text:
Flash Photography with Canon EOS Cameras - Part I.
Copyright © 2001-2017 NK Guy
Version 1.8. 12 December, 2010.
The invention and subsequent automation and miniaturization of electronic flash revolutionized photography. If youre a photographer youre no longer tied to available light. A reliable and portable light source is immediately at your disposal if you choose.
But flash photography has always been a very difficult technique to master on any camera system. Its easy to take a snapshot of your friends in a restaurant and get that hideously blown-out rabbit-in-the-headlights look from built-in automatic flash. But using electronic flash well - achieving natural-looking images - is quite tricky.
This is in large part, of course, because the human eye cant fully discern the effects of a flash burst at the time an image is taken - the brief pulse of light is just too short for us to process. And you cant even see the flash if youre looking through the viewfinder of an SLR camera anyway, as the mirror will have been raised for the duration of the flash. Its also because small light sources mounted close to the lens produce a very unnatural form of light.
So you have to read manuals and experiment. This was difficult with film-based photography because of a long lag time in the feedback loop - you had to take your film in to be processed before you could see what worked and what didnt. Fortunately, digital photography eliminates this problem by presenting results immediately on the preview screen, but it can still take a little trial and error to get things right.
Nonetheless it helps a lot to understand the basic principles behind the way flash photography works. So, heres some information to reveal the mysteries of flash photography with Canon EOS camera equipment. Much of the information presented herein is fairly general in nature and thus covers similar flash systems used by other manufacturers, but much is very specific to Canon EOS products.
Note that this document covers Canon EOS products, both film and digital. Canons PowerShot series of digital cameras can use Speedlite EX-series flash units, but since they arent EOS cameras there are significant differences in the way they work.
The keen eyed will also note that some portions of this material are not quite as up to date as one might want. The reason for this can be seen to the right – I've been working on a new book which expands on this content considerably. In fact, I believe the book is probably the most complete book on the subject of flash photography ever written, so if this topic is of interest, I strongly recommend picking up a copy of the book! And now that it's done I'll hopefully have more time to update this article. Later in 2010.
Table of Contents
Part I - Flash Photography with Canon EOS Cameras.
Existing documentation.
Top Ten Frequently Asked EOS Flash Questions.
1 - My camera already has a built-in flash. Do I need an external one? If so, what kind?
2 - I have an old flash unit. Will it work on my new Canon digital EOS camera?
3 - Im not happy with my flash photos. The lighting always looks harsh and unflattering.
4 - Are my friends possessed by demonic powers? Their eyes are glowing an evil red!
5 - I took two flash photos in rapid succession and the second one is totally dark.
6 - Ive put a diffuser or reflector on my flash. Do I have to compensate for this somehow?
7 - I tried to take a flash photo and the camera wanted a really slow shutter speed.
8 - I tried taking a flash photo and the camera wouldnt let me set a very high shutter speed.
9 - I took a flash photo and the background is pitch black or very dark.
10 - My camera meters in P and Av modes very differently when I have a flash turned on.
Flash metering systems used by Canon EOS.
Controlling flash exposure.
Flash metering principles.
TTL (through the lens) flash metering.
Refinements to TTL flash, including Canon AIM.
A-TTL (advanced TTL).
Limitations of A-TTL.
E-TTL (evaluative TTL).
Limitations of E-TTL.
Canon EF lenses with distance data for E-TTL II.
FP (focal plane) flash mode.
TTL and E-TTL and EOS film cameras.
TTL and E-TTL and EOS digital cameras.
Type A and type B bodies.
Disabling E-TTL.
EOS system compatible flash units.
Internal flash.
Basic (PIC) modes and external flash units.
Canon external flash unit types.
Nomenclature of external flash units.
Older Canon Speedlite flash units.
Hotshoe flashes.
Handle-mount (grip) flash.
Macro flash.
Third-party flash units.
Other flashes.
Which flash unit should I buy?
Part II - EOS flash photography modes.
Subject and Background in flash photography.
Fill flash.
Fill flash ratios.
Auto fill reduction.
Slow shutter sync.
X-sync (flash sync) speed.
Maximum X-sync speed and EOS bodies.
EOS flash photography confusion.
Program (P) mode flash.
Tv (shutter priority) mode flash.
Av (aperture priority) mode flash.
Manual (M) exposure mode flash.
Multiple flash units.
Metering patterns for the background when using flash.
Flash metering patterns.
Do not focus and recompose.
Flash terminology.
Strobe and flash.
Inverse square and inverse fourth power laws.
Guide number.
Exposure values (EV).
Dedicated or non-dedicated flash units.
Shoe mount.
The redeye effect.
Redeye reduction.
The first curtain sync problem.
Second-curtain sync.
Colour temperature theory.
Colour temperature and film.
Colour temperature and flash photography.
Colour filters.
Limitations of filters.
Wratten numbers.
Trigger circuit voltage.
Slave flashes.
Flash meters.
Flash sync trivia.
Part III - Common EOS flash features.
Bounce flash - swivel and tilt.
Zooming flash heads.
Flash head coverage.
AF assist light.
Camera-specific notes on AF assist lights.
Flash exposure compensation (FEC).
Which bodies/flash units have FEC.
List of which bodies/flash units have FEC.
Faking flash exposure compensation.
Flash exposure lock (FEL).
Flash exposure bracketing (FEB).
Enabling second curtain sync.
List of which flash units and camera bodies have second-curtain sync.
Range warning.
Manual flash.
Flash exposure level.
Rapid-fire mode.
Stroboscopic flash.
Setting stroboscopic flash.
Flash exposure confirmation.
Wireless remote control.
List of wireless-capable flash units and cameras.
Modelling flash.
Automatic white balance compensation.
Save Energy (SE) mode.
High-voltage connector.
PC terminals/sockets.
Custom functions on flash units.
Test flash (manual firing).
Rear control dial.
Weather seals.
Manual flash triggering for light painting.
Flash safety.
Extension cords.
Flash diffusers.
Flash brackets.
External battery packs.
Flash extenders
Power source options for external flash units.
Standard AA non-alkaline (zinc carbon) cells.
Standard AA alkaline cells.
Rechargeable nickel-cadmium (NiCad) cells.
Lithium AA cells.
Rechargeable nickel metal hydride (NiMH) cells.
External battery pack.
Flash tips.Quality of light.
General flash photography.
Shooting indoors in a small space.
Shooting outdoors or indoors in a large space.
Links to other useful documents.
Disclaimer and copyright.
Existing documentation.
Learning more about flash photography with EOS cameras was traditionally difficult as there was relatively limited information available on the topic. Canons manuals are naturally brief and to the point. Third party books tend to be quite introductory in nature.
In the 1990s Canon USA published some printed references - the Canon Speedlite Reference Guide and the smaller Canon EOS Speedlite System. Both are now out of print and neither covers E-TTL technology. A later guide, Flash Work, covered the basics of E-TTL but was fairly introductory in nature. Finally, in the late 2000s, Canon USA released an evolving online Web resource, the Canon Digital Learning Center, which includes a good deal of material on flash technology.
So for many years the document you're now reading was the most detailed explanation of flash photography with EOS photography available. However, in March 2010 Rocky Nook Press released Mastering Canon EOS Flash Photography, my new book on the subject. This book, which of course I urge everybody to rush out and buy since I am completely unbiased and have absolutely no hidden agendas, goes far beyond this online work, and covers a wide range of flash-related material such as flash accessories and proper studio flash. It's also lavishly illustrated, whereas this online document is text only.
Finally, please note that I have no particular insight into or access to the mysterious ways of Canons engineers. I wrote all this material partly because I thought it might be helpful to others and partly because explaining something is a great way to learn something yourself. But there may, of course, be technical errors in this document. If you spot any errors or ambiguous or vague sections, Please send feedback!
Top Ten Frequently Asked EOS Flash Questions.
To begin, Id like to provide quick answers to the top ten Frequently Asked EOS Flash Questions, since they do come up an awful lot.
Im also going to mention my Canon EOS Camera/Flash Compatibility Lookup page, which allows you to compare different camera and flash models to determine their compatibility and what functions are available to you.
1) My camera already has a built-in flash. Do I need an external one? If so, what kind?
This question crops up all the time on discussion forums, much to the irritation of oldtimers. And their irritation usually arises for two simple reasons. First, theyre grumpy cantankerous curmudgeons and second, the question is sort of meaningless without knowing what your photographic requirements and interests are.
Its very much like asking, Which car should I buy? The answer depends on your needs and budget. But heres a brief overview of what you should consider.
If you just want something to take snapshots with, a built-in popup flash is probably sufficient. It cant produce much light and so doesnt have a lot of range, but then friends in restaurants arent going to be very far from you. It has a harsh quality, but for snapshots most people dont seem to mind much. And internal flash units are convenient - you cant lose them unless you lose the whole camera, and they dont add any additional weight or bulk.
However, if you want to get into more advanced photography youll probably want either to buy a good external flash unit or else eschew flash as often as possible and rely more on available light. As noted above, the light from an internal flash unit is very harsh, whereas external units let you soften the light by bouncing it off of walls or ceilings, or attaching light-softening diffusers. Most importantly, an external flash unit can be taken off the camera - either with an extension cord or wireless. This is important since on-camera flash provides unnatural head-on lighting.
At this point its largely a matter of how much you want to spend and how much weight you want to carry around. Please consult the which flash? section of this document for more details.
Nonetheless, remember that flash is no panacea for photographic lighting problems. Its obviously a valuable tool, but often the best way to wreck a shot is to flood the scene with light from a flash unit. Available light photography forces you to slow down and consider the light around you, which ultimately can help you become a better photographer.
2) I have an old flash unit. Will it work on my new Canon digital EOS camera?
Maybe. That depends on what type of flash unit you have.
Canon digital cameras can only communicate with Canon Speedlite flash models with names ending in EX. If your Canon flash unit has a model name which ends with E or EZ or anything else then its automated features will not work with a Canon digital EOS camera.
As for flash units manufactured by other makers, check its specifications to see if it supports E-TTL flash metering. If it does not, or only lists Canon TTL flash metering then it most likely will not work. For details see the section on flash metering with digital cameras.
3) Im not happy with my flash photos. The lighting always looks harsh and unflattering.
Flash can be like that. Basically, soft lighting is light which originates from a large area. Portable camera flashes, by contrast, have very small light-producing areas and, therefore, produce very hard-edged light with pronounced shadows. Flash units also tend to be mounted right next to the camera lens, producing an unnatural look. How often do you see the world illuminated by light emanating from your head? You probably dont - unless youre wearing a caving helmet or a head-mounted camping light. Light tends to come from overhead sources - the sun, ceiling lamps, etc.
