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What would an elemental soup cook up to?
Roald Hoffmann
Supposing you have a stew of all the elements, in sufficient quantity, a good way to mix them, a temperature intermittently high enough to get all molecules and extended solids to fall apart to atoms or ions, lots of time—what would you have in the end, when such a world cooled to a specified temperature?
This is a Gedankenexperiment. I am ignoring here the astrophysical history of the universe. No world where my experiment might be relevant exists—each star, planet, satellite, asteroid has had a history. And that history has certainly involved nonequilibrium conditions, whereas I am trying to impose equilibrium. Am I after a chimera then, something completely irrelevant to this world? I don't think so—the minerals of Mars are by and large the same minerals as those of our moon or the Earth, and the atmosphere of Titan contains no molecules strange to Earth, be they present in very different ratios. What, then, are the most stable compounds of this world, of any world?
That those gleaming brass 19th-century steam engines of the Midlands could not deliver energy at more than about 10 percent efficiency was not understandable until heat and work and energy and entropy were precisely defined. So it is with stability. There are three sorts of what is colloquially called "energy"—energy (E), enthalpy (H = E + PV), and what used to be called Gibbs free energy and now is termed Gibbs energy (G = E + PV – TS), where P, V and T are pressure, temperature and volume, respectively, and S is the entropy. (Skipped here are some fine points of which thermodynamic variables are kept constant.)
The Gibbs energy change (ΔG) in a reaction determines the position of the equilibrium in a reaction
that is, whether there is a lot of reactant A + B, or product, C + D. If ΔG is negative, product dominates; if ΔG is positive, reactant is present in greater amount. We also need the words exothermic and endothermic—these refer to heat changes and can be related to negative ΔH (exothermic, heat released in a reaction as written, left to right) or positive ΔH (endothermic, heat absorbed in a reaction). At low temperatures, as T > 0 kelvin, exothermic reactions go to the right, endothermic ones to the left.
Time for an example or two. Here are two possible equilibria in my model world, at room temperature:
Na (s) + ½ Cl2 (g) ↔ NaCl (s) ΔH = –411 kJ/mol
H2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) ↔ H2O (l) ΔH = –286 kJ/mol
The units of the enthalpy here and throughout this essay are kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol), and s, l and g stand for solid, liquid and gas, respectively. The source of the heats is the wonderfully useful (yet not infallible) NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/. They are all rounded off to 1 kJ.
I have not chosen these reactions for nothing; they are examples of general salt (not just sodium chloride) and oxide formation, two of the avenues to great stability that we will encounter. Both reactions are highly exothermic. The second is a lecture demonstrator's standby, the hydrogen balloon. As you have seen, nothing much happens … until a flame or a spark is brought up. Then the reaction goes, with a satisfying bang. For the sodium-chlorine reaction, to get it going one needs to melt the sodium, or put a drop of water on it.
For both reactions there is an activation energy, Ea, larger for the water formation. A schematic diagram of what is happening, energy-wise, in the course of the reaction is shown in the figure above. Here is the reason for specifying high temperatures in my Gedankenexperiment—I want to be able to overcome all barriers and just wind up with the most stable materials.
Going back to the cartoon world of H2, Cl2, O2 and Na, you would get mostly NaCl (s) and H2O (l) at equilibrium at 298 kelvin. Not really—for mixing is most certainly allowed, and salt dissolves spontaneously in water, as you well know. And perhaps I should worry about other reactions among the six species. For instance Na with H2 (to give NaH [s]), Na with O2 (to give Na2O [s]), Cl2 with H2 (to give HCl [g]), Cl2 with O2 (to give Cl2O or ClO2, both known). And I haven't started to be concerned about ternaries (compounds of three elements with each other); I've kept my world simple with binaries, isolated from each other. Remember that other pyrotechnic lecture demonstration—dropping a chunk of sodium into water?
Na (s) + H2O (l) ↔ NaOH (aq) + ½ H2 (g) ΔH = –183 kJ/mol
I write NaOH (aq), the "aq" standing for aqueous, because NaOH is very soluble in water (ΔG for solution is –42 kJ/mol). Now how about quaternaries?
If the temperature is very high, the entropy term in ΔG will steer things, so that reactions in which the entropy is increased are favored. All solids will be spontaneously converted into gases. Yes, even solid NaCl (boiling point [b.p.] = 1,413 degrees Celsius) and NaOH (b.p. 1,388 degrees Celsius). All molecular gases will decompose into atoms, a reaction with a nice positive ΔS, as translational degrees of freedom are created. And some ions will be created (for example, H ↔ H+ + e-), depending on the temperature. From a chemist's point of view, the surface or interior of a star (now that is high T!) is boring—there are no molecules there. But from a nuclear physicist's point of view, these are the greatest fun.
The low temperature limit, T approaching absolute zero, poses different problems. For then the history of the model world really, really matters. Let me explain. At very low temperatures, the atoms are not moving quickly enough to overcome in their collisions any barriers (remember the ubiquitous activation energies introduced above?). So if you take that hydrogen balloon with its mixture of H2 and O2 down to close to absolute zero, you will have to wait a very, very long time, a time approaching infinity, to get any water. Here H2 and O2 are metastable relative to H2O, perfectly happy on their own. You can see what I mean by history—at low T what you get (in a human, finite observation time) depends on whether the reactant molecules were first heated to overcome activation barriers. Or if they were not, just allowed to cool.
The high vacuum interstellar medium poses another challenge. If a rare collision between two molecules or atoms that are prone to react were to take place—say H2 + O (atomic)—the reaction to H2O being highly exothermic (by 491 kJ/mol, gas phase) the product molecule is born with a large energy. In the absence of collisions, that energy will have nowhere to go, and the reaction, exothermic, will not happen.
The surfaces of dust grains and cooled planetary objects present a special environment: high vacuum on one side, but an inert, or potentially catalytic, solid surface on the other. Low temperatures (unless there is volcanic activity)—but a long, long time. And sporadic influx of energy in the form of light. This is a wonderfully interesting set of conditions, important for the evolution of complex chemistry or life. But it isn't quite my model world.
I built my world as one of essentially limitless amounts of each element. If instead I began with equal and large finite masses, I would immediately run into the constraints of a limiting reagent. Consider for instance that simple water-forming reaction. If you have a finite amount (say 16 grams each) of H2 and O2, you will get at equilibrium 18 grams of H2O, with 14 grams of H2 left over and a miniscule amount of O2. Thirty-two grams we began with, 32 grams we have at the end—from Lavoisier's time we knew that nothing is gained, nothing is lost. And let's not worry about what mass/energy equivalence leads to in an exothermic reaction. There just wasn't enough O2 there to react with the H2 supplied.
Here's the nagging thought then about the utility of my Gedankenexperiment—any real world must begin with pretty constrained if not fixed local concentrations of the elements. And so the outcome of all reactions, not just for the equal-mass example above, will be constrained by those initial conditions. We will come back to this.
Let's use some simple chemistry to get a feeling for the thermodynamic sinks of this world. We are looking for compounds with the most negative heats of formation. A heat of formation is defined as the enthalpy change (under standard terrestrial conditions, P = 1 atmosphere, T = 298 kelvin) for the process
A + B + C ↔ ABnCm,
where A, B and C are the elements and ABnCm a compound. Here it is a ternary, but the generalization is obvious.
Let's start with carbon and oxygen. The well-known oxides of carbon are CO, CO2, and carbon suboxide, C3O2. Other oxides, CnO2, n = 2–7; CnO, n > 2; and CnOn, n = 2–6, are also experimentally known in small amounts, trapped in an inert matrix at low temperatures. The heats of formation of the oxides available in quantity are –110 (CO, [g]), –394 (CO2, [g]), –122 (C3O2, [l]) kJ/mol, respectively. Note the negative heats of formation, indicating stability with respect to the elements. Here is the first principle of stability, one we have already seen in the reaction forming water: Form oxides. This is confirmed for every element, except the noble gases. And gold. Incidentally, quartz, SiO2, is "better" than CO2, for the heat of formation of the former is a whopping –911 kJ/mol.
One oxide of carbon, CO2 , is much more stable than the others. This can be checked by calculating from the above heats of formation the energetics of all possible interconversion reactions, for example, CO2 ↔ CO + ½ O2, 3CO2 ↔ C3O2 + 2 O2 and so forth, and finding them all positive, endothermic.
But … if one introduced a lot of Ca in the environment, the Ca would react with CO2 (enough heat supplied to overcome all barriers) to give CaCO3, calcium carbonate, limestone, a real thermodynamic sink:
Ca (s) + ½ O2 (g) + CO2 (g) ↔ CaCO3 (s) ΔH = –813 kJ/mol
Is this going to go on? That is, are we going to get in a mix of 100 or so elements (let's not worry about the late actinides) a most stable compound of "multinary" composition, AxByCzDw…? I don't think so. Metastable molecules with more than 10 elements are known, and solid state compounds of 9 elements at least. But I think both experience and intuition indicate that such multielement compounds are likely to be unstable with respect to disproportionation or reaction with oxygen.
So what are the real thermodynamic sinks of this world? The place to look is with simple compounds with highly negative heats of formation. We have already met four such: NaCl, H2O, CO2, CaCO3. Their heats of formation are –411, –286, –394, –1,207 kJ/mol. The prescription is obvious: Form oxides, form solid state, ionic compounds. The elements don't stand a chance, except for the early noble gases (the heats of formation of the xenon fluorides are not large, but negative).
Following up the clue from the low heat of formation of calcite, one finds that all carbonates are very stable, as are most salts containing nitrate (NO3-), sulfate (SO42-), phosphate (PO43-) and silicate ions. For instance the heat of formation of calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) is –4,132 kJ/mol, that of Fe2(SO4)3 –2,583 kJ/mol. After a while one realizes that what matters is the heat of formation increment per atom, so these values become somewhat less spectacular than they seem. But they are large and negative, for sure.
The stuff of this Earth, minerals such as silicates, also have very highly negative heats of formation. Their presence in planetary bodies, including ours, is evidence to their stability. Much more needs to be said about the silicates, which constitute up to 90 percent of the Earth's crust. These occur in a remarkable variety, with cations of every kind coordinating to [SiO4]4- (olivine, for example), [Si2O7]6- (epidote), [SinO3n]2n- (tourmaline), [Si4nO11n]6n- (hornblende), [Si2nO5n]2n- (clays and mica), [AlxSiyO2(x+y)]x- (zeolites; x = 0, y = 1 is quartz). Along this series, the degree of cross-linking or O-coordination increases. Thus olivine has isolated SiO4 tetrahedra, whereas the various forms of quartz feature an interlinked three-dimensional network of the same. This is the Bowen reaction series, and as one progresses along it, one gets silicates that crystallize at lower temperatures from a magma—are more stable.
There is a pattern emerging in the nature of the more stable compounds: It's not simply ionic bonding (Na+Cl-, Li+H-), but ionic bonding between an alkali or alkaline earth cation and a molecular anion (CO32-, SiO44-). Of course, within each molecular ion there lurks ionicity—the bonds that connect the centering N or C or Si or S atoms to oxygen in these anions are polar. Ions within ions!
But there are compounds more stable than oxides, and these are fluorides—for example, CaF2, fluorite, or Na3AlF3, cryolite. In these even more ionicity is provided than in oxides. The thermodynamic stability of all ionic fluorides, the magnitude of their negative heats of formation per atom, is astonishingly high. This can be understood in a qualitative way: The energy required to break apart the element, F2 molecules, is small. The electron affinity the resulting F atoms is as large as they get. And the size of the F- anion is relatively small, so that one gets a lot of electrostatic stabilization in inorganic fluoride crystals (the so-called Madelung energy).
Also, in the temperature range where water is a liquid, a good number of salts, hardly all, dissolve in water with a negative Gibbs energy of solution. The entropy contribution to this Gibbs energy change is often large, if not dominant, for obvious reasons. I don't think other polar solvent liquids (each with their own temperature range of stability), such as ammonia, SO2, HF or supercritical CO2, will provide as much stabilization as water does.
So my tentative answer to the question posed at the beginning is not romantic. The final product (at P = 1 atmosphere and 298 kelvin) will be a messy soup of cations of the less electronegative elements (including the transition metals) with molecular anions, in water. Some pretty insoluble salts of similar composition (minerals!) will be there. And the first few noble gases standing by, if they are not allowed to escape.
When I first posed the question of the thermodynamic equilibrium at a research group meeting, I thought I'd find a ready analysis in any geochemistry text. I found some (see, for instance, the last section in Konrad Krauskopf's older Introduction to Geochemistry), but not much. The reason is that my question is a theorist's dream, and geochemists are practical people. Here is what J. Donald Rimstidt of Virginia Tech told me:
The phase or substance that is stable at a given temperature and pressure is not just controlled by its free energy of formation, but it is affected by the bulk composition of the system. As a result, geochemists are concerned with elemental abundances and the physical processes that affect abundances. Once the elemental abundances for a region have been established, then we draw a box around that region and use equilibrium thermodynamics to predict the phase or species distribution. This local equilibrium assumption works well for some cases (especially at high temperature and pressure). At earth-surface conditions, where chemical reaction rates as well as mass transport rates can be slow, metastable conditions can persist regardless of the scale of the model domain.
His last point, the persistence of metastable molecules and minerals, is one I made above. More important, geochemists don't worry about my castle-in-the-sky equilibrium world, because … the Earth (and every object in the universe) has a history. There is no infinitely replenishing cornucopia of all elements; even if we chose our region as big as the universe, the abundance of the elements is constrained by the physics of nucleosynthesis in the moments after the Big Bang, and in the subsequent more drawn out formation of heavier elements in stars and supernovae.
Remember those fluorides, the most stable of compounds? Why isn't the world full of fluorides? Because the abundance of the element fluorine in the universe, in the Solar System, and in the Earth is relatively small.
A beautiful account of the evolution of minerals has been given by Robert M. Hazen, of the Carnegie Institution, and his coworkers. To quote the abstract of their paper:
The stages of mineral evolution arise from three primary mechanisms: (1) the progressive separation and concentration of the elements from their original relatively uniform distribution in the pre-solar nebula; (2) an increase in range of intensive variables such as pressure, temperature, and the activities of H2O, CO2, and O2; and (3) the generation of far-from-equilibrium conditions by living systems.
The first stage led to the approximately 250 minerals found in unweathered meteorite samples, the second to about 1,500 other minerals, and the third, directly or indirectly, to most of the Earth's 4,200 known mineral species.
I've set up the equilibrium world, the one thermodynamics seems to say we should have. As interesting as it is, we don't have it, and no exoplanet will have it either. The building blocks are present in constrained amounts. Radioactive decay and large mass combine to build up temperatures and drive plate tectonics, processes that in turn lead to quite specific mineral forming events. For a given size planet, in time all the lighter noble gases will escape, as they by and large did here. If the size of the planet, volcanic activity, sources of energy are not right, water will disappear too or freeze, and dissolution of salts will not take place.
Then there is life. James Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis, bolstered by Lynn Margulis's insight, is that life creates disequilibrium. The abundant oxygen in our atmosphere (when there are so many ways to fix it, as we have seen) is direct testimony to the planet-forming power of life. There are theories of maximum entropy flow driving systems inevitably off equilibrium. Yet these theories are contested.
I think history—physical law + variety + happenstance, call it hazard, in the old, original sense of the word—creates and propagates a state off equilibrium, even without life. And there is no way to turn off history. We have a chanced, beautiful planet, its surface and atmosphere way off the thermodynamic state I've tried to explore. We had better be careful of what we have.
I am grateful to useful comments setting me straight by Mainak Mookherjee, Vaclav Smil, Don Rimstidt, Tyler Volk, David Schwartzman, Eugen Schwarz, Andreas Hermann and Michael O'Keeffe.
You can find this online at http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/num2/the-thermodynamic-sinks-of-this-world/1
© 2016 Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society


