text:
Health Information
Weight Loss and Obesity (Holistic)Skip to the navigation
About This Condition
Aim for total nutrition with a multivitamin
Extra vitamins and minerals will help ensure your body gets the nutrition it needs, especially if you are avoiding certain foods.
Find a diet that fits
For long-term success, choose a healthy diet that you can stay with.
Create a custom exercise plan
Exercise you truly enjoy is much easier to stick to, so find activities that fit your personal style, fitness level, and workout opportunities.
Find support
Improve your chances for long-term weight loss by joining a group while you adjust to new diet and exercise habits.
Get a boost from pyruvate
Combining exercise with 6 to 10 grams a day of this supplement may help speed up your metabolism
Try 5-HTP
Taking 600 to 900 mg of 5-HTP (5-hydroxytryptophan) per day may help curb your appetite.
Eat healthy
Follow in the footsteps of successful long-term dieters by avoiding too much fat and eating a regular breakfast.
Control appetite by controlling blood sugar
Choose foods with a low-glycemic index to help avoid blood sugar swings that can stimulate cravings.
Maintain your weight with exercise
Make exercise a regular habit to help keep body weight stable.
Avoid the yo-yo
Adopt realistic diet and lifestyle changes you can stick with, and get help forming healthier habits, to avoid frequent ups and downs in weight.
Spice up your diet
Add cayenne pepper to your meals to help curb appetite and increase calorie burning.
About This Condition
About two-thirds of the adult U.S. population is overweight.1 Almost one-third not only exceeds ideal weight, but also meets the clinical criteria for obesity. In the 1990s, rates of obesity more than doubled, and are currently rising by over 5% per year.2 , 3 Excess body weight is implicated as a risk factor for many different disorders, including heart disease , diabetes , several cancers (such as breast cancer in postmenopausal women, and cancers of the uterus, colon , and kidney), prostate enlargement ( BPH ), female infertility , uterine fibroids, and gallstones , as well as several disorders of pregnancy, including gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and gestational hypertension.4 The location of excess body fat may affect the amount of health risk associated with overweight. Increased abdominal fat, which can be estimated by waist size, may be especially hazardous to long-term health.5 , 6
For overweight women, weight loss can significantly improve physical health. A four-year study of over 40,000 women found that weight loss in overweight women was associated with improved physical function and vitality as well as decreased bodily pain.7 The risk of death from all causes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, or other diseases increases in overweight men and women in all age groups.8 Losing weight and keeping it off is, unfortunately, very difficult for most people.9 , 10 However, repeated weight loss followed by weight regain may be unhealthy, as it has been associated with increased heart disease risk factors and bone loss in some studies.11 , 12 Rather than focusing on weight loss as the most important health outcome of a change in diet or lifestyle, some doctors advocate paying more attention to overall fitness and reduction in known risk factors for heart disease and other health hazards.13
Excess body mass has the one advantage of increasing bone mass-a protection against osteoporosis . Probably because of this, researchers have been able to show that people who successfully lose weight have greater loss of bone compared with those who do not lose weight.14 People who lose weight should, therefore, pay more attention to preventing osteoporosis.
Healthy Lifestyle Tips
Many doctors give overweight patients a pill, a pep talk, and a pamphlet about diet and exercise, but that combination leads only to minor weight loss.15 When overweight people attend group sessions aimed at changing eating and exercise patterns, keep daily records of food intake and exercise, and eat a specific low-calorie diet the outcome is much more successful. Group sessions where participants are given information and help on how to make lifestyle changes appear to improve the chances of losing weight and keeping it off. Such changes may include shopping from a list, storing foods out of sight, keeping portion sizes under control, and avoiding fast-food restaurants.
According to most short-term studies, the effect of exercise alone (without dietary restriction) on weight loss is small,16 , 17 partly because muscle mass often increases even while fat tissue is reduced,18 and perhaps because some exercising people will experience increased appetites. The long-term effect of regular exercise on weight loss is much better, and exercise appears to help people maintain weight loss.19 , 20 People who have successfully maintained weight loss for over two years report continuing high levels of physical activity.21 Combining exercise with healthier eating habits results in the best short- and long-term effects on weight loss,22 , 23 and should reduce the risk of many serious diseases.24 , 25 , 26
Avoid weight cycling
People who experience "weight cycling" (repetitive weight loss and gain) have a tendency toward binge eating (periods of compulsive overeating, but without the self-induced vomiting seen in bulimia ), according to a review of numerous studies focusing on weight loss.27 The researchers also found an association between weight cycling and depression or poor body image. The most successful weight-loss programs (in which weight stays off, mood stays even, and no binge eating occurs) appear to use a combination of moderate caloric restriction, moderate exercise, and behavior modification, including examination and adjustment of eating habits.
Eating Right
The right diet is the key to managing many diseases and to improving general quality of life. For this condition, scientific research has found benefit in the following healthy eating tips.
|Choose low-glycemic-index foods
Diets that emphasize choosing foods with a low glycemic index, such as vegetables and whole grains, have been shown to help control appetite in some studies.
Diets that emphasize choosing foods with a low glycemic index have been shown to help control appetite in some,28 , 29 , 30 though not all,31 controlled studies. A controlled study in two phases found no difference in weight loss between a low- and a high-glycemic-index diet in the first 12-week phase, but when the diets were switched for a second 12-week phase, the low-glycemic-index diet was significantly more effective for weight loss.32 A preliminary study reported that obese children using a low-glycemic-index diet lost more weight compared with a similar group using a low-fat diet.33
|Feast on fiber
Fiber adds bulk to the diet and tends to produce a sense of fullness, helping people eat fewer calories.
Adequate amounts of dietary fiber are believed to be important for people wishing to lose weight. Fiber adds bulk to the diet and tends to produce a sense of fullness, helping people consume fewer calories.34 While research on the effect of fiber intake on weight loss has not produced consistent results,35 a recent review of weight-loss trials that did not restrict calories concluded that higher fiber diets improved weight-loss results, especially in people who were overweight.36
|Try a low-carb, high-protein diet
Low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets are popular among people trying to lose weight. Some research suggests that their effectiveness is due to the fact that people eat fewer calories while on them.
Low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets such as the Atkins diet are very popular among people trying to lose weight. In a preliminary study, overweight individuals who adhered to a very-low-carbohydrate diet (25 grams per day initially, increased to 50 grams per day after a certain weight loss target was achieved), with no limit on total calorie intake, lost on average more than 10% of their body weight over a six-month period.37 The participants also engaged in aerobic exercise at least three times a week, so it is not clear how much of the weight loss was due to the diet. An analysis of other preliminary studies of this type of diet concluded that its effectiveness is primarily due to reduced calorie intake.38 Recently, three controlled trials found people using low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets lost more weight in six months than those using diets low in fat and calories.39 , 40 , 41 However, 20 to 40% of these dieters did not stay on their diets, and were not counted in the results. In addition, one of these trials continued for an additional six months, at the end of which there was no longer a significant difference in weight loss between the two diet groups. A recent 12-week controlled trial found that overweight adolescents also lost more weight with a low-carbohydrate diet than with a low-fat diet, even though they consumed 50% more calories than did the children on the low-fat diet.42 That study suggests that the weight loss occurring on the Atkins diet is not due entirely to calorie restriction. Blood tests suggest that low-carbohydrate diets induce a condition called mild metabolic acidosis, which might increase the risk of osteoporosis and kidney stones.
The effect of low-carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk is also an unresolved issue. The short-term studies discussed above found that blood cholesterol levels did not worsen with these diets. Other heart-disease risk factors (triglyceride levels and insulin sensitivity) actually improved with a low-carbohydrate diet. Some studies, however, have shown a worsening of certain cardiovascular risk factors in people using a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet for up to one year. Adverse changes included increases in blood levels of homocysteine, lipoprotein(a), and fibrinogen,43 and a decrease in blood flow to the heart.44 Individuals wishing to consume a very-low-carbohydrate diet for weight loss or for other reasons should be monitored by a doctor.
Some research has investigated weight-loss diets that are high in protein, but moderate in fat and not as low in carbohydrate content as the diets discussed above. While this type of diet does not usually lead to greater weight loss than other diets when calorie intakes are kept equal,45 one controlled trial found greater body fat loss in women eating a diet almost equal in calories and fat but approximately twice as high in protein and lower in carbohydrate compared with a control group's diet.46 Another controlled trial compared two diets similar in fat content but different in protein and carbohydrate content. People allowed to eat freely from the higher protein diet (25% of calories from protein, 45% calories from carbohydrate) consumed fewer calories and lost more weight compared with people eating the lower protein diet (12% of calories from protein, 59% calories from carbohydrate).47
One small study has shown that the most effective weight-loss diet for any particular person might depend on whether or not they have insulin resistance . In obese people with insulin resistance, weight loss was greater with a low-carbohydrate (40% of calories), high-fat (40% of calories) diet than with a high-carbohydrate (60% of calories), low-fat (20% of calories) diet. In contrast, obese people who did not have insulin resistance lost more weight on the high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet.
|Cut back on calories
People who have successfully lost weight report eating fewer snacks of low nutritional quality and eating breakfast regularly. They also report getting less calories from fat and more from protein.
Calories in the diet come from fat, carbohydrate, protein, or alcohol. Weight-loss diets are typically designed to limit calories either by restricting certain foods that are thought to result in increased calorie intake, and/or by emphasizing foods that are believed to result in reduced calorie intake. Some currently popular diets restrict fat while emphasizing fiber and a balanced intake of healthful foods. Others restrict carbohydrates, either to extremely low amounts as in the Atkins diet, or to a lesser degree, emphasizing foods low in the glycemic index or high in protein. Discussions of the research on these diets follow; however, it should be remembered that no diet has been proven effective for long-term weight loss, and many people find it difficult to stay on most diets.48 , 49
Low-fat, low-calorie, high-fiber, balanced diets are recommended by many doctors for weight loss.50 According to controlled studies, when people are allowed to eat as much food as they desire on a low-fat diet, they tend to lose more weight than people eating a regular diet.51 However, low-fat diets have not been shown to be more effective than other weight-loss diets that restrict calories.52 Nonetheless, a low-fat, high-fiber, balanced diet has additional potential benefits, such as reducing the risk of chronic diseases including heart disease and cancer.53 , 54
Preliminary research indicates that people who successfully lost weight got less of their total calories from fat and more of them from protein foods. They also ate fewer snacks of low nutritional quality and got more of their calories from "hot meals of good quality."55 Other preliminary studies find that dieters who maintain long-term weight loss report using fat restriction and eating a regular breakfast as key strategies in their success.56 , 57
|Find a diet that fits
For long-term success, choose a healthy diet that you can stay with. With each weight fluctuation, it becomes easier to gain weight and harder to lose it, so make changes that last.
