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Home › Forums › Gear Forums › Gear (General) › Zpacks sleeping bag sizing
Feb 14, 2013 at 11:51 am #1299268
I am about to pull the trigger on a Zpacks sleeping bag, but read some reviews just to be sure. Still sold on getting one after reading some great reviews, but one of them got me a bit confused about the sizing.
In the above review, it says: "We tested the 20-degree version in ***Medium***, which fit our ***6' 2"*** testers well." (emphasis mine)
I thought this was odd, because according to Zpacks website the medium bag is recommended up to 5'10. So I email Matt at Zpacks and gave him my body specs (6ft and 190lbs somewhat athletic), and he just replied to me and recommended a long and wide bag.
Perhaps some owners can chime in and help me sort out the right size bag for me?
Thanks!Feb 14, 2013 at 12:24 pm #1954408
Bob GrossMember
@b-g-2-2Locale: Silicon Valley
I have the 30-degree version that I purchased less than one year ago.
Remember that this is not a mummy bag, so the expectation of Zpacks is that the user will have his entire head and neck sticking out of the top opening. So, when they say that one model is recommended for somebody up to 5'10", the actual length is about one head-length shorter than that. Further, as you would expect, the inner length is less than the outer length. Different users need different inner lengths depending on how they orient their feet. So, the actual size that you want kind of depends on how much of you should be sticking out of the top.
I think that if I were 6 feet tall and I wanted my head with the bag, then I would need an extra long size.
–B.G.–Feb 14, 2013 at 1:24 pm #1954436
michael leviMember
@m-lLocale: W-Never Eat Soggy (W)affles
I'd also get the goose hood, hands down has the best warmth to weight ratio of any piece of gear.
I got an all 7d one and it weighs 1.2 ounces. It allows you to sleep without needing to pull the sleeping bag over your head. You just cinch it around your neck and the hood helps seal cold air from getting in.Feb 14, 2013 at 2:57 pm #1954469
Dan DurstonBPL Member
@dandydanLocale: Cascadia
I'm 5'11" and I got a Zpacks quilt (ie. no main zip) that has a footbox which is open-able (ie. short zip to open footbox + it has drawstring cinch at foot end). Mine is the long and the length is good – definately not too long. I wouldn't mind another couple inches, but it's good. However, Joe (Zpacks) said that having the foot end have a drawstring cinch costs a couple inches, which is why he recommended the long – so I probably could have gotten away with the regular length if I didn't have this.
Anyways, if you think you're going to be pushing the temp rating and maybe layering warm stuff inside, I'd probably go long. If you're mostly going to be using this not at the temp rating normally and you're not too acrobatic of a sleeper then regular is good. I know the extra ounce sucks when you're buying gear this light, but having proper coverage is a good expenditure of weight.Feb 14, 2013 at 3:18 pm #1954477
Jason ElsworthBPL Member
@jephotoLocale: New Zealand
I have a 30 degree quilt and based on my experience I would go for the wide if you are going for a zipped bag. I am 6 foot and went for the extra long and am glad I did. However, I like to be able to pull the quilt up over my head a bit. All this can add a little weight, but good fit is absolutely vital with a quilt IMHO and also with a bag. If you aren't comfortable and warm then the few pounces you saved is going to be scant consultation. Overall, based on my limited use so far, I am very pleased with my quilt.Feb 14, 2013 at 6:58 pm #1954558
Rusty BeaverBPL Member
@rustybLocale: Idaho
I had a Zpacks bag that I ended up sending back. At 6' and 150 pounds, I figured the "Long 6'-2" version would be fine. By the time I got the bag cinched up snugly around my neck, my feet didn't have near the wiggle room I'd prefer. Felt snug. I also felt some of the loft was being smashed as well. The length may have been fine had the bag had a footbox, I don't know.
Another note. Though there's obviously a lot of personal preference with bag fit, make no mistake about it. The "regular" width is a trim bag! For a guy my build, it was nice. That with the superb loft and I'm sure it would have been nice and toasty warm!Feb 14, 2013 at 7:50 pm #1954574
I've got one of Joe's 40 degree models in a long, wide size, and it fits my 6'1", 165lb frame well. Like has been said above, I sometimes wish I had either an extra couple inches in length or a capped, oval footbox when its colder. 95% of time it works every time, and really, the other 5% of the time I should probably be using another bag…Feb 14, 2013 at 7:57 pm #1954578
And as for head wear with it, I pulled the trigger on one of Evan's Hadron S hats a while back, so I haven't tried Joe's hood, but if it's anything like his other gear then it's top notch…
I'm also usually bringing my Stoic Hadron Hoody as well, so that hood goes over the beanie, and it all ends up quite draft-free.Feb 14, 2013 at 8:17 pm #1954589
Rick SuttonBPL Member
@rickcsuttonLocale: Midwest
I am currently trying out a stock 10 degree Zpacks bag. I bought the wide and long version after discussing my vitals and intended sleeping goals with Matt at Zpacks. I am a little over 6' 3" and weigh about 180. For comparison sake, I find normal width sleeping bags to tight and own 2 WM bags that are in the 63"-65" shoulder girth range. These are probably a bit big, yet much better than 60".
I decided on the wide version as I knew I was planning on taking the bag to it's rating limits and would have additional clothing on while in it. From all I could gather while researching these bags…..if you are planning to zip up your bag and use it more like a regular sleeping bag and/or wear additional clothing, it was best to get the wider version as the medium was a "tighter" fit. I didn't really have an option on the length due to my height.
I was a bit concerned about the size of the toe box when I first slipped in the bag in my living room as my feet, when straight up were hitting the top of the top. I didn't know if this was due to the fact I wear a size 14 shoe or the fact the foot box was small. After actually sleeping in the bag, I found my feet don't really stay straight up like this when I sleep so the toe box is now a non issue for me and very comfortable.
I also bought the Zpack down hood and think it is wonderful. Since I am a very cold sleeper, I tried to really chinch up the bag around my neck, however, I didn't like the feeling when it was directly on my throat. I pulled the bag up a bit and found it felt much better and was even warmer when I had the bag cinched under my nose. This was about as far up as I could go without pushing my feet into the far end of the bag., although, I was very comfortable with it under my nose and my feet were not squished either.
While I understand much of the fitting on bags and quilts is personal, I would suggest to bump up in length and width if you are planning to use it near it's rating and/or with additional clothing on and omit the extra length and width if you would be using it more like a quilt for lighter temps. As an added note, if you toss and turn a lot and plan on using it like a quilt, having the wide version will give you more bag to tuck under you and may help keep you warmer.
I need to sleep out a few more times to verify a few things and then I plan to post how this bag compares to my other 2 WM sleeping bags in terms of temp rating as I could not find very much info on this when I was trying to pick out a bag.Feb 15, 2013 at 7:16 am #1954675
Thanks everyone for their feedback. I have decided on a long/wide just to play it safe. I intend on using this bag from around May-September as my go-to bag, and the extra room will also be nice should I need to wear extra layers in case of a cold sap. After using a 55F/13C summer back for a few years, this bag ought to be more than enough and keep me extra toasty, plus it will weigh in at around 415g with stuff sack (60g lighter than my other summer bag).
Can't wait to get it! Been drooling over it for a long time now. Will probably order it over the weekend, should be here just in time for my big section hike this spring :)Feb 15, 2013 at 8:00 am #1954684
Cesar, why the more expensive ZPack over the cheaper EE? I've moved forward on a new pack and shelter system all except the bivy from ZPacks, but still holding off for that final decision on which brand of quilt or keep using my paid for WM Caribou 1.5 lbs. sb. Your reasoning if you can share?
DuaneFeb 15, 2013 at 11:06 am #1954728
I don't know what Cesar's reasoning was, but you can just look at weight and price to get idea of why someone might choose ZPacks over EE.
For the 20deg ZPacks vs. EE Rev there's a 4 to 5 ounce weight difference (depending on size reg or long) and about a $70 price difference. That's an acceptable weight/price tradeoff for some people, not for others. (I wouldn't compare the RevX b/c it's a different quilt, but materials in ZPacks and EE Rev are comparable.)Feb 15, 2013 at 11:16 am #1954733
michael leviMember
@m-lLocale: W-Never Eat Soggy (W)affles
EE does have more down though. My 30 deg 10d weighs 19.1 with 12.9 oz down. Nothing against zpacks just stating facts.
Also mine is wide.Feb 15, 2013 at 11:36 am #1954736
"EE does have more down though. My 30 deg 10d weighs 19.1 with 12.9 oz down."
Yes, but that's because (1) the surface area of the EE quilt is bigger, and (2) ZPacks using 900fill down and EE uses 850fill down. The main size difference, so far as I can tell, is that the EE quilts don't taper as much toward the footbox. ZPacks approach of tapering more agressively toward narrower footbox makes sense to me, given that on my EE quilt (reg size) there seems to be more material than I need on the bottom half of the quilt.
In the end what matters is whether the quilts are true to their temp ratings, and I suspect both ZPacks and EE are. I have an EE Prodigy quilt (which I like) but I'm thinking about getting a ZPacks for a down quilt.
Here is what the ZPacks site says in their FAQ:
"Other sleeping bags I have compared have more down than your bags, how come?