The easiest way to soften the lighting in your flash photos is to bounce the light from the flash unit off a large white surface. Walls and ceilings work for this, as do portable folding reflectors. You can also buy diffusers that attach to your flash that help a little bit as well. For more information have a look at the section on quality of light.
4) Are my friends and family possessed by demonic powers? Their eyes are glowing an evil red!
This is the redeye effect; a common problem with the internal flash units built into cameras. Its caused by the white light from the flash unit reflecting off the red blood vessels lining the interior of the eye. The light shines back into the camera, resulting in the famous red glow.
The easiest way to minimize the risk of redeye is to use an external flash unit rather than a built-in flash. The problem is fully explained in the redeye section of this document, as is the related problem of greeneye in cats and dogs.
If, however, your friends and familys eyes glow an evil red in real life and not just in your flash photos of them then you should probably consider arranging an exorcism. Contact a tabloid first if you want to exploit the situation to your financial advantage.
5) I took two flash photos in rapid succession and the second one is totally dark. Why?
All flash units take a number of seconds to charge up between flash bursts. Some flash units have rapid-fire abilities which let them fire the flash even if the internal capacitor is not yet fully charged - but others dont.
So if your second photo is dark it probably means that your flash unit lacks rapid-fire capabilities. You have to wait for the unit to charge up fully (and the pilot light on the back of the unit goes on) before taking the second photo. However, if your flash does have rapid-fire capabilities then you probably took the second photo too quickly and the flash unit hadnt enough time to recharge to an adequate power level.
Note that different types of batteries charge up the flash at different speeds, so if this is a consistent problem you should look into your battery options.
6) Ive put a diffuser or reflector on my flash. Do I have to compensate for this somehow?
Diffusers of any kind obviously reduce the amount of light that your flash unit produces. Youll find a similar effect if you bounce the light from your flash unit off a wall or into a photographic umbrella.
However, so long as youre using automated (TTL, A-TTL or E-TTL) metering then the camera will compensate automatically. There is no need to adjust anything.
Youll have decreased range, but you shouldnt have any exposure problems unless youre too far away from the subject and the decreased range now means youre out of range. Diffusers can easily cost you at least half your flash range, depending on the type.
7) I tried to take a flash photo and the camera wanted a really slow shutter speed. Why?
This occurred because you are trying to take a flash photo in low-light conditions and the camera is in Av (aperture priority) mode or the night PIC (icon) mode if your camera has it.
In Av, night and Tv (shutter speed priority) modes the camera meters for ambient (existing) light and fills in the foreground subject using the flash. It does not assume that the primary light source is the flash, and therefore the shutter speed it sets is the same as it would set if you werent using flash at all.
In low light this results in slow shutter photography. If the shutter speed is very long you will, therefore, need a tripod to avoid motion blur during the exposure.
Alternatively you can switch to full auto (green rectangle) or Program (P) mode, which automatically expose for the flash-illuminated subject and not the background. These modes try to ensure that the shutter speed is high enough to let you handhold the camera without a tripod. The drawback of P and basic modes is that photos taken in dimly lit areas usually end up with black or poorly lit backgrounds.
8) I tried taking a flash photo and the camera wouldnt let me set a very high shutter speed. Why wouldnt it?
Each camera model has a top shutter speed that can be used with flash. This is known as its flash sync or X-sync speed, and varies from 1/90 sec on low-end cameras to 1/250 on pro cameras. (1/500 sec on the digital 1D)
If you have a newer camera and an EX series flash you can use high speed sync to circumvent this limit - see the FP section for more details.
9) I took a flash photo and the background is pitch black or very dark. Why?
This is the flip side of question 7. In P (program) mode and all flash-using PIC (icon) modes except for night mode (if your camera has it) the camera uses the flash as the primary light source for the foreground subject.
If the ambient light levels are low, therefore, the background will turn out very dark. This is because the flash is not illuminating the background and the shutter speed is too short to expose adequately for background areas.
Remember that the light from any battery-powered flash is somewhat limited. You cant expect a small flash unit to light up the Grand Canyon or Eiffel Tower. You can only reasonably expect it to light up people standing in the foreground or close backgrounds such as room interiors.
To avoid this problem of black backgrounds you will need to take a photo in Av, Tv or M modes, as mentioned in question 7. If the ambient lighting is very low you may need a tripod to avoid motion blur for the time required to expose the background adequately. Using fast film or higher ISO (eg: ISO 800) and wide lens apertures (the smaller the f stop you can get on your lens) will help bring up the background as well.
10) Why does my camera meter in P and Av modes very differently when I have a flash turned on?
Thats how Canon EOS cameras are designed to work. P, Av, Tv and M modes all meter for flash in different ways. See the section on EOS flash confusion for details. Heres the short version, which repeats some of the points made in previous FAQ questions.
Keep in mind that the camera meters for ambient (existing) light conditions and flash illumination independently.
P (program) mode keeps the shutter speed between 1/60 sec and the maximum flash sync speed your camera can handle. It does this so that you shouldnt need a tripod, even if light levels are low. It then tries to illuminate the foreground using flash.
Av (aperture priority) and Tv (shutter speed priority) modes set the shutter speed or aperture to expose for the existing light conditions correctly. They then fill in the foreground using flash. If light levels are low you will need a tripod to avoid blur.
M (manual exposure) mode lets you set both aperture and shutter speed to be whatever you want. The camera then automatically controls the illumination of the foreground subject using flash.
Flash metering systems used by Canon EOS.
Electronic flash has come a long way since Harold Doc Edgerton, an American researcher and inventor, made modern electronic flash photography a reality in 1931. But simple or complex, the basic principle of electronic flash remains the same - you charge up a capacitor with electricity and then release the stored energy in a brilliant split-second burst of light from a flash bulb - a glass tube filled with inert gases.
The light output changes instantly in response to the presence or absence of power being delivered to the tube, so the primary form of control you have over the light output is duration of the electrical pulse, which is switched off by a component called a thyristor. Old-fashioned manual flashes require you to calculate the distance to the subject and then set the flash duration time yourself; a cumbersome and error-prone process. Modern flash units automate this process completely through the use of computer-controlled electronics.
Controlling flash exposure.
In regular photography you have two basic ways by which to control the amount of ambient (available) light entering the camera and exposing the film or sensor. You can adjust the shutter speed, which affects the duration of the exposure since ambient light is essentially constant in this context. And you can adjust the lens aperture - the physical diaphragm on most lenses which governs the quantity of light that enters the lens. (you can also use different lenses, add filters to the lens and so on, but were talking about the fundamental issues here)
However, flash photography is quite different since it involves split-second bursts of light. A key point to remember in flash photography is that the shutter speed of the camera normally does not have any bearing on flash exposure - an exception being high speed sync mode, mentioned later. Light from a continuous source is affected by shutter speeds, but flash bursts are so brief - in the milliseconds - that a mechanical shutter mechanism has no way of limiting the amount of light from a flash unit that hits the film or sensor. Shutter speed only affects the amount of ambient light.
You therefore have four basic ways to control how much light from a flash unit exposes the film or sensor.
So thats what flash metering is really all about, in a nutshell. You need to adjust the duration of the flash pulse so you can expose the film or sensor correctly and achieve your photographic goal. Determining what this flash duration should be is not an easy thing to do, however, and so camera makers over the years have come up with various automated systems to do it.
Flash metering principles.
Flash metering has very different requirements from normal ambient light metering for the reasons outlined above. Ambient light metering is performed well in advance of the shutter opening. EOS cameras, for example, activate the internal light meter when you press the shutter release button down halfway. But the subject-illuminating flash pulse, however, occurs after you press the shutter release all the way. That means that the flash pulse appears after the mirror has flipped up (blocking the ambient light meter) and the shutter has opened.
There are thus two basic ways you can meter for flash automatically. First, you can measure the flash pulse as it is being emitted or second, you can send out a low-power test pulse (preflash) of known brightness first and base your light calculations on that data before the shutter opens.
These two flash metering methods are used by Canons automated flash metering systems. TTL and A-TTL flash use the former and E-TTL the latter. Flash units capable of E-TTL also support high speed sync (FP mode) flash. Heres an explanation of these technologies. Note that, with the advent of digital EOS photography, TTL and A-TTL are both firmly obsolete - only E-TTL and E-TTL II are used by digital EOS cameras.
TTL (through the lens) flash metering (for film cameras only).
As noted above, the earliest electronic flashes required the photographer to perform distance calculations by hand. Later, the first generation of automatic electronic flash units relied upon external sensors to determine the flash exposure setting. These sensors, mounted on the front of the flash unit, simply recorded the flash bulbs light, reflected back from subject, and cut off the power when enough light for a satisfactory exposure was determined. The venerable Vivitar 285 still sold today works this way, in fact.
Of course, such external sensors were easily fooled. The sensor might, for example, cover more or less area than the lens currently in use. So Olympus pioneered through-the-lens flash metering in the mid 1970s with the OM2. Canon introduced their version of TTL flash metering with the T90 a decade later, then incorporated the feature as standard with the EOS line of film cameras. Its for this reason that the Canon T90 is the only non-EOS camera capable of using Canons TTL flash metering system.
TTL flash metering works by measuring the pulse of flash-generated light bouncing back off the subject and entering the lens. It actually measures this light reflecting off the surface of the film itself, in realtime, by using an off the film (OTF) sensor. The light from the flash bulb is quenched when the sensor determines enough light has been produced to achieve a satisfactory flash exposure to get a mid-toned subject. Since digital cameras do not have film, digital EOS cameras do not support TTL.
For those interested, the OTF sensor is buried deep in the camera body, and is visible if you put the camera in bulb mode (ie: flip up the mirror and open the shutter) and open the camera back. Its a small lens pointing back at a 45° angle towards where the film surface would be, and is located at the bottom of the camera in the ridged black area right in front of the shutter curtain. The rectangular or cross-shaped hole or holes immediately in front of it are the autofocus sensors.
The TTL sequence of operation is as follows:
One note - since the sensor records light reflecting off the surface of the film itself it will of course react differently to film with very different reflective properties. According to B&Hs Henry Posner on the EOS list, all cameras with TTL flash are calibrated to work with the emulsion characteristics of typical colour print film and there may, therefore, be very subtle differences in flash metering when you use slide film. Since slide film has very narrow exposure tolerances (latitude) this might be an issue for you.
