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Wednesday, January 17, 2007
Immanentizing the Eschaton
I thought of it again after fielding some of the comments to last week's Archdruid Report post, "This Faith in Progress," another of my occasional attempts to challenge the religious basis of industrial civilization — the belief that technological progress is what gives human existence its meaning. One of my readers posted a comment to the effect that progress, far from being the source of all human values, was quite literally the root of all evil. In the prehistoric past, he insisted, human beings lived idyllic vegetarian lives in harmony with nature, until the invention of the first stone tools and their use to kill animals for food sent our species hurtling out of its place in the natural order on a trajectory toward violence, sickness, and everything else wrong with existence nowadays.
I think he thought he was disagreeing with the modern religion of progress. Trying to break free of a dualistic belief system by standing the dualism on its head is a popular one these days. Like those Satanists who accept nearly the entire worldview of Christianity and just root for the other side, or the proponents of matriarchy who insist that it's bad for men to have more power than women but not the reverse, his worldview and that of the believers in progress share almost all the same assumptions. They differ only in the ethical value applied to progress. Both views, to return to Wilson's useful phrase, immanentize the Eschaton.
"Eschaton" comes from an old Greek word for "end" or "border." In Christian theological jargon it came to refer to the process by which the world as we know it is supposed, at some point in the future, to turn into the eternal blessedness of the Kingdom of God. An entire branch of theology, called eschatology – the science of last things – evolved over the last two thousand years or so in an attempt to piece together a coherent vision of the future out of the hints and visions provided by scripture and tradition. It's a lively field full of fierce disputes, and no one version of the End Times commands agreement from more than a fraction of Christian theologians or, for that matter, ordinary believers. Central to nearly all Christian accounts of the Eschaton, though, is that it's completely outside the realm of history as we know it. When the trumpet sounds, the sky tears open and something wholly other comes through.
This quality of "otherness," in theologian's language, is called transcendence. Its opposite is immanence. One of the great quarrels of theology is whether God or the gods are transcendent –that is, outside nature and free of its limitations – or immanent – that is, part of nature and subject to its laws. Like all such binary patterns, this one admits of several different kinds of middle ground, but the basic distinction is relevant. People who have mystical experiences – which are, after all, tolerably common among human beings – very often comment on a difference between the ordinary reality of their lives, and the nonordinary reality that surges into their consciousness. Did the nonordinary reality come from someone, something, or somewhere outside ordinary existence? Or was it right here, unnoticed, all the time? That's the difference between transcendence and immanence.
Most religions that put much thought into eschatology also have a transcendent concept of the divine; the whole point of the Eschaton is that ordinary reality dissolves into the wholly other. Most religions that have an immanent concept of the divine, in turn, either have no eschatology at all, or make the end of the world a recurring event in an endlessly repeated cycle of time. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, with their transcendent god and richly detailed eschatologies, fall on one side of the divide. Hinduism, with its universes that bud, blossom, and fall through infinite cycles of time, and Shinto, which has no eschatology at all, fall on the other. So does Druidry, which traditionally sees divinity permeating every cranny of nature and treats the awakening to transcendence as something that occurs to each soul in its own unique time.
Now and then, though, the two patterns collide and cross-fertilize, and the resulting belief systems locate the Eschaton as a possibility to be realized within ordinary history, or even the inevitable result of the working out of historical patterns. Marxism offers an example familiar to most people nowadays. In Marxist theory, history is determined by changes in the mode of production that unfold in predetermined order, from primitive communism through slavery, feudalism, and capitalism to the proletarian revolution and the everlasting communist Utopia of the future.
While all this is wrapped in the jargon of 19th century materialist science, it's not hard to see the religious underpinnings of the theory. Every element of Marxist theory has an exact equivalent in Christian eschatology. Primitive communism is Eden, the invention of private property is the Fall, the stages of slavery, feudalism and capitalism are the various dispensations of sacred history, and so on, right up to the Second Coming of the proletariat, the millennial state of socialism and the final arrival of communism as the New Jerusalem descending from the heavens. Point for point, it's a rephrasing of Christian myth that replaces the transcendent dimension with forces immanent in ordinary history. Marx and his followers, in other words, immanentized the Eschaton.
They're hardly alone in that. Over the last three centuries or so, Christianity's influence on the Western intellect has crumpled beneath the assaults of scientific materialism, but no mythology has yet taken its place in the Western imagination. The result has been any number of attempts to rehash Christian myth under other names. The myth of progress is simply the most popular of these. The prophets of progress simply fast-forward the Book of Revelation to the thousand years between the Second Coming and the New Jerusalem; the redeeming revelation has already happened in the form of the Scientific Revolution, the allegedly prescientific past has been stretched and lopped to make it look like a Vale of Tears, and today's scientists fill the role of the Church Expectant waiting for the great god Progress to bring Utopia in its own good time.
My reader, with his myth of a peaceful vegetarian prehistory, is simply another example of the same thing, focusing on the other end of time. His tool-free Utopia never existed – the habit of using stone tools evolved among hominids long before Homo sapiens did, and even chimpanzees catch, kill and eat animals – but this hardly matters to its believers; it's a retelling of the myth of Eden, with the invention of stone tools as the Fall, and the approaching downfall of technological society as the Second Coming that will allow the virtuous survivors to return to paradise.
You can find Christian myths rehashed as future predictions all over today's culture – and not the least in those corners of it that are concerned with peak oil, global warming, and other elements of the predicament of industrial society. There's been a flurry of essays and blog posts in the peak oil community in recent months about the motivations of "doomers" – that is, the fraction of peak oil activists who believe that petroleum depletion will inevitably result in catastrophic dieoff and the end of anything like civilization on Earth. Many of these discussions have raised interesting points, but very few have noticed the extent to which old myths in new clothing have defined contemporary thinking, here and in so many other contexts.
Now I'm no great fan of Christianity myself. To me, all its myths and symbols put together don't carry the spiritual impact of one blue heron flying through dawn mists or a single autumn sunset seen through old growth cedars; that's why I follow a Druid path. Still, it seems to me that if people insist on thinking in terms of Christian myth, they might as well go the rest of the way and become Christians. That way, at least, they can draw on the riches of two millennia of Christian philosophy, rather than making do with hand-me-downs from Marx, say, or the current crop of neoprimitive pundits such as John Zerzan.
They might also be able to learn a few lessons from Christian history, or any other kind of history for that matter, about the problems that follow when people try to immanentize the Eschaton. It's one thing to try to sense the shape of the future in advance, and to make constructive changes in your life to prepare for its rougher possibilities; it's quite another to become convinced that history is headed where you want it to go; and when the course you've marked out for it simply projects the trajectory of a too-familiar myth onto the inkblot patterns of the future, immanentizing the Eschaton can become a recipe for self-induced disaster.
17 comments:
- Iosue Andreas said...
Great post. I'd just like to point out that the phrase was coined by conservative philosopher Eric Voegelin.
"Don't Immanentize the Eschaton" was a button worn by conservative students in the days before Jacobins like George Bush, Rush Limbaugh, and Ann Coulter hijacked the conservative movement.
- Theo_musher said...
That is so true!
I have seen so much of that in Green anarchists circles. They really do believe mankind fell from an almost literal Eden.
- John Plummer said...
Excellent, excellent post! Thanks
- Dawnpiper said...
I'm no great fan of Christianity myself. To me, all its myths and symbols put together don't carry the spiritual impact of one blue heron flying through dawn mists or a single autumn sunset seen through old growth cedars; that's why I follow a Druid path.
Beautiful passage - captures perfectly why Druidry speaks to me!
- taran said...
One of your finest posts.
- tRB said...
Speaking of the difference between "imminent" and "immanent"...
If I may, Mr. Greer, I would like to ask you about something you wrote in a comment to your January 10, 2007, blogpost. You wrote that "if you live someplace less than 350 feet above sea level, move to higher ground."
It is my understanding that if all of Earth's ice melted, sea levels would (so far as we know now) rise 80 meters or so. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs2-00/ I have also seen the 100-meter figure. So your advice to Dawnpiper would be good. However, it is not likely that she will live long enough to have to deal with that particular set of consequences.
What have you seen for the timeframe for total melting? My inexpert perusing has brought me to reports that say that, for example, "The world's oceans may rise up to 140 cms (4 ft 7 in) by 2100 due to global warming". http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=scienceNews&storyID=2006-12-14T192351Z_01_L14565762_RTRUKOC_0_US-CLIMATE-OCEANS.xml That's bad enough, and suggests that people should build community in places that have better long-term prospects than today's low-lying coastal areas. Think of the great-grandchildren.
However, substantial or complete melting of Greenland and West Antarctica "are expected to take several centuries to melt completely". http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-2100776,00.html "If the entire Greenland ice sheet were to melt into the ocean it would raise sea levels by up to seven meters (23ft).... Computer models suggest that this would take at least 1,000 years...." http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0725-02.htm
Again, I am no expert, but if Greenland will take that long, and Antarctica has more volume, that should take longer. It seems that we should still think of fifty generations from now, but shouldn't expect *all* of this to happen within our lifetimes.
Again, if you have other sources with different figures, I would love to see them.
Please note that I am not condoning the destruction of Earth's coastal cities in the "distant future", be that over the course of decades or even centuries. Just because the worst destruction won't happen to the current generation doesn't let us off the hook for preventing it. But I also think that we should base our responses to the known and likely threats.
Meanwhile, I'm slowly learning how to use a slide rule. They're pretty clever devices.
- David said...
Myths are seductive, though, because they promise certainty and sometimes even offer it in practical terms, especially if they seem to accurately reflect the current reality. I mean, becoming a primitivist "believer" may well have survival value.
But I suppose the value of immanence in this situation is that you stay in touch with reality, do your best and take things as they come rather than aiming for the transcendent future. So it actually has a broader survival value.
Seems harder to me though, with more shades of grey. Less certainty, a lot more learning and thinking and decision-making, and it's certainly less glamorous. Maybe that's why the mythical views tend to draw more attention.