People who go on and off diets frequently complain that it takes fewer calories to produce weight gain with each weight fluctuation. Evidence now clearly demonstrates that the body gets "stingier" in its use of calories after each diet.58 This means it becomes easier to gain weight and harder to lose it the next time. Dietary changes need to be long term.
|Choose breast-milk over formula
In one study, breast-feeding during infancy was associated with a reduced risk of developing obesity during early childhood (ages three to four).
In a preliminary study, breast-feeding during infancy was associated with a reduced risk of developing obesity during early childhood (ages three to four years).59
|Uncover food allergies
Although the relationship between food sensitivities and body weight remains uncertain, chronic food allergy may lead to overeating and obesity.
Although the relationship between food sensitivities and body weight remains uncertain, according to one researcher, chronic food allergy may lead to overeating and obesity.60
Our proprietary "Star-Rating" system was developed to help you easily understand the amount of scientific support behind each supplement in relation to a specific health condition. While there is no way to predict whether a vitamin, mineral, or herb will successfully treat or prevent associated health conditions, our unique ratings tell you how well these supplements are understood by some in the medical community, and whether studies have found them to be effective for other people.
For over a decade, our team has combed through thousands of research articles published in reputable journals. To help you make educated decisions, and to better understand controversial or confusing supplements, our medical experts have digested the science into these three easy-to-follow ratings. We hope this provides you with a helpful resource to make informed decisions towards your health and well-being.
3 Stars Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
2 Stars Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
1 Star For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support.
3 Stars
Daily multivitamin-mineral; follow label instructions
Extra vitamins and minerals help ensure people get the nutrition they needs, especially people on a weight-loss diet who are avoiding certain foods.
Diets that are low in total calories may not contain adequate amounts of various vitamins and minerals. For that reason, taking a multiple vitamin-mineral supplement is advocated by proponents of many types of weight-loss programs, and is essential when calorie intake will be less than 1,100 calories per day.61
3 Stars
6 to 10 grams daily combined with an exercise program
Combining exercise with pyruvate may help speed up your metabolism.
Pyruvate, a compound that occurs naturally in the body, might aid weight-loss efforts.62 A controlled trial found that pyruvate supplements (22 to 44 grams per day) enhanced weight loss and resulted in a greater reduction of body fat in overweight adults consuming a low-fat diet.63 Three controlled trials combining 6 to 10 grams per day of pyruvate with an exercise program reported greater effects on weight loss and body fat than that seen with a placebo plus the exercise program.64 , 65 , 66 Animal studies suggest that pyruvate supplementation leads to weight loss by increasing the resting metabolic rate.67
2 Stars
Take under medical supervision: 600 to 900 mg daily for no more than 12 weeks
5-HTP has been shown to reduce appetite and to promote weight loss.
5-HTP (5-hydroxytryptophan), the precursor to the chemical messenger (neurotransmitter) serotonin, has been shown in three short-term controlled trials to reduce appetite and to promote weight loss. In one of these trials (a 12-week double-blind trial), overweight women who took 600 to 900 mg of 5-HTP per day lost significantly more weight than did women who received a placebo. In a double-blind trial with no dietary restrictions, obese people with type 2(non-insulin-dependent) who took 750 mg per dayof 5-HTP for two weeks significantly reduced their carbohydrate and fat intake. Average weight loss in two weeks was 4.6 pounds, compared with 0.2 pounds in the placebo group. This amount has not been established as a safe long-term treatment and should not be tried without a doctor's supervision; people taking antidepressants or other medications should be aware of potential drug interactions.
2 Stars
100 mg twice per day
7-KETO has been shown to promote weight loss in overweight people.
The ability of 7-KETO (3-acetyl-7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone), a substance related to DHEA , to promote weight loss in overweight people has been investigated in one double-blind trial.68 Participants in the trial were advised to exercise three times per week for 45 minutes and to eat an 1,800-calorie-per-day diet. Each person was given either a placebo or 100 mg of 7-KETO twice daily. After eight weeks, those receiving 7-KETO had lost more weight and lowered their percentage of body fat further compared with those taking a placebo. These results may have been due to increases in levels of a thyroid hormone (T3) that plays a major role in determining a person's metabolic rate, although the levels of T3 did not exceed the normal range.
2 Stars
Alpha Lipoic Acid
Refer to label instructions
In one trial, obese people who supplemented with alpha-lipoic acid lost a statistically significant amount of weight, compared with a placebo. In another trial, supplementation with alpha-lipoic acid enhanced weight loss in overweight and obese women who were consuming a low-calorie diet.
In a double-blind trial, obese people who supplemented with alpha-lipoic acid (1,200 or 1,800 mg per day for 20 weeks) resulted in a statistically significant weight loss, compared with a placebo. The amount of weight lost was 6.1 pounds with 1,800 mg per day of alpha-lipoic acid, 3.3 pounds with 1,200 mg per day, and 2.1 pounds with placebo.69 The weight loss was due primarily to a loss of fat mass, as opposed to muscle mass. It is not clear how alpha-lipoic acid works, but it may work by increasing the conversion of fuel to energy in the body. In another double-blind trial, supplementation with alpha-lipoic acid (300 mg per day for 10 weeks) enhanced weight loss in overweight and obese women who were consuming a low-calorie diet. Women who received alpha-lipoic acid lost an average of 3.3 pounds more than women who received a placebo.70
2 Stars
Borage Oil
5 grams (providing 890 mg of gamma-linolenic acid) per day
In one study, supplementing with borage oil helped reduce the amount of weight regained by obese people who had previously shed pounds.
In a double-blind study of obese people who had previously lost an average of about 66 pounds, supplementation with 5 grams of borage oil per day (providing 890 mg per day of gamma-linolenic acid) significantly reduced the average amount of weight regained over the next 12 months (4.8 pounds versus 19.3 pounds in the placebo group).71 It is believed that borage oil worked by correcting certain abnormalities of essential fatty acid metabolism that are common in people predisposed to obesity.
2 Stars
800 mg daily
In a study of obese people following a low-calorie diet, those receiving a calcium supplement lost significantly more weight than those given a placebo.
Caution: Calcium supplements should be avoided by prostate cancer patients.
In a study of obese people consuming a low-calorie diet for 24 weeks, those receiving a calcium supplement (800 mg per day) lost significantly more weight than those given a placebo.72 Calcium was effective when provided either as a supplement, or in the form of dairy products. In a second study, however, the amount of weight loss resulting from calcium supplementation (1,000 mg per day) was small and not statistically significant.73 In that study, participants' typical diet contained more calcium than in the study in which calcium supplementation was more effective. Thus, it is possible that calcium supplementation enhances weight loss only when the diet is low in calcium.
2 Stars
Casein Protein
Refer to label instructions
Casein protein in milk may aid weight loss due to its effect on appetite, calorie burning, and body composition.
Casein, the main protein in milk, may aid weight loss due to its effect on appetite, calorie burning, and body composition.74 , 75 In a controlled trial, overweight women dieted for four months using a low-calorie diet that included three daily shakes made from either casein or soy protein.76 Both groups lost similar amounts of weight, with similar improvements in body composition, suggesting there was no difference in the weight-loss benefits of soy or casein protein. In another controlled trial, overweight men were given a low-calorie diet along with a weight training exercise plan for three months. Men who followed this plan and also took 1.5 grams per day of predigested casein protein per 2.2 lbs body weight lost a similar amount of weight as did men using a similar amount of whey protein along with the same diet and exercise plan. However, the men using casein protein gained more lean body mass and lost more body fat than the men using whey protein.77
2 Stars
Add 6 to 10 grams to each meal
Incorporating cayenne pepper into the diet may promote weight loss by reducing hunger and calories consumed and increasing the calories the body burns.
Research has suggested that incorporating cayenne pepper into the diet may help people lose weight. Controlled studies report that adding 6 to 10 grams of cayenne to a meal or 28 grams to an entire day's diet reduces hunger after meals and reduces calories consumed during subsequent meals.78 , 79 Other controlled studies have reported that calorie burning by the body increases slightly when 10 grams of cayenne is added to a meal or 28 grams is added to an entire day's diet 80 , 81 , 82 However, no studies have been done to see if regularly adding cayenne to the diet has any effect on weight loss.
2 Stars
Refer to label instructions
Chitosan is a fiber-like substance that may reduce fat absorption. One study found it to be an effective weight-loss aid.
Chitosan is a fiber-like substance extracted from the shells of crustaceans such as shrimp and crab. Animal studies suggested that chitosan supplementation reduces fat absorption, but controlled human trials have found no impairment of fat absorption from supplementation with 2,700 mg of chitosan per day for seven days or 5,250 mg per day for four days.83 , 84 A double-blind study found that people taking 1,500 mg of chitosan three times per day during a weight-loss program lost significantly more weight than did people taking a placebo with the same program.85 Similar benefits were seen in another double-blind study that used 3,000 mg of chitosan per day.86 Other studies using smaller amounts of chitosan have reported no effects on weight loss.87 , 88 , 89
2 Stars
Conjugated Linoleic Acid
3.2 to 4.2 grams daily
Though the evidence is conflicting, some studies have shown CLA to be effective at helping people lose body fat.
A double-blind trial found that exercising individuals taking 1,800 mg per day of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) lost more body fat after 12 weeks than did a similar group taking a placebo.90 However, two other studies found that amounts of CLA from 0.7 to 3.0 grams per day did not affect body composition.91 , 92 Most double-blind trials have found that larger amounts of CLA, 3.2 to 4.2 grams per day, do reduce body fat;93 , 94 , 95 , 96 however, one double-blind study of experienced strength-training athletes reported no effect of 6 grams per day of CLA on body fat, muscle mass, or strength improvement.97
2 Stars
5 to 7 grams daily
Several trials have shown that fiber supplementation from a variety of sources accelerated weight loss in people who were following a low-calorie diet.
Fiber supplements are one way to add fiber to a weight-loss diet. Several trials have shown that supplementation with fiber from a variety of sources accelerated weight loss in people who were following a low-calorie diet.98 , 99 , 100 , 101 Other researchers found, however, that fiber supplements had no effect on body weight, even though they resulted in a reduction in food intake.102
2 Stars
Adults: 3 to 4 grams daily; adolescents: 2 to 3 grams daily
Supplementing with glucomannan, a bulking agent, has promoted weight loss in overweight adults.
Supplementing with 3 to 4 grams per day of a bulking agent called glucomannan, with or without calorie restriction, has promoted weight loss in overweight adults,103 , 104 , 105 while 2 to 3 grams per day was effective in a group of obese adolescents in another controlled trial.106
2 Stars
Green Tea
An extract supplying 270 mg of EGCG and 150 mg of caffeine per day
Green tea extract rich in polyphenols may support a weight-loss program by increasing energy expenditure or by inhibiting fat digestion.