Cameras which
support TTL flash:
The T90 and virtually all EOS film cameras except the EF-M and the Rebel T2/EOS 300X/EOS Kiss 7. Digital EOS cameras - all non-DCS cameras with a D in the name - do not support TTL in any form.
Flash units
which support TTL flash:
All E series Speedlites plus the 300TL: 160E, 200E, 220EX, 300EZ, 380EX, 420EZ, 420EX, 430EZ, 430EX, 430EX II, 540EZ, 550EX, 580EX, 580EX II, 480EG, MR-14EX, MT-24EX and 300TL. The 270EX is, to date, the only EX series Speedlite which does not support TTL.
Refinements to TTL flash, including Canon AIM.
TTL metering is typically more reliable than systems which rely on external sensors, but it can still be fooled. For example, a highly reflective subject or a subject in white surroundings can result in a lot of light reflecting back, so the resulting picture may well be underexposed as the camera quenches the flash too soon. An off-centre subject poses similar problems. Another issue is that the flash metering occurs while the shutter is open, so the camera cant accurately factor flash in with ambient light metering.
Canon refined TTL control on their multiple focus point cameras by adding a feature they call AIM, (Advanced Integrated Multi-point Control System) which is basically multiple-segment flash metering. This lets the camera bias the flash exposure to the currently selected focus point, thereby increasing the chances of getting accurate flash exposure for off-centre subjects.
The AIM system means that its best to rely on selecting off-centre focus points for flash photography rather than using the centre point and then recomposing the image. (unless you use flash exposure lock, explained below) For more information on AIM consult the flash metering patterns section. Note that older EOS cameras with multiple-segment flash metering didnt use the term AIM in their documentation - Canon came up with the marketing term sometime in the mid 90s - so the fact your multiple focus point camera doesnt mention AIM doesnt mean it hasnt got it.
Nikon improved their TTL flash metering system by incorporating subject distance into flash calculations - their 3D system. This system determines distance information by reading the current focussing distance from the lens. Canon did not incorporate a similar distance-data system in their flash technology until 2004, with the introduction of E-TTL II. However, while distance data is valuable, its important to keep in mind that distance data isnt very useful when using a flash in bounce mode or when using any diffusion system in which the light from the flash unit does not travel directly to the subject, since both cases increase the flash to subject distance over the lens to subject distance.
A-TTL (advanced TTL, for film cameras only).
Canons first step in altering flash exposure design was the creation of A-TTL, or advanced through the lens flash metering, which was introduced with the T90 camera and continued on to the EOS series of film cameras.
A-TTL flash units (300TL and EZ series Speedlites only) send out a brief burst of light during the metering phase. (ie: when the shutter release button is pressed halfway) This preflash is recorded by an external sensor on the front of the flash and used to determine a reasonable aperture to ensure adequate depth of field, particularly at short distances. The flash unit then sends out the actual scene-illuminating flash once the shutter has opened.
The A-TTL sequence of operation is as follows:
Camera bodies
which support A-TTL:
All EOS bodies which support TTL (see above).
Flash units
which support A-TTL:
Speedlites 300EZ, 300TL (T90 only), 420EZ, 430EZ, 540EZ.
Limitations of A-TTL.
Sadly A-TTL, despite its name, offers virtually nothing over regular TTL. For one thing, use of A-TTL in bounce mode on some flash units such as the 420EZ and 430EZ results in blinding flashes of white light from the main bulb each time you press the shutter halfway, which can be very annoying to human subjects. Although these flash units use a small separate A-TTL tube to flash fairly discreet near-infrared red light during the preflash stage when the head is pointed straight on, they flash the main flash tube (white light) instead when the flash head is tilted or swivelled.
If that werent enough, the preflash isnt even really used by most EOS cameras when its in Av, Tv or M modes, since unlike P mode you arent setting aperture automatically for flash metering purposes. And, unlike E-TTL, the A-TTL preflash is never used for actual flash metering. The original purpose of the A-TTL preflash in those modes was to provide information to the flash out of range warning light in early EOS cameras - the 630, RT and 1. Canon had to drop that whole system for patent reasons by the late 80s, but the A-TTL preflash in non-P mode still lives on as a kind of useless appendix in most A-TTL flash units.
Its interesting to note that the 540EZ flash avoids these problems simply by ditching A-TTL in bounce mode altogether and reverting to TTL. In fact, the 540EZ doesnt use A-TTL for Av and Tv modes either, unlike the earlier flash units. Presumably by that point Canon decided that most 540EZ buyers werent going to be 630, RT and 1 owners as well.
Since the A-TTL sensor is on the front of the flash unit - behind a recessed plastic lens and not inside the camera, metering through the camera lens, its conceivable that a very heavy filter on the lens might result in some metering problems since the filter doesnt cover the sensor as well. And, speaking of the flash-mounted sensors, be sure not to block it with your hand or anything for the same reason. Some flash diffusers can also present a problem in that the light spilling downwards from the diffuser can enter the A-TTL sensor inadvertently.
Finally, despite the additional complexity of the preflash circuitry, A-TTL simply ends up setting a pretty small aperture most of the time, to assure wide depth of field, which isnt always what you want.
In short, A-TTL does little more than adequately assure reasonable flash exposure and depth of field in a point and shoot fashion in P mode. It isnt so useful for more subtle or complex lighting techniques and isnt useful at all in Av, Tv and M modes.
E-TTL (evaluative TTL, for film and digital cameras).
With the Canon Elan II/50 camera in 1995, Canon introduced another form of flash technology - E-TTL, for evaluative through the lens flash metering. While still metering through the lens, E-TTL is completely incompatible with its predecessors and works on a very different technical basis. E-TTL fires a low-power preflash of known brightness from the main bulb to determine correct flash exposure. It measures the reflectance of the scene with the preflash, then calculates proper flash output to achieve a midtoned subject, based on that data. It uses a preflash, but doesnt suffer from A-TTLs drawbacks for two reasons.
First, the E-TTL preflash occurs immediately before the shutter opens and not when the shutter release is pressed halfway. Unlike the A-TTL preflash, therefore, the E-TTL preflash is actually used to determine flash exposure and isnt fired during the ambient (existing) metering stage. Some users may be surprised to learn that E-TTL actually fires a prefire flash before the main flash at all. Using regular settings the process happens so quickly that the preflash is difficult to notice, though you might catch glimpse of it before the mirror blackout - an exception being second-curtain sync.
Second, the preflash light is analyzed by the same evaluative metering system that the camera uses to meter ambient light. This means it meters through the lens and is harder to fool than external sensors, isnt confused by bounced light and does not read anything off the surface of the film. For what its worth, unlike the TTL flash meter, the E-TTL metering sensor cannot be seen by the curious - its hidden away up in the pentaprism (or roof mirror in low-end EOS cameras) housing.
E-TTL is also generally superior to TTL and A-TTL when it comes to fill flash. The E-TTL algorithms are usually better at applying subtle and natural fill flash light to daylight photographs. E-TTL exposure is also linked to the current AF focus point, which in theory results in finer-grained exposure biasing than most multiple-zone TTL flash sensor systems. E-TTL support is built into all recent EOS film cameras and all EOS digital cameras since the D30.
The usual E-TTL sequence of operations, not counting the optional flash exposure lock (FEL) feature or wireless operation, is as follows:
Camera units
which support E-TTL:
All type A EOS cameras (see below) including all EOS D-series digital cameras.
Flash units
which support E-TTL:
All EX series Speedlites: 220EX, 270EX, 380EX, 420EX, 430EX, 430EX II, 550EX, 580EX, 580EX II, MR-14EX, MT-24EX.
Limitations of E-TTL.
By far the biggest drawback of E-TTL is that the preflash can cause people who blink quickly to be photographed mid-blink. The preflash normally occurs an extremely brief period of time before the main flash, but theres still enough time for rapid blinkers to react. The problem is heightened when using second-curtain sync with slow shutter. Its not uncommon for group photographs to have a number of people with droopy or closed eyelids. A similar problem can affect nature photographers who photograph skittish birds. The only reliable way around the issue is to fire the preflash manually by pressing the FEL button, waiting a moment, then taking the actual photo. If you do this its wise to warn your subjects that therell be two flashes because otherwise they might look away after the preflash, thinking the photo has already been taken.
Another problem is that the use of preflash can trigger studio slave flash units which work by detecting the light from the triggering camera - analogue optical slaves. This results in flash exposure going very wrong, since the optical slave is triggered too soon. The preflash can also confuse handheld flash meters, making manual flash metering very difficult.
More abstractly, E-TTL is a very automated system and isnt well documented for the user. For instance, as noted above, Canon have never published details on the E-TTL auto fill reduction algorithm. It takes a bit of experimenting to figure out how the system is likely to respond. And theres relatively little user selection or choice in operation modes. Most flash units dont, for instance, let you manually choose TTL, A-TTL or E-TTL flash metering at will.
E-TTL has also been a problem for a lot of users of early EOS digital cameras (see TTL and E-TTL and digital EOS cameras below) because of the way E-TTL flash metering is performed. Some of these issues are addressed by E-TTL II, which is described in the next section.
Finally, not every E-TTL feature is supported by every type A body and E-TTL flash unit. Some wireless E-TTL features and other functions such as the modelling light, for example, require both newer type A EOS bodies like the EOS 3 or EOS 30 and flash units like the 580EX or 420EX. Part III of this article describes which features are available for which combinations of camera body and flash unit.
Introduced in 2004 with the EOS 1D mark II digital camera and the EOS Elan 7N/EOS 30V/7S film camera, E-TTL II is an improved version of regular E-TTL which includes two key innovations.
Improved flash metering algorithms.
First, E-TTL II examines all evaluative metering zones both before and after the E-TTL preflash goes off. Those areas with relatively small changes in brightness are then weighted for flash metering. This is done to avoid the common E-TTL problem of highly reflective materials causing specular highlights in a flash-illuminated image and throwing off the flash metering. Normally E-TTL II uses evaluative algorithms for its flash metering, but the EOS 1D mark II has a new custom function (CF 14-1) that lets you use centre-weighted averaging rather than evaluative metering for flash metering if you prefer.
Distance data incorporated into some calculations.
Second, E-TTL II can use distance data when its available. Many EF lenses (see list in next section) contain rotary encoders that can detect the current focus distance. For example, if your camera is focussed on an object 4 metres away then the lens will send this approximate focus distance data to the camera body.
Under certain conditions the distance data is factored into the calculations for determining proper flash output. This is particularly useful if you use the focus and recompose method without setting FEL - the new system can help minimize flash metering errors under these conditions. Canon describe the new system as essentially metering flash data across a flat plane rather than a point.