- John Michael Greer said...
Iosue, thanks for the reference! I'm not at all surprised -- old-fashioned conservatism was IIRC largely motivated by a Burkean distrust of attempts to achieve heaven on earth. Nowadays we're stuck with liberals who've forgotten how to liberate and conservatives who've never known how to conserve.
Theo, exactly -- I've encountered the same thing far too many times in those and other circles.
TRB, the problem in predicting the effects of global warming is that we just don't know how fast the collapse of a continental glacier can take place. One of the unwelcome discoveries of recent years, as a result of analysis of the Greenland ice cores, is that temperature changes once thought to have taken centuries or millennia turned out to happen in decades or less. In the same way, it's entirely possible that the collapse of the remaining ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica will unfold over centuries, but it's also possible that once again the uniformitarian bias in the earth sciences will turn out to be misplaced in this specific case. One way or another, it doesn't hurt to be safe, and getting 300 feet or more above sea level is a very simple insurance policy.
David, of course you're right that it's possible for myths to be adequate summaries of real situations -- that's presumably why mythic thinking evolved among human beings. Part of our predicament now, though, is that the myths that worked during the Age of Exuberance (above all the myth of progress) are fatally out of step with the conditions we're likely to encounter in the near future.
Immanent spiritualities also have their myths -- I've come to the conclusion that human beings think with stories, as inevitably as we walk with feet and eat with mouths -- but spiritualities based on the idea that the divine is always already manifest in nature seem to make it a bit easier to recognize that the laws of nature aren't going to be suspended for their benefit.
- jlpicard2 said...
Methane Burps: Ticking Time Bomb
"There are enormous quantities of naturally occurring greenhouse gasses trapped in ice-like structures in the cold northern muds and at the bottom of the seas. These ices, called clathrates, contain 3,000 times as much methane as is in the atmosphere. Methane is more than 20 times as strong a greenhouse gas as carbon dioxide.
Now here's the scary part. A temperature increase of merely a few degrees would cause these gases to volatilize and "burp" into the atmosphere, which would further raise temperatures, which would release yet more methane, heating the Earth and seas further, and so on. There's 400 gigatons of methane locked in the frozen arctic tundra - enough to start this chain reaction - and the kind of warming the Arctic Council predicts is sufficient to melt the clathrates and release these greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
Once triggered, this cycle could result in runaway global warming the likes of which even the most pessimistic doomsayers aren't talking about."
Also, global warming affects the poles and artic areas far more than the equator. Add into this that ice reflects solar energy, while open see absorbs it. Less ice means more heat absorbed, melting more ice, etc. There are many positive feedbacks in global warming.
James Lovelock's new book "The Revenge of Gaia: Earth's Climate Crisis and the Fate of Humanity"
Washingtonpost.com - The End of Eden
"He measured atmospheric gases and ocean temperatures, and examined forests tropical and arboreal (last year a forest the size of Italy burned in rapidly heating Siberia, releasing from the permafrost a vast sink of methane, which contributes to global warming). He found Gaia trapped in a vicious cycle of positive-feedback loops -- from air to water, everything is getting warmer at once. The nature of Earth's biosphere is that, under pressure from industrialization, it resists such heating, and then it resists some more.
Then, he says, it adjusts.
Within the next decade or two, Lovelock forecasts, Gaia will hike her thermostat by at least 10 degrees. Earth, he predicts, will be hotter than at any time since the Eocene Age 55 million years ago, when crocodiles swam in the Arctic Ocean.
"There's no realization of how quickly and irreversibly the planet is changing," Lovelock says. "Maybe 200 million people will migrate close to the Arctic and survive this. Even if we took extraordinary steps, it would take the world 1,000 years to recover.""
I would not put too much trust into the models. Models are only as good as our understanding of the Earth, and that understanding is still poor.
Now regarding the post. Excellent and eye opening. Everything old is new again.
- The Magician King said...
How interesting! Though I've found a lot of your posts magnificently insightful, this one disappointed me.
It seems that your perception of Christian theology is a bit myopic. Most mature Christian theologians (of whom I'm admittedly not one, merely well-read of their scholastic output) would point to significant development of both immanent and transcendent conceptions of the Divinity, and ongoing engagement of the tension between these concepts in the actual lives of their adherents.
Unfortunately, I find that you've falling into the same trap you attribute to others -- developing a strawman out of over-simplifications of Christian theology in order to bolster the strength of your own argument.
A more productive approach perhaps might have been to examine the mythopoetic "origin stories" of any religious belief and then to explicate how a hypothetical example drawn from numerous and diverse traditions can lead any particular religious following to unquestioning subscription to a "Golden Era" longing for reversion to older principles.
If you really wanted to be transparent and impress me, you might have taken a look at how this occurs in druidry and what might be done to temper individuals' somewhat misguided enshrinement of The Past.
Good luck and thanks for the debate.
- John Michael Greer said...
jlpicard2, the "clathrate gun" hypothesis certainly counts as one of the possible drivers for fast ice sheet collapse. Mind you, I'd be slow to put money on either side of the debate. We just don't know -- which is why it's probably a good idea to play it safe.
Magician King, you seem to have missed the point of my post, and seen a debate between Christianity and Druidry where nothing of the sort occurred. My point was simply that patterns out of Christian myth (a term I don't use dismissively, BTW) are being recycled, in not very helpful ways, all through today's supposedly nonreligious views of the future. As the mythic patterns I'm discussing come from Christianity and not Druidry, and most readers of this blog have no background in Druid beliefs, it would be rather silly to focus my discussion on Druid myth, don't you think?
We could talk about transcendence and immanence for quite a while; I've published a critique of the ways this distinction has been used to dismiss polytheist spirituality in my book A World Full of Gods (ADF, 2005), and am quite aware of the difficulties in compressing some three thousand years of theological discussion into one paragraph meant, as this blog is, for a general readership. Still, I'd argue, if an argument was called for, that the distinction between religions with a primarily transcendent concept of divinity, and those with a primarily immanent concept of divinity, does exist in the data and helps make sense of important differences between the faiths in question. That being the case, it's not out of place to talk about it when discussing the bad results of unthinkingly reading myth into history...which is, after all, the point of this post.
- David said...
Speaking in extremely general terms, do you have a useful guiding myth (or set of myths) for the post-industrial age -- a desired destination? Or is it more about deconstructing the myths that aren't working and just hanging on and surviving the best we can?
Not to ignore the real, harsh material realities and necessities of the collapse, but I just wonder what is the broader metaphysical arc of this collective story.
- John Michael Greer said...
David, as far as I can tell, human beings can't think at all without thinking in mythic terms; those who believe they're myth-free are just not paying attention to the myths that guide them. The only way you can deconstruct one myth is by comparing it with another.
As I see it, though, the best strategy just now isn't a matter of fixating on a single alternative myth -- breadth and flexibility are good to have, which is why most other cultures have a wide range of myths to draw on -- but you're right that attention to the mythic meanings of the whole collective story is a good thing as well. I'll be discussing this in more detail in a later post.
- Magister Patricius said...
The reverse happens. Sometimes, maybe many times, the Christian myth begins to fail the Christian. This was true for me, and it took many years for me to get clear that this was happening. Matthew Fox and Meister Ekhart and Thich Naht Hanh helped. And so, I had to leave. After a 5 year hiatus, I cast about and Druidry found me. Your statment could easily be my words:
"Druidry sees divinity permeating every cranny of nature and treats the awakening to transcendence as something that occurs to each soul in its own unique time."
Once I began to explore Druidry in an intentional way, I found, over and over and over again, that something in me had always been Druid. It was that simple. That powerful.
- Secret Rapture said...
My inaugural address at the Great White Throne Judgment of the Dead, after I have raptured out billions! The Secret Rapture soon!
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My Site=http://www.angelfire.com/crazy/spaceman
Your jaw will drop!
- Gareth Doutch said...
- This comment has been removed by the author.
- Loveandlight said...
Probably only JMG will see this comment as I went back and read this post when it was mentioned in a comment on a much later post.
Not everyone who thinks of civilization, or at the very least civilization as it has existed for the past 10,000 years, as a dead end is necessarily "immanentizing the Eschaton". I agree with the primitivist critique of civilization mostly because I think agriculture and the very complex societies to which it gives rise are totally unsustainable. Horticulture such as was practiced by the Natives who inhabited this continent before the arrival of Columbus can be sustainable, as long as those practicing it recognize and revere their connection with nature and because of that live within certain limits. The thing is, a society that does so will experience limitations on how complex it may become. That is why it is not appropriate to call it "civilization" as we know it. There may be some complexity, but increasing complexity for its own sake would not be possible for a sustainable human society observing those limits.
Such societies, when its human parts are doing things properly, are functional, sustainable, and adaptable. That doesn't mean it's "Paradise", though it may be perceived as paradise in comparison to the havoc civilization has wraught. It is widely known that many American colonists who experienced Native life "went Native" to live with and as who we now call Native Americans. The only time the "Indians", as we once called them, "went White" is when they converted to Xtianity because they survived the smallpox epidemic that we brought over that wiped out so many Native populations; the survivors who converted did so because they were badly traumatized and believed the missionaries who told them the pandemic was "God's punishment" for the Natives' not being Xtians. The smallpox was so virulent, by the way, because the horrors of civilization in Europe made it so with overcrowding in cities, domestication of animals, and bad living conditions.
Some tribes also converted wholesale to the European colonist way of life as a survival strategy. They thought that adapting the way of life that appeared to be taking over would prevent them from having their land and sustenance taken from them. But because the White people from civilization perceived the Natives as being racially inferior, these adopters of colonist life had their land taken from them anyway. That's another aspect of civilization, namely destroying or enslaving other societies simply because the "others" are "different" in some way such as skin-color, even if the "others" change themselves to please the invader's notion of truth and the right way to live.
Perhaps the persistence of such outrages are why those who would defend the "necessity" of civilization have to cling to morally, spiritually, and intellectually bankrupt nonsense so very often in order to mount their defense. Yes, primitive people can be bad and warlike, but the limits on their complexity places natural limits on how much damage more destructive primitives can do.