The important metric to compare when looking at sleeping bags is the amount of loft, not necessarily the amount of down used.
Our bags have a slim efficient design, and they don't have hoods so there is less volume to fill. We also use the highest quality 900 fill power down. Lower quality down requires more down to fill the same volume."Feb 15, 2013 at 1:18 pm #1954778
Thank you, that helps. However, I did see a comment last Fall/Summer about the Zpack loft did not match it's temp rating. That was only one. I'm looking for the lightest, but want to stay warm too with me being almost 60.:)
DuaneFeb 15, 2013 at 2:10 pm #1954798
Jacob BlumenfeldMember
@surfingdwedgeLocale: Northern California
Ive used my zpacks 20 degree side zip w/ draft tube over 40 nights this year. Normal cut. Lowest i've brought it down to was right at 20-21 degrees F while sleeping under a tarp. I wear a down hoodie with it and sleep on a neoair xlite womens ver (66in). The temp rating is right on the dot (for me at least).
Also one thing to note, Im 5ft 6 using the bag cut for up to 5ft 10, bag comes up to about my lip before my feet get crammed. That's only if laying on my back though.
I usually sleep on my side and it becomes much more roomier that way.
It's my favorite piece of gear.
Pull that trigger.Feb 15, 2013 at 2:11 pm #1954800
"Other sleeping bags I have compared have more down than your bags, how come?
'The important metric to compare when looking at sleeping bags is the amount of loft, not necessarily the amount of down used'."
I'm not sure if this statement–in that form–is in Zpack's best interest…I mean, Valandre prides themselves on stating that their bags are constructed such that they would look the same lying flat when filled as they do empty…plus, we have Mr. Nisley's (among many others') contributions here on BPL which kinda state the contrary…i.e., total down load is maybe a "more important" metric to use when trying to determine the warmth of a given bag, versus measuring loft.
It's just difficult to eloquently say "The important metric…is the amount of loft, but while maintaining a given density at a given humidity under a given amount of compression, all at a certain set of dimensions which differs in infinite ways across myriad manufacturers, sooooooooooo…that's kinda why we want to say '…and not NECESSARILY the amount of down used'."Feb 15, 2013 at 3:13 pm #1954820
"Cesar, why the more expensive ZPack over the cheaper EE?"
1. Weight. Estimate of a 6ft wide EE Rev 40 quilt is around 489g without stuff sack, Zpacks long/wide 40 bag with stuff sack around 415g. I do a fair amount of SUL and a few XUL trips, most of which I took my old summer bag which is lighter (but in fairness much colder) than the EE quilt.
2. I know the brand. I have a lot of Zpacks gear, and have a hard time saying anything bad about them, and this is coming from a hardcore skeptic. The quality is excellent and service is great. I am not sponsored or get free or discounted stuff from them, FYI. For a big purchase and very important piece of gear, I didn't want to try out a new company–nothing against EE at all, mind you! I have heard a lot of good things about them.
3. I am a life-long bag man, not sure if quilts are for me. Skeptical about the drawstring foot box and straps and no zipper of quilts. Again, nothing against quilts, just not used to them, and didn't want to take a gamble. I have used wool blankets in the past when I was a traditional/minimalist camper and was not impressed.
4. Cuben roll top bag. Granted EE comes with a silnylon bag and storage bag, I'd much rather have the cuben roll top bag. I have a Zpacks roll top dry bag for my food, and love it. This is a small detail sure, but still counts for something.
5. Great reviews. I am sure there are great reviews out there for EE, but to be honest I didn't look into them much because the reviews (both from people here and elsewhere) were all very positive–this was the nail in the coffin to pull the trigger.
I put in my order just a few hours ago. This bag–aside from any replacements (and I hope this does not happen!) of broken or damage gear, and small stuff like socks, diddy bag stuff, etc.–is the last piece of gear I plan on buying in 2013.
I literally daydream about my spring and summer section hikes every day and can't wait to hit the trails! Now my list. Is. Complete!Feb 15, 2013 at 4:12 pm #1954850
Cesar, thank you. I'm edging or already there towards UL status for summer trips.
I'm working my way (enjoying) thru the seasons. I've done 5 solo winter snowcamp trips so far this winter, temps from -5F to 23F, now a small group trip this weekend to Mt. Tallac in the Lk Tahoe area. I'll do a little more research then on quilts.
DuaneFeb 15, 2013 at 4:45 pm #1954863
Duane — I think we're almost down to splitting hairs between EE and ZPacks. They're both very lightweight, well-made, and (so far as I can tell) have trustworthy temp ratings. Quibbling over a few ounces is something only ultra-lighters do. But I call myself an ultra-lighter and so I do it.
For myself, I'm a shade under 5'10" and about 155 lbs. That size fits about perfectly with ZPacks regular size (and EE's 6' reg size is a tiny bit of overkill). I'm still not sure which way I will go. I suspect that EE's generous regular size has an advantage for me (i.e., more carefree about sleeping position) but that I might be willing to give up a small bit of freedom to get a reduction in weight with ZPacks.
For someone who's not 5'10"/155 the calculations might change a bit. Everything is a tradeoff, and both EE and ZPacks are good solutions (along with many others, but I think ZPacks seems best at absolute lowest weight down bags (disregarding cuben shells) and EE may have corner on best overall lightweight down quilts for the money).Feb 15, 2013 at 5:57 pm #1954872
I've thought a little also of getting a quilt that would cover a wider temp range, but I need to stay focused on my goal of going for a lighter summer pack weight, trying to get the lightest that I feel will work for Sierra trips, not a shoulder season capable setup for week long vacation trips. For local or weekend trips, I can add a little weight back and use my existing gear. That's why the hair splitting and procrastinating. I still have enough of my income tax refund to get a quilt, it all has been budgeted for new bp gear and a few things to get my newer motorcycle set up for camping/road trips.
DuaneApr 21, 2014 at 6:23 am #2094909
Annie VarnotBPL Member
@annievarnotLocale: NYC
Hi everyone,
It's a year later. Are you happy with your Zpack sleeping bag? I am going to purchase either the 10 or 20 degree bag and am wondering if you guys would request anything different if you were to purchase a new one?
AnnieApr 21, 2014 at 6:55 am #2094914
Mike VBPL Member
@deadboxLocale: Midwest
I have had my 20* Z-packs bag for at least a year now and am VERY happy with it. The quality is top notch and the temp rating is conservative. I would reccomend ordering it in wide if you are going to order with a zipper (it is very tight in regular width). Standard width is great if you are getting it without a zipper to be used as a quilt.Apr 21, 2014 at 7:26 am #2094922
I am very happy with my Zpacks bag. Glad I went with long/wide. I have used it quite a lot over the past year, coldest I took it out was around -3C, and I was fine (just had to put on all my layers).
I have decided to eventually buy a 20/-7 degree bag in the future for winter and colder parts of spring/fall. I will again go long/wide and keep the standard zipper.
I honestly have a hard time saying anything bad about my bag. On occasion there is a stray down feather that leaks out, but not only is this rare, it's also easy to fix by just pulling it back into the baffle.
I was skeptical about the drawstring closure at the top of the bag that goes around your neck, but I have found it to be comfortable and shows no sign of being worn out yet.
I find that most of the time I leave the bag fully zipped, but I am glad I kept the zipper on it so that I have the option of using it kinda like a quilt (which I do sometimes). I hardly ever notice the zipper, and I tend to move around somewhat in my sleep, switching from my side to my back usually.
I hope you like your bag as much as I do!Apr 21, 2014 at 9:59 am #2094964
Annie VarnotBPL Member
@annievarnotLocale: NYC
So if I am a med size woman (5'5" at 135 lbs) would you suggest wide?
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I'm supposed to apply the second tray of Apiguard (thymol) today, but some of the hives I treated two weeks ago look like this - bees hanging out all over the front, and down to the ground! Since the temps here are going to be in the 80s the next couple days, I'm afraid of driving them right out of the hives. Temps will be in the 60s next week - should I wait until then? Also, the 1.5" spacers I used doesn't seem to be enough - I will put an empty super on top.
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Term used to describe the type of activity required to have produced the mystery damage that sometimes appears on your body after a night of heavy drinking.
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Moderators: Three Stars, dagny, pfim, netwolf
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Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2000 Wichert Akkerman and Joey Hess
Configuration management is quickly becoming a very important issue. Having programs which do cool stuff is great, but we need to store their configuration as well. We see more and more different configuration systems being introduced all the time, which is not very practical. This text introduces a general configuration management system which flexible enough to be used for all kinds of applications.
All configuration information is stored in what I call the configuration space. This is a database with a special design which resembles the method we look at configuration information. This is done by defining a hierarchy of information. Each package receives its own space in the hierarchy. Each package is free to use a flat space, or divide its space further into sub-hierarchies. If multiple packages share a common purpose they may use a shared toplevel hierarchy, preferably with the same name as a shared (virtual) package name (for example, both mutt and elm can use mail-reader, strn and nn could use news-reader). This shared tree can also be used as a default, ie a variable news-reader/nntpserver can be used by strn if strn/nntpserver does not exist.