Green tea extract rich in polyphenols (epigallocatechin gallate, or EGCG) may support a weight-loss program by increasing energy expenditure or by inhibiting the digestion of fat in the intestine.107 Healthy young men who took two green tea capsules (containing a total of 50 mg of caffeine and 90 mg of EGCG) three times a day burned significantly more calories and oxidized significantly more fat than those who took caffeine alone or a placebo. In a preliminary study of moderately obese individuals, administration of a specific green tea extract (AR25) resulted in a 4.6% reduction in average body weight after 12 weeks. The amount of green tea extract used in this study supplied daily 270 mg of EGCG and 150 mg of caffeine.
While caffeine is known to stimulate metabolism, it appears that other substances besides caffeine were responsible for at least part of the weight loss. Although the extract produced few side effects, one individual developed abnormal liver function tests during the study. In another study, consuming approximately 12 ounces of oolong tea (a semifermented version of green tea) daily for 12 weeks reduced waist circumference and the amount of body fat in a group of normal-weight to overweight men. However, in another study, 300 mg per day of EGCG was no more effective than a placebo for promoting weight loss in overweight postmenopausal women.108 Additional studies are needed to confirm the safety and effectiveness of green tea extracts for promoting weight loss.
2 Stars
3 grams per day or 17 mg per pound of body weight per day
HMB may improve muscle growth and overall body composition when combined with an exercise program in people who are not already highly trained athletes.
Biochemical and animal research show that HMB has a role in protein synthesis and might, therefore, improve muscle growth and overall body composition when given as a supplement. However, double-blind human research suggests that HMB may only be effective when combined with an exercise program in people who are not already highly trained athletes. Double-blind trials found no effect of 3 to 6 grams per day of HMB on body weight, body fat, or overall body composition in weight-training football players or other trained athletes.109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 However, one double-blind study found that 3 grams per day of HMB increased the amount of body fat lost by 70-year old adults who were participating in a strength-training program for the first time.114 A double-blind study of young men with no strength-training experience reported greater improvements in muscle mass (but not in percentage body fat) when HMB was used in the amount of 17 mg per pound of body weight per day.115 However, another group of men in the same study given twice as much HMB did not experience any changes in body composition.
2 Stars
Take under medical supervision: enough to supply 5 mg of yohimbine four times per day
Yohimbine, a chemical found in yohimbe bark, may help weight loss by raising metabolic rate, reducing appetite, and increasing fat burning.
The ability of yohimbine, a chemical found in yohimbe bark, to stimulate the nervous system, 116 , 117 and to promote the release of fat from fat cells,118 , 119 has led to claims that it might help weight loss by raising metabolic rate, reducing appetite, or increase fat burning. Although a preliminary trial found yohimbine ineffective for weight loss, a double-blind study found that women taking 5 mg of yohimbine four times per day along with a weight-loss diet lost significantly more weight than those taking a placebo with the same diet after three weeks.120 However, a similar study using 18 mg per day of yohimbine for eight weeks reported no benefit to weight loss compared with a placebo.121 A double-blind study of men who were not dieting reported no effect of up to 43 mg per day of yohimbine on weight or body composition after six months.122 All of these studies used pure yohimbine; no study has tested the effects of yohimbe herb on weight loss.
1 Star
Amylase Inhibitors
Refer to label instructions
Amylase inhibitors contain substances that prevent dietary carbohydrates from being absorbed by the body and may aid in weight loss.
Amylase inhibitors are also known as starch blockers because they contain substances that prevent dietary starches from being absorbed by the body. Starches are complex carbohydrates that cannot be absorbed unless they are first broken down by the digestive enzyme amylase and other, secondary, enzymes.123 , 124 When starch blockers were first developed years ago, they were found not to be potent enough to prevent the absorption of a significant amount of carbohydrate.125 , 126 , 127 , 128 Recently, highly concentrated starch blockers have been shown to be more effective,129 , 130 , 131 but no published human studies exist investigating their usefulness for weight loss.
1 Star
Bitter Orange
Refer to label instructions
Bitter orange contains synephrine, which might promote weight loss.
Although historically used to stimulate appetite, bitter orange is frequently found in modern weight-loss formulas because synephrine is similar to the compound ephedrine, which is known to promote weight loss. In one study of 23 overweight adults, participants taking a daily intake of bitter orange (975 mg) combined with caffeine (525 mg) and St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum, 900 mg) for six weeks lost significantly more body weight and fat than the control group.132 No adverse effects on heart rate or blood pressure were found. Bitter orange standardized to contain 4 to 6% synephrine had an anti-obesity effect in rats. However, the amount used to achieve this effect was accompanied by cardiovascular toxicity and mortality.133
1 Star
Blue-Green Algae
Refer to label instructions
Blue-green algae, or spirulina, is a rich source of protein, vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty acids. It has been promoted as a weight-loss aid, but this claim has not been proven by research.
Blue-green algae, or spirulina, is a rich source of protein, vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty acids. In one double-blind trial, overweight people who took 2.8 grams of spirulina three times per day for four weeks experienced only small and statistically nonsignificant weight loss.134 Thus, although spirulina has been promoted as a weight-loss aid, the scientific evidence supporting its use for this purpose is weak.
1 Star
Refer to label instructions
A review of several studies concluded that supplementing with chromium picolinate may have a beneficial effect on weight loss.
The mineral chromium plays an essential role in the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats and in the action of insulin. Chromium, usually in a form called chromium picolinate, has been studied for its potential role in altering body composition. Chromium has primarily been studied in body builders, with conflicting results.135 In people trying to lose weight, a double-blind study found that 600 mcg per day of niacin-bound chromium helped some participants lose more fat and less muscle.136 However, three other double-blind trials have found no effect of chromium picolinate on weight loss,137 , 138 , 139 though in one of these trials lean body mass that was lost during a weight-loss diet was restored by continuing to supplement chromium after the diet. A recent comprehensive review combining the results of ten published and unpublished double-blind studies concluded that chromium picolinate supplementation may have a small beneficial effect on weight loss.140
1 Star
Refer to label instructions
Coleus has been recommended by practitioners of herbal medicine for weight loss.
Although no clinical trials have been done, there are modern references to use of the herb coleus for weight loss.141 Coleus extracts standardized to 18% forskolin are available, and 50 to 100 mg can be taken two to three times per day. Fluid extract can be taken in the amount of 2 to 4 ml three times per day.
1 Star
Refer to label instructions
DHEA has been shown to help decrease body fat in men.
One double-blind trial found 100 mg per day of DHEA was effective for decreasing body fat in older men,142 and another double-blind trial found 1,600 mg per day decreased body fat and increased muscle mass in younger men,143. However, DHEA has not been effective for improving body composition in women or in other studies of men.144 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151
1 Star
Egg Protein
Refer to label instructions
Egg protein may reduce appetite and help induce weight loss.
High-protein diets have been shown to help prevent and treat obesity.152 , 153 Researchers have found in a number of studies that, compared to eating carbohydrates in the morning, eating an egg breakfast is associated with appetite reduction and reduced calorie intake that could lead to weight loss in overweight and obese people.154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 158 A mid-day egg meal has also been found to induce more of a sense of fullness than a carbohydrate-rich meal.159 How egg protein compares to whole eggs and to other protein supplements for reducing appetite and calorie consumption is not yet known.
1 Star
Refer to label instructions
Animal studies suggest that fucoxanthin, an antioxidant found naturally in some types of seaweed, might prevent the growth of fat tissue and reduce abdominal fat.
Fucoxanthin is a member of the carotenoid family, and is found naturally in some types of seaweed, such as wakame. Animal studies by one group of researchers suggest that fucoxanthin might prevent the growth of fat tissue and reduce abdominal fat.160 , 161 , 162 However, no studies have been done to see if this effect is achievable in humans, and one study found that fucoxanthin present in seaweed was absorbed quite poorly from the human digestive tract.163 Human research is needed to understand the value, if any, of fucoxanthin for helping with weight loss.
1 Star
Garcinia cambogia
Refer to label instructions
HCA may aid in weight loss by suppressing appetite and by reducing the conversion of carbohydrates into stored fat.
(-)-Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), extracted from the rind of the Garcinia cambogia fruit grown in Southeast Asia, has a chemical composition similar to that of citric acid (the primary acid in oranges and other citrus fruits). Preliminary studies in animals suggest that HCA may be a useful weight-loss aid.164 , 165 HCA has been demonstrated in the laboratory (but not yet in clinical trials with people) to reduce the conversion of carbohydrates into stored fat by inhibiting certain enzyme processes.166 , 167 Animal research indicates that HCA suppresses appetite and induces weight loss.168 , 169 , 170 , 171 However, a double-blind trial found that people who took 1,500 mg per day of HCA while eating a low-calorie diet for 12 weeks lost no more weight than those taking a placebo.172 A double-blind trial of Garcinia cambogia (2.4 grams of dry extract, containing 50% hydroxycitric acid) found that the extract did not increase energy expenditure; it was therefore concluded that this extract showed little potential for the treatment of obesity at this amount.173 Nonetheless, another double-blind trial found that using the same amount of Garciniacambogia extract significantly improved the results of a weight-loss diet, even though the amount of food intake was not affected.174
1 Star
Green Coffee Extract
Extract providing 400 to 450 mg of chlorogenic acids per day
Some research has suggested that green coffee extracts taken as supplements or in food may support weight loss.
Animal research suggests that green coffee extract and its major component, chlorogenic acid, may help with weight loss and reducing abdominal fat.175 , 176 An uncontrolled human study found that people who drank 750 ml per day of coffee containing green coffee bean constituents for four weeks ate fewer calories and lost weight.177 In a controlled study, overweight people who drank a coffee beverage containing green coffee extract (providing 400 to 450 mg of chlorogenic acids per day) for 12 weeks lost an average of about 12 pounds and 3.6% body fat compared to less than 4 pounds and an insignificant amount of body fat lost by people who drank a similar amount of coffee without added green coffee extracts.178 Another controlled study reported a statistically significant 11 pound weight loss after 60 days when overweight people took 400 mg per day of green coffee extracts (providing 180 mg of chlorogenic acids per day), compared to about a five pound loss in people taking a placebo.179 The green coffee extracts group also significantly raised their ratio of lean body tissue to body fat compared to the control group. However, since these studies lasted only 12 weeks or less, more research is needed to determine if green coffee extract can help people accomplish long-term weight loss. In addition, at least one human study supporting green coffee extract's effect on weight loss has been retracted due to methodological problems, raising suspicion about research relating to green coffee extract and weight loss.
1 Star
Guar Gum
Refer to label instructions
Guar gum, another type of fiber supplement, has not been effective in controlled studies for weight loss or weight maintenance.
Guar gum, another type of fiber supplement, has not been effective in controlled studies for weight loss or weight maintenance.180 , 181 , 182
1 Star
Refer to label instructions
Guaraná contains caffeine and the closely related alkaloids theobromine and theophylline, these compounds may curb appetite and increase weight loss.