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Legacy funds will be used to enhance water quality in Cass County
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subset: commoncrawl


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a concern from pro-treatment beekeepers i have seen a few times on this board was that if you try to be treatment free anywhere near other beekeepers or close to the city limits, you will be spreading disease to other people's beehives and this could end with forcing them to use more treatments than before and worst case scenario their bee colonies will die.
to me this sounds like a kind of unfair disadvantage to rebel beekeepers should someone successfully raise treatment free colonies. it means that even if your bees are treatment free and thriving, people would still want you to spray to prevent spreading bee diseases, meaning your own stock will be weakened and eventually no more resistant than anyone else's. does that sound right?


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|Data Dictionary:
|ACS 2009 (5-Year Estimates)
you are here: choose a survey survey data set table details
Survey: ACS 2009 (5-Year Estimates)
|Data Source:
|Social Explorer; U.S. Census Bureau
|T99. House Heating Fuel [8]
Universe: Occupied Housing Units
Table Details
|House Heating Fuel
|Universe: Occupied Housing Units
Relevant Documentation:
|Excerpt from:
|Social Explorer; U.S. Census Bureau; American Community Survey 2005-2009 Summary File: Technical Documentation.
|ACS 2009-5yr Summary File: Technical Documentation -> Appendix A. Supplemental Documentation -> 2009 Subject Definitions -> Housing Variables -> House Heating Fuel
The data on house heating fuel were obtained from Housing Question 10 in the 2009 American Community Survey. The question was asked at occupied housing units. The data show the type of fuel used most to heat the house, apartment, or mobile home. House heating fuel provides information on energy supply and consumption. These data are used by planners to identify the types of fuel used in certain areas and the consequences this usage may have on the area. The data also serve to aid in forecasting the need for future energy needs and power facilities such as generating plants, long distance pipelines for oil or natural gas, and long distance transmission lines for electricity.
House heating fuel is categorized on the ACS questionnaire as follows:
House heating fuel is categorized on the ACS questionnaire as follows:
- Utility Gas - This category includes gas piped through underground pipes from a central system to serve the neighborhood.
- Bottled, Tank, or LP Gas - This category includes liquid propane gas stored in bottles or tanks that are refilled or exchanged when empty.
- Electricity - This category includes electricity that is generally supplied by means of above or underground electric power lines.
- Fuel Oil, Kerosene, etc. - This category includes fuel oil, kerosene, gasoline, alcohol, and other combustible liquids.
- Coal or Coke - This category includes coal or coke that is usually distributed by truck.
- Wood - This category includes purchased wood, wood cut by household members on their property or elsewhere, driftwood, sawmill or construction scraps, or the like.
- Solar Energy - This category includes heat provided by sunlight that is collected, stored, and actively distributed to most of the rooms.
- Other Fuel - This category includes all other fuels not specified elsewhere.
- No Fuel Used - This category includes units that do not use any fuel or that do not have heating equipment.
Question/Concept History
Since 1996, the American Community Survey questions have remained the same.
Data on house heating fuel in the American Community Survey can be compared to previous ACS and Census 2000 house heating fuel data.


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©Politika ochrany soukromí


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This is my first hive ever and I am feeling like a proud momma over here! 13 days after installing my bee package and I found that they had filled up nearly all of their medium, 8 frame super with beautiful comb. I also saw quite a bit of pollen and nectar, a small amount of larvae, the queen, some capped honey and even some teeny tiny eggs! I was shocked by how tiny the eggs were and so excited to have seen them. I am feeling pretty good about it.
I added the 2nd super today. I hope that was the right thing to do. I had read that it should be done when the bees had drawn out nearly all of the frames with comb and, as of today, they only had the outside of the end frames left to do.
Beekeeping is such a thrill and a fascinating learning experience! The advice from this forum is invaluable and I am grateful to have your experiences and wisdom as a resource. Can't wait for next week's check!!!


