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Specially designed polymers can dodge the body's immune defenses to deliver vital medicine where it is needed most.
Darlene K. Taylor, Uddhav Balami
Although we rarely think about it as we fill a prescription at the drugstore or refill an order through an online service, delivering medicine to its intended site inside the human body is an elaborate problem in materials science.
The challenge begins the moment a drug enters the digestive tract or the bloodstream. The body naturally strives to defend itself against foreign invasion, even if the invasive substance is a lifesaving medicine. Some of our inner defenses work strategically to destroy invading agents at the molecular level, such as the antibodies launched by the immune system that attack unfamiliar entities in the bloodstream. Others act more like physical walls to tightly regulate intruding agents, such as the blood-brain barrier, a dense network of capillaries that separate the brain from circulating blood.
Even if a therapeutic compound clears these hurdles, it may still fail in its mission if it is prevented from dissolving properly, or even if it dissolves too quickly and is cleared from the body before it can act. When an effective drug reaches the correct location in the body, at the right concentrations, and continues to work for the optimal amount of time, this represents the finish line of a very long obstacle course.
Some drugs manage to travel smoothly to their target site, whereas others are beset with challenges all the way. Unfortunately, this second category includes drugs that are vital to preventive care for some of the most lethal diseases, such as cancer. To develop more effective therapeutic agents, researchers need to come up with not only viable drug candidates but also adaptive materials for drug delivery—materials that could respond to changes in the immediate environment by altering their own physical properties.
Thanks to major advances in molecular engineering, scientists are now able to design materials so that they respond to specific kinds of external stimuli, including temperature, acidity, mechanical force, pressure, electrical potential, solvents, chemical agents, and even magnetic field, ionic strength, or certain wavelengths of light. The nature of the response can vary as well: Modifications of a material's shape or surface characteristics, self-assembly, the formation of more intricate molecules, and transitions in physical state are all possible under the right conditions.
Different materials address different types of problems. One type turns into a gel when it warms up, then becomes a liquid again on cooling. Another material can be woven into a textile that can break and re-form chemical bonds in response to photostimulation, enabling it to act as a light sensor. These and other so-called smart materials are being developed right now in labs around the world. Such materials offer applications ranging from the delivery of therapeutics, tissue engineering, and bioseparation to intelligent optical systems, sensors, and coatings.
Collectively, the new smart materials fall into the class that chemists call polymers. The defining trait of polymers is that they consist of repeated chains of smaller molecules, like perfectly matched beads on a string. This versatile structure occurs throughout the natural world, forming the basis of materials as varied as rubber, beetle shells, and the silken threads of a spider's web.
The beads in a polymer (known, in chemical terms, as monomers) are all exactly the same and are bonded to one another—an arrangement that gives polymers strength and flexibility. Moreover, many different monomers can be built up into polymers. These compounds have long been an important part of the chemist's bag of tricks, but it required molecular-level engineering to make the polymers "smart," allowing them to adapt in desirable ways to changes in the environment.
A primary focus of the work in our lab is developing smart polymers that respond to changes in temperature. If the chemical structure of a polymer resembles a long string of identical beads, thermo-responsive materials are made of polymers whose beads, suspended in a solution, change their behavior when the temperature of the solution reaches a certain threshold. Above that critical temperature, the individual molecules of the polymer are transformed from a hydrophilic to a hydrophobic, or water-repellant, state—that is, they alter their shape, allowing less of their surface area to come in contact with surrounding water molecules. This change disrupts the hydrogen-bonded network between the polymer chains and the water molecules that are in the solution. The water is rapidly expelled and the polymeric chains collapse into globules, which causes the thermo-responsive material to precipitate out of the solution. If the temperature drops back below the critical point, the polymeric molecules change back from hydrophobic to hydrophilic, absorbing a significant amount of water and transforming the material from a solid back to a solution.
Even though this phase transition has been widely observed to occur in both directions and has been documented in many different polymeric materials, scientists continue to debate exactly why it occurs. According to one theory, disruption of the polymer-to-water interactions is the main factor that controls the phase transition. Another theory holds that the most significant change takes place in the local structure of the water molecules surrounding the hydrophobic groups of the polymer. A third theory offers a compromise of sorts: Perhaps, on reaching a critical temperature, the polymeric chains undergo a combination of changes occurring in both the hydrogen bonding and the hydrophobic interactions within the solution.
The phase transition in thermo-responsive polymers can also be explained from the point of view of thermodynamics. At some critical temperature, it is energetically more favorable for phase separation to occur. The entropy of the water is higher in the less ordered state, without polymer chains suspended in it.
Diving deeper into the thermodynamic interpretation: Initially the water molecules are trapped by hydrogen bonding with the polar groups of the polymer chain. These trapped water molecules form a thin shell of ordered structure around the hydrophilic part of the polymer. Meanwhile, elsewhere in the solution, water molecules interact with one another to form an ordered, ice-like structure around the hydrophobic part of the polymer chain. This hydrogen-bonded network contributes to a larger negative entropy change—in other words, a transformation to a more ordered state. Raising the temperature supplies enough energy to disrupt the hydrogen bonding within the water-polymer interaction; as a result, the hydrated water shells around the polymers break down, and within seconds the water molecules are forced into the bulk of the water.
But the most important fact about thermo-responsive materials is that they work.
With their unprecedented ability to alter their physical properties in response to temperature changes, thermo-responsive polymers make good building blocks for intelligent drug delivery systems, either on their own or in combination with other materials. Medical scientists, biotechnologists, and pharmaceutical researchers have been quick to seize the opportunity. A growing number of polymer-based drug delivery systems are already under development. In some cases, a particular polymer is engineered to serve a specific purpose. ReGel® is a broadly used delivery platform made by Allergan and marketed in two formulations: OncoGel® when coupled with chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel for esophageal cancer, and Cytoryn™ when coupled with interleukin-2 (IL-2) for cancer immunotherapy. In similar fashion, Timoptic-XE® (Merck & Co.) is used for slow-release delivery of the drug timolol to treat hypertension within the eye.
At North Carolina Central University, our laboratory has pioneered the development of LiquoGel, another synthetic thermo-responsive polymer for targeted drug delivery. (We have filed for a patent on this work, but have not yet begun to commercialize it.) At room temperature, LiquoGel forms an aqueous solution that can be administered by syringe to specific sites in the body. Once in place, the solution warms up to body temperature and assumes the form of a gel. The therapeutic drug suspended in the solution becomes trapped within the gel, to be released gradually at the site of administration as the gel degrades.
The physical changes of LiquoGel on exposure to mild heat make it suitable for a variety of medical applications. In one of its most extensively tested applications so far, collaborators at Duke University have identified targets in the treatment of uterine fibroids, for which LiquoGel can be pivotal in delivering insoluble, highly effective medicines.
Fibroid growths in the uterus, composed of muscle and fibrous tissue, affect 70 to 80 percent of all American women by the age of 50. Although benign, uterine fibroids pose a significant public health problem when they cause pain or excessive menstrual bleeding, or problems in pregnancy. As the leading indication for hysterectomy in the United States today, this condition entails healthcare costs of more than $2 billion each year. Nevertheless, the current treatment options for uterine fibroids are unsatisfactory.
Surgical procedures (myomectomy, uterine artery embolization, and MRI-guided focused ultrasound) can destroy fibroids while preserving the uterus, but they are lengthy and expensive, and the fibroids frequently recur afterward. Medical therapies, too, are often short-lived or accompanied by significant side effects, or their clinical trial results have been disappointing. Effective drug molecules exist—selective progesterone receptor modulators, for example, have demonstrated significant shrinkage of fibroids and symptomatic improvement—but have not yet received FDA approval, owing to concerns over the effect of these agents on the endometrium.
Using polymers to deliver a therapeutic agent directly into uterine fibroids is a novel approach that has the potential to reduce systemic side effects considerably. As an additional advantage, administering a drug directly to the fibroid can be used to deliver small peptides that would be degraded in the gastrointestinal tract if the drug were taken orally. Treating fibroids by means of a local injection—a procedure that can be accomplished in a doctor's office—could significantly improve the feasibility of helping women who want to maintain fertility while seeking relief from troubling uterine symptoms. Moreover, by slowing the diffusion of the drug away from the injected fibroid, prolonging the release of the drug and delaying its inactivation, polymer-based treatments should reduce the need for repeated injections.
Other research teams have designed a different kind of thermo-responsive drug delivery system, one that uses a synthetic type of fluid-filled pouch called a liposome, for treating various medical conditions. Although liposomes do not occur in nature, they are derived from biological polymers: Their bilayer, the membrane that encloses them, is made of the same phospholipids found in all living cells.
Clinical trials now under way are testing these thermo-sensitive liposomes (TSLs), as they are known, in several applications. As an example, TSLs designed with a trigger temperature of 40 to 45 degrees C can deliver the antitumor drug doxorubicin (commercially known as ThermoDox®, made by Celsion Corporation) to specific sites. Currently in Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of breast cancer and colorectal liver metastasis, the same drug delivery system has recently entered Phase III trials for the treatment of primary liver cell carcinoma.
Yet another approach was described by the research team of Z. S. Al-Ahmady at the Centre for Drug Discovery, University College London, using a peptide-liposome hybrid with a coil of the amino acid leucine embedded in the lipid bilayer, like a plug in a hole. This system combines the TSL benefit of supramolecular assembly (the lipid bilayer plus the drug inside) with the property of responding to heat by unfolding its protein structure. At cool temperatures, the peptide portion curls up on itself. But above the trigger temperature—typically about 40 to 45 degrees C—the peptide's primary fold opens like the two halves of a zipper, unsealing the outer membrane of the bilayer and releasing the drug at the desired site. The ability to fine-tune the trigger temperature and the way the configuration of the molecules change in response to heat make leucine peptides attractive for the design of smart drug delivery vesicles.
The liposomes suitable for transporting drugs within the body must all be capable of releasing their contents, but not all liposomes are rendered permeable by the same means. In some instances the lipid bilayer takes on a gel-like state that then degrades in the body, gradually releasing the drug. In others, a peptide embedded in the bilayer breaks apart, leaving a hole.
Perhaps the most unexpected mechanism for opening a liposome at the right critical temperature is the use of bubbles. This innovative approach relies on creating permeable defects in the lipid bilayer with carbon dioxide bubbles. The carbon dioxide is generated (along with water and ammonia) as a result of the decomposition of ammonium bicarbonate—more commonly known as baking ammonia—at about 42 degrees C. (This is, in fact, the same principle used to leaven bread and cakes.) In this type of liposome delivery system, the gas bubbles created inside the membrane build up pressure and distort the arrangement of the membrane bilayers. As the carbon dioxide bubbles permeate the lipid bilayer, the compartmentalized drug is quickly released. The bubbles not only create the necessary defects in the lipid bilayer, enabling the drug to escape, they also help yield clearer results in ultrasound-guided tissue imaging.
After taking several decades to come into widespread use, smart materials are now becoming an important tool in biomedicine and biotechnology. Combining polymers with other functional chemistries can lead to an almost unlimited variety of smart materials. In the near future, smart polymers will play a role in keeping track of changes in acidity in the kidneys to monitor homeostasis; taking their cue from enzymes in the blood vessels to repair embolisms; deploying biochemical compounds onsite to fix misshapen proteins in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's; forming chemical and biochemical stimuli to regulate blood components such as glucose; and blocking chemical signals that can trigger melanoma.
Once a mere theoretical possibility, smart materials that respond to individual triggers like light and temperature are now a real possibility. Such materials are of immense interest to scientists searching for new ways to treat disease and bypass the body's cunning, but often counterproductive, defenses.
Alongside materials that respond to changes in temperature is another category of intriguing smart polymers whose changes are triggered instead by light. Because light is a clean stimulus that allows remote control without physical contact, these photo-responsive polymers are useful for a wide variety of applications, including smart optical systems, micro-electrochemical systems, sensors, textiles, coatings, and solar cells.
One area receiving attention now is photo-responsive smart materials that change their color in response to light. In our laboratory we are currently investigating a particular family of polymers that incorporate an organic compound called spiropyran. This molecule has ring-shaped structures that open and close when exposed to certain wavelengths of light—or, in some cases, when exposed to changes in acidity. Cleavage of the ring at the site of a specific carbon-oxygen bond creates a chromophore (color-producing region) that strongly absorbs visible light. Like other smart materials discussed in the article, this polymer holds promise for biomedical application in the encapsulation and targeted release of drugs. In a completely different application, the textile industry uses photo-responsive polymers woven into apparel to produce garments that change their color or reveal a print pattern in the sunlight, or fibers that act as an indicator of over-exposure to the sun—a feature that might be appreciated, for example, in children's clothing.
Smart materials can be designed to conduct electrons in response to the absorption of electromagnetic radiation. Instantaneously, an electron can be raised to a higher energy level. The electron then relaxes from the high energy state to the ground state as it loses a photon.
Smart materials are also being used to harvest sunlight for photovoltaic systems. At present, however, these polymers do not perform as efficiently as the semiconducting materials used in the computing industry. However, polymers are considered the next-generation material for photovoltaic devices because they are so inexpensive to manufacture. Research is under way to improve the performance of polymer-based solar cells. Ideally, the polymer models would respond to a broad range of light (infrared to visible wavelengths), increasing their efficiency to (for example) power electronic devices. Working toward this goal, our group has an ongoing interest in developing materials known as paraphenylene oligomers. Experimental and theoretical studies carried out in our group show that tagging those molecules with additional molecular groups causes the photo-responsive polymers to absorb longer, redder wavelengths of light. These materials could be tuned to respond to an even broader range of light, we find, by adding a strong electron acceptor group.
Polymers containing transition metals such as ruthenium are particularly well suited as antennae for attracting light, a feature that facilitates its absorption and electron transfer (and/or energy transfer) within the material. Our group, in collaboration with colleagues at the University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, has been using ruthenium in combination with a polymer to form a hybrid system (such as ruthenium (II) polypyridyl derivatized polystyrene) that looks particularly promising. This line of investigation should yield a better understanding of how electron and photon energy are transported within the photo-responsive polymers. Our latest studies suggest that the relative spatial arrangement between the ruthenium ions in the polymer is a key parameter influencing the way it transports electrons through the system. Such discoveries are bringing us closer to developing polymer-based solar cells that can compete with coal- and natural gas–fired power plants. Understanding the internal physics of light-absorbing polymers is essential to making further advances.
Although conventional, silicon-based photovoltaic arrays are already in widespread use, polymer-based solar devices would offer significant advantages. Polymers are inexpensive to develop, easily scaled to large manufacturing quantities, lightweight, and adaptable to a wide variety of design criteria. Refining and commercializing this technology would benefit not only the solar panel industry but also the textile industry, as it becomes possible to weave electron-conducting smart materials into fabrics. In fact, the two industries may someday come to overlap. Incorporating light-responsive smart materials into textiles could transform the way we interact with our electronics, perhaps leading ultimately to devices that can be charged by contact with our clothing.
You can find this online at http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/num2/engineered-molecules-for-smarter-medicines/1
© 2016 Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society

