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San Juan Hill
San Juan Hill was a predominantly African American neighborhood in Manhattan in the early 20th century roughly bounded by West 59th Street to the south, West 65th Street to the north, 10th Avenue (Amsterdam Ave.) on the east and 11th Avenue (West End Avenue) on the west. Author Marcy Sacks (author of the definitive Before Harlem: The Black Experience in New York City Before World War I) also considers a "satellite community" of black institutions around 53rd Street in Hell's Kitchen to be a part of the neighborhood.
This area in general on Manhattan's Upper West Side is known as Lincoln Square, although the origins of the name are a bit of a mystery. The intersection of Broadway and Columbus had been called Empire Square or Empire Park since the late 19th century. In 1906, the city's Board of Alderman renamed the double triangle Lincoln Square in an action sponsored by West Side Alderman John J. Hahn. The name was used for a theatre then under construction on 65th Street by developer John L. Miller. However, it is not entirely certain who coined the name or why it was chosen.
San Juan Hill in particular developed in the late 19th century with African-Americans who began flocking to cities, making it one of the more densely populated areas of the city and also one of the more violent. The name San Juan Hill is variously attributed either to the United States Army's black 10th Cavalry, which fought at the battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish-American War in 1898 or, more likely, to the violent clashes between black and white residents of the area. In the midst of all the excitement, San Juan Hill was also home to an extensive night live that served as one of the significant crucibles for the development of jazz music.
The exhuberant optimism that followed World War II had little affinity for old urban buildings, poor folks or black people. Since San Juan Hill had plenty of all three, it was a ripe target for a "urban renewal". Amsterdam Houses was the first salvo, replacing three blocks between West 61st Street and West 64th Street with public housing. The blocks to the east were next as development czar Robert Moses had the neighborhood declared a blighted slum. After a court battle that went all the way to the Supreme Court, 17,000 residents were evicted to build Lincoln Center and Lincoln Towers in the blocks just to the east and north of San Juan Hill. In the early years of the 21st century, the southern San Juan Hill blocks between West 59th Street and West 61st Street were largely redeveloped with large luxury apartment towers that echo the redevelopment of the West Side Railyard into Riverside South just to the west of San Juan Hill.
All this development has left few remaining artifacts of the once vibrant San Juan Hill neighborhood. A number of industrial buildings from the period remain, but very little of the residential architecture. However, after running across a nice NY Times article on the cultural heritage of the area, I decided to take a little stroll around the area in the Summer of 2008 to see what I could find.
West 59th Street
West 59th Street is the southern boundary of San Juan Hill. The two blocks of the neighborhood between 59th Street and 61st Street were spared by the development of Amsterdam Houses in the late 1940s, but much of what remained was demolished or repurposed by construction of large luxury residential buildings in the early 21st Century.
The IRT Generating Plant on 11th Avenue (WEA) between 58th/59th Streets (just to the southwest of San Juan Hill) was built in 1904 to supply power to the new Interborough Rapit Transit Company subway which opened that year. The location was chosen in part to permit ready access to coal shipments via the Hudson River just to the west and in its heyday, used 1,000 tons of coal per day to generate 132,000 horsepower. The exterior was designed by McKim, Mead & White, although numerous modifications have been made over the years, including replacement of the original five smokestack with a single concrete stack. The city sold the facility to Con Edison in 1959 which integrated it into the power grid and sold the steam to neighborhood customers for heating.
10 West End Avenue (between 59th and 60th streets) is a 31-story, 350-foot residential tower completed in 2007.
Element (555 West 59th Street)
The Manhattan Neighborhood Network administers public access cable services in Manhattan. The service is supported by the cable duopoly (TimeWarner Cable and RCN Cable) under a franchise from the City of New York.
At the turn of the 20th century, New York was a densely populated industrial city with many of the city's residents packed into squalid tenement homes that lacked facilities for bathing. In keeping with the strong progressive spirit of that era, the city built "public baths" that were buildings of showers intended to promote personal cleanliness and, ultimately, Godliness and good civic behavior.
The public bath at 232 West 60th Street opened in 1906. The limestone and brick building, with terra cotta ornamentation, featured 49 showers for men, 20 showers and a tub for women and a 35' x 65' indoor swimming pool. The bathhouse served the predominantly Irish Hell's Kitchen neighborhood to the South, the primarily Negro San Juan Hill neighborhood to the north, and longshoremen who worked on the then-active west side docks. As a common meeting place for these groups, the public bath was the location of violent clashes that lead to the naming of the neighborhood.
The lot to the south on 59th Street was acquired for use as a playground and in 1912 became home to a two-story English Gothic style field house designed by architect Theodore E. Videto. In 1938, a tenement building to the east was demolished and replaced with an outdoor pool that opened in 1943. The field house is now Recreation Center 59 and the indoor pool serves the Municipal Lifeguard Training School. The outdoor pool has long been out of service, although there are long-standing plans to demolish it an replace it with an expansion of the recreation center.
515 West 59th Street is a 33-story, 300-foot apartment building completed in 1974. The building is owned and operated by St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital to house residents and other staff..
The Concerto (200 West 60th Street on 10th Ave between 59th/60th Street) is a 248-unit 35-story apartment building that was completed in 1992.
The John Jay College of Criminal Justice (899 Tenth Avenue) was founded in 1964 as the College of Police Science. The main building (on Amsterdam Avenue just south of 59th Street) was designed by Charles B.J. Snyder and built in 1903 as DeWitt Clinton High School. That high school moved to the Bronx in 1929 and the Tenth Avenue building became Haaren High School, named after John Henry Haaren, an associate superintendent of schools and president of the department of pedagogy at Brooklyn Institute. The college moved into the building in 1988.
St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital occupies most of the block south of 59th Street between Amsterdam and Columbus Avenues. The hospital center was created in 1979 with the merger of three hospitals: St. Luke's (founded 1846), Women's Hospital (founded 1855) and Roosevelt Hospital (founded 1871). The William J. Syms Operating Theatre was a surgical building added to Roosevelt Hospital in 1892. The Romanesque building was designed by W. Wheeler Smith and named after the retired gun merchant who (turning swords to scalpals) paid for it. The building was dominated by a large operating room surrounded by semicircular tiers containing 184 seats for medical students (hence, the name theatre). The building was converted to offices in 1941 and the entire Columbus Avenue frontage was sold to a developer in the late 1980s.
The SYMS Operating Theatre should not be confused with J. Marion SIMS, who was a surgeon at St. Luke's Hospital and is considered the father of modern gynecology. He was notable for performing the first successful repair of a vaginal fistula following childbirth in 1849, but also notorious for developing the technique by practicing on slaves.
425 West 59th Street is an apartment building for St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital
Two Columbus Avenue (at 59th Street) is a 41-story condo tower built in 1998 with air rights bought from St. Paul the Apostle Church next door.
The Church of St. Paul the Apostle was designed by Jeremiah O'Rourke and opened in January 1885 after nine years of construction. The parish itself was established in 1858 and assigned to Fr. Isaac Hecker, who was the driving force for construction of a new basilica. The church is 284 feet long, 121 feet wide and rises to 114 feat at the tops of the towers. The exterior is in 13th-century Old Gothic style and interior ornamentation was designed by American artists John LaFarge, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Lumen Winter, Stanford White, and William Laurel Harris. The building is the mother church of the Paulist Fathers, a group of Roman Catholic priests who work as missionaries in the United States and Canada.
On a cultural note, the church was the site in 1959 of the funeral for famed jazz singer Billie Holliday. At the turn of the 20th century, the fathers had some notable struggles with vaudeville houses wanting to locate in nearby Columbus Circle.
The slum clearance that created the New York Coliseum, Lincoln Center and the Fordham University in the 1960s also destroyed the neighborhoods that made up the parish that the church served. The church struggled to survive and had to close its school in 1974.
The Coliseum Park Apartments (30 West 60th Street) were built along with New York Coliseum in 1957. In 1946 Robert Moses's Triborough Tunnel and Bridge Authority was given the task of building an exhibition hall for the city. Moses set his sights on a couple of blocks to the west of Columbus Circle, using Title I of the Federal Housing Act to acquire the blocks for "slum clearance". The law required half of the site to include housing, so Moses included this 500-apartment complex on the western half of the superblock. The complex consists of two 15-story wings, separated by a lovely two-acre garden.
The Coliseum was originally envisioned to including a sports arena and opera house, although only the exhibition hall and a for-profit office tower survived the process through completion. The exhibition hall itself was outmoded by the opening of the Jacob Javits Convention Center in 1986 and the sturdy but uninspiring structure was demolished in 2000 to make way for the Time Warner Center.
60th Street
Fordham University is a private university in the Jesuit tradition that was initially established in 1841 as St. John's College on old Rose Hill Manor in the village of Fordham (then part of Westchester County but now in The Bronx). The Manhattan Campus (between 60th/62nd Streets and Columbus/Amsterdam Avenues) was built as part of Robert Moses' slum clearance plan that also included Lincoln Center. The campus sits just to the north of the Church of St. Paul the Apostle, also a Jesuit institution.
The Hudson (225 West 60th Street)
PS 191 / The Amsterdam School (210 West 61st Street) was designed by William Gehron in 1952 and opened in 1956 primarily to serve the children of Amsterdam Houses just to the north.