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im new to the bee keeping world. driven down the rd the other day and seen bees flying everywere got out and there toward the base of the tree.. i'd heard of people cutting the trees down to get them. and other methods.. thanks
im new to the bee keeping world. driven down the rd the other day and seen bees flying everywere got out and there toward the base of the tree.. i'd heard of people cutting the trees down to get them. and other methods.. thanks
The best method is to leave them alone and wish them luck. Cutting a tree just to get the bees is way more trouble than it is worth.
Them's GOD's bees. Best not touch. Go buy some of your own.
Mark Berninghausen
ive never seen them there before. ive seen on here some were the guy said he drilled a hole above the nest and sprayed some bee go in it to get them out. bee are to high to be buying. while i can catch some swarms for free.
Sure, but this isn't a swarm, even though it was once, most likely. The beego thing won't work as well as you might think. Keep your eye out for swarms. That's the way to go.
Mark Berninghausen
not to keep dragging it on but could i use my bee vac and get some bees out and put in a nuc and let them rasie a queen if they will do so??
I would leave them alone for this year, (it is beginning to get late for a trapout) there is a danger of the feral colony being depleted going into winter, and the colony you could catch would most likely have to be fed.
Over the winter I would install a transition on the tree, then next Spring, place your trap on the tree, and during late April and up to 15 June, get two or three starts from the tree. You won't hurt the feral colony, and you can get yourself a couple of new colonies.
If you are not familiar with the trapping process, send me an e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com and I will send you the info.
Don't cut the tree or it might yell at you, being a hollar tree. :-))
will do thanks
They need very young larva to raise a queen. Queens do not come about just because you have bees.
Not to be too critical, but your question suggests to me that you need some basic understanding of what goes on in a colony of bees and some basic beekeeping skills. Find a club near you and get into some hives w/ an experienced beekeeper.
Mark Berninghausen
yeah thats what i said at the start of my post im new to this stuff. and ive all ready done that to with the club and 2 buddys that have been doing the bee stuff for awhile but i also like to hear other peoples ideas to... thanks for your in put.
I'd do as Cleo Hogan suggested and/or set up some swarm traps in the general vicinity. Otherwise, leave the colony alone. -james
Leave them alone. Next year they will produce at least one swarm. Find out who owns the property around the bee tree, and get permission to set up swarm traps next year. With some luck, the swarm will move right in.
NorthwestPaBeekeeper.. If you put a trap on them next Spring, You don't need luck, you don't need swarm traps, and you won't need the property owners (around the tree) permission.. All you need is one trap, and you are guaranteed to catch what you want, two or three new colonies, and then leave them for another year. Year after year, repeat.
Swarm traps are hit and miss at best. Trap is a sure thing, doesn't hurt the feral colony. What you trap will be no more than a normal swarm that they will likely throw each year.
thanks i all ready have that stuff. i build my own hives.ive all ready got 1 hive and got another today. build a bee vac a few days ago
the vac i built works great it might not be as powerfull as everyones here but i had to use it yesterday and it works great maybe a few dead ones but not many.


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No matter how you are reading this article -- in the newspaper, online or via an app -- you are part of a family that can trace its origins to the very beginning. In this case, it's the family of local news readers who, 130 years ago today, viewed the first edition of The Vacaville Reporter.
All four pages of it, handset one letter at a time. Published once a week, on Saturdays. Available at a cost of $2 a year -- or $2.50 if you waited until the end of the year to pay the bill, according to the "Terms of Subscription" printed at the top of the front page.
Publisher James D. McClain, previously the "foreman of the mechanical department" at the newspaper in St. Helena, was the businessman who first saw the lucrative potential of a newspaper in Vacaville.
Sure, the town was small -- it had recorded a population of 361 in the 1880 census -- but it was bustling. Agriculture was the main industry and growers from throughout the area shipped fruit and produce out of Vacaville's train station (yes, that's how Depot Street got its name).
While in town, those ranchers and growers shopped at one of the three general stores, visited the blacksmiths and wagonmakers (there were two) or got a haircut from the town barber. In the first edition's front-page story outlining the town's then-30-year history, publisher McClain listed 35 or so businesses and professions already in town.
In a signed editorial, McClain told readers he intended to run his newspaper "in the interest of the masses" and expected "to realize enough from the effort to gain a responstable subsistence."
"Vacaville, Elmira, Winters and the country adjacent is capapble of supporting a paper," he said.
McClain's timing was good. The region was undergoing a growth spurt that saw the town's population more than double (to 725) by 1890 and nearly double again (1,220) by 1900. Similarly, the amount of fruits and vegetables being shipped out of the region also was ballooning, bringing more wealth to the area.
Yet, two years after he founded The Reporter, McClain sold it to Raleigh Barcar, an attorney who was teaching at a college located where Andrews Park now stands: The California Normal and Scientific School. Barcar had also opened a law office in town and was purchasing other businesses as investments. The Reporter's home on the south side of the 300 block of Main Street became part of what was known as the Barcar Block.
The first thing Barcar did was to change the newspaper's name to The Judicion, a word he coined, intending it to be a more elegant term for what he hoped would be seen as "gumption."
The Reporter may have been down, but it wasn't out. In 1886, McClain founded another paper and called it The Reporter. It competed with The Judicion, as well as with an 1888 start-up, the Vaca Valley Enterprise.
In 1891, Barcar bought out the Enterprise and merged the papers under its name. In June the following year, McClain sold The Reporter to Oakland newsman Charles L. Andrews, who promptly "transferred" it to Barcar. For a few weeks, Barcar printed both, then merged them under The Reporter banner. From then on -- except for brief appearances in 1901 and in the 1960s -- no other newspaper set up shop in Vacaville.
Barcar was The Reporter's sole publisher until 1902, when he sold half interest to Clayborn Adsit of Oakland. A year later, Barcar sold the other half to Edward C. Andrews, also of Oakland.
Newspaper publishing was a labor-intensive job at the turn of the 20th century. Besides gathering the news and selling advertisements, each page had to be typeset by hand. "A good typesetter could set one column of newsprint a day in lead type, one letter at a time," former publisher Richard Rico said in a recent interview. "It took several people days to produce a four-page newspaper."
Technology improved the situation in 1914, when The Reporter purchased a Linotype machine that let printers set type more quickly, via a keyboard.
The Rico family became involved with The Reporter around 1919 when Richard's father, John, was hired at age 10 to sweep out the shop on weekends. By the time he was in high school, he was writing sports stories on a pay-by-inch basis. In 1924, at the age of 15, John Rico left school to take a full-time apprenticeship at the paper, which by then was an eight-page weekly with a circulation of around 500.
"The first day of work he was put before the Linotype ... and told to start practicing," according to a 1983 Reporter article marking the newspaper's 100th anniversary.
In addition to his printing duties, John Rico sold advertisements, marketed the Reporter and covered an occasional meeting.
When Adsit died in 1935, John Rico became a partner with Andrews and took over the full-time reporting duties. To fill his spot in the printing department, his younger brother Jimmy Rico was hired.
"From the 1920s to the '50s, John Rico reported on the news as small town journalism dictated: He attended every Vacaville City Council meeting for 15 years and all major social events," noted The Reporter's anniversary edition. A volunteer firefighter, he wrote first-hand accounts of fires in the area. His interest in sports assured plenty of coverage for all of the town's teams.
When Andrews retired in 1942, he sold his interest in the paper to John Rico. A front-page announcement about the ownership change noted that the publisher "plans to continue the paper along the same general lines its former editors have followed -- covering the local news field and aiding in any move to promote a more prosperous and beautiful Vacaville."
John Rico became one of the city's biggest boosters. He supported bringing the California Medical Facility to Vacaville in the 1950s, and worked on committees to build the Monticello Dam and bring Travis Air Force Base to Solano County. He also advocated moving the city dump from Brown Street to Hay Road.
Other members of the Rico family also joined the business. John's wife, Grace, did bookkeeping and ran a stationery shop at the front of the business. (After it was sold, it ultimately became Bowman's Stationery, which operated on Parker Street until closing in 2009.)
Richard Rico, grew up in the shop, mostly working part-time in the printing department. After a two-year, post-high-school stint in the Army, he returned home and went to work full-time for what was by then a 12-page weekly. He became its photographer, continued to work in the printing department, and began writing news stories, too. Eventually he was named editor and, when his father retired in 1971, publisher.
Following the trajectory of the city itself, The Reporter grew and thrived. It became a two-day a week publication in 1961 and went to three days a week in 1977. On its centennial anniversary in 1983, The Reporter became a five-day daily. Its frequency bumped up to six days a week in 1985 and then to seven in 1986. (In December 2011, it went back to six days a week with an online only edition on Mondays.)
As it added publication days, and as Vacaville itself grew, the newspaper added staff and eventually outgrew the Main Street office.
In 1992, The Reporter moved to the Interchange Business Park, where it continues to operate.
In 2002, recognizing that "we didn't have the resources to make The Reporter grow any more than it already had," Rico sold the paper to the Denver-based MediaNews Group and stepped away from the daily operation.
He was succeeded as publisher by his assistant, Steve Huddleston, who had worked at The Reporter for more than 30 years. Huddleston left in 2008 to become NorthBay Healthcare's vice president for public affairs. With his departure, the Reporter saw a quick succession of MediaNews publishers until 2009 when Jim Gleim arrived to take the helm not only of The Reporter, but also its sister publications, The Times-Herald in Vallejo and the Woodland Daily Democrat.
Gleim credits Reporter readers with the community with the newspaper's longevity. "130 years is a remarkable tenure for a company or a product, and only possible with the kind of support we have received from readers, advertisers and of course the hundreds of dedicated employees and contributors," he said. "For the support of the Vacaville community we are incredibly grateful and we will continue to strive to be worthy in every aspect of our service."
The Reporter is no longer just a small-town newspaper. It's part of a larger, media corporation, and in 2011, MediaNews announced that it had hired a new corporate manager: A company called Digital First Media, whose goal is to take a company of newspapers that also publish digital content and turn it into a digital company that also publishes newspapers.
"The Reporter's future has never been brighter," Digital First CEO John Paton said recently. "All of the tech developments, such as mobile, tablets, smartphones, and, of course, the web, will ensure The Reporter will thrive as it serves the local news needs of the people of Vacaville. Technologies come and go, but the dedication and knowledge of The Reporter's staff is its defining difference. Bring on the next 130 years."