Up until now distance data hasnt really been used much by EOS cameras. Some PIC (icon modes) apparently incorporate distance data into their exposure calculations, but thats really been about it. E-TTL II is the first really useful application of this information that Canon have implemented, and is obviously very similar to the fashion in which Nikon have long relied on distance data for their flash metering system.
Cases in which distance data is not used.
Distance data is not always used by E-TTL II. There are three very significant cases in which distance data is not used, aside from the obvious case when it isnt available because the lens doesnt provide it. These three conditions are bounce flash, macro flash and wireless E-TTL flash.
When youre using bounce flash (ie: when the flash units head is in basically any position other than full-on straight or, with those flash heads which support it, with 7 degree downward tilt) then there is no way for the camera to know the distance the light took to reach the subject from the flash. Light will be scattered off walls or ceilings or reflectors and wont travel directly to the subject. Since bounce flash is a common technique to improve the quality of a flash-illuminated scene it means that the primary advantage of E-TTL II in this situation is just better evaluative flash metering.
The other two conditions are similar. With macro flash youre too close to the subject for the lens to determine useful information, and with wireless E-TTL flash the camera will have no idea where the flash units are positioned in relation to the subject. Note that E-TTL II can still use distance data if the flash unit is connected to a camera via an Off-Camera Shoe Cord. (there was some confusion about this early on, but Canon USAs Chuck Westfall has confirmed it) This means that users of flash brackets wont be left out, though it does mean that if you position the flash unit closer to or further from the subject than the camera, or if you point the flash unit away from the lens axis while keeping the flash head locked in a straight ahead position, then you might throw off the flash metering slightly. You cant directly disable the use of distance data if the lens has it, though in this case you could take the simple precaution of setting the flash head to a very slight off-centre bounce position that would disable distance data while not significantly altering the flash coverage.
To summarize, there are two important points to keep in mind. First, E-TTL II does not require any changes to either the flash units or lenses used with an E-TTL II camera - the changes are all basically internal to the camera body. And second, while E-TTL II does use distance data when its available and when its appropriate (eg: when using direct non-bounce flash), it doesnt prevent you from using older lenses.
Camera units which support E-TTL II:
EOS 1D mark II, EOS 30V/33V/7S/Elan 7N/Elan 7EN, EOS 20D/20Da, EOS 350D/Rebel X Digital/Kiss N Digital, EOS 400D/Rebel XTi Digital/Kiss X Digital, EOS 450D/Digital Rebel XSi/Kiss X2, EOS 500D/Digital Rebel T1i/Kiss X3, EOS 550D/Digital Rebel T2i/Kiss X4, EOS 1000D/Digital Rebel XS/Kiss F, 1D mark IIN, 1Ds mark II, 1D mark III, 1Ds mark III, 1D mark IV, 5D, 5D mark II, 30D, 40D, 50D, 7D.
Flash units which support E-TTL II:
All EX series Speedlites: 220EX, 270EX, 380EX, 420EX, 430EX, 430EX II, 550EX, 580EX, 580EX II, MR-14EX, MT-24EX.
Canon EF lenses with distance data for E-TTL II.
The following lenses are capable of returning distance data for use with those cameras which can use them. This list was published by Canon USAs Chuck Westfall in March 2004 and is reasonably comprehensive, though does have a few omissions.
Note that most of the lenses with distance data capabilities contain ring USM focus motors. In fact, the first three lenses with distance encoders were introduced in 1990 along with the EOS 10/10S - the 35-135mm 4-5.6 USM, 70-210mm 3.5-4.5 USM, and 100-300mm 4.5-5.6 USM. Its also not clear what the resolution is of a typical lens distance decoder. Photos Ive seen of the decoder rings (not quite like childrens toys in a cereal packet) in one lens suggest that the distance data is fairly approximate, with each combination of distance contacts returning a certain distance range.
I have no information as to whether any third-party lenses compatible with the EF lens mount are capable of returning distance data.
EF 14mm 2.8L USM
EF 20mm 2.8 USM
EF 24mm 1.4L USM
EF 28mm 1.8 USM
EF 35mm 1.4L USM
MP-E 65mm 2.8 1-5x Macro
EF 85mm 1.2 II L
EF 85mm 1.8 USM
EF 100mm 2 USM
EF 100mm 2.8 Macro USM
EF 100mm 2.8 Macro (discontinued)
EF 135mm 2L USM
EF 180mm 3.5L Macro USM
EF 200mm 2.8L II USM
EF 200mm 2.8L USM (discontinued)
EF 300mm 2.8L IS USM
EF 300mm 4L IS USM
EF 300mm 4L USM (discontinued)
EF 400mm 2.8L IS USM
EF 400mm 4 DO IS USM
EF 400mm 5.6L USM
EF 500mm 4L IS USM
EF 600mm 4L IS USM
EF 1200mm 5.6L USM
EF 16-35mm 2.8L USM
EF 16-35mm 2.8L II USM
EF 17-35mm 2.8L USM (discontinued)
EF 17-40mm 4L USM
EF 20-35mm 3.5-4.5 USM
EF 24-70mm 2.8L USM
EF 24-85mm 3.5-4.5 USM
EF 24-105mm 4L IS USM
EF 28-70mm 2.8L USM (discontinued)
EF 28-80mm 3.5-5.6 USM (discontinued)
EF 28-105mm 3.5-4.5 USM (discontinued)
EF 28-105mm 3.5-4.5 II USM
EF 28-105mm 4-5.6 USM
EF 28-105mm 4-5.6
EF 28-135mm 3.5-5.6 IS USM
EF 28-200mm 3.5-5.6 USM
EF 28-200mm 3.5-5.6 (discontinued)
EF 28-300mm 3.5-5.6L IS USM
EF 35-135mm 4-5.6 USM (discontinued)
EF 70-200mm 2.8L IS USM
EF 70-200mm 2.8L USM
EF 70-200mm 4L USM
EF 70-200mm 4L IS USM
EF 70-210mm 3.5-4.5 USM (discontinued)
EF 70-300mm 4.5-5.6 DO IS USM
EF 90-300mm 4.5-5.6 USM
EF 90-300mm 4.5-5.6
EF 100-300mm 4.5-5.6 USM
EF 100-400mm 4.5-5.6L IS USM
EF-S 18-55mm 3.5-5.6 USM (Japan only)
EF-S 18-55mm 3.5-5.6
EF-S 18-55mm 3.5-5.6 II
EF-S 60mm 2.8 USM macro
EF-S 17-55mm 2.8 IS USM
EF-S 17-85mm 4-5.6 IS USM
EF-S 10-22mm 3.5-4.5 USM
If your lens doesnt appear on the list above then it may or may not have distance data capabilities. However, here are a few current and recently discontinued lenses in the EF lineup which definitely do not have distance data. Note the 50mm 1.4 USM and the 85mm 1.2L USM mark I (not mark II) are in this list.
EF 15mm 2.8 fisheye
EF 24mm 2.8
EF 28mm 2.8
EF 35mm 2.0
EF 50mm 1.4 USM
EF 50mm 1.8 II
EF 85mm 1.2L USM
EF 135mm 2.8 SF
EF 28-80mm 3.5-5.6 II
EF 28-90mm 4-5.6 II USM
EF 28-90mm 4-5.6 II
EF 35-80mm 4-5.6 III
EF 55-200mm 4.5-5.6 II USM
EF 75-300mm 4-5.6 IS USM
EF 75-300mm 4-5.6 III USM
EF 75-300mm 4-5.6 II
EF 80-200mm 4.5-5.6 II
High speed sync (also known as focal plane or FP mode) flash.
Synchronizing flash exposure with both curtains of focal plane shutters was as much of a problem in the days of single-use flash bulbs as it is today with electronic flash units. For that reason flash bulbs designed to work with focal plane shutters were developed. Such bulbs produced light quite rapidly and sustained their light output for the full duration of the shutter opening. They were called FP bulbs.
With the introduction of E-TTL, Canon also released an electronic FP flash mode, which is a way of circumventing the X-sync limitation in certain cases, and another flash technology pioneered by Olympus. This mode lets you take flash photos at any shutter speed you like, and works by pulsing the flash bulb at an extremely high rate - 50 KHz - simulating constant light at the cost of total light output. FP stands for focal plane, by analogy to the old FP flash bulbs, though it can be thought of as meaning fast pulse mode, since thats exactly how it works today. Electronic FP mode is also known as high shutter speed sync, or high speed sync/HSS for short. Since FP is a pretty anachronistic term I generally refer to this mode these days as high speed sync.
HSS is useful for shooting with fill flash outdoors with wide apertures. Normally you cant shoot outdoors and use fill flash unless you stop down the lens or use very slow film/lower ISO. However, stopping down the lens increases the depth of field. If youre shooting a portrait, say, you probably want to blur the background and the only way to do this is to shoot with a wider aperture. But the wider aperture lets in more light, and you cant compensate by increasing the shutter speed if you then bump up against the cameras X-sync limit.
High speed sync flash solves this problem by letting the shutter speed exceed the X-sync limit and reach the cameras maximum shutter speed (usually 1/2000 or 1/4000 sec) instead. The primary drawback is that pulsing the light causes a reduction in overall light output and thus range.
When you have high speed sync engaged you typically get about a third less range than you would if you were shooting with normal flash. With a powerful flash unit like the 580EX this may not be a big problem, particularly if your flash subject is fairly close to you. But this loss of range could be a serious impediment if youre using a smaller flash unit (eg: the tiny 220EX), if the subject is far away, or if youre using slow film/low ISO. Of course, if youre using high speed sync simply for a little fill flash (rather than relying on it to illuminate your subject) then this loss of range shouldnt be a huge problem.
Note an important point - high speed sync does not help you freeze motion; the name high speed is a bit misleading in this regard. Normal flash photography is very good at freezing motion, since a burst of electronic flash is so incredibly brief. When a scene is illuminated primarily by a really brief flash of light then you arent going to get much motion blur - its almost as if you used an incredibly high shutter speed in the thousandths of a second. However when you use high speed sync flash, the flash unit pulses the light output over a longer period of time in order to simulate a longer-duration burst of light. Since the flash burst is no longer particularly brief you cant freeze motion as easily, even with high shutter speeds. The mode is called high-speed sync since it lets you synchronize flash exposure with high shutter speeds, not that it lets you take high-speed photographs.