According to certificates of occupancy from the Department of Buildings, 211 West 61st Street was built in 1928 as a "factory, showroom, offices, motor vehicle repair shop and garage". In more recent times it has become loft studios for performing arts organizations like Alvin Ailey, The American Musical and Dramatic Academy and the School of American Ballet.
The Beacon School (227 West 61st Street) was created in 1993 by Ruth Lacey and Steve Stoll as a small selective secondary public school focusing on college prep curriculum. The building itself was built in 1919 for auto repair. It was purchased for $31.2 million in 2005. The City has a short-term lease on the building and the developer plans to demolish it when the lease runs out in order to construct yet another residential tower.
229-251 West 60 Street and 218-240 West 61 Street is the luxury apartment complex Adagio (243 West 60th Street) with a 27-story central tower and three smaller buildings including 342 residential units and 200 parking spaces plus medical office and retail space.
West 61st Street
28 West End Avenue (at West 61st Street) was built in 1931 as a garage. The rezoning of the block indicates that it will be demolished for a 31-story 190-unit residential building that will include a middle school.
242 and 244 West 61st Street are the last surviving tenament houses of the dozens that once housed the teeming residents of San Juan Hill. The DOB website does not give their specific ages, although they are listed as Old Law Tenaments, which dates them between the passage of the Tenament House Act of 1879 (the "Old Law") and the "New Law" of 1901.
The rezoning of the block to facilitate the Ginsburg development to the West seems to preserve these two buildings, although it permits addition of penthouses.
246 - 250 West 61st Street was built in 1919 as a "Garage and Repair Shop" The rezoning of the block indicates that it will be demolished for a 10-story residential building.
Amsterdam Houses
The "centerpiece" of what was San Juan Hill is Amsterdam Houses, a 13-building complex with 1,080 apartments that replaced the "blighted" tenaments that occupied the four blocks between 61st/64th streets and Amsterdam/West End Avenue. The architects of the complex were Grosvenor Atterbury, Harvey Wiley Corbett and and Arthur C. Holden with landscape design by Gilmore D. Clarke and Michael Rapuano.
Design work and the acquisition of land for the complex began in 1941 although construction was delayed by World War II. Around 1,400 people (80% African-American) were displaced by the construction that demolished around 100 residential buildings (most of them "Old-Law" tenaments). Most of the displaced residents were offered "rehabilitated" apartments in Harlem owned by the Housing Authority. The plan was to return the residents to Amsterdam Houses following completion, but with the housing crunch that followed WW II and legal requirements that priority be given to returning veterans, few of the original San Juan Hill residents were able to come back to their neighborhood after the complex was completed on December 17, 1948.
A pair of John Jay students put together a nice series of web pages with documentation of the legal drama surrounding the construction of the complex.
Samuel Bennerson (1923-1970) was a lifelong resident of Phipps Houses who focused his energies on programs for children and was instrumental in the creation of this playground which bears his name.
In the 1960s and 1970s, cities came to be viewed (with some justification) as dirty and dangerous places (in contrast to the fresh green suburbs that had sprung up around the country). Urban architecture of the period often reflected this view, with street level walls that were meant to separate from the city rather than embrace it. The design of Lincoln Center reflects this ethos, with an inward-facing interior plaza protected by harsh walls facing the surrounding city. This also certainly gave the African American residents of Amsterdam Houses and Phipps Houses the sense that they were not welcome in the city's temple to imported European culture.
Seminal jazz pianist James P. Johnson was a resident of San Juan Hill and frequently worked in a club called Jungles Casino that was located on West 62nd Street, where Amsterdam Houses now stand.
West 63rd/64th Streets
80-94 West End Avenue / 249 - 257 West 63rd Street / 250-258 West 64th Street is a seven-story building built in 1921. A 1941 DOB Certificate of Occupancy lists its use as manufacturing and storage and at one point in its life it was supposedly a Sherman Tank factory and sold in 2008 for $92 million.
Phipps Houses (233-247 West 63rd and 234-248 West 64th Street between Amsterdam and WEA) was founded in 1905 with a $1 million gift from Henry Phipps, a partner in the Carnegie Steel Company (which became part of U.S. Steel). The organization was created to create quality housing for working class New Yorkers. This group of apartment buildings was one of the organization's early projects that was erected between 1907 and 1911 and was specifically directed toward the African-American residents of the area, unlike developments in later eras that were intended to displace existing poor and minority residents.
Pioneering jazz pianist Thelonious Monk lived most of his life in Phipps Houses.
LaGuardia Arts (on Amsterdam Avenue between 63rd/64th Streets) is a specialized public high school that provides a both a conservatory arts and college preperatory education. The High School of Music and Art was founded in 1936 (in a building at 135th Street) and the High School of Performing Arts was founded in 1948 (in a building on 46th Street). The two institutions merged in 1961 in anticipation of a move to a new facility in the then-new Lincoln Center although the plans stayed on the drawing board for over a decade. Ground was finally broken for the new building in 1973, but the city's budget crisis in the mid 1970s delayed completion and opening of the building until the fall of 1984. The new building was then named after Fiorello H. Laguardia (1882-1947), the former Republican mayor who had been instrumental in the founding of the predecessor institutions during his tenure.
West 65th Street
The Amsterdam Annex (240 West 65th Street) was an expansion of Amsterdam Houses added in 1974. The 27-story tower with 175 apartments sits to the north of Amsterdam Houses and to the west of LaGuardia High School.
The Lincoln-Amsterdam House Apartments ( 110 West End Avenue) is a 25-story, 253-foot-tall residential tower designed by David Todd in 1973 and completed in the hot summer of 1977. The exterior is primarily brick with pre-cast concrete (Brutalist) elements incorporated in multiple setbacks, projections and cantilevered sections.
125 West End Avenue is a studio facility for ABC-TV. The building itself appears to predate television and probably had some kind of association with the railyard that used to run just to the west, but I haven't found any info on it yet.
North of San Juan Hill
Martin Luther King Jr. High School was designed in 1969 by Frost and Associates. The street level presents a brick wall protecting (and isolating) the building from its surroundings and giving it a cold fortress appearance despite the incorporation of bright colors in the interior design. The exterior is a glass curtain wall surrounding dreary classrooms that have no access to natural light. Add in the dysfunctional bureaucracy of the New York public school system and cultural issues from the housing projects next door and you have a building that isn't terribly conducive to educational excellence.
Perhaps the most desirable aspect of the whole mess is a cubist monument to the slain civil rights leader on the corner of 66th Street and Amsterdam. Although the metal has the appearance of rusted cast iron, it is actually made of Cor-ten steel - an alloy that gives a rusted appearance but remains stable and uncorroded.
The American Red Cross had a building 150 Amsterdam Avenue that was designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill and built in 1963 along with Lincoln Towers. It was sold and demolished in 2007 to make way for a 43-floor glass residential tower designed by Gary Handel and Associates.
128 West End Avenue (between 65th and 66th Streets) supposedly was or is Con Ed's Energy Control Center, although the building contains no external markings to indicate its significance. Regardless, it's a surprisingly solid-looking bit of modernism completed in 1961.
Lincoln Towers was built to the north of San Juan Hill between 66th and 69th Streets. They were designed by S.J. Kessler and Sons in 1959 with landscape design by Leo Novick. The complex was completed in 1964 as part of the Lincoln Square Urban Renewal Project. The complex occupies 20 Acres and has 3,837 apartments in 8 buildings. The apartments were rent stabilized until a co-op conversion in 1987. The layout is "tower in the park" with structures only occuping 19% of the footprint and a parking garage was integrated into development, reflecting the growing dominance of the automobile in mid-20th-century America. (LincolnTowers.com)
Lincoln Square Theatres
Lincoln Square was home to a number of live theatres during the early 20th Century, although hopes for turning it into a thriving uptown theatre district never quite came to fruition. While San Juan Hill itself only contained a few clubs and no theatres, the work of artists that lived in San Juan Hill (such as James P. Johnson) was presented at the theatres to the east of the neighborhood.
The block of 66th Street east of Columbus Avenue was the home of Lincoln Square Center (a music venue) and St. Nicholas Arena. Charlie Parker played at both venues and in the 1950s rock pioneer Alan Freed hosted Rock 'n' Roll Jubillee Balls at St. Nicholas.
St. Nicholas Arena (69 West 66th Street) opened in 1896 as an ice hockey and skating rink. The 4,000-seat arena began hosting boxing matches in 1906 (which became legal in 1911 with the passage of the Frawley Law). After the final main event on May 28, 1962, it was estimated that as many as 30,000 fights may have been staged there. The building was demolished in the 1980s to make space for and expansion of ABC's television studios.
West 65th Street west of Broadway was home to the 1,600-seat Lincoln Square Theatre, which was designed by John B. McElfatrick and built by developer John L. Miller. The theatre opened in October 1906. The entrance to the theatre from Broadway was through a building that had opened four years earlier and came to be know as the Lincoln Square Arcade. The arcade included studio space and was home to a number of artists at various times, including playwright Eugene O'Neill.
Both buildings were demolished in 1958 to create a new home for the Julliard School as part of the Lincoln Center project. The block of 65th street subsequently became a barren passageway until a redevelopment project in the early 21st century to open it to sunlight and human activity.
The 1,265-seat Colonial Theatre (1887 Broadway at 62nd St.) was designed by George Keister and opened on February 8, 1905. It served as a vaudeville and legit theatre house until around 1930 when it began being used exclusively for movies. In the 1950s and 1960s it was used as a studio by NBC and ABC. It briefly returned to legit theatre as the Harkness Theatre from 1975 through 1977 before being demolished to clear space for Harmony Atrium and Tower (61 West 62nd Street).
