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A Monthly N e ws l e tte r f r o m the O f f i c e o f the P res i d en t VOLUME 1 ISSUE 1 Dear Howard University Community: This is the first edition of the Bison Beat, a monthly publication I will use to keep you abreast of key campus activities and initiatives.
Over the last several weeks, I have met with a number of stakeholder groups as part of an ongoing effort to engage members of the campus community and the broader Howard family. I am encouraged by the support they have offered and their commitment to advancing this great University.The leadership team, which I introduce in this edition, will work with me to achieve the University's mission by focusing on these major objectives for 2013-14: boosting fundraising, improving graduation and retention rates, advancing our research priorities, stabilizing enrollment, seeking financial stabilization of Howard University Hospital and creating more operational efficiencies. The fall semester has been filled with activities that represent the best of our mission.The "Nelson Mandela: Character, Comrade, Leader, Prisoner, Negotiator, Statesman" exhibit had its U.S. premiere at the Moorland-Spingarn Research Center. Twenty-one Howard physicians were named Washington Post Super Doctors. Howard University student Angel Rogers was awarded the Luard Morse Scholarship to study at Oxford University in England. Prominent attorney James L. Hudson convened the Gwendolyn S. and Colbert I. King Endowed Chair Lecture Series featuring White House Advisor Peter Rouse. Facebook's Sheryl Sandberg launched her 'Lean In' Initiative at Howard University.You can read more about these activities in the "Excellence at Howard" and "Around Campus" sections of this newsletter as well as on our website, www.Howard.edu/Newsroom. Additionally, we have experienced a rebound in enrollment.This fall, 10,297 students are enrolled, up from 10,002 students last fall and 9,460 students in spring 2013.The strategy for next spring includes helping former students return, increasing the number of transfer students and ensuring strong retention of students from fall to spring.We are already experiencing a 15 percent increase in applications to our undergraduate programs as we compare yearover-year. Our students need our support. Far too often, I come across a student in excellent academic standing who cannot afford to stay in school. Please invest in our future through the Bridging the Gap Campaign. Faculty and staff can have payroll deductions made through the Family Fund.Will you Answer the Call? To learn more, visit www.howard.edu/bridgingthegap. We are working aggressively to manage costs, maximize efficiency and achieve key learning outcomes despite the impact of sequestration and the 16-day government shutdown. As we aim to diversify our revenue streams, the goal is to increase support from fundraising as well as revenue from innovation and monetizing research.These challenges are surmountable if each of us accept a role in strengthening the Capstone. And finally, on behalf of the Howard University family, I would like to congratulate one of our esteemed alums and current member of our Board of Trustees, the Honorable Kasim Reed, on his recent re-election as Mayor of the great City of Atlanta. As a son of Howard, he embodies our core values of leadership, excellence, truth and service. As the third Howard graduate to serve as the Mayor of Atlanta, he brings tremendous pride to the Capstone. Every corner of the world in which you may travel will possess footprints from Bison hooves.That rumble is loud, joyous, rhythmic and leaves a BLUE trail of excellence to which I am deeply committed. I ask you to continue to commit in your daily living and in your support of alma mater. In Truth and Service,
Wayne A.I. Frederick, M.D., MBA, FACS Interim President
BY the NUMBERS
1594 1221
SECOND LARGEST FRESHMEN CLASS IN 15 YEARS The average SAT score for scholarship recipients is 1221, and those students have an average GPA of 3.5. The average SAT score for all U.S. testtakers who self identify as African American is 855.
ENROLLMENT UPDATES While other institutions around the nation are seeing their numbers decline, we experienced a nearly 3 percent increase from fall 2012 to fall 2013, and a more than 8 percent increase from the spring 2013 enrollment of 9,460. This fall, we have 10,297 students enrolled. We welcomed the second-largest freshman class in 15 years this semester. The class of 2017, which is 1,594-student-strong, will graduate during the University's 150-year anniversary celebration. With an increased attention on retention and recruitment, our goal is to graduate this class in four years. Class members have a superior academic profile, including the highest average SAT score in University history, 1,107, based on the traditional SAT scoring of 1,600 at Howard. We also had an exemplary cohort of freshmen scholarship recipients, totaling 682 students. Their SAT average is 1,221, and their high school GPA average was 3.5. More than 11,000 students applied for approximately 1,600 spots. The number of fall 2014 applications has surpassed year-to-date fall applications for prior years as well. We are proud that the demand for a Howard education continues to be high. We saw similar trends in our graduate and professional schools, including high and competitive scores for the LSAT and MCAT for the law and medical schools. We have a robust plan in place to continue growing our enrollment. Last year's decline to 10,002 students can be attributed to a number of economic factors, including diminished access to resources to offset the cost of higher education and changes to the federal requirements for the Parent PLUS loans. There are many reasons to give to Howard. During the 2013/14 academic year, the University will administer $90 million in institutional aid. Currently, 1,200 of our students have a financial balance of less than $2,500. These students have an average GPA of approximately 3.0. With your assistance, we can clear their balances and help ensure their educational success. Aid from unrestricted and restricted (e.g., donor/endowed funds) are provided to students in each of our schools and colleges. To give, please visit howard.edu/bridgingthegap.
UNIVERSITY HONORED WITH MAYOR'S ART AWARD The Howard University Division of Fine Arts was honored by Washington's Mayor Vincent C. Gray and the D.C. Commission on the Arts and Humanities. The award was given in recognition of Howard's outstanding contribution in the field of education and support of D.C.'s arts, entertainment and creative industries. Several Howard graduates were featured during the tribute.
The Howard Middle School of Mathematics and Science (MS) 2 was featured as a "Cool School" by WUSA 9 News in Washington for its Start Up Entrepreneurial Program. The program teaches students how to start their own business. One unique component of the program is tailored towards helping students develop their own mobile applications that will solve a problem in their respective communities. The program highlights Howard's commitment to developing students for the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) pipeline. Located on the main campus, the (MS) 2 mission is to provide a sound foundation in all academic subjects, and a concentration in mathematics and science.
HOWARD STUDENT AWARDED LUARD MORSE SCHOLARSHIP TO OXFORD UNIVERSITY Howard University student Angel Rogers was awarded the Luard Morse Scholarship and will spend the spring 2014 semester of her junior year studying at Oxford University, St. Edmund's College, in England. A biology major from Jacksonville, Fla., Rogers said she plans to pursue a medical degree and a doctorate in biomedical and biochemical studies. She plans to use the knowledge from her training to study disease and disease prevention. The scholarship is named in part for Howard alumnus Laurence C. Morse (B.A. '73), a former Luard Scholar.
Howard University freshman Kiana Knolland was recently recognized as the Boys & Girls Club of America's "Youth of the Year" for her community leadership, academic achievements, and ability to overcome challenges. "I feel blessed to be named Youth of the Year because it is an opportunity for me to give back to the organization that has had such a profound impact on my life," she said. Knolland, a native of Wichita, Kan., studies public relations and political science and aspires to be a federal prosecutor. She will receive more than $50,000 in college scholarship funds from Tupperware Brands, the national sponsor of the initiative, a car from Toyota, and other generous gifts. She also is now the Boys & Girls Club of America's national teen spokeswoman, advocating on behalf of its 4 million members.
DR. EDWARD CORNWELL NAMED SECRETARY OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS Dr. Edward E. Cornwell, III, Professor and Chairman of the Department of Surgery at the Howard University College of Medicine, was named the Secretary of the American College of Surgeons in October. Dr. Cornwell is the second Howard faculty member to serve as Secretary of the American College of Surgeons. The first was Dr. LaSalle D. Leffall.
Sheryl Sandberg is chief operating officer of Facebook
Facebook's Sandberg Launches 'Lean In' Initiative at Howard Facebook's Chief Operating Officer and author of the bestseller, Lean In:Women,Work, and theWill to Lead, launched her 'Lean In' initiative at Howard University. In her remarks to students in the Howard University School of Business, she announced that she was expanding her LeanIn.org programs to college campuses. "I'm launching the LeanIn.org campus program right here, right now," Sandberg said, adding that Howard University would be the first location for the program. LeanIn.org promotes the creation of small professional women's groups whose members support each other in making career moves. The new campus program will expand that effort to colleges, in a push that will include virtual appearances by Sandberg. Howard University School of Education Celebrates 125th Anniversary The Howard University School of Education recently held a gala to commemorate its 125th Anniversary. Hundreds of national and local luminaries attended and helped launch the school's Make Miner Major! Campaign, which seeks to raise $1 million to improve Miner Hall. Washington, D.C.'s Mayor Vincent Gray also issued a proclamation declaring Oct. 24, 2013, Howard University School of Education Day." The Howard University Board of Trustees has issued a similar proclamation. Education
alumni have recently been honored with many prestigious awards, including the U.S. Department of Education's Terrel Bell Award for Outstanding School Leadership. King Lecture Series Dr. James L. Hudson was recently selected as facilitator of the Gwendolyn S. and Colbert I. King Endowed Chair Lecture series. Hudson is a prominent Washington attorney and the former United States executive director of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Hudson will lead several interrelated programs focusing on the global economic and political impact of the recent recession. Established in 2008 with Gwendolyn S. and Colbert I. King's $1 million donation to Howard University, the chair is intended to encourage highly accomplished individuals to come to Howard to share their experiences with current students. The Kings, who are both Howard alumni, inaugurated the chair to reflect their years in public service and the media. 97th Annual School of Divinity Alumni Convocation Held The Howard University School of Divinity recently hosted its 97th Annual Alumni Convocation. The theme for this year was "Black Megachurches: Preaching, Politics & Possibilities." Through sermons, lectures and panel discussions, participants examined theological teachings about Black
Megachurches. Keynote speakers included Dr. Jonathan L. Walton and Dr. Tamelyn Tucker-Worgs. U.S. Premiere of a New Nelson Mandela Exhibit Unveiled at the Moorland-Spingarn Research Center In honor of its upcoming 100th Anniversary, Howard University's MoorlandSpingarn Research Center (MSRC) is hosting the U.S. premiere of an electrifying, internationally acclaimed photographic exhibition. Curated and produced by the Apartheid Museum, "Nelson Mandela: Character, Comrade, Leader, Prisoner, Negotiator, Statesman" confirms, in vivid detail and intimate portraiture, the multidimensional significance that this enduring leader—now facing health challenges in his 95th year—holds in the eyes of his fellow citizens and the world. Organized around six powerful themes, this multimedia exhibit traces Mandela's phenomenal trajectory from militant revolutionary to peacemaker to first president of a newly democratic South Africa. The MSRC Gallery is free and open to the public from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. Monday through Thursday, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Friday and Saturdays, and from 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. Sundays until April 27, 2014.