The herb guaraná contains caffeine and the closely related alkaloids theobromine and theophylline ; these compounds may curb appetite and increase weight loss. Caffeine's effects are well known and include central nervous system stimulation, increased metabolic rate, and a mild diuretic effect.183 In a double-blind trial, 200 mg per day of caffeine was, however, no more effective than a placebo in promoting weight loss.184 Because of concerns about potential adverse effects, many doctors do not advocate using caffeine or caffeine-like substances to reduce weight.
1 Star
Refer to label instructions
Coupled with exercise, a combination of guggul, phosphate salts, hydroxycitrate, and tyrosine was shown in one study to improve mood and weight loss in overweight adults.
Coupled with exercise in a double-blind trial, a combination of guggul, phosphate salts, hydroxycitrate, and tyrosine has been shown to improve mood with a slight tendency to improve weight loss in overweight adults.185 Daily recommendations for guggul are typically based on the amount of guggulsterones in the extract. A common intake of guggulsterones is 25 mg three times per day. Most guggul extracts contain 5 to 10% guggulsterones and can be taken daily for 12 to 24 weeks.
1 Star
Hemp Protein
Refer to label instructions
Increasing protein intake with hemp protein may help promote healthy weight loss.
Researchers have found that a high-protein diet might help reduce appetite and improve blood glucose control,186 help people lose weight and keep it off,187 and help preserve muscle mass during weight loss.188 Although most hemp protein supplements have less protein than other protein supplements, they are higher in fiber, which has also been shown to reduce appetite, improve glucose metabolism, and contribute to weight management.189 Whether hemp protein has real benefits or drawbacks compared to other sources of protein for people trying to lose weight is not known.
1 Star
Read details for information
One study found hoodia to be effective at curbing appetite.
One small, double-blind study in humans found that hoodia latex and inner plant can significantly reduce food intake. However, in another double-blind study, hoodia extract taken twice a day for 15 days had no effect on caloric intake or body weight compared with a placebo. Adverse effects of hoodia included nausea, vomiting, and increases in blood pressure and bilirubin levels (a possible indicator of liver stress).190 Available products are of unknown quality and much more work remains to be done to determine if hoodia has a role in treating obesity.191
1 Star
Refer to label instructions
The amino acid L-carnitine is thought to be potentially helpful for weight loss because of its role in fat metabolism.
The amino acid L-carnitine is thought to be potentially helpful for weight loss because of its role in fat metabolism. In a preliminary study of overweight adolescents participating in a diet and exercise program, those who took 1,000mg of L-carnitine per day for three months lost significantly more weight than those who took a placebo.192 A weakness of this trial, however, was the fact that the average starting body weight differed considerably between the two groups. A double-blind trial found that adding 4,000 mg of L-carnitine per day to an exercise program did not result in weight loss in overweight women.193
1 Star
Refer to label instructions
Animal research and preliminary human reports suggest that serotonin precursors such as L-tryptophan might help control appetite and promote weight loss.
Animal research and preliminary human reports suggest that serotonin precursors such as L-tryptophan or 5-HTP (5-hydroxytryptophan) might help control appetite and promote weight loss.194 , 195 In a controlled study, increasing L-tryptophan supplementation one hour before a meal from 1 gram to 2 grams to three grams resulted in progressively fewer calories and carbohydrates being consumed during the meal at the higher L-tryptophan dosages.196 While this effect might lead to weight loss over time, a small double-blind trial did not find a significant benefit from taking 1 gram of L-tryptophan before each meal as part of a six-week weight loss program.197 Weight-loss diets result in lower L-tryptophan and serotonin levels in women,198 which could theoretically trigger cravings and make dieting more difficult.199 More research is needed to determine whether L-tryptophan might improve the results of a long-term weight loss diet.
1 Star
Pea Protein
Refer to label instructions
Pea protein can be part of a high-protein diet. High-protein diets have been shown to help prevent and treat obesity.200, 201
Pea protein is rich in branched-chain amino acids that have specifically been found to aid in weight loss and improve body composition.202 Pea protein may also affect weight loss by reducing appetite. Compared to whey protein and milk protein, 15 grams of pea protein was found to be better at inducing satiety (a sense of fullness) in overweight people.203 In a study looking at protein supplements and food consumption in healthy weight men, 20 grams of pea protein was as effective as casein protein and better than whey and egg protein at increasing fullness and reducing calorie intake when taken 30 minutes before a meal. None of the protein supplements reduced appetite or calorie intake when taken immediately before a meal.204
1 Star
Refer to label instructions
Manufacturers of relora claim that the extract helps balance hormones such as cortisol, which are associated with weight gain.
Manufacturers of relora, a product derived from Magnolia officinalis and Phellodendron amurense bark, claim that the extract helps balance hormones such as cortisol, which are associated with weight gain. Healthnotes has not seen published research demonstrating that relora promotes weight loss.
1 Star
Rice Protein
Refer to label instructions
Dieters who are gluten or dairy sensitive and looking to supplement protein might consider rice protein, though its actual benefits for weight loss have not been studied.
Dieters who are gluten or dairy sensitive and looking to supplement protein might consider rice protein, though its actual benefits for weight loss have not been studied.
1 Star
Refer to label instructions
Sesamin is substance present in sesame oil that manufacturers claim may enhance fat burning by increasing the activity of several liver enzymes that break down fatty acids,.
Sesamin is substance present in sesame oil that manufacturers claim may enhance fat burning by increasing the activity of several liver enzymes that break down fatty acids. It is believed that optimizing the liver's fat-burning capacity may promote fat loss; however, Healthnotes has not seen published research to support the claims.
1 Star
Refer to label instructions
Soy appears to have several effects on the body that might help with weight loss.
Animal and human studies have suggested that when soy is used as a source of dietary protein, it may have several biological effects on the body that might help with weight loss.205 A preliminary study found that people trying to lose weight using a meal-replacement formula containing soy protein lost more weight than a group not using any formula.206 However, controlled studies comparing soy protein with other protein sources in weight-loss diets have not found any advantage of soy.207 , 208 , 209 When soy protein is used for other health benefits, typical daily intake is 20 grams per day or more.
1 Star
Whey Protein
Refer to label instructions
Whey protein may aid weight loss due to its appetite-suppressing effect.
Whey protein may aid weight loss due to its effect on appetite. In a preliminary study, people were given 48 grams of either whey protein or milk protein (casein). Whey consumption resulted in more hunger satisfaction and reduced the amount of food eaten 90 minutes later compared with casein consumption.210 However, a double-blind study found that men taking 1.5 grams per 2.2 lbs body weight per day of whey protein for 12 weeks along with a low-calorie diet and a strength training exercise program lost the same amount of weight and body fat as did a control group that followed a similar program, but took a casein supplement instead of whey protein.211
Related Information
- Weight Management Health Center
- Glycemic Index Diet
- Get Your Diet Back on Track
1. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults 1999-2000 JAMA 2002;288:1723-7.
2. Mokdad AH, Serdula MK, Dietz WH, et al. The continuing epidemic of obesity in the United States. JAMA 2000;284:1650-1 [letter].
3. Lewis CE, Jacobs DR Jr, McCreath H, et al. Weight gain continues in the 1990s: 10-year trends in weight and overweight from the CARDIA study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults. Am J Epidemiol 2000;151:1172-81.
4. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report. NIH Publication No. 98-4083. Washington DC: National Institutes of Health, 1998.
5. Emery EM, Schmid TL, Kahn HS, Filozof PP. A review of the association between abdominal fat distribution, health outcome measures, and modifiable risk factors. Am J Health Promot 1993;7:342-53 [review].
6. Brochu M, Poehlman ET, Ades PA. Obesity, body fat distribution, and coronary artery disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2000;20:96-108 [review.]
7. Fine JT, Colditz GA, Coakley EG, et al. A prospective study of weight change and health-related quality of life in women. JAMA 1999;282:2136-42.
8. Calle EE, Thun MJ, Petrelli JM, et al. Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1097-105.
9. Miller WC. How effective are traditional dietary and exercise interventions for weight loss? Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999;31:1129-34 [review].
10. Kassirer JP, Angell M. Losing weight-an ill-fated New Year's resolution. N Engl J Med 1998;338:52-4.
11. Muls E, Kempen K, Vansant G, Saris W. Is weight cycling detrimental to health? A review of the literature in humans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1995;19 Suppl 3:S46-S50 [review].
12. Brownell KD, Rodin J. Medical, metabolic, and psychological effects of weight cycling. Arch Intern Med1994;154:1325-30 [review].
13. Miller WC, Jacob AV. The health at any size paradigm for obesity treatment: the scientific evidence. Obes Rev 2001;2:37-45 [review].
14. Salamone LM, Cauley JA, Black DM, et al. Effect of a lifestyle intervention on bone mineral density in premenopausal women: a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:97-103.
15. Wadden TA, Berkowitz RI, Sarwer DB, et al. Benefits of lifestyle modification in the pharmacologic treatment of obesity. A randomized trial. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:218-27.
16. Votruba SB, Horvitz MA, Schoeller DA. The role of exercise in the treatment of obesity. Nutrition 2000;16:179-88.
17. Miller WC, Koceja DM, Hamilton EJ. A meta-analysis of the past 25 years of weight-loss research using diet, exercise or diet plus exercise intervention. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997;21:941-7.
18. Pritchard JE, Nowson CA, Wark JD. A worksite program for overweight middle-aged men achieves lesser weight loss with exercise than with dietary change. J Am Diet Assoc 1997 Jan;97:37-42.
19. Miller WC, Koceja DM, Hamilton EJ. A meta-analysis of the past 25 years of weight-loss research using diet, exercise or diet plus exercise intervention. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997;21:941-7.
20. Pavlou KN, Krey S, Steffee WP. Exercise as an adjunct to weight loss and maintenance in moderately obese subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;49(5 Suppl):1115-23.
21. Wing RR, Hill JO. Successful weight-loss maintenance. Annu Rev Nutr 2001;21:323-41.
22. Racette SB, Schoeller DA, Kushner RF, Neil KM. Exercise enhances dietary compliance during moderate energy restriction in obese women. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;62:345-9.
23. Miller WC, Koceja DM, Hamilton EJ. A meta-analysis of the past 25 years of weight-loss research using diet, exercise or diet plus exercise intervention. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997;21:941-7.
24. Cummings S, Parham ES, Strain GW; American Dietetic Association. Position of the American Dietetic Association: weight management. J Am Diet Assoc 2002 Aug;102:1145-55.
25. Jakicic JM, Clark K, Coleman E, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Appropriate intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33:2145-56 [review].
26. Riebe D, Greene GW, Ruggiero L, et al. Evaluation of a healthy-lifestyle approach to weight management. Prev Med 2003;36:45-54.
