text:
Brian Hayes
Anyone who has ever struggled to fold a roadmap should have an extra measure of respect for protein molecules, which fold up all on their own and practically put themselves away in the glove box. Protein folding is so remarkably efficient that it has been called a paradox. Thirty years ago Cyrus Levinthal pointed out that a typical protein molecule has so many possible configurations that it would need eons to explore all of them and find the best shape; yet proteins fold in seconds.
Looking at the tangled loops and coils of a folded protein, you might imagine that the arrangement is haphazard—like a randomly crumpled map rather than a properly folded one—but in fact every twist and turn is precisely specified. Chemically, a protein is a linear polymer, a sequence of the smaller molecules called amino acids, which are joined end to end like pop-beads. The sequence of amino acids is the only information about the protein encoded in the genes, but the protein can do its job only if the one-dimensional chain of amino acids folds into the correct three-dimensional structure. Apparently the sequence alone is enough to guide the folding. If two protein molecules have the same sequence, they fold up into the same shape.
One way to gain a better appreciation of the protein molecule's knack for folding is to simulate it with a computer program. The most detailed simulations track the motion of every atom and try to reproduce all the chemistry and physics going on in the system. The ultimate goal is to predict the native structure of the protein based on nothing more than the sequence of amino acids. Unfortunately, that goal is a distant one. The models require hours of computer time just to simulate a few picoseconds of molecular dynamics.
I have been exploring a protein model at the other end of the complexity scale—a minimalist model, where every aspect of the simulation is reduced to its simplest possible form. A model so abstract cannot reveal anything about the structure of particular protein molecules—it cannot show how insulin or myoglobin folds—but it may offer clues to some general principles of protein folding. For example, one might hope to learn what kinds of amino acid sequences lead to a stable and compact molecule.
The great advantage of a really simple model is that you can solve it exactly, at least for short chains of amino acids. You can examine every possible folding of every possible sequence, picking out the ones of interest. You can know with certainty which configurations have the most favorable properties.
Another advantage of a minimalist model is that you don't have to be an expert in protein chemistry or molecular dynamics to play with it. A curious amateur can write a rudimentary program in a few days or weeks, and run it on commonly available machinery. Indeed, the simplified protein structures are so well suited to the needs of the amateur that I am tempted to call them amteins—they're not quite ready to turn pro yet. However, I have been persuaded to choose a name slightly less facetious, and so I shall call them prototeins.
The specific model I've been toying with was devised 10 years ago by Ken A. Dill of the University of California at San Francisco, who has continued to explore it since then with the help of several colleagues. Almost all of my experiments merely replicate their earlier work.
Dill's molecules would not be recognized as proteins by a biochemist (or by a ribosome, for that matter). They are radically simplified in three ways.
First, whereas real proteins are constructed from 20 kinds of amino acids (which differ in size, shape, electric charge, affinity for water and other properties), the building blocks of prototeins come in just two flavors. Dill designates them H and P, for hydrophobic and polar; the H units repel water while the P units attract it.
Second, the various forces acting between amino acids in proteins (electrostatic attractions and repulsions, hydrogen bonds, solvent interactions) are reduced in prototeins to a single rule: H's like to stick together. The P units in prototeins are inert, neither attracting nor repelling.
Third, prototeins do their folding on a lattice, as if the molecules were laid out on graph paper. Think of the H's and P's as colored dots placed at the grid points of the lattice; the chemical bonds in the backbone of the prototein are lines drawn on the grid to connect the dots. Confining the molecules to a lattice is a major computational convenience. It keeps the number of configurations finite. If the chain could bend and twist in continuous space, there would be no clear way of counting the arrangements, and you could never be sure you had tried them all. Dill and others have explored several lattice geometries in both two and three dimensions. My own experiments all inhabit the two-dimensional square lattice, which is the simplest.
Dots and lines on graph paper: That's really all there is to a prototein. Or else the model could be described in terms of colored beads, laid down on a board with a gridlike pattern of dimples to hold the beads in place. To build a sequence of amino acids, you string together H-beads and P-beads in whatever order you choose. To fold the molecule, you arrange the string of beads on the lattice board. The string is not allowed to stretch or break, and so successive beads in the sequence have to occupy nearest-neighbor sites on the lattice. No two beads can be piled up at the same site, and so the chain cannot cross itself. If two H-beads that are not adjacent within the linear sequence wind up on adjacent sites after the chain is folded, their attraction creates a cross-link, or contact, that helps to stabilize the molecule. Foldings that give rise to many such contacts are favored over those with few contacts.
Simple and abstract the model surely is—so much so that you can't help wondering if the process of abstraction hasn't sucked all the life out of it. The squared-off, flattened molecules certainly don't look very biological. But the proof of the prototein is in the folding.
A program for studying prototeins has two main tasks to accomplish. The first chore is to generate all possible sequences of H's and P's. This part is easy; it's just binary counting. Any prototein sequence of length r can be mapped onto an r-bit binary number, simply by replacing each 1 in the binary representation of the number with an H, and each 0 with a P. The complete set of r-bit sequences is enumerated by counting from 0 to 2r–1. For example, in the case of r = 5 there are 32 sequences, starting with PPPPP, PPPPH and PPPHP, and continuing through HHHHH.
The program's second task is to generate all possible foldings of each sequence. This is a little more challenging. A folding is modeled by a self-avoiding walk: a path through the lattice that visits no site more than once. The shortest self-avoiding walks are easy to analyze. On the square lattice there are exactly four self-avoiding walks one step long, namely the walks that move one site north, east, west or south of the origin. Each of these walks can be extended in three different ways to form two-step walks. The walk that begins with an eastward step can continue with a second step to the east, north or south; it cannot go west, because it would be retracing its own steps, and that is forbidden. Thus there are 4 x 3 = 12 walks of two steps each. The same kind of reasoning shows there are 36 three-step walks. But beyond this point the counting begins to get messy. Consider the three-step walk that goes first east, then north, then west. On the fourth step this walk cannot turn east, since that would constitute illegal backtracking. It also cannot go south, since it would thereby return to the origin—a site it has already visited. Hence there are only two available directions for this particular walk, whereas some other walks still have three options. It gets even worse: A walk can box itself in so that there are no legal moves, and the walk has to be abandoned.
When I began experimenting with algorithms for self-avoiding walks, I found them so diverting that I thought I might never get back to the larger project of folding proteins. I could easily fill up an entire column with self-avoiding walks—and so that is what I have decided to do. I will make them the subject of a future column, and here give only a brief summary of how they fit into the world of prototeins.
To survey all possible foldings of a prototein of r beads, you must generate all self-avoiding walks of r–1 steps. There is no shortcut for producing the complete set of walks; you have to enumerate them all. And each time you add a step, you have to check to make sure the destination site is not already occupied. There are tricks for speeding up the process, but none of them fundamentally change the nature of the algorithm.
As the walks get longer, the effort of counting them grows exponentially; adding one step multiplies the number of walks by about 2.6. Through a prodigious feat of computing, A. R. Conway and A. J. Guttmann have counted all the self-avoiding walks of up to 51 steps (there are more than 1022), but for the amateur in self-avoidance the practical limit is probably between 20 and 30 steps. If your computer has enough memory, you can store a list of walks rather than regenerate them for each prototein sequence; this saves a great deal of time.
Symmetries can reduce the number of walks you need to generate or store. For the purposes of molecular modeling, taking two steps east and one step north is no different from going two steps north and one step west; the paths are the same but for a 90-degree rotation. When all such symmetries are taken into account, the number of unique walks is cut to approximately 1/16th the total number. But there are still plenty of walks. At a length of 15 steps, 401,629 unique walks remain after all symmetries are eliminated.
Given a procedure for generating binary H-P sequences and another procedure for generating self-avoiding walks, it is a simple matter to combine them. The idea is to produce all possible combinations of sequences and walks, folding up each sequence into the geometry defined by each walk. From this collection of folded molecules you can then gather statistical information—such as the average number of H-H contacts—or search for notably good foldings.
What makes for a good folding? In proteins the usual measure is the Gibbs free energy, a thermodynamic quantity that depends on both energy and entropy. If you could tug on the ends of a protein chain and straighten it out, the result would be a state of high energy and low entropy. The energy is high because amino acids that "want" to be close together are held at a distance; the entropy is low because the straight chain is a highly ordered configuration. When you let go, the chain springs back into a shape with lower energy and higher entropy, changes that translate into a lower value of the Gibbs free energy. The "native" state of a protein—the folding it adopts under natural conditions—is usually assumed to be the state with the lowest possible free energy.
Prototeins can get along with a simpler folding criterion. Standard practice is to rank foldings simply by counting H-H contacts. It's more like keeping score than measuring energy. If the H's are viewed as analogues of hydrophobic amino acids, the scoring system reflects the tendency of hydrophobic groups to seek shelter from water. But the prototein model is so abstract that it doesn't really matter what kind of force is at play between the H's. Just say that H's are sticky, and it takes energy to pull them apart.
One strategy for finding good folds, then, is to look for configurations that maximize the number of H-H contacts. A program to carry out the search runs through all the foldings of all the sequences of a given length, keeping only those foldings with the maximum number of contacts.
