitely one of Sleeping Dogs' greatest strengths. Each of the missions has a mechanic or an enemy that provides a twist on what you've seen before, either with new environmental hazards to consider, or a move set that requires a different approach. It's not particularly deep, and you'll find that it's all over fairly shortly, but it's a fun, breezy add on that plays around with what you've seen before. One of the biggest advantages of this pack is that you can access it at any time from the main game, unlike the other two larger expansions. This allows you to somewhat adjust the difficult, depending on your progress in the main game. The biggest flaw however? You can't change your outfit on the island itself, which means you can't wear the classic yellow jumpsuit you can find in the main game. A missed opportunity for sure.
This DLC pays tribute to the various Martial Arts flicks of the Chinese cinema. It is even presented as a film, which is pretty cool. It focuses almost entirely on the melee part of Sleeping Dogs, which is a great thing and offers various challenges. There are new enemy types with different fighting styles, new death traps and a lot more. If you think that you mastered combat in the main game this DLC will give you a good challenge. There are also unlockables that transfer to the main game after you're done with the DLC However it is pretty short (less than 2 hours if you avoid the collectible finding) and hasn't got much replay value. Still it's an enjoyable experience and if you enjoyed Sleeping Dogs , you're gonna have a blast with Zodiac Tournament. United Front Games deserves all of our support for this awesome game
Zodiac tournament is a DLC for Sleeping Dogs,its based on the movie with Bruce Lee titled Enter The Dragon.Dlc is fun theres mostly fighting in it,like in the movie you take part in a martial arts tournament taking place on an island.this DLC also includes new clothing set,and new fighting moves.Its fun DLC and worth the price.
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|6th September 2010, 02:46 PM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Jul 2004
Location: Scottish Borders
I missed the edit window.
If one then adds the extra resistor and/or the extra transistor then the current balance must be maintained.
regards Andrew T.
Sent from my desktop computer using a keyboard
|6th September 2010, 03:42 PM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Nov 2007
Location: Dallas
Why two separate 6mA CCS on driver emitters?
You will always have fixed voltage span between.
A single resistor of 220ohms would do the same.
Also consider Shottky diodes in place of 0.1R in
the output totem. No combination of emitters
and resistors has square law curvature ideal for
AB crossing. Shottkys do.
Don't worry output quiescent without 0.1 resistors.
Talking stack of 4 Shottkys, technically a class B.
But you are really riding AB diode curves, smooth
and identical compliments. Diode drops so little,
TO220 Shottky never gets hot in this application.
MBR745 reasonable test subject for starters.
Last edited by kenpeter; 6th September 2010 at 03:58 PM.
|6th September 2010, 06:07 PM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Jun 2010
Kenpeter... Its an interesting argument you bring up, one that should be thought about.
The goal of the Overall VBias is obviously to stay constant barring thermal compensation, so one would think that the Vbias after the drivers would have a similar fate? Well from inspection, it looks like the 100ohm driver base could cause an issue with varying current and thus voltage at the base, based on the transistors nonlinear output/input. However in practice I've also measured that this voltage across the outputs is not constant, especially not using a typical .22uf speedup cap there (at least not for me).
If I think hard enough I might find another reason to do it the CCS way. Possibly because it fixes the driver steady state current which is no longer dependent on any voltages staying constant at the output bases (or not). Now if we think about that, what happens?
If the output transistors are pulled low by a current source then all we must say for the output bias current is that the driver output current is equal to Current source current + Desired Output Bias Current/Beta. This seems a simple enough task, right?
Thus the voltage across the output pair has disappeared from the equation for output bias currents!!!! Am I being stupid? It will be set according to the aforementioned currents at whatever voltage level works out, because we no longer enforce a 1.2V drop between the NPN and the PNP output transistor, they are separated as needed by the CCS's. Now let me see what I can gather from that.
I believe this means that we can now stabilize the output stage using only the drivers and the bias on a separate heat sink. And possibly if the bias currents are chosen well and the drivers are appropriately oversized, we might get rid of the need for thermal compensation!
This might also be an argument for running more or less current though the drivers:
1) One could think, less current!, because you could have hopes of keeping the drivers cool all the time, which might prove fruitful for low power amps or high beta outputs
2) Or one could exclaim, more current!, in the hopes of keeping an external heatsink closer to the same temperature under no load and load and thus relying less on thermal compensation.