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The Humboldt Community Services District Board of Directors will hold its regularly scheduled meeting Tuesday.
The directors will receive an October maintenance operations report and consider canceling their Dec. 25 meeting. They will also discuss the status of purchasing some property from the Green Diamond Resource Company. In addition, they'll appoint an ad-hoc committee to work on recruiting a new general manager.
The meeting will be held at 5 p.m. at the HCSD building, 5055 Walnut Dr., in Eureka. Information about the district is available online at www.humboldtcsd.com.


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Term: druid
Druid: Pre-Roman spiritual leaders of Europe, there is much speculation and relatively little factual documentation about them. They seem to have been involved with divination, incantations, healing, magic, advising royalty, carrying history in song. Druidry was an oral tradition, hence the minimal documentation.
Druids were said to meet in groves (especially of oak) and in caves. They were seen as anti-Roman, so Rome (under Augustus) forbade the practice of Druidry and the armies (and later the Christians) would destroy their sacred areas and burn them.
There was a Druid center of learning on the island of Anglesey (Ynys Môn) in Wales. Druids assembled there for training from all over Europe, although the oral secrets revealed there are not known. Rome eventually invaded the island and destroyed the groves.
Today, many of their mysteries are being rediscovered.Donald Michael Kraig


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I was reading in Schramm's The Compleat Meadmaker on p.74 that stainless kegs can be used to store mead w/ good CO2 control. This seems contrary to anything I've ever read about wine storage. With the similarities between wine and meads (melomels, etc.), how can this be? Any experience storing mead in stainless kegs? Affect on flavor?
I've used the cornelius kegs for homebrewed beers with great success and it would be nice if I could do the same for mead. To date, I've been bottling my mead (cork sealed).


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Since 2004, NASA's Cassini spacecraft has been orbiting Saturn and sending information back to Earth. Now, for the first time, the spacecraft has provided scientists with close-up views of a giant hurricane swirling around Saturn's north pole.
"We did a double take when we saw this because it looks so much like a hurricane on Earth," said Cassini imaging team member Andrew Ingersoll in a statement. "But there it is at Saturn, on a much larger scale."
Eye on the Storm
There are major differences between Saturn's storm and hurricanes here on Earth. For one thing, Saturn's storm is much bigger. The center of the storm is called the eye of the hurricane. On our planet, the eye usually does not span wider than 120 miles. However, the eye of Saturn's hurricane is a massive 1,250 miles wide.
Saturn's storm is also spinning incredibly quickly. Hurricanes on Earth can have wind speeds of 160 miles per hour. But the clouds at the outer edge of Saturn's storm are traveling 330 miles per hour!
Earth's hurricanes drift northward. But Saturn's storm is locked in place—it is already as far north as it can go. "The polar hurricane has nowhere else to go, and that's likely why it's stuck at the pole," says Kunio Sayani, another member of the Cassini team.
A Planetary Puzzle
Saturn's storm is believed to have been churning for years. Although Cassini detected the storm as early as 2004, the spacecraft could not get a glimpse of it until now. At first it was winter on Saturn's north pole, and too dark to see the storm. Then scientists had to tilt the spacecraft to get a good view of the hurricane.
Scientists plan to continue studying the enormous storm in order to better understand hurricanes on our own planet. On Earth, hurricanes form over water. But there is no body of water close to Saturn's storm. Learning how Saturn's storms use water vapor could help scientists better understand how hurricanes on Earth are formed.