How many contacts are possible in a folded prototein? A little doodling on graph paper shows that the highest possible ratio of contacts to H's is 7:6. Sequences that attain this limit are exceedingly rare. (I leave it as a puzzle for the reader to find the shortest such sequence, which I believe has 26 beads.) But proteins are not required to solve such mathematical puzzles. To find the stablest configurations of a given sequence, all you need do is find the foldings that have more H-H contacts than any other foldings of the same sequence, whether or not the number of contacts is the theoretical maximum. There is a shortcut for identifying these stable foldings. It begins with the sequence made up entirely of H's, which is rather like double-sided sticky tape that collapses on itself in a crumpled ball. If any sequence at all has a folding with a given number of H-H contacts, then that configuration must also be among the stablest foldings of the all-H sequence. In the all-H folding, however, some of the H's may not form contacts, and so they can be changed to P's without altering the score of the folding. By making all such substitutions, you recover the sequence with the minimum number of H's that can give rise to a given folding.
Sequences with rigid, heavily cross-linked folds are fairly rare. Among chains with 21 beads the maximum number of H-H contacts is 12, and a chain must have at least 14 H's to reach this limit. There are only 80 sequences of 14 H's and 7 P's that produce 12 contacts, out of the universe of more than two million 21-bead sequences.
Figure 1 shows some of the 80 maximally cross-linked 21-bead prototeins, along with a few other foldings chosen at random. The two populations of molecules are very different. The randomly chosen configurations tend to be loose and floppy, and their average number of H-H contacts works out to less than 1. The highest-scoring folds, in contrast, are all very compact, with the chain either wound around itself in a spiral shape or folded into zigzags.
A lifelike feature of the compact foldings is a tendency for the H's to congregate in the interior of the molecule, leaving the P's exposed on the surface. The model has no explicit rule favoring the formation of such a hydrophobic core; it happens automatically when you select foldings with numerous H-H contacts. In this connection, Dill points out that for short prototein chains a two-dimensional lattice model may be more realistic than a three-dimensional one. The reason is that the perimeter-to-area ratio of a short chain in two dimensions approximates the surface-to-volume ratio of a longer chain in three dimensions.
Not all features of the high-scoring prototein foldings inspire confidence in the model's realism. For example, a disproportionate number of the best sequences have H's at both ends, and these molecules tend to fold up with their ends tucked into the hydrophobic core. The reason is easy to see: An H at the end of a chain can participate in three contacts, whereas interior H's can have no more than two. But the sticky-end effect is an artifact of the model; there is no comparable phenomenon in real proteins.
Another peculiarity can be traced to the choice of a square lattice. Two H's on a square lattice can form a contact only if they are separated within the prototein sequence by an even number of intervening beads. As a result, every prototein can be divided into odd and even subsequences that do not interact. No such parity effect is seen in proteins. This failure of realism is unfortunate; on the other hand, the segregation of odd and even sublattices allows some very handy optimizations in a simulation program.
Are folds that maximize the number of H-H contacts the best folds for a prototein? Not necessarily.
A high H-H score enhances a molecule's stability, which is certainly a useful property in a biopolymer, but there are other factors to consider as well. Stability implies that once a molecule is folded, it will probably stay folded. It's also important, however, that all molecules with the same sequence fold up to yield the same structure. The way to achieve such uniformity is to select sequences that have a unique best folding, even if that folding does not have the highest possible H-H score.
A molecule with many equally good foldings is said to have a degenerate ground state. The all-P sequence is an obvious example: Every folding has an H-H score of zero. The all-H sequence is also degenerate. Obviously, any sequences with unique preferred foldings must be found between these extremes, but the existence of such sequences cannot be taken for granted. You can search for them by sorting all the foldings of a sequence into bins according to their H-H score; if the highest-scoring bin has a single occupant, that sequence has a unique best folding.
On the square lattice, uniquely folding sequences do exist for all but one of the chain lengths I was able to test. (The exception is length 5.) The longest chains I examined have 14 beads. Among the 16,384 sequences of this length, 955 have a unique folding. Within this subset, 96 foldings have seven H-H contacts, which is the maximum observed in 14-bead prototeins. The sequences in this elite subset, combining uniqueness with high stability, might be considered among the most lifelike prototeins.
Low degeneracy and numerous contacts are not the only criteria for judging a prototein fold. Martin Karplus and Eugene Shakhnovich work with three-dimensional lattice models and employ a more realistic energy spectrum than the simple contact counting of the H-P scheme. Their findings highlight the importance of having a large energy gap between the best folding and the next-best one. They have also looked into the kinetics of folding, asking not just which configuration is stablest but also how long it takes a randomly wriggling molecule to find that conformation. Among 200 candidate sequences, 30 repeatedly discovered the state of minimum energy after no more than 50 million small random rearrangements.
Although the prototein model is only a crude caricature of real protein folding, even this simplified simulation can be computationally taxing. For prototeins of length r, the number of sequences is 2r, and the number of foldings is approximately 2.6r–1; the effort needed to solve a model is proportional to the product of these numbers. That product grows steeply. The five-bead model can be solved by hand, and a commodity computer disposes of the 10-bead model in seconds. But a chain of 15 beads combines 32,768 sequences with 148,752 folds, for a total of almost 5 billion cases. At 20 beads, the product of sequences and folds is over 20 trillion, which is way beyond the limit of this amateur's patience (and lifespan).
Attacking these models with brute-force computations could turn out to be comically stupid. Maybe there's some clever algorithm waiting to be discovered that will make folding easy. Maybe, but not likely. In the past few months two groups have proved that models much like the one described here belong in the class of hard problems known as NP-complete. Bonnie Berger and Tom Leighton give a proof for the three-dimensional H-P model. The two-dimensional case is proved in a quite different way by Pierluigi Crescenzi, Deborah Goldman, Christos Papadimitriou, Antonio Piccolboni and Mihalis Yannakakis.
Showing that a problem is NP-complete doesn't actually prove it is hard; NP-completeness merely certifies that the problem is as hard as a bunch of others, and a method for efficiently solving any one of the problems could be adapted to all the rest. Some miraculous algorithm could sweep the whole class of problems away. But don't hold your breath.
Which brings us back to Levinthal's question: If protein folding is so hard, how do proteins do it? There are three kinds of answers.
One possibility is that protein molecules are capable of mathematical wizardry beyond the reach of conventional computers. This would stand the NP-completeness result on its head; instead of proving that protein folding is hard, it would show that everything else is easy. You could encode an instance of any NP-complete problem in a synthetic sequence of amino acids, then let the protein fold itself up; from the folded configuration you could read out the solution to the original problem.
Another answer is that proteins, contrary to their reputation, do not always fold efficiently and spontaneously. Some of them need help, in the form of "chaperone" molecules. Some may fold erroneously and be recycled by proteolytic enzymes. And it's possible that the native state of some proteins is not in fact the state of lowest free energy. A biological molecule doesn't have to be absolutely stable; it only has to last long enough to do its job. Perhaps the appropriate model of protein folding is not an exhaustive search for the best conformation but an approximation algorithm that is guaranteed to quickly find a good folding. William E. Hart and Sorin Istrail have published just such an algorithm for the H-P model.
The third option is that proteins do quickly find the best among all possible foldings, but only because they have evolved to exhibit precisely this property. In other words, the only amino acid sequences that survive under natural selection are those that happen to fold rapidly. Sequences that fold hierarchically could fit this description: If small sections of the chain condense independently into secondary structures such as helices, which then aggregate without further internal rearrangement, the combinatorial monster might be tamed. Although this mechanism cannot explain everything about protein folding—indeed, Dill argues that secondary structures are a consequence of compact folding rather than a cause—it certainly helps.
In any case, the idea that any arbitrary amino acid sequence would fold efficiently is surely overoptimistic—which nixes the fantasy of a protein-folding computer for NP-complete problems. But the subset of rapidly folding sequences remains poorly understood. Computational models, even simplistic ones, offer a means of probing it.
In this connection it is worth noting that nature itself has hardly begun to explore the full space of amino acid sequences. All the proteins in all the organisms that ever lived on the earth could not sample more than an utterly negligible fraction of the 20100 or so possible sequences. Thus a computation something like the ones carried out in the H-P model is running at this moment, all over the planet, in the big green computer.
© Brian Hayes
You can find this online at http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/num2/prototeins/4
© 2016 Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society


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Leon Williams, suddenly and gently in his sleep, left this world shortly after midnight on the morning of Wednesday, Jan. 9, 2013.
He is survived by his wife and dance partner, Lucy Carleton; and stepson Seth Mularz and his wife Michelle. Also a brother and three sisters from Ohio. Leon was born on Feb. 17, 1946, in Belle Center, Ohio. He studied architecture at the University of Cincinnati. Arriving in Key West on a motorcycle 40 years ago, he pitched a tent at Boyd's Campground and was hired on a local shrimp boat. One trip shrimping was enough, and he returned to a career in architecture. His love of sailing had Leon living aboard his rag bagger "Gumdrop" for 10 years, enabling him to befriend many in the live-aboard and sailboat racing community. His life journey then led him to a love of dancing, where he met Lucy. Together they formed "Learn to Dance with Leon & Lucy" therein giving the community an outlet to cultivate their skills in dancing. Through many years and patient hours of teaching, Leon shared his love of dance with many in our community. He will be missed. Long may he be remembered -- whether it be in a dance step, architectural design, or under full sail. May your spirit dance through the heavens. In lieu of flowers, donations may be made to the Florida Keys Council of the Arts or to the charity of your choice. Information on a celebration of life will be posted when available.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The project Jeux d'orgues is aimed at creating pipe organ sample sets, recorded on historic organs located in the Alsace region of France. Connect a MIDI keyboard to your computer and you will be able to play them. The soundbanks are available for Hauptwerk, Soundfont, Vsampler, Kurzweil, Korg Kronos, Gigastudio/Linux Sampler, VST, and even as an iPad and Android app.
