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'Be All You Can Be'...For Minimum Wage?
Perhaps you have seen the catchy TV ads for the various branches of the United States military. You know, the ones that tell you to "be all you can be...in the Army!." In the last decade, these advertisements have become necessary because compulsory military service (otherwise known as "the draft") no longer exists in the United States. Compulsory service, long required during time of war, was reinstituted in the United States in 1940, as the United States was on the brink of World War II. The draft remained in effect through the turbulent 1960s but was suspended by President Nixon in 1973. In the late 1970s, Congress passed legislation officially halting the draft.
Human Resources, Income, Labor Market, Opportunity Cost, Trade-off
- Calculate the percentage change in military strength over the last two decades.
- Hypothesize economic (and non-economic) explanations for these changes.
- Test hypothetical explanations by reading an economic analysis of the military strength issue.
- Calculate military wages and non-wage benefits to determine whether the wages paid to soldiers are greater than the minimum wage.
Perhaps you have seen the catchy TV ads for the various branches of the United States military. You know, the ones that tell you to "be all you can be...in the Army!" (Note: Teachers may wish to use the Army's Recruiting Page to introduce this lesson to your class). In the last decade, these advertisements have become necessary because compulsory military service (otherwise known as "the draft") no longer exists in the United States. Compulsory service, long required during time of war, was reinstituted in the United States in 1940, as the United States was on the brink of World War II. The draft remained in effect through the turbulent 1960s but was suspended by President Nixon in 1973. In the late 1970s, Congress passed legislation officially halting the draft.
Go Army Homepage: This is a recruiting page, designed to attract new members to the U.S. Army.
Legions Stretched Thin: This site discusses the U.S. Army's manpower crisis.
Percentage Change in Military Strength Worksheet: This EconEdLink worksheet allows the students to get a better understanding of the U.S. Army's manpower crisis.
Military Strength Change Calculator: This EconEdLink calculator allows students to track the change in military strength over a number of years.
Handy Calculator
Army Reserve Battling an Exodus: This 2003 article discusses how the war was seen as a drain on the ranks of the Army.
Basic Military Pay: This webpage provides a military pay table.
2008 Basic Allowance for Housing (BAH) Rates: This site shows the rates of tax-free housing allowance (Basic Allowance for Housing, or BAH) that are provided to military members (with and without dependents) who are authorized to reside off base at government expense.
Feeling the Pinch of a Marine Salary: This article explains the financial strain on some military families.
Census Bureau: Poverty Thresholds 2009: This site provides information related to poverty thresholds for 2009 by size of family and number of related children under 18 years
Economics America National Standard 1: This EconEdLink page provides National Economic Standards, including Scarcity.
Economics America National Standard 4: This EconEdLink page provides National Economic Standards, including the Role of Incentives.
Role of Incentives
Military Officers Association of America (MOAA): Military Pay Raise Gap: This site provides information on the pay raise gap in the military compared to the private sector.
How has the elimination of compulsory service affected the number of military personnel that currently serve in the United States armed forces? What would you predict happened to the size of the military once the draft was eliminated? [answers may vary, but students' initial reaction might be that they expect a smaller military with no compulsory service.] Economists often compare certain economic indicators from one year to the indicators (e.g., gross domestic product, consumer price index) from another year in order to determine the percentage change from one year to the next. In order to test your predictions, you must calculate the percentage change in the size of the military from one year to the next. The formula for calculating percentage change in military strength is:
Percentage change = (military strength Year 2 - military strength Year 1) / military strength Year 1
First, visit the Department of Defense's personnel statistics, "Legions Stretched Thin
Next print out this worksheet. Use the formula above and the military strength numbers to complete the worksheet and then use this handy calculator to check your answers. You should be able to answer the following questions:
What was the percentage change in U.S. total military strength from 1980 to 1985? [+4.9%]
What was the percentage change from 1985 to 1990? [-5.0%]
What was the percentage change from 1990 to 1995? [-25.7%]
What was the percentage change from 1995 to 1999? [-8.7%]
- What was the percentage change in total U.S. military strength from 1980 to 1999? [-32.4%]
As we might have expected, more young men and women were in the military service in 1980 (at the end of the draft) than were serving in 1999 (nearly 20 years after the end of compulsory service). However, the greatest percentage decrease in service personnel took place from 1990 to 1995, more than 10 years after the end of the compulsory service requirement. It looks as if some other factors may account for the dramatic drop-off in the number of military personnel in service. What might some of these factors be? [Budget cuts, low pay, military no longer seen as an attractive career, post-Viet Nam attitude changes, post-Desert Storm cutbacks.]