Harmony Atrium was built with a "privately-owned public space", an odd little quirk incentivized by the 1961 zoning resolution that permitted denser buildings in exchange for this public amenity. The results of the law were mixed with some truly valuable seating areas and a number of spaces like Harmony Atrium which became squalid, underused havens for the homeless. A project was undertaken in 2008 to replace the space into a visitor center for Lincoln Center.
The 2,320-seat New Theatre was designed by famed architects John M. Carrère (1858 - 1911) and Thomas Hastings (1860 - 1921) and financed by a number of wealthy New Yorkers as a non-profit theatre. It opened on November 8, 1909 but acoustical problems lead the backers to walk away from the venture. It was renamed the Century Theatre in 1911 and converted to commercial use. It was demolished and replaced by the Art Deco Century Apartments in 1926.
63rd Street Music Hall (22 W. 63rd St.) was designed by Thomas W. Lamb and Erwin Rossbach and opened in 1914. After complex construction period extended by financial problems, the theatre was completed by a religious organization to be used for biblical films and lectures. It presented legit theatre from 1921 - 1941 and was demolished in 1957. The large, nondescript residential tower (30 Lincoln Plaza) that replaced it is home to Lincoln Plaza Cinemas (1886 Broadway at 63rd Street), one of the city's premier art film houses.
Sitting across the street from the former Century Theatre and 63rd Street Music Hall is the West Side YMCA (5 West 63rd Street), designed by Dwight James Baum and opened in 1930. Aside from the recreational facilities traditionally associated with the YMCA, it also includes a 600-room guest facility, which, while somewhat spartan, is one of the best tourist deals in town. The McBurney YMCA on 23rd Street (which no longer has rooms) was the inspiration for the Village People's gay anthem Y.M.C.A.
Sitting just west of the West Side YMCA at 33 West 63rd Street is an isolated tenement building, one of the only survivors of the redevelopment of Lincoln Square. It seems a bit forlorn amongst the surrounding towers, but appears to be well maintained. Perhaps the air rights have been sold, protecting it as a quaint anachronism for future generations to marvel at.
The 1,355-seat Majestic Theatre (5 Columbus Circle between 58th/59th streets) was designed by John H. Duncan and opened on January 21, 1903. It was originally intended to be the beginning of a new uptown theatre district that never materialized. The theatre was converted to film in 1923. It operated under a number of different names before being used by NBC as a TV studio starting in 1949. It was demolished in 1954 to make way for Robert Moses' New York Coliseum.
The Circle Theatre (1825 Broadway at 60th Street) was originally designed by Charles Cavenaugh and opened in 1901. It was originally intended as a vaudeville house but the objections of the nearby Paulist Fathers lead to the commercially unsuccessful presentation of orchestral music. A remodeling in 1906 designed by Thomas Lamb converted it to a legit theatre. In 1939, the building was converted again into the Columbus Circle Roller Rink. The building was demolished in 1954.


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We are just starting in our beekeeping adventure and are really looking forward to it. I've done a lot of studying and am ready to get started on the real thing. This already seems to be a very helpful and useful source of information. Great website. Thanks
Wish me luck

subset: commoncrawl


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Detailed structure and explanatory notes
Trial ICATUS code 04Structure Notes
This Major Division is divided into the following Divisions:
Explanatory note
- All activities done in relation to construction activities by household enterprises either for income or for own capital formation
- Activities performed in relation to acquiring inputs/supplies for construction work
- Participation in meetings/training and studies directly related to one's work in construction activities
- Activities related to seeking employment or the setting up of a business are included in this major division
- Travel to and from the workplace
Note: In these divisions of activities it is assumed that working time arrangements are generally more informal or flexible compared to those in the formal sector. Thus, this major division does not include specific divisions for short breaks and for lunch breaks. Activities associated with such breaks from work are classified in the corresponding class; for example, eating snack/meals is classified under 15121- Eating meals/snack.
Exclusions: Minor repairs performed on own dwelling, farm sheds, fences etc. is not considered as capital formation and is classified under 06113- Do-it-yourself decoration, maintenance and small repairs.
Would you like to leave some feedback?
(on this code, this classification, the site in general or any other issue)
Then drop us a line at firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
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Multiple Group Analysis
Mplus Discussion
Structural Equation Modeling
posted on Monday, October 03, 2005 - 3:07 pm
I'm trying to examine a basic multiple group model. However, I am having trouble getting Mplus to constrain all of the parameters of the model to develop the baseline model. I tried the method where a number is placed in parentheses. However, it doesn't appear to constrain the parameters.
I also let Mplus do this by default as in part of the model presented in 5.14. I guess I'm lost. Any suggestions as to what I should do to constrain these measures? Thanks in advance.
Thuy Nguyen
posted on Tuesday, October 04, 2005 - 5:36 pm
Are all parameters not being constrained or just certain ones? With some parameters, like factor means, the equality for the parameter must be given in the group-specific models for the first group since the special default is applied to the first group so specifying equalities in the overall group doesn't do anything to the parameter for the first group.
posted on Wednesday, October 05, 2005 - 5:55 am
I have this issue resolved. HOWEVER, I can't seem to get different chi-square corrections when I free some of the parameters. For example, I have a structural model developed, but I am unable to test for difference. I can't perform the formula on the website because the data are weighted and ML will not run with weighted data. I tried the difftest option and it didn't work as well. I'm lost as to what I'm doing wrong.
Also, when I use my weights should be observations that N change?
Thank you
posted on Saturday, October 08, 2005 - 2:00 pm
You can use the MLR estimator with weighted data and use the same chi-square difference testing approach as is described on the web site for MLM.
Jeff Lee
posted on Saturday, November 03, 2007 - 12:01 pm
I am testing measurement model invariance across countries A, B and C. The measurement model is an established four-factor model with at least 4 indicators measuring each fator. The test results of the unrestricted model shows that all the 7 factor loadings of the first factor in Country C are not significant, indicating the configural invariance does not hold (GFI=0.857, CFI=0.903, RMSEA=0.041).
My first question is�� Is it ok to procede and test the latent mean structures with the other 3 configurally invariant factors?
Byrne, Shavelson, and Muthen (1989) suggested that at leat 2 indicators' loadings should be set equal across groups if we want to test mean structures, given partial measurement invariance.
My second question is: If the factor loadings of 2 out of the 4 factors are completely non-invariant across the 3 countries, while the factor loadings of the other 2 factors are all invariant across the 3 countries, how should I test the invariance of factor variance and covariance and latent mean structures?
Thank you very much!
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Sunday, November 04, 2007 - 11:05 am
Although the measurement model is an established one, it may not be correct for your data given that for one factor the factor loadings are not significant for one factor for one country. I would look at each country separately in an EFA as a first step to establish that the same number of factors is best for each group. If so, I would test the measurement model for each country to see if it fits the data for each country. Only then would I attempt to establish measurement invariance across countries.
Once you have determined that you have measurement or partial measurement invariance, you can test the equality of the structural parameters using chi-square difference testing of the MODEL TEST command.
Jeff Lee
posted on Friday, November 09, 2007 - 2:43 pm
I am trying to test latent mean structure invariance of a 5-factor model across 3 countries. Each construct is measured with at least 3 indicators. Partial configural invariance is established with only 1 non-significant factor loading in facor 1 in Country C. There are 3 indicators in factor 1. None of the 4 factor loadings of factor 3 is invariant while all the factor loadings for the other factors are invariant across 3 countries. Byrne, Shavelson, and Muthen (1989) suggested that at leat 2 indicators' loadings should be invariant across groups if we want to test latent mean structures, given partial measurement invariance. I have no problem with factor 1 because there are 2 invariant indicators across 3 countries and I can freely estimate the indicator that is not significant for Country C.
My first question is: How should I handle factor 3 in which no factor loadings are invariant across 3 countries when I test for the invariance of factor variance and covariance? Should I leave the variance and covariances associated with factor 3 freely estimated when I test the structural model invariance?
My second question is: Given all the loadings for factor 3 are not invariant, how should I test the latent mean structures? Should I leave the factor loadings, factor variance and covariances associated with factor 3 freely estimated when I test the mean structures?
Thank you very much!
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Saturday, November 10, 2007 - 5:50 am
If you cannot establish that the constructs mean the same thing in each country, structural parameters should not be compared.
Orla Mc Bride
posted on Friday, April 18, 2008 - 7:44 am
I want to conduct multiple group SEM using data from a large sample (approx n = 27000). I have five groups (the smallest group has approx n = 800 and the largest group has approx n = 20000. I have the handout from the Day 1 training course. If I am following the handout correctly, I need to fit each factor model (of which I have 3) separately in each group, then fit the model in all groups allowing all parameters to be free, and then test for invariance of the factor loadings and intercepts? I have tried to fit the a priori factor models in each group but I have received an error message that indicate that the latent variable covariance matrix is not positive definite. I have also received error message that there are empty cells in the bivariate table of one of the models.
To overcome this problem, I was thinking of estimating the factor models using data from the entire sample and save the factor scores and then conduct a multiple group latent variable path model. Would this method seem in anyway plausible? Are there any references I could consult on this issue?