UNIVERSITY APPOINTMENTS Interim Provost Kurt Schmoke, Esq., Vice President and General Counsel, will serve as Interim Provost. Former Mayor of Baltimore, Mr. Schmoke was dean of the School of Law from 2003-2012. He will be supported by two Deputy Provosts for Academic Affairs and Health Sciences. Chief Operating Officer Artis Hampshire-Cowan, Esq., Senior Vice President and Secretary of the Board of Trustees, will serve as chief operating officer. Mrs. Hampshire-Cowan has extensive leadership experience in higher education, government, corporate, non-profit and civic organizations. She will direct the departments of Auxiliary Enterprises, Enterprise Technology Services, Facilities, Human Resources, Public Safety, WHUR and WHUT. Chief Financial Officer Mr. John Gordon is the Interim Chief Financial Officer. He previously served as Controller where he oversaw the dayto-day operations of the finance team. Mr. Gordon is a seasoned executive with more than two decades of finance and auditing experience and most recently served as Senior Vice President of Finance and Controller of BET Networks. Deputy Provost for Academic Affairs Barron Harvey, Ph.D., Dean of the School of Business, will serve as Interim Deputy Provost for academic affairs. His career has produced a number of firsts — he was the first African American to receive a doctorate in business at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln, and his consulting firm, Harvey & Co., was among the first minority consulting firms to provide services to international clients. Deputy Provost for Health Sciences Leo Rouse, D.D.S., Dean of the College of Dentistry for more than a decade, is responsible for seven accredited programs within the college. Dr. Rouse has been named Interim Deputy Provost for Health Sciences. He previously served as President of the American Dental Education Association. An alumnus, Dr. Rouse seeks to provide exemplary education, service and research that promote patient-centered, collaborative care and advocacy for the elimination of health disparities.
Assistant Provost for International Programs Since his appointment as Dean of the College of Pharmacy in 2011, Anthony Wutoh, Ph.D., R.P., has been responsible for the day-to-day leadership and operation of the college's programs. Dr. Wutoh also serves as Director of the Center for Minority Health Services Research and co-director of the College's Center of Excellence, both of which were designed to strengthen the national capacity to train under-represented minority students in various health professions. His extensive experience will be of great use in his new position as Assistant Provost for International Programs. Assistant Vice President for University Communications and Marketing Kerry-Ann Hamilton, Ph.D., has been selected as the Assistant Vice President for University Communications and Marketing. Since 2006, Dr. Hamilton has served in a number of roles including Media Relations Manager, Director of Strategic Communications and Marketing and most recently as Interim Executive Director. Prior to Howard, she worked at the U.S. Agency for International Development and as a foreign correspondent for the Associated Press. Director of Admission and University Registrar LaTrice Byam, MBA, is the new Director of Admission and University Registrar. Mrs. Byam joined the Howard team in 2004. She previously served as the Associate Registrar and currently leads the Admission and Recruitment team. She earned her MBA from the Howard University School of Business.
SPOT THE BISON STAMPEDE This academic year, I will visit several cities to meet with alumni and to provide an update on alma mater. I truly look forward to seeing you. We have a number of new and exciting initiatives for alumni including student recruiting interviews and opportunities to reconnect and continue your support of the Capstone. Go Bison! North Carolina Alumni Reception: Dec. 15, 2013 Baltimore Alumni Reception: Dec. 19, 2013 New York Alumni Reception: Jan. 10, 2014
This year's Homecoming was filled with excitement as thousands of alumni and friends descended on the Capstone. Although I have been affiliated with this great institution for 25 years, I must say that I was heartened and energized by the show of support and love given to me by our alumni throughout the Homecoming weekend. Their generosity and dedication to Howard propels our University towards greatness. Our recent Homecoming celebration also provided opportunities for alumni engagement that were well attended. As alumni return home, it is clear to us that our celebration must be holistic. We enjoy the friendship, the memories, the game and many activities. We plan to expand that experience and to provide opportunities for reunion and continued personal enrichment from the Capstone. These may occur in the form of workshops on financial planning, health and wellness, philanthropy and other issues that are pertinent to alumni as well as updates about alma mater. Student Activities The tradition continued with the first-ever Homecoming pep rally at Greene Stadium; an exciting Entertainment Power Summit; glamorous fashion shows; an energetic step show; and amazing performances by Erykah Badu, Brandy, Trey Songz, Eric Benet, Mary Mary, and Migos; hilarious comedy acts from Marlon Wayans and Lil' Duval; and a funfilled parade. Alumni Activities I had the privilege of attending several wonderful alumni events, including the Bison Express kickoff and reception. This event featured keynote speaker and Howard alum Rock Newman, who shared dozens of stories about the legacy of Howard University. It was truly great to see so many former student athletes rekindle their love for alma mater.
Yardfest Yardfest attendance was more than 15,000 this year. Our attempt to cap the attendance was mandated by District of Columbia officials, including the Fire Marshal, as we secured the necessary permits for the event to ensure a safe capacity. Unfortunately, these efforts were not successful. I have convened a task force to examine Homecoming, generally, and Yardfest in particular, going forward. We will continue to refine and restructure it to ensure greater success in subsequent years. Parade One of my favorite events of the weekend was the Homecoming Parade, which featured Academy Award nominee Taraji P. Henson (B.A. '95) and actor Lance Gross (B.F.A. '04) serving as Grand Marshals and Marlon Wayans serving as Grand Ambassador. Hundreds of Bison and supporters lined the streets of Georgia Avenue and throughout the historic LeDroit Park to show their love and support of Howard University. The Game Always thrilling is the Homecoming Football game. This year, our Bison defeated the Morgan State University Bears 28-14 in the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference matchup! Again, congratulations to our football team, coaches, and Intercollegiate Athletics staff. Thank you for making Howard's 89th Homecoming memorable. See you next year! -Dr. Wayne A.I. Frederick
President Wayne A.I. Frederick's monthly newsletter to the Howard University Community.


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Radio Shack Stories November 6, 2013
Radio Shack Stories September 12, 2013
While it appears there will not be any preorders available for the iPhone 5s, many retailers and carriers are announcing their iPhone 5c pre-order plans. Starting tonight at 12:01 am Pacific Time tonight, you'll be able to place your pre-order directly with Apple and have it delivered right to your door on the 20th – as long as you're able to beat out the other customers (potentially millions) to the punch.
As a result, it may be better to work out a pre-order with a carrier or retailer as the demand could be much more sporadic, as it has been in past years. On the other hand, these outlets usually receive less stock and Apple supplies their own stores more quickly than they do for third-parties. We'll be watching the shipping times as these pre-orders roll out so check back frequently.
Below you will find all of the current announcements, but you should definitely also take a look at how to get the most money for your current iPhone:
Radio Shack will begin offering pre-orders for Apple's upcoming iPhone 5c tomorrow in its chain of retail stores. The pre-ordering will begin at the time of store opening. The company will be offering every available color (red, blue, pink, green, and yellow). Additionally, each color will be available on Verizon Wireless, Sprint, and AT&T.
At 12:01 Pacific Time on Friday morning, Apple will open up its pre-orders on its online store. The iPhone 5c will officially go on sale on Friday, September 20th. Also on September 20th, Apple will be launching its iPhone 5s, but that higher-end device will not be available for pre-order through Apple or Apple's other retail channels.
Earlier today, we noted that Walmart will be also offering pre-orders for the iPhone 5c. Walmart will be offering significant savings on the devices.
The best 4K & 5K displays for Mac
Radio Shack Stories April 20, 2013
Radio Shack, a US retailler with over 4,700 US locations, has expanded its lineup of Apple products online and in stores. While Radio Shack has long carried iOS devices and accessories including Apple's Wireless Keyboard, the retail chain is now offering Mac specific accessories including Wired keyboards, Mice/Trackpads, Magsafe power adapters, video adapter/cables and more. The additions were first noticed by MacRumors.