Each variable in the configuration space has some information associated with it. Most importantly, it has a value. It also may have a set of flags and a set of substitution data.
Each variable in the configuration space is associated with some meta-data. The minimum meta-data associated with a variable is: long and short description, type, and default value. The meta-data is essentially static; the protocol described below does not allow it to be changed.
The meta-data exists in a space with similar naming properties to the configuration space described above, and typically one variable in the configuration space will have associated with it metadata with the same name in the meta-data space. However, this need not be the case; many different variables can all be associated with the same meta-data. In effect the meta-data serves as a template for the configuration variable.
So, what do we need to store in a variable template? Of course we need a name to identify the template. Template names are made up of components separated by the character `/' (slash). Each component is limited to alphanumerics and `+' `-' `.' `_' (plus, minus, full stop, underscore).
A type is also needed so data can be verified. Here is a table of common types; implementations are free to make up more.
Table 1. Available data types
|Holds any arbitrary string of data.
|Holds "true" or "false".
|Holds one of a finite number of possible values. These values must be specified in a field named Choices:. Separate the possible values with commas and spaces, like this: Choices: yes, no, maybe
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Of course a default value is useful as well, and finally we need a description of the variable. We actually use two descriptions: a short one (limited to 50 characters or so) and an extended one.
The extended description may be word-wrapped by the FrontEnd. To make separate paragraphs in it, use . on a line by itself to separate them. Text in the extended description that is prefaced by additional whitespace will not be wordwrapped. Both the description and extended description may have substitutions embedded in them. Ie, ${foo}. These will be expanded when the descriptions are displayed.
This information is stored in a template file that consists of stanzas in a rfc-822 compliant format, separated by blank lines. Here is an example:
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For localization, the description field (and also the choices field of a select or multiselect type question, and the default field of a string or password type question) can be supplemented with versions for other languages. These are named Description-ll, Description-ll_LL, Description-ll_LL.encoding and so on.
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After sending each command to stdout, the client should read one line from stdin. This is the response to the command, and it will be in the form of a number followed by whitespace and an optional string of text. The number is the status code, while the text provides additional information.
Table 2. Numeric status codes
|invalid parameters
|syntax errors
|command-specific return codes
|internal errors
Here are the currently supported commands.
This exchanges with the frontend the protocol version number that is being used. The current version is 2.1. Versions in the 2.x series will be backwards-compatible. You may specify the protocol version number you are speaking. The frontend will return the version of the protocol it speaks. If the version you specify is too low, this command will return the numeric return code 30.
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Table 3. Currently used capabilities
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|The multiselect data type is supported. You do not need to check this capability if you depend on any modern version of debconf.
You can use this command to set a title in the frontend. This may appear in different ways, depending on the frontend being used, for example it might change the title of the frontend's window. If you don't specify anything, a title will automatically be generated.
Using a template has the advantage that titles are translatable and that they can be maintained in the same place as other text displayed to users.
Similar to SETTITLE, but takes a string instead of a template as parameter. Consequence is that the title will not be translatable, unless some other mechanism (like gettext) is used.
This command tells the frontend you're done talking to it. Typically the frontend can detect the termination of your program and this command is not necessary.
This tells the frontend to display a question (or
other type of item) to the user.
question is the name of the item to
display, all other information about the item is
retrieved from the templates described previously.
priority is how important
it is that the user be prompted. The frontend need only
ask this question if the priority is high enough. The
question is not displayed until a go command is given.
This allows us to ask multiple questions in a single
screen. Once a question has been displayed to the user
and the user has provided input, the frontend will set
the seen flag.
Table 4. Supported priorities
|Very trivial items that have defaults that will work in the vast majority of cases.
|Normal items that have reasonable defaults.
|Items that don't have a reasonable default.
|Items that will probably break the system without user intervention.
Note that the frontend decides if the user is actually prompted or not. If the user has already answered a question, they are normally not asked it again even if input is called again. And if the user is ignoring low priority items, they will not see them. In either of these cases, this command returns the numeric return code 30.
Some frontends are able to display a number of items to the user at once. To do this, they need to be given blocks of input commands, enclosed in the BEGINBLOCK and ENDBLOCK commands. Blocks can be nested and very advanced frontends may use this as a user interface hint.
Note: There is an implicit block around any set of INPUT commands that are not enclosed in an explicit block.
Shows the current set of accumulated items to the user and lets them fill in values, etc. If the backup capability is supported and the user indicates they want to back up a step, this command returns the numeric return code 30.
Clears the accumulated set of INPUT commands without displaying them to the user.
Ask the frontend to tell you how the user answered a question. The value is returned to you.
Set the answer of a question to a value.
Reset the question to its default value. This includes resetting flags to their defaults.
Questions (and other items) can have substitutions embedded in their descriptions (and, currently in their choices fields). These substitutions look like "${key}". When the question is displayed, the substitutions are replaced with their values. This command can be used to set the value of a substitution.
Questions (and other items) can have flags associated with them. The flags have a value of "true" or "false". This command returns the value of a flag.
This sets the state of a flag on a question. Valid states for the flag are "true" and "false".
One common flag is the "seen" flag. It is normally only set if a user already seen a question. Typically, frontends only display questions to users if they have the seen flag set to "false". Sometimes you want the user to see a question again -- in these cases you can set the seen flag to false to force the frontend to redisplay it.
Note that as a special convenience behavior, frontends will redisplay already seen questions if the question was first seen by the user in the same confmodule run. This makes it easy for a confmodule to back up to previous questions without having to reset the seen flag.
This returns the value of any field of a question (the description, for example).
This creates a new question that is bound to a template. By default each template has an associated question with the same name. However, any number of questions can really be associated with a template, and this lets you create more such questions.
This removes a question from the database.
Call this in your postrm when your package is purged. It removes all templates and questions your package has generated.
Debian has had an excellent packaging system for a long time now. There is one thing missing though: a system to handle the configuration of packages so we don't have to stop the installation every time a package needs some data from the user or wants to show some information.
We want to make a package which does not break older dpkg's, and we want to be able to get the configuration information before the package is unpacked. To do this we add two new files, config and templates, to the control.tar.gz of a .deb package. Since all installation-software (apt, dselect, dpkg) download the package before installing it, we can extract this before the package is unpacked.
The templates file lists the templates for variables that this package uses. This is done using the format as used in the example in the section on templates.
The config-file contains a new element, which I call the configmodule. This is a program that will determine the configuration before the package is unpacked. This means it is usually run before the preinst, and before the package is unpacked!
Note: Please see debconf-devel(7) for details.
How does the configmodule get its information? The configmodule needs a way to retrieve information from the configuration space, ask the user for information if necessary, etc. But we don't want to implement a user interface for each package. To solve this we use a separate frontend as specified in the section on frontends.