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text: for all that is interested in starting a south central kansas bee group PM with your phone and email address. I will get the ball rolling sort out the details and arrange a meeting date and place. hopefully we can get this off the ground there had been some discussion on this on bee source in the past so lets get it going


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REVIEW: Monsters University
Before Mike (Billy Crystal) and Sully (John Goodman) were best buds at Monsters Inc., they were less than friendly at Monsters University. A school made to train the best Scarers around. Mike got to the school because of hard work and determination, while Sully got by on his legacy and a natural ability to scare.
After an unfortunate accident, Mike and Sully are expelled from the scaring school. Angry at themselves and each other, they work to find a solution. Only the answer they come up with has "long shot" written all over it. Can they get past their differences and pull together as a group to prove they have what it takes to be Scarers.
After the flop that "Brave" was, I was somewhat unsure what Monsters University had in store for me. Thankfully I was surprised and reminded what great characters and what a special franchise Pixar had created with Monsters Inc.
Great for kids and a good laugh for adults, Monsters University delivers a safe family fun time.
Grade: B
MPAA Rating: G
Running time: 1hr 42mins.
Movie Trailer - Monsters University


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You are here: Home > News & Media Releases
18 May 2017
Yarra has become the first Council in Victoria to support the 'Make Renting Fair' campaign.
12 May 2017
Yarra City Council has further strengthened its support for marriage equality, pledging to fly the rainbow flag at each of its three town halls until the Marriage Act is changed to allow LGBTIQ Australians to marry.
11 May 2017
In accordance with section 54 of the Road Management Act 2004, Yarra City Council proposes to make amendments to the Road Management Plan and the Register of Public Roads. The amendments include changes to the inspection program, changes to defect types and intervention levels, changes to response t
The Minister for Local Government has requested Yarra Council review its proposed waste service charge to ensure compliance with both the Local Government Act and the Essential Services Commission's (ESC) Fair Go Rates System Guidelines.
07 April 2017
Bargoonga Nganjin, North Fitzroy Library will officially open its doors on Saturday 8 April, bringing to fruition a state-of-the-art community facility and realising a long-held dream of the local community.
06 April 2017
At its Ordinary Council Meeting of Tuesday 4 April 2017, Council resolved to invite public submissions on the following draft documents in accordance with the Local Government Act 1989.
28 March 2017
Yarra City Council has welcomed the Minister for Planning's decision to apply interim planning controls for the proposed development sites at 26–56 Queens Parade, North Fitzroy.
10 March 2017
Yarra Council has named a new retail and dining strip in honour of Richmond Football Club legend Jack Dyer following a groundswell of community support.
09 March 2017
Yarra Council has voted unanimously to ask the State Government to implement the Victorian Coroner's recommendation for a trial of a supervised injecting facility.
08 March 2017
Yarra Council is celebrating International Women's Day on 8 March 2017 with a call for other organisations to #BeBoldForChange and step up to forge a more gender inclusive world.
27 February 2017
Yarra Council has welcomed the State Government's announcement of better management and stronger protections for the Yarra River.
24 February 2017
Yarra Mayor Cr Amanda Stone has welcomed a parliamentary inquiry into a supervised injecting facility in North Richmond.
21 February 2017
Yarra City Mayor Cr Amanda Stone has urged the State Government to implement the Victorian Coroner's recommendation for a trial of a supervised injecting facility in North Richmond.
09 February 2017
Yarra City Council Mayor, Councillor Amanda Stone, has signed an open letter to the Victorian Parliament calling for a trial of Medically Supervised Injection Centre (MSIC) in North Richmond.
08 February 2017
Yarra Council has voted unanimously to begin discussions with the local Aboriginal community regarding the future of Council events on Australia Day.
07 February 2017
Council is asking the community for input on a new strategy to manage trees in Yarra.
06 February 2017
Yarra City Council is beginning an in-depth conversation with the community about improving public safety, liveability and prosperity in Victoria Street, Richmond.
We are proposing to discontinue the road abutting 247-255 Johnston Street, Abbotsford and transfer Lot 1 and Lot 2 to the adjoining property owner of 243-245 Johnston Street, Abbotsford. Community members may make a submission on the proposal under section 223 of the Local Government Act
24 January 2017
We are proposing to discontinue the road abutting 13 and 15 Brunswick Street Fitzroy and transfer Lot 1 and Lot 2 to the adjoining property owners. Community members may make a submission on the proposal under section 223 of the Local Government Act.
23 January 2017
Yarra City Council is working with local Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities to develop a Stolen Generations Marker and garden in Fitzroy.
10 January 2017
Lunar New Year celebrations have always been an important part of Yarra's festival calendar. 2017 promises to be bigger than ever as the City of Yarra celebrates the Chinese and Vietnamese New Year through the annual Lunar Festival.
02 December 2016
Yarra Council Mayor Amanda Stone today acknowledged the State Government's willingness to invest in CCTV on Victoria Street, Richmond which is something that local traders have been requesting for a long time.
28 November 2016
Yarra City Council intends to set the Councillor and Mayoral allowances at the maximum level for a Category 2 Council, as determined by the Minister for Local Government.
24 November 2016
Council will request that the State Government convene a working group to provide further input into the design of the Walmer Street Bridge.
23 November 2016
At its 22 November 2016 meeting, Council unanimously supported a series of motions to address the challenges brought by rapid and large scale development in the City, including strongly advocating to the state government on behalf of the Yarra community.
10 November 2016
A Special Meeting of the Yarra City Council will be held to consider an urgent business motion regarding the proposed development at 26-56 Queens Parade, Fitzroy North.
Yarra City Council has elected long time Langridge Ward Councillor and community advocate Amanda Stone as its new Mayor for 2016/17.
02 September 2016
Richmond's Victoria Street will be the focus of an in-depth community discussion.
04 August 2016
Council is preparing to install 4,000 underground parking sensors in the Richmond sporting precinct and other highly contested parking areas of Yarra.
The soon-to-be completed library and community hub in North Fitzroy has been officially named 'Bargoonga Nganjin, North Fitzroy Library'.
27 July 2016
Yarra City Council Mayor, Cr Roberto Colanzi today applauded the State Government's announcement that $11 million will be invested in the creation of a visionary contemporary arts precinct in Collingwood.
26 July 2016
Keep Victoria Beautiful has recognised the City of Yarra as the Sustainable City of the Year (2016) at a ceremony on Friday 15 July 2016 at the State Library of Victoria.
08 July 2016
Yarra Councillors have called for a report from Council officers outlining a process to engage with the local community on strategies for improving public safety and amenity in the Victoria Street precinct, including minimising harm to people affected by alcohol and illicit drug use.
06 July 2016
The historic 'No through Road to Clifton Hill' sign will be returned to its home in Holden Street, Fitzroy North, following a resolution by Yarra Council.
09 June 2016
Council has adopted its 2016-17 budget, which provides vital services for the Yarra community and invests in new and existing community infrastructure.
18 May 2016
Yarra Council voted last night (17 May) to endorse a public health approach to manage the long-term illicit drug issues in and around Victoria Street, Richmond and Abbotsford.
At its meeting on Tuesday, 17 May 2016, Yarra City Council resolved its intent to assign the name 'Pandoleon Lane' to an unnamed right of way beside 4 Mary Street and behind 318 to 328 Bridge Road, Richmond.
12 May 2016
Yarra City Council has provided 'in-principle' support to Stonnington City Council's calls for South Yarra Station to be an interchange station in the State Government's $10.9 billion Melbourne Metro Rail Project.
11 May 2016
Yarra City Council is reviewing the Roads and Council Land Law No. 2 and Environment Local Law No. 3. These local laws have been merged into a single proposed General Local Law. Council is seeking submissions from the community regarding the proposed changes.
06 May 2016
Yarra Mayor Roberto Colanzi is seeking to meet with the Victorian Minister for Education James Merlino to discuss community concerns about enrolment levels at local State schools.
20 April 2016
The Melbourne Renewable Energy Project seeks the construction of a new renewable energy plant to provide around 110 gigawatt hours of electricity each year.
14 April 2016
Council has resolved 'in principle' to invite the Minister for Planning to be the Responsible Authority for the Smith Street, Fitzroy North, former gasworks site, earmarked for major redevelopment of state significance by the State Government's Urban Renewal Authority, Places Victoria.
23 March 2016
Council has endorsed a State Government request to commence community engagement and master planning as part of investigations for the potential redevelopment of 433 Smith Street, North Fitzroy.
09 March 2016
Last night, Yarra Council unanimously passed a motion calling on the Federal Government to cease its attacks on the Safe Schools Program and for its expansion into as many schools as possible.
08 March 2016
The historic feminist mural on Smith Street that was severely vandalised by a tagger recently will today be reclaimed by the artists who first created the mural 31 years ago.
25 February 2016
Yarra City Council has resolved not to seek any action pursuant to Section 9 of the Local Government Act in relation to the State Government's Chandler Highway widening project.
19 February 2016
New OHS initiatives lead to 46% reduction in injury frequency and 50% reduction in WorkCover claim costs.
17 February 2016
Yarra Council has commenced the process to trial a 30km/h zone in local streets in Fitzroy in 2017/18, as part of a suite of innovative and responsible traffic treatments to improve safety for pedestrians, cyclists and vehicles.
05 February 2016
Yarra City Council has questioned the State Government and VicRoads' decision on the widening of Chandler Highway to six lanes, and will seek to explore whether this decision has been in breach of the Transport Integration Act (2009).
03 February 2016
Councillors unanimously passed a motion tonight calling for an investigation on the installation of CCTV in Victoria Street, Richmond/Abbotsford.
27 January 2016
A tireless community volunteer, a young mental illness advocate and a local philanthropic organisation have all been recognised in City of Yarra's 2016 Australia Day Awards.
Yarra Mayor Cr Roberto Colanzi will seek an urgent meeting with the Minister for Roads to discuss how the State Government and VicRoads plan to alleviate the impacts of the Chandler Highway expansion on local residents.
15 January 2016
Yarra City Council was advised earlier this week that VicRoads has submitted to the State Government its recommendation for a six-lane Chandler Highway and bridge upgrade to the western side of the site.
14 January 2016
Yarra City Council has welcomed the Minister for Planning's decision to introduce new development protections for the Yarra River, announced today.
23 December 2015
The State Government's announcement yesterday of a 2.5% rate cap for all Victorian Councils will have a significant impact on Yarra Council's 2016/17 budget and future budgets.
16 December 2015
Yarra City Council is encouraging safe and family-friendly New Year's Eve celebrations this holiday period, by making local parks, streets and public areas alcohol and glass free zones.
02 December 2015
Yarra City Council tonight unanimously approved the revised Development Plan for the 16.36 hectare site of the former Alphington Paper Mill subject to conditions including extra protections for the Yarra River frontage and the establishment of a community reference group.
26 November 2015
Yarra Council has backed the position of hundreds of community members, who believe VicRoads' current 'preferred option' for the Chandler Highway duplication project would have an unacceptable impact on local residents and the environment, among other factors.
25 November 2015
At a White Ribbon event to mark International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women, Yarra Mayor, Cr Roberto Colanzi said that with one in three women experiencing male violence, Australia was in the midst of a national tragedy.
Satisfaction with the overall performance of Yarra Council improved strongly in 2015, up 5.5% on the 2014 result.
24 November 2015
The cricket season is off to a great start following a $30,000 turf reconstruction.
19 November 2015
Yarra City Council will hold a Special Meeting of Council at 7pm on Thursday 26 November 2015 at Fitzroy Town Hall to consider the outcomes of consultation and hear submissions regarding the Alphington Paper Mill Development Plan.
18 November 2015
City of Yarra Mayor, Cr Roberto Colanzi is encouraging the community to celebrate International Day of People with Disability with a series of events run by Council from 1-10 December.
29 October 2015
Yarra City Council has won a major award at the prestigious WorkSafe Awards, taking home the Employer Excellence Award for Return to Work category.
06 October 2015
Melbourne's current inability to provide adequate social housing options will be in the spotlight at this week's Future of Inner City Social Housing forum: Options for Local Government.
17 July 2015
Council welcomes the State Government's announcement this week of a community planning committee to be established to provide strategic advice on the development of a new secondary school for Richmond.
08 July 2015
Yarra City Council is proud to present the third annual Leaps and Bounds Music Festival from Friday 3 July until Sunday 19 July across local live music venues.
24 June 2015
Yarra City Council has adopted its $159 million budget for 2015/16 bringing benefits to residents and ratepayers following extensive community consultation and engagement.
22 June 2015
Yarra Council and the Australian Catholic University have agreed to share expertise, guide urban design for the university and collaborate on community focused initiatives.