subset: commoncrawl


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Kathryn A. (Bain) Young
Kathryn A. (Bain) Young
Kathryn A. (Bain) Young, 78, of Crosslake, died at her home on Saturday, April 13, 2013. Services were at 11 a.m. Tuesday, April 16, 2013, at Crosslake Presbyterian Church with Pastor Kate Stangl officiating. Interment was at the Linwood Cemetery in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Memorials are preferred to Crosslake Presbyterian Church or Marion, Iowa, Church.
Kathryn was born April 19, 1934, in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, the daughter of Andrew and Clara (Woodburn) Bain. Following high school, she attended Iowa State University in Ames, Iowa, where she received her Bachelor's Degree in education. In 1969, she continued her studies at the University of Iowa in Iowa City, Iowa, where she earned her Master's Degree. She worked for 29 years as a high school counselor, a job she not only enjoyed but also did very well. Kathryn dedicated her life to guiding and mentoring teens. She enjoyed sewing, cooking and playing bridge. She also liked to go sailing and traveling.
She will be missed by her husband, George; children, Jerald (Julia), of Wayzata, James (Jodi), of Edina, and Jedediah (Wendy), of Marion, Iowa; and six grandchildren, Andy, Tom, Kate, Leia, Megan and Mallory. She was preceded in death by her parents.
Please visit www.brenny.com to leave a message of comfort and support for Kathryn's family.
Arrangements were with Brenny Funeral Chapel and Cremation Services.


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Discussion in 'Fantasy Sports Central' started by Superstarov, Aug 7, 2006.
Yeah, fun for you maybe. You stole Markov right out from under my nose! :P
I recommend setting them for each day like basketball. But I think it is easier than basketball. The way I do it is, set my line-up for the whole week, in one sitting. Just sit down, and go through the whole week, and set my line-ups for each day. It takes about 5 minutes.
OK, thanks, I wasn't sure if we could change it throughout the week. I wasn't clear when I asked my question. Well, the draft was fun, but I am going to get hammered all year. I drafted my team using the Yahoo rankings as a guideline since I know nothing about the NHL. However, these rankings are set up for success in leagues with the default settings, and not for the special settings we have in our league. I.E. my strength is in goaltending which accounts for relatively little in our league and my firepower therefore leaves much to be desired. Prediction: 10th of 10 teams. Last place here I come.
Well, you never know. And like I said before, keep an eye on the free agents. There are always about 20 or 30 guys who come out of nowhere to become decent players. It's not like basketball, where maybe each team has a guy who show up out of nowhere. Usually each team has a guy or two who breaks into decent playing time, after a rough start to the season. Especially European players, because not only do they have anew culture to get used to, they have smaller ice sizes and different rules as well. So some of those young guys don't hit their stride until a few months into the season. Don't lose hope.
Feel free to lose, just don't lose hope.
One of my guys is injured (already!) :( I tried to drop him and pick up someone Tater dropped. Do I have to wait until tomorrow for that to show up??? The site said Oct. 3. I asssume my lineup is set with the 12 I have who are not BN (whatever that means) Bed Ridden?? Benched??
BN = On the bench (not playing) When a player is dropped, he has to clear waivers. It's usually a couple days. When a player has been a free agent for a few days (or longer, ie. all season) you can add him instantly. Don't sweat injuries folks. Not unless they will be long term. You can always leave injured guys on the bench.
Another question How can I tell if my lineup is set weakly, or daily? If I just leave the same 12 guys listed can I go all year with the same team.
Ask as many as you like. This is supposed to be fun and a learning experience. Weekly vs. daily is a league setting. Daily means you can tweak your lineup each day. Weekly means that you lock it in before Monday. So in a daily league (which ours is) you can make a lineup change on Friday. In a weekly league, the guys who played monday, play all week and you can't do anything about it. Remember, we are daily. It's much more flexible. Yep. ;)
I still can't find where the weekly/daily button is. Also, the guy I dropped (F. Kaberle) is out 4-6 months with a shoulder injury. I'm trying to replace him with T. Poti, who Tater dropped. This is getting really complex.
There is no button. We play daily. Everyone is playing to the same rules. Forget Weekly, it's irrelevant to our league. Your lineup will stay the same it was the previous day UNLESS you change it. So you can start the same 12 guys and never have to touch your lineup again all season. You do not need to set it daily. It will automatically use the last days lineup.
When you go to MY TEAM, is there a note about Poti (Waivers) above your roster? Don't fret. It gets a lot easier once the games start. And honestly, tanking a week or two to get comfortable is totally acceptable.
Do you mean "tanking" or "taking".
There is NO note about Poti and "waivers".
I checked the waiver period. It is two days. That means since I dropped him Sunday night, he will not be available Monday or Tuesday. You can claim him on waivers now and hope nobody has a higher waiver priority. However, you will move to the bottom of the waiver list. (Maybe not an issue). Or you can wait until Wednesday and if he clears waivers you can claim him as a free agent. So if you wait anyone can claim him (including me). But if you use your waiver pick on him, he will not become a free agent and only people with a higher waiver than you (not including me...the waiving GM) can get him. OK, I know slippy is gonna say something about my explanation so I'll simplify it: You can get him Wednesday, Dude.
Isn't this fun?? An old guy trying to learn new tricks. Is there any way I can correct the spelling of my team name?? It should be Sid Abel not Sid Able. My bad!!!
Woody, very simple. Make sure you are on the MY TEAM page. Click ADD PLAYERS Search by last name POTI, click FIND PLAYER Click the green + sign under the ACTION heading. Follow it through. Now he should appear in your MY TEAM message area. You ALWAYS want to put in for a player while he is on waivers. ALWAYS. Once he is a free agent, it's first come, first serve. You wanna get ahead of that.
He's on waivers, I just checked. All dropped players go on waivers. If you go to the players section to pick someone up it shows the day he gets off waivers.
MY TEAM page. Click EDIT TEAM INFO
He's responding to something I posted earlier.
Separate names with a comma.