text:
Communications and Information Policy - Africa
In Africa, APC's main focus is on access to infrastructure, particularly broadband internet infrastructure outside main urban areas. There are many active projects, including the CICEWA one, which tries to push for equitable and affordable access the internet through research, adocacy and telecommunication policy reform.
Africans pay some of the highest costs for bandwidth in the world. As the existing infrastructure is largely foreign-owned, the hard currency paid for access leaves the continent. East Africa, which does not have international fibre connections, pays even higher prices than West Africa, which is connected to the monopoly-controlled SAT3/WASC cable.


text:
10% lighter in weight than the original!
Import, Domestic Fabric
Posted by V on 8th Aug 2013
I got this suit when it was on sale. Online I wasn't crazy about the design but when i got it, I was very happy! I got a size 30 and it fits great! I am glad I got an endurance because they last forever!!
Posted by krysta on 27th Mar 2013
I ordered a size 34. The box and cardboard tags say 34, but the tag sewn in the suit says 36. Not sure what size it really is, but it fits and looks great! Would have given it 5 stars, but somewhere the sizing is wrong.
Choose a currency below to display product prices in the selected currency.


text:
[quote user="DavenIII"][quote user="Kase-1"]WOW, I see Fox News has a blogger on the GMBs, LOL[/quote]
sigh, have you ever listened to CSPAN Kase? my opinions are formed mostly from listening to actual sessions in congress..I listen to the actual representatives from both sides as they make their case, if you want to disagree fine....but my largest news source....what I base my opinions off of, that is something you can't say is bias...it's the actual discussion it's not news it's simply listening to the discussion IN congress on the floor.
shut up
no they are not lol


text:
Am I out of line thinking Bennet is more crucial than Nicks in this game?
The 49ers linebackers will have to do their best job to defend him, he's big and he can run.
Giants fan since the early 80s
yeah bennett vs Willis/Boweman is gonna be the matchup i key in on. hopefully SF does something stupid that gets bennett all riled up and he can go off for a huge day.
if we can make willis/boweman have to respect bennett in the passing game, it could open up a running lane. and i dunno if willis/boweman are the caliber athlete bennett is. dont take that as a slight to them, 2 of the best lb's in the nfl. i just dont know how fluid and smooth they are dropping off in coverage downfield.
and if nicks plays, and he will, it'll be bc he's close to 100%. giants said that they wouldnt bring him back until he would be able to play without any lingering effects and that he'd be close to 100%...dudes rested for a month now. glad he practiced 3 straight days, just reinforces my belief nicks is good to go
Love to see the boys back in action!
these guys coming back is huge for the G-Men! great news!
the passing attack could be off the charts tomorrow! lol.
Bernard not playing is huge. I have a feeling Gore is going to gore us.


text:
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text:
Miners to Play in the Jimmy John's Lion Classic II
Feb. 14, 2013
El Paso, Texas – The UTEP Softball team will travel to Hammond, La. to play in the Jimmy John's Lion Classic II this weekend. The Miners will look to bounce back after Tuesday's loss to rival New Mexico State.
The Miners will play a doubleheader on Friday afternoon when they face South Dakota State (1-4) at 2 p.m. MT and then will play the tournament host Southeastern Louisiana (3-1) at 4:30 p.m. MT.
UTEP (2-4) has had a slow start to the season, while the Miners are batting .258 as a team and have yet to hit a home run.
But the Miners are getting positive production from the newcomers. Freshman Kawehiokalani Netane leads the team in hitting (.444) and slugging percentage (.722), while junior transfer Erika Arcuri, who bats at the top of the order, is second in hitting (.353) and leads the team in on-base percentage (.500). Freshman Danielle Pearson has pitched a team-leading 16 innings (1.31 ERA) and won her first game in the Orange and Blue on Sunday. Junior transfer Alanna Leasau has hit a team-leading six RBI.
South Dakota State was defeated by North Dakota, 7-3, at the Cyclone Invitational on Sunday, while Southeastern Louisiana won its last game, 4-0, over Southern. SDSU is lead by senior Devon Reick (.588 batting average) and senior Marlee Peterson (.385 BA and two home runs). Southeastern Louisiana is getting production from a couple freshman of its own. Amber Sather leads her squad in hitting (.333 and four RBI) and Taylor Bishop pitched a complete game her last outing, as she struck out six batters and earned a win against Tennessee-Martin on February 8.
The Miners will continue tournament play on Saturday when they take on Louisiana State-Alexandria (9 a.m. MT) and Texas Southern (11:30 a.m. MT).
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text:
Georgia's Colonial Coast Birding Trail
Fort Pulaski National Monument
Description: Located at the mouth of the Savannah River, this 5,600-acre national monument consists of McQueen's Island, Cockspur Island and the adjacent salt marsh. These diverse habitats are home to 200 species of birds.
Types of Birds: Songbirds, shorebirds, wading birds, waterfowl
Best Birding Times: Songbirds (all), shorebirds (all), wading birds (all), waterfowl (winter)
Specialties: Painted bunting
Tips: Look for painted buntings from spring through summer along the edges of woodlands on Cockspur Island. This is an excellent place to spot migratory songbirds in spring and late summer through fall. Clapper rails, seaside sparrows and marsh wrens can be seen and/or heard in the marshes around the fort throughout the year. Shorebirds can best be seen along the shoreline at low tide.
Fee: $3 per adult (16 years old and older). Receipt valid for additional six days.
Hours: Birding areas are open 24 hours. For facilities, mid-August through Memorial Day the fort is open 8:30 a.m. -5 p.m. daily and the bridge closes at 5:15 p.m. For the rest of the year, the fort is open 8:30 a.m.-6:30 p.m. daily and the bridge closes at 6:45 p.m. If arriving before gates open, park beside the closed gate.
Telephone: (912) 786-5787
Fun Things to Do: Tour the fort, visitor's center and grounds. Watch for dolphins and marsh birds. Fort Pulaski is a well-preserved 19th century fort that was used during the Civil War. One of three walking trails is easily accessible to wheelchairs, the two others are earthen. At the turnoff entrance is McQueen's bike path and a bridge which is utilized for fishing.
Directions: Travel east from Savannah on Georgia Highway 80 (Victory Drive) approximately 10 miles. The entrance to Fort Pulaski is on the left. (There is no turn-in lane, so watch for oncoming traffic.) See the map.
Navigate to Page:
Ranger Hotline
Report poaching and wildlife violations. You can receive a cash reward if your tip leads to an arrest—even if you wish to remain anonymous.