Am I being crazy here or does this actually work?
Current Mirrors
I haven't ignored the current mirror argument, I just haven't sat down and came up with a solution. I am perplexed at the size of some of the emitter resistors i see though, why so big? In Doug Self's article, he admittedly "over degenerates" the input current mirror to show the VAS distortions, except that he "over degenerates" them with 100ohm resistors, AHH! Does this not mean havoc for your VAS running resistors on an order of magnitude higher? Maybe the EF stage is just very tolerant...
I post figures from his online article below only because I haven't yet grasped the issue. A picture of a test setup, a picture of the multiple Vas options - of which he proceeds to test the Cascode version, and Finally a picture of the emitter degeneration effects on a Cascode.
Last edited by buzz1167; 6th September 2010 at 06:20 PM.
|6th September 2010, 07:54 PM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Jun 2010
I figured out that I had missed something on the current mirror check I did last night, I must have just been tired because it seems obvious now.
Picture posed below.
Assume 2ma through both sides of the current mirror. (perfect symmetry)
Assume 6ma through the VAS (output zero condition - Steady State)
Vas needs 30uA to pull the 6ma (Gain = 200). Also it will create .625V on its base.
Thus the Vas Driver needs to output 30uA + .625V/1kohm = 30uA+625uA = 655uA.
The Vas driver needs 3.275uA to pull the 655uA (Gain 200). Thus the current mirror must also pull 3.275uA which will cause it to output 655uA. 20uA of this will be used for the base currents (2*10uA) and the rest must be shunted, so 635uA needs to go away.
Using the 47ohm Resistors I get 94mV across the resistors + .625V for the transistor and I come up with 1132ohms. Yay, a respectable number!
So now to make a simple equation for perfect symmetry under no signal conditions using a current mirror with a buffer, and an EF VAS stage.
Current Source Pulldown Resistor =
(I_Tail / 2 * R_CMirr + .625)/[(.625/R_PullD + I_Vas/Bv)/Bv*Bc-I_Tail/Bc]
I_Tail is the tail current
R_Cmirr is the current mirror emitter resistor
r_PullD is the VAS driver pulldown resistor
I_Vas is the CCS value from the VAS stage
Bv is beta of the VAS transistors
Bc is beta of the Current mirror
This can be highly simplified for normal values of the pulldown resistor. Assuming it is significantly small and the Betas are significantly high.
which evaluates to 1150ohms which is as close to 1130 as you will get for normal resistance values. Looking at this, as R_CMirr goes up, so does the correct current mirror pulldown.
This is all of course assuming that the correct thing to do is to match the currents at zero signal... Which I think is still being argued. However, the voltage matching at the top of the transistors is obscured by the ability to read a difference, more likely to come from the emitter resistors being slightly different.
When Cdom comes into play at higher frequencies the whole analysis goes out the window because you will be pulling the current to control the drivers through the low impedance Cdom. I think this is where high frequency distortion comes from, the only way to stop it is to have a powerful input stage or have it buffered from Cdom somehow. This distortion is where I believe that the emitter Current mirror resistors will need to be small in order to be able to shunt this driver current. Possibly, this makes an argument against the EF stage and to the Buffered VAS stage.
Next Idea? We'll see later.
Last edited by buzz1167; 6th September 2010 at 08:01 PM.
|7th September 2010, 09:16 AM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Jul 2004
Location: Scottish Borders
I would need to check again, but first read through, indicates you understand where the currents are going and why they are certain values.
Once you can estimate the currents, you can move on to voltages and resistances.
Now you are ready to use a simulator to do all the arithmetic and you use your brain to ask the right questions.
Look up cascoded VAS and see why the cascode can offer advantages that suit the current demands from the LTP stage.
the cascode has a high output impedance. This demands an EF or a three stage output using pre-drivers, or maybe both!
Going back a post to Self's 6 VAS options.
I think D+E is superior to C and all the others. F may be a close second.
Look around this Forum for good VAS stages that involve extra transistors as implemented by our experts.
regards Andrew T.
Sent from my desktop computer using a keyboard
Last edited by AndrewT; 7th September 2010 at 09:21 AM.
|7th September 2010, 09:44 AM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Dec 2005
Location: the north
So if I correct Mirror3 maybe performance can match the Mirr1 and Mirr2.