Thank you in advance.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, April 18, 2008 - 7:01 pm
It sounds like you should start with an EFA. I don't think the approach using factor scores is a good idea. If you receive messages like report, you should send your input, data, output, and license number to
Susan Seibold-Simpson
posted on Sunday, July 27, 2008 - 12:29 pm
Hi Linda and Bengt and others:
I have 2 questions to start regarding MG analysis. I am performing MG analysis for a sample N=1012. I have 1 exogenous latent factor and 3 endogenous latent factors (plus several observed variables, including 2 observed categorical DVs).
Question 1: Writing syntax to set factor means to 0.I thought I had written the syntax properly, but when I ran tech 4, I found I was not getting the latent means equal to zero for step 1, and as I review the UG, I am unsure if I am writing the syntax re: the intercepts correctly as well. My syntax to set the factor means to 0 was:
I then tried:
] and still did not get the factor means at 0 in tech4.
Question 2:
For freeing the intercepts of the factors in step 1, I was considering the observed DVs only for measurement invariance and my syntax was:
[x y z];
[a b c];
[q r s]; is this correct? Or am I supposed to be setting the intercept of the factor mean to 0?
Many thanks, Sue
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Sunday, July 27, 2008 - 1:49 pm
It sounds like you have covariates in your model. In this case, you are fixing the intercepts of the factors to zero not the means.
The setups for testing measurement invariance can be found in the Topic 1 course handout on the website. See multiple group analysis.
Susan Seibold-Simpson
posted on Tuesday, July 29, 2008 - 8:16 pm
As always, so appreciative of your rapid feedback. Thanks for the slides-they are very helpful.
I revised my syntax for step 1 to put the factor means set to zero in the MODEL command and not the g2 command (a la slide #205). I am including mean structure in my analysis. When I add tech4, my latent means are not = to zero.
Is this correct? Thanks Linda, Sue
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Wednesday, July 30, 2008 - 6:24 am
If you have covariates in your model, the means will not be zero even if you have fixed the intercepts to zero.
Susan Seibold-Simpson
posted on Wednesday, July 30, 2008 - 2:53 pm
Thank you again. I appreciate your assistance. Sue
Ma�a Vidmar
posted on Friday, May 22, 2009 - 6:32 pm
I tested invariance of loadings across two groups (preschool vs no preschool) in the CFA model with two constructs at two times. The results showed I cannot contrain loadings. Two questions:
- I would like to test the invariance of path coefficient in the structural model...can I do that even though the loadings across two groups cannot be constrained (I do have configural invariance)
- if I report the loadings for each group separately I should report undstd estimates, right (because std are not really comparable)? Are the unstd comparable across groups? E.g. preschool group has an unstd loading of 0,54 and no-preschool groups' same loading is 0,80 - can they be compared in terms of size?
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Saturday, May 23, 2009 - 1:26 pm
- No, because the path coefficients correspond to different latent variable constructs
- Yes, use unst'd; they are comparable across groups - that's what you are testing.
posted on Sunday, October 04, 2009 - 7:48 pm
Hi. I am trying to establish measurement invariance for a 7-item scale that is examined across two independent samples. The scale is made up of a mix of continuous and categorical items.
So my question is whether Mplus allows me to cross validate my CFA measurement model or check to see whether the model's invariant across the two samples? I would imagine that if it could be done, I'd have to use a multiple group CFA analysis to check for configural, weak, and strong factorial invariance. Though, I am unsure of how to use a multiple group analysis when there are 2 separate samples involved. Thanks.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Monday, October 05, 2009 - 2:53 pm
Multiple group analysis is designed for independent samples where you want to test that certain parameters are equal across groups - see Chapter 13 in the UG for how to do this. It is not clear if your 2 samples constitute samples from the same population so that you are interested in cross validation or represent samples from different populations like male/female. Multiple group analysis is typically used for the latter. It doesn't matter if you have taken 2 independent samples or just 1 sample where you then divide into males/females - given independent observations, you still end up with independent samples.
Tom Cheong
posted on Thursday, November 12, 2009 - 3:46 pm
I performed a MG analysis with two groups and referenced notes on Topic 1 and would like to ask the following questions:
1. When allowing all parameters to be free, is it correct that one has to fix the factor means of second group to be zeroes in Mplus while letting both the factor loadings and intercepts to vary? On slide 205, it indicates that only the factor loadings are freed? I gathered from Slide 206 that the df of the "together model -- males and females" (52) is equal to the sum of the two individual models (26 each) so the means of the second group should be fixed to zeroes? Correct? Actually, when I just freed the factor loadings and the intercepts, the model did not run. Then does it mean not all parameters are not free?
2. It is because the factor means for both groups have to be zero when looking at factor loading invariance, one would use the nomeanstructure statement on slide 207 ? I tried with the default (meanstructure) and set the factor loadings to be invariant and the factor means for the second group to be zero and got identical results.
3. It is correct that once the intercepts are fixed to be the same for the groups, the factor means are automatically set to be zero--this is what I got even though I did not fix the factor means to zero. I read from Slide 210 that the no. of factor means was taken into consideration when computing the Chi-square difference.
Thank you very much.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Thursday, November 12, 2009 - 5:34 pm
I think you are looking at an old version of the Topic 1 course handout because the slide numbers do not match what I have.
The models to be compared are given on page 399 of the most recent user's guide which is on the website. Inputs for each of these models are given in the Topic 1 course handout.
To answer your questions, you need to send the outputs you refer to along with the questions and your license number to
. I can't follow your questions.
Tom Cheong
posted on Thursday, November 12, 2009 - 7:28 pm
Thanks for the reply! Sorry for referring to an old version of the handout and my unclear questions. I looked at the page of the user's guide you referred to, applied them to the example data set I have, and was able to follow the procedure, get, and understand the results.
I would like to ask a question re. the factor mean with reference to the guideline on p. 399: Why are the factor means to be fixed at zero in Steps 1 and 2 and freed in Step 3? It seems that with intercepts VARIANT, the factor means have to be equal? Could one let the factor means vary in Step 1 as well?
Thanks a lot.
Tom Cheong
posted on Thursday, November 12, 2009 - 8:06 pm
I forgot to mention what motivated the question. To look at population heterogeneity, one looks to see whether the factor means and covariances differ. My understanding of MG analysis is that it first starts with investigating measurement invariance and then proceeds to examining population heterogeneity--if this is correct, why would factor means be held invariant in the first and second steps during measurement invariance assessment? Thank you.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, November 13, 2009 - 6:42 am
Factor means need to be fixed at zero in all groups when intercepts are free for the model to be identified. If you go forward in the handout, you will find a test of factor means being equal. To do this test factor means are zero in all groups versus factor means being zero in one group and free in the other groups.
Tom Cheong
posted on Friday, November 13, 2009 - 12:06 pm
Thank you, Dr. Muthen.
Nicolas M
posted on Saturday, June 26, 2010 - 2:25 am
Dear Professors Muth�n,
I have 5 indicators representing health. I tested the measurement invariance for the factor across 5 groups using the MULTIGROUP option and the constrained model (same thresholds and loadings across groups) was clearly rejected by the DIFFTEST procedure.
Actually, my hypothesis is that one of the indicator (a subjective evaluation of health) is not evaluated in the same way by the individuals in each group. Could I test this by doing a path analysis (multinomial regression) of this indicator on the others (that are objective measures of health)?
I did this by specifying a unconstrained regression model (with different thresholds for the dependent variable across groups) and then a constrained one (same thresholds across groups). Again, using DIFFTEST, the constrained model is rejected (p<0.05).
Does it sound like a reasonable approach to you and does it allow me to conclude that subjective health is evaluated in a different way in each group?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Saturday, June 26, 2010 - 9:32 am
You can test for partial measurement invariance using multiple group analysis as described in the Topic 1 course handout under multiple group analysis.
Doyoung Park
posted on Tuesday, August 10, 2010 - 11:40 am
I wonder whether multiple group multilevel SEM (MG MSEM) can be applied to my data of three consecutive years. The data of each year have students' responses to same or similar background variables and IRT scaled math scores with same mean and SD, as well as principals' responses to same or similar school-level variables. The problem is that in each year students were sampled by two-stage stratified cluster method which is being used in PISA and TIMSS. So, students and schools sampled in each year are not the same. In my opinion, however, they are representative samples of national population of each year. Moreover, background variables and math scores of each year seem comparable. I was thinking that each year's students and schools can be formed as an independent group and the three groups can be campared using MG MSEM. I guess MG MSEM for my data isn't a good match. Then,what is your opinion? How can I statistically compare the three-year data using MSEM if MG MSEM isn't possible? Thanks in advance!
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, August 10, 2010 - 1:01 pm
It sounds like you are interested in change over time. In this case, the same individuals must be measured at multiple time points using the same measurement instrument. In your case it sounds like both the sample and the measures change over time. I think it would be hard to make a case for making a comparison in this case.
Doyoung Park
posted on Tuesday, August 10, 2010 - 11:25 pm
Thanks for your prompt clarification!
posted on Friday, November 26, 2010 - 10:34 pm
Dear Dr. Muthen,
I have a simple question. From a previous discussion and an answer provided by you and Bengt, I realize that ordinal variables, even if they are at 3 levels or more can be treated as continuous in the presence of MLR estimator. (these are independent variables by the way as my dependent variables are scale) However my reviewers want more justifications. Do you possibly have any article/s in mind I can read and quote that could provide me with such justification? OR any other information that would be helpful in this case? Sincerely, Jessica
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Saturday, November 27, 2010 - 6:37 am
In all regression books, you will see that observed exeogenous variables, covariates, are either continuous or binary and in all cases are treated as continuous in the estimation of the model. If you have a three-level ordinal variable, you can either treat it as continuous or create two dummy variables.
posted on Saturday, November 27, 2010 - 10:46 am
Thank you!