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|Topic Review (Newest First)
Originally Posted by felixn View Post
Thank you everyone for the great input!
I did a bunch of research on the plasma lights, and my bottom line is that interestingly enough the products out there are simply not 100% mature yet. Apparently the gavina has the reflector thing down, but only comes with a square reflector. The seashine has a 60 by120 reflector which would be the thing to use but is a less efficient reflector and overall lamp. I really liked the idea of a full spectrum, that is something LED really don't have.
Nevertheless from what I can tell the plasma light really doesnt do much better than a t5 HO or CF fixture at the socket and those are full spectrum as well.
I am back to LED and will be giving wingoled a ring. I have to figure out exactly what I would get going with him over the upcoming AI vega or radions. That really would be the same price after all.
This might spark some diy ideas it's the Acan 600 Prism LED. It's programmable. Here's someone doing a demo
Here's a new and better uploaded vid
I just found out this unit has a lighting mode as demoed in this vid
Originally Posted by jcgd View Post
I've never heard of anyone actually recommending any of those plasma type lights or whatever. Couldn't tell you a thing about them... except that I've never seen any or know where to look
Thank you everyone for the great input!
I did a bunch of research on the plasma lights, and my bottom line is that interestingly enough the products out there are simply not 100% mature yet. Apparently the gavina has the reflector thing down, but only comes with a square reflector. The seashine has a 60 by120 reflector which would be the thing to use but is a less efficient reflector and overall lamp. I really liked the idea of a full spectrum, that is something LED really don't have.
Nevertheless from what I can tell the plasma light really doesnt do much better than a t5 HO or CF fixture at the socket and those are full spectrum as well.
I am back to LED and will be giving wingoled a ring. I have to figure out exactly what I would get going with him over the upcoming AI vega or radions. That really would be the same price after all.
I've never heard of anyone actually recommending any of those plasma type lights or whatever. Couldn't tell you a thing about them... except that I've never seen any or know where to look.
LEDs draw a heck of a lot less, regardless of fans and such. If you even swapped from cfls in your house to standard LED bulbs you can drop your lighting power consumption easily in half. From incandescent you are talk more like 1/5 of the power or less.
A Wingo fixture like your quoted one would probably draw around 180 watts or less running full bore. This a a estimated guess but:
48 xpg at 3.15V at 1000mA = 151.2 watts
3 Fan, 12v @ 0.32A = 11.5 watts
Controllers, guessing.. = >20 watts
And many people end up dialing everything back. So think more like 120 watts or so.
You could look at pugman's 180 ADA thread, he spent about 2000$ but it's already made and ready to go, depends if you have idle time and like DIY.
If not, how much would you pay yourself to make something like this for someone else?
Adds up.
I am afraid to add up my fixture, but I'm thinking around $1500-2000. I'm not very organized so finding all the receipts would be brutal. That includes some tools like a solder station and other odd balls. It adds up quick and I even had some freebies, like the aluminum housing. But I also took months to build mine. The hole tapping alone took 12 hours straight.
Like Hoppy said, the quote is really quite good when you consider that you will have about the same functionality as I do but the assembly time will be a fraction of what mine was. I don't believe everyone has the know-how or trade skills to do what I did, but the kits make it much simpler. It's a decent price for a one stop shop.
You could also do something like two radions, one over each hole in the brace, but you have to be willing to deal with the uneven lighting. You may have to shine whatever light use use through the bracing and deal with the outcome. It's going to be hard to have even lighting through only the open areas of the brace.
Glad to hear wingoleds estimate sounds right. He did give me the impression of a friendly guy passionate about what he does.
I know what you mean about RGB led use. That is essentially another step closer to disco and spot differences. My ideal way of controlling temperature might just be to run 3 channels neutral white cool white and warm white and dim them against each other until I have the color I want. Its justa guess but that way each LED already has far more chromaticity than a single spike.
Does anyone know how those plasma things compare in electrical efficiency?
i realize most LEDS come in at about 150 lumen per watt, but the cooling fans, the PS etc. all contribute to a significantly lower fixture efficiency.
That chameleon advertised 17000 lumen (and my understanding is that fixture essentially brings its entire spectrum within PAR especially since so much less is in the blue) at 300watt consumption for the fixture that brings about 56 lumen per watt...not so grand.
From their specs:
Optimized Light Spectrum for Optimum Plant Performance
325nm - 800nm Extended PAR Spectrum (includes beneficial UVB & phytochrome wavelengths)
PPFD - 2000 umoles (incident - measured @ 12)
PPF - 300 umoles (average - measured in integrated sphere)
5600K - Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)
95 - Color Rendering Index (CRI)
17,000 - Lumens
Borosilicate Glass with Hot Mirror Coating
(allows only 325nm - 800nm to pass through glass IR light reflected back into instrument)
Reflector Material - 90% Reflectivity ±
Optimum Coverage Area - 39 x 39 (1m x 1m) to 4 x 4 (1.22m x 1.22m)
Coverage Pattern ~ 160° ±
Recommended Distance from Plant Canopy ~ 12 16 (304.8mm 406.4mm) ±
Light Orientation (facing down ± 90°)
|It takes a surprising amount of money for the odds and ends of hardware for a LED light, so I see nothing out of place on that estimate. I calculate that about 48 XP-G LEDs, with 40 degree optics, will give you the PAR you want, with the light about a foot above the top of the tank, and if you use something like 16 Neutral White and 32 Cool White with separate dimmable drivers for the two colors you would have some control over the color of the lighting. Personally I am not yet sold on using blue, green and red LEDs to augment the color. There should be no spotlighting with that design.
Could you comment on the total component cost of the DIY build you did? To include things like the soldering iron, the hanging bracks and all the cables and accessories one ends up purchasing.
I think you did a very nice job and neded up with a fixture in line with what I am looking for.
That component cost plus a $400 build fee sounds like a fair gig for me to shoot for.
I think you really have to use spotlighting to your advantage. Rather than try to beat it, run with it.
Or stick with t5ho.
|You could light it well for less than $500 with par 38 led bulbs and a DIY fixture. The fixture would have to be tall though, probably 8-10". You would use regular old screw in outlets. I'm using two over my new 4' tank but if you used 6-8 I would think it would be pretty uniform.
It looks to me like the Chameleon solution would also cost 1400, and deliver a luminous flux of 17000 lumen. I don't see a reason to do the comparison with the 2000 PAR @ 12 inches as the entire output spectrum is usable and the color seems pleasant from a webpage anyways :p
If one gives the maxspect the benefit of the doubt and pretends blue light is as favored by plants as all others (it is not), then a 5 pendant fixture would give the equivalent lumen output. And incidentally pretty much use the exact same wattage of 300.
That is very interesting indeed!
The problem is then I have gone from many spotlights to one insanely bright spot on a quest for even lighting. Does anyone have experience how much control can be exerted with reflectors there? I presume this would be easily answered by someone who has run metal halides on a planted tank.
Thank you for replying.
I had actually read your entire build thread JCGD. Very cool indeed. my guess was that with all components and supplies your total cost was around $800? Does that sound right? I don't mind the offers build fee of $400 at all, that sounds reasonable to me. Even so the offer clocks in at another $500 on top of that. It could well be justified, but I have no way of knowing that beforehand. As I am really not sure what kind of build quality, light distribution and adjustability I would get in return.
I think you have a point mentioning that I should consider non LED setups.
I realize that much of the trouble for LED applications for my purpose traditional methods do not have:
1.) spot lighting, uneven light
2.) difficulty achieving desired colors and control of color
I had never heard of induction lighting used in aquaria before. INTERESTING!
This white paperhttp://www.lightingwizards.com/Downl...reetlights.pdf essentially states that from an efficiency standpoint LED's have replaced induction lighting. But if the fixture is significantly less expensive and immediately solves my coverage issues it might be the way to go. After all we really dont have the reef issue of needing MORE light in one spot we want the same light evenly dispersed. At least I do.
What would you suggest as far as induction goes? A single pro 400 or 2 two pro 200?
If you were suggesting two pro 400 that seems like 4x the electricity to me. I would also not have a way of dimming that fixture and be quite worried of the amount of light THAT would put out.
Originally Posted by felixn View Post
I could really use your expert guidance for the 180 gallon I am setting up. I will try to keep my initial post short.
Can anyone here offer some guidance?
It looks like a custom build costs the same as the highest end shelf solutions and I cant say they would compare on looks...
There's florescent induction light.
I know of only one company producing fluorescent induction lighting for aquaria. http://www.inda-gro.com/
And there's plasma lighting.
The tank on the right is using Chameleon's plasma light.
I built one. I'm workin on getting par readings.
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Discussion in 'Announcements & Feedback' started by Enkeiavalanche, Aug 10, 2012.
I bet you did not even notice it??? arty: And for all the hard work you do for the site...:great:
Agreed, Congrats and thanks for all that you do Erica!
Now she, too, walks among those of us with no lives! :rofl: Zombies, I say. Zombies!
congratulations on Ur 1000 post E.
Congrats E!
Way to go Erica. Another notch on your belt.
Congrats Erica !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Separate names with a comma.


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Imagine if we had Lovie Smith ( now that he is available) instead of Fewell
lmao MS, "the pass was underthrown" (sb 46 pass to MM). wow. that may have been the greatest pass in SB history, perhaps NFL history. that was an absolute frozen rope that had to actually gain speed as it traveled to beat NE's safety. It was a 50 yd bullet on a dime that couldnt have been placed as well were you to hand it to MM. He stuck out his hands and the ball fell right into his fingers/hand.
lmao. the fact u could misrepresent that play in the way you did is proof of something, what, i have no idea lol.
This guy is actually saying if Eli hit him in stride he could've broken free for TD? I don't even know what to say about this...


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Skip to Content
If you are seeking a world-class educational experience within a vibrant, Christ-centered learning community, Cedarville is the place for you. Step up to the challenge of our arts, sciences, professional and graduate programs, and achieve more than you ever imagined. Be challenged and transformed by professors who are experts in their fields and invest their lives at Cedarville to mentor and guide students like you.
A study of the interaction of political and economic systems to produce economic development and growth of nation states. A framework for analysis of development is explored and applied to specific case studies of both industrial and developing economics that have recently undergone significant change. Prerequisite: ECON-2330 Microeconomics or permission of instructor.


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Defending the Castle by Actively Abusing It
Research indicates that current trends in information security threats outpaces the security controls that reduce and or eliminate information security vulnerabilities. This document examines the approach of achieving maximum information security defensibility, by utilizing effective offensive testing. Compared are the differences in the effectiveness of security testing by performing a controlled test – referred to as "vanilla" testing, and a responsibly orchestrated blackhat test. Contrary to popular industry belief, realistic "adversarial" testing can be accomplished in a responsible manner without the consequences of "bringing down the house," contrary to popular belief. Offered, are arguments, costs associated with testing, and counterpoints against organizational decisions that disallow certain types of testing. Blackhat based testing is similar to what a malicious and structured attacker would perform and it is believed that by performing "blackhat" testing, we are taking a "realistic" approach to vulnerability testing. This is the proper route to take to ensure fully scoping the potential vulnerabilities in a given environment in an effort to maintain proper defensibility.
For those seeking more information about the RWSP:
The RWSP is based on an individual's ability to handle and react to real-world security situations. Security within the RWSP is approached from both an offensive and defensive perspective. The RWSP is a peer reviewed certification that is composed of three (3) primary components:
1) The Real World Security: Attack, Defend, and Repel training course is an intensive, hands-on course for intermediate to advanced security professionals. Students are split into two (2) teams allowing for one (1) day focused on offensive aspects and one (1) day focused on defensive aspects. The simulations are real, but based on a fictional storyline. The training course allows for the practical demonstration of skills and allows the students of the course to review the participation, leadership, and contributions of each RWSP candidate students.
2) Knowledge Metric: Immediately following the completion of the Real World Security: Attack, Defend, and Repel course a knowledge metric (test) is given to those individuals wishing to become a candidate for the RWSP certification. After successfully passing the knowledge metric with a 70% or better, the individual becomes an RWSP candidate.
3)Peer Reviewed RWSP Project: This practical written project is an information security focused around a topic of interest to the RWSP candidate. Initially, RWSP candidates are given 60 days to complete the project based on a given collegiate writing standard, such as APA or MLA. In this format, papers are expected to cover the subject thoroughly and end up at approximately 15 pages.