text:
Students and grandparents gather at Eagle View
1 / 6
2 / 6
3 / 6
4 / 6
5 / 6
6 / 6
Second-graders joined with their grandparents on Friday, April 26, for Grandparents' Day at Eagle View Elementary School.
Each class had a different performance for the crowd, including a Maypole dance, singing and sign language.
After each class had performed, all second-graders demonstrated the "Chicken Dance" for their grandparents, who then joined them to all do the dance together.
After the performance, refreshments were served in the cafeteria and grandparents toured their students' classrooms.


text: Ok, there's been alot of these commercials about this new 3.6L V6 EcoBoost engine in the F-150. Personally i believe a full size truck with a V6 isnt a real truck, but id love to hear what you guys think about it. A real truck is supposed to have a V8 not a small V6.


text:
Brian Hayes
A curious young elephant got its nose stretched by a crocodile, with
the result that elephants everywhere now carry a trunk. What this
story tells us is that Rudyard Kipling was a thoroughgoing
Lamarckian—a believer in the inheritance of acquired
characteristics. As it happens, Lamarckian ideas were already in
disrepute when Kipling wrote his "Just So" stories. The
German biologist August Weismann, in a remarkably Kiplingesque
experiment, had shown that chopping off a rat's tail did not lead to
the birth of tailless ratlets. Experimental protocols have gotten
more sophisticated since then, but the verdict is the same: There's
no sign of Lamarckian inheritance anywhere in the kingdoms of life.
But why not? A few years ago Colin McGinn wrote (in a review of a
book by Daniel Dennett): "Why have Lamarckian organisms never
evolved? Surely a mutation which made the genes responsive to
changes of phenotype ('learning') would have selectional advantage,
and there seems to be no physical impossibility in such a
set-up. Wouldn't natural selection favour a physiological mechanism
that allowed learned characteristics to be passed genetically to offspring?"
These are good questions. One way of answering them is to note that
the molecular pathways needed for Lamarckian inheritance just don't
exist. Within the context of life-as-we-know-it, there's no way for
the elephant's nose to talk to the elephant's genes—especially
the germ-line genes. The "central dogma" of molecular
biology says that information flows from DNA to RNA to protein, not
the other way around. A Lamarckian feedback loop would seem to
require some mechanism by which the proteins of the phenotype could
alter the DNA of the genotype.
The trouble with such an answer is that it invites a further
annoying question: Why is it that such feedback loops have never
evolved? Given all that has evolved in the way of genetic
detours and shortcuts—plasmids, transposons, retroviruses,
prions—it seems a bit arbitrary to declare this one pathway
out of bounds. The case of retroviruses is particularly provocative,
since they produce an enzyme (reverse transcriptase) that violates
the central dogma, copying information from RNA back into DNA.
Here's another possible reason for the absence of Lamarckian
inheritance in nature: Maybe it's just not worth the bother. Many
authors seem to take for granted that a genetic means of passing on
learned traits would be beneficial if it could exist. They assume
Lamarckism would make for a smoother and quicker kind of evolution
than Darwin's blindfolded selection of random variations. But what
are the true costs and benefits of Lamarckism? Perhaps the reason we
see no Lamarckian organisms is not that nature cannot invent the
necessary apparatus but rather that the result is maladaptive.
Lamarckism could be a trick that nature has tried and discarded.
I have attempted to investigate this issue through some simple
computer simulations. Specifically, I've addressed the following
question: If you were offered a Lamarckian capability, how much
should you be willing to pay for it, when the price is exacted in
the form of some compensating detriment to fitness? My experiments
in free-market genetics are too crude to yield a definitive answer,
but I can report that within the rather narrow bounds of this one
model, I've been unable to find any situation where the benefits of
Lamarckism would justify paying more than a small price.
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text:
Stay connected with us to get the latest health and fitness news, innovative workouts, healthy recipes and wellness tips.
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ACE Fit Share
This zesty spin on standard tomato salsa includes sliced green olives and hot pepper relish. Serve as a dip with toasted pita chips or spoon over grilled fish or chicken..
Nutrition Profile:
Diabetes Appropriate
Healthy Weight
Heart Healthy
High Fiber
Low Calorie
Low Carb
Low Cholesterol
Low Sat Fat
Low Sodium
Serves 0
Prep Time 10 min
Total Time 10 min.
Step 1
Combine tomatoes, olives, scallions, hot pepper relish, vinegar, oregano, salt and pepper.
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Flatten your stomach and build strength in the muscles that provide stability and mobility for the spine, pelvis, ribs and hips.
Focus on pulling, rotating and building strength with workouts created alongside Olympic Gold Medalist Dominique Dawes.
This workout provides a challenging total-body workout that can be done from the comfort of home with no equipment other than bodyweight and space.


text:
I bought two nucs back on May 4th, 2008 and immediately transferred them to regular hives. They are NWC and did well in May. One of the hives has filled two brood boxes and a super. There is a lot of activtiy at the entrance and they are bringing in pollen. They need another super now.
The other one is the issue. Over the past two to three weeks the activtiy has become less and less. Today I opened the hive and could not find any eggs, larve, or queen. I did find about 5 queen cells 2/3 of the way up on frames in the bottom brood box. They have filled the second brood box about 80% with honey and have not really started on the super I gave them. Here is question number 1: Do I immediately order a queen and introduce her to the hive and in the meantime destroy the existing queen cells? Or do I let them raise their own queen with the queen cells already in place and check back in one to two weeks?
Question number 2: The other hive that is doing well needs more room. Can I take the super from the hive that is not doing so well and put it on the hive that is doing well?
Thanks for your experience, wisdom and assistance.