The move follows Apple's addition of Staples to it's stable earlier this year and the combined total of new places to find these items near 6,500 locations in the US. That's a significant number of new physical locations for Apple customers to find products needed in a pinch.
As 9to5Toys.com points out, RadioShack is also offering $10 in store credit when you purchase $30 worth of pre-tax merchandise making many Radio Shack Apple products the lowest prices we could find them.

subset: commoncrawl


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Hood spears...yes or no?
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Originally Posted by
Well they came in today but it's storming out so I won't be putting them on until tomorrow or maybe Wednesday. I peeled a corner back to have a look and I'm not entirely convinced that I didn't receive gloss black instead of matte black. We will see I guess.
To the guys that have vinyl....did you install it yourself? If so, what method did you use? The directions that came with these say to mix a water solution with 5-6 drops of dish detergent and a capful of rubbing alcohol and to spray it on the body panel as well as the adhesive side of the vinyl. This is supposed to allow it to move until you press down hard to stick it in place. I'm a little apprehensive about spraying the adhesive. Was actually thinking of doing it by using masking tape to hold one portion of the decal in place while I lay and smooth out the other portion. Thoughts?
It's really as easy as it sounds. Don't bother with the masking take or anything else, you want to be able to slide them around for proper positioning. Just mix up the water/soap solution, spray the hood well and
the decal with it. Set the decal roughly in place on the hood, then slide it into position. Once I had it where I wanted it I started using the squeegee working from the center to the outer ends; at first when it's still really wet mine didn't want to stick in the inside curve of the hood, but as soon as it starts to tack up in a few minutes it sticks really well - so be sure it's where you want it! I don't exactly recall the rest, but I'm pretty sure you wait for the outer paper to dry, then slowly peel away, then rub it down gently with a soft rag. Use a sharp razor blade to trim the decal where it crosses the hood/fender line, spray them with some of the soap solution and wrap them into the joint. I used some black electrical tape inside the fender/hood line to help hold the decal in place, and to carry on the appearance of the line when the hood is closed. Worked like a charm!
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35 ford trans tunnel/dressup??
cant come up with any good ideas to cover this area. kinda chopped when i bought car. 8 in wide maybe 10 in long.my auto shifter and pull handle emerg. brake there.i had a little box built over it and it was fair.what did you do?
Have any pictures of the area?
Schlock Rod
Lot of the guys will fab a new section of floor out of metal..I would just screw it down if it were mine so I could easily access the trans and shifter if I had to for some reason..Then just run the carpet over that with a nice shifter boot..
i dont have any way to do pictures. got a small piece of sheetmetal today. ill figure something decent out. amazing what carpet will cover. thanks.
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Splitting an atom in half results in an astonishing burst of energy, the exact opposite effect of splitting an energy drink. Get pumped up with this Groupon.
Choose from Six Options
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Explore the history and science of the Nevada test site in a series of exhibits that delves into underground testing sites and looks at atomic culture. The recently opened [Area 51 exhibit] "Myth and Reality" (http://www.nationalatomictestingmuseum.org/area51.aspx), meanwhile, reveals the myths and existing evidence of the most secret place in America, with help from people who worked there. Groupon customers also receive a 10% discount on gift-store purchases of more than $25 at the time of their visit.
National Atomic Testing Museum
The 8,000-square-foot National Atomic Testing Museum, located just off the Strip, unveils the fascinating history of the famed Nevada test site. An affiliate of the Smithsonian Institution, the museum has a growing collection of permanent and special exhibitions. Boots quake as visitors experience a simulated atomic blast, and another exhibit details the Manhattan Project, the U.S.'s massive undertaking to create the first atomic bomb. Firsthand accounts of nuclear tests put museum-goers in the shoes of blast eyewitnesses; there's also a poignant exhibit that includes a 6-foot I-beam from the wreckage of the World Trade Center. The museum volunteer tour guides act as exhibit interpreters, encouraging hands-on exploration and teaching how to divide atoms using nothing more than a good set of kitchen cutlery.
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Blackberry salsa recipe
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A group of outdoors organizations have formed a coalition to oppose a proposed referendum that would ban bear hunting in Maine using bait, dogs or traps.
The Maine Wildlife Conservation Council is made up of organizations that include the Sportsman's Alliance of Maine, the Maine Professional Guides Association and the Maine Trappers Association.
The coalition is holding a news conference Monday that will be attended by Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife Commissioner Chandler Woodcock.
Mainers for Fair Bear Hunting announced this summer that it plans to gather signatures of Maine voters to qualify for the November 2014 ballot. Mainers rejected a similar referendum in 2004.
Mainers for Fair Bear Hunting includes the Humane Society of the United States and the Wildlife Alliance of Maine.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 1, 2003
|Filing date
|Nov 17, 2000
|Priority date
|Mar 23, 1998
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Fred M. Allen, Patrick W. Blosser, Ronald M. Heck, Jeffrey B. Hoke, Terence C. Pole, John J. Steger
|Original Assignee
|Engelhard Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (233), Non-Patent Citations (25), Classifications (17), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/046,103 filed Mar. 23, 1998, U.S. Pat. No. 6,156,283, issued Dec. 5, 2000.
The present invention is directed to a method of treating pollutant-containing gases in which such gases are contacted with a catalyst composition containing at least one catalytic material which has an average pore size and surface area sufficient to prevent or at least substantially reduce capillary condensation.
The present invention is directed to a method of forming catalytic materials in such a manner that the catalytic material does not substantially undergo capillary condensation. Accordingly, the adverse effect that water vapor has on catalytic activity of the catalytic material is minimized.
Catalytic materials, especially for removing pollutants from a pollutant-containing gas are generally comprised of metals as well as other constituents which actively induce a chemical reaction. The effectiveness of a catalytic material depends in part on the availability of catalytically active sites. The more catalytically active sites available from a given catalyst, the more efficiently the catalytic material can promote the desired reaction.
Catalytic materials are used to induce the reaction of pollutants contained within a pollutant-containing gas into harmless by-products. There are numerous pollutants which are found in the atmosphere and/or contained within gas discharged from industrial facilities or automotive vehicles. Such pollutants include hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, ozone, sulfur compounds and NOx compounds.
If a potentially catalytically active site is blocked then its availability to catalyze the chemical reaction of a pollutant is eliminated or at least substantially reduced. Compounds which block catalytically active sites do so by binding to the catalytic material so that at least a portion of the time the catalytically active site is unavailable for catalyzing a reaction. The stronger the bond between the blocking compound and the catalytically active site, the less efficient the catalytic material is in inducing a chemical reaction to convert pollutants to harmless by-products.
It is well known that water molecules have an affinity for catalytic materials, especially metals. Accordingly, water serves as a blocking compound which reversibly binds to catalytically active sites. The bond between water molecules and catalytically active sites is typically of moderate strength so that the water molecules spend only a portion of the time bound to the catalytically active site. When the water molecule is so bound, the particular catalytically active site is incapable of inducing a chemical reaction to convert pollutants to harmless by-products.
Catalytic materials including those incorporating precious metals, base metals and the like are employed in catalytic compositions for the treatment of pollutant-containing gases such as exhaust gas from automotive vehicles. The exhaust gases typically contain moisture or water vapor and the amount of water vapor will vary depending on climatic conditions. As previously indicated, the presence of water molecules can impede the effectiveness of a catalytic material because water acts as a blocking compound.
During normal operation of an automotive vehicle, the temperature of the exhaust gas will be several hundred degrees. Under these high temperature conditions, water molecules are energized due to the input of thermal energy. Highly energized molecules tend to remain in motion. This high energy level limits the time the water molecules remain bound to catalytically active sites. Accordingly, the presence of water vapor under high temperature operating conditions does not adversely affect the efficiency of catalytic materials to the same extent as under lower temperature operating conditions when water molecules are less energized. Under less energized conditions, water molecules tend to bind to catalytically active sites for a greater length of time than under high energy conditions (e.g. higher temperatures).
Catalytic materials are generally manufactured with a preference for high surface areas so as to enable a greater number of catalytic sites to catalyze the reaction of pollutants contained within a pollutant-containing gas. High surface area catalytic materials can be produced by employing a pore structure comprised of micropores having an average pore size as low as possible, typically less than 5 nanometers (nm). Smaller pores therefore, are characteristic of high surface area catalytic materials.
It has been observed that catalytic materials having an average pore size of less than about 5 nm, undesirably retain moisture especially under high humidity and low temperature (i.e. low energy) conditions. When water vapor is in contact with such materials, molecules of water enter the relatively small pores and remain within the pores. This phenomenon is known as capillary condensation.
"Capillary condensation" as used herein means that water molecules enter and remain within the micropore structure of the catalytic material. Because the micropores have very small pore sizes (typically less than 5 nm), the water molecules become "stuck" in the pores and can be removed only with some difficulty. The retention of water molecules in micropores (capillary condensation) reduces the effectiveness of catalytic materials because the water molecules block the catalytically active sites as previously described. In particular, the number of catalytically active sites available to catalyze the reaction of a pollutant is reduced and therefore the efficiency of the catalytic material is impaired.
It would therefore be a significant advance in the art of removing pollutants from a pollutant-containing gas to provide catalytic materials in which capillary condensation is prevented or at least substantially minimized. It would be another advance in the art to produce catalytic materials which can be used in automotive vehicles to remove pollutants from a pollutant-containing gas under high humidity and/or low temperature operating conditions.