Robert Schlesinger has an economic explanation for this mystery in his article "Army Reserve Battling an Exodus
." What does Schlesinger say are the main causes of this mass exodus of military personnel? [ (a) Tight labor markets--U.S. prosperity means that most everyone has a job, and low-paying industries like fast food restaurants are forced to pay more than minimum wage to attract workers; (b) lack of prestige to military service; (c) mostly due to low wages relative to other, less dangerous occupations, the base pay of a private in the U.S. Army is about the same as starting wages at fast food restaurants.]
Let's test Schlesinger's theory by comparing the base salary of a private in the U.S. Army with what the same person might make earning the minimum wage in the civilian world. Currently the minimum wage in the United States is $5.15/hour. If our civilian worker is working 40 hours per week over 50 weeks then how much would he or she earn in a year? [$5.15/hr. X 40 hrs./week X 50 weeks = $10,300]
What does a private earn per year? Check out the military monthly base pay table, Basic Military Pay . Assume that our private (rank rating of E-1) has less than two years experience. What is her annual salary? [$12,060]
Using a 2000 hour work year (as we did above), what is her hourly wage? [$6.03] So the private, who is risking her life for her country, is making $.88 an hour more than the civilian burger flipper!
In order to compete, the Army (and the other branches of service) must use other, non-salary incentives to attract personnel. What might some of these incentives be? [College tuition, enlistment bonuses, housing and food allowances.] Log on to the Army's Recruitment Page to find several examples of these incentives.
Let's look at how one of these incentives, the housing allowance, contributes to our private's income. Using the Army's Basic Allowance for Housing Database , chose your private's rank and state. What is the monthly housing allowance? [Answers will vary depending on location, but should be in the range of $425/month for a single soldier, $550/month for a soldier with dependents.] Adding this monthly allowance to the private's salary means an annual income of how much? [Approximately $17,160 for the single soldier; $18,660 for the solider with dependents.] With this additional income, our private is now clearly making more than the minimum wage worker, but is it enough to get by? To learn more about the financial strain some military families experience read Feeling the Pinch of a Marine Salary .
Is it possible that, even with housing and food allowances, many U.S. soldiers and sailors are--as the previous article implies-- living in poverty? If our private were the only breadwinner for her family of four (herself and three dependents), what is the US Census Bureau's Poverty Threshold ? [$16,954] Is our private 'living in poverty'? [Clearly no, but she's not too far removed...her income is only $1,700 above the poverty threshold for a family of four with three dependents and she's risking her life for her country...!]
Two basic tenets of economic behavior are that every decision has a cost (Economic Content Standard 1 ) and that people respond to incentives (Economic Content Standard 4 ). If U.S. citizens chose to join the military, they 'trade-off' the possibility of other (perhaps more lucrative) forms of employment. If the choice is between a potentially dangerous career in the military, then, or a safer, more stable civilian career where the pay is better, rational people will choose the latter. It would seem that Congress, the president and the nation's military leadership have recognized these issues (as well as the severity of this most recent labor shortage), as recent legislation has been passed that gives military personnel the largest pay raise (4.8%) since 1981. Perhaps those who are trying to "Be All They Can Be" can do so on a bit more than minimum wage. The article Military Pay Raise Gap does a nice job of exemplifying this dilemma.