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text:
Chic Yankee Stadium Duplex and Office
Størrelse1000 ft²
- Internett/WiFi
- Kjøkken
- Klimaanlegg
- Håndklær
- Parkering tilgjengelig
Oversikt over eiendommen
|Walton Avenue, 10451 New York, USA
|Eiendoms ID
|Innen noen få timer
|Kalender oppdatert
|2 uker siden
The tastefully decorated apartment offers 3 spacious furnished bedrooms with iPod Dock Alarm Clocks. The master bedroom also provides a directors chair and a comfortable sofa.
A selection of board games, books and magazines are provided in the peaceful living room, and basic office supplies can be found in the well-equipped office. There is a fully fitted cheerful kitchen with brand new appliances including hot drinks facilities.
Guests are within easy reach of Manhattan via numerous express subway lines. Central Park is just a 10-minute journey by subway.
The surrounding neighbourhood hosts the Bronx Museum of the Arts, the Hard Rock Cafe Yankee Stadium and excellent shopping and dining options in the Gateway Shopping Centre.
HusreglerNo outdoor shoes.
No smoking.
No pets.
No parties.
No illegal activities.
No loud music.
Please note that small children are not allowed.
Be respectful of the neighbours.
Please treat the apartment as you would your own home.
Guests should leave the apartment in a clean state.
Ironing facilities and a hairdryer are provided.
A laundry pick-up service can be arranged for guests staying for longer periods.
|Ukentlig rate for opptil 4 gjester
|Pris for >4 gjester
|133 NOK pr. gjest/natt ekstra
|Maksimum netter
|1 month
|Innsjekking etter
|Check-in før
|Etter avtale
|Utsjekking før
Vurdering av denne eiendommen
Very good welcome when we arrived the apartment late in the evening. The apartment is large and enough space for the 5 of us. Nice street that was decorated for Halloween. Short walk to the Subway that took us downtown in 20 minutes. The only 'but' is that the apartment was not very clean.
My best friend and I decided to go away on a weekend trip to N.Y and we had such a great visit because we booked this location. It's very close to the subway were we could hop on the train and take a short ride 20 min to Time Square and all the other major attractions. We saved so much money but not booking an overpriced hotel downtown.
The house décor is highly impressive and the house was really clean! The pictures on the site capture a lot of the apartments beauty but actually being there and feeling the ambiance really makes you feel at home. We feel like we now have a second home in New York. Total forgot when we booked that it was two floors and we had our own private entrance. Right around the corner from the house is an amazing Italian restaurant and a Target. One of the best things about this location is how secure we felt. As two females we felt very safe walking to and from the apartment in the early morning and evening, we actually ended up taking public transportation the entire time because it was so convenient. Their seems to be a family vibe to the street the house is on and the neighbors where welcoming and said good morning to us. I will definitely book another one of Grover's locations he was so helpful and provided us with maps, local attraction brochures and ideas of what to do on our trip. Such a super nice guy. I highly recommend anyone who wants to visit the city and have the comforts of home to book this location! Just don't book on the days I want to return lol
We traveled to New York for the Thanksgiving Holiday from Chicago. My husband being from the East Coast, really wanted to spend a holiday with friends and family. This beautiful affordable apartment made this dream of his so much easier. I was able to cook effortlessly for 6 people, utilizing all of the tools that the home was already equipped with. It's cozy enough to have family fun, yet spacious enough to go into our own areas of the home for some peace and quiet. The neighborhood was quiet and had tons of stores within walking distance, like Target, Sketchers, and even a Chase Bank. The area was surrounded by smiling faces and seemed very safe and family friendly. Each bedroom had very comfortable beds with plush bedding allowing us to sleep in the city that never sleeps! We rented a Zipcar for 1 day during our stay and there was easy street parking which was very helpful, considering it was cold. The train is about 1 block from the home, taking us to Times Square in about 15 min., even on "Black Friday." The WIFI was also a huge plus, we had 2 Laptops and 3 Ipads connected and it never slowed down! I'm a modern day woman and can appreciate a nicely decorated home, and the décor made you feel like somewhere really cared about the place and not like you were in a 1980's movie. The pictures were very accurate! Although, this was a family trip, I may come back in the summer and use the home for a girls NYC trip.
We had a great week in the apartment it is very comfortable, clean and there is lots of room. The kitchen is well stocked if you choose to cook. There was the two of us, so we were spoilt for choice of beds. The free wifi is great and a great choicer of DVD's. The shower could do with some more power but does the job ! There are plenty of towels and spare bedding which was really good. The area is fine locals are polite. You are very close to the Metro maps included. We were able to leave our bags in the apartment until late afternoon after check out, this was so helpful as we had a late flight. Would highly recommend and use again if we return to New York. Many thanks.
My friend and I stayed for ten days in NYC in the house of Grover. First of all, we arrived much later than expected, but our host waited all the time for us. What a great hospitality. Also, we could drink a glass of wine and there were bottles of water for us. Tea and coffee were also included. Really kind!
Next; The house was perfect! We had our own bedrooms and we could have cooked for ourself. There was plenty of room and everything you needed, like towels, bed linen etc, was there. The house was VERY CLEAN which was great to see. A little note, the room at the street side, can be a little bit noisy but hey it is New York City. Also, a big plus, there was FREE wifi!!
The neighborhood was okay and very safe, but most of the time we spent in Manhattan and surroundings. The Yankee stadium is very near by, so we went to a match. Great! Around the house there are several shops and restaurants. Most important for us, there was a subway (train) 5 minutes walk from our house. Super close to the house!!!!
I can recommended this place to everyone who's looking for much space (two full floors) and a good price. Can't wait to return to this place again!!
I traveled with 2 other guests and as out-of-towners who are not at all familiar with NY we were a little nervous about staying outside of New York City/Manhattan where we would be doing most of our shopping and sightseeing. We quickly found that there was no need to worry because this apartment is on a relatively quiet street and literally around the corner from the train, plus it was just a 20 minute train ride from Penn Station! When we arrived we were greeted at the door by our host who was available all weekend to help us and to answer any questions that we had. The apartment looks just like the pictures. The colors and interior design touches made us fall in love with "our apartment" for the weekend. All the bedrooms are a good size and we slept very well in our clean and comfortable beds. Even though we didn't cook anything we could have because the kitchen is fully stocked with all the dishes, cookware and utensils you would need. The wifi signal was strong and there were so many complimentary books and movies to enjoy (which we did). We really loved that we didn't have to walk far to find anything! There is plenty within walking distance—convenience stores, fast food and restaurants (there is a great Italian restaurant Giovanni's that is a 3 minute walk away). We found that Yankee Stadium and Bronx terminal market (with Target, Marshalls, Applebees, BJ's etc.) were just a 10 minute walk away. The neighborhood was safe and pretty quiet for the most part.
It seemed like this was a street with homeowners and families and most of the people we encountered greeted us with a smile or "hello". If I had to say anything that I would change I would say that I wish the bathroom was updated a bit but the 3 bedrooms, living room, office and kitchen more than make up for that! I recommend this place to anyone looking for a stylish, spacious, accommodating, convenient and affordable place to stay while visiting New York city. I can't believe we got a whole apartment for the weekend for less that we would pay for one night in a Manhattan hotel!"
Let's just start with the fact that the pictures on the site were exactly what I saw when I opened the front door! I couldn't believe the price, comfort, quality and how accommodating and easily accessible the 2 & 4 train to Manhattan and Brooklyn (less than a 21 min ride to NY Penn Station and 45 min ride to Brooklyn) this house offered! In addition to being one street over from "The Gateway Center" shopping area with stores like the brand new Target, Marshall's and the quick walk to Yankee Stadium!
Next, did I mention comfort, cleanliness and peace?? From the surrounding homes with friendly neighbors and corner pizzerias and diners, this place gave me the convenience, rest and relaxation I was desperately in need of. Every morning I opened the windows in the living room that provided the best breeze, propped my legs up on the couch and drank the terrific free coffee while glancing through the wonderful book selections with the biggest smile on my face.
I slept great in the comfortable well decorated master suite while other house guests took over the first floor with two additional bedrooms with queen size beds and separate entrances (as a matter of fact we barely saw one another in this huge house and not once ran into one another like we do when getting dressed in a tiny hotel room. Oh, I almost forgot about the additional fully functional office area with free wi-fi that allowed me to catch up on a bit of work while away from the office.
Me and my girls will never book a New York City hotel room now that we've discovered this wonderful place of comfort with great owners that actually considered what house guests are in need of while away from home.
Lovely place inside and very conveniently located near a metro station, only 20 minute to Manhattan. Outside could do with a lick of paint. A second toilet would be nice if there is more of you. I would definitely go back.
Appartement très sympathique, bien situé avec le métro tout proche, dans un quartier agréable. Nous avons bien apprécié le confort des lits après avoir arpenté NY toute la journée ! Wi-fi qui a enchanté nos ados.