The present invention is generally directed to a method of treating a pollutant-containing gas with a catalytic material in which the presence of water vapor, even under high relative humidity conditions and/or low temperature operating conditions, does not substantially adversely affect catalyst performance. Catalytic materials which can perform in this manner are also encompassed by the present invention.
In particular, the present invention is directed to a catalytic composition and method of treating a pollutant-containing gas comprising contacting the pollutant-containing gas with a catalyst composition containing at least one catalytic material which has an average pore size of at least 5 nm and a surface area sufficiently large to enable the catalytic material to react with the pollutant in the pollutant-containing gas. As a result capillary condensation is at least substantially prevented whereby there is sufficient accessability of the catalytically active sites to induce a reaction of the pollutant to produce harmless by-products.
In a preferred form of the invention, there is provided a method of treating a pollutant-containing gas even under high humidity and/or reduced temperature conditions in which the catalytic material has an average pore size of at least 10 nm. Catalytic materials employed in the present method are also the subject of the present invention.
The catalytic material, in addition to having an average pore size of at least 5 nm distribution as described above, also has a relatively large surface area, typically at least 100 m2/g. Preferably, the catalytic material has a relatively high total pore volume, typically at least 0.9 cm3/g.
The following drawings are illustrative of embodiments of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention as encompassed by the claims forming part of the application.
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the amount of water adsorbed by two catalysts as a function of relative humidity;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing capillary condensation as a function of average pore size for a given catalytic material; and
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the efficiency of ozone conversion as a function of relative humidity.
The catalytic materials of the present invention have an average pore size and a surface area sufficient to prevent or at least substantially reduce capillary condensation. In a preferred form of the invention, the total pore volume of the catalytic material is selected to further minimize capillary condensation. As previously explained, capillary condensation occurs when water molecules enter micropores of a catalytic material and become retained therein because the small size of the pores makes it difficult for the water to be removed in the absence of raising the energy level of the water molecules such as occurs at elevated temperatures (e.g. temperatures of at least about 100� C.). As used herein the term "average pore size" shall mean the average pore diameter of the pores of the catalytic material.
It has been observed that condensation of water occurs in the pores of catalytic materials having an average pore size of less than 5 nm, especially at a relative humidity of at least about 50%. The relative humidity is based on the partial pressure of the water in the air and the saturation vapor pressure at the catalyst operating temperature. The filing of pores with water molecules via capillary condensation is governed by the formula
where R is the gas constant (8.31 Joules/mole/K), T is the operating temperature of catalyst system, ln is the natural logarithm, P is the partial pressure of water vapor, P0 is the saturation vapor pressure of water at the operating temperature T, V is the molar volume of water (18 cm3/mole), γ is the surface tension of water (72.6 dynes/cm), θ is the contact angle and D is the capillary diameter (cm). The contact angle is the angle formed between the liquid surface and a solid surface. For hydrophilic surfaces, the contact angle is generally between about 0 and 90 degrees. For hydrophobic surfaces, the contact angle is generally between about 90 and 180 degrees. The contact angle for metal oxide surfaces (e.g. alumina) is typically less than 90�.
Applicants have discovered that when a catalytic material is provided with an average pore size of at least 5 nm and a surface area of at least 100 m2/g capillary condensation is prevented or at least substantially reduced.
Referring to FIG. 1 there is shown a graph depicting the relationship between water adsorption and relative humidity for two different manganese oxide based catalytic materials. The first of the catalytic materials is Carulite� 200 produced by Carus Chemicals, Inc. and the second is HSA (a high surface area) MnO2 produced by Chemetals, Inc. As shown in FIG. 1, water adsorption for each of the catalytic materials is relatively low until the relative humidity reaches about 50%. Water adsorption below a relative humidity of about 50% is due principally to multi-layer adsorption. Multilayer adsorption is the formation of multiple thin layers of moisture which does not substantially prevent access of the pollutant-containing gas to the catalytic material contained within the pores. At a relative humidity of about 50%, the amount of water adsorbed increases significantly due to capillary condensation.
In accordance with the present invention, the average pore size and the relative humidity of the atmosphere impact on whether or not capillary condensation occurs.
As shown in FIG. 2 and in accordance with the present invention, as the average pore size increases, the relative humidity necessary to induce capillary condensation significantly increases. Capillary condensation is initiated at low pore sizes (an average pore size of less than 5 nm) at low relative humidity conditions (i.e. ≦50%). Thus increasing the average pore size to at least 5 nm prevents or substantially reduces capillary condensation to relative humidities of up to about 50% when the catalytic material has a surface area of at least 100 m2/g. Increasing the average pore size to a preferred range of at least 10 nm and more preferably from about 15 to 50 nm substantially eliminates capillary condensation to relative humidities up to about 75%.
The effect of relative humidity on the ability of a catalyst to convert ozone to harmless byproducts is shown in FIG. 3. These results were obtained by passing 1.53 L/min of air containing 5 ppm of ozone through 50 mg of high surface area α-MnO2 at 25-27� C. As shown in FIG. 3, about 65-68% conversion of ozone was achieved at a relative humidity of from about 50 to 60%. However, as the relative humidity increased, especially above 60% (e.g. 90%) there was a noticeable decline in the ozone conversion rate to 19%. The significant decline in conversion rate is due at least in large part to the presence of water in vicinity of the catalytically active sites due to capillary condensation.
The catalytic materials which can be employed in the present invention can vary widely but generally include platinum group metals, base metals, alkaline earth metals, rare earth metals and transition metals.
The platinum group metals include platinum, palladium, iridium, and rhodium. The base metals include manganese, copper, nickel, cobalt, silver and gold. The alkaline earth metals include beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. The rare earth metals include cesium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium. Early transition metals include scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, tympanum, zirconium, and hafnium.
Examples of such catalytic materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,139,992, U.S. Pat. No. 5,128,306, U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,483, U.S. Pat. No. 5,024,981, U.S. Pat. No. 5,254,519, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,212,142, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The most preferred catalytic materials for use in the present invention are those which contain manganese and particularly those which contain manganese dioxide as explained in detail hereinafter. Such catalytic materials are especially suitable for treating ozone.
Ozone treating catalyst compositions comprise manganese compounds including manganese dioxide, non stoichiometric manganese dioxide (e.g., XMnO(1.5-2.0)), and/or XMn2O3wherein X is a metal ion, preferably an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal (e.g. sodium, potassium and barium). Variable amounts of water (H2O, OH−) can be incorporated in the structure as well. Preferred manganese dioxides, which are nominally referred to as MnO2 have a chemical formula wherein the molar ratio of manganese to oxide is about from 1.5 to 2.0. Up to 100 percent by weight of manganese dioxide MnO2 can be used in catalyst compositions to treat ozone. Alternative compositions which are available comprise manganese dioxide and compounds such as copper oxide alone or copper oxide and alumina. In accordance with the present invention, the most dramatic improvement in catalytic efficiency with higher pore size distribution is seen with catalyst containing manganese dioxide alone.
Useful and preferred manganese dioxides are alpha-manganese dioxides nominally having a molar ratio of manganese to oxygen of from 1 to 2. Useful alpha manganese dioxides are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,340,562 to O'Young, et al.; also in O'Young, Hydrothermal Synthesis of Manganese Oxides with Tunnel Structures presented at the Symposium on Advances in Zeolites and Pillared Clay Structures presented before the Division of Petroleum Chemistry, Inc. American Chemical Society New York City Meeting, Aug. 25-30, 1991 beginning at page 342; and in McKenzie, the Synthesis of Bimessite, Cryptomelane, and Some Other Oxides and Hydroxides of Manganese, Mineralogical Magazine, December 1971, Vol. 38, pp. 493-502. For the purposes of the present invention, the preferred alpha-manganese dioxide is selected from hollandite (BaMn8O16.xH2O), cryptomelane (KMn8O16.xH2O), manjiroite (NaMn8O16.xH2O) or coronadite (PbMn8O16.xH2O).
The manganese dioxides useful in the present invention preferably have a surface area as high as possible while maintaining a pore size distribution of at least 10 nm. A preferred surface area is at least 100 m2/g.
The composition preferably comprises a binder as of the type described below with preferred binders being polymeric binders. The composition can further comprise precious metal components with precious metal components being the oxides of precious metal, including the oxides of platinum group metals and oxides of palladium or platinum also referred to as palladium black or platinum black. The amount of palladium or platinum black can range from 0 to 25%, with useful amounts being in ranges of from about 1 to 25 and 5 to 15% by weight based on the weight of the manganese component and the precious metal component.
It has been found that the use of compositions comprising the cryptomelane form of alpha manganese oxide, which also contain a polymeric binder can result in greater than 50%, preferably greater than 60% and typically from 75-85% conversion of ozone in a concentration range of up to 400 parts per billion (ppb).
The preferred cryptomelane manganese dioxide has a crystallite size ranging from 2 to 10 nm and preferably less than 5 nm. It can be calcined at a temperature range of from 250� C. to 550� C. and preferably below 500� C. and greater than 300� C. for at least 1.5 hours and preferably at least 2 hours up to about 6 hours.