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A BMX bike with a sidecar-like device attached to the frame of the bicycle. This makes BMX bike riding a shared experience. The person that stands in the sidecar is called a monkey while the person steering the bike is called the pilot. This concept was introduced on Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory in the episode "Trust Your Pilot, Respect Your Monkey".
by Mighty_Arrow October 14, 2010


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You are a fan of coboltcurse mainly ? Come to discover the best forums coboltcurse mainly on the internet and share your experience with a community fan of coboltcurse mainly . You can also build a forum coboltcurse mainly and create your online discussion.
(XBOX ONE) Insaniac Gaming -Where Gamers unite- We offer GTA V Money/RP Lobbies-- Zombies-- Roleplay. BF1 Squad Realism events--- Minecraft Servers--- Overwatch Competitive----Rainbow Six Siege Competitive---Ark Survival Evolved Server (WIP)
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Divination with playing cards, Lenormand, tarot, and various other oracles (mainly cards). Psychic, spirituality, magic and related topics also welcome.
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This is a space dedicated mainly to European Currency Holders to exchange information pre RV and ideas for humanitarias projects post RV. Keep vibrations high!
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A forum for Camila's Mod Squad. Mainly used for RPing and discussions.
This forum is just to post ideas (mainly for games).
Roleplaying, chatting, all that. Forum games n' stuff. Mainly animal based.
coyote's, roleplaying, chatting, games, stuff, animal, based
Welcome to the Final Horizon Clan. We're mainly a Call Of Duty Black Ops clan for both the Xbox 360 and the Playstation 3. We also play games such as Modern Warfare 2 and Halo Reach.
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This fourm was made mainly for the people who wanted it.Enjoy.
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We are a forum of people who mainly talk about ROBLOX.We also happen to talk about other things besides ROBLOX such as TF2 and other fun games
Here in Armed Wolves, we are here to talk to people if they need to. This is mainly for people who are stressed, depressed, etc.
A third Party resource for those wishing to role-play a Mandalorian in Second Life, Primarily in the SWL Timeline.
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This is a place mainly to talk about War Attacks and Base Information.
This is an offshore MNF forum mainly to keep things organize. Using this forum you will be able to keep up with events, introduce yourself etc
Mainly a Guild from Eso, This is meant to be a tool for all of us to use.
Everyone's a bit feral. . . A roleplaying group mainly focused on large felines. It is open to any who wish to roleplay.
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We are a racing community who races mainly on Sundays between the times of 7:00pm-9:00pm GMT time
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Welcome to the Rogue Squadron Clan. We are a clan that plays mainly Star wars battlefront 2 but sometimes we will play other games such as Naruto and Battlefield 2.
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A forum mainly for the Medieval Text RPG game and other games resurrected from the old Runescape Forums, but there are other mini forums as well to keep you members occupied.
This discussion forum is for bloggers on tumblr (mainly) to discuss and support each other in the fight against internet trolls.
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This forum is mainly for sharing your views, experience, knowledge, and expertise in various of topics such as politics, sports, technology and among other topics.
gumu, world, wide, sharing, views, experience, knowledge, expertise, topics, politics, sports, technology


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I am getting tired of hearing of people buying "nucs" and they they talk about the nuc being "made up" while they were there and they having to release the queen. That is a package. It is not a nuc. A nuc is queen, bees and foundation that have been living together before you buy it. They are a small living hive colony.
? What are the legal issues involved in people selling small packages with some frames and calling them "Nucs"?
Can that not be considered misrepresentation, or basically lying?
Would a buyer have a legal standing against a seller who sold a "ackage with frames" as a nuc?


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to McCombs
Home ·
Tech@McCombs ·
Web Team ·
Best Practices for Social Media ·
Unlike most social media sites, LinkedIn's only purpose is to support professional networking. With roughly 35 million users, it's not as big as Facebook or Twitter. But its narrower scope ensures that your presence there will be acknowledged and followed by other business community-oriented users.
LinkedIn is a "gated-access" forum, meaning contact between users requires an existing relationship or an introduction through a third party, so that new connections can be trusted.
When adding a connection you'll be given six different options to explain your relationship.
Use this forum to post opportunities and achievements in business, community initiatives, job openings, internships, program updates and changes, and company profile pages.
LinkedIn supports user groups that
Take a look at several existing McCombs groups, such as the McCombs MBA Alumni Network, to get a feel for how to set up your own group. Check out the kind of news, notices and discussions typical to those forums.
Go to LinkedIn.com and follow the steps on this page to create a professional profile. You will need a valid email address, which LinkedIn will use to inform your contacts of your new profile. You can choose who this information is sent to.
As you create your profile, you will also be asked if you will like to share this information on Facebook and Twitter, which is an excellent opportunity to triangulate your contacts and build your presence between the three sites, allowing your followers on Twitter and your friends on Facebook to be a part of your LinkedIn network.
When filling out your profile, make sure that your employing organization is the McCombs School of Business, which will allow you to insert yourself into the already-sizable presence the school maintains on this social media site.
You can also coordinate your McCombs department or program page as your primary website, which will appear on your profile as a link for viewers to visit.
Make sure to fill out the summary section of your profile to clearly express the goals, rankings, and constitution of your part of McCombs. The summary is a great, simple way to advertise the school and entice prospective students, faculty, business organizations and individuals.
A profile can be tweaked so that people in your network know why they should contact you:
- Click "Contact (Your Name) For:" which lets you decide which notifications of opportunities you would like to receive, such as "expertise requests" or job inquiries. Space is also provided to write custom advice for users considering contacting you.
**NOTE** Unlike Twitter and Facebook, LinkedIn has both free and "premium" account options. The premium option allows for an enhanced ability to search and few professional profiles, and send messages to people you are not directly connected to.
Although LinkedIn will post alerts about your activity (e.g. profile changes, new connections made, groups joined) on your behalf, you'll want to post content for your audience between two and five times a week.
Post things like
Page last updated: 5/16/2013
By phone: (512) 471-5921
2110 Speedway, B6000
Austin, TX 78705
©2017 McCombs School of Business, The University of Texas at Austin | Technology Resources | Contact Us


text: The journal is designed to focus attention on developments in the whole field of design and craft education ranging from art through the crafts to applied science and technology. It pays particular attention to case studies of new approaches in schools and colleges written by the teachers and tutors undertaking them. A selection of the growing number of important researches and studies in design education is an important feature of the journal as is the new of all important new literature