18 May 2015
A graffiti plagued apartment block in Fitzroy has become the latest building to offer up its walls to the area's growing gallery of public art.
04 May 2015
Yarra Council welcomes the State Government's decision on Yarra's new residential zones.
15 April 2015
The community is invited to comment on Council's proposed 2015-2016 Budget, on public exhibition until Wednesday 13 May 2015.
24 March 2015
A state-of-the-art cardboard compactor, which will boost recycling of cardboard, help to reduce the amount of cardboard litter and cut the number of cardboard collection trucks on our roads, is being commissioned on Thursday, 26 March by the Yarra City Council.
16 March 2015
To celebrate Cultural Diversity Week (17 - 21 March) Council is holding a free multicultural lunch at Richmond Town Hall on Tuesday 17 March from 10.00am to 1.00pm.
03 March 2015
Yarra City Council is piloting a new program that aims to increase community participation by older residents from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds.
02 March 2015
Council is urging the community to have its say on a development plan that would transform the former Amcor paper mill site in Alphington into a mini-suburb for thousands of new residents.
18 February 2015
Yarra Council along with a range of local government agencies, service providers and schools is launching the Yarra Communities that Care (CTC) program on 19 February 2015.
11 December 2014
Cultivating Yarra's 'knowledge economy' and emerging creative industries will be key to building a thriving and resilient local economy over the next five years, according to Council's newly adopted Economic Development Strategy 2015-20.
10 December 2014
Yarra City Council is encouraging a safe and relaxed "alcohol-free" celebration of New Year's Eve in its public parks and open spaces this holiday period.
01 December 2014
Yarra's first Copenhagen bicycle lanes will be constructed in Collingwood next year, providing a safer and better-connected journey for cyclists.
25 November 2014
Council vehicles have become moving billboards for speaking out against violence against women in recognition of White Ribbon Day.
14 November 2014
Cr Phillip Vlahogiannis, a lifelong Richmond resident and independent Councillor for the Melba Ward, is Yarra's new Mayor.
13 November 2014
More than $815,000 will be invested in the local community next year, with Yarra Council announcing the recipients of its 2015 Annual Grants.
11 November 2014
Yarra Council will introduce changes to its parking permit conditions in the new year to manage the increasing demand for Yarra's limited car parking spaces.
30 October 2014
The 2026 completion date for the Doncaster Rail as outlined in the State Government's delayed Stage 1 feasibility study falls hugely short of the Coalition's promises made prior to the 2010 election, according to Yarra Mayor, Cr Jackie Fristacky.
12 September 2014
A community collaboration to reclaim an unloved corner of Fitzroy using art and ingenuity has been recognised at the Yarra Sustainability Awards.
03 September 2014
Yarra City Council's world-class sustainability program has seen it named Australia's first One Planet Council and only the third local government in the world to receive the title.
01 September 2014
An ongoing program to convert roads into imaginative 'pocket parks' has seen Yarra Council recognised with a national award.
20 August 2014
Edinburgh Gardens and other public places in Yarra are set to be "alcohol free" on New Year's Eve following a Yarra City Council decision last night.
08 August 2014
Yarra Council has welcomed the State Government's introduction of the 'agent of change' principle, which will provide important protections to live music venues
21 July 2014
Yarra City Council has voted unanimously to join Moreland Council in seeking a judicial review of the Minister for Planning's approvals for the East West Link.
16 July 2014
A life size bronze sculpture recognising Yarra's GLBTIQ community and rainbow-lined footpaths have appeared in Fitzroy to welcome delegates to the 20th International AIDS Conference.
09 July 2014
Yarra City Council last night unanimously voted to strongly criticise and reject the State Government's decision to approve the East West Link contrary to substantial evidence and the many professional recommendations of the Assessment Panel.
01 July 2014
Yarra Council is disappointed by the Minister for Planning's announcement granting planning approvals for the East West Tunnel project.
11 June 2014
Council adopted a $187 million budget for 2014/15, receiving more than 80 written submissions, 253 petition signatures and 15 presentations during community consultation.
07 May 2014
Yarra City Council has partnered with the Australian Retailers Association to deliver a program designed to support, inspire and educate Yarra retail businesses.
30 April 2014
Council has recommended new residential zones for Yarra that will guide future residential development and protect the city's prized heritage areas.
23 April 2014
The community is invited to comment on Yarra City Council's Proposed Budget 2014/15, on public exhibition until Friday 23 May.
17 April 2014
Focus on environmentally sustainable design principles will be strengthened for new residential developments in Yarra and other parts of Melbourne under a new proposal from a group of metropolitan councils.
10 April 2014
Council has pledged to work with peak music bodies to develop new ways to support live music venues facing compliance and operating issues.
09 April 2014
Council has called on the State Government to drop its plans to apply a new parking tax to the Abbotsford Convent and Collingwood Children's Farm.
05 February 2014
A not-for-profit real estate agency, providing support to people who are homeless or at risk of becoming homeless, has received a $35,000 grant from Council.
04 February 2014
Yarra Council has established a fund to help local artists and arts organisations meet the rising costs of pursuing creative practices in the inner-city.
31 January 2014
Yarra Council is encouraging residents to have their say about new zones proposed for residential areas of Yarra.
17 January 2014
A spectacular new Gateway welcoming visitors to Victoria Street in Richmond has been installed as the bustling retail and dining strip prepares for Lunar New Year.
08 January 2014
Alcohol will be banned in much of Edinburgh Gardens over the upcoming Australia Day weekend to discourage the type of alcohol-fuelled parties that overwhelmed the Gardens on New Year's Eve.
20 December 2013
Preliminary designs for North Fitzroy's new Community Hub and Library have been released, offering a glimpse of what this long awaited facility will look like (see the plans here).
12 December 2013
Yarra City Council is purchasing a three storey office building in Richmond as a strategic investment which will help reinvigorate the Bridge Road retail strip.
06 December 2013
Council has adopted the Yarra Environment Strategy 2013-17, a blueprint for Yarra to further cement its identity as a leading sustainable municipality.
02 December 2013
Yarra will welcome visitors from across the globe next July as thousands of people travel to Melbourne for the 20th International AIDS Conference.
25 November 2013
Male leaders from the Yarra community have taken a public pledge to say no to violence against women as part of White Ribbon Day.
22 November 2013
Yarra's returning Mayor Cr Jackie Fristacky named public transport advocacy and urban planning as priorities for the year ahead.
14 November 2013
Council will look at new ways to manage parking in Yarra with growing pressure on the municipality's scarce supply of spaces.
15 October 2013
Yarra residents are strongly encouraged to have their say on the State Government's draft 40-year 'Plan Melbourne' for accommodating growth in Melbourne.
12 September 2013
Yarra Council has scored above the state-wide average in the 2013 Local Government Victoria Community Satisfaction Survey
06 September 2013
Young people, families, schools, youth service providers and the wider community are encouraged to contribute feedback to Council's draft Yarra Youth Policy and Action Plan.
02 August 2013
Yarra Council will progress the use of 3D imagery to manage significant planning applications.
24 July 2013
A developer and builder have been fined $20,000 each after failing to follow conditions on a planning permit for a Richmond apartment development.
Yarra Council last night voted unanimously to help local communities affected by the proposed East West Link in the wake of the State Government releasing startling design plans and videos for the proposed $8+ billion project.
16 July 2013
Yarra City Council has sought an urgent meeting with the Premier and Minister for Public Transport and Roads following the State Government's release of design plans for the East West Road Link.
09 July 2013
Yarra Council is set to assume responsibility for the management of the new Connie Benn Centre, opening up opportunities for residents to access more council and community services in Fitzroy.
04 July 2013
The State Government has approved planning controls that will see the former Amcor paper mill site in Alphington become a mini-suburb for about 3000 residents.
02 July 2013
Yarra Council has welcomed a change to State regulations that will make it easier for schools, community groups and sporting clubs to hold fundraising events.
12 June 2013
Yarra Council has supported proposed changes to planning controls over Amcor's paper mill site in Alphington, specifying maximum building heights for future development and a minimum period of community consultation.
07 June 2013
Council has committed to a new four-year plan that aims to preserve Yarra's unique identity while managing the impacts of rapid growth and change.
05 June 2013
A project to establish a community centre in Burnley has received a major funding boost in Council's 2013/14 Budget.
20 May 2013
Yarra Mayor, Cr Jackie Fristacky, has renewed calls for a supervised injecting facility (SIF) to be trialled in Yarra as a long term strategy for addressing public injecting.
16 May 2013
Yarra Mayor Jackie Fristacky has appealed to all Melburnians to rally against the east west toll road and tunnel at a public meeting on Thursday 13 June.
15 May 2013
Yarra Mayor Cr Jackie Fristacky has welcomed the $3 billion commitment in the Federal Budget to Victoria's Metro Rail project and the exclusion of funding for the east west toll road and tunnel.
08 May 2013
The State Government's Budget is a major blow to Victorians seeking improved public transport, not more roads and freeways, Yarra Mayor, Cr Jackie Fristacky said today.
07 May 2013
Yarra City Council will undertake a series of actions to publicly highlight the issue of violence against women.
16 April 2013
The community is invited to comment on Council's proposed 2013/14 Budget and four year Council Plan both on public exhibition until Thursday 16 May 2013.
12 April 2013
Federal Minister for Local Government Anthony Albanese today announced that Yarra Council has won the 2013 National Award for Local Government in Promoting Reconciliation.
11 April 2013
Yarra Chief Executive Vijaya Vaidyanath (VJ) will join 88 CEOs from across Victoria participating in the 2013 Vinnies CEO Sleepout to draw attention to homelessness in our community.
05 April 2013
Yarra Council is urging ratepayers to become familiar with their existing insurance premiums ahead of the State Government's Fire Services Levy appearing on their 2013/14 Council rates notices later this year.
Yarra Mayor, Cr Jackie Fristacky, has welcomed comments from Federal Infrastructure Minister, Anthony Albanese, in support of the proposed $9 billion Melbourne Metro rail project.
22 March 2013
The State Government has backed Council's calls to defer master planning for public housing estates in Fitzroy and Richmond.
14 March 2013
Yarra Mayor, Cr Jackie Fristacky today welcomed the long awaited release of the Doncaster Rail study but at the same time expressed major concerns that the recommendations would create a fragmented and inefficient rail solution.
08 March 2013
Yarra Mayor Cr Jackie Fristacky today paid tribute to the achievement, strength and resilience of women in Yarra and across the world at a special International Women's Day Ceremony this morning.
04 March 2013
Yarra Mayor, Cr Jackie Fristacky has successfully contested the 2013 Municipal Association of Victoria (MAV) board elections and will represent the metro central region for the next two years.
20 February 2013
Yarra Council has endorsed a proposal for Wellington Street in Collingwood to become the first road in Yarra to have separated 'Copenhagen-style' bicycle lanes
15 February 2013
The City of Yarra was last night recognised at the 2013 National Government Communications Awards for the way it responded to Occupy Yarra camping at Edinburgh Gardens in October 2011.
07 February 2013
Yarra Council has voted unanimously to write to the Victorian Premier supporting the proposed $5 billion Melbourne Metro Train project.
21 January 2013
Council has asked the State Government to extend the Melbourne Bike Share Scheme into Yarra.
16 January 2013
Yarra Councillors have voted unanimously to call on the Premier and Minister for Housing to immediately release to the public the draft Master Plan Design Brief (MPDB) for the Richmond and Fitzroy public housing estates that between them are home to more than 4,000 Yarra residents.
07 December 2012
Council, in partnership with Destination Melbourne, today launched the Discover Your Own Backyard campaign in Yarra.
Yarra Council is calling on the State Government to release the first phase findings of the two-year $6.5 million Doncaster Rail Study conducted by consultants, URS.
05 December 2012
Yarra City Council has been recognised as Victoria's first carbon neutral Council under the Australian Government's National Carbon Offset Standard (NCOS).
05 November 2012
Yarra City Council tonight voted independent Nicholls Ward Councillor Jackie Fristacky as its new Mayor for 2012/13.
For media enquiries, please contact:
Jessica Matrakis
Joanne Murdoch
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May 24, 2017
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The subject matter of this rulemaking (RM# 10-04, LSA# 12-42) is tree trimming by certain electric utilities. The rulemaking stems from an IURC investigation and subsequent Order in Cause No. 43663. The rule considers disputes, customer education, notice, and a tree replacement program.
Rulemaking Status
To view documents related to this rulemaking, please click here.
Public Comments
To view public comments about this rulemaking, please click here.
Next Steps
This rule took effect on October 27, 2012.
For your convenience, a listserv has been created for this rulemaking so that participants can receive periodic updates via email. To be added to this listserv, please click here.
If you have any questions or would like to submit comments related to this rulemaking, please contact Assistant General Counsel DeAnna Poon:
Indiana Utility Regulatory Commission
101 West Washington Street, Suite 1500E
Indianapolis, Indiana 46204
(317) 232-6735 | Email