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Bulls sign Cook after release by Rockets
By Ben Golliver
The Bulls announced the signing of free agent guard Daequan Cook on Sunday. The Chicago Tribune reports that Cook signed a veteran's minimum contract and should be in uniform for the Bulls when they face the Cavaliers on Monday.
Cook, 25, was released by the Rockets on Jan. 2 to open a roster spot to accommodate the signing of free agent guard/forward James Anderson.
A 2007 first-round pick by the Heat, Cook has made his NBA name off of outside shooting. The 2009 Three-Point Contest champion is a career 36.5 percent shooter but shot a career-best 42.2 percent for the Thunder in 2010-11. Cook was traded by Oklahoma City to Houston in the James Harden blockbuster deal in October, and he averaged 3.4 points and 1.1 rebounds in 10.3 minutes per game in 16 appearances for the Rockets. The sixth-year veteran holds career averages of 6.9 points and 2.2 rebounds per game.
Cook will join a Bulls backcourt that includes Kirk Hinrich, Richard Hamilton, Marco Belinelli, Nate Robinson and Marquis Teague. Chicago, of course, is awaiting the return of franchise point guard Derrick Rose from a long-term knee injury. Rose has reportedly begun practicing, in part, with the Bulls but he's not expected back on the court until after the February All-Star break.
It's unclear exactly where Cook will slide in on the depth chart for the 18-13 Bulls, who are just 0.5 game behind the Pacers for the Central Division lead. Chicago ranks No. 23 in offensive efficiency and No. 18 in three-point percentage at 34.7 percent, so it's possible Cook could be of some use for coach Tom Thibodeau. Chicago has played at one of the league's slowest paces this season and is averaging just 92.5 points per game, fourth-lowest in the NBA.


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1.800.555.8260 We're here to help
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I plan on getting a Boss CE3800D 3800W Monoblock Class D Power Amplifier rated at RMS Power @ 2 Ohms: 1700 Watts x 1 or RMS Power @ 4 Ohms: 1300 Watts x 1 more details here and 3 Kicker 11S10L34 10" Dual 4 ohm Car Subwoofers rated at 400 RMS and plan to use this wiring diagram, can you tell me if this is good and what the outcome will be and if not can you explain a way for me to do this without hurting my subs or amp.
Links don't work, but that amp isn't going to produce 1700RMS @ 2 ohms, more like 1300 or so. It may be a Class D amp, but with 120AMPS worth of on board fuses it's just not going to produce it's rated power. I can't see the wiring diagram either, but I figure you must be wanting to wire them for a 2.66 ohm load like so.
Now wiring your subs for a 2.66 ohm load the amp may reduce it's power output to say 1100-1200RMS, which would actually be retty good for those subs, if in fact I'm correct on assuming the amps true output.
I do feel fairly confident that the amp will be capable of pumping out 1000RMS to those subs wired for a 2.66 load. Use a DMM to set the gain for 1000RMS following this method. You'd set the amp to output 51.57VAC.
I'm assuming you plan to use this wiring diagram (Your link was broken, not sure why). If you use that setup it would be fine. Your amps RMS are slightly higher than you want but I know Kicker subs can handle a little more than rated and most Boss amps are slightly over rated anyways so you should be fine (I don't want to sound like I'm bashing your choice cause I have seen plenty systems using Boss amps that sound amazing). Just make sure you set the gain properly on the amp so avoid any problem and possibly hurting the speakers.
GMC Sonoma, JVC KD-A95BT, 2 Pioneer TS-D601P in doors, 2 Pioneer TS-G4644R in dash, 2 JL W3v2-D2 10 inch subs, Lightning Audio B4.250.2, Soundstream TX1.1300D
Weigel21Now wiring your subs for a 2.66 ohm load the amp may reduce it's power output to say 1100-1200RMS, which would actually be retty good for those subs, if in fact I'm correct on assuming the amps true output.
Retty? What exactly does that mean? I must have missed it in the dictionary LOL . I agree and said the same basic thing. So unless someone else has a better idea/suggestion I think your all set.
- The combination of really and pretty
- The absance of a p when typing pretty
- An indication of poor typing skills, grammar, and/or spelling
- The combination of really and pretty
- The absance of a p when typing pretty
- An indication of poor typing skills, grammar, and/or spelling
Ahh okay I will have to contact Webster's Dictionary and inform them that they are missing this very important and versatile word. I do not know how people could speak before such a discovery .
Thanks, I've been meaning to introduce them to some of today's new words, but I just never seem to find the time to contact them. Webster would do good to surf online forums, they're a treasure trove of new words.
Yea I fixed my links and thanks for all the help I didn't know for sure but I thought this was the correct way so I am glad I found it out and was gonna do it the right way again thanks for verifying this for me.
No problem, just be sure to properly set the gain on the Boss amp.
thinkin about addin another sub to make it 4 subs if i am thinkin about this the right way it would be load @2 ohms and would be 1700 rms for the amp and 1600 rms for the 4 subs so i wouldnt need to upgrade the amp and it would power the subs fine
Once again, the amp isn't capable of pumping out it's claimed power. The specs listed by Boss are inflated. This is one of many problems I have with cheaper gear. If a person knows what they are getting themselves into and work around the true limitations of the equipment, then cheap budget gear, like your Boss amp, can be a decent buy. However, many people assume the posted specs of this equipment hold true, such as in your case, and this is were many problems begin. Pretty much the only way for your amp to pump out it's claimed power is if it were nearly 100% efficient (which isn't even close to likely) or your input voltage was much higher than 14.4 volts (assuming the amp could handle a 17 volt input, as it'd have to be somewhere around that or higher).
No, as I said, your amp isn't going to pump out more than around 1300RMS@2 ohms at best. This is enough power to push 4 of the subs you are wanting to run, but it's not going to power them with what they can handle. Will it be louder than your current setup of 3, it should be, unless you end up getting them badly out of phase with one another. You'll be feeding the 4 subs around 80% of their power handling. It is said that going from 70% to 100% power doesn't gain but 3dB of output. So really, you shouldn't notice much difference between powering them with the 1300RMS or so the amp is likely to produce or 1700RMS from an amp that was identical in every other aspect.
Go ahead if you like and wire up another sub, but be sure to set the gain with a DMM so as not to send them a clipped signal. Set the output to no more than 1300RMS, unless you are able to use an O-Scope to set the gain. That'd be 50.99VAC at the speaker terminals for 1300rMS out of the amp.
ok what if I split it into 2 amps from boss what rms in watts would u recommend I get? also I can spen more thinkin about goin to L7's at 600 rms what would u recommend for that with 2 amps from boss in rms
Just out of curiosity, but why are you so determined to stick with Boss? Personally, if you're needing a reputable budget amp, go with a Hifonics Brutus amp.
If you wish to stick with Boss, It's hard to say what power output from the amp to look for as they over rate them.
If you plan to switch to 4 L7's that's 2400RMS. A Hifonics BRZ2400.1 would be an exact power match if you got (4) 3 ohm DVC or (4) 4 ohm SVC subs to allow you to wire them to present a 1 ohm load. The same Hifonics amp will power 4 subs of the model you currently have with 1700RMS@2 ohms. Now this amp has 250AMPS worth of on board fuses, so you'll be force to upgrade your car's electrical system if you plan to have it pumping out it's rated power at 2 Ohms or 1 Ohm.
A Boss NXD5500 looks like it might be capable of pumping out around 2400RMS@2 ohms, but reviews seem to indicate the amp isn't built to last. Then again, we don't know, based off these reviews, why it is the amp quit working, was it user error or manufacturer defect?
Honestly, I don't like the idea of using multiple amps to power multiple subs.
Weigel21Honestly, I don't like the idea of using multiple amps to power multiple subs.
Neither does J Ro - has to do with efficiency losses and timing issues.
You are better off selling the Boss amp and buying a larger one than adding a second amp (unless the amp is strappable - some Boss amps are (I think) - but then you might not be able to run them at the required impedance).
Hope This Helps!!!
Anyone else have suggestions?
2002 Ford Focus JVC KD-A815 Sony CDX-GT410u Sony XT-100HD HD Tuner Stock speakers, no amp, no subs
For not a lot more money than the Hifonics you can go with the Alpine MRP-M2000 which does 2000W x 1 @ 2 Ohms and does true rated power if not more and pair them with 4 4ohm DVC Kicker L7's.
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Notice: On March 31, it was announced that Statalist is moving from an email list to a forum. The old list will shut down on April 23, and its replacement, statalist.org is already up and running.
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R: st: baseline adjustment in linear mixed models
Formoso Giulio <email@example.com>
"firstname.lastname@example.com" <firstname.lastname@example.com>
R: st: baseline adjustment in linear mixed models
Mon, 11 Feb 2013 10:45:44 +0000
Thank you Clyde for your kindness and clarity. If I compare intervention and control areas, their baseline values look much closer than their post-intervention values (curves clearly divaricate when the intervention starts). I don't know if, under these circumstances, baseline (pre-intervention) values could be considered as distinctively influential as you say (if you have time, I'd like your opinion on this point). Actually I tried your alternative analysis: intervention vs control difference does not substantially change, although confidence intervals are wider.
Thank you again! Giulio
-----Messaggio originale-----
Da: firstname.lastname@example.com [mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com] Per conto di Clyde B Schechter
Inviato: domenica 10 febbraio 2013 00:03
A: firstname.lastname@example.com
Oggetto: Re: st: baseline adjustment in linear mixed models
Giulio Formoso raises a question that comes up from time to time on Statalist: he plans to do a linear mixed model analysis of repeated-observations on a sample of units of observation, and asks if it is appropriate to include the baseline outcome value as a covariate.
Back to basics. Let's think about a very simple statistical model that could be analyzed with the command:
-xtmixed y || participant: -
with no independent variables. And let's assume that there are 2 observations for each participant. In equation form, this model is:
y_ij = mu + u_i + eps_ij, where i indexes participants, j = 1,2 indexes observations. The standard assumptions are the u_i ~ N(0, sig_u), eps_ij ~ N(0, sig_e), iid. From this, we can deduce that y_i1 and y_i2 have a joint bivariate normal distribution with mean mu and variance V = sig_u^2 + sig_e^2, and correlation r = sig_u^2/(sig_u^2 + sig_e^2).