Petra Andries
posted on Thursday, August 09, 2012 - 7:01 am
I am running a path analysis and I want to see whether the coefficient of the variable �IP� on the variable �rad� is different for small versus large firms. I have run the model below (with default settings) and obtain a Chi-square value of 7.326 and 6 degrees of freedom.
If I force the coefficient of �IP� on �rad� to be equal across both groups (by adding (1) right after �rad ON IP�), then I obtain a Chi-square value of 7.885 and � again as in the unrestricted model - 6 degrees of freedom.
I order to compare the fit of both models, I would have to subtract the Chi-square values, and also the degrees of freedom. However, the degrees of freedom are the same for the restricted and default model. How do I deal with that?
Thank you in advance for your help,
TITLE: multigroup
DATA: FILE IS C:\CLEANED_verkort.dat;
VARIABLE: NAMES ARE pm04 pm01 sz IP intRD extRD hi rad lic class;
USEVARIABLES ARE pm04 pm01 IP rad lic intRD ;
CATEGORICAL IS lic IP;
GROUPING IS class (0 = small 1 = large);
missing are .;
ANALYSIS: parameterization = theta;
rad ON IP;
rad ON lic intRD;
lic ON IP;
pm04 ON rad lic IP pm01 intRD;
IP on intRD;
rad ind IP intRD ;
OUTPUT: stand, modindices;
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Thursday, August 09, 2012 - 10:33 am
Please send the two outputs and your license number to
Rachel Navarro
posted on Friday, April 05, 2013 - 6:54 pm
I found variance between 2 groups on two paths within a structural model so I ran a partially constrained model. this partially constrained model differs from the fully constrained model suggesting group moderation. I want to report on the standardized structural path coefficients for the partially constrained model. When I look at the output, it looks like the unstandardized path coefficients are the same across the two groups except for the paths I allowed to vary. However, when I look at the standardized path coefficients they all differ between groups even those that should have been constrained across groups. Is this accurate? And then what standardized path coefficients do I report for this multiple group analysis.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Saturday, April 06, 2013 - 12:27 pm
Standardized coefficients are functions of not only the slopes but also the variances of the variables. They are therefore not invariant unless the variances are. With group comparisons, it is better to report unstandardized coefficients.
posted on Sunday, July 07, 2013 - 3:04 pm
I'm testing a model predicting variables Y1-Y6 from variables X1 and X2 and interested in whether gender moderates these paths. I tested a multiple group model (male and female) and used the Satorra-Bentler scaled X2 difference test, testing each path individually because I really would expect based on theory that not all of the paths would be moderated by gender. However, the final model--which includes 5 paths that are different across gender-- has a poor SRMR (.191) with otherwise strong fit statistics. However, a multiple group model that fixes all of the paths to be equal across gender has a strong SRMR (.027) even though the Satorra-Bentler scaled X2 difference test suggested than more then half of the paths were not significantly different for males and females. Does it make sense for the Satorra-Bentler scaled X2 method to lead to a potentially worse fitting model? Does this suggest that perhaps moderation should be tested instead at the model level? I'm not sure what to make of the worsening of the SRMR in this case.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Sunday, July 07, 2013 - 3:28 pm
Does your model fit well in each group when tested separately?
posted on Monday, July 08, 2013 - 8:40 am
I apologize, in my post above I meant to say:
"a multiple group model that allowed all paths to be freely estimated has a strong SRMR (.027) even though the Satorra-Bentler scaled X2 difference test suggested than more then half of the paths were not significantly different for males and females." So this was essentially a multiple group model without fixing any of the paths.
And yes, the model does fit well when each group is tested separately.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Monday, July 08, 2013 - 10:33 am
I don't think these findings contradict each other.
posted on Monday, July 08, 2013 - 1:03 pm
I'm sorry, I think I'm confused. Why would a final model that reflects which paths were and were not significantly different across gender according to the Satorra-Bentler scaled X2 difference test (some paths were found to differ based on gender using the Satorra-Bentler scaled X2 difference test and some were not so in the final model some of the paths were fixed and some were not) then have a poor SRMR value when a model that is inconsistent with the findings of the Satorra-Bentler scaled X2 difference tests has a strong SRMR?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Monday, July 08, 2013 - 1:48 pm
When nothing is held equal across groups, it is the same as running each group separately. You said that the model fit well in each group so I am not surprised that a multiple group analysis with no constraints would fit well. And I'm not surprised that a model with constraints does not fit as well. This question may be more appropriate for a general discussion forum like SEMNET.
Chris Cambron
posted on Monday, August 25, 2014 - 11:20 am
Drs Muthen,
I have two MGROUP questions. I'm running a multiple group correlational analysis across four groups with all continuous variables to determine which groups I can collapse for further analysis.
1) Using the MGROUP command with ML estimator I constrained my paths of interest to be equal and freely estimated all remaining paths. The output gives a chi-square contribution from each group which I interpret to be the reduction in fit for each group given the constraints. Can I compare each chi square at 1 df to determine which groups are significantly different (and therefore can't be collapsed)? Modification indicies for each group are provided but I'm unclear what this is telling me?
2) I also ran a separate MGROUP models comparing group 1 to group 2, group 2 to group 3 etc. When I compare modification indicies to the stdyx correlations, the mod indicies are are sometimes large for small differences in correlation (e.g .08 or smaller) across groups and sometimes small (less than 3.84) for larger correlation differences across groups (e.g. .2 or more). Shouldn't there be a general trend?
Thanks so much in advance, this message board is amazingly helpful.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Wednesday, August 27, 2014 - 11:28 am
Please send the two outputs and your license number to
Nicolette Waschl
posted on Monday, March 16, 2015 - 9:44 pm
I am looking at how well variable X explains the variance in y not predicted by Z (all latent variables - X and Z are correlated).
I have three questions:
1) Is this correct?
Y by a1-a15;
X by b1-b15;
Z by c1-c15;
Y on Z;
Yres by;
Y on
Yres on X;
2) I have noticed that if I swap X and Z (i.e. Y on X in the first line and Yres on Z in the last) the unstandardised estimates for the relationship of X to Yres in this model are the same as those for X to Y in the original model, as are Z to Yres and Z to Y - however the standardized estimates are different. My question is why does this happen? If X and Z are correlated, then shouldn't whichever variable is regressed on Y explain more variance than when it is regressed on Yres (i.e. the variable regressed on Y should account for the part of Y that the common variance between X and Z explains, plus its unique variance?).
3) Testing for multi-group invariance in the above model. As I understand it, firstly I test for invariance of the measurement parameters (constrain equal factor loadings, thresholds, and factor means to zero) and then constrain equal the structural parameters in the next step. Is this correct? Can I continue to test equivalence of the structural paths if factor means are not invariant?
Thank you for your help.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, March 17, 2015 - 8:23 am
1) - 2) Don't you get the same results with this model as when you say:
Y by a1-a15;
X by b1-b15;
Z by c1-c15;
Y on Z X;
? If so, use those standardized estimates.
3) With invariance you don't fix factor means to zero, but yes you test measurement invariance first with free structural parameters and then you can constrain the structurals. You need only the metric invariance for testing structural paths.
posted on Sunday, March 05, 2017 - 7:13 pm
Hi Professor,
I am doing a multiple group analysis using Mplus. I have constrained all the structural paths to be equal across groups by using the overall model command. I did not use any group specific command. Still Mplus generated separate reports for each group and the path parameters of each group are different. Why did this happen? Shouldn't there be just one estimate for each path in both groups?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Monday, March 06, 2017 - 9:59 am
You will get results for each group. The parameters that you hold equal across groups should be the same in each group.
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When a woman is on her period, take a fist full of baking soda and when fucking her, fist the baking soda into her pussy, now shake her up until there is a volcano explosion. She will love it. Note: This works with a beer bong filled with Ginger Ale leading to the vagina as well.
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Discussion in 'Fan Zone' started by JPostSam, Dec 3, 2012.
Really? Damn, I was trying to lighten the mood. Guess you're just too pissed about your corn flakes.
I love this forum sometimes.
The fact you feel that way or took it that way, I can't blame you.
It's the internet after all. No hard feelings man.
It's all good. Never had any hard feelings with you on this subject or any others.
Oh then in that case....
Same here brother.....
I think that's what plays into it, dude played for 3+ weeks with his life on the line, and now for him to be amongst league leaders in receptions is sweet. As for the "comparison" Megatron is just a good benchmark as a target in the passing game.
This I can't argue with.
Hey I love Witten, I just saw Witten and Megatron, and thought it was weird to see the 2 in the same sentence.
The refs robbed Witten of a TD on Sunday. Should have been six.
Witten will never match Legatron's FG production......
Yet another hollow record for these Cowboys
You've heard of "finesse teams"? Well, we are a "stats team." We have the leading passer in Cowboys' history, but only one playoff victory in that time. We stopped a game in the middle of a 5-11 season to celebrate the league's all-time leading rusher about 5 years after his prime years were over.