text:
Posted by Richard Fichera on September 12, 2011
Last year at VMworld I noted Xsigo Systems, a small privately held company at VMworld showing their I/O Director technology, which delivereda subset of HP Virtual Connect or Cisco UCS I/O virtualization capability in a fashion that could be consumed by legacy rack-mount servers from any vendor. I/O Director connects to the server with one or more 10 G Ethernet links, and then splits traffic out into enterprise Ethernet and FC networks. On the server side, the applications, including VMware, see multiple virtual NICs and HBAs courtesy of Xsigo's proprietary virtual NIC driver.
Controlled via Xsigo's management console, the server MAC and WWNs can be programmed, and the servers can now connect to multiple external networks with fewer cables and substantially lower costs for NIC and HBA hardware. Virtualized I/O is one of the major transformative developments in emerging data center architecture, and will remain a theme in Forrester's data center research coverage.
This year at VMworld, Xsigo announced a major expansion of their capabilities – Xsigo Server Fabric, which takes the previous rack-scale single-Xsigo switch domains and links them into a data-center-scale fabric. Combined with improvements in the software and UI, Xsigo now claims to offer one-click connection of any server resource to any network or storage resource within the domain of Xsigo's fabric. Most significantly, Xsigo's interface is optimized to allow connection of VMs to storage and network resources, and to allow the creation of private VM-VM links.