"The military also provides housing, food, uniforms, and medical care. That needs to be added into the equation. I think the military personnel should get paid more, but they do get some good benefits. Also, they get 30 days paid vacation - is that in the equation also?"
"I like the lesson. I am concerned that students will not gain an understanding of the difference between "opportunity costs" and "trade-offs," which are not one in the same. This issue needs clarification."
"Good work!"
"Imperative are the benefits, additional special pays, and housing allowances that are added to the equation. As someone said, there are not only ancillary benefits but also a lack of expenses that a civilian might incur. While serving, there is a lack of utility, food, gas, transportation costs, etc. Essentially, besides taxes, there are no real fixed expenses that a member of the military would face. All in all, I do not at all disagree with the fact that those serving our nation should be paid more. That being said, of course, we must take an educated perspective when we evaluate the situation."
"This article addressed a very important aspect of the decision about enlistment that many students are considering. Another aspect is; what will they be doing once in? Will they be serving the economic needs of big business, such as Marine Corp General Smedley Butler detailed in his 1934 classic "War is a Racket" or engaging in illegal wars? This is an issue that we have been shying away from sadly."
"An excellent presentation that is current and appropriate! Great job."
"Unfortunately, we work more than the standard 40 hour week. So the math here dilutes the nature of an hourly "minimum" wage. Don't forget to factor in the deductions on our pay statements for said food and insurance (tricare). This article does a good job giving a basic analysis of what is seen, but neglects to factor in "what isn't.""


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Cape Cod
National Seashore
Most of Cape Cod was shaped by the last great glaciation in North America, the Wisconsin glacial stage of the Pleistocene, approximately 75,000 to 10,000 years ago. A vast ice sheet (the Laurentide ice sheet) advanced south from northern New England and Canada and transported eroded rock debris scoured from the underlying Paleozoic crystalline bedrock until it reached its southernmost limit at Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Island. Late in this time period, the coalescing Buzzard's Bay, Cape Cod Bay, and South Channel glacial lobes of the Laurentide ice sheet deposited the glacial drift that now comprises much of Cape Cod (Oldale, 1980; 1992) (Figure 2.1).
The glacial history of the Cape Cod area was rapid in geologic terms. The minimum radiocarbon age of material found in the glacial drift indicates that the ice had reached Cape Cod more than 21,000 years ago. The maximum advance of the Laurentide ice sheet in the New England area is marked by the terminal moraines on Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket. At the time of maximum ice advance, sea level was about 300 feet lower than its present level, and the coastal plain extended far to the south of Cape Cod, out to the present edge of the continental shelf. South of the ice margin, meltwater streams flowed across the coastal plain to the sea (Oldale, 1980; 1992) (Figure 2.1). Retreat of the ice must have begun earlier than 18,000 years ago as the ice is thought to have retreated as far north as the Gulf of Maine by that time. This means that the ice had vanished from the Cape Cod area in less than 3,000 years and that most of Cape Cod's glacial landforms were created within about 1,000 years. Individual features may have formed in as little as several hundred years (Oldale, 1992).
Through the interpretation of landforms, the relative timing of depositional events during glacial retreat has been fairly well determined. Forward progress of the ice sheet was often balanced by melting at the leading edge, so that the ice front maintained its position (ablation) even as it began to retreat. While the ice front was stationary, frequent warm periods caused large amounts of water to melt from the glaciers. The meltwater from the Buzzards Bay Lobe and Cape Cod Bay Lobe carried huge quantities of sediment from the glacier. This sediment formed the gently sloping outwash plains of stratified drift, several miles long, that now comprise much of the inner Cape (Oldale, 1992) (Figure 2.2). Minor re-advances of the ice sheets formed the thrusted Buzzards Bay and Sandwich Moraines located along the north and west margins of the upper Cape (Figure 2.2). No moraine deposits have been identified on the lower Cape.