The preferred cryptomelane can be made in accordance with methods described and incorporated into U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/589,182 filed Jan. 19, 1996, incorporated herein by reference. The cryptomelane can be made by reacting a manganese salt including salts selected from the group consisting MnCl2, Mn(NO3)2, MnSO4 and Mn(CH3COO)2 with a permanganate compound. Cryptomelane is made using potassium permanganate; hollandite is made using barium permanganate; coronadite is made using lead permanganate; and manjiroite is made using sodium permanganate. It is recognized that the alpha-manganese dioxide useful in the present invention can contain one or more of hollandite, cryptomelane, manjiroite or coronadite compounds. Even when making cryptomelane minor amounts of other metal ions such as sodium may be present. Useful methods to form the alpha-manganese dioxide are described in the above references which are incorporated herein by reference.
The preferred alpha-manganese dioxide for use in accordance with the present invention is cryptomelane. The preferred cryptomelane is "clean" or substantially free of inorganic anions, particularly on the surface. Such anions could include chlorides, sulfates and nitrates which are introduced during the method to form cryptomelane. An alternate method to make the clean cryptomelane is to react a manganese carboxylate, preferably manganese acetate, with potassium permanganate.
It is believed that the carboxylates are burned off during the calcination process. However, inorganic anions remain on the surface even during calcination. The inorganic anions such as sulfates can be washed away with the aqueous solution or a slightly acidic aqueous solution. Preferably the alpha manganese dioxide is a "clean" alpha manganese dioxide. The cryptomelane can be washed at from about 60� C. to 100� C. for about one-half hour to remove a significant amount of sulfate anions. The nitrate anions may be removed in a similar manner. The "clean" alpha manganese dioxide is characterized as having an IR spectrum as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/589,182 filed Jan. 19, 1996.
A preferred method of making cryptomelane useful in the present invention comprises mixing an aqueous acidic manganese salt solution with a potassium permanganate solution. The acidic manganese salt solution preferably has a pH of from 0.5 to 3.0 and can be made acidic using any common acid, preferably acetic acid at a concentration of from 0.5 to 5.0 normal and more preferably from 1.0 to 2.0 normal. The mixture forms a slurry which is stirred at a temperature range of from 50� C. to 110� C. The slurry is filtered and the filtrate is dried at a temperature range of from 75� C. to 200� C. The resulting cryptomelane crystals have a surface area of typically in the range of at least 100 m2/g.
Catalytic materials with an average pore size of at least 5 nm in accordance with the present invention can be made, for example, by heat treating the material after crystallization. The post-crystallization material can be heated to temperatures sufficient to increase the average pore size to at least 5 nm. In most cases, the post-crystallization heat-treating temperature is in the range of from about 300 to 500� C.
Other useful compositions comprise manganese dioxide and optionally copper oxide and alumina and at least one precious metal component such as a platinum group metal supported on the manganese dioxide and where present copper oxide and alumina. Useful compositions contain up to 100, from 40 to 80 and preferably 50 to 70 weight percent manganese dioxide 10 to 60 and typically 30 to 50 percent copper oxide. Useful compositions include hopcalite (supplied by, for example, Mine Safety Applications, Inc.) which is about 60 percent manganese dioxide and about 40 percent copper oxide; and Carulite� 200 (sold by Carus Chemical Co.) which is reported to have 60 to 75 weight percent manganese dioxide, 11 to 14 percent copper oxide and 15 to 16 percent aluminum oxide. The surface area of Carulite� 200 is reported to be about 180 m2/g. Calcining at 450� C. reduces the surface area of the Carulite� by about fifty percent (50%) without significantly affecting activity. It is preferred to calcine manganese compounds at from 300� C. to 500� C. and more preferably 350� C. to 450� C. Calcining at 550� C. causes a great loss of surface area and ozone treatment activity. Calcining the Carulite� after ball milling with acetic acid and coating on a substrate can improve adhesion of the coating to a substrate.
Other compositions to treat ozone can comprise a manganese dioxide component and precious metal components such as platinum group metal components. While both components are catalytically active, the manganese dioxide can also support the precious metal component. The platinum group metal component preferably is a palladium and/or platinum component. The amount of platinum group metal compound preferably ranges from about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent (based on the weight of the platinum group metal) of the composition. Preferably, where platinum is present it is present in amounts of from 0.1 to 5 weight percent, with useful and preferred amounts on pollutant treating catalyst volume, based on the volume of the supporting article, ranging from about 0.5 to about 70 g/ft3. The amount of the palladium component preferably ranges from about 2 to about 10 weight percent of the composition, with useful and preferred amounts on pollutant treating catalyst volume ranging from about 10 to about 250 g/ft3.
Various useful and preferred pollutant treating catalyst compositions, especially those containing a catalytically active component such as a precious metal catalytic component, can comprise a suitable support material such as a refractory oxide support. The preferred refractory oxide can be selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina, titania, ceria, zirconia and chromia, and mixtures thereof. More preferably, the support is at least one activated, high surface area compound selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, titania, silica-alumina, silica-zirconia, alumina silicates, alumina zirconia, alumina-chromia and alumina-ceria. The refractory oxide can be in suitable form including bulk particulate form typically having particle sizes ranging from about 0.1 to about 100 and preferably 1 to 10 μm or in sol form also having a particle size ranging from about 1 to about 50 and preferably about 1 to about 10 nm. A preferred titania sol support comprises titania having a particle size ranging from about 1 to about 10, and typically from about 2 to 5 nm.
Also useful as a preferred support is a coprecipitate of a manganese oxide and zirconia. This composition can be made as recited in U.S. Pat. No. 5,283,041, incorporated herein by reference. The coprecipitated support material preferably comprises in a ratio based on the weight of manganese and zirconium metals from about 5:95 to 95:5; preferably from about 10:90 to 75:25; more preferably from about 10:90 to 50:50; and most preferably from about 15:85 to 50:50. A useful and preferred embodiment comprises a Mn:Zr weight ratio of about 20:80. U.S. Pat. No. 5,283,041 describes a preferred method to make a coprecipitate of a manganese oxide component and a zirconia component. A zirconia oxide and manganese oxide material may be prepared by mixing aqueous solutions of suitable zirconium oxide precursors such as zirconium oxynitrate, zirconium acetate, zirconium oxychloride, or zirconium oxysulfate and a suitable manganese oxide precursor such as manganese nitrate, manganese acetate, manganese dichloride or manganese dibromide, adding a sufficient amount of a base such as ammonium hydroxide to obtain a pH of from about 8 to 9, filtering the resulting precipitate, washing with water, and drying at a temperature of from about 450� to 500� C.
A useful support for a catalyst to treat ozone is selected from a refractory 5 oxide support, preferably alumina and silica-alumina with a more preferred support being a silica-alumina support comprising from about 1% to 10% by weight of silica and from about 90% to 99% by weight of alumina.
The average pore size of the catalytic material including the preferred materials described above is at least 5 nm, preferably at least 10 nm, more preferably from about 15 to 50 nm. At this average pore size, any water molecules which enter the pores are readily disengaged from catalytic sites without the imposition of excessive energy such as thermal energy. Accordingly, the method of the present invention is particularly suited to the catalytic conversion of a pollutant-containing gas (e.g. exhaust gas) at reduced operating temperatures. The method of the present invention is particularly suited to the efficient and effective conversion of pollutants to harmless by-products when an engine of an automotive vehicle is under startup conditions (i.e. generally less than 45� C.). The catalytic materials of the present invention are particularly suited for the conversion of carbon monoxide and ozone.
61 grams of a powdered catalytic material containing noncrystalline KMn8O16 prepared by methods described in "Microstructural Study of Hollandite-type MnO2 Nano-fibers" M. Benaissa et al. App. Physics Letters, Vol. 70, No. 16, pp.2120-2122 (1997) and "Nickel Hydroxide and other Nanophase Cathode Materials For Rechargeable Batteries" D. E. Reisner et al. J. Power Sources Vol. 65, No. 1-2, pp. 231-233 (1997) was treated in the following manner. The material is comprised of primary crystallites having a fibrous shape with aspect ratios of about 10:1 (i.e. 10-100 nm wide�100-1,000 nm long). The fibrous crystallites form loosely compacted subspherical agglomerates resembling nests up to about 10 μm across. The bulk of density of the material is about 0.3 to 0.6 g/cm3. The powder was pressed, granulated and sized so that the resulting material had an average pore size of 32.2 nm, a pore volume (the total volume divided by the average pore size) of 0.98 cm3/g and a surface area of 122 m2/g. Equal volumes (0.13 cm3) of the powder were loaded into glass tubes and secured into a bed with glass wool. The samples were run on a temperature and humidity controlled flow reactor equipped with an ozone generator and UV ozone analyzer.
A gas containing 5 ppm of ozone in air was passed through the sample bed at a space velocity of 150,000 hr−1 at 45� C. with a dew point of 17� C. for 2 hours. The instantaneous conversion of ozone to oxygen at the end of two hours is shown in Table 1.
61 mg
91 mg
135 mg
(1.3 hr)
aBET surface area measured by N2 adsorption after drying sample at 250� C.
bTotal pore volume and average pore diameter determined by N2 adsorption.
As shown in Table 1, the % conversion of ozone for Example 1 was 99%. This example employed an average pore diameter and surface area which minimized capillary condensation. The % conversion was achieved with a low mass of catalytic material.