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2'6" x 6'3" / 75cm x 190cm
3'0" x 6'3" / 90cm x 190cm
4'0" x 6'3" / 120cm x 190cm
4'6" x 6'3" / 135cm x 190cm
5'0" x 6'6" / 150cm x 200cm
6'0" x 6'6" / 180cm x 200cm
2'6" / 75cm
3'0" / 90cm
4'0" / 120cm
4'6" / 135cm
5'0" / 150cm
6'0" / 180cm
Monet 1500 by Healthbeds Ltd at Mattressman
The Monet 1500 is a fantastic new divan set as part of Healthbeds Dot Com Collection for 2009. Contained within the mattress are 1500 individual pocket springs in the kingsize model. Pocket springs are each encased in their own fabric pocket and work individually from one another, conforming to the natural shape of the body for brilliant support. The Monet 1500 mattress also has a combination of latex and Healthbeds own Memoryflex memory foam. The mattress top features a micro quilted Coolmax cover. Coolmax is a revolutionary fabric which helps to reduce the build up of moisture, keeping you cool during sleep and leaving you refreshed for the day ahead. The Monet 1500 is a non turn mattress which means only end to end rotation is required. This can easily be achieved by using the flag stitched handles found on the side of the mattress.
The divan base is platform topped which gives a solid and supportive surface for the mattress to rest upon. Many different drawer options are available and wheel castors are included as standard.
Please note the headboard is not included.
Please note headboard is not included.
Please note wood may be visible through the Classic fabrics.
Divan base is manufactured by British Bed Company
Mattressman are always looking for new ways to make quality sleep more accessible. Why not spread the cost of a new bed or mattress with our finance
scheme, made possible with Pay4Later. Using finance allows you to get that dream mattress right now, without the wait. We offer a number of finance
solutions, including interest free starting at a minimum order value of £300. All you need to do is add your desired items to the basket,
and select the finance option in our secure checkout.
is the level of support to the body, suitable for all average weighted people. This is not a comfort rating.
in a 5'. Each spring is encapsulated in fabric, body moulding, no roll together, quiet and perfect for side sleeping.
moulds well to your body contours, Cooler than memory foam and naturaly antibacterial, sourced from rubber trees.
is body moulding and pressure relieving, a filling that always recovers to its original state, ultimate comfort.
Attached to the border, aiding rotation and turning of the mattress.
A finish to the mattress created by stitching together the fabric and fillings, creating a patterned comfort quilt layer.
Located on the border, allowing the mattress to breath and release damp air.
mattress, no need to turn this mattress, but rotation is recommended.
Domestic Flamability Rated Source 2 for Low Hazard, General Domestic use
This product is made in Britain
This product has a 5 Year Warranty, inclusive of any guarantee period. More info
Download Here


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Finally got around to finishing my new boots. I did weather the toe spikes but the camera washes them out. Mow boots with mojo spikes. Enjoy.
Finally got around to finishing my new boots. I did weather the toe spikes but the camera washes them out. Mow boots with mojo spikes. Enjoy.
Ha! Thanks G
That is some nice work bro.
Thanks Rubio. I wear size 11 and these spikes fit pretty good. I messed and bended them a little but nothing big. There is a tiny gap but with people's different sized feet and a one size spike, I would imagine some people having to make these minor adjustments.
Wow that's really cool mr. Fett. Looks great!
Did what I had to do with the spikes I got. My boots are size 11's, just like yours. Only your spikes fit the cut of the MOW boots a lot better than mine did, so I had to improvise. I contact cemented the little Foamies sheets to the inside middle section of the spike bar, and then also backed the whole backside of the metal toe spikes with Quick Grip as I was screwing them into the boots, so those things shouldn't be moving at all.
On a side note, I also used my Dremel sanding wheel to slightly round the 4 corners of each toe spike bar before attaching them to the shoe, because the real ones from the Magic of Myth boots I was trying to replicate had the corners rounded and not squared off, as the spikes arrived to me.
Hey 22ssplt just curious what Colors you used , and the brands? They look great too!
Thanks. I used reefer grey and grimy black in polyscale
Thanks for the response , doing mine soon so just like to see what others used. Again they look great!
Dude...those are nice!
Thanks will!
Those look really nice....but 1 thing...the middle section should be a darker grey than the rest of the boot, like a charcoal grey.
Thanks Lou. I weathered them after the aosw reference pics. The middle seem to me looks just as light as the remaining grey
Oh ok..i never checked those pics for reference...you may be right there. I do know though that it was darker, they may have faded?..hm dunno...either way they look great bro, natural looking weathering, nice job!
I just looked in the gallery in the AOSW section and the boots look like they are darker in the middle section. What pics did ya use?
Heres the pic from the gallery:
Boba Fett Costume - The Dented Helmet Gallery
Not tryin to be a butthead... just want to make sure your on point brother!
No worries at all Lou. I guess i don't like it when guys black out the stripe and the boots are too dark than the originals. These I feel are more accurate. I could mist the center a little more and it wouldn't hurt.
I ended up messing with these boots even more. Now they are done. I added the silver scratches and damage on the tube stripes.


text: The new "4th edition Personal Trainer Certification Exam"… …doesn't really exist. Don't worry, I'll wait a moment for everyone to start breathing again. There have been some rumors and thoughts that as ACE launched the new 4th edition Personal Trainer materials there would be a brand new "4th edition certification exam" as well. I've even heard people talking about the 3rd edition test versus the 4th edition test, and discussion about how soon candidates need to sign up for their exam to still get the 3rd edition test. But no need to panic! We can clear a few things up for you. There is not a complete revamp/brand new exam as of January 2011. Instead, updated/new questions are regularly being rotated into the certification exam as they always are. This is something ACE does with all of our certification exams. ACE certification committees are regularly writing new exam questions, which are rotated into exams as experimental items. (Remember those experimental items aren't part of your overall score!) If the new questions perform well, those questions can replace older and outdated items on future exams. If they perform poorly, they are retired before they ever appear as an actual scored question. The psychometricians (test designers) at our testing agency use statistical analysis to determine if a question performs well or if it bombs. The same concept applies here. If you think about it, there is some information that hasn't changed much from the 3rd edition Personal Trainer materials. A lot of the essentials information – anatomy, biomechanics etc. – doesn't change much over the years. Other information – like the introduction of VT1 and VT2 and the risk stratification guidelines – changes more quickly with advances in science and research. The further we move into 2011 and beyond, the more the certification questions are likely to reflect the updated standards and guidelines referenced in the 4th edition Personal Trainer materials. What this means for those candidates using the 3rd edition materials is that you may need to update yourself on topics such as ACSM guideline changes, updated nutrition standards, the new core balance principles/functional testing principles that are covered in the 4th edition materials, how to assess and design cardio programs using HR at VT1 and VT2, etc. through the use of alternate resources. So, while you may be successful with the 3rd edition material for some time following the end of the calendar year, the greater chance for success lies with the 4th edition materials because they are the most up-to-date with exercise science research and industry guidelines/standards. Also keep in mind the 3rd edition manual is now 8 years old. Even if you are just finishing up with the Personal Trainer 3rd edition material, it may be worthwhile to purchase the ACE Personal Trainer Manual 4th Edition Set without necessarily purchasing the complimentary study material associated with the 4th edition. The manual set can be a helpful addition to your existing materials for purposes of preparing for the exam (and for a career as a personal trainer), as it will include the aforementioned updates. The 4th edition manual also includes many new and expanded exercise science and behavioral strategies based on research completed since the 3rd edition manual was published in 2003. And if that wasn't enough reason, the 4th edition manual does represent a superior reference for practical application following the achievement of certification and the ACE Integrated Fitness TrainingTM (ACE IFTTM) Model. It's the book you'll refer back to during your time as a professional. Still have questions about the exam or your preparation? Just contact an Education Consultant at 1-888-825-3636 x782 *special thanks to Todd, our Directory of Academy, and Jessica, our Certification Director, for their help with this post!