Lucky to have Witten. Just wish he would have gotten in on those near TDs. :laugh2:
Thats the only thing lacking. TDs.
We're witnessing the best TE performance we'll likely ever see in our lifetime. And for some fans it just isn't good enough.
So much silly in this thread..
Hollow? We wouldn't be sniffing playoff contention without it. Those receptions all mattered.
Back to discussing Witten, he started the season with announcers and sports writers questioning if his spleen injury had put him over the hill.
Now he is 4 catches away from the league lead.
What an amazing player. If Dallas goes anywhere this year, it rests heavily on his performance. Dallas would have never beaten the Eagles without his clutch catches.
If you subscribe to the notion that we are predestined to fail, then everything and anything can be deemed hollow.
Dez does have 71 receptions, two less than Tony Gonzales. That ranks him 9th in the league. Dez has been targeted 103 times while Witten has been targeted 122 times. They aren't sacrificing any touches from Dez just to feed Witten. The ball is being spread around. Miles has been targeted 87 times and has caught 51 of them. That is a pretty good total considering how many snaps he has missed this season.


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December VOM | ironman13
December 28, 2012 12:30 am
Tags: 2012, December, ironman13, MarketPlace Promotions, month, vendor, VOM
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Seoul is all about the struggle.
Like so many young North Americans with a sense of adventure (student loans), I went to Japan to work in the mid-1990s. And, like so many, once there, I started to look west—to Korea, Asia's Wild West. On my first trip to Seoul I saw businessmen spit while striding down the street and ladies on their haunches haggling over the price of ginseng in the markets. It was not as aesthetically pleasing as Japan, but it was where the action was. I packed my bags and moved.
But by 1997, I thought I'd had enough of Seoul. After a year, its gritty materialism had gotten to me. I went as far as I could get from its ten million worker bees, to British Columbia's Salt Spring Island, with just 10,000 or so lazy souls. I wanted to chop wood and watch the sea, but was interrupted by news of the financial crisis across the Pacific and Seoul's face-losing $57 billion IMF bailout. I worried for my South Korean comrades. Were they despondent, dejected—had they lost their furious drive? I realized I had become one of them; I could no longer do the quiet life. I came back in 1998 to work at one of the local English dailies.
Seoul was on fire. Some of it was scary; there were forced layoffs and former salarymen-for-life sleeping in subway stations. Scribbled cardboard placards (ironically in English) said: "IMF—I Am Fired" or the more vulgar "I Am F*ed." Less visible were the laid-off gentlemen who hung up their suits in lockers at the bases of mountains in and around the city and went hiking all day, their families unaware they were jobless.
But Korea's dissident hero, Kim Dae-jung, had just been elected president, and change was in the air. These were heady days in Seoul, the oft-mocked "can do" attitude, once eerily Dear Leader-ish, took on an air of altruism. My then-boyfriend, pummeled by tear gas as a student in the 1980s and saving every last of his (rapidly devaluing) won to study law at Columbia, queued up with thousands of other Koreans to donate his jewelry. His signet ring was melted down with 225 tons of gold, raising $1.8 billion, which was mostly used to pay off foreign debt. With Seoul as its engine, Korea was back on the "nation-building" track it knew so well.
On Friday nights we crowded into the Foreign Correspondents' Club, on the 18th floor of the Korea Press Center in downtown Seoul. A lot of reporters were in town; this was where the story was. We drank weak OB lager to support the cause; the vets chatted me up with war stories from Vietnam and Afghanistan. I had fallen into a modern-day Graham Greene novel. Granted, I was still something of a country mouse, but looking out at the lights of the city, down at that iconic CNN Asia image of Korea—a red stream of traffic light flowing around Namdaemun (South Gate)—I felt what was to become a familiar feeling, a kind of protective pride for a city whose wonders are often so maddeningly hidden.
When friends from Europe plan an overnight layover in Seoul, usually on some package deal to the Antipodes, inevitably they come to me. This is frustrating, not just because they've reduced my former home to stopover status, but also because I can't in good conscience recommend such a stay. I know what they'll see as a tourist—celadon pottery stacked in souvenir shops around the U.S. Army base, fawning, fan-wielding dancers in glossy hanbok dresses at Korea House, even the grandly reconstructed Gyeongbok Palace—won't give them a glimpse of the Seoul I knew from working in the trenches of the "economic miracle" for over a decade.
This is, of course, the general case against sightseeing, but with Seoul, it's more pronounced. Its tourist offerings are so earnest, so far removed from its armies of fashionistas and OhmyNews.com citizen reporters, from the thrusting investment bankers in their pink Ferragamo ties, from the students who fill the tiny bars in the alleys of artsy Samcheong-dong, from the foreign-trained "fusion" restaurateurs that serve up street-stall standbys with ironic flair. Seoul promotes the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) for Western tourists, but actually hides away some of the fascinating stuff, like the shamans who work at midnight in the hills above the presidential Blue House.
From the window of the press club, I can look out to the president's house, which stands at the northern end of perhaps the most historic avenue in the country. Actually two streets, Taepyongno and Sejong-ro, which stretch down from the Blue House to Gyeongbok Palace, where Joseon Dynasty kings held court, past City Hall to the now-famously torched Namdaemun. This is where North Korean troops took the city in June 1950, and where Gen. Douglas MacArthur's UN troops took it back a few months later. This is where the middle class finally came out en masse alongside the student protestors in 1987, the tipping point that finally brought about democratization.
Fifteen years on, these streets saw a different kind of struggle. Koreans had recovered, and in 2002, they were the theater of the new Korea—where first thousands, then millions, of "Red Devils" football supporters gathered to watch Korea's team on huge outdoor screens in the 2002 World Cup.
A spell came over the city. Lured by the chanting and drums heard from City Hall hours before every match, I'd prepare to go to battle. I'd put on a Korean flag (Taegeukgi) as a skirt, another Taegukgi as a bandana, and paint a red and blue taeguk (the Korean yin-yang symbol) on each cheek. A kind of benevolent nationalism prevailed; nobody questioned it. Even my husband, a Brit who said he wouldn't be caught dead wrapped in a Union Jack, wore a Taegukgi as a cape. We kissed strangers cheering next to us when Korea, unbelievably, beat Italy.
This was not about soccer, or even pride in co-hosting the event. No, this was the euphoria of seeing the "Miracle on the Han" played out on an oversized LG TV. Going into the cup, nobody would have dreamed that Korea would be up against Germany in the semi-finals, but then, in 1960, when South Korea's GDP was on par with Ethiopia's, nobody would have guessed it would become the 12th-largest economy. Korea was playing with the big guys. The struggle had paid off. And it was quite a party.
For the month of June, nobody did anything else. Korea declared a national holiday to let the fans recuperate, and, after it was all over, offered the team's coach, Gus Hiddink, the first-ever honorary Korean citizenship. Even MacArthur didn't get that.
JENNIFER NICHOLSON-BREEN worked as a magazine journalist in Canada before moving to Asia in the mid-1990s. She worked mainly at investment banks in Seoul before becoming senior editor of Korean Air's Morning Calm magazine. She is now based in Prague but travels across the continent, writing a book on her search for a home, entitled 100m2 of Europe.
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Detroit's past, present and future perspective through my eyes
I was born in Detroit and grew up in the city during the '60s and '70s and have been in the metro area periodically throughout my adult life, with exceptions because of my career.
After listening to the Detroit Mayor Mike Duggan's State of the City address Tuesday, here are my thoughts on the city's past, present and future:
The past
My parents migrated to Detroit in the '50s and settled initially in an apartment on the east side. After I was born, my family spent my early years near Central High School. I remember neighborhoods with trees, stores and families with children out and about enjoying city life.
In fact, it wasn't uncommon for my brothers and me to be out and about riding bikes, playing in the backyard or just playing games in the street with other neighborhood kids.
It was also a diverse neighborhood where you could go out and have all of the services needed within a reasonable radius. For example, it was not uncommon to see us walking to the corner store, taking the bus everywhere, playing at local parks or enjoying our neighbors on the front porch. We were always playing baseball, basketball and/or football in the street, on someone's lawn or in a neighbor's backyard.
In those days, the city had services, including lights, that worked properly, neighbors watching out for others and people who worked and supported their families.
Rarely did we have to be concerned about our safety.
Fast forward to today
I recently drove around parts of the city and was quite dismayed by what I encountered. Some of the neighborhoods were, quite frankly, ruined. The parks were not fit to even sit and enjoy nature's beauty, and trash, in parts, was tossed between abandoned buildings. I'm in the city a lot for a variety of reasons and, like most of us, I visualize a strong, vibrant city still on the move forward because we are, in my eyes, still the Motor City.
While I understand times have changed, including economic forces, globalization, et al. However, I was still surprised by the dichotomy of the city:
1. A city's core where there's rebirth with young people filling the streets along with an emerging, vibrant Midtown area where it was tough to find parking while fighting through traffic, and
2. Neighborhoods that have been decimated to the point where some were actual mini-ghost towns with boarded and abandoned homes along streets once filled with families, children and traffic.
While dismayed, I view opportunity for the city's future and this is where the mayor's State of the City address fits in.
The future
In my opinion, was the crux of Mayor Duggan's recent comments.
That is, focusing on providing basic city services (lights, bus service, trash pickup, blight removal, et al.) and making the city's neighborhoods safe and thriving again. You see, Detroit will never be the city of 2 million again. However, it can be a more efficient, caring city for its residents and those who visit, by focusing on offering products and services that appeal to city dwellers and suburbanites alike.