Now I find your suggestion a bit unclear. It is probably my english.
Tell me what resistors to change and new values.
I will then ask my sim what it thinks abou it.
To optimise I tried several different alterations.
The diagram shows the lowest THD I could get.
When speaking of mirrors I think we must distingues between things:
1. DC-precision
2. AC-precision and distortion.
The best performance THD need not have the absolut uA precision.
There are other circuits than audio amplifiers
where we measure things. Here we should go for max current precision.
Last edited by lineup; 7th September 2010 at 09:49 AM.
|7th September 2010, 09:59 AM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Jul 2004
Location: Scottish Borders
post14 seems to have got it.
regards Andrew T.
Sent from my desktop computer using a keyboard
|7th September 2010, 10:05 AM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Jun 2010
I was looking at the type E VAS and I think will try that next mainly because of the comment I had made before about separating the input pair from the drivers. When Cdom comes into play the input pair might have to directly control the drivers in an EF setup, but with a buffer I think it should be more linear and have more gain in the high frequency ranges.
I am going to build the amp with a type E VAS as it stands and maybe then if I am happy I will prototype a final board.
Protection Circuit
I am already on to more drawings. I have created a layout of a "Anti Thump" and a DC Offset Detector using a 555 timer and a dual op amp package. Might anyone have some suggestions to my madness? I have stolen ideas from circuits I have seen, but I'm ok with that.
The Idea is to turn on the relay with the 555 timer by making the output go LOW. Under startup conditions, the trigger will be low because it will still be charging its capacitor thus the circuit will start off correctly and the output will be HIGH. The output will stay stable until the 7Sec Threshold Cap charges, then it will go LOW and remain there until the circuit is restarted by pulling the trigger low again.
I use the op amps to intentionally pull the trigger low by use of an NPN transistor connected to their output. If either of the Op amps turn on (go High) then the NPN will discharge the caps and the circuit will turn off the Relay. If the Fault was hit by accident, then the circuit will just wait 7 seconds and re-engage. However as long as the op amps show DC voltage above 1.5V the circuit will stay off. The input Cap and Resistor were chosen for a low frequency filter and to separate the capacitor from the output. 80k might not be enough but I started there...
What do you think?
Last edited by buzz1167; 7th September 2010 at 10:15 AM.
|7th September 2010, 11:40 AM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Jul 2004
Location: Scottish Borders
I can't read the diagram clearly.
Are the two opamps set up as a window comparator?
If so, then this is an excellent way to detect and trigger for excessive output offset.
Zener protection across the opamp inputs would allow more sensitivity of the DC detection with a much lower input attenuator. You may be able to omit the 10k completely. The 0.8s filter will then be loaded with a much higher impedance load than the present 50k. This seriously compromises the existing 82k filter's response.
This then lets you change the component values of the filter from 82k/10uF to ~470k/1uF with virtually no leakage current through the non existent electrolytic.
regards Andrew T.
Sent from my desktop computer using a keyboard
Last edited by AndrewT; 7th September 2010 at 11:47 AM.
|7th September 2010, 11:50 AM
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Jul 2004
Location: Scottish Borders
Self's pics E & F are both good.
Self rejected them on commercial and absolute THD grounds.
I think they both show potential sound improvements over the EF fed VAS with massive Cdom.
regards Andrew T.
Sent from my desktop computer using a keyboard
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text:
Type of Document Master's Thesis Author Arnaudov, Plamen Ivanov Author's Email Address firstname.lastname@example.com URN etd-0402103-115549 Title Caller ID Degree Master of Fine Arts (M.F.A.) Department English Advisory Committee
Advisor Name Title Andrei Codrescu Committee Chair Joseph Kronick Committee Member Rodger Kamenetz Committee Member Keywords
- poetry
- post-modern
- philosophical
- existential
- stevensian
- modern
Date of Defense 2003-02-25 Availability unrestricted AbstractAs one might expect from a young poet writing at the turn of a millennium, recurrent in "Caller ID" is the theme of struggle with literary tradition and of seeing it as both necessary and constricting to the project of forging one's own creative identity. The collision between history and the self is visible in the often conflicted references to great philosophers and poets of the past as well as in the call for renewal of the body poetic after an envisioned 'end of history' marked by creative sterility and exhaustion. The proposed renewal does not entail destruction of tradition but rather a replenishment of poetic curiosity, a newfound thirst for restructuring and linguistic play with and within the tropes distilled through the ages.