text:
After our trial batch of hard cider I thought we were set for our first batch of mead. Well we messed up twice.
The recipe called for 4.5 gal of water to be brought to a boil and then mix in the honey. In the haste of things (we got to prepare for Thanks Giving) we didn't measure. No problem we will measure before we put the honey in. Ooh, it boiling, put the honey in ... we forgot to measure. You see how things go... Well, too late now we will just wing it. Somebody likes to do that way anyway.
OK next problem. The directions said to wake up the yeast while the honey water was cooling down to 80 degrees and then pitch it in. Directions said it would take 30 mins. After an hour in a half somebody was ready to pitch it in. Nooooo, it too hot. I got a kitchen thermometer and it was 130 degrees. No choice, have to do water bath to cool it down. So many gallons of water later and a half hour of stirring it is down to 85 degrees. Ok, bail it in to the carboy, who know how much it is. Then we add the yeast after sitting over 2 hours which the package said not to do.
This morning nothing so we prepared another packet and threw it in. Super! starts burping right away.
If this ends up drinkable it will be a miracle.
I forgot to mention, I did take a SG at the start = 1.102


text:
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text:
I got a lot of attention not long ago for my diary entry with notes from our meeting with the Microsoft Palladium developers. That was a surprise; I didn't know that so many people were reading my new diary. I guess even more are reading it now.
The meeting was about four hours at the EFF office in San Francisco, and some of the people who are in charge of Palladium answered our technical questions, with no NDA. So that was interesting, and I see I'm not the only one curious about the results.
We aren't going to have a new version of LNX-BBC ready for LinuxWorld. We'd been hoping to, but we got caught up in the strange world of pivot_root. I did manage to rewrite "rdev" in one line of Perl, even though I'm not a Perl programmer. :-)
We also had a hard time getting in-person meetings together, and our volunteer usability tester got pregnant! At present, we have a rough outline for a revamped boot sequence using linuxrc. The old version simply used an initrd and never changed the root filesystem to be anywhere other than the RAM disk, but now we're getting more ambitious, and we're using an incredible mix of filesystem types. We have found possible uses for tmpfs, FAT, ext2fs, iso9660, cramfs, romfs, and the cloop compressed block device driver all within the same project. So we are becoming true boot sequence geeks.
I do hope that the new LNX-BBC version will be out before people have forgotten about our project. It's gotten some nice reviews in the past, and thousands of people are still carrying them in their wallets, but as the old discs crack, memories will fade, too. We've got a big CVS tree using GAR, Nick Moffitt's cool build system (which is the basis for the much-more-famous GARNOME, even though GAR was actually designed for the LNX-BBC project).
Our GAR tree now builds about 90% of the binaries which we shipped on the previous version -- in a repeatable, reliable way, from upstream sources. As Nick says, it's like an equivalent of BSD ports, but for gmake on Linux.
I'm hoping to be at DEF CON, USENIX Security, and LinuxWorld in the next three weeks. After that, I don't have any concrete plans, but I'm sure I'll be back at CPTWG before long. We need more free software people at standards meetings and consortium meetings where DRM work is being done. A lot of the people who are doing DRM standards have never heard of free software before. (Some of them are actively hostile to it, but not all.)
In other news
You can find out lots of other news by reading Vitanuova. Of some free software interest: we are continuing to fight the "broadcast flag" mandate and other parts of Hollywood's legislative agenda. This also is something I wish more free software people would get involved in. The problem is that, when I describe how the broadcast flag works, people break out laughing. They apparently don't believe that something so silly could become Federal law. But I tell you that it's by narrow escapes and hard work that it isn't Federal law today.
The Palladium people are going to come back during USENIX Security to meet with us again and share more details, which I expect I'll write about in my web diary. I've also put in an inquiry with TCPA to ask the TCPA committee to visit EFF and give us their own overview. (Contrary to what some people believe, Palladium and TCPA are distinct and have different technical characteristics.)
That riddles archive is a lot of fun. I have found a horribly inefficient solution to the "100 prisoners and the light bulb" problem.


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'The Incredible Dr. Pol' captures record-setting ratings in fourth season
It's been a month since the fourth season of "The Incredible Dr. Pol" premiered Aug. 17 on Nat Geo WILD and according to Nielsen Media ratings, the show continues to be the cable channel's No. 1 series. The Sept. 14 episode hit a P25-54 0.4 rating—apparently the highest rating in Nat Geo WILD's history.
The website TV by the Numbers says the Saturday night episode more than doubled the network's Saturday night average delivery with an average of 776,000 viewers over age 2 including 270,000 viewers in the key 25 to 54 age demographic. Viewers tuned in to watch Dr. Jan Pol, DVM, and his non-veterinarian son, Charles, deal with an emergency calving call with a heifer out in the pasture that had gone into labor. Later in the episode, associate veterinarian Brenda Grettenberger, DVM, treated piglets with pneumonia.
Never shown on the reality series was Pol's 2012 probation involving a pregnant 8-year-old German shorthair patient in 2010. The Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs Bureau of Health Professions Board of Veterinary Medicine found that Pol had failed to accurately read a canine ultrasound, appropriately treat the patient and to maintain and ensure that his staff kept adequate documentation of telephone calls, treatment records and recommendations to record an appropriate case history. He was required to complete continued education regarding small animal reproduction and ultrasound techniques and interpretation. Grettenberger was also placed on probation for the same incident. At the time of Pol's suspension three of the four veterinarians at Pol Veterinary Services in Weidman, Mich., were on probation including Eric Gaw, DVM, (disciplined for a separate incident) who does not appear on the reality show. All have since met the requirements of the state's disciplinary actions.
Pol told dvm360 last year that he plans to continue doing the show for the foreseeable future. "You see how many people love the show and learn from it, especially the children," Pol said.
However, many veterinary health professionals and animal welfare groups dislike that Pol is seen as the televised face of veterinary medicine. They have been outspoken on blogs and other outlets about his approach to veterinary practice, termed "old-school" by the Nat Geo WILD network. "We have veterinarians that claim that what they see is substandard, but they don't see anything to speak of," Pol said in an Oct. 2012 interview with dvm360. Pol said as long as his patients are pleased with his work and that of his associates, he doesn't worry about his critics. "I don't say anything," he said. "I let them blow off."
The season finale is at 10 p.m. ET/PT Sept. 21.