Since Canons high speed sync is tied in with E-TTL technology its only available when using EX-series flashes attached to A-type bodies. There are two exceptions to the type A gives you HSS flash rule. First, the type B EOS 1N body can be reprogrammed by Canon at great expense to support high speed sync but cannot support any other feature associated with E-TTL even when so reprogrammed. And second, the digital SLRs with built-in flash (10D, 300D, etc) support high speed sync on external flash units but have E-TTL compatible internal flashes which cannot support high speed sync.
high speed sync is indicated on type A cameras and flash units by a small lightning bolt symbol and the letter H.
Camera units which support high speed sync flash:
All type A EOS cameras plus the EOS 1N if reprogrammed as above.
Flash units which support high speed sync flash:
All EX series Speedlites: 220EX, 270EX, 380EX, 420EX, 430EX, 430EX II, 550EX, 580EX, 580EX II, MR-14EX, MT-24EX.
TTL and E-TTL and EOS film cameras.
Most film-based Canon EOS cameras support TTL flash metering. The exceptions are the latest consumer EOS film cameras and the oddball Canon EF-M. (the EF-M was a manual-focus camera that could accept EF-mount lenses but which lacked both autofocus and TTL flash circuitry as a cost-saving measure; you had to buy an optional flash unit with an external sensor, the Speedlite 200M, if you wanted to do flash photography with the EF-M) Those film-based EOS cameras with built-in flash units and TTL support rely solely on TTL for flash exposure control of those internal flash units.
Canon cameras designed prior to the Elan II/EOS 50 of 1995 dont support E-TTL. With the release of this camera Canon divided their camera bodies into two types - A and B. Type A bodies are bodies which support E-TTL, FEL and FP flash technologies. Type B bodies are bodies which do not.
With flash units its easy - if the name of the flash unit ends with the letter X (eg: 550EX, MT-24EX) then its an E-TTL unit. If it ends with anything else (eg: 430EZ, 480EG) then it is not.
However, there are three points of note here. First, Canon continued designing and selling type B bodies for many years after the introduction of the Elan II/EOS 50, such as the EOS 3000 and venerable EOS 5/A2, so the date you bought your camera wont determine if its a type A or B body. Second, since Canon came up with the whole A/B naming convention in 1995, older cameras are obviously not described as being type B in their manuals. And third, type A simply means support for E-TTL, FEL and high speed sync - it doesnt mean that the camera necessarily supports other recent flash features such as wireless flash ratios or modelling flash.
So the upshot of all this is the following:
TTL and E-TTL and EOS digital cameras.
All current Canon digital cameras with hotshoes - both the interchangeable-lens SLR cameras and the point and shoot digital cameras - support E-TTL only flash metering (or both E-TTL and E-TTL II) and do not support either TTL or A-TTL flash metering. Even Canon digital cameras with internal popup flashes are E-TTL only. (though if you want to use flash with a non-EOS camera you should probably check out Kevin Bjorkes page for its limitations. Canon have also written a letter to D30 users concerning proper use of EX flash units)
Since digital bodies lack film they cant use regular off the film flash sensors for TTL metering. The mirrorlike surface of a CMOS or CCD imaging chip has very different reflective properties from film. Besides, Canon have clearly switched to E-TTL, only supporting TTL for back compatibility with older products.
This means that only Canon EX flash units or third-party flash units with E-TTL support can be used with Canons current lineup of digital cameras. Older E and EZ flash units will not work correctly - no automatic through the lens metering is possible. You can get manual-capable EZ flash units like the 540EZ to fire in manual flash mode but this requires external flash metering; not a practical option for most beginning or amateur photographers.
To summarize, if your flash unit ends with E or EZ then its automated features will not work with a digital EOS camera. If you have a third party flash unit you must consult its user manual and see if supports TTL flash metering only (no good) or E-TTL flash metering (great).
E-TTL flash metering issues with digital
Unfortunately, E-TTL was a particular problem for early digital EOS models. Many users reported serious problems with wildly varying exposure when using an E-TTL flash unit with earlier model Canon DSLRs, particularly the D30 (not the later 30D) and D60. Some of these problems stem from the users focussing and recomposing and failing to use the flash exposure lock (FEL) feature, which sets the wrong area around which the flash will meter. But many problems cant be blamed on this. The main problem appears to stem from the way in which E-TTL on these bodies biases flash exposure heavily to the focus point. For more information please consult the section on E-TTL flash metering patterns. For this reason some early digital EOS users gave up on E-TTL and went back to the old-style autoflash units. Others routinely set their lens to manual focus once focus had been achieved, since the camera uses a centre-weighted average metering pattern for flash metering when in manual focus.
This issue is no longer as prominent as it was. The EOS 10D brought revised E-TTL algorithms which relied on centre-weighted average metering for E-TTL flash, even with the lens set to autofocus mode. And E-TTL II, introduced with the EOS 1D mark II, analyzes all metering zones before and after the preflash for improved flash metering. These later digital cameras seem less vulnerable to metering errors caused by bright highlights. Some, such as the EOS 5D, also let you choose centre-weighted averaging or evaluative modes for flash metering through a custom function.
Note that this applies to the wholly Canon-designed generation of digital SLRs - the D30 onwards. The first generation of Canon digital SLRs (developed in conjunction with Kodak), the long-discontinued EOS DCS1, DCS3 and D2000 cameras, supported flash differently. The DCS cameras used TTL, albeit rather poorly, and the D2000 and D6000 supported E-TTL.
Type A and type B bodies.
As noted above, Canon cameras built before 1995 dont support E-TTL. With the introduction of E-TTL flash metering, Canon officially divided their camera bodies into two groups - types A (support for E-TTL) and B (support for TTL only).
However there are also subvariants of type A. Specifically, the first generation of type A cameras does not have support for wireless E-TTL flash ratios and modelling flash; the second and third generations do. The third generation adds support for E-TTL II. To confuse matters further, most type A film cameras support legacy TTL flash, but some later type A cameras including all modern EOS digitals do not. Finally there are sometimes subtle variations in E-TTL functionality between one specific camera model and the next, but that obviously goes beyond the scope of simple type A and B categories.
Having said all this, since E-TTL has been the norm for many years now, this type A and B terminology really isn't used anymore.
Type A bodies
Support for E-TTL flash, FEL and high speed sync:
EOS Elan II(E), EOS 50(E)/55
EOS D2000, D6000 (digital)
EOS IX, IX 7, IX Lite, IX 50 (APS)
EOS Rebel G/500N/New EOS Kiss, Rebel G II
EOS Rebel 2000/EOS 300/Kiss III, Kiss IIIL
EOS 300V/Rebel Ti/Kiss 5
EOS 3000N/Rebel XS N/EOS 66
EOS 3000V/Rebel K2/Kiss Lite
EOS EOS 300X/Rebel T2/EOS Kiss 7 (no TTL support)
As above plus support for wireless E-TTL flash ratios and modelling flash:
EOS Elan 7(E)/EOS 30/33/7
EOS D30, D60, 10D (digital; no TTL support)
EOS 1D, 1Ds, (digital; no TTL support)
EOS 300D/Digital Rebel/Kiss Digital (digital; no TTL support)
As above plus support for E-TTL II:
EOS 1D mark II, EOS 1Ds mark II, EOS 1D mark IIN, EOS 1D mark III, EOS 1Ds mark III, EOS 1D mark IV
EOS 20D, EOS 20Da, EOS 30D, EOS 40D, EOS 50D
EOS 350D/Rebel XT Digital/Kiss N Digital
EOS 5D, 5D mark II
EOS 400D/Rebel XTi Digital/Kiss X Digital
EOS 450D/Rebel XSi Digital/Kiss X2 Digital
EOS 500D/Rebel T1i Digital/Kiss X3 Digital
EOS 550D/Rebel T2i Digital/Kiss X4 Digital
EOS Elan 7N/Elan 7EN/EOS 30V/33V/7S (film; includes TTL support)
Note: all digital bodies listed above support E-TTL only. They do not support TTL in any form.
Type B bodies
Support for TTL and A-TTL only:
EOS 600 series - 600, 620, 630, 650, RT
First generation Rebel series - Rebel, Rebel S, EOS 1000 and all 1000 variants, Rebel II, Rebel X, XS/EOS 500/Kiss
EOS Elan/100
EOS DCS3, DCS1 (first generation digital)
Neither type A nor type B
Canon EF-M
Disabling E-TTL (for film cameras).
There are times when TTL metering may be more desirable than E-TTL. A common example is a studio setting where analogue optical slave units can be fooled by the E-TTL preflash. The 550EX, 580EX, 580EX II, MR-14EX and MT-24EX let you disable E-TTL via a custom function, but theyre the only Canon Speedlites with this ability. All other EX flash units (220EX, 270EX, 380EX, 420EX, 430EX, 430EX II) will always operate in E-TTL mode when mounted to an E-TTL-capable camera, even if the camera is also capable of supporting TTL and even though theyll work in TTL mode just fine on a type B camera. (though the 430EX can also be used in manual mode if you wish)
One way around this is to buy Canons Hot Shoe Adapter for wired multiple-unit flash. This adapter works only in TTL mode, so putting an E-TTL flash unit onto an HSA will force it to work in TTL only. This is a pretty expensive approach, however. Another option is to tape over one of the data contacts in the hotshoe. Covering the lower left contact (the left contact out of the hotshoes group of four thats closest to the back of the camera when looking at the camera from the top) will disable all E-TTL functionality. (though itll also disable second-curtain sync along with FP flash and FEL) For more details have a look at this article on EOSDoc.
Note that some digital EOS cameras will not fire the flash if the flash is in TTL mode, whereas others will fire them at full power. Digital EOS cameras work with E-TTL or E-TTL II flash only and support neither TTL nor A-TTL, but they can fire flash units which are set to manual flash metering mode.
EOS system compatible flash units.
This document is concerned primarily with two types of flash technologies built by Canon for use with their EOS cameras - the pop-up integral flash units built into most low and midrange EOS cameras and the external shoe-mounted Speedlite flash units which can be attached to any EOS camera.
I do not discuss studio flash units (large flash units for studio photography, usually powered by AC current and not batteries, and called studio strobes in North America) in any detail here. However, my new book does have a whole section on studio gear and how to use it with Canon cameras.
Internal flash.
Most low to mid-range Canon EOS cameras contain integral flash units, built into the top housing that contains the cameras prism or mirror. Some are motorized and pop up immediately in all basic (PIC or icon) modes except sports and landscape if the camera thinks you need flash, or upon the touch of a button if youre in an advanced (creative zone) mode. Others require the user to lift up the flash manually. A few early EOS models, specifically the 750, 700 and the 10/10s, had motorized flash units which could both pop up and retract mechanically, for those interested in trivia.