Among the super-objectives of "Caller ID" is the desire to marry the unbridled vigor of post-modernism with the higher stakes of Stevensian poetic inquiry. In attempting this uneasy fusion, the voice slips on a series of masks in order to take on subjects ranging from the mundane to the sublime. What remains consistent throughout this collection of poetry, however, is the voice's unrelenting interest in observing and commenting upon its own creative proceedings.
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text:
Extra Length Fees
Calculating "learning trax arrangement length" charges
My minimum vocal learning trax rate is $140. That is for Vocal Learning Trax of an arrangement "in tempo" (no rubato) from beginning to end. It is also for an arrangement no more than 2.5 minutes long. My minimum rate for ballads is $160, and is also based upon an arrangement not more than 2.5 minutes in length. Learning Trax for arrangements that exceed that length are extra. The extra length fee is calculated by using a simple "pro-rating" system, i.e., determining the per-second cost for a 2.5 min. arrangement, and then determining the additional time (in seconds) and multiplying that times the per-second rate.
To be consistent and fair with my clients, I'm now using the following formulas to arrive at the "extra length cost".
TEMPO SONGS - $140 minimum rate divided by 2.5 minute song (150 seconds) = $.93 (client's cost per second). $.93 x number of seconds over 150 = EXTRA LENGTH COST
RUBATO SONGS - $160 minimum rate divided by 2.5 minute song (150 seconds) = $1.07 (client's cost per second). $1.07 x number of seconds over 150 = EXTRA LENGTH COST.
A Change In Computing "Medley" charges
Because medleys vary substantially in length, I've discontinued a "blanket" fee for medleys, and now am computing the charge for medleys based upon the formulas above. For example, if your tempo'd (only) 4-part medley is only 2.5 mins. long, your cost is now only $140. This is a further attempt to be more consistent and fair with my clients. Tempo changes generally incur a small additional charge as does any "rubato" phrasing since that adds considerably to my time in putting your learning trax together. Fees for "medleys" consisting of ballads are now computed based upon the RUBATO SONGS formula above.
Please remember; having your arrangements well written (few or no mistakes) and legible helps keep your learning tape costs down.
If your arrangement is notated and you can export the midi data of the 4 individual parts and attach it to an email, I would greatly appreciate you sending that to me. I'm generally able to import this midi data into my LOGIC sequencing software. This could substantially shorten the turn-around time in getting your Learning Trax to you. Please realize I'm not asking for a midi generated audio recording, JUST THE MIDI DATA. I know that Finale can easily export midi data, but I'm not sure about other software applications.


text:
The Mayor said that banking was one of the few global industries in which the capital "truly excelled" and suggested that people should stop "whingeing" about house prices boosted by City bonuses.
He wrote in the Daily Telegraph: "There are some strong feelings out there: Schadenfreude at the bankers who have been punished, indignation at those who have not.
"Which is why it is time to enter a note of defence of the banks, the City and the general practice of lending money for profit."
Mr Johnson - who earns more than £100,000 in his position as Mayor and £250,000 for his newspaper column - has opened himself up to accusations of being out of touch with normal Londoners struggling to cope with mortgage payments, and the rising cost of living in the capital.
But he warned the City should not be "shackled" by regulations suggested by the Government to curb similar future excesses.
He conceded his remarks would be "unpopular" and that the banks had on occasion been "hideously greedy". But he added: "Before you attack the bankers of London, remember that this is one of the few global industries in which we truly excel; the City contributes about nine per cent of Britain's GDP.
"And before you go whingeing to me about house prices boosted by City bonuses, whatever the disasters of the sub-prime sector, these products allowed millions of Americans to own their own homes," he continued.
"Of course there are spivs and speculators out there but before we get carried away with neosocialist claptrap, we should remember the huge benefits brought to this country by bankers and the City of London."
- More about:
- Banking


text:
A Competition That Encourages Art and Commerceby
We've written fairly recently about ways artists can market themselves and their work as well as the dilemmas they grapple with when doing so. So my ears perked up when hip-hop mogul Russell Simmons kicked off a new competition at the New York Stock Exchange this morning meant to encourage artists to try their hands at business.