Muito positiva a iniciativa do Sr. Grover ao manter uma comunicação conosco pela internet antes da viagem. Como não foi possível obter "check-in earlier", deixamos as bagagens num guarda-malas no centro de Manhattan e fomos passear. Comunicamos ao Sr. Grover que iríamos para o apartamento apenas às 22:00 PM e logo em seguida recebemos instruções para podermos entrar no apartamento. Tudo aconteceu exatamente como combinado e na mesma noite recebemos a amável visita do Sr. Grover. Além da ótima internet que o imóvel oferece, Sr. Grover nos ofereceu a possibilidade de termos internet em toda a cidade de New York durante todos os nossos 7 dias de estadia. Foi fantástico, pois uma família de 5 pessoas se perde constante nas ruas, lojas e museus desta linda cidade e desta forma economizamos com várias ligações telefônicas. Quanto ao apartamento, ele é ótimo, grande e exatamente como aparece nas fotos do Windu. A localização é realmente muito boa. Duas quadras de 3 estações de metrô. Em 20 minutos estávamos em Times Square. Três quadras de um excelente shopping center que contém um grande supermercado, essencial para nosso tipo de viagem de 7 dias em New York. Há poucas quadras do apartamento, fomos andando até o Yankee Stadium, onde após assistir ao jogo de beisebol, jantamos no Hard Rock Café que existe dentro dele. Hospedagem nota 10. Em nossa próxima viagem a New York com certeza tentaremos ficar neste apartamento. Em nome de toda a minha família, muito obrigado ao Sr. Grover pela sua amabilidade!
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text:
Under Hindu right, attacks on press rise in Karnataka
Confusion surrounds the case of imprisoned Indian journalist Naveen Soorinje, who was jailed for exposing an attack on young men and women last summer by extremists belonging to the Hindu Jagran Vedike, self-appointed moral police in coastal Karnataka. Soorinje's report helped lead to the arrest of dozens of attackers. But Karnataka state--ruled by the Hindu nationalist Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP)--has grouped him with the very attackers he exposed. Soorinje's continued imprisonment warrants a look at the larger picture in coastal Karnataka.


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Chic apartment in 4th district
Size27 m²
Floor No.4
- Family/child friendly
- Kitchen
- Washer/dryer
- Towels
- Internet/WiFi
Accommodation summary
|Rue Beautreillis, 75004 Paris, France
|Property type
|Property ID
|Acceptance rate
|Response time
|A few hours
|Calendar updated
This modern 4th floor apartment boasts a bright open-plan kitchen/living area. It consists of a double bedroom, and a sofa bed, and the bathroom features a walk-in rainforest shower. Laundry facilities are available. _x000D_
Notre Dame Cathedral and Pompidou Centre are within 20 minutes' walking distance from the apartment. Rambuteau Metro Station is less than 100-meters away, providing direct access to popular tourist destinations on Paris' excellent metro system._x000D_
Seine River is within walking distance from the apartment and the area is popular for its shops, cafés and small streets. _x000D_
There is no elevator access to the apartment._x000D_
House rulesA €300 security deposit is required on check-in_x000D_
No smoking. _x000D_
No pets.
|Weekly rate for up to 2 guests
|Monthly rate for up to 2 guests
|Price for > 2 guests
|R 229 ZAR per guest/night extra
|Check-in after
|Check-in before
|On arrangement
|Check-out before
|Cancellation Policy
Reviews of this property
This apartement is exactly like in the photos. Nice, clean, comfy bed and wonderful shower. It also is really quiet. You have to climb a lot of stairs though! There's no elevator -like often is the case in Parisian buildings- and the apartment is situated on the 4th floor.
Excellent location in the Marais. 5 minutes walking distance from Place des Vosged and the Bastlle subwaystation is also a couple minutes walking away.
The host Albert is a true gentleman; he carried one of our suitcases both up and down which was really nice.
Note: the sofabed isn't suitable for adults.
I definitely recommend this apartement for a stay in Paris!
very nice small flat, very close to notre dame and modern armosphere. bakery, restaurants everything is just a walk awaya garage where you can leave the car for a week-end is 5 min away. You have to climb a lot of stairs to the flat, so not for handicaped people.albert is a gentle and polite host. thank you.
My wife and me stayed 8 days in this lovely apartment. This is an excellent choice for those visiting Paris for leisure or business. In the past when visiting Paris I've been mostly to hotels which are rather expensive and offer much less. Let me comment in detail the pros and cons of this apartment.
-Great neighborhood with all kind of shops and restaurants, close to everything, three metro stops nearby. You feel like a true Parisian for a few days.
-Reformed apartment, looks great, with good-quality furnishings, good kitchen with decent appliances including a washing machine, decent bed, separated toilet room and shower room. In particular the shower room is better than most hotels I've ever been to, great pressure, instant hot water, top-of-the-line fixtures.
-Real high-bandwidth internet. Coupled with the small but decent flat screen TV, I was able to connect my laptop to the TV through HDMI and stream movies, no problem.
-Very responsive host, the apartment was clean at arrival, the deposit was promptly returned.
Cons (nothing is perfect I guess):
-4th floor without elevator (very usual in Paris). Not really a problem for us but should be taken into account for people with physical problems.
-No toaster or frying pan. This was surprising considering the owner must have spent quite some money reforming the apartment. A little investment would make breakfast much more enjoyable for guests.
-Pillows are not so good. Not a big issue for me, but my wife had trouble sleeping. Again a little investment from the owner would easily fix this.
-A bit noisy, there is a bar right downstairs and sometimes you can hear them late in the night, particularly in the weekends. Nothing extreme and we we are able to bear it, but noticeable.
In my opinion the pros greatly outweight the cons so I give a 5-star rating and greatly recommend this place to people travelling to Paris for a few days.
High standard of the apartment with a comfortable bed. Apt. is on the fourth floor without elevator, so good excersie going up the stairs after having your croissant in one of the nice coffeshops in the area. Location is very good with close proximity to Marais shopping-and dining area and also close to metrostations. Only negative thing is that the apartmenthouse is adjacent to a bar on the ground floor. And despite living on the fourth floor, you here the music very clearly from the bar until closing time @2 am.
The Appartement is in the middle of Marais, nearby the Seine and the Notre Dame cathedral. We loved to do our excursions every day and to have our dinner in the nearby restaurants. In most cases no need to use the Metro, but walking everywhere and using the hop on/off bus.The appartement itself was very friendly and modern inside an ancient house. Sometimes a little bit loud in the stairway in the middle of the night. But we'd always take it a second time.
The apartment is perfect !! Albert thank you! See you soon!
L'appartement est parfait!! Merci Albert! À bientôt!
Very good location, most beautiful area of Paris!!
Apartment is clean, safe and well furnished. Supermarket close by.
All you need for a visit to Paris.
Everything was perfect and is exactly as described.
The apartment is super cut appears larger than the indication of the square.
The location is great, you are part of the action, yet it is very quiet in the apartment, you can let the Fenstre easily opened at wäreme.
Before, we were in a different apartment in the Marais district, it looks like, we will try again to rent this apartment, were therefore certainly not the last time there!
Despite language barriers, the handover and everything else worked perfectly, everything went very smoothly.
Thank you to this point again!
Alles war perfekt und ist genau so wie beschrieben.
Die Wohnung ist super geschnitten, wirkt größer, als die Angabe der qm.
Auch die Lage ist super, man ist mitten im Geschehen und dennoch ist es sehr ruhig in der Wohnung, man kann die Fenstre bei wäreme problemlos geöffnet lassen.
Bisher waren wir in einer anderen Wohnung im Marais-Viertel, so wie es aussieht, werden wir versuchen, wieder diese Wohnung zu mieten, waren also ganz sicher nicht das letzte Mal da!
Trotz sprachlicher Barrieren hat auch die Übergabe und alles andere bestens funktioniert, alles lief vollkommen problemlos.
Vielen Dank an dieser Stelle nochmal!
- Quality assured accommodation
- Every host is verified by telephone
- Secure payment via SSL encryption


text:
Clay Shirky:
How social media can make history
While news from Iran streams to the world, Clay Shirky shows how Facebook, Twitter and TXTs help citizens in repressive regimes to report on real news, bypassing censors (however briefly). The end of top-down control of news is changing the nature of politics.
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- Communication
- Culture
- Global issues
- Politics
- Social change
- Social media
- Technology
This talk was presented at an official TED conference, and was featured by our editors on the home page.
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text:
Frank Diller
If you want to make a penguin, you've got to break a few eggs. But in
Punta Tombo, Argentina, the largest Magellanic penguin
(Spheniscus magellanicus) breeding ground in the world,
it's important to keep the eggshells from prematurely cracking under
external pressures.
At 0.81 millimeter in thickness, without the egg membranes,
Magellanic penguin shells are at least 56 percent thicker than bird
eggs of similar mass. This extra protection is important, as the
eggs incubate for an average of 42 days in a burrow or underneath a
bush with little or no nesting material. Calcium makes up slightly
more than one-third of the average penguin eggshell. Where does the
calcium come from? According to a study published in the January
issue of The Auk, a quarterly journal of the American
Ornithologists' Union, family-minded penguins may ingest and retain
in their stomach the tough shells of mollusks as a supplemental
calcium source.
A typical penguin following the anchovy migration south through the
Atlantic Ocean to Punta Tombo weighs between 3.5 and 4 kilograms.
When the seabirds take to the land for three to five weeks at a time
to molt or lay eggs, the fish feast ends and the penguins fast,
losing up to a kilogram of body weight. "It's the Weight
Watchers of birds," says Dee Boersma, a professor of biology at
the University of Washington and director of the Magellanic Penguin
Project in Punta Tombo.
Female penguins don't eat for at least a week before laying an egg
or two. But Boersma and her colleagues, Ginger Rebstock of UW and
David Stokes of Sonoma State University in California, noted that
both sexes of the landlocked waterfowl fill up on mollusk shells
during the breeding season. As they are gradually dissolved by
stomach acid, the shells might alleviate penguin hunger
pangs—and they last longer in the stomach during the time
before eggs are hatched, since adults aren't regurgitating the
contents of their stomachs to feed the chicks.