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If anyone can help Smith have success at QB in KC, it'll be Andy Reid. Better than him going to the Jets or Browns for instance. Hope it works out for Alex Smith, he really got shafted by San Fransisco.
If anyone can help Smith have success at QB in KC, it'll be Andy Reid. Better than him going to the Jets or Browns for instance. Hope it works out for Alex Smith, he really got shafted by San Fransisco.
Turns out he hasn't even been traded.
Useless analysts and their equally useless "sources"...
The 49ers are getting rid of Alex Smith either way. This was written in stone back in December. The 49ers were absolutely not going to keep him at $9+ mil per year as a backup to Kaepernick, whose on a rookie-capped contract. Anyone whose thinks they were is going to be wrong. The 49ers also stand to pretty much recoup almost all of Alex Smith's cap hit for 2013 by getting rid of him with only $1 million guaranteed so far for 2013 and roughly $8-9 million in imminent team cap savings. Trading is also a better option than just plain releasing a player since the team gets something in return with a trade. Then,...Enter a low-tier team that's desperate for a starting QB. I would not be surprised if it was the Chiefs/Jags and I wouldn't be surprised if the 49ers got a 1st or 2nd for Smith or some decent player from one of those teams. So instead of the 49ers basically releasing Alex Smith before his 2013 cap hit becomes guaranteed by 4/1/13 according to his contract, the 49ers are getting some or alot of value in return. You ask why a low tier team would be suckered into a lopsided trade like the Bengals-Raiders Carson Palmer trade? Simple, cause they are poorly managed to begin with and a better managed team is simply capitalizing on the situation.
Last edited by BigBlueAllDay; 02-25-2013 at 08:34 PM.
49ers reportedly agreed to trade Alex Smith to the Kansas City Chiefs for the Chiefs' 2013 second round pick (No. 34) and a conditional mid-round pick in 2014. Hook line and sinker. 49ers capitalized on the basement Chiefs instead of economically being forced to release Alex Smith for nothing.You're welcome.
This is going out on a limb here, but a big if they are desperate for Victor Cruz, The recouped $8-9 million cap space from trading away Alex Smith and forking over their first round (No. 31 pick) for the tender is now a possibility. The team salary cap would be the only hurdle left.
Last edited by BigBlueAllDay; 02-27-2013 at 06:12 PM.
They essentially get a late 1st round pick and conditional 2nd or 3rd next year. The 49ers WON! Smith is not going to save KC's franchise. They were better off drafting Geno IMO and starting fresh.
The way I see it....this might be Karma for Andy Reid getting that ridiculous deal for Kevin Kolb. Now it's Andy's turn to be on the flip side.
"You killed my family, and I don't like that kind of thing."


text:
|GTA V Latest News | #GTAV | #GTAOnline
2004 GTA: Advance - Gamespot Hands On
Top Down GTA - General News | @ 12:49 AM MDT | By Neil
Gamespot have posted their own 'hands on' preview of Grand Theft Auto for Game Boy Advance. There are a few minor new details about the storyline, and it makes for an interesting read if you missed last week's coverage.
Link: Gamespot - GTA: Advance Hands-On
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text:
[quote user="Itlan"]This show is terrible lol. The comic wipes the floor with it.[/quote]That's usually the case with lots of book and movies. The former is usually better because there's more creative freedom and you aren't targeting as many demographics. When they try to make a movie out of it, they'll change things up to get more people to watch at the sacrifice of the story's true plot.
Jurassic Park would be a good example.


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Hello my name is Tommy,
I have been working on this concept for a couple of months, rough sketches,drawn plans for dimensional uses, 3d model to work out the engineering problems and finnaly the building process. I will be posting pictures of the 3d model and the final beehive in my yard :P
I still have time to make modifications if needed, my primary goal is to go through the concept with you guys to nit pick at it and make sure it's ok..
But please note I had the material, equipment and also hands on skill to do this project it might be considered over the top for the "producers/farmers" with that said I only want the one hive for personal uses. the production cost would be too much. most of this material was on hand, it cost me around 300$ (115$ for 6 of the glass I did not cut myself, 40$ish for Caulking/glues and around 150$ for the Cedar T&G planks and shigles for the roof) all the rest of the wood was sawmilled by my father several years ago, and I had to plane, rip, glue, nail and cut all these from rough lumber.
-100% Cedar
- 40 Top Bars
- Inner / Outer core
- Glass Tops (Double Pane)
- 2" Insulation (Used the shavings from the planing)
- 2" Insulated blanket for glass tops (100% Hemp stuffed with Cedar shavings)
Here are the models iv'e done in 3d
Vita Hive 3D 1.jpg
Vita Hive 3D 2.jpg
This one is a cut out of my hive to better show the concept for venting and the core.
Vita Hive 3D 3.jpg
Here is the completed Vita Hive (you will see I have made a quick box in there to transfer my bees from my langstroth hive to this more easily..)
Vita Hive 1.jpg
Vita Hive 2.jpg
Vita Hive 3.jpg
Vita Hive 4.jpg
Vita Hive 5.jpg
Vita Hive 6.jpg
sorry about the long post.. guess after all that work it's show time :P
Thanks in advance
Terra Vita


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Crow Wing to interview applicants for community services director
Crow Wing County has narrowed the field of candidates it is considering for the top post in community services to two finalists. The Crow Wing County Board interviewed the two finalists for the Director of Community Services vacancy on Tuesday, March 12.
Candidate interest has been strong with more than 60 applicants.
The selection committee composed of Commissioners Rosemary Franzen and Rachel Nystrom, Administrator Tim Houle, Auditor-Treasurer Laureen Borden, Interim Director Mark Liedl and Human Resource Director Tamra Laska have kept the process on track to meet the March target for landing a director.
The finalists invited to interview with the county board are Larry Laudon of Bagley and Kara Terry of Champlin.
Laudon has a background in healthcare management, having served as the chief executive officer for Clearwater Health Services and vice president of physicians services for Riverview Healthcare. Laudon earned his undergraduate degree from North Dakota State University and attended the University of Minnesota Masters in Healthcare Administration program.
Terry has held a variety of leadership positions within Hennepin County's Human Service and Public Health Departments, most recently serving as the manager of the central planning unit. Terry holds a Bachelor of Science degree in business management and a Master's degree in business administration.


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Article Topic: HealthOrder by: date | title | author
Date: 2009-03-23 By: Danica Davidson
People will never stop trying to find ways to heal themselves. In the past few decades, the Western world has grown increasingly intrigued by Eastern forms of alternative healing, including those from Japan. What is the fascination with the mysterious "chi," around which these healing alternatives revolve? How can we benefit, both physically and spiritually, from that which we cannot see?
Date: 2013-01-04 By: Hélčne Berton
Date: 2013-11-04 By: Steven Cardoza
What are Chinese Healing Exercises? How are they able, in just a few short minutes a day, to restore and maintain health and longevity? Steven Cardoza, author of Chinese Healing Exercises discusses exactly what these exercises are and illustrates five ways these Chinese Healing Exercises provide benefits.
Date: 2015-12-28 By: Kathilyn Solomon
Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT), or tapping, is a simple technique to release your stress and overwhelm, emotional pain and bad memories, limiting beliefs and unhelpful ways of thinking, and challenging behaviors. It is also regularly used to address physical and emotional issues as well as performance challenges. It is energy psychology and not talk therapy. It encompasses the body and the mind, as well as the body's energy system. It's quick, it's easy, it's free, and anyone can use it. So how do we begin to use EFT to address our issues? Kathilyn Solomon, author of Tapping Into Wellness, explains.
Date: 2015-04-27 By: Sherrie Dillard
Our body is always communicating to us and ready to reveal both the positive and negative influences that are impacting our health. Yet, its messages often bypass logic and reasoning. Through intuitive sensing and insight we can begin to better tune into and discern its messages. Sherrie Dillard, author of the new Develop Your Medical Intuition, describes how we can use our innate intuition as a powerful ally in uncovering the unknown factors and stresses affecting your health and wellbeing that lie outside of our conscious reach.
Date: 2014-01-06 By: Shawn A. Tassone MD
There is a silent conversation born from the physical fusion between a mother and her baby during pregnancy—an unspoken communication that deepens as they journey together toward birth. How can expectant mothers maximize their connection to their unborn child? Shawn Tassone, co-author of Spiritual Pregnancy, explains how and why this connection happens and how to maximize pre-birth mother-baby bonding.