Cosponsored by the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, the world's largest foundation for entrepreneurship, and the Acton Foundation for Entrepreneurial Excellence, oddly-titled Race to BE. encourages creative young people skilled in film, music, or fashion to turn their passions into business ventures, awarding one winner in each industry $5,000 as well as mentoring and additional perks. From Oct. 2 through Oct. 31, 18- to 29-year-olds can complete an online application form and upload a short video submission of their work to be considered.
The competition is the signature event of the upcoming (Nov. 17 through Nov. 23) first-ever Global Entrepreneurship Week, a series of events meant to encourage young people around the globe to think creatively and to turn their business ideas into reality. It expands upon last year's first-ever EntrepreneurshipWeekUSA.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|9 Nov 1993
|Filing date
|9 Mar 1992
|Priority date
|9 Mar 1992
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Richard G. Keller, Mina Dimov
|Original Assignee
|General Electric Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Non-Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (8), Classifications (14), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to jet engine testing and more particularly to a calibration system and method used to help analyze inlet flows through a bellmouth test inlet.
2. Description of Related Art
Aircraft gas turbine engines require many ground tests during the development and life time of the engine. Accurate measurement of three "basic" performance parameters, airflow, fuel flow, and thrust, are required to define basic "test-measured" engine performance characteristics. Accuracy requirements for each of the three "basic parameters' are of equal importance to typical subsonic turbofan applications.
For example, at 35,000 feet and Mach=0.8 cruise conditions, a 1% error in engine airflow equates to a 1.25% momentum related error in net thrust and/or SFC for a typical General Electric CF6-8OC2 turbofan engine. The same conditions result in a 1.4% error in net thrust and/or SFC for a General Electric CFM56-3B turbofan engine.
It is very important to be able to accurately measure the basic performance parameters with calibration verifiable systems. All test procedures have fundamentally inherent uncertainties that translate into uncertainties in both test measured and flight guaranteed performance capabilities of the engine. Therefore it is very important to get as accurate measurements as possible.
Industry accepted standards and equipment needed to calibrate both thrust and fuel flow measuring systems have been available for many years. Thrust measurement systems capable of �0.1% accuracy levels, and fuel flow measurement systems capable of �0.5% accuracy levels, based on National Bureau of Standards (NBS) traceable calibration standards, are in current use in the industry. Comparable degrees of airflow measurement accuracy are not yet available. There are no comparable standards, methods, and/or equipment capable of calibrating current and new large turbofan air metering bellmouths.
Furthermore, the airflow levels of newer engine models having higher thrust levels and airflow, up to 2000 lbs/sec for the General Electric CF6-80E and up to 3200 lbs/sec for the General Electric GE90, far exceed current measurement system capabilities of most of the large engine altitude test facilities (AEDC, NGTE, and P&WA Wilgoose). The problem is particularly acute for large fan engines because of the large size of the bellmouths. The problem is further heightened because some type of back-to-back test program to compare test measured engine airflow data obtained from bellmouth systems to data obtained from some other type of system, i.e. having venturi based equipment, in another facility is not feasible.
One conventional type of calibration of large engine bellmouths has been accomplished by a procedure which employs metering plane stream static pressure measurements obtained from currently available pitot-static inlet rakes. The rake measured stream static pressure measurements, used to determine local velocity levels and distributions, are compared to predicted levels which are based on "bellmouth measured," and therefore allegedly validated, wall static referenced flow rates. The system is somewhat flawed and limited by the relatively large inherent uncertainties in the rake measured stream static pressure levels, and the fixed number of sample locations, typically six immersions and four rakes, which provide representative, but incomplete measurements of the wall-to-wall distribution of stream flow characteristics.
The uncertainties inherent in the rake measured stream static pressure levels are due to flow field changes caused by the rake and more particularly related to the rake size, shape (which causes blockage) characteristics, and the bellmouth size, shape, and flow field characteristics. Pylon shaped rakes have different pressure coefficients at each immersion because of strut chord and thickness related influence on the measurement location pressure levels. The same rake set installed in two different bellmouths, may have two significantly different, installation peculiar, sets of pressure coefficients. Rake probe pressure coefficient levels are peculiar to the rake biased bellmouth flow field characteristics and, as such, cannot be accurately evaluated in some other, significantly different, flow field environment. Conventionally, rakes are calibrated at locations other than in situ as in the bellmouth and therefore are subject to various anomalies which reduce the accuracy of the rake type pressure measuring device.