27. National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Dieting and the Development of Eating Disorders in Overweight and Obese Adults. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:2581-9.
28. Ball SD, Keller KR, Moyer-Mileur LJ, et al. Prolongation of satiety after low versus moderately high glycemic index meals in obese adolescents. Pediatrics 2003;111:488-94.
29. Dumesnil JG, Turgeon J, Tremblay A, et al. Effect of a low-glycaemic index-low-fat-high protein diet on the atherogenic metabolic risk profile of abdominally obese men. Br J Nutr 2001;86:557-68.
30. Roberts SB. High-glycemic index foods, hunger, and obesity: is there a connection? Nutr Rev 2000;58:163-9 [review].
31. Raben A. Should obese patients be counselled to follow a low glycaemic diet? No. Obesity Rev 2002;3:245-56 [review].
32. Slabber M, Barnard HC, Kuyl JM, et al. Effects of a low-insulin-response, energy-restricted diet on weight loss and plasma insulin concentrations in hyperinsulinemic obese females. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60:48-53.
33. Spieth LE, Harnish JD, Lenders CM, et al. A low-glycemic index diet in the treatment of pediatric obesity. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000;154:947-51.
34. Burton-Freeman B. Dietary fiber and energy regulation. J Nutr 2000;130(2S Suppl):272S-275S [review].
35. Saltzman E, Roberts SB. Soluble fiber and energy regulation. Current knowledge and future directions. Adv Exp Med Biol 1997;427:89-97 [review].
36. Howarth NC, Saltzman E, Roberts SB. Dietary fiber and weight regulation. Nutr Rev 2001;59:129-39 [review].
37. Westman EC, Yancy WS, Edman JS, et al. Effect of 6-month adherence to a very low carbohydrate diet program. Am J Med 2002;113:30-6.
38. Bravata DM, Sanders L, Huang J, et al. Efficacy and safety of low-carbohydrate diets: a systematic review. JAMA 2003;289:1837-50 [review].
39. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2082-90.
40. Samaha FF, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, et al. A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2074-81.
41. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels SR, D'Alessio DA. A randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1617-23.
42. Sondike SB, Copperman N, Jacobson MS. Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factor in overweight adolescents. J Pediatr 2003;142:253-8.
43. Fleming RM. The effect of high-, moderate-, and low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Prev Cardiol 2002;5:110-8.
44. Fleming RM. The effect of high-protein diets on coronary blood flow. Angiology 2000;51:817-26.
45. Eisenstein J, Roberts SB, Dallal G, Saltzman E. High-protein weight-loss diets: are they safe and do they work? A review of the experimental and epidemiologic data. Nutr Rev 2002;60:189-200 [review].
46. Layman DK, Boileau RA, Erickson DJ, et al. A reduced ratio of dietary carbohydrate to protein improves body composition and blood lipid profiles during weight loss in adult women. J Nutr 2003;133:411-7.
47. Skov AR, Toubro S, Ronn B, et al. Randomized trial on protein vs carbohydrate in ad libitum fat reduced diet for the treatment of obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999;23:528-36.
48. Miller WC. How effective are traditional dietary and exercise interventions for weight loss? Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999;31:1129-34 [review].
49. Kassirer JP, Angell M. Losing weight-an ill-fated New Year's resolution. N Engl J Med 1998;338:52-4.
50. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report. NIH Publication No. 98-4083. Washington DC: National Institutes of Health, 1998.
51. Astrup A, Grunwald GK, Melanson EL, et al. The role of low-fat diets in body weight control: a meta-analysis of ad libitum dietary intervention studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:1545-52 [review].
52. Pirozzo S, Summerbell C, Cameron C, Glasziou P. Advice on low-fat diets for obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;(2):CD003640 [review].
53. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001;285:2486-97.
54. Potter J, ed. World Cancer Research Fund in association with American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. Washington, DC: American Institute for Cancer Research; 1997.
55. Andersson I, Lennernas M, Rossner S. Meal pattern and risk factor evaluation in one-year completers of a weight reduction program for obese men-the study. J Intern Med 2000;247:30-8.
56. Shick SM, Wing RR, Klem ML, et al. Persons successful at long-term weight loss and maintenance continue to consume a low-energy, low-fat diet. J Am Diet Assoc 1998;98:408-13.
57. Wyatt HR, Grunwald GK, Mosca CL, et al. Long-term weight loss and breakfast in subjects in the National Weight Control Registry. Obes Res 2002;10:78-82.
58. Muls E, Kempen K, Vansant G, Saris W. Is weight cycling detrimental to health? A review of the literature in humans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1995;19 Suppl 3:S46-S50 [review].
59. Armstrong J, Reilly JJ, Child Health Information Team. Breastfeeding and lowering the risk of childhood obesity. Lancet 2002;359:2003-4.
60. Randolph TG. Masked food allergy as a factor in the development and persistence of obesity. J Lab Clin Med 1947;32:1547.
61. Pi-Sunyer FX. "Obesity." In Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1999,1410.
62. Stanko RT, Tietze DL, Arch JE. Body composition, energy utilization, and nitrogen metabolism with a 4.25-MJ/d low-energy diet supplemented with pyruvate. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:630-5.
63. Stanko RT, Reynolds HR, Hoyson R, et al. Pyruvate supplementation of a low-cholesterol, low-fat diet: Effects on plasma lipid concentration and body composition in hyperlipidemic patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59:423-7.
64. Kalman D, Colker CM, Wilets I, et al. The effects of pyruvate supplementation on body composition in overweight individuals. Nutrition 1999;15:337-40.
65. Kalman D, Colker CM, Stark S, et al. Effect of pyruvate supplementation on body composition and mood. Curr Ther Res 1998;59:793-802.
66. Kreider R, Koh P, Ferreira M, et al. Effects of pyruvate supplementation during training on body composition & metabolic responses to exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998;30:S62 [abstract].
67. Ivy JL, Cortez MY, Chandler RM, et al. Effects of pyruvate on the metabolism and insulin resistance of obese Zucker rats. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59:331-7.
68. Kalman DS, Colker CM, Swain MA, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study of 3-acetyl-7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone in healthy overweight adults. Curr Ther Res 2000;61:435-42.
69. Koh EH, Lee WJ, Lee SA, et al. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid on body weight in obese subjects. Am J Med 2011;124:85.e1-85.e8.
70. Huerta AE, Navas-Carretero S, Prieto-Hontoria PL, et al. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in overweight and obese women during weight loss. Obesity 2015;23:313-21.
71. Schirmer MA, Phinney SD. Gamma-linolenate reduces weight regain in formerly obese humans. J Nutr 2007;137:1430-35.
72. Zemel MB, Thompson W, Milstead A, et al. Calcium and dairy acceleration of weight and fat loss during energy restriction in obese adults. Obes Res 2004;12:582-90.
73. Shapses SA, Heshka S, Heymsfield SB. Effect of calcium supplementation on weight and fat loss in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:632-7.
74. Hochstenbach-Waelen A, Veldhorst MA, Nieuwenhuizen AG, at al. Comparison of 2 diets with either 25% or 10% of energy as casein on energy expenditure, substrate balance, and appetite profile. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:831-8.
75. Veldhorst MA, Nieuwenhuizen AG, Hochstenbach-Waelen A, at al. Comparison of the effects of a high- and normal-casein breakfast on satiety, 'satiety' hormones, plasma amino acids and subsequent energy intake. Br J Nutr 2009;101:295-303.
76. Anderson JW, Fuller J, Patterson K, et al. Soy compared with casein meal replacement shakes with energy-restricted diets for obese women: randomized controlled trial. Metabolism 2007;56:280-8.
77. Demling RH, DeSanti L. Effect of a hypocaloric diet, increased protein intake and resistance training on lean mass gains and fat mass loss in overweight police officers. Ann Nutr Metab 2000;44:21-9.
78. Yoshioka M, Doucet E, Drapeau V, et al. Combined effects of red pepper and caffeine consumption on 24 h energy balance in subjects given free access to foods. Br J Nutr 2001;85:203-11.
79. Yoshioka M, St-Pierre S, Drapeau V, et al. Effects of red pepper on appetite and energy intake. Br J Nutr 1999;82:115-23.
80. Yoshioka M, Doucet E, Drapeau V, et al. Combined effects of red pepper and caffeine consumption on 24 h energy balance in subjects given free access to foods. Br J Nutr 2001;85:203-11.
81. Yoshioka M, St-Pierre S, Suzuki M, Tremblay A. Effects of red pepper added to high-fat and high-carbohydrate meals on energy metabolism and substrate utilization in Japanese women. Br J Nutr 1998;80:503-10.
82. Yoshioka M, Lim K, Kikuzato S, et al. Effects of red-pepper diet on the energy metabolism in men. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1995;41:647-56.
83. Gades MD, Stern JS. Chitosan supplementation does not affect fat absorption in healthy males fed a high-fat diet, a pilot study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002;26:119-22.
84. Guerciolini R, Radu-Radulescu L, Boldrin M, et al. Comparative evaluation of fecal fat excretion induced by orlistat and chitosan. Obes Res 2001;9:364-7.
85. Zahorska-Markiewicz B, Krotkiewski M, Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M, Zurakowski A. Effect of chitosan in complex management of obesity. Pol Merkuriusz Lek 2002;13:129-32 [in Polish].
86. Kaats GR, Michalek JE, Preuss HG. Evaluating efficacy of a chitosan product using a double-blinded, placebo-controlled protocol. J Am Coll Nutr 2006;25:389-94.
87. Ho SC, Tai ES, Eng PH, et al. In the absence of dietary surveillance, chitosan does not reduce plasma lipids or obesity in hypercholesterolaemic obese Asian subjects. Singapore Med J 2001;42:006-10.
88. Pittler MH, Abbot NC, Harkness EF, Ernst E. Randomized, double-blind trial of chitosan for body weight reduction. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999;53:379-81.
89. Muzzarelli RA. Clinical and biochemical evaluation of chitosan for hypercholesterolemia and overweight control. EXS 1999;87:293-304 [review].
90. Thom E, Wadstein J, Gudmundsen O. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat in healthy exercising humans. J Int Med Res 2001;29:392-6.
91. Mougios V, Matsakas A, Petridou A, et al. Effect of supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on human serum lipids and body fat. J Nutr Biochem 2001;12:585-94.
92. Zambell KL, Keim NL, Van Loan MD, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: effects on body composition and energy expenditure. Lipids 2000;35:777-82.
93. Riserus U, Berglund L, Vessby B. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduced abdominal adipose tissue in obese middle-aged men with signs of the metabolic syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25:1129-35.
94. Smedman A, Vessby B. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans-metabolic effects. Lipids 2001;36:773-81.
95. Blankson H, Stakkestad JA, Fagertun H, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass in overweight and obese humans. J Nutr 2000;130:2943-8.