When ice retreat resumed, the central Cape Cod Bay Lobe of the Laurentide ice sheet retreated faster than the surrounding lobes, and meltwater flooded the newly vacated lowlands to form glacial Lake Cape Cod in the area currently occupied by Cape Cod Bay. The lake was dammed to the north by the Cape Cod Bay Lobe, to the east by the South Channel Lobe, to the west by the Buzzards Bay Lobe, and to the south by the moraine and outwash plain deposits of Cape Cod (Figure 2.2). Fine grained clay and silt settled to the lake bottom leaving behind seasonal bands which together represent annual layers or varves as evidence for the lake in the Cape Cod Bay area. The lake periodically broke through the moraine and outwash deposits and partially drained. The escaping water left eroded lowlands, one of which would later be exploited for the construction of the Cape Cod Canal. The lake drained for the last time when both the Cape Cod Bay Lobe and the South Channel Lobe retreated far enough to allow the water to escape to the ocean (Oldale, 1980).
Later stagnations of the South Channel Lobe to the east of Glacial Lake Cape Cod allowed the four outwash plains of the lower Cape to be built. The Eastham, Wellfleet, Truro and the Highland outwash plains are the dominant morphologic features of the lower Cape. This outwash material was built up by deposits from braided meltwater streams flowing west into Glacial Lake Cape Cod. Isolated blocks of ice buried in the outwash deposits of both the inner and the lower Cape melted slowly, long after the glacial lobes had retreated far to the north. As sediments collapsed around the melting ice blocks, kettle holes formed within the outwash plains (Figure 2.3) (Oldale 1980; 1992).
After the last of the ice had retreated from the area, winds deposited eolian layers on top of the drift and sea level rose nearly 300 feet (Masterson and Barlow, 1994). Approximately 6,000 years ago, sea level rose high enough to flood Vineyard and Nantucket sounds. Marine reworking of the glacial sediments became an important process. The coastline was smoothed as glacial headlands were eroded back. Marine scarps were formed by the attack of storm surge waves, and the sediment was carried by long-shore drift to form bars and spits. In the early period of deglaciation, sea level rise was about 50 feet per 1000 years. From 6,000 to 2,000 years ago, when most of the ice sheets had vanished, sea level rise had slowed to about 11 feet per 1000 years. Since then sea level rise has been approximately 3 feet per 1000 years. At the current rate of sea level rise, Cape Cod will continue to battle the waves for about another 5,000 years before succumbing to the sea (Oldale, 1980; 1992; Strahler, 1966).
The landforms of the lower Cape are either glacially derived or a product of later marine and eolian reworking of glacial sediments (Oldale, 1980; 1992). Outwash plain deposits comprise the major geologic features of the lower Cape. They are predominantly stratified fine to medium sand and medium to coarse sand and gravel with lenses of fine silt and scattered boulders. Although lithologic variations over short distances can be extreme, grain size generally decreases with depth and distance from the former ice margin (Masterson and Barlow, 1994). Outwash plain surfaces are commonly pocked and pitted by kettle holes (e.g., the Wellfleet pitted outwash plain). When the kettles are deep enough to intersect the water table, a pond is formed. Thus pond level provides a close approximation of the water table. A kettle pond in Wellfleet yielded the oldest radiocarbon dated material at 12,000 years. (Winkler, 1985). This date, as much as 5,000 years after the ice retreated north, indicates that the buried ice blocks may have persisted for several thousand years after the glaciers retreated (Oldale, 1980; 1992).
Small streams and rivers, like the Pamet River, currently occupy oversized valleys within the outwash plains. The valleys were likely cut by ground water springs contacting the land surface at a time when a large proglacial lake, formed by large volumes of trapped meltwater, supported higher water tables. Later, with glacial retreat, catastrophic lake drainages enlarged the channels. Today, the streams appear undersized for the older valleys (Oldale, 1980; 1992).