Other considerations include the length of the bellmouth and the length of the pressure probes. An ideal bellmouth would be long enough to completely smooth out and straighten the flow within, but practical weight and size requirements do not allow for such ideal conditions. The pressure probes are relatively short and flow around the static probe aperture is influenced by both the nose of the probe and the rake body itself which adds uncertainty to the measurements. The probes cannot be lengthened for they would be subject to failure inducing vibrational loads.
Therefore a primary objective of the present invention is to provide an accurate system of calibrating a rake mounted stream static pressure measuring device used for determining airflow velocities in a bellmouth inlet of a turbofan engine test apparatus.
The present invention provides a system, including apparatus and method, using a National Bureau of Standards (NBS) traceable laser velocimeter device and measurements for in situ calibration of a traversing static pressure rake probe used for determining local velocities and which is capable of wall-to-wall stream static pressure survey measurements. The calibrated rake probe system can then be used as a secondary standard pressure measurement device to calibrate an air metering bellmouth by "measured to predicted" stream static pressure level comparisons using conventional, preferably computerized, analysis methods.
The preferred embodiment includes a means for determining the static pressure distribution through a metering plane perpendicular to and in the flow of a bellmouth test inlet using a static pressure probe means, preferably a translating rake having more than one probe in order to provide overlapping readings. The invention also includes a means to measure the velocity of the flow in a region near the wall of the bellmouth essentially in the metering plane. In the preferred embodiment a rake pad is provided for mounting a translating rake having a plurality of static pressure probes to measure static pressures in the metering plane and alternately mounting a laser velocimeter measuring means including an optical window for measuring the velocity of the flow in a region near the wall of the bellmouth essentially in the metering plane.
The preferred embodiment provides a method for calibrating the translating rake static pressure probes by comparing the velocity distribution derived from the static pressure measurements to the laser velocimeter measured velocity distribution. The calibration method further includes deriving calibration factors for biasing static pressure probe measurements from testing.
Among the advantages provided by the present invention is an accurate system of calibrating a rake mounted stream static pressure measuring device used for determining airflow velocities in a bellmouth inlet of a turbofan engine test apparatus based on National Bureau of Standards (NBS) traceable calibration standards. There are no comparable standards, methods, and/or equipment capable of calibrating current and new large turbofan air metering bellmouths.
Furthermore, the airflow levels of newer engine models having higher thrust levels and airflow, up to 2000 lbs/sec for the General Electric CF6-80E and up to 3200 lbs/sec for the General Electric GE90, far exceed current measurement system capabilities of most of the large engine altitude test facilities (AEDC, NGTE, and P&WA Wilgoose). The problem is particularly acute for large fan engines because of the large size of the bellmouths. The problem is further heightened because some type of back-to-back test program to compare test measured engine airflow data obtained from bellmouth systems to data obtained from some other type of system, i.e. having venturi based equipment, in another facility is not feasible.
The foregoing aspects and other features of the invention are explained in the following description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings where:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional partial cutaway view of a turbofan engine mounted in a static test assembly illustrating a metering bellmouth inlet calibration system in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an illustration of a traversing static pressure probe rake mounted to a rake pad and in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is an illustration of a laser velocimeter used in conjunction with a rake pad in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is an illustration of the use of a traversing static pressure probe rake in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is an illustration of the use of a laser velocimeter in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Illustrated in FIG. 1 is a turbofan gas turbine engine 4 mounted in a conventional fashion in a static test facility generally shown at 8 and having an air metering bellmouth inlet 10, herein after referred to as bellmouth 10, connected to the engine. Bellmouth 10 has a centerline 12 and includes a plurality of ports 13 circumferentially disposed around bellmouth 10. A rake pad 14 is used to mount a conventional static pressure probe traversing rake 16 in bellmouth 10 through port 13 for taking static pressure measurements in a flow through a metering plane 18 which is perpendicular to a wall 22 of the bellmouth 10.