Detroit needs to be run as a business and a successful business has a strategic plan with the following components:
- Vision/mission
- Key objectives/strategies/tactics
- Implementation plan
- Strong financials
- Ability to tracking results
What I heard was a mayor whose vision is to make Detroit a livable city in the future (like the '60s and '70s) with products (potential city car insurance) and services (lights, public safety, education and transportation) and finally, strong financials.
While most speeches are "pie in the sky," I really had a different feel about this one. One that is actually realistic, achievable and gives past, present and future Detroiters hope —Detroit's hope.
Good luck, Mayor!


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Latest Weather Blog
FBI: Raid of Minn. home disrupted 'terror attack'
MINNEAPOLIS - The FBI says a potential terror attack that it believes was disrupted by a mobile home raid was in its "planning stages" and the target was believed to be in western Minnesota.
Buford Rogers was arrested Friday after a search of the 24-year-old's Montevideo home turned up Molotov cocktails, suspected pipe bombs and firearms.
FBI spokesman Kyle Loven wouldn't elaborate Monday about the nature or target of the alleged plot, but says authorities believe there "would have been a localized terror attack, and that's why law enforcement moved quickly."
The FBI says it believes authorities potentially saved the lives of several local residents. The investigation is ongoing.
Rogers is charged with one count of being a felon in possession of a firearm. It's not clear if he has an attorney.


text: Our OL is bad. Every one knows that but I hear that Costa is going to be the starter this week. Pro football focus graded out Costa as the 27th best center out of 32 last year. Right now Cook is graded out at 13th in the NFL right now. So replacing Cook with Costa will not make us better. Now if Cook was going to replace Mack B who is graded out at 68 which means there are better backups on some teams, but as of now thats not the plan. Am I missing something here? For those wondering about Living he graded out at 24 right now.


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The residence halls of Rose-Hulman play a very important part in a student's life while on campus. The students in these halls develop much of their perception of Rose-Hulman through their time spent in residence halls.
The residence hall staff believes quite strongly in the social, emotional, and educational growth that is developed through interaction with other students and through various educational programs provided by the staff.
The residence halls at Rose-Hulman are truly an extension of the college classroom and provide the student an opportunity to participate in community development experiences and to develop human relation skills.
Daniel Mikhail
Igor GonzalezBrennan Santaniello
Sydney BlackChloe Wang
Hannah Conover
Chester CaiAaron PrinsDavid Walbring
Jason MarvinZach SwansonShijun Yu
Jacob Lindsey
Stephen Jones
3rd floor
Maddie Muncie
Kelly McKenna
4th floor
Barbara Arhin
Speed Hall
Josh HimesColeman RobertsonPhillip Tyler
All residence hall students are potential members of the Residence Hall Association. RHA meets weekly in the Faculty Dining Room and its major purpose is to provide a means of improving residence life in all areas. Each residence hall student pays $20.00/quarter (included in your bill) to RHA for its use in achieving this purpose.
Individual Hall Government
Each residence hall floor should select at least two representatives to RHA. This does not exclude other members of the floor from membership in RHA. All residence hall students may attend RHA and participate as voting members. RHA money is primarily distrubuted to floors based on attendance at weekly meetings.
General Policies
It is important for resident students on campus to become familiar with all Institute policies. While the Institute has few policies governing behavior in the residence halls, these policies are enforced by the Office of Student Affairs staff.
All resident students are responsible for the care of their assigned room in the halls, for their personal conduct, and for the conduct of their guests therein.
Resident students should understand that the Institute does not condone and will not permit behavior in these residences which is in conflict with stated policy or which could create situations which might conflict with their academic endeavors as students (e.g., cohabitation and unlawful drug use are not permitted in any residence hall).
Guests are not permitted to stay in student rooms in the residence halls without the prior approval of the Associate Vice President and Dean of Student Affairs or the Vice President for Student Affairs.
The Institute reserves the right to inspect any student room for damages or suspected illegal activity. The Institute also reserves the right to inspect residence hall quarters if reasonable cause exists to indicate that violations of stated policies have occurred. Generally, such inspection will occur in the presence of the occupant(s) of these quarters. However, if the suspected violation is considered to be of such a serious nature as to require immediate action when the occupant(s) is/are not present, inspection could still occur.
Such inspections can only occur at the discretion of and under the authority of the Vice President of Student Affairs and/or the Associate Vice President and Dean of Student Affars.
Required Freshman Residence
Unless commuting from home, all freshmen are required to live on campus. Easier availability and access to facilities, fewer distractions, and living with others who share common academic endeavors are primary reasons for this requirement of freshman residence.
In short, the Institute feels that it is educationally sound practice to require students new to the campus to live in residence halls.
Smoking in the Residence Halls & Hulman Union
Smoking is prohibited in Hulman Union Building, the residence halls, and 30 feet from the entrance of any external doorways. Smoking (including electronic cigarettes, personal vaporizers and electronic nicotene delivery systems) is prohibited in all indoor facilities, including residence halls and the Hulman Union Building.
Visitation Policy
A. Freshman Residence Halls - Fall Quarter
Visitation by members of the opposite sex shall be permissible in student rooms of the freshman residence halls between the hours of 8 a.m. to 12 a.m. Sunday through Thursday and 8 a.m. to 2 a.m. Friday and Saturday during the Fall Quarter, provided that each resident is personally responsible for a proper atmosphere prevailing in the visitation area during visitation hours.
B. Freshman Residence Halls - Winter & Spring Quarters
All freshman floors, which will be defined as any floor that consists of a majority of freshmen, shall have the privilege of determining their own "weekend" visitation policies for winter and spring quarter from the following list:
Implementation of the third option above permits 24-hour visitation rights, but under no circumstances does it allow cohabitation.
C. Upperclass Residence Halls
All upperclass floors, which will be defined as any floor that consists of a majority non-freshmen, shall have the privilege of determining their own visitation policy from the following options:
Procedure for Determining Visitation Option
A 2/3 majority vote by a floor shall determine which policy that floor will incorporate. If a 2/3 majority is not reached on the first ballot, then a second and final vote must be taken within 48 hours. If this 2/3 majority is still not reached, then all votes for provision C shall be included with the votes for provision B. If the 2/3 majority is still not obtained, then provision A shall be instituted on that floor.
Other Items Pertaining to Visitation
Visitors are permitted on campus and in the residence hall lounges (mainly first floor lobbies only) on a 24-hour a day basis. However, students are always personally responsible for their own behavior as well as the behavior of their guests.
A residence hall floor always has the option of selecting visitation hours which are more limiting than those offered.
Failure to conform to the above rules could mean a loss of visitation privilege for the person or persons involved; repeated violation could result in eviction from the residence hall or dismissal from the Institute.
Policy on Hall and Floor Parties
The Associate Vice President and Dean of Student Affairs should always be made aware of the occurrence of hall parties. Residence Hall Association funds can only be obtained if residents of a hall attend an RHA meeting and report a planned hall party.
The policy on alcoholic beverages is in effect during hall parties and the students of a hall should regulate their behavior accordingly during the hall parties. No alcoholic beverages are permitted in the lobbies and corridors at any time.
Public Areas of the Hall
Each and every resident is responsible for the care of all public areas within the hall in which the resident lives. This includes the restrooms, hallways, and lounges. Residents of the hall may be held financially responsible for damages to the public areas of their respective hall.
Quiet Hours
Quiet Hours will be established on each residence hall floor. Quiet hour guidelines will include the following items:
The key element in a successful group living situation is "Consideration and Respect for Your Neighbor". Quiet hours are established to benefit all residents and to promote a healthy study environment.
Room Care
The room you have been assigned is for the academic year. In order to make resident living as comfortable as possible, the following regulations have been adopted.
1. Televisions are permitted in the student's room.
2. Carpeting is permitted. Those who have carpeting not provided by the school will be expected to clean their own rooms.
3. Occupants of a room may assume the housekeeping responsibilities for their room by notifying the housekeeper.
4. It will be up to those who decide to perform their own housekeeping to obtain linen from the housekeeper.
5. The occupants of any room may do their own interior decorating with the following guidelines:
a. Painting of walls, woodwork, ceiling, or other items owned by the Institute is prohibited unless specific permission is obtained from the Associate Vice President and Dean of Student Affairs and/or Vice President for Student Affairs. b. Permanent structural changes are not permitted (i.e., items which are bolted to the wall may not be removed, closet doors may not be removed, etc.). c. The room must be restored to its normal condition before the occupants move out. d. The occupants of the room will pay for damages to the room or its furnishings. e. The occupants stand ready to assume their own housekeeping should changes in the room impede normal housekeeping by the housekeepers.
6. Those who wish housekeeping services as usual will meet the following conditions:
a. All personal items (clothing, books, etc.) must be off the floor. b. Beds must be stripped and the dirty linen placed at one end of the bed. c. Beds must be clear, not blocked at the ends or sides by bookshelves, stereo equipment, refrigerators, etc., or any other item which would prevent the bed from being moved so that it can be made.
Failure to abide by one or more of these provisions will mean that the room will not be cleaned that week.
7. Those wishing to sleep late on days when their rooms are scheduled to be cleaned should leave a note to the housekeeper indicating a definite time when the room may be cleaned.