text:
Hello everybody! It's Krystal here from Sassy Sanctuary. I'm so excited to be visiting Craft Goodies today! Wendy is just amazing and its been a blast getting to know her through Wood you like to craft?! Her talent is incredible but she really out did herself with her lantern! I think its about the cutest thing I have ever laid eyes on!
Anyway, as much as I wanted to just copy it exactly, I decided to try to make a lantern that wasn't seasonal... just to mix it up a bit. Here is what I came up with.
Thanks so much for the inspiration and for having me Wendy! I can't wait to see what everyone else does this month!
As always I'm linking to these great parties and events:


text:
Types of Aid
Students who attend Merrimack College may qualify for Federal Pell Grants, Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants (SEOG), Perkins Loans, Work-Study, and Direct Federal Loans.
Be sure to file the Free Application for Federal Student Aid at www.fafsa.gov. If you have questions about filing the FAFSA, please contact the Office of Financial Aid at (978) 837-5186.
Learn about Graduate Financial Aid
Contacting the Office of Financial Aid
The Office of Financial Aid is located on the campus of Merrimack College in Room 15B of Austin Hall. Our business hours are Monday - Friday 8:30 am to 4:30 pm. During the summer we are closed on Fridays. We can be reached by telephone at (978) 837-5186, by fax at (978) 837-5067 or e-mail the Office of Financial Aid at firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
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A Day in the Life of a Child Life Specialist
Tuesday, March 3, 2015
Mika, a Child Life Specialist at MICH, engages pediatric patients in medical play and recreational activities during their hospital stay.
A Day in the Life of an Anesthesiologist
Tuesday, January 10, 2012
Dr. Matt Norkunas, an attending anesthesiologist at Maimonides, let us accompany him during one of his shifts to find out what life is really like bringing a diverse group of patients safely and painlessly through surgical procedures. Watch the video and step into Dr. Norkunas' world.
A Day in the Life of a Chief Medical Resident
Thursday, October 27, 2011
Renu, a chief resident from our Department of Medicine, helped us find out what life is really like for a young doctor managing a large group of residents. Watch the video and step into Renu's world.
A Day in the Life of an ICU Nurse
Thursday, July 21, 2011
Rook, a nurse in our Cardiothoracic ICU, helped us find out what life is really like for a nurse caring for some of our most critical patients. Watch the video and step into Rook's world.
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text:
Now that Kanye West's tweeted musings ("fur pillows are hard to actually sleep on") are considered newsworthy and more people follow Lady Gaga's Twitter account than Barack Obama's, one has to wonder exactly what effect the real-time mass communication will ultimately have on our society — not to mention the media landscape. How do we roll with it, without getting rolled over? That's what both participants and attendees of the upcoming 140 Character Conference (which hits the Back Bay Events Center on September 14) hope to work through.
Created by Internet entrepreneur Jeff Pulver, the 140 Character Conference (or #140conf) is a creative forum for people at the forefront of the real-time media wave. The traveling conference, which kicked off in New York in 2009, has already made stops at Tel Aviv, New York, Los Angeles, and London on its way to Boston. In keeping with the theme of communication brevity, the 60 or so presenters plan to keep their panels to a slim 15 minutes, as they tackle such topics as "Crowdsourcing Cancer," "How We Raised a Barn with Bootstraps," and "Meet Meme, Date Meme."
Local social-media talent will include Adam Gaffin, founder and editor of blogger-run news site Universal Hub; Steve Garfield, founder of Boston Media Makers; self-dubbed "Digital Dad" C.C. Chapman; and even Amanda "Fucking" Palmer, who's jumping in on a music panel.
"One of the main things I love about the 140conf is that you can hear a little bit from a lot of people," Garfield tells me over e-mail. "It's just like Twitter in that respect."
For his part, Gaffin hopes to spread the gospel of insta-news during his panel. "My main message, I guess, is that Twitter has become a fascinating experiment in community journalism," he says. "One that mainstream reporters ignore at their peril." Gaffin, oddly, compares Twitter to CB radio "in its heyday," with respect to its ability to get info to the masses in real time. A tweet, he says, can "answer the single burning question that people ask on stuck subway trains or in traffic jams or as a pillar of smoke rises from the horizon: 'What the hell is going on?' "
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text: I finally delivered my report on the open source strategy for my commissioner. It's a strategy plan for opening up a currently semi-proprietary piece of code. More news about this soon as I am able reveal anything at all. Hopefully they will adopt my plan. Many thanks to those on license-discuss who helped me with some licensing stuff.


text:
By Rob Kelly
Arsène Wenger says this season has been the strangest he has experienced since his arrival in the Premier League in 1996.
In September, Arsenal were as low as 17th in the table but after a dramatic revival they can now secure third place with a win at West Bromwich Albion on Sunday.
Wenger says the unpredictable nature of the campaign can be seen right across the board, including those clubs fighting for the title.
"It has been the strangest yet because there were changes all over throughout the season," he said.
"It looked first of all like we were battling relegation and then at the last game of the season we are battling for a Champions League position.
"Manchester City looked like they would cruise to win the league and then suddenly they had lost it, and nobody understood why.
"After that, Manchester United looked like they had won it and we [heard] all these things about 'when they are in the driving seat they do not give it away'.
"Suddenly they lose it again when City had basically given up. So it has been a really strange league."Copyright 2017 The Arsenal Football Club plc. Permission to use quotations from this article is granted subject to appropriate credit being given to www.arsenal.com as the source


text:
Hi, I got a call this am from a tree service co. They were taking a tree down and it had a section with a bee hive in it. Well I stapled screen over all the openings and that log is in the bed of my truck. What i plan to do is set it upright brace it so it will stand all winter and if they survuve the winter move them into a hive in the spring Has any one done this with good results, Being this close to winter I don't want to move them into a hive now
Thanks Dan


text:
welcome from se TX
Welcome to the Quilting Board!
Hello, welcome from Oklahoma!!!
Welcome and your work looks very good. Beware quilting is addictive, but fun. Grace
Create something beautiful from scraps.
Welcome from northern California! Your blocks are very pretty.
Janet L52
Hi Rhap,
So glad to have another quilter! And my dear - looking at your blocks - you're already a quilter. Now just go forth and multiply those blocks, into a quilt and that one into more quilts. I haven't seen many tutorials for actual quilting, but I wasn't looking. I'm sure they're out there. Look at the tutorials here first, then let your fingers do the walking in the world wide web - there are tutorials for just about everything we do. We love to share. When all else fails. Ask in the "main" section here. Someone will make you one, or talk you through it. We're not like bakers that keep our favorite recipes a secret; we're really good about sharing information and lending a helping hand whenever we can. Sounds like with your mom you have a great start - that's the best resource to start with - willing hands beside you Happy quilting and again, welcome to the nicest quilting place on earth.
These are beautifully done! I love the colors and patterns.
beautiful quilt and I would also suggest doing a google search on the pajama quilter, she is fun and teaches in an easy to learn way
always learning
Hello and welcome from New York. Beautiful fabrics and you did a great job on your first set of blocks!
Helen T.
Looks great! Love the colors! Welcome from beautiful Northwest Washington, by the way I'm new here too, and I'm now addicted to this website (as if being addicted to quilting wasn't bad enough....ha ha!) Fabulous job on your first quilt blocks! (wish my first ones had looked even half that good! )
Welcome! What a great job you're doing. Love the colors too. You are really going to love it here.
Ginny B


text:
Current News | Archives
Ben Rains of Sherwood has been named dean of university studies at Pulaski Technical College. Previously, Rains served as chair of the department of natural sciences at the college.
A doctoral student in higher education administration at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Rains received a master of science in biological science from the University of Central Arkansas and a bachelor of arts in biological science from Hendrix College.
Since joining Pulaski Tech as an instructor of biological sciences in fall 1996, Rains has developed a number of successful initiatives including the standardization of natural science course content and a program for assessing student academic achievement in biological sciences.
He also designed and developed new microbiology and anatomy and physiology labs, developed an online course in biological science, supervised departmental faculty and coordinated Pulaski Tech's natural science course offerings at Baptist Schools of Nursing and Allied Health.
In his new role with the college, Rains will oversee activities of the Division of University Studies--the largest division of the college, with more than 4,000 students and 37 full-time and 164 part-time instructors.
"We are extremely pleased to have Ben joining our administrative leadership team," said Dr. Dan F. Bakke, college president.
"He will be a tremendous asset to us in developing new courses and programs to meet the needs of students who plan to transfer to four-year colleges and universities or enter the workforce after completing a degree or certificate program at Pulaski Tech."
Rains has made numerous academic presentations in the areas of managing adjunct faculty and serves as co-chair of the statewide ACCESS-AR biological science committee.
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Series 3, Episode 1 - Phenom II isn't that bad and cats still need rescuing
Posted on 8th May 2009 at 18:08 by Podcast with 34 comments
The podcast returns for a third series, powered up by the addition of the bit-tech team and some new microphones from Shure. CPC Editor Alex, Reviews Editor Clive and bit-tech main man Tim take a look at the big stories in tech from the last month, including new graphics cards from ATI and Nvidia, and the Phenom II X4 955 BE which sees AMD returning to form. Tim talks about getting his new laptop, the Thinkpad, X301 and the panel then look ahead, taking in Windows 7 and DirectX 11. The games chart returns, but it looks depressingly familiar. Fortunately one of the team is still playing Mass Effect.