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Recently Viewed:West End, Molokai West End, Molokai
Explore more:
West End, Molokai
Get away to western Molokai for a quiet retreat featuring some of the state's largest and least visited beaches. The arid West End faces the Kaiwi Channel, the treacherous, 65-kilometre stretch of Pacific Ocean that is the arena for the annual Molokai Hoe canoe competition (October), raced from Hale O Lono Harbor in Molokai to Waikiki on Oahu.
The western coast is also home to Papohaku Beach, one of the largest white sand beaches in Hawaii, and Kapukahehu Beach (also known as Dixie Maru Beach) a perfect spot for romantic Molokai sunsets. The small plantation town of Maunaloa offers unique shopping including the hand made kites of the Big Wind Kite Factory. Once a resort area, the West End is still a great place to find condominium and cottage rentals. And as you make your way down Kaluakoi Road westward, be on the lookout for wild Axis deer. These spotted deer were given to King Kamehameha V as a gift in the 1860's.
West End, Molokai Highlights:
- Maunaloa, Molokai
This small, charming plantation village set in the hills above the coast is West End's town for shopping and nearby accommodations.
- Learn More
- Papohaku Beach, Molokai
At nearly five kilometres long, Papohaku Beach is one of the largest white sand beaches in Hawaii.
- Learn More


text:
Hewlett Packard (HP) HP Officejet 710 All-in-One, HP Officejet 720 All-in-One Free Driver Download (Official)
Manufacturer Website
(Official Download)
1.0 (2 Apr 2001)
Manufactured By:
Hewlett Packard (HP)
File Name:
Scanner Drivers
Video Tutorial: How to Download & Install a Driver
Device Name
HP Officejet 710 All-in-One, HP Officejet 720 All-in-One
1.0 (2 Apr 2001)
Supported Operating Systems
Windows 2000
Link to Page
Uploader Notes
NOTE: Due to the size of the download and the time it would take, HP recommends ordering the CD-ROM version rather than downloading the Web version of the driver without broadband (Cable, DSL, T1, or equivalent) Internet access.
ECP Mode Must be ON! (Extended Capabilities Port)
If you plan to connect your HP OfficeJet or HP Printer/Scanner/Copier to your PC via the PC's parallel port, your computer's parallel port must be set to ECP mode to operate properly under Windows 2000. ECP mode allows greater I/O (communications) capabilities through your parallel port and is enabled via the computer's BIOS. Restart your PC, and in most cases, you will be prompted to hit F1, F2, or DEL to Enter your computer's BIOS or "Setup" program. (Check your PC's d
Uploaded By
Sivaprakash (DG Staff Member) on 5/2/2005
Driver Package
oj702it.exe (29.6 MB)
Related Drivers
Search All Hewlett Packard (HP) HP Officejet 710 All-in-One, HP Officejet 720 All-in-One Drivers
DriverGuide.com - Download Choice
Direct download is available only to our Premium Members. Free members are required to use our DriverGuide installer or consider these Premium options:
DriverGuide.com - Using DriverGuide's Installer
DriverGuide's installer software (Windows only) simplifies the driver installation process. It safely downloads and verifies your driver and then assists in the installation of it.
You may notice that the file size of the installer software is much smaller than the file size of your actual driver. The reason is that first the installer setup file is downloaded, and then the installer software does the work of fetching your driver from our fastest download server.
The installer setup file has been certified safe by leading-class virus and malware scanners.
Sometimes anti-virus software can report false positives. If this happens to you, we encourage you to submit the file you download to VirusTotal (a free, independent service which identifies malicious content) where you will see dozens of other anti-virus scanners report the file is perfectly safe.
The installer setup file may include a purely optional advertising offer which you are free to decline. We only work with trusted advertising partners.
Note: Windows only. Mobile, Mac OS and Linux users can choose other download options by deselecting the installer checkbox below the download button.


text:
I know this is not Giants related but I can not remember ever seeing such a large point spread on an NFL game.
I know this is not Giants related but I can not remember ever seeing such a large point spread on an NFL game.
Yep...I actually picked up Patriots defense off the waiver wire in my FF league because they're playing the Colts.
I think I'm the first person all year to pick them up. lol
"You killed my family, and I don't like that kind of thing."
Pats will cover that spread. 100%
Pats d is actually a good pickup, they give up a lot of yardage but make up for it with a lot of turnovers, thats what gets you the points in FF anyway. Kinda like our d last year, now it seams like we get neither.
That's the biggest I have seen for an nfl game in a long long while
Football has been very, very good to us.
After losing seasons 2013-15, the giants put up 11 wins in 16.. they are on way Back
But for now we can console ourselves with this fact-
# of Super Bowl victories since 1985:
1-Chicago, St. Louis, Tampa Bay, Indianapolis, New Orleans, Seattle
2-Washington, Green Bay, Pittsburgh, Baltimore
3-San Francisco, Dallas, Denver
4-New York Giants!!!
Let's make it 5 in 2016 so we can be on a LINE NE again!!!
***Stat provided by "Schloss22"***
A few years ago Indy was about a 20 pt favorite over the Eagles, I don't remeber exactly when.
I can't imagine a line this big is appealing to bet on either way.
20 points? That's it?
Take the Pats. Easy.
winning 10 - 12 games for over a decade isn't so bad. tank one year so you can get another franchise
QB so you can do it again
It's the Suck for Luck strategy.
Peyton should win the MVP without playing a down
Betting football... rofl.. OWNED...
[quote user="NYGRealityCheck"]Betting football... rofl.. OWNED...[/quote]
it makes me feel like its rigged..pats are up 31 3..so their covering..colts get a td..31-10 so push if you had 21 ..then somehow all of the sudden pats cant score and colts offense scores 2 tds in 2 mins to make 31-24..it just seemed really weird to me


text:
As Uganda election nears, fear among reporters
As Ugandan journalists prepare to cover presidential elections on February 18 amid political tensions and security concerns, uncertainty and fear are on the minds of reporters. That's particularly so after a year in which 52 press freedom abuses--ranging from physical and verbal intimidation to state censorship and murder--were recorded, according reports by Ugandan press freedom group Human Rights Network of Journalists (HRNJ-Uganda). Journalists Arafat Nzito and Eddie Frank are suffering lasting effects of 2010 harassment.


text:
Other Services
Free Tools
Everyone knows that one of the biggest problems with the Internet and email is spam. McAfee experts define spam as "unsolicited or undesired bulk electronic messages", and quite often, spam is dangerous. Some spam contains links to phishing sites or "free" downloads that could lead to spyware and other malicious software piggybacking along with the free application, giving hackers remote access and control of your...
Fram is spam that is forwarded to you by a family member, friend or colleague that is cutesy, dopey, sappy, but rarely truly funny, interesting, or "awesome."
Fram is rarely appreciated and only serves to take up time to handle and takes up space within an individual's email box. In a worse case scenario, forwarded spam may contain viruses, spyware, or some other form of malware.
Forward responsibly. Don't be a frammer. Take a moment. Take a deep breath. Then hit the delete button. Just don't forward spam.
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text:
Clear Channel is undergoing another round of company-wide layoffs today. A statement from the company attributes these latest cutbacks to "constantly looking at all aspects of our business to ensure that it reflects how the best organizations work today, taking advantage of the latest cutting-edge technology and organizational structure so we can continue to operate as effectively and efficiently as possible."
Tony Matteo, PD for Clear Channel Media and Entertainment Adult Hits WHLK/Cleveland, has been named OM of the company's Wichita cluster, effective January 2. Amber Huyghe sheds the "interim" and is officially named PD at CHR WZRT/Rutland, VT. Huyghe, who had been handling programming duties since the October exit of Kwame "KD" Dankwa for the night night gig at CHR KWNW/Memphis, will retain her MD duties as well as afternoons.
Rock WAAF/Boston names Andrew Tartaglia as GSM, effective December 17.
Current.org is reporting Kathyrn "Kit" Jensen, COO of noncommercial WCPN, Classical WCLV and PBS affiliate WVIZ-TV/Cleveland, has been elected Chair of the Board of Directors of National Public Radio. Jensen will replace Milwaukee Public Radio's Dave Edwards.
CBS Sports Radio rounds out its new national lineup with the team of Chris Moore and Brian Jones as its weeknight hosts. Moore and Jones will be heard nights from 6-10 p.m., starting Wednesday, January 2.
The SiriusXM Board of Directors has approved a $2 million buyback of the company's common stock. Liberty Media, which is closing in on becoming the satcaster's majority owner, says it will participate in the buyback on a pro rata basis, so its relative ownership interest will not be affected by the program.
In a speech on Wednesday, Sen. Greg Walden (R-OR) said he would continue to push for the FCC Process Reform Act, which passed the House but not the Senate this year. The Hill notes that the bill would require the FCC to prove the necessity of new regulations, restrict conditions the Commission could put on corporate mergers and require specific timelines to be set. Walden claims the legislation would created greater transparency in the FCC.
The Conclave announces its 2013 Radio and Music Industry Scholarship Program, worth over $50,000. Since 1979, the Conclave in keeping with its mission of educating the broadcast industry has awarded over $1 million in scholarships to worthy students desiring an education in the radio and music industries. More informaiton is is available at www.radioscholarships.com or www.theconclave.com.
The Gores Group announces a $225 million deal to buy Harris' broadcast division. Harris announced earlier this year that it would be selling its broadcasting division to focus on its other businesses.
Clear Channel Media and Entertainment and DashGo, Inc., a digital content distribution and marketing engine for labels, podcasters and artists, announce an agreement to "help drive growth and innovation in Internet radio." As part of this new relationship, DashGo will share in Clear Channels terrestrial broadcast revenues, aligning the business interests of both companies and helping to build a sustainable market in Internet radio. DashGo works with independent artists, labels, and content owners to distribute content across a range of digital music stores, ad-supported services and social networksincluding YouTube and iTunes with integrated analytics tools for tracking results.
iBiquity announces more automakers adding HD Radio technology to their vehicles, including the 2014 RLX Acura, the 2014 Ford Fiesta, 2013 Hyundai Santa Fe, three Mazda models, Misubishi's 2014 Outlander and the 2014 Subraru Forester.
Nicki Farag, SVP of Promotion, Def Jam Recordings
Copyright © 2017 Friday Morning Quarterback Album Report, Inc. and Mediaspan Online Services - All Rights Reserved
Contact: Mediaspan Online Services
FMQB, 1930 East Marlton Pike, Executive Mews, Suite F-36, Cherry Hill, NJ 08003. (856) 424-9114.