96. Whigham LD, Watras AC, Schoeller DA. Efficacy of conjugated linoleic acid for reducing fat mass: a meta-analysis in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:1203-11.
97. Kreider RB, Ferreira MP, Greenwood M, et al. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance training on body composition, bone density, strength, and selected hematological markers. J Strength Cond Res 2002;16:325-34.
98. Marquette CJ Jr. Effects of bulk producing tablets on hunger intensity in dieting patients. Obes Bariatr Med 1976;5:84-8.
99. Rossner S, von Zweigbergk D, Ohlin A, Ryttig K. Weight reduction with dietary fibre supplements. Acta Med Scand 1987;222:83-8.
100. Ryttig KR, Tellnes G, Haegh L, et al. A dietary fibre supplement and weight maintenance after weight reduction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled long-term trial. Int J Obes 1989;13:165-71.
101. Solum TT, Ryttig KR, Solum E, Larsen S. The influence of a high-fibre diet on body weight, serum lipids and blood pressure in slightly overweight persons. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation with diet and fibre tablets (DumoVital). Int J Obes 1987;11 Suppl 1:67-71.
102. Hylander B, Rössner S. Effects of dietary fiber intake before meals on weight loss and hunger in a weight-reducing club. Acta Med Scand 1983;213:217-20.
103. Biancardi G, Palmiero L, Ghirardi PE. Glucomannan in the treatment of overweight patients with osteoarthritis. Curr Ther Res 1989;46:908-12.
104. Vita PM, Restelli A, Caspani P, Klinger R. Chronic use of glucomannan in the dietary treatment of severe obesity. Minerva Med 1992;83:135-9 [in Italian].
105. Walsh DE, Yaghoubian V, Behforooz A. Effect of glucomannan on obese patients: a clinical study. Int J Obes 1984;8:289-93.
106. Livieri C, Novazi F, Lorini R. The use of highly purified glucomannan-based fibers in childhood obesity. Pediatr Med Chir 1992;14:195-8 [in Italian].
107. Nagao T, Hase T, Tokimitsu I. A green tea extract high in catechins reduces body fat and cardiovascular risks in humans. Obesity 2007;15:1473-83.
108. Hill AM, Coates AM, Buckley JD, et al. Can EGCG reduce abdominal fat in obese subjects? J Am Coll Nutr 2007;26:396S-402S.
109. Ransone J, Neighbors K, Lefavi R, Chromiak J. The effect of beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate on muscular strength and body composition in collegiate football players. J Strength Cond Res 2003;17:34-9.
110. Kreider R, Ferreira M, Wilson M, et al. Effects of calcium beta-HMB supplementation with or without creatine during training on body composition alterations. FASEB J 1997;11:A374 [abstract].
111. Slater G, Jenkins D, Logan P, et al. Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation does not affect changes in strength or body composition during resistance training in trained men. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2001;11:384-96.
112. Kreider RB, Ferreira M, Wilson M, Almada AL. Effects of calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation during resistance-training on markers of catabolism, body composition and strength. Int J Sports Med 1999;20:503-9.
113. Slater GJ, Jenkins D. Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation and the promotion of muscle growth and strength. Sports Med 2000;30:105-16 [review].
114. Vukovich MD, Stubbs NB, Bohlken RM. Body composition in 70-year-old adults responds to dietary beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate similarly to that of young adults. J Nutr 2001;131:2049-52.
115. Gallagher PM, Carrithers JA, Godard MP, et al. Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate ingestion, Part I: effects on strength and fat free mass. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000;32:2109-15.
116. Mosqueda-Garcia R, Fernandez-Violante R, Tank J, et al. Yohimbine in neurally mediated syncope. Pathophysiological implications. J Clin Invest 1998;102:1824-30.
117. Goldberg MR, Robertson D. Yohimbine: a pharmacological probe for the study of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor. Pharmacol Rev 1983;35:143-180
118. Galitzky J, Taouis M, Berlan M, et al. Alpha 2-antagonist compounds and lipid mobilization: evidence for a lipid mobilizing effect of oral yohimbine in healthy male volunteers. Eur J Clin Invest 1988;18:587-94.
119. Zahorska-Markiewicz B, Kucio C, Piskorska D. Adrenergic control of lipolysis and metabolic responses in obesity. Horm Metab Res 1986;18:693-7.
120. Kucio C, Jonderko K, Piskorska D. Does yohimbine act as a slimming drug? Isr J Med Sci 1991;27:550-6.
121. Berlin I, Crespo-Laumonnier B, Turpin G, Puech AJ. The alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine does not facilitate weight loss but blocks adrenaline induced platelet aggregation in obese subjects. Therapie 1989;44:301 [letter].
122. Sax L. Yohimbine does not affect fat distribution in men. Int J Obes 1991;15:561-5.
123. Marshall JJ, Lauda CM. Purification and properties of phaseolamin, an inhibitor of alpha-amylase, from the kidney bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. J Biol Chem 1975;250:8030-7.
124. Choudhury A, Maeda K, Murayama R, DiMagno EP. Character of a wheat amylase inhibitor preparation and effects on fasting human pancreaticobiliary secretions and hormones. Gastroenterology 1996;111:1313-20.
125. Bo-Linn GW, Santa Ana CA, Morawski SG, Fordtran JS. Starch blockers-their effect on calorie absorption from a high-starch meal. N Engl J Med 1982;307:1413-6.
126. Hollenbeck CB, Coulston AM, Quan R, et al. Effects of a commercial starch blocker preparation on carbohydrate digestion and absorption: in vivo and in vitro studies. Am J Clin Nutr 1983;38:498-503.
127. Garrow JS, Scott PF, Heels S, et al. A study of 'starch blockers' in man using 13C-enriched starch as a tracer. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1983;37:301-5.
128. Carlson GL, Li BU, Bass P, Olsen WA. A bean alpha-amylase inhibitor formulation (starch blocker) is ineffective in man. Science 1983;219:393-5.
129. Brugge WR, Rosenfeld MS. Impairment of starch absorption by a potent amylase inhibitor. Am J Gastroenterol 1987;82:718-22.
130. Boivin M, Zinsmeister AR, Go VL, DiMagno EP. Effect of a purified amylase inhibitor on carbohydrate metabolism after a mixed meal in healthy humans. Mayo Clin Proc 1987;62:249-55.
131. Layer P, Carlson GL, DiMagno EP. Partially purified white bean amylase inhibitor reduces starch digestion in vitro and inactivates intraduodenal amylase in humans. Gastroenterology 1985;88:1895-902.
132. Colker CM, Kalman DS, Torina GC, et al. Effects of Citrus aurantium extract, caffeine, and St. John's wort on body fat, lipid levels, and mood states in overweight adults. Curr Ther Res 1999;60:145-53.
133. Calapai G, Firenzuoli F, Saitta A, et al. Antiobesity and cardiovascular toxic effects of Citrus aurantium extracts in the rat: A preliminary report. Fitoterapia 1999;70:586-92.
134. Becher EW, Jakober B, Luft D, et al. Clinical and biochemical evaluations of the alga spirulina with regard to its application in the treatment of obesity. A double-blind cross-over study. Nutr Rep Intl 1986;33:565-73.
135. Anderson RA. Effects of chromium on body composition and weight loss. Nutr Rev 1998;56:266-70.
136. Crawford V, Scheckenbach R, Preuss HG. Effects of niacin-bound chromium supplementation on body composition in overweight African-American women. Diabetes Obes Metab 1999;1:331-7.
137. Bahadori B, Wallner S, Schneider H, et al. Effect of chromium yeast and chromium picolinate on body composition of obese, non-diabetic patients during and after a formula diet. Acta Med Austriaca 1997;24:185-7
138. Trent LK, Thieding-Cancel D. Effects of chromium picolinate on body composition. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1995;35:273-80
139. Volpe SL, Huang HW, Larpadisorn K, Lesser II. Effect of chromium supplementation and exercise on body composition, resting metabolic rate and selected biochemical parameters in moderately obese women following an exercise program. J Am Coll Nutr 2001;20:293-306.
140. Pittler MH, Stevinson C, Ernst E. Chromium picolinate for reducing body weight: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003;27:522-9.
141. Bone K. Clinical Applications of Ayurvedic and Chinese Herbs. Warwick, Queensland, Australia: Phytotherapy Press, 1996, 103-7.
142. Morales AJ, Haubrich RH, Hwang JY, et al. The effect of six months treatment with a 100 mg daily dose of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on circulating sex steroids, body composition and muscle strength in age-advanced men and women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1998;49:421-32.
143. Nestler JE, Barlascini CO, Clore JN, Blackard WG. Dehydroepiandrosterone reduces serum low density lipoprotein levels and body fat but does not alter insulin sensitivity in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;66:57-61.
144. Percheron G, Hogrel JY, Denot-Ledunois S, et al. Effect of 1-year oral administration of dehydroepiandrosterone to 60- to 80-year-old individuals on muscle function and cross-sectional area: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:720-7.
145. Wallace MB, Lim J, Cutler A, Bucci L. Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone vs androstenedione supplementation in men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999;31:1788-92.
146. Brown GA, Vukovich MD, Sharp RL, et al. Effect of oral DHEA on serum testosterone and adaptations to resistance training in young men. J Appl Physiol 1999;87:2274-83.
147. Morales AJ, Haubrich RH, Hwang JY, et al. The effect of six months treatment with a 100 mg daily dose of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on circulating sex steroids, body composition and muscle strength in age-advanced men and women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1998;49:421-32.
148. Vogiatzi MG, Boeck MA, Vlachopapadopoulou E, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone in morbidly obese adolescents: effects on weight, body composition, lipids, and insulin resistance. Metabolism 1996;45:1011-5.
149. Morales AJ, Nolan JJ, Nelson JC, Yen SS. Effects of replacement dose of dehydroepiandrosterone in men and women of advancing age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:1360-7.
150. Mortola JF, Yen SS. The effects of oral dehydroepiandrosterone on endocrine-metabolic parameters in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;71:696-704.
151. Usiskin KS, Butterworth S, Clore JN, et al. Lack of effect of dehydroepiandrosterone in obese men. Int J Obes 1990;14:457-63.
152. Johansson K, Neovius M, Hemmingsson E. Effects of anti-obesity drugs, diet, and exercise on weight-loss maintenance after a very-low-calorie diet or low-calorie diet: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr2014;99:14-23. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.070052. Epub 2013 Oct 30. [review]
153. Gilbert J, Bendsen N, Tremblay A, Astrup A. Effect of proteins from different sources on body composition. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2011;21 Suppl 2:B16-31. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2010.12.008.
154. Wang S, Yang L, Lu J, Mu Y. High-protein breakfast promotes weight loss by suppressing subsequent food intake and regulating appetite hormones in obese Chinese adolescents. Horm Res Paediatr2014 Jun 11. [Epub ahead of print]
155. Vander Wal J, Marth J, Khosla P, et al. Short-term effect of eggs on satiety in overweight and obese subjects.J Am Coll Nutr2005;24:510-5.