91 grams of a starting material containing activated MnO2 obtained from Johnson Matthey Alfa Aesar (Technical Grade Stock No. 14340) was comprised of nearly equant or subspherical crystallites with diameters of from about 50 to 100 nm. The crystallites form dense aggregates and agglomerates up to about 20 μm across. The bulk density of this material is from about 1.1 to 1.3 g/m2. The final catalytic material was obtained by heating the starting material to 450� C. for 2 hours to obtain an average pore size distribution of 18.6 nm.
As shown in Table 1 the % conversion of ozone initiated by the catalytic material was 99%. However, a larger mass of catalytic material was needed to achieve high conversion rates due to the relatively small surface area (44 m2/g) and pore volume (0.21 cm3/g) as compared to the catalytic material of Example 1.
The same catalytic material employed in Comparative Example 2 was used except that the step of heating to 450� C. was omitted. The resulting material was comprised of nearly equant or subspherical crystallites on the order of about 5 to 25 nm across that form subspherical aggregates and agglomerates up to 20 μm across, with an average pore size distribution of 9.4 nm. The bulk density of the material is between 0.9 and 1.1 g/cm3.
The catalytic material was treated in the same manner as in Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 except that the reaction was terminated after 1.3 hours because the conversion rates were decreasing. The results of this comparative example showing the effectiveness of converting ozone to oxygen is shown in Table 1. The conversion rate for this comparative Example was only 72% despite using more than twice the amount of the catalytic material.
As shown in Table 1, the highest conversion rate with the lowest mass of material is achieved when the catalytic material (Example 1) has an average pore size equal to or exceeding about 5.0 nm, a pore volume equal to or exceeding about 0.9 cm3/g and a surface area equal to or exceeding 100 m2/g.
As further shown in Table 1, the comparative examples showed significantly lower conversion rates for even greater masses of material.
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|The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britannic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern Ireland
|Filter assemblies with layers of activated carbon fibrous cloth
|Jul 10, 1978
|Dec 2, 1980
|Toyota Jidosha Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Catalyst for purifying exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine
|Sep 29, 1978
|Jan 20, 1981
|Union Carbide Corporation
|MnO2 derived from LiMn2 O4
|Nov 5, 1979
|Apr 14, 1981
|Dart Industries Inc.
|Ozone control catalyst compositions
|Mar 28, 1979
|Jul 7, 1981
|Union Carbide Corporation
|Manganese dioxide
|Oct 22, 1979
|Aug 18, 1981
|Metallurgie Hoboken-Overpelt
|Production of battery-grade manganese dioxide
|Apr 25, 1980
|Aug 25, 1981
|Union Carbide Corporation
|Process of making manganous sulphate solution with low level impurity of potassium for manufacture of electrolytic manganese dioxide
|Oct 9, 1979
|Nov 24, 1981
|Mcdonnell Douglas Corporation
|Production of an ozone removal filter
|Dec 16, 1980
|Jan 12, 1982
|Chemetals Corporation
|Manganese nitrate spray decomposition
|May 6, 1980
|Apr 13, 1982
|Mobil Oil Corporation
|Upgrading residual oil
|Dec 22, 1980
|Aug 10, 1982
|Engelhard Corporation
|Ozone abatement catalyst having improved durability and low temperature performance
|Nov 5, 1979
|Sep 7, 1982
|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
|Catalytic converter for ozone removal in aircraft
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|Nippondenso Co., Ltd.
|Electronic control method and apparatus for automobile air conditioning system with air purifier
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|Uop Inc.
|Hydrocarbon dehydrogenation with an attenuated superactive multimetallic catalytic composite for use therein
|Dec 18, 1979
|Dec 14, 1982
|Conoco Inc.
|Monolith heat exchange reactor
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|Chiyoda Chemical Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd.
|Catalyst for hydrotreating heavy hydrocarbon oils and method of preparing same
|Nov 20, 1980
|Apr 5, 1983
|Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.
|Method of decomposing ozone
|Dec 29, 1981
|Apr 12, 1983
|Union Carbide Corporation
|Organic solvent-treated manganese dioxide-containing cathodes
|Sep 18, 1981
|Aug 16, 1983
|Prototech Company
|Low pressure-drop catalytic mat and method of preparing the same
|May 28, 1982
|Sep 6, 1983
|Isao Tanabe
|Process for producing manganese dioxide
|Apr 21, 1982
|Sep 20, 1983
|Engelhard Corporation
|Ozone abatement catalyst having improved durability and low temperature performance
|Mar 24, 1982
|Sep 20, 1983
|Varta Batterie Aktiengesellschaft
|Manganese dioxide electrode for lithium batteries
|Apr 7, 1983
|Jan 10, 1984
|Tecumseh Products Company
|Multi-stage air filter
|Mar 24, 1983
|Oct 9, 1984
|Union Carbide Corporation
|Manganese dioxide and process for the production thereof
|Dec 22, 1982
|Oct 16, 1984
|The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy
|Solid electrolyte structure
|Feb 8, 1984
|Nov 20, 1984
|Kerr-Mcgee Chemical Corporation
|Method of producing manganese sulfate solutions of improved purity
|Feb 8, 1984
|Nov 27, 1984
|Kerr-Mcgee Chemical Corporation
|Process of producing manganese sulfate solutions
|Feb 8, 1984
|Dec 18, 1984
|Kerr-Mcgee Chemical Corporation
|Manufacture of manganous sulfate solutions
|Nov 16, 1983
|Aug 27, 1985
|Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company
|Fuel cell and method of purging a fuel cell
|May 31, 1984
|Nov 5, 1985
|Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd.
|Macroporous manganese dioxide water purifier
|Mar 28, 1985
|Apr 1, 1986
|The Boc Group, Inc.
|Methods for purifying inert gas streams
|Oct 31, 1984
|Apr 8, 1986
|Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd.
|Method of making macroporous manganese dioxide
|Feb 26, 1985
|Apr 29, 1986
|Sony Corporation
|Lithium-manganese dioxide cell
|Jun 27, 1985
|May 20, 1986
|Union Carbide Corporation
|Process for the production of manganese dioxide
|Jul 21, 1983
|Jun 17, 1986
|Matsushita Electrical Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Air cell electrode and process for preparing its catalyst
|Jun 29, 1984
|Aug 5, 1986
|Union Carbide Corporation
|Manganese dioxide and process for the production thereof
|Dec 2, 1985
|Oct 28, 1986
|Amoco Corporation
|Ozone decomposition
|Sep 3, 1985
|Nov 25, 1986
|Allied Corporation
|Selective conversion of aliphatic and aromatic aminonitriles and/or dinitriles into lactams
|Jul 15, 1985
|Apr 14, 1987
|The Standard Oil Company
|Catalyst composition for the preparation of alcohols
|Jun 21, 1985
|Apr 14, 1987
|Internationale Octrooi Maatschappij "Octropa" B.V.
|Nickel/alumina catalyst and process for its preparation
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|Method for dehydrating manganese dioxide
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|Environmental control system
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|Jun 2, 1987
|National Distillers And Chemical Corporation
|Synthetic crystalline metallosilicate compositions, the preparation thereof and their use in the conversion of synthesis gas to low molecular weight hydrocarbons
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|Aug 4, 1987
|Wasylyniuk Ralph E
|Chemical filter for use in a cab ventilation system
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|Dec 22, 1987
|Engelhard Corporation
|Aluminum-stabilized ceria catalyst compositions, and methods of making the same
|Sep 18, 1984
|Mar 29, 1988
|Heinz Holter
|Process and device for purifying polluted air
|May 13, 1986
|Mar 29, 1988
|Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Attachment device for air cleaner case in engines
|Sep 4, 1985
|Apr 19, 1988
|Engelhard Corporation
|Three-way catalysts of improved efficiency
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|May 3, 1988
|Toyota Jidoshi Kabushiki Kaisha
|Monolithic catalyst support and catalyst deposited on the support
|Feb 3, 1988
|Apr 4, 1989
|Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft
|Process for the preparation electrolytic manganese dioxide
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|Daimler-Benz Aktiengesellschaft
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|Jun 13, 1989
|Critical Systems, Inc.
|Air driven filtration system
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|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|High temperature combustion catalyst and method for producing the same
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|Nikki-Universal Co., Ltd.
|Ozone cracking catalyst
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|Dec 19, 1989
|Phillips Petroleum Company
|Preparation of hydrotreating catalyst from spent catalyst
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|Mobile air cleaning apparatus
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|May 1, 1990
|Duracell Inc.
|Process for producing beta manganese dioxide
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|Oct 9, 1990
|Howeth David Franklin
|Structurally reinforced, self-aligning panel filter apparatus with associated clamping, face sealing and backflushing structure
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|Dec 4, 1990
|Andre Lecerf
|Rechargeable electrochemical battery including a lithium anode
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|Apr 2, 1991
|Thaddeus Kowalczyk
|Filter assembly for protecting motor vehicle occupants from pollution
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|Apr 23, 1991
|Engelhard Corporation
|Staged three-way conversion catalyst and method of using the same
|Apr 20, 1989
|Jun 18, 1991
|Engelhard Corporation
|Staged metal-promoted zeolite catalysts and method for catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides using the same
|Feb 22, 1990
|Oct 15, 1991
|Engelhard Corporation
|Catalyst composition containing segregated platinum and rhodium components
|Mar 9, 1990
|Jan 14, 1992
|Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
|Methods of ozone decomposition and catalyst structures used therein
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|Jan 21, 1992
|Csa Division Of Lake Industries, Inc.