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Carl Safina:
The oil spill's unseen villains — and victims
Even as the Deepwater Horizon tragedy unfolded, Carl Safina took the stage at TEDxOilSpill to share what the facts were known at the time. In a blood-boiling cross-examination, he suggests that the consequences will stretch far beyond the Gulf — and many so-called solutions are making the situation worse.
Similar topics
- TEDx
- Disaster relief
- Energy
- Environment
- Oceans
- Oil
- Pollution
This talk was presented to a local audience at TEDxOilSpill, an independent event. TED editors featured it among our selections on the home page.
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Elizabeth Murchison:
Fighting a contagious cancer
What is killing the Tasmanian devil? A virulent cancer is infecting them by the thousands — and unlike most cancers, it's contagious. Researcher Elizabeth Murchison tells us how she's fighting to save the Taz, and what she's learning about all cancers from this unusual strain. Contains disturbing images of facial cancer.
This talk was presented at an official TED conference, and was featured by our editors on the home page.
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text: Implementing DDMs and Common Core step by step Shortly after Massachusetts Secretary of Education Matt Malone was sworn into office last January, he was asked by MTA Today how student test scores should be used in the educator evaluation process. "If we can show the quality of work that students are doing, I think that is a fair mechanism," he responded. "I would stress that it can't just be one thing.'' Malone said teachers shouldn't be left to conclude, "My kids didn't do well on the MCAS so I won't get a good evaluation.'' At the end of the day, he said, "I just tell people, 'Let's just go through the process and be human about it.'" Paul TonerMTA President Whether a student learns as a result of being in our classrooms matters, and it should be part of a comprehensive educator evaluation framework. Student learning is at the heart of our profession. But measuring the impact that any one educator has on a student's learning and growth must be done thoughtfully and in partnership with educators. We know that it can't and shouldn't be reduced to a single standardized test score or a simple formula. That is why the Massachusetts Educator Evaluation Framework requires districts to develop District-Determined Measures — DDMs — to provide authentic measures of student learning and growth. Many of our colleagues across the nation are very interested in our work and hopeful that we can prove that the overemphasis on standardized test scores in other states' evaluation systems is the wrong way to go. Recently, the MTA sent guidance on how to negotiate DDMs with districts to local association presidents and members. We advise that teachers and administrators work together to figure out several measures that tell something meaningful about how much students learn during the school year. First and foremost, they should pick measures that can be used to improve teaching and learning — not make up new measures solely for this evaluation system. That would be a waste of time and a disservice to students. Over several years of data collection, the educator and supervisor should exercise their professional judgment in reviewing the results, looking first at patterns — what do the different measures say about the performance of my students in a given year? — and then at trends in performance — what do the data say about the performance of my students over several years? Professional judgment can then be applied to put the results into the proper context. After at least two years, depending on the contract language in the district, the evaluator should use professional judgment to determine whether an educator's impact on student learning was high, moderate or low. As Secretary Malone said more plainly, the evaluator needs to be "human" about it. Now more than ever, we need rank-and-file members to participate. We need our best educators to be engaged in the discussions of these important issues related to teaching and learning. Your local association president can't do it alone. MTA members should bear in mind that DDMs need to be focused on improvement, not punishment. The measurement they yield is used for shaping an educator's professional growth or improvement plan. If an educator has been rated "Proficient" or "Exemplary" and the student growth impact is deemed to be low, then the length of the self-directed Educator Plan may be shortened from two years to one. (Those who have a summative rating of "Needs Improvement" already have a plan of one year or less, regardless of student impact results, and those rated "Unsatisfactory" may have an even shorter plan, depending on what has been agreed upon in the local collective bargaining agreement.) It is unfortunate that we have multiple new initiatives — RETELL training; implementation of the Massachusetts 2011 ELA and Math Curriculum Frameworks, which incorporate the Common Core State Standards; and the rollout of new Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers tests — occurring at the same time that districts are required to pilot DDMs. Recognizing the burden, the state has slowed the implementation of DDMs. But there is still a lot to do. Now more than ever, we need rank-and-file members to participate. We need our best educators to be engaged in the discussions of these important issues related to teaching and learning. Your local association president can't do it alone. If the call goes out for educators to join "cadres" to develop useful DDMs, please consider participating. Classroom educators are the people best equipped to make decisions about good measures of student learning and growth. If your local president needs you to help bargain over the scheduling of RETELL courses, please join the team. The flexibility you negotiate may result in a much more convenient schedule for you and your colleagues. If your grade has been chosen to field test the PARCC exam to measure student mastery of the new Common Core-based frameworks, use it as an opportunity. Learn what this new assessment is all about and then provide the MTA and your local with feedback to help us advocate for improvements in the implementation of the PARCC system. I know that many of you feel overwhelmed; there is an awful lot on your plates. But it's worth paying attention to what Audrey Loeb, an Arlington fourth-grader, said in the cover story of this issue of MTA Today when she was asked to describe a multifaceted project on the Lowell mills. "When I first found out about this project I thought it was going to be really hard. I never did a big project like this before," Audrey said. "But we just did it step by step, and it was easy." I don't mean to say that educator evaluation, Common Core, RETELL and all the rest will be easy, but if we do them all step by step — and if many members share the load — we will get through this. Massachusetts is number one in the nation in academic performance. Our colleagues around the country are looking to us to see that we get this right. I am confident that we will — by working together with one another, our district leadership and the parents of our students.


text: A pieced patchwork bedding collection in exciting tones, the Donna Sharp Plum Trip Around The World bedding ensemble is adorned in an alluring melange of bold colors to give a classic yet fun inspired look. Crafted in superior design, the Donna Sharp Plum Trip Around The World bedding collection is adorned in greens and yellows with warm purples, lavender, plum, and baby blues. Add a dash of detail to your bedroom decor with available decorative accent pillows; a square pillow richly adorned with floral pattern on a postage stamp patchwork design in a variety of colors; greens and yellows with warm purples, lavender, plum and baby blues accented with a piped edge, an envelope pillow accented with a floral pattern in hues of plum and yellow on a quilted flap accented with a plum hand-attached binding against a green and lavender ground embossed with floral patterns and a rectangle pillow in solid plum.


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The idea that superheroines are important to some women is well-worn territory on our our blog, as is the supposition that women are not always adequately represented in comics and their film franchises. Also well-trod: the conceit that the comics industry has been known to occasionally sacrifice the concept of the emotionally-nuanced female superheroine on a phallus-shaped altar of male-centric fan wank.
Nowhere, however, have I seen this state of the union put in a more compelling socio-historical context than in the movie Wonder Woman! The Untold Story of American Superheroines, which had its premiere screening two weeks ago at South by Southwest's 2012 Film Festival.
Inspired by his wife, Elizabeth Holloway Marston, as well as their partner in polyamory, Olive Byrne, Wonder Woman's super-agile, super-strong Amazon princess character and back-story were created by William Moulton Marston–a well-respected, Harvard-educated psychologist who was brought on at National Periodicals and All-American Publications (later: D.C. Comics) as a consultant in order to legitimize the educational potential of comic books to skeptical adults and a censorious public. Wonder Woman first appeared in the December 1941 issue of All Star Comics and has been a Justice League staple ever since.
However, Wonder Woman's defining characteristics and comic book story-lines have continually changed to mirror prevailing beliefs about women and their ability to be heroes–and showing that change over time is one of the things Wonder Woman! The Untold Story of American Superheroines does so well. As Jen Stuller (author of Ink-Stained Amazons and Cinematic Warriors: Superwomen in Modern Mythology) explains early in the documentary:
"In 1941 women had to step out of the private sphere and into the public sphere because we were at war. Women made planes and flew the planes and they became super heroines."
Comics artist, novelist, and herstorian Trina Robbins subsequently takes up the narrative, explaining:
"But as soon as the war ended, all of the guys wanted their jobs back and the women were sent back to the kitchen, and there was a mass amnesia and no one remembered that women had ever been strong."
This shift in roles is reflected in the pages of Wonder Woman's stories. Our first impressions of Diana of Themyscira are of a chain-busting, super-agile, Axis-fighting, invisible-airplane-piloting, crime fighter who is attracted to (but not defined by) her love interest, United States Intelligence Officer Steve Trevor. Time passes, however, and by 1970, this virtuous, heroic demi-goddess has been stripped of her superpowers in order to remain in "Man's World." At this juncture, she is redrawn to become boutique-clothing-store owner Diana Prince. This incarnation of Diana becomes a martial artist under the tutelage of a wiser male mentor, I Ching, and a fair number of the comics covers from these dis-empowered years see Diana bereft and crying.
Enter feminist spokeswoman Gloria Steinem, who placed Wonder Woman on the cover of the first issue of Ms. Magazine in July 1972 and badgered D.C. editor Dennis O'Neal relentlessly until he ultimately agreed to give Wonder Woman back her powers and matriarchal back-story. All right, I'll give you what you want, O'Neal reputedly tells Steinem in the film, and I'll throw in Nubia, her "black sister." Now will you just leave me alone???
Not coincidentally, by 1975 we have Wonder Woman, the television show, by 1976, The Bionic Woman and Charlie's Angels. This was paradigm-changing: women could be protagonists, could bring in huge numbers of viewers, could make television stations very large sums of money…
Even after all of this, I can hear the groans of the uninitiated: Is it really necessary or a even a good idea to put Wonder Woman in a historical context? She is only a fictional character, after all. Don't we all have better things to do with our time–stockings to darn, pot pies to bake? Why–as Wonder Woman! director Kristy Guevara-Flanagan posits–would women need to consider the consequences of being seen "as heroes at the center of their own journey?"
There are some striking parallels between post-World War II America and our contemporary cultural skirmishes. Just as in post-war America, today there is clearly an organized attempt at re-framing and diminishing women's professional opportunities afoot. By legally removing women's ability to make decisions about their own bodies and reproductive health, politicians permanently alter the story arcs of our lives, take from us the ability to be the author, engineer, and main character of our own life-stories.
Writing for The American Scholar in 1940, Wonder Woman's creator, William Moulton Marston, once opined:
Not even girls want to be girls so long as our feminine archetype lacks force, strength, and power.
But we are not powerless in the current fracas. We can fight back with our dollars and our voices and we can arm our foot soldiers with knowledge and perspective. Are you a regular Con attendee? Write to those Con coordinators and tell them that you want Wonder Woman! The Untold Story of American Superheroines shown at their Con this year. Contact your local performing arts space or independent film theater and tell them you will show up with all of your friends to see this movie. It is that moving and that worthwhile.