Referring now to FIG. 2, the rake 16 is shown mounted to rake pad 14 and disposed through one of the ports 13. A plurality of static pressure probes 20 are mounted on rake 16 such that when a pressure measuring traverse is made there will be overlapping coverage of some portions of the metering plane 18 in the radial direction of traverse (indicated by the arrows). The axial position of the metering plane 18 coincides essentially with static pressure apertures 24 on the static pressure probes 20. It is readily seen that the blunt edge 26 of static pressure probe 20 has an effect on measurements made using the static pressure probe.
A total pressure probe 30, having a total pressure aperture 34, is also mounted upon the traversing rake 16 in the general vicinity or the static pressure probe 20. During testing, measurements are preferably made at various radial positions and the rake 16 will be moved to different rake mount positions or ports 13. For calibration runs the rake 16 is positioned and disposed through rake pad 14 at different lengths so as to take measurements in a region near a portion of the wall 22 of the bellmouth 10 using the different probes 20 as indicated by the dashed line rake and probe drawings in FIG. 4.
Referring to FIGS. 2 and 4, the static pressure probes 20 are mounted on a constant area strut 17 of the traversing rake 16, which radially spans the metering plane 18 through centerline 12 and extends out through the bellmouth wall 22 on either end so that strut-caused interference affects and/or probe pressure coefficient levels do not change when the probe is translated to different radial positions.
Referring now to FIG. 3, the rake pad 14 having a laser velocimeter means including an optical window 38 and being adapted to work in conjunction with a laser velocimeter 40. The present invention also contemplates a mounting means for attaching the laser velocimeter 40 to the rake pad 14. The laser velocimeter 40 directly measures flow velocities and therefore the rake pad 14 is configured to provide a means to directly measure flow velocities essentially in the metering plane 18 (as shown in FIG. 5) essentially at a position or a plurality of positions where static pressure measurements are taken using the static pressure probes 20 (in FIGS. 2 and 4) during calibration runs of the engine 8 and test facility 10 shown in FIG. 1. The calibration static pressure measurements and velocity measurements using laser velocimeter 40 are made near the wall of bellmouth 10, essentially in metering plane 18 (as illustrated in FIG. 5) and preferably outside of the boundary layer along the wall 22.
The rake pad 14 illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3 has a laser velocimeter means including a removable optical window 38 and a pressure probe rake mounting means for disposing a traversing rake 16 and its pressure probes 20 through the port 13 of bellmouth 10 for taking total and static pressure measurements in the flow. The rake pad 14 also includes a probe cover plate 44a adapted to accept traversing probe rake 16 and for covering window aperture 46. A second laser cover plate 44b is effective for receiving and mounting the optical window 38 when the pad 14 is used in conjunction with laser velocimeter 40 during its operation. Rake pad 14 has a conventional elongated slot to permit total and static pressure probes to be inserted through the bellmouth wall and disposed in the bellmouth. Screws 50 are used to conveniently configure and reconfigure rake pad 14 for the various laser velocimeter and pressure probe calibration runs.
The calibration system of the present invention provides a previously unavailable method for calibrating a cross stream traversing static pressure measurement probe to NBS traceable standards. The calibrated pressure probe is then used to provide a "wall to wall" survey of metering plane velocity levels in the bellmouth. Using comparative analyses of predicted velocity levels, based on bellmouth static pressure measured and derived flow rate levels, provides a reference standard flow rate calibration.
Preferably, measured velocity levels obtained from the laser velocimeter (as illustrated in FIG. 5) and those derived from dynamic and static pressure measurements (illustrated in FIG. 4) made in accordance with the present invention, are compared to predicted velocity levels obtained from conventionally available stream tube curvature computer analyses, such as those described in NASA CR-2217 (National Aeronautics & Space Administration Contractor Report 2217, "Analytical Method For Predicting The Pressure Distribution About A Nacelle HT Transonic Speeds", by J. S. Keith, D. R. Ferguson, C. L. Merkle, P. H. Heck & D. J. Lahti. General Electric Company, Cincinnati, Ohio for Langley Research Center, 1973), which are also used to define boundary layer thickness levels and related measurement plane flow coefficient characteristics. Existing boundary layer measurement equipment and laser velocimeter measurements will be used to define the velocity profiles in the boundary layer region and/or in close proximity to the wall where probe and wall flow interference effects, which bias the pressure coefficient levels, typically exist.