This habit of ingesting calcium-rich items, such as shells, grit,
ash or bones, is considered to be rare among seabirds since their
regular diets are high in calcium from fish and shellfish. But the
supplement gives Magellanic penguins one of the thickest seabird
eggshells around—an important insurance policy for eggs laid
on the hard Patagonian ground.
A storm can flood a burrow, causing it to collapse on the eggs, but
a penguin's temper might be the biggest threat to its offspring.
Fights are common in, around and over nests—and when penguins
go at it, says Boersma, "they're kind of doing karate chops to
one another, and they stomp on the eggs." But a surprisingly
large number of eggs escape the threats of rain and
penguin-on-penguin violence.
Boersma, her colleagues and a large number of students and
volunteers from the United States and Argentina examined 10,023 eggs
between 1984 and 2001. After ruling out those broken by predators
(birds, skunks, foxes and the occasional armadillo), they tallied
only 257 eggs that broke before hatching—2.6 percent of the
total yield.
Despite the strength and viability of the eggs themselves,
reproductive success of the Magellanic penguins seems to require
more than tough shells. "Penguins can lay two eggs and raise
two young. Most don't," Boersma says. "The best result
that we've seen in twenty-one years is that they raise one young."
Boersma continues to investigate the reasons behind the limited
penguin population growth as part of the Magellanic Penguin Project.
Begun in 1982 by the Wildlife Conservation Society after some
Japanese companies expressed an interest in harvesting the waterfowl
for meat, oil and golf gloves, the project full of scientists,
students and volunteers has banded more than 50,000 penguins over
the past two decades.
"I'm just crazy about penguins, and I believe that they can
tell us about the environment and the long-term health of the
planet," says Boersma. She notes that funding for such
long-term projects is difficult to come by, but the resulting yield
of valuable data can be quite large.
Over the years the project has published articles on a variety of
topics, including the impact of oil pollution, fisheries and tourism
on penguin habitat. And the nature of the longitudinal effort
promises more information about penguins, she says. "This is
the kind of data base where they'll be writing papers long after I'm gone."
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text:
Apartment SKY in the blue house
Size100 m²
Floor No.2
- Family/child friendly
- Kitchen
- Pets allowed
- Washer/dryer
- Parking available
- Lockable room
- Balcony/terrace
Accommodation summary
|Lilienstr, 70771 Leinfelden- Echterdingen, Germany
|Property type
|Property ID
|Acceptance rate
|Response time
|A few hours
|Calendar updated
|A week ago
Only 5 min walk to shops, restaurants and Leinfelden Station with S- an U-Bahn connection to the complete Stuttgart area.
House rulesStrictly no smoking. Smoking permitted on the balcony.
Please notice that we provide free WiFi for our guests. This is a free-of-charge offer and we cannot guarantee for its functions.
|Monthly rate for up to 10 guests
|Check-in after
|Check-in before
|On arrangement
|Check-out before
|Cancellation Policy
Reviews of this property
The apartment is impeccable to accommodate our group. It is clean, equipped with all things we need. The neighborhood is quite, but not far away from grocery stores and some restaurants. Highly recommended.
The sky apartment fitted exactly my needs. I live in Stuttgart but my flat is rather small. This one can perfectly host 8 people (from bed to kitchen) and even with a lot of room left!
It looks good on the ad...but what you see is not what you get...expect better :)
I will definitely rent this place again when friends visit!
Everything worked out great. Great apartment and just recommended during trade fairs very. Everything was clean and good handling.
Alles toll geklappt. Tolle Wohnung und gerade zu Messezeiten sehr zu empfehlen. Alles sauber und gute Abwicklung.
The appartament is very very nice and spacious, the kitchen is really equipped. Everything's new and clean. Perfect for two families.
It's 25 minuttes from center by train.
Barbara from iItaly
It was GREAT, the apartment was awesome. We found the apartment had everything we needed for the week.
The SKY apartment is great -- much nicer than it looks in the photos. It is bright and clean and decorated in soft blues, grays, and whites. I loved having the door codes so we didn't need to worry about keys. Be prepared to carry your bags up a few flights of twisting stairs when you get inside the house. The main level of the apartment has a living room area with two sofas and a TV, a sizable kitchen with all the basic tools you need to cook (no spices or oils, etc, as it's a vacation rental not a lived-in home), a very large table with seating for at least 6 (maybe 8?), an arm chair or two, a full bath and a half bath, and a balcony, which is a great place to sit outside or hang laundry. We really appreciated the laundry basket and drying rack. There is one washer and dryer in the basement, which the whole house uses. It is small but works well. There is a second level in the apartment which has two bedrooms, each outfitted with a small dresser, a wardrobe, and two beds with bedside tables. There were two additional mattresses set up on the ledge downstairs, which we brought upstairs, so all 6 in our family slept in the two upstairs bedrooms. We loved the spacious apartment. We often joked that we were living in an IKEA catalog.
One thing that would be helpful in the future is a little guide to the area, with where the grocery stores, bakeries, and banks with ATM machines are, and when the market downtown is held. (If there was such a guide, we didn't see it.) We found the market, bakery, and bank but didn't find a close-by grocery store. (We did find the Aldi across the tracks; I don't know if there was something smaller close by.) Thanks for a great stay, Antje!
Very positive. The flat is large with 2 separate rooms for 2 attractions the top. Equipment is good and functional too.
Traumhafte Ferienwohnung! Hell, groß und wunderschön eingerichtet. Top Austattung, alles sauber. Wir haben uns super wohl gefühlt und würden diese Ferienwohnung jederzeit wieder buchen. In 8 Minuten waren wir mit dem Auto oder dem Taxi am Messegelände das war optimal.
Sehr nette Vermieterin.
- Quality assured accommodation
- Every host is verified by telephone
- Secure payment via SSL encryption


text:
During the mini-teal Season prior to the Thanksgiving Hunt where the federal game wardens showed up I was invited to my first hunt at a particular dairy. I had hunted on the dairy before but never during one of the big hunts. We got there at about 5:00 and went up to the main house with about 45 other hunters. The man who owned the dairy briefed us on the laws, make sure your gun is plugged, shot steel and the limit was four teal and one mallard. We each got assigned a pond and off we went. We started shooting birds when you could see the flames out the end of your barrel and by sun up my buddy and I both had shot our limit of teal. We wadded out and picked up our birds and to our delight we each couldn't find the fourth bird so we went back to refill our limit. Within minutes we had our "fourth" bird. When we waded back out to get it we found our lost birds as well. We were both over on our limits and I had a tinge of guilt for shooting five birds (forget that I was shooting lead, but I did have my plug). We went about fifty yards to the next pond and asked how they did, and they said they got twenty-four between the two of them. Compared to their 24 birds my 5 were no big deal.
I talk to a lot of people about Heaven and Hell. When asked "Why are you going to heaven?" the number one answer is that they are a good person. Just like I compared myself with the guys on the next pond who shot two dozen birds we base our goodness on comparisons with others. We say "I am not as bad as that guy who got arrested on the news, I'm a pretty good guy." Isaiah 64:6 says "6 But we are all like an unclean thing, And all our righteousnesses are like filthy rags; We all fade as a leaf, And our iniquities, like the wind, Have taken us away." The Bible tells us our righteousness are like filthy rags. The rag it is talking about is one used during menstruation. This gives us a graphic picture of what our best looks like to a holy and righteous God. When we rely on our righteousness we fall short, so one may ask the question, "If my best isn't good enough what is?"
Our righteousness falls desperately short. When the realization that our goodness can't do it we cry out to God for mercy and he covers our sins with his righteousness.
Romans 3:21-26 "21But now a righteousness from God, apart from law, has been made known, to which the Law and the Prophets testify. 22This righteousness from God comes through faith in Jesus Christ to all who believe. There is no difference, 23for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God, 24and are justified freely by his grace through the redemption that came by Christ Jesus. 25God presented him as a sacrifice of atonement. through faith in his blood. He did this to demonstrate his justice, because in his forbearance he had left the sins committed beforehand unpunished— 26he did it to demonstrate his justice at the present time, so as to be just and the one who justifies those who have faith in Jesus."
Romans tells us "This righteousness from God comes through faith in Jesus Christ to all who believe." Jesus was a "sacrifice of atonement through faith in his blood." He took our place so his righteousness could fulfill what ours couldn't.


text:
Just curioius. As this is my first year beekeeping, I have yet to do any uncapping. Recently, I purchased some used equipment from a retired beekeeper. It was kind of a one shot price, for a group of items all thrown together. In this package is a steam uncapping knife. My question is how well do these work? Or is it a waste of time, and I should look for something else? I could easily build my own steam generator, but wanted other opinions before I even bother.
Thanks in advance!


text:
Wandalou how about Row Ragers (LOL)
I can go out there once in awhile.
I am thinking for this row robin to do a crazy quilt theme. There would be no need for sashing and each row can build upon the next. This will bust some of your ladies stash of scraps, and help you use all those wonderful stitches your machines have or do some fun handwork with buttons, ribbons, beads, or whatever you have in your stash. I would like to use just muslin foundation. Nothing fancy or that real ugly fabric you do not want to keep around that you would not mind covering up. The fun part is that it should not cost you anything except using up stash.
I do say, adding a note to what you have for your theme and what you are doing is a great idea and this way we all could add in as we go so we get some well versed row robins. I will be adding in my note.


text:
Amytal Sodium
Alcohol and a Good Night's Sleep Don't Mix »
"Jan. 22, 2013 -- Think a nightcap may help you get a better night's sleep?