|Regenerable inorganic media for the selective removal of contaminants from water sources
|Aug 7, 1991
|Feb 4, 1992
|Mercedes-Benz Ag
|Motor vehicle filter in the inlet stream of a heating system or air-conditioning system of a motor vehicle
|Dec 31, 1990
|Mar 3, 1992
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Air-conditioning system
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|Ventures Unlimited, Inc.
|Filter for lowering harmful crankcase emissions in an internal combustion engine
|Jun 21, 1990
|Jul 7, 1992
|Engelhard Corporation
|Palladium containing ceria-supported platinum catalyst and catalyst assembly including the same
|Aug 6, 1991
|Jul 14, 1992
|Wan Chung Zong
|Catalyst composition containing segregated platinum and rhodium components
|Jul 5, 1990
|Jul 28, 1992
|Idemitsu Kosan Company Limited
|Catalyst for reforming hydrocarbon with steam
|Oct 23, 1990
|Aug 18, 1992
|Engelhard Corporation
|Three-way conversion catalyst including a ceria-containing zirconia support
|Sep 30, 1991
|Sep 1, 1992
|Process for treating an engine exhaust stream employing a catalyst, an adsorbent bed and a turbocharger
|Apr 15, 1991
|Sep 8, 1992
|Nippon Shokubai Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.
|Method for purification of gas
|May 23, 1991
|Sep 8, 1992
|Solvay Catalysts Gmbh
|Metal foil supported catalyst
|Apr 8, 1991
|Sep 8, 1992
|Engelhard Corporation
|Oxidation catalyst resistant to sulfation
|Apr 9, 1990
|Sep 15, 1992
|James Bartholomew
|Mobile airborne air cleaning station
|May 21, 1990
|Nov 3, 1992
|Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
|Ozone decomposing reactor
|Dec 13, 1990
|Nov 10, 1992
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|Regeneration of whetlerite for adsorbing toxic pollutants from air
|May 2, 1991
|Nov 24, 1992
|Technology Finance Corporation (Proprietary) Limited
|Manganese oxide compounds
|Apr 20, 1992
|Jan 5, 1993
|The Dow Chemical Company
|Filters employing particulate porous polymers
|May 13, 1991
|Jan 19, 1993
|Permelec Electrode Ltd.
|Electrolytic ozonizer and method of decomposing ozone-containing waste gas using said ozonizer
|Sep 27, 1991
|Feb 16, 1993
|Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd.
|Catalyst and method of preparing the catalyst
|Sep 3, 1991
|Mar 16, 1993
|Japan Pionics Co., Ltd.
|Process for purification of rare gas
|Aug 19, 1991
|May 18, 1993
|Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Inc.
|Catalyst for decomposing ozone
|Nov 4, 1991
|May 18, 1993
|Engelhard Corporation
|High performance thermally stable catalyst
|Apr 12, 1991
|May 25, 1993
|Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
|Deodorizing catalyst
|Feb 21, 1992
|Jun 22, 1993
|Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
|Catalysts and methods for ozone decomposition
|Mar 26, 1991
|Jun 22, 1993
|The University Of Pittsburgh
|Methanol synthesis using a catalyst combination of alkali or alkaline earth salts and reduced copper chromite for methanol synthesis
|Mar 25, 1992
|Jun 22, 1993
|Amoco Corporation
|Hydroprocessing catalyst
|Apr 10, 1992
|Jul 13, 1993
|Perez De La Garza Antonio
|Process for air decontamination
|Jan 29, 1992
|Aug 3, 1993
|Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
|Ozone decomposing reactor regeneration
|Apr 10, 1992
|Aug 3, 1993
|Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
|Catalysts and methods for ozone decomposition
|Jun 18, 1992
|Oct 5, 1993
|Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft
|Carrier catalyst, process for its preparation, and its use for the preparation of vinyl acetate
|May 28, 1992
|Oct 12, 1993
|Retallick William B
|Catalytic air cleaner
|Oct 11, 1991
|Oct 19, 1993
|Engelhard Corporation
|Catalyst composition containing platinum and rhodium components
|Jul 16, 1992
|Nov 16, 1993
|Nichias Corporation
|Ozone filter and method of production thereof
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|Jan 11, 1994
|Duracell Inc.
|Process for producing manganese dioxide
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|Engelhard Corporation
|Catalytic incineration of organic compounds
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|Duracell Inc.
|Alkaline cell
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|Mar 15, 1994
|Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd.
|Non-aqueous secondary cell
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|Mar 22, 1994
|Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd.
|Catalyst and a method of prepare the catalyst
|Nov 9, 1992
|May 3, 1994
|W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn.
|Core body for catalytic converter
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|Jun 7, 1994
|Nippondenso Co., Ltd.
|Honeycomb heater
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|Sep 20, 1994
|Duracell Inc.
|Process for producing manganese dioxide
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|Oct 18, 1994
|Corporacion Nacional Del Cobre De Chile
|Hydrometallurgical process for the treatment of copper-bearing ore
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|Herr Haase, Inc.
|Process for removal of selected component gases from multi-component gas streams
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|Duracell Inc.
|Process for producing manganese dioxide
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|Mar 7, 1995
|Sterling Air & Water Corporation
|Water filtration medium and method of use
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|Mar 28, 1995
|Olin Corporation
|Process for producing solid manganese dioxide
|Aug 16, 1993
|Apr 11, 1995
|Kerr-Mcgee Chemical Corporation
|Use of hydroquinone to precondition manganese dioxide for use in rechargeable electrochemical cells
|Apr 18, 1994
|May 2, 1995
|Olin Corporation
|Integrated process of using chloric acid to separate zinc oxide and manganese oxide
|Apr 22, 1994
|May 30, 1995
|Noranda Inc.
|Method for the removal of thallium
|Feb 25, 1994
|Jun 6, 1995
|Engelhard Corporation
|Layered catalyst composition
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|Jul 18, 1995
|Sikora; David
|Electrostatic air filter for mobile equipment
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|Sep 5, 1995
|Matsushita Refrigeration Company
|Deodorant equipment for air conditioner
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|Texaco Inc.
|Manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve as acid-base catalyst
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|Apr 15, 1997
|Engelhard Corporation
|Layered catalyst composition
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|Texaco Texaco Inc.
|Hydrothermal synthesis of octahedral molecular sieve
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|Oct 14, 1997
|Bcp S.R.L.
|Mobile apparatus for the purification of polluted air, and process therefor
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|Dec 30, 1997
|Texaco Inc.
|Framework metal-substituted manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve and process for its preparation
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|Jan 6, 1998
|Oxidative removal of aqueous cyanide by manganese(IV)-containing oxides
|Jun 3, 1996
|Oct 6, 1998
|Intevep, S.A.
|Catalyst for the hydroisomerization of contaminated hydrocarbon feedstock
|Mar 20, 1997
|Dec 8, 1998
|Exxon Research And Engineering Company
|Multi-layer membrane composites and their use in hydrocarbon partical oxidation
|Nov 17, 1997
|Dec 19, 2000
|University Of Connecticut
|Nanostructured oxides and hydroxides and methods of synthesis therefor
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|Mar 13, 2001
|Engelhard Corporation
|Method and apparatus for treating the atmosphere
|Jan 19, 1996
|Apr 10, 2001
|Engelhard Corporation
|Method and apparatus for treating the atmosphere
|Jan 19, 1996
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|Engelhard Corporation
|Pollutant treating devices and methods of making the same
|Nov 24, 1949
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|Reinhard Schmidt
|Filteranlage zur Reinigung fuer den zu Heizzwecken benutzten Kuhl- luftstrom eines Verbrennungsmotors, insbesondere bei Kraftfahrzeugen
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|Auergesellschaft Ag
|Atemfilter zum Schutz gegen Kohlenoxyd
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|Auergesellschaft Gmbh
|Atemfilter zum Schutz gegen Kohlenoxyd
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|Auergesellschaft Ges Mit Besch
|Katalysator zur Oxydation von Kohlenoxyd fuer die Verwendung als Filtermasse fuer Atemschutzgeraete
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|Bauer Eugen Gmbh
|Beleuchtungseinrichtung fuer Bildwerfer
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|Joachim Drinda
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|Verfahren und vorrichtung zur entfernung von geruchsstoffen aus zuluft von fahrzeugkabinen
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|Kurt W Ing Grad Hofmann
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|Sep 19, 1991
|Klaus Hager
|Catalytic coating for ozone destruction - applied to surfaces near pollution source
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|Klaus Hager
|Catalyser for continuous removal of noxious gases - for IC engines with exhaust having no catalyser, comprises multi-component catalytic mixt. coated on water cooler, heat exchanger, etc.
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|Klaus Hager
|Kupferoxide oder eine Mischung aus Kupferoxiden und Manganoxiden enthaltender Katalysator und seine Verwendung
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|Solvay Umweltchemie Gmbh
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|Mannesmann Ag, 4000 Duesseldorf, De
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|Mannesmann Ag, 4000 Duesseldorf, De
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|Jun 5, 1993
|Jul 14, 1994
|Von Langen Ursula Lang
|Ambient air cleaning
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|Mannesmann Ag
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|Environmental control systems
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|Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co., Ltd.