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Deputies: Woman shoots mother in back of head, charged with murder
LENOIR COUNTY - Deputies have charged a woman with murder for allegedly shooting her mother in the back of her head, all while the suspect's 4-year-old child was inside the home.
According to the Lenoir County Sheriff's Office, Laurie Ann Ellis has been charged with an open count of murder in the shooting death of 62-year-old Brenda Woodard.
Investigators said the shooting happened at 3825 Sharon Church Road, northeast of Kinston, at about 4:08 p.m. Monday. When deputies arrived at the scene, they found Woodard dead on her bedroom floor with a gunshot wound to the back of her head, the Sheriff's Office stated.
Ellis and her 4-year-old son were at the home when deputies arrived, investigators said. It was believed that the child was in another room when Ellis allegedly shot her mother.
Ellis told deputies she accidentally shot her mother, according to the Sheriff's Office. But based on the suspect's "deceptive statements" during the initial interview, as well as evidence from the scene, investigators said they believe Ellis murdered the victim.
A motive, however, was unknown.
The gun that Ellis used was found hidden in a closet and was reported stolen about a year ago, deputies said.
The victim's husband, James Woodard, had just gotten home from a dentist visit when deputies arrived at the scene, the Sheriff's Office stated.
Ellis made her first court appearance Tuesday. She is being held under no bond.
An autopsy for Woodard was scheduled for Tuesday afternoon.
Harold Lang, who lives across the street from Woodard's home, shared memories of the victim.
"Excellent- couldn't have asked for a better neighbor," said Lang. "She looked out for my house and I'd look out for hers."


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Thinking on the issue of the bees not being able to patrol the back side of a follower board, and SHB being able to hang out in the back of the hive waiting for an assault, has anyone ever tried drilling a hole in the follower board that would let the bees get to the other side? I currently have the follower boards in only to make the hive feel secure since I just split them into queenless nucs. I don't want them to feel they can't defend the hive and swarm. But if I just drilled something like a 1/2-3/4" hole in the follower board, it would allow a few bees to get to the other side and patrol/explore as they wished. But I don't think the hole would be big enough to make them feel like they couldn't defend the hive, not like pulling the board entirely.
Am I chasing something that doesn't matter, or does anyone else think or know that this would be a good idea?


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On May 16, 7:17 am, cheri j <cjt...@gmail.com> wrote:
> I went to this sight and realized it seems to have "ripped off" Adagio
> Tea's wording
> exactly.
> http://www.adagio.com/oolong/formosa.ht ... fb7ef076...
> http://shop.steepingpot.com/products.php?cat=8
> Even the #8 is used. Are you an extension of Adagio Tea?
> If so , let us know.
> cjteas
I also see that some of their images are copied from the Adagio site. Now, they do say Adagio is one of their wholesalers, but I just wanted to bring this up in case they are overstepping their bounds.


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Dance, Theater, and Music
"Traditional venue, first-rate shows. A classic."—Fernanda Abreu, singer, songwriter, samba-funk headliner. 3,000 seats. Brazilian and international acts; restaurant and bar. Avenida Venceslau Brás 215, Botafogo; tel. 55 (21) 2105 2000. www.canecao.com.br
Circo Voador
"An eclectic venue for the younger crowd; in the heart of Lapa."—Fernanda Abreu. Founded in 1982; center stage for Rio's thriving music scene. Beside Arcos da Lapa. Rua dos Arcos 1, Lapa; tel. 55 (21) 2533 0354. www.circovoador.com.br
Estrela da Lapa
"Where a choro (improvisational, sentimental musical style—played on flutes, small and large guitars, and other instruments) revival has blessed Lapa."—Mú Carvalho, music producer, Globo TV. Circa-1900 colonial mansion, refurbished. Avenida Mem de Sá 69, Lapa; tel 55 (21) 2509 7602. http://estreladalapa.blogspot.com/
Rio Scenarium
Samba, MPB (Música Popular Brasileira, literally Brazilian popular music), choro, forró (northeastern Brazilian dance music), gafieira (Brazilian ballroom/dance hall music). Antiques warehouse turned music venue; two shows nightly. Tip: Restaurant/bar Santo Scenarium a few doors down (Rua do Lavradio 36) offers live music Thursday through Saturday. Rua do Lavradio 20, Centro Antigo; tel. 55 (21) 3147 9005. www.rioscenarium.com.br
Teatro Odisséia
From samba to rock, forró to reggae. Upstairs gallery offers cultural lineup of plays, films, and art exhibits. Terrace views of Arcos da Lapa and Metropolitan Cathedral. Avenida Mem de Sá 66, Lapa; tel. 55 (21) 2224 6367.
Teatro Municipal
"The height of elegance; a program for the soul"—Mú Carvalho. Modeled after Paris's Opéra; inaugurated in 1909. One of Brazil's premier performing arts venues. Praça Floriano, Centro; tel. 55 (21) 2299 1711.
Acadêmicos do Salgueiro
Rehearsals at the samba school each Sunday at 11 p.m. from August to Carnival. Join the party. "Best when the school rehearses the year's samba theme song in the lead-up to Carnival."—Fernanda Abreu. Rua Silva Teles 104, Andaraí; tel. 55 (21) 2238 5564. www.salgueiro.com.br
00 (Zero Zero)
"Party under the stars; order a salmon burger or smoke a cigar."—Cristiano Nogueira, author, Rio for Partiers. Candlelit restaurant-lounge next to planetarium; DJs, dance floor, open-air veranda. Avenida Padre Leonel Franca 240, Gávea; tel. 55 (21) 2540 8041. www.00site.com.br
Dama de Ferro
"Chic club run by 'Iron Lady' Adriana Lima, an artist whose underground spirit prevails."—Antonia Leite Barbosa, author, Agenda Carioca. Brazilian and international DJs. Vinicius de Moraes 288, Ipanema; tel. 55 (21) 2247 2330. www.damadeferro.com.br
Nuth Lounge
"Almost ten years old and still in style."—Antonia Leite Barbosa. Tropical decor; young and lovely clientele. Avenida Armando Lombardi 999, Barra da Tijuca; tel. 55 (21) 3153 8595. www.nuth.com.br
Le Boy, La Girl
Rio's gay and lesbian palaces. Some open-minded straight women; few straight men. Outrageous Carnival ball. Rua Raul Pompéia 102, Copacabana; tel. 55 (21) 2513 4993. www.leboy.com.br, www.lagirl.com.br
Palaphita Kitch
"Amazonian finger foods and exotic drinks."—Cristiano Nogueira. Cocktail suggestion: Caipivara—three tropical fruits, sugar, and ice mixed with sugar cane brandy, vodka, sake, or whiskey. On Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas. Avenida Epitácio Pessoa; Parque do Cantagalo, Kiosk 20, Lagoa; tel. 55 (21) 2227 0837. www.palaphitakitch.com.br
New Year's Eve
December 31. Two million revelers pack Copacabana Beach. Only Carnival has a larger turnout. Live music; midnight fireworks. Party goes until dawn. Wear white.
Fashion Rio
January and June. Brazilian fashion collections on display at Marina da Glória. Celebrity and media magnet. http://ffw.com.br/fashionrio/
Festival do Rio
September or October. Latin America's biggest film festival; more than 300 Brazilian and international pictures in 30 theaters. Weekend screenings on Copacabana Beach. www.festivaldorio.com.br
Casa Cor
October or November. Showcases Brazil's leading interior decorators, architects, and landscape artists. Held at the prestigious Jockey Club. www.casacorrio.com.br
About Rio de Janeiro and Brazil
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text: Here is my sculpt of commander Jets helmet from the clone wars. Most of the main sculpt is done I just need to refine the details and polish it up. Im not much of a story teller or pic taker but here it is. What do you think, constructive criticism is welcome.


text: Nelson is a stud SS prospect from a HS in Florida. He had surgery on his arm over the winter, so he has only DH'ed most of the season. I believe that the injury was a result of him also pitching. Barring the injury, I don't think that there is any way he makes it to the 7th pick.Originally Posted by BigREDSfaninKY


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Like any other normal team we would face.... the redskins were not throwing it down the field much at all. All quick stuff, and option runs, and that was it.
I think we lost this one on Defense mainly. Defense could not defend their style of run. The Giants Offense did okay, Giants offense controlled the clock for most of the time. But we could not defend crap. and it was disturbing.
I made me mad how osi could not catch rg3. but i also so him stop pause and then chase him.
It made me so angry, i threw the remote at the tv. I knew when we punted back to them with 3 minutes left in the 4th. we werent getting the ball back...
We better hope we get J. Williams back and some other force ... Were getting a much faster offense this week in the saints. It's gonna be tough. Just hope with brees he will be back in that pocket a lot longer. and we can have our DEs actually do something.
P.S. i have been unable to listen and watch sports radio, or sports center because of this loss. listening to RG3 praise is making me so angry.
Hope the Giants can bounce back and make a run. Rolle was right... we need to get angry and justin tuck praising him during the game.. makes me sad.. tuck has lost a lot. i think.


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Photographing certain apiarian plants I observed an insect that I do not have look again. He was too much competitive with the bees but also with the rests of his species. Above in the tree it would be roughly 40 from them. It resembles with very with wasp, but flies as wild bee making swings and abrupt movements. In the size he is double than a honey bee or common wasp. In the network I did not find photograph that his would resemble. Know does no one what is it?
Look photos in http://meli-tzoumerka.blogspot.com/
Sorry for my English


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text: So far, the transmission has been upgraded to a 4 speed auto and a standard 350/5.7. I was told that all the emissions control has been removed and I need to see how much it's going to cost or how on earth can I put everything back on so I can pass emissions. I guess junkyards are going to be my friends for a while.


text: I lost a nuc last winter to excess moisture. My fault, the hive wasn't slanted forward, it was actually slanted back, and it had a solid bottom. I found a small pool of water and frogs eggs in it.... It made me realize that I don't have to worry about that as much with a screened board.. I have a hive with a solid board, and it had a ton of crap on it come spring to clean out.. The screened boards weren't nearly as bad. Don't know about the mites... I just want to keep breeding from survivors and not worry about it too much.. who knows..