Think again.
A new review of 27 studies shows that alcohol does not improve sleep quality. According to the findings, alcohol does allow healthy people to fal"...
Read the Alcohol and a Good Night's Sleep Don't Mix article »
Amytal Sodium
The following adverse reactions and their incidence were compiled from surveillance of thousands of hospitalized patients who received barbiturates. Because such patients may be less aware of certain of the milder adverse effects of barbiturates, the incidence of these reactions may be somewhat higher in fully ambulatory patients.
More than 1 in 100 Patients
The most common adverse reaction, estimated to occur at a rate of 1 to 3 patients per 100, is the following:
Nervous System: Somnolence
Less than 1 in 100 Patients
Adverse reactions estimated to occur at a rate of less than 1 in 100 patients are listed below, grouped by organ system and by decreasing order of occurrence:
Nervous System: Agitation, confusion, hyperkinesia, ataxia, CNS depression, nightmares, nervousness, psychiatric disturbance, hallucinations, insomnia, anxiety, dizziness, abnormality in thinking
Respiratory System: Hypoventilation, apnea, postoperative atelectasis
Cardiovascular System: Bradycardia, hypotension, syncope
Digestive System: Nausea, vomiting, constipation
Other Reported Reactions: Headache, injection site reactions, hypersensitivity reactions (angioedema, skin rashes, exfoliative dermatitis), fever, liver damage, megaloblastic anemia following chronic phenobarbital use
Drug Abuse And Dependence
Controlled Substance
Amobarbital sodium is a Schedule II drug.
Barbiturates may be habit-forming. Tolerance, psychological dependence, and physical dependence may occur, especially following prolonged use of high doses of barbiturates. Daily administration in excess of 400 mg of pentobarbital or secobarbital for approximately 90 days is likely to produce some degree of physical dependence. A dosage of 600 to 800 mg for at least 35 days is sufficient to produce withdrawal seizures. The average daily dose for the barbiturate addict is usually about 1.5 g. As tolerance to barbiturates develops, the amount needed to maintain the same level of intoxication increases; tolerance to a fatal dosage, however, does not increase more than twofold. As this occurs, the margin between intoxicating dosage and fatal dosage becomes smaller.
Symptoms of acute intoxication with barbiturates include unsteady gait, slurred speech, and sustained nystagmus. Mental signs of chronic intoxication include confusion, poor judgment, irritability, insomnia, and somatic complaints.
Symptoms of barbiturate dependence are similar to those of chronic alcoholism. If an individual appears to be intoxicated with alcohol to a degree that is radically disproportionate to the amount of alcohol in his or her blood, the use of barbiturates should be suspected. The lethal dose of a barbiturate is far less if alcohol is also ingested.
The symptoms of barbiturate withdrawal can be severe and may cause death. Minor withdrawal symptoms may appear 8 to 12 hours after the last dose of a barbiturate. These symptoms usually appear in the following order: anxiety, muscle twitching, tremor of hands and fingers, progressive weakness, dizziness, distortion in visual perception, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, and orthostatic hypotension. Major withdrawal symptoms (convulsions and delirium) may occur within 16 hours and last up to 5 days after abrupt cessation of barbiturates. The intensity of withdrawal symptoms gradually declines over a period of approximately 15 days. Individuals susceptible to barbiturate abuse and dependence include alcoholics and opiate abusers, as well as other sedative-hypnotic and amphetamine abusers.
Drug dependence on barbiturates arises from repeated administration on a continuous basis, generally in amounts exceeding therapeutic dose levels. The characteristics of drug dependence on barbiturates include: (a) a strong desire or need to continue taking the drug; (b) a tendency to increase the dose; (c) a psychic dependence on the effects of the drug related to subjective and individual appreciation of those effects; and (d) a physical dependence on the effects of the drug, requiring its presence for maintenance of homeostasis and resulting in a definite, characteristic, and self-limited abstinence syndrome when the drug is withdrawn.
Treatment of barbiturate dependence consists of cautious and gradual withdrawal of the drug. Barbiturate-dependent patients can be withdrawn by using a number of different withdrawal regimens. In all cases, withdrawal requires an extended period of time. One method involves substituting a 30 mg dose of phenobarbital for each 100 to 200 mg dose of barbiturate that the patient has been taking. The total daily amount of phenobarbital is then administered in 3 or 4 divided doses, not to exceed 600 mg daily. If signs of withdrawal occur on the first day of treatment, a loading dose of 100 to 200 mg of phenobarbital may be administered IM in addition to the oral dose. After stabilization on phenobarbital, the total daily dose is decreased by 30 mg/day as long as withdrawal is proceeding smoothly. A modification of this regimen involves initiating treatment at the patient's regular dosage level and decreasing the daily dosage by 10% if tolerated by the patient.
Infants that are physically dependent on barbiturates may be given phenobarbital, 3 to 10 mg/kg/day. After withdrawal symptoms (hyperactivity, disturbed sleep, tremors, and hyperreflexia) are relieved, the dosage of phenobarbital should be gradually decreased and completely withdrawn over a 2-week period.
Read the Amytal Sodium (amobarbital sodium injection) Side Effects Center for a complete guide to possible side effects
Most reports of clinically significant drug interactions occurring with the barbiturates have involved phenobarbital. However, the application of these data to other barbiturates appears valid and warrants serial blood level determinations of the relevant drugs when there are multiple therapies.
- Anticoagulants - Phenobarbital lowers the plasma levels of dicumarol and causes a decrease in anticoagulant activity as measured by the prothrombin time. Barbiturates can induce hepatic microsomal enzymes, resulting in increased metabolism and decreased anticoagulant response of oral anticoagulants (eg, warfarin, acenocoumarol, dicumarol, and phenprocoumon). Patients stabilized on anticoagulant therapy may require dosage adjustments if barbiturates are added to or withdrawn from their dosage regimen.
- Corticosteroids - Barbiturates appear to enhance the metabolism of exogenous corticosteroids, probably through the induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes. Patients stabilized on corticosteroid therapy may require dosage adjustments if barbiturates are added to or withdrawn from their dosage regimen.
- Griseofulvin - Phenobarbital appears to interfere with the absorption of orally administered griseofulvin, thus decreasing its blood level. The effect of the resultant decreased blood levels of griseofulvin on therapeutic response has not been established. However, it would be preferable to avoid concomitant administration of these drugs.
- Doxycycline - Phenobarbital has been shown to shorten
the half-life of doxycycline for as long as 2 weeks after barbiturate therapy
is discontinued.
This mechanism is probably through the induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes that metabolize the antibiotic. If amobarbital sodium and doxycycline are administered concurrently, the clinical response to doxycycline should be monitored closely.
- Phenytoin, Sodium Valproate, Valproic Acid - The effect of barbiturates on the metabolism of phenytoin appears to be variable. Some investigators report an accelerating effect, whereas others report no effect. Because the effect of barbiturates on the metabolism of phenytoin is not predictable, phenytoin and barbiturate blood levels should be monitored more frequently if these drugs are given concurrently. Sodium valproate and valproic acid appear to increase the amobarbital sodium serum levels; therefore, amobarbital sodium blood levels should be closely monitored and appropriate dosage adjustments made as clinically indicated.
- CNS Depressants - The concomitant use of other CNS depressants, including other sedatives or hypnotics, antihistamines, tranquilizers, or alcohol, may produce additive depressant effects.
- Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) - MAOIs prolong the effects of barbiturates, probably because metabolism of the barbiturate is inhibited.
- Estradiol, Estrone, Progesterone, and Other Steroidal Hormones - Pre treatment with or concurrent administration of phenobarbital may decrease the effect of estradiol by increasing its metabolism. There have been reports of patients treated with antiepileptic drugs (eg, phenobarbital) who become pregnant while taking oral contraceptives. An alternate contraceptive method might be suggested to women taking barbiturates.
Last reviewed on RxList: 8/25/2009
Amytal Sodium FDA Prescribing Information
Additional Amytal Sodium Information
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.
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text:
What gives??? Are they not confident enough in their dream dynasty team? I'm starting to miss hoagie as annoying as he was
What gives??? Are they not confident enough in their dream dynasty team? I'm starting to miss hoagie as annoying as he was
Football has been very, very good to us.
After losing seasons 2013-15, the giants put up 11 wins in 16.. they are on way Back
But for now we can console ourselves with this fact-
# of Super Bowl victories since 1985:
1-Chicago, St. Louis, Tampa Bay, Indianapolis, New Orleans, Seattle
2-Washington, Green Bay, Pittsburgh, Baltimore
3-San Francisco, Dallas, Denver
4-New York Giants!!!
Let's make it 5 in 2016 so we can be on a LINE NE again!!!
***Stat provided by "Schloss22"***
Yeah this kinda sucks. I was hoping for at least a little bit of smack talk
My IQ is still at the same level, hasn't decreased. I like it better that way.
We seem to have lost Bread during the board change, he was the most rational level-headed Eagle fan I've come across.
Just about the only one to show up this season was Hoagie.
I miss donovan4president.....a pretty elloquent fan
I've been to their boards and they are pretty dispondent over there......all they can talk about is firing Ried and retiring Dawkins number at 6PM
I cannot say I feel sorry for them, having whipped us 7 out of the last 8 tries but their discussions remind me of the end of the Fassell/Collins era
Well my fellow Giant fans, if they're back on Monday, thats not good news. Lets get the win Sunday nite!!!! The Eagle Trolls stay away
and we will have to settle for smack from Cowboys and Redskin fans...........I'll take that all day everyday !!!!!