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The prospect of the FIFA World Cup in 2014 followed by the Olympic Games in 2016 has reignited the debate about public security in a country where there is an undeclared war taking place in the favelas between the military police, paramilitary groups, and drug traffickers, but where the principal victims are the poor.
"The day to day reality that Rio police confront in the favelas is very similar to that which NATO troops face in Afghanistan," says Kaiser Konrad, director of Defesanet, a magazine specializing in military issues.1 He goes on to say that Rio is one of the most complex theaters of war in the world, in part due to its diverse geographical terrains such as jungle and mountain ranges. "The danger encountered by a Western soldier patrolling certain parts of Kabul is the same as that encountered by a soldier or policeman called into one of Rio's hot spots," he concludes.
In the favelas, the drug traffickers have dug out ditches and built barricades with large cement blocks or boulders in order to prevent the progress of the "caveirao," an armored vehicle the size of a bus which is used by the military police when they enter the favelas. The same tactics are reproduced in the poor areas in Haiti, where the Brazilian military is in charge of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). There, as in Rio, the military police have to use diggers to first clear the streets, a form of "combat engineering" to overcome a logistical problem pioneered in Brazil.
In comparing what happens in the favelas of Rio with the reality of Kabul and Port-au-Prince, the conservative right wing is deliberately attempting to criminalize the poverty concentrated in Rio's 750 favelas inhabited by 1.5 million people. The feeling of an escalation in the war was reinforced when, on Oct 17, two weeks after Rio was awarded the Olympic Games, a police helicopter was shot down over the favela known as Morro dos Macacos ( the Hill of Monkeys).
The mountain sides around Rio have been home to poor migrant workers for over 50 years. They live in precarious conditions without water, electricity, sanitation, healthcare, or education. Statistics show that 20 people per day are assassinated in Rio, turning the city into what the sociologist Vera Malaguti terms "a laboratory of genocidal techniques."2 The police in Rio have the dubious reputation of being the police force with the highest kill rate in the world. This is not to say that they are out of control and kill on a whim. Brazil is a paradise of wild capitalism, with the largest gap of economic inequality in the world. Rio is its star, with frantic real estate speculation intensifying as the big events approach.
Timid BOPE
Violence in Brazil is not only very high but also continues to grow alarmingly. In 2006 there were almost 50,000 homicides (49,145 to be exact, or 26.3 per 100,000 inhabitants). In the state of Rio de Janeiro 2008 statistics show 5,717 homicides, or 35.8 per 100,000 inhabitants. There were also, however, 5,095 disappeared people, many of them victims of intentional violence and buried in clandestine graves.3
Figures relating to police brutality in Rio are jaw-dropping: in 2003, 1,195 people were killed in police actions. Of these, 65% had clear signs of having been executed, i.e. they had at least one bullet in the back. "In 2004, the police killed 983 people, in 2005 there were 1,098, in 2006, 1063. In 2007, this number rose to 1,330, in 2008 1,137. This adds up to 6,806 people killed by police in six years." 4 The vast majority are poor and black inhabitants of the favelas aged between 15 and 29. The majority were assassinated by BOPE, the Special Police Operations Battalion, or the elite special forces of the military police in Rio de Janeiro.
The book, Elite Force, published in 2005, was the first book that portrayed the actions of BOPE from the inside. It was co-authored by two former members of BOPE who had worked in special operations for five years and by an ex-secretary of national public security. The book, which was a best-seller and inspired the Golden Bear winning film of 2008, claimed that BOPE is "the best urban warfare force in the world, being the most technical, the most prepared, and the most powerful."5
The authors state that both North American and Israeli defense forces come to Rio to train with BOPE because "there is no other place in the world where one can train every single day." Even though BOPE is often accused of disproportionate brutality, the force's honesty is recognized and trusted, in contrast with the military police, who most people consider corrupt and in collusion with the drug traffickers.
BOPE was created in 1978, during the military dictatorship, but only received its public security mandate in 1991. Originally BOPE was conceived as a war machine: "It does not receive training in how to interact with civilians or how to control those who break the law: its sole purpose is to invade enemy territory."6 The hymn chanted in training states that the mission is to "invade the favela and crush everybody." The emblem of the force is a knife embedded in a skull; its color is black. For many years the force was comprised of 150 members; recently it was increased to 400.
Entrance to the force is similar to all military recruitment: extreme hardship, with excessive physical tests that put the applicant very close to death and thereby ferment his insensitivity. Participants recount that training consisted of "marching 100 kilometers, on foot and without rest, almost dying of hunger and thirst, completely wiped out by physical exhaustion, legs and rear ends on fire … but the worst by far was the ritual of humiliation during the wind down: they had to dig their own graves and simulate their own death, symbolizing that they had reached the bottom of the abyss."7
Once inside the favela, BOPE behaves exactly like an occupying army. "At night we don't take prisoners," say the authors, acknowledging that BOPE is a lethal force that shows no respect for life or for the dubious rule of law that prevails in Rio. They concede that the actions of BOPE have had dreadful and far-reaching consequences: "The shoot to kill policy pursued that didn't allow for the surrender of the offender provoked a paradoxical effect: it increased their resistance, as well as the rate of violence directed against the police."8
The justice system, in effect, collaborates with these actions by issuing "decrees of resistance" which, according to Tim Cargill of Amnesty International, protect the police by ensuring that the deaths resulting from these elite force actions are exempt from investigation.9
In addition to BOPE, there is also evidence of illegal militias comprised of both former and active police members, as well as firemen, ex-military, and other state agents. While the northern zone of Rio is engulfed in a feud between drug gangs, the western zone is increasingly dominated by these paramilitary groups who now control 88 favelas while the drug gangs' control has been reduced to 71.
"The current mayor of Rio, Eduardo Paes, campaigned on a platform which defended the power of the paramilitaries."10 As soon as the paramilitaries expel the drug gangs, they impose on the favelas a form of feudal system which strictly controls the population, and which is similar to that which Colombian paramilitaries inflict on areas they control. "They charge for security. Also for healthcare. Pirated cable TV costs 20 reais (12 dollars). At night there is a curfew," recounts a young woman from the Vila Sape favela.
For the sociologist Ignacio Cano the privatization of security is unsustainable, given that to date there are over 300 allegations that the militias participate in drug trafficking. Recently they threatened to kill the State Representative Marcelo Freixo, of the Socialist Party, who had headed an investigation of the militias. Between 2002 and 2008, 1,245 military police were expelled from the force for having been implicated in drug and/or arms trafficking and in the creation of militias for profit.11
The Militarization of the Poor
Shortly before the Pan American Games of 2007 in Rio, the military police invaded the Complexo do Alemao, one of the poorest neighborhoods of the city, with 1,300 agents who killed 30 people. Many of these deaths were "summary executions" according to the Ministry of Human Rights. Currently, a wall is being built around 13 favelas under the guise of "protecting the natural environment."
This is but a small foreshadowing of what will happen in Rio in the coming years to provide security for the World Cup and the Olympic Games. The production of a national armored vehicle modeled on those used in Israel and South Africa is under development to substitute the objectionable caveirao, and BOPE is upgrading its weaponry to include more efficient machine guns, technology to detect explosives, and for use in special tactical missions.12