The portion of Truro north of High Head and all of the Provincetown land area are not glacially derived. These areas consist of material derived from coastal erosion of the glacial outwash plains, transported northward, and redeposited by marine and eolian action as a series of recurved sand spits and dunes during the last 6,000 years (Ziegler et al., 1965).
The soils on the lower Cape are relatively young, having formed since the end of the last glaciation approximately 16,000 to 18,000 years ago. They exhibit only slight alteration of the original parent sand and gravel material and are well drained (U.S. Soil Conservation Service, 1993). Depth of soils on the Cape range from just a few inches in new dune and beach areas of the Province Lands to several feet in others; however, average depth is less than 6 inches. The soil on lower Cape Cod is predominantly a podzol, characteristic of climates that are both cold and humid. Cold temperatures inhibit bacteria and promote frost action, while humid conditions leach water soluble materials downward and support the growth of a vegetative cover (U.S. Soil Conservation Service, 1993; Oldale, 1992). A podzol soil profile typically consists of an upper organic layer undergoing decay, a middle layer of mixed humus and mineral grains, and a lower layer of mostly mineral grains (Oldale, 1992). The historic cultivation and burning of the land on the lower Cape, the associated current abundance of conifers, and the near shore ammonium loss through cation exchange with sea salts create acidic and nutrient poor soil conditions which contribute to stunted vegetative growth (Barnstable County Soil Survey, 1993; Brownlow, 1979; Blood et al., 1991; Valiela et al., 1997).
Soil type on the Cape is very important because it has a direct relationship to the rate at which infiltrating waters are purified. Soils which are coarse and sandy are highly permeable and allow effluent waters to travel quickly over large distances. Low organic matter and clay content provide little contaminant removal through soil sorption or cation exchange. Low organic content of the soils also decreases bacterial immobilization of nutrients as well as denitrification of nitrate-nitrogen. As a result, Cape Cod ground water is susceptible to contamination (Brownlow, 1979). According to the Barnstable County Soil Survey General Soil Map (1993), there are three principle soil types on the lower Cape: (1) Carver soil is characteristic of outwash deposits. It is the most common soil type on the lower Cape and is a poor filter for septic systems, sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills.; (2) Hooksan- Beaches-Dune Land soil is characteristic of wind-blown deposits found in the Province Lands and on beaches. It is a poor filter for septic systems, sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills.; (3) Ipswich-Pawcatuck-Matanuck soil is poorly drained and limited to lowland areas (e.g., the Pamet River, Little Pamet River, Herring River and Salt Meadow) (Figure 2.4). It has flooding and ponding potential when used for septic systems, sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills.
Geologic materials that are saturated with abundant freshwater are called aquifers. The ability of a material to hold and transmit water is largely dependent on its porosity, that is the number, size, and interconnectedness of the pore spaces between particles. Deposits consisting primarily of large sized sand and gravel particles (e.g., outwash deposits) transmit more water than deposits of finer grained silt and clay size deposits (e.g., lake deposits). Well sorted, stratified sediments (e.g., outwash deposits) are not so easily compacted and are described as having a high hydraulic conductivity or transmissivity (Fetter, 1994). Poorly sorted sediments of mixed grain sizes (e.g., till) have a poor capacity to transmit water because the smaller particles fill the voids between the larger particles.
The thick, glacial sand and gravel outwash plain of the lower Cape can be thought of as a huge sponge with a large capacity for water storage. Precipitation on the land surface easily percolates down through the soil until it comes to a level saturated with water. This level is the water table. Pore space above the water table, where water and air mix, is known as the unsaturated zone. Below the water table is the ground water or saturated zone, where all pore space is completely filled by water. An unconfined aquifer is one in which the water table forms the upper boundary (Freeze and Cherry, 1979). A confined aquifer is one that lies between two layers of geological material having very poor capacity to transmit water, such as silt and clay. Unconfined aquifers occur near land surface, whereas confined aquifers tend to occur at depth. Most of the ground water on the lower Cape occurs under unconfined conditions, although there are small areas of confinement in the vicinity of localized silt and clay lenses (Strahler, 1966). Lenses of silt and clay commonly exhibit conductivities of less than 1 foot per day creating a serious impediment to vertical flow (Martin, 1993).