(no question that Riverdance is Hoagie. You can tell by his mastery of the English language-LOL!!!!)


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The more I recall the Doug Martin theft the more I wonder if Reese and Company haven't had to put a spin on the David Wilson pick?
The kid shows us sparks and his return game is one of the best we had in years, but the immeadiate impact that Martin is having for the Butt-aneers is apparent.
Still I'm no pro sport team GM so I'll leave the experts to do their job.
Frankly I wish Brown didn't get hurt at all especially this late in the season.


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text:
WOW!!! Those look amazing, dude! You must be a master carpenter.
WOOO. Puts that shelf I made out of wood to shame. LOL Nice Armor Dude
I hope you don't mind me asking, but how did you make the wooden molds? They look fantastic and some information on the process would be great - they look machined as the finish is so smooth?
Correct me if I am wrong, but is that the Hasbro Iron Man helmet?
Hi, thanks for complements. The helmets was home sculpted, as you can see in the first pic.
I use MDF 30.0mm thickness, glue to have the right work area for sculpting. Right now, I'm working on the first copy of the armor. Helmet made of fiber glass, to body will sue ABS plastic (more cheap than FG)
New pics soon!!
You better make several of these ... and send me one
awesome stuff!!
Ah, yes I can see the layers of MDF now I look closely - How long did it take to sculpt those? I can imagine mayself spending a month alone on the bicep, then taking out too much in a pass and having to bondo it back up! :P
I take two months. boots and neck left to do, on this week I think. Cheers!
Hey guys, Here are some new pics of my Armor...cheers!!!
Hi Guys,
Here are the finish pictures of the armor. I 'm going to work whit Hasbro to promo iron man toys in the premier. They like my work! Hope you like too. Let me know your coments
Well done mate, Looks like you've got a decent work space to play in
Hey, thanks. Just for paint job.Well done mate, Looks like you've got a decent work space to play in
Thanks for contributing to our site!
While our members have a wide range of interests, this site is focused on Star Wars costuming and specifically on Star Wars bounty hunters like Boba Fett. In an effort to maintain this focus we are closing this thread... but all is not lost!
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UTSA's Andrew Tsin
UTSA's Andrew Tsin named Silver Fellow
By Christi Fish
Public Affairs Specialist
(May 20, 2009)--UTSA biochemistry and physiology professor Andrew Tsin stood among an elite group of eye researchers recently when he was named a Silver Fellow of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO). The new honor recognizes professional accomplishments and service of its members as well as their contributions to the association's advancement.
Today's headlines
- La Prensa Foundation is newest member of UTSA Lone Star Society
- UTSA alumna Jordan Kaufmann wins $50K for new stent-graft start-up
- UTSA begins new way-finding sign installation this summer at Main Campus
- USA Today: UTSA long jumper Tyler Williamson rescues three-year-old boy
Article tools
This year, 308 members were inducted into the inaugural class of fellows, which is less than 3 percent of its international membership of more than 12,500.
With three decades of experience in vision and related research and nearly two decades as a University of Texas System academic, UTSA's Tsin is a frequent collaborator at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio.
He oversees the Vision Research Laboratory, which aims to understand the biochemical and cellular/molecular events in the eye related to normal visual functions and to abnormal or disease conditions. Particularly, his team investigates the mechanism of pigment regeneration in the cone visual system and how hyperglycemia and insulin induce vascular endothelial growth factor secretion by retinal cells.
Since 1981, Tsin has directed more than $51.5 million in grant funds including $3.6 million in federal research grants, $290,500 in private grants awarded for his research and $47.8 million in grants that promote faculty and student training at UTSA.
In addition to his faculty duties, Tsin serves as associate dean of research in the UTSA College of Sciences, as director of UTSA's major National Institutes of Health programs and as director of the UTSA Center for Research and Training in the Sciences (CRTS). CRTS is a $6 million-per-year center established in 2006 to maximize resource sharing of extramural programs with similar or complimentary goals in scientific research and training.


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Home › Forums › Gear Forums › Gear (General) › Logic Check: Windshirt
Feb 17, 2013 at 4:05 pm #1299398
I'm having trouble with the philosophy of a windshirt, and I believe that stems from my inexperience.
When I'm hiking in most 65º+ temps, I wear a T-shirt or long-sleeve shirt made of some tech-wick fabric, and when I get to the summit and stop moving and chill out, I toss on a fleece jacket. If it's a really windy/misty day, I'll throw on my rain shell instead.
Am I missing out on some genius microclimate that a windshirt provides? Is this item purely seasonal to warm conditions that might get cool, like summer summits? How is a windshirt different from a rain shell?
You don't have to put hot coals under my feet for me to buy a new item, but I want to know how big a difference there is from a windshirt and a rainshell as far as comfort goes. What do I gain by throwing those precious ounces into my bag for something like, say, a Patagonia Houdini?Feb 17, 2013 at 4:09 pm #1955405
Konrad .BPL Member
In deep winter when there is little chance of rain, and snow is the only precipitation, windshirts shine…miles ahead in terms of breathability over a typical rainshell.
In you scenario of 65 degree summers, a windshirt would be lighter than your fleece and provide enough warmth for summit rests.
Personally, I only wear a fleece as a layer (and only very breathable ones) if I know it will be non stop cold rain (midlayer), or I'm doing some high exertion activity, like cross country skiing (outerlayer)Feb 17, 2013 at 4:20 pm #1955406
Makes some sense, but I'm still not sure if it makes sense to me. If I were racing over 72 hours where every ounce counts, I would take a windshirt over a fleece. However, the only ounces I count are the ounces on a longer trip.
For instance, when I did my 2012 bike tour around the northeast, I brought a 50º synthetic sleeping bag and a fleece jacket, along with a synthetic baselayer and then bike shorts and a light tech tee. When it was warm, I wore the bare minimum. When it cooled, I threw on the baselayer. When it was really cold and I had to sleep, like on our coldest night at one summit where we graced the upper 30's, I put on all my clothes, my fleece, and my raincoat and crawled into my bag. Comfortable!
A windshirt is great for standing on the summit, but it does nothing to help for actual low temperatures- just wind. Therefore, it can't be used in a sleep system like a fleece or a down puffy can. Am I correct in this line of thinking?
It's great for saving ounces for active hiking, but if you're carrying a sleep system anyways it becomes redundant.
Relevant extra facts: I took a synthetic bag and a fleece over a down bag and a puffy jacket for that trip because of expected wet conditions, and both were soaked at some point so I was glad for it.Feb 17, 2013 at 4:26 pm #1955409
Stephen MBPL Member
@stephen-mLocale: Way up North
Have you ever hiked in strong winds when its not raining?Feb 17, 2013 at 4:39 pm #1955412Feb 17, 2013 at 4:39 pm #1955413
A windshirt is way more breathable than a rain jacket. It's better at regulating your body heat. You overheat less and cool down less compared to a rain jacket. You will have much less sweat build up during hard hiking and staying dry is always good. Hiking in windy conditions all day with no rain, you are going to really appreciate not being sweaty and cold.
Windshirts are really nice when it's warm out but windy. If it's warm enough to hike in a shirt but the wind is cooling you, you can throw on a super thin layer that will block out the wind without heating you up too much. If you try and throw on a fleece in that situation, the wind is going to blow right through it and when you get out of the wind you will instantly overheat. Try and throw on a windproof fleece, then you are going be stuck between being too cold and too hot.
Windshirts provide a super small amount of warmth. It's hard to get such a small amount of warmth from any other backpacking clothing item. When it's a little too cold to be comfortable in just a shirt, you can throw on a windshirt to add that tiny bit of warmth when anything else would overheat you.
Windshirts are also much lighter than rain jackets so you can leave the rain jacket at home if you expect wind but no rain.Feb 17, 2013 at 4:43 pm #1955415
"A windshirt is great for standing on the summit, but it does nothing to help for actual low temperatures- just wind. Therefore, it can't be used in a sleep system like a fleece or a down puffy can. Am I correct in this line of thinking?"
I almost always sleep in my windshirt. I get no condensation in my sleeping clothing while wearing it. I can't say the same for a rain jacket. It provides a little warmth.Feb 17, 2013 at 4:47 pm #1955416
samuel smillieMember
@sam_smillieLocale: central canada
Basically those two reasons are why people use them.
Most people (who are sane) will bring some sort of waterproof shell into the backcountry. The higher the quality of the material used (goretex, eVent etc), combined with the overall weight of the garment contribute to cost. Even the most breathable of these materials is far less breathable than any number of significantly cheaper windshirts. Not to mention, by bringing a windshirt, you eliminate a huge percentage of your waterproof shell use. This means you can get one that is less durable, lighter, and justify a more expensive and nicer waterproof jacket because it will likely last you much longer than if constantly being used under packstraps bushwhacking.
In another thread that you recently started, you mentioned difficulties with finding a fleece to your satisfaction. The trouble is that a windproof fleece is very heavy and has lost a lot of the breathability that makes it such a good active layer to begin with. A very breathable fleece combined with a windshell will weigh the same or less, be more versatile and provide you with more options for things like waist draws, adjustable cuffs etc.
Personally, I use a relatively (for softshells) light softshell instead of a windshirt because I don't have the money to constantly replace them as basically they are acting as a cheap beat up layer (not cheap enough for me haha). I pay the weight penalty to wear something that is more durable and more comfortable next to skin.Feb 17, 2013 at 4:52 pm #1955418
Tom LyonsMember
@towalyLocale: Smoky Mtns.
Here's my logic.