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Check the prices of Saiga 308 on Gunbroker. Right now you can get one for about $400 delivered depending on the day of the week
For me this will be a recycled mpki stub from aaok. The stub has a thred pitch of 25x1.5mm. So it can be reamed out to .995" or thredd the barrel (better). So at this point I just need to find a reamer and make some side plates.
Check the prices of Saiga 308 on Gunbroker. Right now you can get one for about $400 delivered depending on the day of the week
Gunco Member #10
The "original" Boltcutter Rivet Squeezers:
Project Pink - the Pink and Blue AK-74:
HMMMM I would not mind having a second Saiga to turn in to a parts kit to make a decent gun out of. $400 is getting pretty close to my budget. what I dont get is they cost no more to make than any other saiga but they tack on a extra $150+ just because it shoots .308. They would sell a ton of them if they were priced accordingly.
I bet there is not more than three dollars differant in production costs. every one would have one if they were $350 new like they should be. either that of sthrow some decent furniture on them as well as a decent trigger so they can be used as is.
If I was going to do a 458 or so size build on a saiga Id give it some balls and use a 308 length case but with a more case capacity. the 458x2 barnes AKA the 458x2 american would be perfect for this it uses a cut down 458 mag case or any other mag case to make a round that fits in a 308 length mag. I was working on a 1.5" version when the bushmaster came out. Im thinking one of those 7.62x54r variants would be perfecct for a conversion as the bolt face should be closer. it also head spaces on the belt instad of the case mouth so that means you wont have to case trim and mic every reload like the 450 bush, socom, beoulf, 444???? gunco suprise express LOL
there is also a 458x1.5 barnes that has been done as well and is pretty damm cloase to what i was working on.
well dang,
emailed 4-d reamers and ask if he had a reamer and the reply did not look good for me,
" you are the first one to ask for that size" so they wont be getting one soon!
Try Dave Kiff at Pacific.
Id just buy it for $130 or so get one with a removable pilot. Im sure you could sell it for around close to what you pay for it. You kmight be able to even do it cheaper than renting.
if i wasent so swamped with other projects Id buy one and just do a chamber for you for a small fee. Im sure there would be some intrest in chambered barrels if you had the reamer.
If I can get one we might work out a trade. I'll be needing some x25 chamber's recut/lenthend and other work.
let me know. Im hoping to get back in the shop more one winter hits and things out side slow down


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I live in a large 500 sq ft studio in Mountain View, near villa and mariposa. I moved in there around May 2011, paying $1100 per month. No rent increase since then. The property is not managed by a corporate.
Recently, the landlord is trying to rent a similar studio next to me for $1400. No takers, so far. What happened to all tech workers, startups, etc?


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ST. PAUL, Minn. — 3M has introduced a new line of Post-It brand products designed for today's mobile workers and busy families.
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The Post-it Mobile Collection features removable adhesive backings and detachable inserts for notebooks, planners, books, binders, laptops and more. This comprehensive line offers pockets, full adhesive notes, flags, tabs, notes, dispensers and writing tools in unique new dispensers and product pairings designed for a mobile lifestyle.
"As the mobile workforce continues to grow, we know our customers need to be productive both in and out of the office," said Jeff Hillins, global business director for Post-it brand. "What's unique about this collection is that it provides continued accessibility to Post-it Products no matter where the day takes you. It's all about offering new ways, and new places, for people to use the smart, functional and innovative tools that the Post-it Brand has become known for."


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Rwanda Cup of Excellence® Competition - Part 3
After a 30 hour trip returning from Kigali to Portland, and a couple of days to get rested up and cleaned up, I'm back in my office at CBI and reflecting upon the Cup of Excellence competition last week in Africa.
First, I have to say how impressed I was with how well the competition was organized and went off. I have enough experience in organizing events to know just what a feat it was to pull this all together. Special kudos go to Lori Rice from TechnoServe, Paul Songer from Songer and Associates, and Susie Spindler from the Alliance for Coffee Excellence (the group that runs the Cup of Excellence program). The event was held in a brand-new cupping and coffee quality facility built just outside of Kayonza in Rwanda's Eastern Province. The facility was significantly behind schedule in being built, and even with pushing by the event's organizers the local contractor barely had it completed in time (the paint still smelled wet the day we arrived). Despite these challenges, the local Rwandan coffee crew and auditors did an outstanding job in preparing the coffees for the international jury, and in managing the roasting, weighing, grinding, boiling, and clean-up.
From the group of 50 or so coffees that we started the week with, we wound up narrowing the group down to the top 22 coffees. All of these scored an 84 or higher, and are on their way to the green auction in October. We scored two of these coffees at 90 or higher, thus earning them the top positions in the auction and a special commendation as "Presidential" winners! Friday morning we re-cupped the top ten coffees, and it was a phenomenal table to experience. The amazing thing about Rwandan coffees – when they are great – is that they combine the full body and excellent mouth-feel of a fine washed Sumatran coffee with the citric acidity and aroma of a fine Guatemalan coffee. Plus, there are intriguing spice notes (cinnamon, mace, or allspice) combined with tropical fruits flavors (mango or even banana) with either milk or dark chocolate. Amazing!
The lodge where we stayed in Rwamanaga was certainly the best accommodations for a relatively large group like ours in the Eastern Province, but was still a bit of a challenge. Sometimes we had running water, and sometimes we didn't. And when there was water, it was usually cold – made for some pretty brisk and quick showers in the mornings, accompanied by a fair amount of cussing and gasping for air. The power stayed on for most of our visit, which was nice. But the Internet connection was a problem, for those of us that needed to stay in touch with our offices in Germany, Norway, Iceland, Japan, America, and so forth. There was one table in the corner of the restaurant's veranda that seemed to have the best signal, so there was almost always a group huddled around the table with our laptops open and a cold Mutzig-brand beer in front of us.
We only had one opportunity for a "field trip" related to coffee. There was an opportunity to visit a "washing station" (aka: a "wet mill" in most of the rest of the coffee world) in the hills to the southwest of Rwamanaga. We were assured that it was about a 45 minute drive, and we would be back before dark. As it turned out, it was a two hour drive over some of the dustiest roads I've been on in a long time. When we finally got there, it was almost dusk and rapidly became difficult to see anything (we knew the station was done for the season, so didn't really expect to see any fruit being processed or coffees drying on their multitude of raised "Africa Beds", but still would have been great to be able to tour around a little more had we the benefit of more daylight). Another long drive back, and then a futile shower to try and wash the red dust out of our hair and off our skin. Didn't really get it all off until I got home on Sunday, and could actually benefit from a long, hot shower with water safe to get into my ears, mouth, and eyes.
As the only cupper from the Pacific Northwest to have been invited to take part in this Cup of Excellence, sharing pictures and stories about the trip and the competition with the rest of the team here at CBI – and soon with many of our prospects and larger accounts - is very rewarding, as I was there proudly representing our entire company and all of its customers. Can't wait to go and contribute my time and skills to another great competition next year!


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Moderators: Three Stars, dagny, pfim, netwolf
Kovy27 wrote:As Lil' Jon would say, "YEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEAH OK"
That means, I am there dude.
Juice wrote:newarenanow wrote:So I know what to pack, should I bring my robes to the village, or the leather outfit again??
i'm gonna make you regret this leather outfit thing in the intro ya know.
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text:
So a Warre at one of my out apiaries (50 minute drive) swarmed. I started them from a chop and crop from a Lang nuc this May. I was there at the beginning of June and they had filled out a box. They had two empty Lang combs under. They had not touched those. The flow was just about to start so I supered the box with the empty combs and made sure they still had a nadired box. Well upon inspection on Saturday I saw tons and tons of queen cells. All capped. The population was still good. Both boxes were full. I assume that they had already swarmed as there was a good amount of capped cells. I could see plenty of capped worker cells, but no eggs/larvae. Either way they swarmed instead of moving into the third nadired box.
I guess my mistake was assume that bees would move down. This is my second year running Warres and I have never...ever been able to get a Warre to move down without assistance. Each time they have moved down there has been a comb placed there.
So what's the deal? Has it been ingrained into bees now that they are supered and refuse to move down? I'm starting to jump onto the false floor bandwagon.
From now on I will just have to make sure that they have a comb placed where I want them to expand into, whether it's up or down.


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Clinic Operator: 1-800-4-Sansum1-800-472-6786
Sansum Clinic Breast Care Navigator, Tammy Stockero, RN, BSN, OCN answers questions about breast density and how it may affect your mammogram reading.
Breasts are made up of a mixture of fibrous and glandular tissue and fatty tissue. Your breasts are considered dense if you have a lot of fibrous or glandular tissue but not much fat. Density may decrease with age, but there is little, if any, change in most women.
Breast density is determined by the radiologist who reads your mammogram. There are four categories of mammographic density: almost entirely fatty breasts, scattered areas of fibroglandular density in breasts, heterogeneously dense breasts and extremely dense breasts. The radiologist assigns each mammogram to one of the categories. Your doctor should be able to tell you whether you have dense breasts based on where you fall on the density scale.
In breasts that are dense, cancer can be hard to see on a mammogram. Studies have shown that ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can help find breast cancers that can't be seen on a mammogram. However, both MRI and ultrasound show more findings that are not cancer, which can result in added testing and unnecessary biopsies. Also, the cost of ultrasound and MRI may not be covered by insurance.
If you have dense breasts, please talk to your doctor. Together, you can decide which, if any, additional screening exams are right for you.
If your breasts are not dense, other factors may still place you at increased risk for breast cancer – including a family history of the disease, previous chest radiation treatment for cancer and previous breast biopsies that show you are high risk. Talk to your doctor and discuss your history.
Even if you are at low risk, and have entirely fatty breasts, you should still get an annual mammogram starting at age 40.