text:
Good books on python
I prefer dead trees over pixels on a screen. I've been trying for years, but haven't found a method or book that has spoken to me the way Learning Perl or Unix Shell Programming did.
Things I've tried:
Hello World - Wasn't going down the path I was interested in. More about getting to the point to teach kids how to make a game. (I got it to work with my ex-gf's kid).
Dive in to Python and Dive in to Python 3 - Wasn't able to obtain dead tree versions, but these were alright. Although I only got about a chapter or so in to each.
Learn Python the Hardway - I got a little way in to it. But I felt like I was just regurgitating what I was reading on the screen and didn't feel as if I was learning anything.
Google's Python boot camp - got about halfway through it, but had some questions that I had a hard time finding people that could answer them.


text:
EDIT: I have updated the jpg and the pdfs for the right chest plate showing the missing silver scratch in the lower middle of the plate.
I have embarked on chest armor stencils as one of my many projects. I have attached below a placed image showing you what the first peice looks like and followed by a link to a PDF for download. This is for BM armor but can be modified for anything. I want feed back as any of you attempt to use it. I built this based on photos from Laan for his armor. Not having the actual armor I cant double check my work so please post with any comments of adjustments you want me to make, as these are for everyone. I will adapt these for MLC next, followed by FettPride when I get my hands on a set, this should make a good paint job just that much easyer.
First is the right chest peice. The PDF has the vector art built to size so you will want to print it in peices. I also seperated the scraches by spot color so if you print color seperations out of Acrobat it will seperate them out for you.
Enjoy.. more to come.. :)


text:
Every organization is stretched to do more with less. While "less" seems to be the operative word, it's the "more" that really counts. More efficiency. More productivity.
Take snowplows, for example. The right plow will move more snow, increase operator ease and safety, and reduce repair expenses, not to mention costly downtime. In addition, the right plow positively impacts the life of the machine powering it, whether it's a small skidsteer or a larger loader.
With so many options, from different moldboard and hitch designs to cutting blades and side panels, the decision can be overwhelming. By simply taking the time to evaluate how each feature can contribute to an improved bottom line, you can ensure the best plow choice is made.
Containment plows
Equipment-mounted plows are commonly referred to as containment plows or box plows. They typically range in size from 6 feet for smaller machines such as skidsteers to up to 30 feet for larger equipment like wheel loaders.
Plow size primarily affects how much snow is removed and with what precision. Longer, one-piece containment plows move larger quantities of snow the first time, but also leave behind a significant amount as they ride on the highest ground.
No pavement is completely flat and level. Roads tend to be higher in the center and gradually slope downward on each side, while parking lots have both raised and depressed areas scattered throughout. A longer plow will always rest at the highest point on a surface and float over lower areas — leaving behind inches of snow and resulting in the need for follow-up plowing, usually from a pickup truck operator with a smaller plow. You'll have to choose whether to add an in-house pickup operator — increasing labor, equipment, and fuel costs — or to subcontract that work. Either way, it's going to cost more. There's also a high likelihood that salting will be needed, another time—consuming process and added expense.
On the contrary, a shorter plow is more concentrated and precise. Operators can better target an area and clear more snow with less follow up. They're also ideally suited for common, smaller pieces of equipment, like skidsteers and compact loaders.
The downside of smaller plows is more total passes are required to remove the same amount of snow. Outsourcing or adding a pickup plow to handle follow-ups may be required, as shorter plows will still miss small areas like dips in roads or parking lots. In addition, some degree of salting will be required.
You'll have to decide what's more important: sheer volume of snow cleared or precision. But there's an option for those not willing to compromise: sectional moldboard configurations.
Sectional moldboard plows
Sectional moldboard designs consist of several pieces that, together, form one large surface area, allowing large amounts of snow to be removed in a single pass. What's unique about these styles is the way the sections operate to also provide precise, efficient removal.
Just about every plow on the market offers a trip edge feature. As an obstacle is encountered, the plow "trips" or lifts slightly to clear the object without damaging the plow. But when the plow lifts up, it misses a whole pile of snow — making re-plowing imminent. Sectional moldboard plows offer the same concept, but on an individual basis. Rather than the whole plow width tripping, only the individual section encountering an obstacle trips, leaving virtually no snow behind and eliminating the need for follow-up plowing.
The independent movement of each "mini plow" provides further efficiency and plowing precision by essentially letting the entire plow contour to any given surface. On sloped roads, the outer pieces rest at lower points while those toward the center rise up as the pavement does. The same is true in parking lots. As the plow approaches a depressed or elevated area, the section will respond to the change in elevation and adjust itself accordingly.
The individual tripping action also helps prevent damage to the plow and machine if a small obstacle is encountered. But what about larger, rigid objects like curbs? To avoid significant damage, consider a plow with mechanical side panels.
Plows with wings
Most containment-style plows are built with side panels, or wings, attached to both ends of the moldboard. The panels keep snow contained, eliminating excess amounts of snow rolling off the sides. But fixed side panels pose major challenges.
Imagine a loader plowing full-speed on a city street using a model with fixed side panels. The snow is deep and blowing across both lanes, so the driver can't see that he's approaching a concrete median on his left side. When he eventually hits it, something has to give — either the plow, the machine, or the operator is going to absorb the impact. In the most extreme cases, operators have been ejected from machine cabs.
Mechanical side panels respond to impact from major obstructions like curbs, medians, and manhole covers. Rather than hit these objects head—on, the side panels lift up and go over, clearing even tall obstacles. The benefit is three—fold, as it reduces damage to the equipment, plow, and — most importantly — the operator.
Because mechanical side panels minimize the chance of equipment damage — saving on costly replacement and repairs, not to mention downtime — a well-maintained snowplow with mechanical side panels can last several years even with inexperienced operators, positively impacting return on investment (ROI).
Drop-and-go hitch designs
For many plowing professionals, the machine's cab is their "office." These individuals spend hours every night in the cab, making it imperative to look for features that enhance comfort along with performance.
Plows are picked up and dropped down hundreds of times each night. Typical hitch designs force the operator to manually adjust the plow each time it's dropped, making for a challenging, time-consuming, and often frustrating process, especially for inexperienced operators. Newer "drop-and-go" hitch designs do this automatically. The operator can just drop the plow and the hitch design ensures the plow will lie correctly, extending plow life and ensuring a cleanly plowed surface.
Beyond operator ease, these hitches let the plow and machine move independently of one another. As mentioned previously, rarely is pavement perfectly level. Because the plow leads the way, it's going to reach a raised point in the pavement before the machine does. Normally, the plow will rest itself on the higher ground and lean slightly forward. The action lifts the machine up off its front wheels, creating inefficient drag while putting weight on only two tires. Over time this results in uneven tire wear and more frequent replacement issues. It also puts the majority of weight and stress on the plow, making premature wear inevitable.
With newer hitches, the plow can lift up and adjust to the pavement while the machine stays balanced on all four tires — keeping even wear on the tires and the plow. Especially when combined with sectional moldboard styles, this movement further lets the plow continuously adjust to changes in the pavement for optimum plowing efficiency and reduces the need for follow-up plowing.
These types of hitch designs prevent premature wear on the plow's shoes as well. Side panels, whether fixed or mechanical, include smooth, flat pieces called shoes that ride along the surface. Commonly made of steel, the shoes are designed to last through several years of abuse. But their lifespan can be cut drastically short with premature wear, a common occurrence with hitch designs that require manual adjustment. Drop-and-go styles are designed to lay flat and ensure the shoes do as well, leading to even wear and less replacement, hassle, and headaches for the operator.
Working together, these features significantly enhance performance and minimize maintenance expense, but one more factor and wear item plays a significant role: the plow cutting edge.
Cutting edges
Every plow has a cutting edge. Designed to scrape and clean away compacted snow and ice, cutting edges are like the final icing on the cake — they add the all-important finishing touch and further reduce the need for re-plowing and salting.
Ideal for cutting through and scraping snow and ice, steel cutting edges prove to be more effective and more durable than rubber options. On the downside, replacement of steel edges can be significantly more expensive, but that shouldn't necessarily be a deterrent. In combination with sectional moldboards, steel cutting edges can be replaced in only one section rather than across the entire length of the plow. This significantly reduces maintenance costs while providing all the benefits of the steel edge.
Clearly, it's not necessarily just one feature that will be the key to productive plowing, rather the combined efforts of several. In the grand scheme of things, each feature is just one piece of the total ROI puzzle. PW
— Randy Strait (firstname.lastname@example.com) is president of Arctic Snow & Ice Control Products, based in Bradley, Ill. He also developed the company's Sectional Sno Plow.