My wind shirt weighs about 2.5 ounces. When layered over my mid-layer, it makes me feel about twice as warm, because the wind isn't sucking the heat out of my mid-layer.
When I don't need my mid-layer, if it's windy and a little nippy out, I can put on my wind shirt and avoid being chilled by evaporative cooling, and be comfortable.
If I don't need any of it, I can store it and my 6 ounce mid-layer in about the size of a softball area inside my pack. It also provides a modicum of weather protection in a light mist. By reducing wind chill factor, it can really help your comfort level when the winds whip up, which otherwise would cut right thru your insulation layer like it wasn't there. And it breathes better than a rain jacket, and is a lot lighter too.
A fleece is a single layer which weighs about a pound, and takes up half your pack with bulk if you don't need to wear it that day, doesn't block any wind, and has one application without any flexibility for different conditions.
IMO, if there is one item of clothing that is worth carrying for its 2.5 ounces of weight that literally disappears into your pack or even your pocket, it's a wind shirt. It's about the most useful clothing item that I carry.
A fleece has its place, but it isn't a substitute for a wind shirt.Feb 17, 2013 at 4:58 pm #1955420
Ken BennettMember
@ken_bennettLocale: southeastern usa
I use a wind shirt as part of a 4-layer system:
light (wool) base layer
single-layer wind shirt
insulation layer, down or micro fleece depending on time of year
hard shell
The wind shirt works very well for me in cool or cold conditions, when it's too cold to hike in just a base layer, but I would sweat up a storm in my rain shell. I tend to hike in the spring and fall around here, so the wind shirt gets a lot of use. Say, highs in the 40s or 50s or so, breezy on the ridge lines. If I stop on a summit I'll put on my insulation.
It also extends the utility of my microfleece by making it wind proof.
Dunno if it would add much to your situation, though.
If you wear a Patagonia size Large, I have a Houdini that doesn't quite fit me.Feb 17, 2013 at 5:11 pm #1955427
John S.BPL Member
I use a windshirt to
1. Be more comfy over wider range of temps (rather than wearing less breathable rain jacket)
2. Protect my insulation by wearing it over the insulation
3. Keeping my sleeping bag cleaner by wearing it over my upper layersFeb 17, 2013 at 5:11 pm #1955429
I guess I can see the draw, but I think my innate tolerance for slight discomfort would always edge me towards just feeling the "chill" of a brisk wind while hiking and then later tempering it with the fleece if I stopped moving and was actually at risk of cooling down too much. That golden medium where the windshirt results in perfect hiking seems to be a little vague to my liking, and the wear from packstraps is a huge turn-off. Maybe the only way to truly discover if this is something I want to use in the backcountry is to, well, use it, but I see this as a "stopped" item rather than an "Active" item. I also don't see it as a replacement for a fleece, but I could be wrong.
But in all seriousness, I'm a cyclist as well as a backpacker. Wind is ever-present and defines my riding for a good 9 months out of the year. And still, a wind jacket isn't something I've tried. I've merely layered up Smartwool and Under-Armour and Fleece until the right temperature was achieved. A windshirt is something I hadn't really considered and I'd like to try it, especially if it means leaving my Under-Armour at home.
Thank you for fixing my logic-loop!Feb 17, 2013 at 5:28 pm #1955437
Mark AndrewsMember
@buldoggeLocale: Midwest
I know a lot of people don't care for them…but…I prefer Marmot Driclime windshirts (and would like to get a hooded Ether).
I find that that a merino baselayer, a "tech T", and the Driclime is all I usually need.
If additional insulation is necessary I add one of the gridded fleece hoodies or a Marmot Parallax polartec hoody.
-Mark in St. LouisFeb 17, 2013 at 5:30 pm #1955438
It'd be useful to know what the most durable windshirt is that doesn't breach over the single-digits in ounces. I don't want to just wear holes in the shoulders from pack-rub in a single season if I'm going to shell out $100. How's the Houdini do? I don't bushwhack much.Feb 17, 2013 at 5:32 pm #1955439
Mark AndrewsMember
@buldoggeLocale: Midwest
Max…When it comes to cycling…you couldn't pay me to cycle with a fleece on. I like the Campagnolo Textran jackets, either insulated or not, depending on conditions. Much like hiking…I find that I seldom need anything warmer than a single jacket (over merino/jersey) down into the teens. Extremities are much more important and harder to deal with (as I'm sure you know).
-MarkFeb 17, 2013 at 5:40 pm #1955443
I've cycled cold enough that I needed it once or twice. We've had a few days this season below zero, and seemingly infinite days in the single digits and teens… I have needed to break out the fleece about ten times for my commute. Whenever I get cranking, I do feel the heat start to set in… perhaps I need a windshirt!Feb 17, 2013 at 5:50 pm #1955447
Any windshirt in the 5-7 ounce range will be plenty durable. If it's in the 2-4 oz range, not so much. Windshirts can actually be durable enough for some serious bushwacking. They are very slick and brush slides right off of the material instead of catching or abrading.Feb 18, 2013 at 5:38 am #1955534
michael leviMember
@m-lLocale: W-Never Eat Soggy (W)affles
I use a windshirt and a disposable poncho, both of these combined weigh under 5 ounces.Feb 18, 2013 at 6:35 am #1955541
And ESpectator
@lunchandynnerLocale: Pacific Northwest
You can buy whatever windshirt you want and just reinforce the wear areas. I did this with my event jacket using 1 cm x 4" strips of tenacious tape. I put 3 parallel strips with 1 cm gaps on each shoulder where my backpack straps rubbed (slightly forward of the top of the shoulders ) and 4 parallel strips in my lumbar area. You could also reinforce the hips if you use a hip belt on your pack.
This way, you can still get a lightweight windshirt and increase the durability with a small weight penalty. Also, once the tape wears out, you can just replace the tape.
I like the clear tenacious tape for this as the edges don't fray as it wears.
You can check out the Marmot Super Mica rain jacket to see what I mean. A 6 oz rain jacket with printed on reinforcement (the reinforcement is hard and plasticky feeling instead of rubbery PU or silicone)Feb 18, 2013 at 6:37 am #1955542
John ZahorianMember
My Houdini was the one clothing item that I wore every single day on my PCH ride and PCT hike. After 200 days of everyday use it is still totally fine and only has a few very tiny punctures. It is so light and perfect for a lot of conditions. You obviously lose most of your heat to wind while cycling so I think a wind shirt is a no brainer. I've found that if I'm even a little bit warm while wearing a rain jacket, I build up condensation. Wind jacket with zipper in hood was perfect for anything from harsh mountaintop wind to sun protection in deserts to windproof warmth with a drafty down jacket to mosquito protection. I rarely use my rain jacket so I'm switching over to a poncho tarp, and my wind shirt will become even more valuable. It is my one go-to item for any outdoor activity now because it is so versatile yet tiny.Feb 18, 2013 at 7:08 am #1955554
Hiking MaltoBPL Member
I think there may be a flaw in the logic of the question. At 65+ degrees the only logic I can see is if it is very windy. But in my experience a windshirt shines when hiking at temperatures between 25 and 55F. I normally hike in a long sleeve base layer. The addition of a wind shirt allows me a hike without an insulation layer down below freezing. I view it as one of the versatile pieces of gear that I carry.Feb 18, 2013 at 7:29 am #1955559
Jerry AdamsBPL Member
@retiredjerryLocale: Oregon and Washington
If it's below about 45 F I'll use GoreTex jacket. If I get warm, unzip. If I'm still warm I'll take it off. There really isn't a temperature range where I'm too warm with GoreTex and too cold without, so windshirt is superfluous.
Since it rains a lot where I go, and GoreTex is a lot better in rain, I see no reason for windshirt.
But, it's just one of those things that works for some people/conditions and not for others.Feb 18, 2013 at 7:53 am #1955564
Link .BPL Member
I hike in Washington and I use my windshirt a lot,it is my favorite piece whether on day hikes or multiple days out.Feb 18, 2013 at 7:56 am #1955565
michael leviMember
@m-lLocale: W-Never Eat Soggy (W)affles
It adds a lot of warmth on cold summer mornings/ evenings where you would never have a full on rain jacket. Baselayer or t shirt + windshirt = a ton of warmth for the weight.Feb 18, 2013 at 8:34 am #1955578
Dale WambaughBPL Member
@dwambaughLocale: Pacific Northwest
A windshirt is a shirt with jacket-like features and fills those gaps. Think about wearing one as you would a button down shirt and getting the jacket features along with at a weight that is less than a typical nylon button down.
a windshirt seals out wind and provides protection from light precip while remaining breathable. Get a light color and you have bug and sun protection too.
I find one useful for an extra bit of warmth when I have leveled out on exposed trails or heading downhill and in camp. It works great with a light fleece, which combine to make a deconstructed insulated jacket that can be worn in whatever combination is needed. If you use a poncho, it protects your arms and sides in cold wet weather.
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'King Obama'
'King Obama'
We are hearing a lot of class warfare rhetoric by the president and members of his administration as they have campaigned to raise taxes. The president and his staff are also practicing class warfare:
1. The president instituting a pay raise for federal employees while raising the payroll tax deduction on low and middle-income workers, thus shrinking their paychecks.
2. With record high unemployment, job losses and businesses struggling, the president spends $7 million of tax money on a vacation in Hawaii.
3. While instituting lifelong Secret Service protection for himself, commanding the vice president to meet with advisers and formulate federal restrictions on firearms and self-defense equipment for law-abiding citizens.
Bow down Americans. Can you say, "King Obama?"
Tom Lund,


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