In the favela Santa Marta, however, an experiment is taking place to provide the favela with a permanent police force, which, if successful, could be extended into other areas. It is known as the UPP (Union of Peacekeeping Police) and it was installed following the expulsion of the drug gangs. The UPP represents the first state-run policy dedicated to winning and holding the traumatic and fragile peace between the favelas and the military police.
Alongside and in conjunction with the UPP, the promise of increased social programs in health, education, and sports ostensibly serve to ameliorate the relationship between the state and the favelas, but likewise ensure that the state security forces have a permanent presence in those communities.13
The program of the "pacification" of Santa Marta is the brainchild of Rio's governor Sergio Cabral of the PMDB (the Party of the Democratic Movement of Brazil), ally of President Lula's national government. In addition to promising to eliminate drug trafficking, he states that the "main aim of the pacifying force is to ensure that the communities which have endured living with criminals now learn to coexist with the presence of the state."14
Nevertheless, the population of Santa Marta complain that the promises of social reform are unfulfilled or proceed extremely slowly, that the provision of cable TV, until then the domain of the gangs, has not been replaced, and, most objectionably, that the popular public dances like the funk have been prohibited because the police link it to drug trafficking, but an alternative for the entertainment of the youth has not been proposed.
"If they see someone with baggy pants they detain him, but if someone is dressed in a suit and tie they don't," says a young man from Santa Marta.15 Members of the residents' committee complain that they have never been invited to meetings in which the different projects of the community were to be discussed. Freixo criticizes the Santa Marta experiment as being an isolated case which assuages the middle classes rather than a social reform program which can be rolled out to include all favelas in Rio.
Even though it is recognized that it is better for the police to work with communities rather than occupy them as though it were a theater of war, as is the case with BOPE, Freixo believes that the community police plan is another form of control and not the "construction of liberty" if it is "not accomplished through prioritizing social reform with the participation of the society that is being reformed."16
The majority of social observers all agree that there won't be successes in the favelas without major structural changes. The Human Development Index (HDI) of the favela Mare is 0.722 while that of Ipanema, one of the most prosperous neighborhoods of Rio, is 0.962. In Mare life expectancy is 66 years, in Ipanema it is 80.17 The localization of the social differences largely explains the violence in the city. "When inhabitants are prevented from having access to a significant part of their rights as citizens, one cannot expect them to recognize or respect the legitimacy and authority of the administrations that offer them little or nothing,"18 explains Bruno Lima Rocha, a political scientist.
In other words, the state is incapable of comprehending that the problem lies in the fact that one in three citizens do not have basic minimum rights and it cannot resolve this problem through repression. Consequently it follows that chaos is the result of inequality coupled with injustice.
Containing the Poor or Eliminating Them
The representative Freixo, who dedicates himself to the issue of security in Rio, believes that "a safe society is one which develops a culture of rights." In his opinion, the main source of the problem evolved in the neo-liberal 1990s when "a section of the Brazilian population did not serve the system, not even as reservists to the army. The decade of the 90s presented us with a Brazil that was not for all."19
"This is why there is genocide in the poor areas of the city," says Freixo, trying to explain the 16,000 homicides and 12,000 disappearances of the last few years. Brazil has the fourth-largest prison population in the world after the United States, China, and Russia. Half a million are in jail. In the 90s, the imprisoned population increased by 170%, and every year it still increases by 10%.
One can see how this genocide is carried out in the way the judicial powers approach their task in relation to the favelas. It is the only area where a "generic search warrant" is issued—a judicial instrument which allows for permission for the police to operate across a community-wide area, rather than restricting it to a specific personalized warrant. This allows the police to enter into any home and detain any inhabitant, without limitation. The text of one of these warrants issued in 2002, analyzed by a committee which included Representative Freixo, referred to the population of the favela as "genetic trash."20
Vera Malaguti, professor of criminology and general secretary of the Rio Institute of Criminology and author of Fear in the city of Rio de Janeiro, claims that the trajectory of fear to chaos and unrest has been the modus operandi to discipline the impoverished masses. The sense of fear is fed by the urban elite in order to safeguard their privileges.
This reading of the social reality in Rio throws light on some facts that the average "carioca" is prone to distort. Malaguti says that the "left is afraid of the underclass," referring to juvenile delinquents of which the Rio police kills about 1,300 per year to "the applause of the general public, the elite, certain parts of the academic world, and some of the left."21 She goes on to say that the leaders of the drug gangs were convicted on small offenses, but were then barbarized in jail.
"The objective of the left should be to pursue fewer incarcerations, to foster the familial relationships of those in jail, and to allow greater communication with the outside in order to end the perception that those on the outside are good citizens and those in jail are evil."22 The real problem, Malaguti continues, "is that the existence of the poor has become a hindrance to big business and property speculations and therefore they must be exterminated."23
The walls currently under construction she categorizes as "a fascist fence around the poor," part of a "project of urban cleansing under the guise of restoring order to the city, for the benefit of the World Cup, the Olympics, and all the capital investment that is flowing into Rio. These investments seem to be an obsession for state and municipal governments, who are constantly travelling around the world trying to attract them."24
At the root of it all lies the problem of power. The elite is wary and fearful of those millions of black young heirs of the liberal traditions of the quilombo.25 This is why Rede Globo, which seems to have a policy of criminalizing poverty, is relentless in criticizing Leonel Brizola, the only governor who has so far refused to repress the poor. His death, according to Malaguti, "has allowed fascism to occupy the city." It is no coincidence that the director of Defesanet blames Brizola for the present situation in the favelas because he prohibited the police from going into the hills to kill.26
This war against poverty, camouflaged as a war against drug trafficking, in the same way as in the past was defined as a war against communism, seeks to contain "rebellious poverty," which is a tradition of Rio de Janeiro, having been at various times a city described as quimbola, then janguista, then brizolista.27The elites are making the poor pay for their historically ingrained rebellion which aspires to liberty, which began by abolishing slavery and now threatens the lucrative business of 2014 and 2016.
End Notes
1. Kasier Konrad, December 10, 2009.
2. Interview with Vera Malaguti, October 28, 2009.
3. Tropa de Elite, p.15.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid., p30.
6. Ibid, p.8.
7. Ibid., p.22.
8. Ibid., p.30.
9. Bernardo Gutierrez.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Kaiser Konrad.
13. Fabiana Frayssinet.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Bernardo Gutierrez.
18. Bruno Lima Rocha.
19. Marcelo Freixo.
20. Justicia Global, p.34.
21. Interview with Vera Malaguti, October 28, 2009.
22. Ibid.
23. Interview with Vera Malaguti, April 18, 2009.
24. Ibid.
25. Hinterland settlements of escaped slaves that engaged in military resistance.
26. Kaiser Konrad, October 19, 2009.
27. Interview with Vera Malaguti, April 18, 2009. "Janguista" refers to Joao Goulard (Jango) president of Brazil deposed in the military coup of 1964. "Brizolista" refers to Leonel Brizola, twice governor of Rio (1983-1987 and 1991-1994).


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