The outwash deposits present by far the best opportunities for ground water development on the lower Cape. They are not only thick, but consist of sand and gravel which has high hydraulic conductivities of 100 to 500 feet per day and provides excellent well yields. In these conditions, two foot diameter wells with a 10 foot screened length commonly yield 250 to 1000 gallons per minute (LeBlanc et al., 1986; Guswa and LeBlanc, 1981).
Thousands of years of melting glacial water and precipitation have built up four distinct subsurface reservoirs of fresh ground water hundreds of feet thick on the lower Cape. Since fresh water is less dense than salt water, rain infiltrating the subsurface rests atop and depresses the surface of the salt water. In each of the lower Cape's four aquifers, a lensshaped body of fresh water exists, which is thickest at its center. A vertical cross section of the lower Cape's aquifers would show that the fresh and salt waters meet on a surface that starts near the shoreline and slopes steeply down below the center of the peninsula from both sides (Figure 2.5). The upper surface of the freshwater lens, defined by the water table, is convex up and the lower surface, defined by the fresh water-salt water interface, is convex down. The maximum thickness of fresh water, therefore, is toward the center of each lens (Oldale, 1992). The top of the aquifer is marked by the water table and the bottom by the contact between fresh and salt water (depth to bedrock on the lower Cape is far below the deepest extent of fresh water).
The Ghyben-Herzberg principle states that in unconfined coastal aquifers, the fresh ground water will extend below mean sea level about forty times deeper than the height that the water table rises above mean sea level. This principle is based on a mathematical relationship between the relative densities of fresh and salt water (Fetter, 1994), and can be applied to Cape Cod ground water. For example, in Wellfleet, water levels in the ponds are about 8 feet above sea level, and fresh ground water extends to about 320 feet below sea level. Freshwater lenses are as much as 200 feet thick in Truro, 250 feet thick in Wellfleet, and 275 feet thick in Eastham (Oldale, 1992).
The water table on the lower Cape is not a perfectly horizontal surface, but has a gentle slope or hydraulic gradient. Ground water moves slowly down slope under the influence of gravity. The lower the hydraulic conductivity of the materials through which the water seeks to travel, the greater the energy required to accomplish that movement and the steeper the resultant slope of the water table. Flow through the very highly conductive materials of the lower Cape outwash plains requires very little hydraulic gradient. Therefore, the slope of the water table is less steep than it would be in less conductive materials. The highest ground water levels occur in the center of each ground water lens and create a linear band of high water table along the center of the outer Cape. The hydraulic conductivity in localized areas of silt and clay may be several orders of magnitude less and produce a steeper hydraulic gradient (Oldale, 1992). Ground water flows slowly and radially from higher areas to lower areas down-gradient towards the perimeter of the aquifer where it finally discharges to the sea, salt water bays, inlets, canals and streams (Figure 2.5) (Oldale, 1992; Strahler, 1966).
Source National Park Service, Water Resources Division
Blood, D., L. Lawrence and J. Gray. 1991. Fisheries-oceanography coordinated investigations. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Technical Information Service, Seattle , WA .
Brownlow, A.H. 1979. Cape Cod environmental atlas. Department of Geology, Boston University , Boston , MA .
Fetter, C.W. 1994. Applied Hydrogeology. Macmillan College Publishing Company, New York , NY
Guswa, J.H. and D.R LeBlanc. 1981. Digital models of ground water flow in the Cape Cod aquifer system, Massachusetts . U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Open File Report 80-67. U.S. Geological Survey, Boston , MA.