These internal flash units are useful for quick snapshots and the like, but arent usually useful for quality photography for a number of reasons. First, theyre very small and offer very low output levels - low guide numbers such as 11 or 13. Second, theyre located quite close to the lens axis and so are very likely to cause the redeye effect when photographing people. Third, since they dont extend very far above the top of the camera body their light is easily partially blocked by large lenses or lenses with large lens hoods. And fourth, they dont offer any tilt or swivel options and generally have coverage areas of only 28mm or 35mm at the wide end.
However, since theyre built-in theyre obviously eminently portable and handy at a moments notice. Theyre useful for applying a touch of fill flash when outdoors. And they recharge very rapidly as they use the cameras lithium battery as a power source. This latter can be a bit expensive, though, as using the built-in flash runs down the camera battery alarmingly quickly.
No EOS camera lets you use the internal flash when an external flash unit is mounted on the hotshoe. In fact, external flash units physically prevent the internal flash from being raised. Additionally, EOS cameras with motorized internal flashes have small electrical switches built into the hotshoe which detect the presence of a device and disallow internal flash popup. So the internal flash wont rise automatically if anythings in there - even, say, a hotshoe-mounted spirit level or something else non-electrical. These switches, incidentally, have been known to stick, rendering the internal flash inoperable.
None of the professional EOS cameras (1, 1v, 3, etc) have built-in flash units, for the reasons listed above and possibly also because of the difficulty of waterproofing a popup flash mechanism. All EOS film cameras use TTL only for internal flash control. At time of writing the only EOS cameras to use E-TTL for internal flash unit control are those digital EOS cameras with built-in flash though their internal flash units do not support high speed sync. The EOS 7D built-in flash can also operate as a master unit for wireless E-TTL flash photography. It is the first Canon EOS camera to do so.
Cameras with internal flash units:
Please consult the flash coverage list.
Basic (PIC) modes and external flash units.
Very early EOS film cameras, such as the 10/10s and Elan/100, have PIC (programmed image control or icon) modes that dont handle external flash units correctly. The PIC modes which use flash when necessary (all but landscape and sports) are designed to use the internal flash and are optimized for its characteristics. Check your manual to see if your camera fits in this category - probably pre 1995 or so.
Newer EOS film cameras, such as the Elan II/EOS 50 or Elan 7/EOS 30, and all EOS digital cameras can use an external flash unit with the PIC modes. But nonetheless for best control youre better off using one of the creative zone modes anyway - P, Av, Tv or M. Remember that there are significant differences in the way each of these four modes handle flash exposure.
Because the full auto (green rectangle) and PIC modes afford very little control over the way the camera works I primarily discuss how flash works with the creative zone modes.
Canon external flash unit types.
There are three basic types of external flash units considered here - standard hotshoe flashes, handle flashes and macro flashes. (as noted above, studio flashes of the kind that require household AC power are not discussed in this document)
For a complete list of Canons EOS flashes over the years check out Dave Herzsteins comprehensive EOS flash page.
Nomenclature of external flash units.
Canon have made a number of flash units compatible with EOS cameras. The naming system is fairly logical - theyre given names such as Speedlite 550EX. Heres what the parts of the name mean:
Flash units which end with Z, such as the 430EZ, are flash units with zooming motors and support for A-TTL but not E-TTL. The 480EG flash has a built-in grip. Flash units ending in E only, such as the 200E, are basic models with neither zooming heads nor E-TTL support.
Although this naming system is very reasonable it does mean its easy to confuse different models which happen to have identical guide numbers. For example, the 430EZ and 430EX flash units are very different indeed. The former was top of the line for its time, but supports only TTL and A-TTL and is now quite dated. The latter is considered a midrange flash unit in todays lineup, and although is technologically much more sophisticated as it supports both E-TTL and wireless flash slave mode, it lacks stroboscopic mode and cannot serve as an E-TTL master. The 420EZ and 420EX flash units are similarly easily confused.
Older Canon Speedlite flash units.
Older Canon Speedlite flash units which lack the letter E in their product name were not designed for EOS cameras. There were Speedlite A models (eg: 199A) for old A-series Canons such as the A1 and AE1 and Speedlite T models (eg: 277T) for T-series Canons such as the T50 (but not the T90) and various other special-purpose models.
You can put these older flashes on your EOS camera and theyll trigger OK when you take a photo, but they cant use modern automated flash metering. So you have to either use them in auto mode if they have such a setting (set your camera to a shutter speed up to the cameras X-sync), dial in manual power and calculate the flash distance yourself if they have manual controls or else expect the flash to fire at full power.
I dont know if all earlier Speedlite products have safe triggering voltages or not. The list maintained by Kevin Bjorke on his Web site suggests that T series flash units are OK and most A series and older flash units are in a grey zone, but you should probably check for yourself.
The one exception is the 300TL flash unit. It was designed for the old Canon T90 camera, and its more advanced features (such as its versions of FEL and second-curtain sync) are not supported by EOS cameras. However it can be used with EOS cameras as a basic TTL flash unit even though it lacks an E designation.
Hotshoe flashes.
Canon sell and have sold a number of different standard hotshoe flash units, which can be divided into three basic categories. Have a look here for a brief comparison of E and EZ (ie: non-EX) flash units.
Basic flash units - 160E*, 200E*, 220EX*, 270EX.
These small devices have very limited power output - you could think of them as little flash units for those cameras which lack built-in flash. The 160E and 200E support TTL only, but the 220EX supports both TTL and E-TTL. They do not zoom, swivel or tilt, but are extremely compact and lightweight. The tiny 160E is the only Canon flash unit which does not use four AA cells - it uses a lithium 2CR5 battery instead. That means that its very small and light, but expensive to operate as lithium batteries are very costly. The 270EX has tilt but no swivel, and does not support TTL.
Midrange units - 300EZ*, 380EX*, 420EX*, 430EX*, 430EX II.
These flash units have more power and have zooming flash heads but, except for the 430EX and 430EX II, no manual controls. The 300EZ supports TTL and A-TTL and the EX units support TTL and E-TTL. When it comes to flash heads, the 300EZ neither tilts nor swivels, the 380EX tilts only and the 420EX and 430EX/430EX II both tilt and swivel. The 420EX, 430EX and 430EX II can also serve as a slave unit in wireless E-TTL flash. The 430EX and 430EX II boast rear-panel LCD screens.
The high-end units - 420EZ*, 430EZ*, 540EZ*, 550EX*, 580EX*, 580EX II.
These are of course the largest and most powerful flash units of the standard type. They support the most advanced Canon flash technology at the time they were introduced; TTL and A-TTL in the case of the EZ units and TTL and E-TTL in the case of the 550EX, 580EX and 580EX II. They also have both manual controls and tilt and swivel flash heads. Of these the 420EZ is the most limited - it has no flash exposure compensation, for example.
* Discontinued product at time of writing.
Handle-mount (grip) flash.
Canon sold one large flash unit of this type, the 480EG. It was basically a flash bracket with a massive heavy-duty flash attached to the side. The camera sits on the bracket and is held in place via the tripod mount. This type of handle flash is sometimes jokingly referred to as a potato masher flash unit.
The 480EG was a high-output flash unit meant for press or wedding photographers, but is a TTL-only flash (no A-TTL or E-TTL support). Nowadays people usually just buy flash brackets and put a regular 580EX flash unit on them for this sort of application. This setup also lets you mount the flash unit vertically above the lens rather than to the side only, like the 480EG. But if you want the sheer light output you cant beat the 480EG or similar flash units from manufacturers such as Metz.
The 480EG is also the most powerful flash unit that Canon made, even though its advertised guide number was only 48 and thus seemingly lower than flash units like the 540EZ or 550EX. This is because the 480EGs flash head did not zoom and cannot, therefore, automatically concentrate light output when used with longer focal lengths - it could just blast the same amount of light regardless of lens zoom setting. See the sections on guide numbers and zooming flash for a more detailed explanation.
The unit did, however, ship with a wide-angle attachment and a telephoto attachment which can be clipped on and used to diffuse or concentrate the units light output. (the telephoto attachment gives the unit a guide number of 68 at 135mm, so you may occasionally see the 480EG being misleadingly described as a flash unit with a guide number of 68) The 480EG had twin bulbs, a slave connector and full tilt and swivel capabilities, but it did not support second-curtain sync or exotic features like stroboscopic flash.
Interestingly, it also had an old-style external auto flash sensor built in. So if you have an older pre-EOS camera that doesnt support TTL metering - or if you want to avoid TTL metering altogether for some reason - you can still use it. You need to use the optional Synchro Cord 480 to link the flash to a camera via a PC socket for this.
Macro flash.
Canon sell three flash units for macro (closeup) photography. Two, the TTL-only ML-3 flash and the E-TTL MR-14EX flash, are ring-shaped flashes designed to fit directly around the end of a macro lens. The other, the luxurious and hugely expensive E-TTL MT-24EX macro twin lite, contains two small flash heads on the end of a pair of short swivelling arms which can be adjusted independently and which can also be clipped to a ring that fits macro lenses. The MT-24EX flash heads can even be detached and mounted separately on other mounts, since each head includes a shoe mount and a standard 1/4-20 tripod mount. Both the MR-14EX and the MT-24EX can control slave flash units in wireless E-TTL mode, which is very handy - you use the macro flash units (the two tubes are assigned to groups A and B) to illuminate the foreground and then use slaved Speedlites (assigned to group C) to illuminate the background. Note that the older and long-discontinued ML-2 macro ring lite flash supports TTL, but only with the T90 camera - Canon states that it cannot meter TTL reliably with EOS cameras.
Macro flashes are specifically designed for closeup photography, and let you take shadowless photos of small objects. Additionally, since each macro flash has two independent flash tubes you can adjust the lighting ratio between them, for more directional lighting. Unfortunately, only newer-model mid to high end type A cameras support ratio control.
It was trendy for a while in the 1990s to take fashion photos with large ring flashes to get a flat shadowless look to the models, but macro flashes arent really powerful enough to do this sort of thing well. (though the MT-24EX is bright enough to be used for this in closeup portrait setups if you really want to)
For some bizarre reason people consistently mistype macro as marco, as if the flash unit type were of Italian provenance. Please note that its not.
Third-party flash units.
A number of manufacturers other than Canon build flash units that can be used with EOS cameras. Heres a bit of information on them.
Note that one problem with third party flashes is that Canon have not published the data protocols used by its cameras, lenses and flashes. So any flash unit designed to be compatible with EOS TTL, A-TTL or E-TTL flash metering has been reverse-engineered based on the behaviour of existing products. Its quite possible that Canon will release a future camera that uses some modification to the protocol and your flash wont work with it.