156. Bayham B, Greenway F, Johnson W, Dhurandhar N. A randomized trial to manipulate the quality instead of quantity of dietary proteins to influence the markers of satiety. J Diabetes Complications2014;28:547-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2014.02.002.
157. Fallaize R, Wilson L, Gray J, et al. Variation in the effects of three different breakfast meals on subjective satiety and subsequent intake of energy at lunch and evening meal.Eur J Nutr2013;52:1353-9. doi: 10.1007/s00394-012-0444-z.
158. Ratliff J, Leite J, de Ogburn R, et al. Consuming eggs for breakfast influences plasma glucose and ghrelin, while reducing energy intake during the next 24 hours in adult men. Nutr Res2010;30:96-103. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.01.002.
159. Pombo-Rodrigues S, Calame W, Re R. The effects of consuming eggs for lunch on satiety and subsequent food intake. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2011;62:593-9. doi: 10.3109/09637486.2011.566212.
160. Maeda H, Hosokawa M, Sashima T, et al. Effect of medium-chain triacylglycerols on anti-obesity effect of fucoxanthin. J Oleo Sci 2007;56:615-21.
161. Maeda H, Hosokawa M, Sashima T, Miyashita K. Dietary combination of fucoxanthin and fish oil attenuates the weight gain of white adipose tissue and decreases blood glucose in obese/diabetic KK-Ay mice. J Agric Food Chem 2007;55:7701-6.
162. Maeda H, Hosokawa M, Sashima T, et al. Fucoxanthin from edible seaweed, Undaria pinnatifida, shows antiobesity effect through UCP1 expression in white adipose tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;332:392-7.
163. Asai A, Yonekura L, Nagao A. Low bioavailability of dietary epoxyxanthophylls in humans. Br J Nutr 2008 Jan 11;:1-5 [Epub ahead of print].
164. Lowenstein JM. Effect of (-)-hydroxycitrate on fatty acid synthesis by rat liver in vivo. J Biol Chem 1971;246:629-32.
165. Triscari J, Sullivan AC. Comparative effects of (-)-hydroxycitrate and (+)-allo-hydroxycitrate on acetyl CoA carboxylase and fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis in vivo. Lipids 1977;12:357-63.
166. Cheema-Dhadli S, Harlperin ML, Leznoff CC. Inhibition of enzymes which interact with citrate by (-)hydroxycitrate and 1,2,3,-tricarboxybenzene. Eur J Biochem 1973;38:98-102.
167. Sullivan AC, Hamilton JG, Miller ON, et al. Inhibition of lipogenesis in rat liver by (-)-hydroxycitrate. Arch Biochem Biophys 1972;150:183-90.
168. Greenwood MRC, Cleary MP, Gruen R, et al. Effect of (-)-hydroxycitrate on development of obesity in the Zucker obese rat. Am J Physiol 1981;240:E72-8.
169. Sullivan AC, Triscari J. Metabolic regulation as a control for lipid disorders. Am J Clin Nutr 1977;30:767-76.
170. Sullivan AC, Triscari J, Hamilton JG, et al. Effect of (-)-hydroxycitrate upon the accumulation of lipid in the rat: I. Lipogenesis. Lipids 1974;9:121-8.
171. Sullivan AC, Triscari J, Hamilton JG, et al. Effect of(-)-hydroxycitrate upon the accumulation of lipid in the rat: II. Appetite. Lipids1974;9:129-34.
172. Heymsfield SB, Allison DB, Vasselli JR, et al. Garcinia cambogia (hydroxycitricacid) as a potential antiobesity agent: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA1998;280:1596-600.
173. Martinet A, Hostettmann K, Schultz Y. Thermogenic effects of commercially available plant preparations aimed at treating human obesity. Phytomedicine 1999;6:231-8.
174. Mattes RD, Bormann L. Effects of (-)-hydroxycitric acid on appetitive variables. Physiol Behav 2000;71:87-94.
175. Cho AS, Jeon SM, Kim MJ, et al. Chlorogenic acid exhibits anti-obesity property and improves lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-induced-obese mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2010;48:937-43.
176. Shimoda H, Seki E, Aitani M. Inhibitory effect of green coffee bean extract on fat accumulation and body weight gain in mice. BMC Complement Altern Med 2006;6:9.
177. Bakuradze T, Boehm N, Janzowski C, et al. Antioxidant-rich coffee reduces DNA damage, elevates glutathione status and contributes to weight control: results from an intervention study. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011;55:793-7
178. Thom E. The effect of chlorogenic acid enriched coffee on glucose absorption in healthy volunteers and its effect on body mass when used long-term in overweight and obese people J Int Med Res 2007;35:900-8.
179. Dellalibera O. Lemaire B, Lafay S. Svetol, green coffee extract, induces weight loss and increases the lean to fat mass ratio in volunteers with overweight problem. Phytotherapie 2006;4:194-7.
180. Kovacs EM, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Saris WH, et al. The effect of addition of modified guar gum to a low-energy semisolid meal on appetite and body weight loss. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25:307-15.
181. Beattie VA, Edwards CA, Hosker JP, et al. Does adding fibre to a low energy, high carbohydrate, low fat diet confer any benefit to the management of newly diagnosed overweight type II diabetics? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1988;296:1147-9.
182. Pasman WJ, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Muls E, et al. The effectiveness of long-term fibre supplementation on weight maintenance in weight-reduced women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997;21:548-55.
183. Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics, 2d ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996, 293-4.
184. Astrup A, Breum L, Toubro S, et al. The effect and safety of an ephedrine/caffeine compound compared to ephedrine, caffeine and placebo in obese subjects on an energy restricted diet. A double blind trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1992;16:269-77.
185. Antonio J, Colker CM, Torina GC, et al. Effects of a standardized guggulsterone phosphate supplement on body composition in overweight adults: A pilot study. Curr Ther Res 1999;60:220-7.
186. Potier M, Darcel N, Tome D. Protein, amino acids and the control of food intake. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2009;12:54-8. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32831b9e01. [review]
187. Johansson K, Neovius M, Hemmingsson E. Effects of anti-obesity drugs, diet, and exercise on weight-loss maintenance after a very-low-calorie diet or low-calorie diet: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr2014;99:14-23. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.070052. Epub 2013 Oct 30. [review]
188. Devkota S, Layman D. Protein metabolic roles in treatment of obesity. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care2010;13:403-7. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32833a7737. [review]
189. Chutkan R, Fahey G, Wright W, McRorie J. Viscous versus nonviscous soluble fiber supplements: mechanisms and evidence for fiber-specific health benefits. J Am Acad Nurse Pract 2012;24:476-87. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2012.00758.x. [review]
190. Blom WA, Abrahamse SL, Bradford R, et al. Effects of 15-d repeated consumption of Hoodia gordonii purified extract on safety, ad libitum energy intake, and body weight in healthy, overweight women: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94:1171-81.
191. Phytopharm. Successful completion of proof of principle clinical study of P57 for obesity [press release] 2001 Dec 5 [cited 2005 Sep 20]. Available from URL: http://www.phytopharm.co.uk/press/P57%20Third%20Stage%20final.htm.
192. He Z-Q, Phone ZS. Body weight reductionin adolescents by a combination of measures including using L-carnitine. Acta NutrimentaSinica 1997;19.
193. VillaniRG, Gannon J, Self M, Rich PA. L-Carnitine supplementation combined with aerobictraining does not promote weight loss in moderately obese women. Int J SportNutr Exerc Metab 2000;10:199-207.
194. Morris P, Li ET, MacMillan ML, Anderson GH. Food intake and selection after peripheral tryptophan. Physiol Behav 1987;40:155-63.
195. Caston JC. Clinical applications of l-tryptophan in the treatment of obesity and depression. Adv Ther 1987;4:78-83.
196. Cavaliere H, Medeiros-Neto G. The anorectic effect of increasing doses of L-tryptophan in obese patients. Eat Weight Disord 1997;2:211-5.
197. Strain GW, Strain JJ, Zumoff B. L-tryptophan does not increase weight loss in carbohydrate-craving obese subjects. Int J Obes 1985;9:375-80.
198. Anderson IM, Parry-Billings M, Newsholme EA, et al. Dieting reduces plasma tryptophan and alters brain 5-HT function in women. Psychol Med 1990;20:785-91.
199. Wurtman JJ. The involvement of brain serotonin in excessive carbohydrate snacking by obese carbohydrate cravers. J Am Diet Assoc 1984;84:1004-7.
200. Johansson K, Neovius M, Hemmingsson E. Effects of anti-obesity drugs, diet, and exercise on weight-loss maintenance after a very-low-calorie diet or low-calorie diet: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr2014;99:14-23. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.070052. Epub 2013 Oct 30. [review]
201. Gilbert J, Bendsen N, Tremblay A, Astrup A. Effect of proteins from different sources on body composition. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2011;21 Suppl 2:B16-31. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2010.12.008. Epub 2011 May 11.
202. Bianchi G, Marzocchi R, Agostini F, Marchesini G. Update on nutritional supplementation with branched-chain amino acids. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2005;8:83-7. [review]
203. Diepvens K, Haberer D, Westerterp-Plantenga M. Different proteins and biopeptides differently affect satiety and anorexigenic/orexigenic hormones in healthy humans. Int J Obes2008;32:510-8. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803758. Epub 2007 Nov 27.
204. Abou-Samra R, Keersmaekers L, Brienza D, et al. Effect of different protein sources on satiation and short-term satiety when consumed as a starter. Nutr J 2011;10:139. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-139.
205. Bhathena SJ, Velasquez MT. Beneficial role of dietary phytoestrogens in obesity and diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:1191-201 [review].
206. Allison DB, Gadbury G, Schwartz LG, et al. A novel soy-based meal replacement formula for weight loss among obese individuals: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003;57:514-22.
207. Bosello O, Cominancini L, Zocca I, et al. Short- and long-term effects of hypocaloric diets containing proteins of different sources on plasma lipids and apoproteins of obese subjects. Ann Nutr Metab 1988; 32:206-14.
208. Yamashita T, Sasahara T, Pomeroy SE, et al. Arterial compliance, blood pressure, plasma leptin, and plasma lipids in women are improved with weight reduction equally with a meat-based diet and a plant-based diet. Metabolism 1998;47:1308-14.
209. Jenkins DJ, Wolever TM, Spiller G, et al. Hypocholesterolemic effect of vegetable protein in a hypocaloric diet. Atherosclerosis 1989;78:99-107.
210. Hall WL, Millward DJ, Long SJ, Morgan LM. Casein and whey exert different effects on plasma amino acid profiles, gastrointestinal hormone secretion and appetite. Br J Nutr 2003;89:239-48.