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History is filled with examples of governments that got into trouble by running up large debts, a phenomenon that is particularly appropriate to recall in early May.
That's because Cinco de Mayo – misunderstood by many as Mexican Independence Day – is rooted in the Second Republic of Mexico's difficulties in the early 1860s with heavy debts owed to France, Spain and Great Britain, as explained in a recent blog by David O'Donnell, The Concord Coalition's development director.
When Mexico delayed its debt payments, the creditor nations took military action. On May 5, 1862, the badly out-numbered Mexican army pulled off an upset over French forces. But O'Donnell points out that this much-celebrated victory was short-lived: "The French regrouped and enhanced their collection methods by taking Mexico City, toppling the Mexican army and installing Maximilian I as the new leader of Mexico."
Incurring national debt, O'Donnell notes, "does have consequences."
Read more with A Cautionary Tale of Cinco de Mayo (That Doesn't Involve Tequila)


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Las Cruces teen headed to London 2012 Paralympics
LAS CRUCES, N.M. - A Las Cruces High School senior is going for the gold this summer.
Letticia Martinez, 16, qualified for the 2012 London Paralympics.
Martinez told ABC-7 she spends her life in the water.
"When I was a freshman, I tried out and I absolutely loved it. I was not good at it at all. I could barely get across the pool doing strokes," Martinez said.
Now, Martinez is breaking national swimming records and is training for the big games.
"I'm so glad I didn't let anybody tell me I couldn't do it, because of course there's people that come across you in your path that will try to tell you that you can't do it," Martinez said.
She was born with Leber's congenital amaurosis, a hereditary disease that made her lose her eyesight.
Martinez said it's brought plenty of challenges in her swimming career. She had to train herself with a pole that indicated the end of the lane so she would not hit her head on the wall. She also swims right along the lane barriers so she knows she is swimming straight.
She has not let any of those challenges stop her from achieving her dreams.
"You're always going to have problems. Mine are just a little different than everybody else's," Martinez said.
Martinez spends about 18 hours a week training with her coach and her team.
At the Paralympics trials in Bismarck, N.D., Martinez broke one American and one Pan-Am record.
Her parents hope she will take the gold this summer.
"She's done it in a short period of time, so you realize if she continues to swim, in the next Olympics, all I can say is, 'Look out world,'" her father, Steve Martinez, told ABC-7.
For now, Letticia Martinez said she's training hard and following a strict diet so she can make her parents proud when she competes in London in August.
"If you want something, nobody can hold you back from it except yourself, so it's OK to dream big," Letticia Martinez said.
The opening ceremony for the 2012 Paralympic Games will be held Aug. 29.
Letticia Martinez said she still can't believe she's actually going, and the reality probably won't hit her until she's there in London.


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Patricia Smith who is visually impaired was told she could watch this weekend's Victoria Day fireworks show from outside the park at Wonderland. She spoke to CityNews reporter Keeley Rogers about what she was told over the phone.
Video: Visually impaired woman told she can watch fireworks from outside the park at Wonderland
Posted May 14, 2014 5:10 pm EDT


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What seems much, much more likely is that your ridiculous position, designed solely to get the results you have, is 100% without any trace of merit.
Let's pretend that the second fumble never happened, and that Williams was tackled on that spot: Tell the class the results of every 49 drive in the forth quarter. How many were 3 and outs (hint...it rhymes with "ball but bun")
Total yards in the second half?
Passing yards?
Running yards?
How about this one: a roughing the passer call against the giants gave the niners more yards than they had passing in the 4th!!
Don't know what game Gore or you watched, but he one I watched had the Giants D (that you routinely credit and rightfully so) absolutely took complete control of that game in the second half and the niners could do nothing about it.
But somehow, in Gore's mind (and yours) the niners were A-OK.
Maybe they were resting?