This may or may not be a big issue for you, but its worth keeping in mind as it has been a problem in the past. For instance, the EOS 30/Elan 7 does not work with some Metz adapters and the EOS 300V/Rebel Ti/Kiss 5 doesnt work with any Metz adapters - see the note below.
Another common problem involves AF assist lights. As far as I know no third party flash unit is capable of illuminating the AF assist light when a focus point other than the centre point is selected when used with multiple focus point cameras.
Metz, a respected German maker of flash units, sell quite a few Mecablitz flashes that work with EOS cameras by means of an adapter system. Photozone list some of them - the 54MZ-3, 50MZ-5, 40MZ-3, 40MZ-1, 40MZ-3i, 40MZ-1i, 40MZ-2, 40AF-4 and 32MZ-3 - and describe their features. The Metz range is, in fact, much more extensive than Canons, and Metz offers features that Canon do not - such as flash units with memory settings, built-in secondary reflectors, clip-on coloured filters and audio warning signals.
Metzs Web site has an excellent listing of which features are available with which Canon cameras and what adapters are required, though some of the vocabulary has been translated rather literally from German and may be unfamiliar. A lighting control indicator is what Canon call a flash exposure confirmation light, for example. An AF measuring beam is the confusing name for the AF assist light or AF auxiliary light.
Note that some users of Metz products have reported that the SCA3101 adapter, which works using TTL with older Canon-compatible bodies, will not work with the Elan 7/EOS 30. Even though the Elan 7/EOS 30 supports TTL on Canon flashes you must apparently use the SCA3102 Metz adapter. So youre best off consulting the Metz site and, preferably, doing some testing of your own before buying. Note also that Metz have a wireless flash triggering system, but its not compatible with Canons.
Finally, I understand that Metz have acknowledged that none of their flash units with the SCA3102 adapter currently work correctly with the new EOS 300V/Rebel Ti/Kiss 5 camera, owing to changes in the design of the flash shoe electronics.
Sigma, Japanese maker of many third-party lenses, build a number of flash units compatible with Canon EOS. The now apparently discontinued EF-430 ST and the EF-500 ST supported TTL only, but the newer models support E-TTL. The EF 430 Super and the EF-500 Super were the first E-TTL models and the later models are the EF 500 DG Super and the EF 500 DG ST. The DG models are E-TTL units designed to be compatible with digital EOS cameras. Some of these flash units are listed on Photozone.
The EF 500 DG Super and the EF-500 DG ST are particularly well regarded by a lot of EOS users, since feature-wise theyre nearly identical to Canons 550EX, which costs twice as much. The Sigma units are not built as sturdily as the Canon, but its hard to argue with the price. They even have wireless capabilities compatible with Canons system and has the ability to operate as an optical slave. For more information on EF-500 Super, specifically how it compares with the 550EX, please consult the brief article co-authored by Jim Strutz and myself. Sigma also sell the EM-140 DG Macro Flash, which is a ring flash for macro applications.
German photo accessory marketer Soligor sell a few Canon-compatible flash units; likely rebranded products. Their Web site lists some details. The flashes appear to be TTL only.
Sunpak, a Japanese marketer of photo products, sell the TTL-only AF4000 and AF5000 flash units. The information on the Tocad America Web site, their US distributor, is fairly limited, however.
American camera accessory and snapshot camera marketer and designer (they dont build products) Vivitar sell the 283 and 285HV flash units. These are self-contained flashes that rely entirely on their built-in flash sensors - they dont support TTL metering of any kind. In fact, Vivitar apparently pioneered the autoflash concept with the 283, which is probably the best-selling flash unit of all time.
283s and 285s are relatively cheap and commonly used by photo professionals as remote flashes triggered by optical slaves and so on. You should be aware, however, that older models have a very high trigger voltage that can damage EOS cameras. Newer models are fine, but check first before attaching any such flash unit to your camera, just to be sure.
Vivitar also sell a number of EOS-compatible flashes, some of which are said to be rebranded Sigma products. Theres a list of their flash units on their Web site, and several are said to be Canon compatible, though TTL only. Their Web site is pretty uninformative.
Other flashes.
Finally, any electronic flash unit that mounts on a camera hotshoe and which has a trigger voltage of less than 6 volts will fit an EOS camera and will be fired when you take a photo. However, it wont work with any form of TTL flash metering. See the section on Older Canon Speedlite flash units for details.
I would also be extremely wary of buying a generic flash thats branded as being for Canon EOS. A lot of these cheap flash units are TTL only, which means they wont work on a Canon EOS digital camera. Some of them are even simple autoflash units despite their misleading packaging. Buyer beware.
Which flash unit should I buy?
This question obviously comes down to your light output and feature needs, your budget and your weight and size requirements. Here are a few notes to help you make a decision. If you dont know whether your camera is a type A or type B model, consult this list. All flash units marked with an asterisk are discontinued models.
I have a Canon digital camera, a type A film camera, or a type B film camera but plan to buy a type A camera soon.
If you have a camera which can use E-TTL then you should get an EX-series (E-TTL capable) flash. All EX-series flash units will work fine in TTL mode with type B cameras as well - the only missing feature being A-TTL, which is fairly useless anyway. Finally, if you have a digital Canon camera then you dont have a choice - you must get an EX-series flash unit as the earlier models wont work.
- The 270EX, but only if you need something really tiny and lightweight for occasional close-range fill flash work. Particularly if your camera lacks a built-in flash unit. However, Id avoid the 270EX if size and weight are not critical, since it doesnt produce much light and doesnt tilt or swivel. It also lacks TTL support for legacy film use.
- The 430EX and 430EX II are great for general-purpose fully-automatic flash photography. They're surprisingly capable, with full manual controls and a rear LCD. They can also serve as a wireless E-TTL slave. The 420EX is an okay buy if you can find one cheap, but it lacks manual controls, only supports flash exposure compensation (FEC) on midrange and pro EOS bodies (ie: those cameras with custom functions) and lacks a rear panel LCD.
- The top of the line 580EX II flash is quite powerful and can do anything a portable flash unit can be expected to do, but its quite large (though its smaller than the earlier 550EX) and both costs more and weighs more than a brand new low-end EOS camera. However it can serve as an E-TTL wireless master, has manual controls and works in stroboscopic mode.
Not recommended:
- The 380EX* can tilt but cant swivel. It also cant be used as a wireless slave. Unless money is a serious concern and you find a 380EX on sale for a really good price Id get a 420EX or 430EX instead, since the price difference is usually fairly minor.
I have specialized requirements:
Macro photography with a type B body: the ML-3*.
Macro photography with a type A body: the MR-14EX.
Macro photography with a type A body and a huge budget: the MT-24EX.
News or wedding photography for which massive light output is important and subtle control is not: the 480EG. Though Metz offer many high-powered grip models which offer more control over the Canon unit.
I have a type B film camera with no plans to buy a type A camera in the future.
You should probably stick with an E or EZ series flash unit, since buying an EX unit means youre paying for features you cant use. Also, since EZ units are all discontinued you can get a used unit fairly cheaply.
- The 200E, but only if you need something really tiny for occasional close-range fill flash work. Particularly if your camera lacks a built-in flash unit. Id avoid the 200E if size and weight are not critical, as its got feeble output, doesnt tilt or swivel and lacks flash exposure compensation buttons for use on older EOS cameras which lack FEC controls.
- If you want a reasonably powerful and feature-complete unit for cheap then the 430EZ* is your best bet.
- If you want the best you can buy in terms of features and output then the 540EZ is for you. This unit gives you slightly more output and flash exposure confirmation compared to the 430EZ. It also doesnt generate irritating flashes of white light each time you press the shutter release halfway when in creative zone modes other than P.
Not recommended:
- The 160E* offers little unless size and weight are a really serious issue. The 160E uses a 2CR5 lithium battery, which is a costly way to power a flash unit. However its this small lithium cell which explains its incredibly tiny size.
- The 300EZ* is a fixed unit which can neither swivel nor tilt - get a 430EZ instead. The 430EZ is larger and heavier, but more flexible than the 300EZ.
- The 420EZ* isnt a bad unit but lacks convenient flash exposure compensation buttons. The 430EZ has these plus an external battery socket and doesnt cost much more.
What about third party units?
A number of companies other than Canon sell EOS-compatible flash units. The vast majority, however, are TTL only. There is also a small risk of compatibility problems with both current and future EOS camera bodies.
If youre satisfied with TTL operation (particularly if you have a type B camera with no plans to upgrade to a type A) and youve tested the flash unit to ensure that it works with your existing camera body, then an inexpensive third party unit may be the way to go if youre on a tight budget. But I cant offer any recommendations for such cheap units because there are so many different brand names which sell them. Many of these units are actually the same basic product, rebadged and sold by different distributors. So if a cheap third-party product is of interest to you Id recommend you go to your local camera shop and look around.
There are some better units worth considering as well. Metz make a wide range of well-featured and powerful flash units with interchangeable adapter modules (including an E-TTL capable module for type A cameras), and Sigma sell the popular EF 500 Super, which supports E-TTL and wireless E-TTL operation.
On to Part II.
- NK Guy, PhotoNotes.org.
Disclaimer and copyright:
This site is copyright © 2001-2017 NK Guy, PhotoNotes.org. This information is provided with neither warranties nor claims of accuracy or completeness of any sort. Use this information at your own risk. All trademarks mentioned herein belong to their respective owners.
I wrote this document in the hope that others in the Internet community might find it useful or interesting. However, I dont think its reasonable for anyone else to earn money from - or take credit for - my work.
Therefore you may copy and print this document for your own personal use. You may not, however, reprint or republish this work, in whole or in part, without prior permission from me, the author. Such republication includes inclusion of this work in other Web sites, Web pages, FTP archives, books, magazines or other periodicals, CD-ROM and DVD-ROM compilations or any other form of publication or distribution. Please do not frame this site within another.
Please send feedback if you find this article to be of interest or value or if you have any comments, corrections or suggestions.
Please also consider making a donation to help defray some of the costs of building and maintaining this site. Thanks!
Thanks to Jim Strutz, Mark Overton, Gerard Maas, Steve Dunn, Julian Loke, Lewis Macdonald, Martijn Stol and Brian Arthur for valuable suggestions to this document. Any errors or omissions are purely my own, however.
Back to Photo notes.


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I'm in the middle of helping somebody out right now with the hannspad port. Well he's doing most of the port but I'm guiding him when he needs help. I can say he has it up and running on the 3.1 kernel already
So, who is this mystery Hannspad kernel porting person? I'm intrigued.