The calibrated traversing rake probe system can also be used as a secondary standard pressure measurement device to calibrate an air metering bellmouth inlet by comparing measured results of the system and method of the present invention discussed above to results of conventionally predicated stream static pressure levels from, preferably computerized, analyses. One such analysis is described in NASA CR-2217 referenced above and may also be used to define boundary layer thickness levels and related measurement plane flow coefficient characteristics.
While the preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described fully in order to explain its principles, it is understood that various modifications or alterations may be made to the preferred embodiment without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|2 Jul 1971
|18 Sep 1973
|Gen Electric
|Engine inlet distortion testing apparatus
|3 Oct 1974
|6 Jan 1976
|Howell Instruments, Inc.
|Velocity probe for compressor surge control
|11 Feb 1977
|10 Apr 1979
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health, Education & Welfare
|Three dimensional laser Doppler velocimeter
|22 Feb 1980
|22 Sep 1981
|Honeywell Inc.
|System for in situ meter testing
|1 Mar 1979
|23 Feb 1982
|Fischer & Porter Company
|Multiple velocity traverse flow rate measuring technique
|14 Oct 1980
|8 Feb 1983
|Brandt Industries, Inc.
|Nozzle pitot averaging primary
|27 Nov 1981
|28 Feb 1984
|United Technologies Corp.
|Total pressure probe
|19 Apr 1984
|15 Jul 1986
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration
|Spinning disk calibration method and apparatus for laser Doppler velocimeter
|25 Apr 1988
|8 Aug 1989
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|Colinear fluctuating wall shear stress and fluctuating pressure transducer
|17 May 1988
|22 Aug 1989
|Lockheed Missiles & Space Company, Inc.
|Laser velocimeter
|30 Jun 1988
|5 Feb 1991
|Hughes Danbury Optical Systems, Inc.
|Time of flight velocimeter
|5 Jan 1990
|19 Mar 1991
|Lockheed Sanders, Inc.
|Optical velocimeter
|Title not available
|"Aircraft Engine Inlet Airflow Measurement", B.S.M.E. University of Cincinnati, 1983, by Mina Dimov.
|"Laser Technology In Aerodynamic Measurements", Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development, Paris, France, Mar. 1972.
|"Practical Application of LV Systems To Aero Engine Research And Development", Aircraft Engine Group, by D. C. Wisler and P. W. Mossey, 1977.
|Aircraft Engine Inlet Airflow Measurement , B.S.M.E. University of Cincinnati, 1983, by Mina Dimov.
|Laser Technology In Aerodynamic Measurements , Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development, Paris, France, Mar. 1972.
|Practical Application of LV Systems To Aero Engine Research And Development , Aircraft Engine Group, by D. C. Wisler and P. W. Mossey, 1977.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|20 Jun 2007
|15 Jun 2010
|Pratt & Whitney Canada Corp.
|Aircraft engine pre-dressing unit for testing facility
|31 May 2007
|17 Jul 2012
|Pratt & Whitney Canada Corp.
|System for transporting a gas turbine engine
|20 Jun 2007
|25 Dec 2008
|Daniel Mainville
|Aircraft engine pre-dressing unit for testing facility
|18 Oct 2010
|23 Aug 2012
|Non-flame-out test for the combustion chamber of a turbine engine
|25 Feb 2011
|30 Aug 2012
|General Electric Company
|System for measuring parameters of fluid flow in turbomachinery
|23 Feb 2012
|29 Aug 2012
|System for measuring parameters of fluid flow in turbomachinery
|8 Oct 2001
|7 Jul 2004
|General Electric Company
|System and method for direct non-intrusive measurement of corrected airflow
|16 Apr 2013
|6 Feb 2014
|Probe system, mixed primary reference probe for an aircraft, associated aircraft and measuring method
|U.S. Classification
|73/1.25, 73/1.35
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|9 Mar 1992
Owner name: GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY A NY CORPORATION
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:KELLER, RICHARD G.;DIMOV, MINA;REEL/FRAME:006055/0407;SIGNING DATES FROM 19920303 TO 19920304
|26 Mar 1997
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|5 Jun 2001
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|9 Nov 2001
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|15 Jan 2002
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20011109