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Health Information
BarberrySkip to the navigation
Parts Used & Where Grown
The root and stem bark contain the medicinally active components of barberry. The barberry bush also produces small red berries. Although this particular species is native to Europe, it now also grows throughout North America. A closely related species, Oregon grape (Berberis aquifolium), is native to North America.
Our proprietary "Star-Rating" system was developed to help you easily understand the amount of scientific support behind each supplement in relation to a specific health condition. While there is no way to predict whether a vitamin, mineral, or herb will successfully treat or prevent associated health conditions, our unique ratings tell you how well these supplements are understood by the medical community, and whether studies have found them to be effective for other people.
For over a decade, our team has combed through thousands of research articles published in reputable journals. To help you make educated decisions, and to better understand controversial or confusing supplements, our medical experts have digested the science into these three easy-to-follow ratings. We hope this provides you with a helpful resource to make informed decisions towards your health and well-being.
3 Stars Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
2 Stars Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
1 Star For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support.
This supplement has been used in connection with the following health conditions:
|Used for
1 Star
Chronic Candidiasis
Refer to label instructions
Barberry contains berberine, an alkaloid with antibiotic activity that also been shown to help relieve the diarrhea seen in some people with chronic candidiasis.
Berberine is an alkaloid found in various plants, including goldenseal , barberry, Oregon grape , and goldthread. Berberine exhibits a broad spectrum of antibiotic and antifungal activity in test tube, animal, and human studies.2 , 3 Berberine has shown effective antidiarrheal activity in a number of diarrheal diseases,4 , 5 , 6 and it may offer the same type of relief for the diarrhea seen in patients with chronic candidiasis. Doctors familiar with the use of berberine-containing herbs sometimes recommend taking 2 to 4 grams of the dried root (or bark) or 250 to 500 mg of an herbal extract three times a day. While isolated berberine has been studied, none of these herbs has been studied in humans with chronic candidiasis.
1 Star
Refer to label instructions
Berberine, a constituent of barbarry, has been shown to improve infectious diarrhea in some double-blind trials.
Due to of its supposed antimicrobial activity, goldenseal has a long history of use for infectious diarrhea. Its major alkaloid, berberine (also found in barberry and Oregon grape ), has been shown to improve infectious diarrhea in some double-blind trials.7 Negative studies have generally focused on people with cholera, while positive studies investigated viral diarrhea or diarrhea due to strains of E. coli. These studies generally used 400-500 mg berberine one to three times per day. Because of the low amount of berberine in most goldenseal products, it is unclear how effective the whole root or root extracts would be in treating diarrhea.
1 Star
Indigestion, Heartburn, and Low Stomach Acidity
Refer to label instructions
Taking barberry may help stimulate digestion and relieve an upset stomach.
Bitter herbs are thought to stimulate digestive function by increasing saliva production and promoting both stomach acid and digestive enzyme production.8 As a result, they are particularly used when there is low stomach acid but not in heartburn (where too much stomach acid could initially exacerbate the situation). These herbs literally taste bitter. Some examples of bitter herbs include greater celandine , wormwood , gentian, dandelion , blessed thistle , yarrow , devil's claw , bitter orange, bitter melon , juniper , andrographis , prickly ash , and centaury .9. Bitters are generally taken either by mixing 1-3 ml tincture into water and sipping slowly 10-30 minutes before eating, or by making tea, which is also sipped slowly before eating.
Some bitters widely used in traditional medicine in North America include yarrow , yellow dock , goldenseal , Oregon grape , and vervain . Oregon grape's European cousin barberry has also traditionally been used as a bitter. Animal studies indicate that yarrow, barberry, and Oregon grape, in addition to stimulating digestion like other bitters, may relieve spasms in the intestinal tract.10
1 Star
Refer to label instructions
Barberry is both immune supportive and antimicrobial.
Herbs that support a person's immune system in the fight against microbes and directly attack microbes include the following: barberry, echinacea , elderberry , goldenseal , licorice , Oregon grape , osha, and wild indigo .
1 Star
Refer to label instructions
Berberine is derived from several plants, including barberry. Studies have shown that berberine kills amoebae and can be used successfully to treat giardia infections.
Berberine is derived from several plants, including barberry, Oregon grape , goldenseal , and goldthread (Coptis chinensis). Preliminary trials have shown that berberine can be used successfully to treat giardia infections .11 , 12 In addition, test tube studies show that berberine kills amoebae, although it is not known whether this effect occurs in humans.13 The amount required is approximately 200 mg three times per day for an adult-a level high enough to potentially cause side effects. Therefore, berberine should not be used without consulting a healthcare provider.
1 Star
Refer to label instructions
An ointment containing barberry may reduce inflammation and be effective against moderate psoriasis.
An ointment containing Oregon grape (10% concentration) has been shown in a clinical trial to be mildly effective against moderate psoriasis but not more severe cases.14 Whole Oregon grape extracts were shown in one laboratory study to reduce inflammation often associated with psoriasis.15 In this study, isolated alkaloids from Oregon grape did not have this effect. This suggests that there are other active ingredients besides alkaloids in Oregon grape. Barberry, which is very similar to Oregon grape, is believed to have similar effects. An ointment, 10% of which contains Oregon grape or barberry extract, can be applied topically three times per day.
1 Star
Refer to label instructions
Barberry is antibacterial and may be effective against infectious vaginitis.
Teas of goldenseal , barberry, and echinacea are also sometimes used to treat infectious vaginitis. Although all three plants are known to be antibacterial in the test tube, the effectiveness of these herbs against vaginal infections has not been tested in humans. The usual approach is to douche with one of these teas twice each day, using 1-2 tablespoons (15-30 grams) of herb per pint of water. One to two pints (500-1,000 ml) are usually enough for each douching session. Echinacea is also known to improve immune function in humans.16 In order to increase resistance against infection, many doctors recommend oral use of the tincture or alcohol-preserved fresh juice of echinacea (1 teaspoon (5 ml) three or more times per day)-during all types of infection-to improve resistance.
Traditional Use (May Not Be Supported by Scientific Studies)
Traditionally, in European and American herbalism, barberry was used to treat a large number of conditions, particularly infections and stomach problems.1 It has also been used internally to treat skin conditions.
How It Works
How It Works
The alkaloid, berberine, receives the most research and widest acclaim as the active component of barberry and its relatives. Berberine is also a key constituent of goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis). Berberine and its related constituents (such as oxyacanthine) are antibacterial17 and have been shown to kill amoebae in a test tube study.18 Berberine inhibits bacteria from attaching to human cells, which helps prevent infection .19 This compound treats diarrhea caused by bacteria, such as E. coli. 20 Berberine also stimulates some immune system cells to function better.21 Berbamine is another alkaloid found in barberry. It may help reduce inflammation22 and is an antioxidant .23
The bitter compounds in barberry, including the alkaloids mentioned above, stimulate digestive function following meals.
How to Use It
For digestive conditions, barberry is often combined with other bitter herbs, such as gentian , in tincture form. Such mixtures are taken 15 to 20 minutes before a meal, usually 2-5 ml each time. As a tincture, 2-3 ml of barberry can be taken three times per day. Standardized extracts containing 5-10% alkaloids, with a total of approximately 500 mg of berberine taken each day, are preferable for preventing infections . Standardized extracts of goldenseal are a more common source of berberine, since goldenseal contains a higher concentration of berberine than barberry. An ointment made from a 10% extract of barberry can be applied topically three times per day for psoriasis . A tea/infusion can be prepared using 2 grams of the herb in a cup of boiling water. This can be repeated two to three times daily.24
Interactions with Supplements, Foods, & Other Compounds
Interactions with Medicines
Certain medicines interact with this supplement.
Replenish Depleted Nutrients
Reduce Side Effects
Support Medicine
Reduces Effectiveness
Potential Negative Interaction
Berberine, a chemical extracted from goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), barberry (Berberis vulgaris), and Oregon grape (Berberis aquifolium), has been shown to have antibacterial activity. One double-blind study found that giving 100 mg of berberine at the same time as 500 mg of tetracycline four times daily led to a reduction of the efficacy of tetracycline in people with cholera.25 Berberine may have decreased the absorption of tetracycline in this study. Another double-blind trial did not find that berberine interfered with tetracycline in cholera patients.26 Until more studies are completed to clarify this issue, berberine-containing herbs should not be taken simultaneously with tetracycline.
Explanation Required
Berberine is a chemical extracted from goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), barberry (Berberis vulgaris), and Oregon grape (Berberis aquifolium), which has antibacterial activity. However, one double-blind study found that 100 mg berberine given with tetracycline (a drug closely related to doxycycline) reduced the efficacy of tetracycline in people with cholera.27 In that trial, berberine may have decreased tetracycline absorption. Another double-blind trial found that berberine neither improved nor interfered with tetracycline effectiveness in cholera patients.28 Therefore, it remains unclear whether a significant interaction between berberine-containing herbs and doxycycline and related drugs exists.
Side Effects
Side Effects
Berberine has been reported to interfere with normal liver function in infants, raising a concern that it might worsen jaundice.29 For this reason, berberine-containing plants, including barberry, goldenseal, and Oregon grape should be used with caution during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Strong standardized extracts may cause stomach upset and should be used for no more than two weeks continuously. Other symptoms of excessive berberine intake include lethargy, nose bleed, skin and eye irritation, and kidney irritation.30
Related Information
1. Duke JA. CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1985, 78.
2. Hahn FE, Ciak J. Berberine. Antibiotics 1976;3:577-88 [review].
3. Mahajan VM, Sharma A, Rattan A. Antimycotic activity of berberine sulphate: an alkaloid from an Indian medicinal herb. Sabouraudia 1982;20:79-81.
4. Bhakat MP. Therapeutic trial of Berberine sulphate in non-specific gastroenteritis. Indian Med J 1974;68:19-23.
5. Kamat SA. Clinical trial with berberine hydrochloride for the control of diarrhoea in acute gastroenteritis. J Assoc Physicians India 1967;15:525-9.
6. Desai AB, Shah KM, Shah DM. Berberine in the treatment of diarrhoea. Indian Pediatr 1971;8:462-5.
7. Khin-Maung-U, Myo-Khin, Nyunt-Nyunt-Wai, et al. Clinical trial of berberine in acute watery diarrhoea. Br Med J 1985;291:1601-5.
8. Schulz V, Hänsel R, Tyler VE. Rational Phytotherapy: A Physician's Guide to Herbal Medicine. 3rd ed, Berlin: Springer, 1998, 168-73.
9. Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A, et al. (eds). The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Austin: American Botanical Council and Boston: Integrative Medicine Communications, 1998, 425-6.
10. Tewari JP, Srivastava MC, Bajpai JL. Pharmacologic studies of Achillea millefolium Linn. Indian J Med Sci 1994;28(8):331-6.
11. Gupte S. Use of berberine in treatment of giardiasis. Am J Dis Child 1975;129:866.
12. Choudhry VP, Sabir M, Bhide VN. Berberine in giardiasis. Indian Pediatr 1972;9:143-6.
13. Kaneda Y, Torii M, Tanaka T, Aikawa M. In vitro effects of berberine sulphate on the growth and structure of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1991;85:417-25.
14. Wiesenauer M, Lüdtke R. Mahonia aquifolium in patients with psoriasis vulgaris-an intraindividual study. Phytomedicine 1996;3:231-5.
15. Galle K, Müller-Jakic B, Proebstle A, et al. Analytical and pharmacological studies on Mahonia aquifolium. Phytomedicine 1994;1:59-62.
16. Melchart D, Linde K, Worku F, et al. Immunomodulation with echinacea-a systematic review of controlled clinical trials. Phytomedicine 1994;1:245-54 [review].
17. Amin AH, Subbaiah TV, Abbasi KM. Berberine sulfate: Antimicrobial activity, bioassay and mode of action. Can J Microbiol 1969;15:1067-76.
18. Subbaiah TV, Amin AH. Effect of berberine sulphate on Entamoeba histolytica. Nature 1967;215:527-8.
19. Sun D, Courtney HS, Beachey EH. Berberine sulfate blocks adherence of Streptococcus pyogenes to epithelial cells, fibronectin, and hexadecane. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1988;32:1370-4.
20. Rabbani GH, Butler T, Knight J, et al. Randomized controlled trial of berberine sulfate therapy for diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae. J Infect Dis 1987;155:979-84.
21. Kumazawa Y, Itagaki A, Fukumoto M, et al. Activation of peritoneal macrophages by berberine-type alkaloids in terms of induction of cytostatic activity. Int J Immunopharmacol 1984;6:587-92.
22. Wong CW, Seow WK, O'Callaghan JW, Thong YH. Comparative effects of tetrandrine and berbamine on subcutaneous air pouch inflammation induced by interleukin-1, tumour necrosis factor and platelet-activating factor. Agents Actions 1992;36:112-8.
23. Ju HS, Li XJ, Zhao BL, et al. Scavenging effect of berbamine on active oxygen radicals in phorbol ester-stimulated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 1990;39:1673-8.
24. Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C, et al. (eds). PDR for Herbal Medicines. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics, 1998, 688-90.
25. Khin-Maung-U, Myo-Khin, Nyunt-Nyunt-Wai, et al. Clinical trial of berberine in acute watery diarrhoea. Br Med J 1985;291:1601-5.
26. Rabbani GH, Butler T, Knight J, et al. Randomized controlled trial of berberine sulfate therapy for diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae. J Infect Dis 1987;155:979-84.
27. Khin-Maung-U, Myo-Khin, Nyunt-Nyunt-Wai, et al. Clinical trial of berberine in acute watery diarrhoea. Br Med J 1985;291:1601-5.
28. Rabbani GH, Butler T, Knight J, et al. Randomized controlled trial of berberine sulfate therapy for diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae. J Infect Dis 1987;155:979-84.
29. Chan E. Displacement of bilirubin from albumin by berberine. Biol Neonate 1993;63:201-8.
30. Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A, et al. (eds). The Complete Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Boston, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications, 1998, 309-10.
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Last Review: 06-08-2015
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I am Justin! I Absolutely LOVE and IDOLIZE Nicki Minaj! Can't wait for the album to release! 4.3.12 ROMANRELOADED!!!!!!!
Wed, Nov 17, 2010 at 4:53 PM
Songs I'm Most Excited ABOUT on PINKFRIDAY!!!!!!!
The songs that I am most looking forward to listening to are: I'm the Best Fly (Feat. Rihanna) Save Me Here I Am Last Chance (Feat. Natasha Bedingfield) and Super Bass (off of the deluxe version of the album) To me each of these songs represent me so much! I'm the Best - she mentions two of my best friends' names in it! *Look for them and tell me what they are! You can...


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Baby Quakers cockatiels and conures.$200
6 week old jenday. Still on 3 feedings a day. Will be ready for Easter.$400
Dusky conure baby still being hand feed. Will let go to experienced hand feeder.$450
Handfeeding white winged parakeet's. These are adorable little birds with big personalities.$200
Babies are 3 weeks old. Handfeeding three times a day. Will let go to experienced hand feeder.$350
2 male breeder parrotlets available. 125.00 each.$125
3 weeks old on 3 feedings a day. Will be ready around Easter.$250
Selling a year old Amazon Parrot for $950 or better offer. Price includes Rosa and the new cage. She is a good talker and she is also very sweet. I travel…$950
Maui Sunset Proven Breeding Pair: Female Blue and Gold & Male Red Fronted Macaws. Had this pair approximately 7 years. Moving and can not take them…$1,000
ZNo Price Listed