Dare I ask if the SOD issue is fixed in the new kernel? That would be a dream come true.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Simply put, "The Best". There is no word in the english dictionary that gives ample credit to define how great Bestin is. On a scale of 1-10, Bestin would be, by definition, off the charts.
I think i'll donate all my money to charity and become rich all over again; just trying to be like Bestin
by Calicooper March 09, 2011


text: First off I would own a hybrid but wouldn't trade my silverado for one unless it was a hybrid silverado lol. Anyways With all the new electric cars popping up that charge by pluging into your home electrical outlets, What does this do to your electric bill? Save $4.00 a gallon on gas but your electric bill triples I may be wrong & most likely I am. But just wondering if that would happen. Also what is the charge time for them is it quick or does it take all night. I had an idea for long distance travel if the battery got low that several spots in the hightways (interstates) have some kind of area that when the car passes over it gives a quick charge to the battery to last a few more miles. but of course that would be like free gas. How many people would be pirating electric now. Find an electric car parked next to a shop after hours because they had an exterior electric outlet. When we have good in the world there will always be bad.


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Meyer appointed to Nisswa City Council
Joe Meyer was appointed Wednesday, Oct. 16, to the Nisswa City Council.
That seat opened in mid-July after former longtime council member Lenny Hodgson resigned for personal reasons.
Three men applied for the open council seat: Meyer, a lieutenant with the Crow Wing County Sheriff's Department; Don Jacobson, who ran in the 2012 election for a council seat; and John Ryan, who retired in August as a Pequot Lakes police officer.
Current council members Tina Foster and Jan Pierce interviewed the three candidates and ranked them for a council decision Wednesday.
Reading from a prepared statement, Foster said the decision to appoint Meyer came with significant concerns related to his friendship with Nisswa Police Chief Craig Taylor and the mayor's intent to assign the new council member as liaison to the police department.
"We had a very open discussion with Joe about that issue and gave serious thought to not recommending Joe for that reason," Foster said. "However, we do believe that Joe is the best overall fit for the city council and in recommending him, urge the mayor to reconsider his intent to appoint Joe as the liaison to the police department until such time as Joe is officially elected to a city council position."
Meyer will serve for about a year, through 2014. The seat will be on the November 2014 election ballot.
At a council meeting in August, Meyer spoke up on behalf of Taylor after the council had suspended Taylor and then reinstated him, never giving a reason for the suspension.
Foster and Pierce developed a list of ideal characteristics for a council member at this time and a list of interview questions to make the interview process equal for all three candidates.
The characteristics included:
• Independent thinker with no strong ties to council members or department heads that could bias necessary council decisions.
• Experience with the budgeting process.
• Experience managing people.
• Able to get along with others; team player, respectful of other opinions even when there are conflicting opinions.
• Established as an active citizen of Nisswa.
• Time to be active participant with council related activities.
• Able to manage conflict.
In making their recommendation, Foster said she and Pierce took into consideration the current and anticipated projects and agenda items that are in various stages of development in the city.


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I have written a private message to Michael Bush, re the topics appearing on this site by design or error, that are dealing with poker, gambling, viagra, whatever.
As a field bee, I am smelling a STRANGE pheremone here and hope the Guard bees will investigate and trash any yellow jackets, bald faced hornets or any other aliens they find invading our colony.
They perhaps need to find a more appropriate place to thrive.
Cheers Donna Marie


text:
Selling a stock 2012 Subaru Impreza WRX Stock Air Intake system with all parts included that came with the factory. It has 12000 miles on it. I upgraded to a cold air intake system that is why I am selling. Works great. Had no problems. Just took it off my car 2 days ago. The stock intake system can be used with Stage 2 Cobb programming. I have read about it and it is good for upwards of 325 hp. If you want pictures of the system, contact me with your email address and I will be glad to send them to you. Feel free to email me at firstname.lastname@example.com for more information or just reply to the thread. I am from North Jersey, willing to meet in person or come pick it up from my house. Asking best offer (OBO)
To sum it up, you get:
Air duct
Air filter
anything else that came factory and is part of the intake system.
I am also selling a stock (OEM) 2012 Subaru Impreza WRX Sedan exhaust system from the turbo back with all gaskets and nuts and bolts included. email for more information.


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In search of The Greatest Snow on Earth®, the Yeti ultimately landed in Utah. The Ski Utah Yeti wanders the state of Utah in search of the deepest and lightest snow on the planet. Follow the Yeti to get the latest info on local pow stashes, crazy events, storm totals, and tips and tricks on the best ways to maximize your Utah experience. The Yeti is also known to throw out the occasional swag.. so be sure to stay tuned. Yeti knows best!
Do you have stories, ideas or questions you would like to share with the Yeti? Facebook, Tweet or email him at email@example.com.
Read More
Matt Baydala, originally from Rockville Centre, New York, sniffed his way to Park City, Utah in 2006. Since then, he has built a career as the Owner of the Park City restaurant Yuki Yama Sushi. His passion and appreciation for the diversity of Utah's wintersports product make him the perfect Powderhound. "For me skiing The Greatest Snow on Earth is not just a hobby; it's an obsession," exclaimed Baydala. "Now I have the opportunity to share this awesome life we live out here with the entire skiing community."
Adam Fehr, aka Bagel Boy, aka Après-Adam, grew up in Washington State. He enrolled at the University of Utah to study skiing—even occasionally attending class. Five years later he graduated with a degree in Economics and a desire to find the ideal ski-bum-with-a-career balance. That led him to take over ownership of Park City Bread and Bagel.
Skiing close to 100 days a season, his passion and obsession for the skiing lifestyle has become his identity. When he's not skiing powder, you'll find Adam on the mountain, beer in one hand, high-fiving a stranger with the other, spreading his joy for skiing to anyone that'll listen.
Jodi Saeland is a part-time KSL Meteorologist and full-time Mom of an 11-year-old daughter and Nine-year-old son. Follow Jodi as she explores the trials and triumps of skiing with your kids. Gain practical real-world advice on how to pack, dress, communicate and ski with your kids on Utah's famous slopes. How to be a skier while having an avid, excited budding snowboarder!
With her experience as a meteorologist, Jodi shares a bit of knowledge about Utah's weather forecasts and The Greatest Snow on Earth®
Pamela Olson is the Ski Utah Food Blogger. Pamela Martinson Olson is a freelance writer and former executive editor of Utah Homes & Garden magazine. A native Utahn, she grew up drawn to the natural world, camping in and hiking the state's deserts and high mountain peaks. A birdwatcher and fly fisher, she's become a passionate skier over the last few years, seeing mountains and snowstorms in an entirely different light. Pam will be writing about food, restaurants, and aprés.
Andrew Muse, originally from North Shore, Massachusetts. Followed his passion for the mountains and snow and moved to Utah at age 17. Nine years later he works as a professional snowboarder and content creator for brands like GoPro, Rossignol and SkiUtah. Traveling the country in his van with his pup Kicker, producing a travel series called "Tiny Home Adventure".
Erika Wiggins is a writer with a passion for travel, adventure sports and good coffee. She first visited Utah on assignment to learn to ski. Three months later, she packed up and moved to Utah to ski The Greatest Snow on Earth every season. Today she scours Utah's ski scene looking for inspired vacation ideas and tricks to make each visitor's stay extraordinary. Planning an exclusive getaway or need a resort with childcare or other specific amenities? Ask her for advice. Erika shares tips and inspiration with visitors from across the United States and the world. She is Ski Utah's travel guru.
Alyssa grew up in Ohio and loves being outside and active with anything that gets her heart pumping fast, especially skiing and biking! She didn't want to miss out on this elevated life, so she moved to Utah two years ago and has found herself to be a true mountain girl! She is an Energizer Bunny that lives on the edge cautiously, and challenges herself and others to live life to the fullest!
Having grown up with Utah's amazing mountains in his backyard, Pat Harrington has spent a good chunk of his life sliding sideways down the state's famous slopes.
Email address*
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Children will be asking for all sorts of toys this holiday season, from baby dolls that cry to tiny cars that beep. One company offers playthings that do more than simply amuse: They also teach children of all ages about the effects of pollution on their surroundings.
Sized to fit on a tabletop, EnviroScape is a line of 3D models that illustrate residential, recreational, agricultural, industrial, and transportation areas, each representing possible sources of pollution. Kids and adults use everyday items like drink mix (representing chemicals) and cocoa powder (for loose soil) to witness how their individual actions and those of others impact water quality.
"It sells itself," says Carlene Bahler, president of JT&A, the Chantilly, Va.-based company that makes the EnviroScape models. "It teaches where water comes from, what happens when you flush the toilet, what happens when you pour something down the drain. People see and experience what pollution can do, and how their actions impact their environment."
Founder Judy Taggart has a long history of environmental edification. According to Bahler, Taggart wrote, edited, and designed some of the first educational and outreach materials distributed about nonpoint source (NPS) pollution, watersheds, and wetlands. Since the firm's founding in 1984, it has worked closely with the EPA on such issues.
After decades of telling the public the story of pollution's dangers with brochures and speeches, Taggart realized there might be a more effective way to get the message across: a hands-on interactive visual.
In addition to the environmental expertise of JT&A employees, the concept benefited from input by federal, state and local agencies as well as educators and civilians. The same groups helped fine-tune each model, creating a line of tools that illustrates virtually all aspects of public works.
The Watershed/Nonpoint Source unit is the model that started it all. It consists of a U.S. National Park Service topographical map with a storm-drain pipe, houses, barn, factory, treatment plant, trees, cars, animals, and a user's guide that explains how a stormwater collection system works. Other models address wetlands protection, coastal use, drinking water, hazardous materials, and waste management.
"EnviroScape has literally taught thousands of students about water quality," says Lynn Porter, education specialist with Hinds County (Miss.) Soil and Water Conservation District. "It allows them to visually understand how they contribute to water quality problems and how they can be part of the solution."
In its quest to improve products to better fit client needs, JT&A actively solicits customer feedback. Right now, for example, the company is planning supplemental kits to support customers in highly urbanized environments.
With prices ranging around $785 for a model, and from $10 to $535 for the various kits and add-ons, Bahler reports that public agencies find the educational tools very affordable.
"The models are useful for departments that might not have the money for a full-time education outreach staff," says Bahler. "They donate it to schools, bring it to community events, and educate the public that way."
— Jenni Spinner (firstname.lastname@example.com) is a Chicago-based freelance writer and former editor of PUBLIC WORKS.