211. Demling RH, DeSanti L. Effect of a hypocaloric diet, increased protein intake and resistance training on lean mass gains and fat mass loss in overweight police officers. Ann Nutr Metab 2000;44:21-9.
- Top of Page
Next Section:About
Previous Section:About This Condition
- Top of Page
Next Section:Eating Right
Previous Section:About
- Top of Page
Next Section:Supplements
Previous Section:Eating Right
- Top of Page
Next Section:Related Information
Previous Section:Supplements
- Top of Page
Next Section:References
Previous Section:Related Information
- Top of Page
Next Section:
Previous Section:References
- Top of Page
Last Review: 06-08-2015
Copyright © 2015 Aisle7. All rights reserved. Aisle7.com
Learn more about Aisle7, the company.
The information presented in Aisle7 is for informational purposes only. It is based on scientific studies (human, animal, or in vitro), clinical experience, or traditional usage as cited in each article. The results reported may not necessarily occur in all individuals. Self-treatment is not recommended for life-threatening conditions that require medical treatment under a doctor's care. For many of the conditions discussed, treatment with prescription or over the counter medication is also available. Consult your doctor, practitioner, and/or pharmacist for any health problem and before using any supplements or before making any changes in prescribed medications. Information expires June 2016.
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated, disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. Learn how we develop our content.
Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.


text:
[quote user="Kruunch"]I'd rather grab Coby Fleener.
Better size and equally rated.[/quote]
I like fleener better also corners and safties will have a hard time covering a guy that big and quick. Plus he comes from a pro style offense with luck so his transition to the NFL should be much quicker even tho he needs to work on adding some weight and blocking.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
This is the combination of a donkey punch and a snowmobile. While the guy is ravaging the chick from behind (the chick is on all fours), he gives her a donkey punch. Right when she recieves the punch, the man uses his other arm to sweep the chick's arms out from underneath her in one smooth move. Then, much to her dismay, she falls.
While Joel was ravaging his new woman from behind, he pulled out his best move ever: the donkey mobile. This ensured that she was very confused, and it made him a proud man.
by The Pirate August 31, 2004


text:
The Portfolio Center has partnered with Virb.com to offer an easy and quick way to create an enhanced portfolio website that will cost you absolutely nothing for as long as you're in school.
Build your site on your own, or come to this workshop to set-up your new Virb account. You'll get an overview of the system features, and some hands-on lab time to start creating your professional site.
MUST REGISTER IN ADVANCE Visit http://tuesdayvirbworkshops.eventbrite.com.


text:
Man arrested for selling spice says he's innocent
FOUNTAIN, Colo. - A man arrested for selling spice at his Fountain convenience store said Wednesday he didn't know the drug was illegal.
Police arrested Kong Hoon Kim Saturday for distributing synthetic marijuana, also knows as spice.
Kim made his first appearance in an El Paso County courtroom Wednesday. He faces charges of distributing synthetic marijuana.
Police seized 96 grams of synthetic marijuana from Kim's Qwik Way store off Lake Avenue in Fountain. It's the same drug that killed a Colorado Springs teenager in 2011
Kim is facing punishment for a crime he said he didn't know he committed.
"They think I'm some kind of big dealer, Mafia, something like that. I'm not," said Kim.
Kim said he is a hard-working man who moved to the U.S. 35 years ago. Now he said spice is ruining his name.
"It's wrong," said Kim.
In 2011, Colorado lawmakers outlawed spice. Before that, Kim said he used to buy spice legally from a wholesaler in Denver. It stopped selling it, so he stopped selling it.
Then, someone who he thought worked for the wholesaler suggested he sell it again.
"I said, 'it's illegal I think.' He said 'No, it's legal.' So I started to sell it," said Kim.
He said he sold it for two months and then police showed up. Police took samples from his store and sent it to a lab for testing. In the meantime, Kim called the Drug Enforcement Agency to see if spice was illegal.
"I found out myself it's illegal so I stopped sell(ing) (it)," said Kim.
Even still, Kim could face prison time.
"Lack of knowledge is not going to be a defense that would hold any weight with the court," said criminal defense lawyer Jeremy Loew.
Loew owns The Law Offices of Jeremy Loew in downtown Colorado Springs. He said the punishment for distributing synthetic marijuana has gone up.
"In 2013 the state Legislature passed new drug reform laws," said Loew.
Distributing synthetic marijuana is a class 3 drug felony. People convicted on the charge could be locked up for two to six years.
Loew said if Kim has a clean record, he could get probation and avoid serving time. Another option for Kim to avoid prison is a plea deal.
KRDO NewsChannel 13 checked Kim's criminal record in Colorado. He pleaded guilty to providing alcohol to a minor in 2004.


text:
Immoral Monday
Senate leaders unveiled their latest version of a massive tax cut for the wealthy Monday, the same day federal emergency unemployment benefits were cut off to 70,000 laid off workers simply because legislative leaders and Governor Pat McCrory stubbornly refused to change the effective date of cuts to state unemployment benefits they approved earlier in the year.
Most of the coverage of the latest Senate tax cut scheme focused on what it would mean for the negotiations with the House over a final tax package and budget deal and the end of the legislative session.
Senate President Pro Tem Phil Berger said the new Senate plan moved closer to the House position on many issues including the mortgage interest deduction, child tax credit, and limited expansion of the sales tax base.
The Senate plan still costs more than the House proposal. It would reduce state revenue $3.28 billion over the next five years. That's almost as much as the entire budget of the community college system and the university system combined.
The House plan would mean a loss of $1.75 billion over five years, far less than the Senate but still a significant blow to a state budget still reeling from the deep cuts made to education and other vital state institutions during the Great Recession.
There are differences between the latest Senate plan and the House proposal on income taxes too. Both plans would slash personal income tax rates on the wealthy and replace them with a flat tax with the Senate rate slightly slower.
The House wants to lower the corporate income tax rate too; the Senate wants to completely eliminate it in five years.
There's no word yet from House leaders about their reaction to the latest Senate proposal, though the fact that the Senate offered it in public instead of during the ongoing backroom talks is a sign that it is merely the latest move in the negotiations.
The focus on the details of the latest tax cut offer and the speculation about the possibilities for a deal are important and understandable.
But far more significant is what the two regressive plans have in common and the context in which they are being considered.
Both plans are based on the flawed assumption that slashing taxes on corporations and the wealthy will jumpstart the state's economy and create jobs. Most economists don't think so and three senior North Carolina economists told members of the Senate Finance Committee recently that there is no consensus about the positive economic impact of cutting taxes.
One economist disagreed—a recent college graduate with the right-wing Tax Foundation flown in to testify in favor of the tax cuts.
Both plans leave the state without the resources needed to make desperately needed investments in public schools, higher education, and human services that have been devastated in the last several years.
Senator Berger told the committee that the latest Senate tax plan allows state revenue to grow enough–a few percent a year–to meet the state's basic needs.
But the N.C. Budget & Tax Center reports that if state revenues had been limited to the same growth levels for the last 20 years, the state would have had $93 billion less to invest in education and health care and other vital services. The current budget would be $6 billion in the hole.
And finally and most importantly, both the House and Senate plans shift the tax burden from the wealthy to low and moderate-income families.
Legislative leaders seemed determined to give wealthy people a big tax cut and pay for it by making middle class families pay more and slashing funding for public schools and higher education.
That doesn't make any sense to most people in North Carolina. And they especially don't understand how lawmakers can give corporations and millionaires huge tax breaks while at the same denying emergency unemployment benefits to 70,000 laid off workers desperately trying to make ends meet for their families.
That's a big reason why thousands of folks are marching on the Legislative Building every week on Moral Mondays and why they were back in force this week, because of the immorality of the decisions being made in the legislative halls by the folks who are supposed to be representing everybody in North Carolina, millionaires, middle class families and laid off workers alike.
- See more at: http://www.ncpolicywatch.com/2013/07/02/immoral-monday/#sthash.sHnxTw5S.dpuf


text:
Here's a timeline that shows exactly where the new show will fit into the Star Trek universe...
This Best Mega Man Cosplay by Imgur user stoosherman, Cool
This enhanced-color image of Jupiter's south pole and its swirling atmosphere was created by...
Close Views Show Saturn's Rings in Unprecedented DetailThis Cassini image features a density wave...
Sunlight through this glass doorknob started a housefire. Firefighters are urging Londoners to keep...
effective job ad
Alien: Inauguration (Who made it?)
Rocket under ice
Welcome to 2017, happy new year!
NEAT STUFF FROM The LIKECOOL STORE:
The LIKECOOLSTORE'S Kevlar Fiber iPhone Case($49
$89) is made from 100% DuPont ballistic Kevlar. The case is only 0.4mm, and only 12 grams(0.42 ounces). Kevlar is exceptionally strong at 5 times strength of steel on equal weight basis. No any signal eliminate. Or you can choose Benks iPhone 7 Case here, just $9.9.
The Benks Matte Color iPhone 7 /7 Plus Case($9.9) from LIKECOOLSTORE'S. The Benks iPhone 7/ iPhone 7 Plus cases are lightweight and simple. The case is only 0.4mm ultra thickness, to keep iPhone 7 original thin and hand feeling! Made of hight quality polypropylene plastic. Available in matte black, matte blue, matte pink, transparent black, transparent white. Benks iPhone 6 Case here, just $9.


text:
How can I enable cookies?
Mercuri Urval connects your people with your strategy - creating new levels of performance in your organisation. Our Global Client Services division has the experience, knowledge and reach to deliver results wherever you need them.We can develop and implement the right solutions that integrate seamlessly into your global and local processes: Recruitment Talent Management Business Transformation Board and Executive
More about Global Solutions
We work with the world's leading international organisations to improve their business results. So you can expect a lot from us. During more than 40 years in business we have developed a proven track record of working with all major business sectors worldwide. From established global leaders to organisations looking to exploit new opportunities around the world, we have the experience to help you deliver your business goals.
More about Global Clients
If you are looking for an international partner where global scale is fused with local presence, Mercuri Urval might be the partner you need. Whether you have already established a request for proposal, or simply need to discuss a key business challenge, our dedicated global client response team can help.
Talk to our Global Team


text:
WATCH: The Brady Sallee Show
Get a behind the scenes taste of Cardinals women's basketball with the Brady Sallee Show. Join host Joel Godett and women's basketball coach Brady Sallee to discuss the games of the week past and preview the games that sit ahead. Cjeck out game highlites and breakdowns along with soundbytes from Cardinals players. Feel free to send questions of your own to the show on twitter @JoelGodett.
Episode 1: 2-0 Start to MAC Play
Episode 2: 5-1 MAC Start
Episode 3: First Place Week
Episode 4: Wins over EMU & NIU / Home Stretch Preview
Episode 5: Regular Season Wrap / MAC Tournament Preview
Episode 6: Postseason Play