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|Corning Glass Works
|Catalyst-agglomerate bodies encapsulated in a structure
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|Catalytic composite on delafosite basis for purifying exhaust gases and a method for preparing the same
|Dec 7, 1990
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|Pollution abatement system
|Title not available
|Sep 9, 1992
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|Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V.
|Process for the preparation of middle distillates
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|May 2, 1997
|Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V.
|Process for the preparation of middle distillates
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|Sep 22, 1993
|MANNESMANN Aktiengesellschaft
|Process and apparatus for the cleaning of exhaust air cointaining noxious substances by heterogeneous catalysis
|May 27, 1994
|Dec 14, 1994
|Lang von Langen, Ursula
|Process for the physical and chemical cleaning of ambient air
|Jul 15, 1994
|Jan 18, 1995
|DODUCO GMBH + Co Dr. Eugen D�rrw�chter
|Catalyst for removing ozone
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|Catalytic converter with metal monolith having an integral catalyst
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|Degussa Aktiengesellschaft
|Catalyst for removing hydrogen and/or carbon monoxide from humid air
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|"Microstructural Study of Hollandite-type MnO2 Nano-fibers", M. Benaissa et al., App. Physics Letters, vol. 70, No. 16, pp. 2120-2122 (1977).
|"Nickel Hydroxide and Other Nanophase Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Batteries", D.E. Reisner et al., J. Power Sources, vol. 65, No. 1-2, pp. 231-233 (1977).
|Additives for Dispersion Technology, published by Rhone Poulenc.
|Bosch Automotive Handbook, Second Edition, pp. 301-303, and 349-351 published by Robert Bosch GmbH, 1986.
|Derwent Abstracts.
|Gerhartz, et al., Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Ed. 5, vol. A5, Cancer Chemotherapy to Ceramic Colorants, 1986, VCH Verlag, De, Weinheim, pp. 336, 347-353.
|Maganese Compounds, vol. 15, pp. 1003-1050.
|Mark, et al., Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Ed. 3, vol. 5, Castor Oil to Chlorosulfuric Acid, 1989, Wiley & Sons, NY, pp. 22-23, 40, 49-51.
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|Newpaper Article with Informal Translation-Mobile Air Purification.
|Newpaper Article with Informal Translation—Mobile Air Purification.
|Newspaper Article with Informal Translation-Super-Kat in Cars ensures clean air forever.
|Newspaper Article with Informal Translation—Super-Kat in Cars ensures clean air forever.
|Ouside submission from Litman Law Office, Ltd., in the Application of Leo K. Brown for an "Environmental Air Filtration System for Vehicles".
|Outside submission from Attorney Conrad O. Gardner in the Application of "A System for Ambient Air Pollution Processing by Motor Vehicles".
|O'Young, "Hydrothermal Synthesis of Maganese Oxides with Tunnel Stuctures" Symposium on Advances in Zeolites and Pillerd Clay Structures, the Division of Petroleum Chemistry, Inc., American Chemical Society, New York City Meeting, Aug. 25-30, 1991, pp. 348-355.
|SAE 931088 Calculation and Design of Cooling Systems by Eichiseder & Raab of Steyer Damler Puchag.
|SAE 931089 Charge Air Cooler for Passenger Cars by Thierry Collette of Valeo Thermique Moteur.
|SAE 931092 State of the Art & Future Developments of Aluminum Radiators for Cars & Trucks by Josef Kern & Jochen Eitel of Behr GmBH & Company.
|SAE 931112 Air Max versus Coolant Flow to Control Discharge Air Temperature in Vehicle Heating and Air Conditioning Systems by Gary Rolling and Robert Cummings of Behr of America, Inc., and Gebhard Schweizer of Behr GmbH & Company.
|SAE 931115 Engine Cooling Module Development Using Air Flow Management Technique by Refki El-Bourini & Samuel Chen of Calsonic Technical Center.
|SAE 931120 A New Zeolite Energy Storage Concept for Cooling & Heating Sleeping Cabins in Trucks by Manfred Nonnenmann & Noureddine Khellifa of Behr GmbH & Company.
|SAE 931121 Automotive Evaporator and Condenser Modelling by Francisco Castro, Francisco Tinaut & A.A. Rahman Ali of Universidad de Valladolid.
|SAE 931125 Durability Concerns of Aluminum Air to Air Charge Air Coolers by Paul Richard Smith of Valeo Engine Cooling Inc.
|Taylor, The Internal Combustion Engine in Theory and Practice, vol. I: Thermo Dynamics, Fluid Flow, Performance, Second Edition, Rev.; The MIT Press, 1985 at pp. 304-306 for radiator and fin design; and p. 392 for after coolers.
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 2, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Dec 29, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Dec 29, 2014
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text:
If there is one area we hope to see Windows Phone grow in 2013 it's in third party accessories. Nokia's Lumia phones have the best chance of that since they're quite pervasive and well known as far as branding.
Redditor l1v32r1d3BmX (catchy name, dear sir!) has serendipitously discovered that those iPhone lens attachments (which work by magnetic adhesion) also happen to work on his Lumia 920. The attachments are made by a few companies--a lot coming from China as cheap knock offs--allow wide-angle and macro enhancements to the built in camera. As it happens to be, the Lumia 920's camera housing is magnetic, which is either due to design or perhaps the optical image stabilization (OIS) setup.


text:
About FDA
Warning and Untitled Letters: FDA Transparency Initiative
View PDF of Warning and Untitled Letters Section (26 KB)
If a person or firm violates the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), FDA may give them an opportunity to take voluntary and prompt action to correct the violation before FDA initiates an enforcement action. FDA will issue either a Warning Letter or an Untitled Letter, depending upon the nature of the violation.
FDA uses Warning Letters for violations that may lead to enforcement action if they are not promptly and adequately corrected. FDA uses Untitled Letters for violations that are not as significant as those that trigger warning letters. Unlike a Warning Letter, an Untitled Letter does not include a statement warning that failure to promptly correct a violation may result in an enforcement action.
See: FDA Warning Letters
Previously, only some Centers posted Untitled Letters on FDA's website. As a result of the Agency's Transparency Initiative, the Centers are working to disclose more Untitled Letters on FDA's website. The Agency believes that posting additional Untitled Letters may increase public accountability of firms, which may deter future violations and increase compliance with the law. However, due to limited resources, the Agency is not able to post all Untitled Letters at this time.
Interested parties may access the available Untitled Letters and similar correspondence below.
- Cyber Letters (Issued before December 1, 2011) – CFSAN Cyber letters are sent to Internet Website Operators promoting dietary supplement products that claim to diagnose, mitigate, treat, cure, or prevent a specific disease or class of diseases.
- CFSAN Untitled Letters/Cyber Letters (Issued on/after December 1, 2011) – Untitled letters issued by CFSAN (but not by the Office of Regulatory Affairs field offices), on and after December 1, 2011, related to manufacturing controls and labeling requirements, as well as cyber letters, may be found at this link.
- Warning Letters and Untitled Letters for Color Additive Violations
- Cyber Letters - CDER sends cyber letters electronically to web sites whose online sales of prescription drugs may be illegal. The letters warn these website operators that they may be engaged in illegal activities and informs them of the laws that govern prescription drug sales.
- Untitled Letters Issued by the Office of Prescription Drug Promotion – The Untitled Letters issued by the Office of Prescription Drug Promotion (formerly known as the Division of Drug Marketing, Advertising, and Communications (DDMAC)) are mixed in with the Warning Letters Issued by CDER, and they are organized according to the year they were issued.
To date, CTP has not yet issued any Untitled Letters. Warning Letters issued by CTP may be accessed below.
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text:
I am a newbie to the forum and to dog owning.
Our rescue dog, Peaches, DOES NOT like to be indoors. I have to almost drag her in every night when it's cold outside.
Just how cold is too cold to let a dog stay outside?
We have had some pretty cold nights already this winter and I am afraid to leave Peaches out there. But she seems to fight me every step of the way. One night she hid in the woods behind our house so that I could not bring her in! (No dumb dog here!).
Or, she will sneak way in the back of her house so far that I can hardly reach her.
I don't know anything about her life before she came to us but she does not like coming indoors. She hides under the guest room bed and won't come out till morning.
Any suggestions?


text:
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st: RE: "brute force" procedure for ml init
"Nick Cox" <firstname.lastname@example.com>
st: RE: "brute force" procedure for ml init
Mon, 8 Mar 2010 19:33:42 -0000
You can call up e.g. -runiform()- on the fly by calls of the form
-ml- never knows nor cares about that. It just sees the result of the
This kind of call could be complicated arbitrarily to put constraints on
the numbers. You just need to do the extra arithmetic within the `= and
The syntax is documented at -help macro- and [P] macro.
Alternatively, and equivalently, you can go
local myinit = runiform()
ml init ... `myinit' ...
Ian Breunig
I need to conduct a "brute force" procedure to search for initial
parameter values for a MLE with a relatively large amount of
parameters. I'd like to to be able to use some sort of loop with a
program to do this. For example, I believe that I would like to start
by randomly drawing (kx1) starting values using a random number
generator for a uniform distribution on the unit interval (can I do
this using the "ml init" command?), then maximize. Then repeat this
process several times.
Any advice on how to conduct this "brute force" technique, or even
just for part of the technique neverminding the looping, (or for any
alternative techniques), would be helpful.
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