8. Bottle and can collections are permitted provided they do not interfere with normal housekeeping.
9. Cooking in the resident room with anything other than a compact microwave is not permitted. A kitchen in each residence hall is provided for this purpose.
10. Waterbeds are not permitted in the residence halls.
11. Air conditioners are not permitted in the residence halls, unless already provided by the Institute.
12. Other than box springs, no furniture or furnishings will be moved in or out of a room without permission of the Dean of Student Affairs or the Associate Dean of Student Affairs.
13. Occupants of a room will be held accountable for any damages to their room or its furnishings. Such damage will be reported to the Office of Student Affairs and the Controller, and charged against the occupant's account.
14. The Institute is not responsible for the condition or contents of your room while you are out. Keep your door locked when you are out.
15. The only pets permitted in the residence halls are fish. Exceptions may be granted by the student's Resident Assistant.
16. Screens may not be opened or removed from the student's window. The student will receive a warning for the first infraction and a fine of $5 for each infraction thereafter.
17. Compact microwave ovens are permitted in student rooms. They may not exceed 1.5 amps.
18. Streets signs (stop signs, yield signs, speed limit signs, etc.) are not permitted in the student's room unless the student can provide proof of ownership.
19. Grills are not permitted in or around the residence halls, except those permanetly installed outside.
20. Only heavy duty extension cords should be used. Lightweight cords may overheat and are a fire hazard. Do not run cords under carpeting, etc.
21. Cable TV is provided in the lounge and rooms of each residence hall. Tampering with the cable system is against state law. It will also lead to loss of Cable service for the residence hall involved. Exterior antennas or satellite dishes are not permitted.
Assignment of Residence Hall and Selection of Rooms
Each spring you will be asked to preference your on campus residence hall room and roommate (if you have a preference). Guidelines will be listed in the information distributed at that time.
If there is not enough residence hall space for all desiring it, the following priority system will be in effect:
1st - Freshmen
2nd - Sophomores
3rd - Juniors
4th - Seniors
5th - Off campus students
6th - Transfer students
7th - Those turning in late housing forms
The Associate Vice President and Dean of Student Affairs reserves the right to make exceptions to this priority system.
It may be necessary to randomly draw among those requesting but not receiving housing to determine the order in which they will receive on campus housing. Placement on the housing waiting list is completely random unless an exception has been granted by the Associate Dean of Students.
Radios, tape recorders, and stereo sets are permitted in the rooms. Exterior antennas of any sort are not permitted since they violate the insurance policy of the Institute.
Open heating elements are not permitted. Closed heating elements with a thermostatic control will be permitted - e.g., electric blankets, coffee pots, and popcorn poppers. Because of the danger of fire, halogen lights are not permitted.
Irons may be used in the laundry room only.
Lost Keys
If you have permanently lost your room key, see your Resident Assistant. The Resident Assistant will issue you a new key and your lock core will be changed at a charge of $25.00. Housekeepers have been instructed not to give out keys to anyone. If you have temporarily lost your key - e.g. locked the key in your room, left it at home, etc., see the housekeeper during the day or a Resident Assistant after the housekeepers have left.
At the end of the school year you will be notified to return your room key to the Office of Student Affairs. If you do not return your key, you will be charged $25.00. If you have any questions, contact your Resident Assistant and he or she will assist you.
Repairs in Room
If you need any repairs in your room, contact the housekeeping staff or your Resident Assistant and he or she will report the repair request to the proper staff member.
If something has been stolen from your room, report it to your Resident Assistant immediately. The Resident Assistant will contact the proper staff. While the Institute is not responsible for replacement of stolen items from student rooms, we encourage you to continually give attention to the security of your valuables. You should give special attention to valuable belongings between quarters and during other break periods. Lock your door when you are out of your room.
There are storage facilities in each of the residence halls. Luggage and trunks should be stored there.
There are laundry facilities in the residence halls. The washers and dryers installed there are the property of a private vendor. Laundry soap is not furnished.
Study rooms are provided in Baur-Sames-Bogart, Speed, Deming, Percopo and the Apartment Halls for the convenience of residents.
There are vending machines in each hall which are operated and owned by local companies. These machines are placed there as a convenience to residents, and they are serviced weekly.
All refunds from vending machines and washing machines will be handled by the Resident Assistant staff. When you lose money in the vending machines, report it immediately to a Resident Assistant. Then you will need to fill out an information report. The Resident Assistant, in turn, will be responsible in seeing that the refund is obtained from the vending machine company and returned to you.
The Institute cannot be responsible for the personal property of its students. Insurance against fire, theft, or property damage of the personal belongings of a student, including an automobile, is the student's own responsibility.
Any violation of these policies could lead to disciplinary action for the student(s) involved.
Since the regular quarter room charge does not cover room charges between terms, students who need to remain in the residence halls during any part of the interim period will make necessary arrangements with the Associate Vice-President and Dean of Students, and charges for such service will be $5.00 per night. All residence hall policies are in effect during the break periods.
Eleanor Honious Gabrielle Markison


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EH-Net Exclusive: 90% Off Skoudis vLive 'Bad Guys Are Winning'
EH-Net and SANS have a great offer for all of the readers of EH-Net. For only $20 (that's just under a 90% discount off the normal price of $195) you get Ed Skoudis direct to your desktop via SANS vLive presenting "The Bad Guys Are Winning, So Now What?"
then enter PROMO CODE: EHBADGUYS.
The Bad Guys Are Winning, So Now What?
Thursday, April 15, 2010
With the continual release of zero-day exploits, ever-larger-scale botnets, and rampant spyware, attackers have compromised tens of millions of machines connected to the Internet. With clever attackers mixing social engineering, physical attacks, and phishing into their bag of tricks, their rate of successful penetration is both astounding and depressing. A central thesis of this talk is that a sufficiently determined (but not necessarily well-funded) attacker can compromise almost any organization with an Internet connection. The discussion will first analyze why this is so. We'll then look at the implications of such an environment for enterprises. How should information security priorities shift in light of this evolving threatscape and attack surface? What are the implications for system administrators, incident response teams, and even penetration testers? We'll also briefly look beyond the enterprise, and consider the military and national security issues associated with emerging threats and attacks.
For more info:
...and enter PROMO CODE: EHBADGUYS
Let us know what you think and whether this is something we should continue to try to acquire for all you EH-Netters.


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|Night Stands
Baby Furniture Sets
Gliders & Rockers
Changing Tables
High Chairs & Feeding
Baby Gear
Potty Chairs
Green Baby Furniture
"Mom…Just 5 more minutes! I wanna finish reading my new book. Please!" Children love the grownup feeling of "reading in bed." While you don't want your avid bookworm to have eye strain – you certainly want the light out and the sleepy mode to set in. You flick the switch of the lamp conveniently located on a nightstand right at the side of your little one's bed and add, "I don't want to find your new book on the floor getting stepped on. Make sure to put it back on night table shelf."
Nightstands provide the perfect perch for items that you want close at hand; from lamps, to books, alarm clocks or radios, tissues and picture frames. Nightstands becomes fairies of function as well as fashion.
| Here at aBaby.com we are proud to provide you with endless options of night tables so that you can select the one that is perfect for you and your little one!
We've got nightstands with 1 drawer, 3 drawers, or none at all. Check out our nightstands with shelves, cubbies, and cabinets. Browse our nightstands decorated in themes of airplanes, flowers, or bunnies, just for fun. For a classic style choose our nightstands with hand-painted detail, carved legs, or scalloped edges. If a contemporary look complements the décor you've chosen, we have night tables with sleek lines, smooth edges, perhaps bright colors and accents.
Whether you choose a traditional style or a modern look, one thing never changes – and that's the wonderful convenience of the nightstand that you'll wonder how you ever managed without!


text: I am going to try and raise a few queens this year and would like to know some of the recipes that are used in the queen cages. I noticed over the years when I bought queens some times the candy will be soft and other times hard (I figured the hard was old and starting to dry out). Confectioners sugar and _?


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|GTA V Latest News | #GTAV | #GTAOnline
2005 1UP and IGN Keep it Coming
GTA: LCS - General News | @ 09:29 PM MDT | By rappo
A new article regarding GTA: LCS has been posted at 1UP.com. The new article contains basic information about the game including the control scheme, vehicle handling, and the aiming system. 1UP actually got a chance to play the game (on a PSP development kit, though), so their review is fairly justified. Although not much new information is given, there are six new screenshots available for your viewing pleasure. However, the only new information I could find in the article pertained to load times:
We should note that our playtime was done on a PSP development kit, making it difficult to judge the load times properly, but Rockstar tells us there will be a 20 second load when you start up the game, a 12-14 second load when you switch between the three islands in the game, and a couple seconds when you enter and exit buildings. Essentially, a few pauses now and then but nothing that should disrupt gameplay in the least.
These load times seem pretty long to me, but I'm not familliar with the default load times most PSP games face. I suppose for the calibur of the game, the load times shouldn't be too hard to withstand!
As for the IGN article, the main discussion is on the first several missions you will be facing as Toni. If you're not into spoilers, I suggest you don't check it out, but you can peruise the new screenshots throughout the article, ignoring the text. However, some of them are repeats from 1UP.
Link: 1UP - LCS Preview
Link: IGN - LCS: Hands-On
Big thanks to Asif for the news submission!
Also, I just wanted to point out that Zidane and I have done a little LCS vehicles page revamp. Check it out!
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