LeBlanc, D., J. Guswa, M. Frimpter and C. Londquist. 1986. Ground water resources of Cape Cod , Massachusetts . U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-692. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston , VA.
Masterson, J.P. and P.M. Barlow. 1994. Effects of simulated groundwater pumping and recharge on groundwater flow in Cape Cod , Martha's Vineyard , and Nantucket Island basins, Massachusetts . U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 94-316. U.S. Geological Survey, Marlborough , MA .
Oldale, R. 1980. A geologic history of Cape Cod . U.S. Geological Survey, Washington , D.C. Oldale, R. 1992. Cape Cod and the islands, the geologic story. Parnassus Imprints, East
Strahler, A. 1966. A geologist , s view of Cape Cod . The Natural History Press, Garden City, NY.
U.S. Soil Conservation Service. 1993. Barnstable County soil survey. U.S. Department of Agriculture ; Soil Survey. Washington , D.C.
Valiela, L, G. Collins, J. Kremer, K. Lajtha, M. Geist, B. Seely, J. Brawly and C.H. Sham. 1997. Nitrogen loading from coastal watersheds to receiving estuaries: New method and application. Ecology Applied, 7:358-380.
Winkler, M.G. 1985. A 12,000 year history of vegetation and climate for Cape Cod , Massachusetts . -,' Quaternary Research, 23:301.
Zeigler, J.M., S.D. Tuttle, G.S. Giese, and H.J. Tesha. 1965. The age and development of the Provincelands Hook, outer Cape Cod , Massachusetts . Limnology and Oceanography 10:298' 311.
Park Geology
Cape Cod resembles a flexed arm of sand thrust out into the Atlantic Ocean. It owes its origin to glaciers, which were active in the area as recently as 14,000 years ago. Since that time, waves and nearshore currents have extensively reshaped the sedimentary deposits left by these glaciers into a variety of coastal environments, for example, sandy beaches flanked by towering sea cliffs and bluffs and discontinuous chains of barrier islands, many with elegantly curved sand spits. Remarkably, the 40-mile-long eastern coastline of Cape Cod, despite its proximity to Boston, possesses few shore-protection structures; it is the longest, pristine shoreline of sand in New England (Pinet, 1992).
About 15,300 years ago, a huge ice sheet, which flowed southward from Canada, covered all of New England. As the ice mass crept across the continental shelf, one of its ice lobes—the Cape Cod Bay Lobe—deposited sediment at its margin and formed a morainal ridge—the terminal moraine—that can now be traced across Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket, the two principal islands south of the Cape. In addition to the terminal moraine, recessional moraines also indicate the presence of the former ice sheet in southeastern Massachusetts. As the ice sheet retreated northward, meltwater trapped by the recessional moraine formed Glacial Lake Cape Cod. Stratified muds, silts, and deltaic sands accumulated in this glacial lake, which covered an area amounting to about 400 square miles. A river outlet cutting into the recessional moraine drained water out of the lake, presumably in the area of Eastham and Town Cove section of Nauset Beach. The South Channel lobe was just to the east, and its meltwater carried huge quantities of sediment from the glacier. This sediment formed the gently sloping (towards the west) outwash plains that are several miles long and now comprise much of the Outer Cape.
When the ice sheet disappeared, the landforms of the Cape looked quite different than they do today. As the ice melted, sea level rose and flooded the area. Paleogeographic reconstructions of the shoreline indicate it was quite irregular at that time—a series of headlands and embayments composed of unconsolidated glacial sediments (glacial drift). This original coastline was located as much as three miles seaward of the present shoreline. Since then, sediment redistribution by waves and nearshore currents has changed the morphology of the landforms.
Landscapes change quickly in Cape Cod, and the retreat of the ice sheet is no exception, taking less than 3,000 years. Likewise, the creation of landforms after glacial retreat happened quickly, some taking as little as several hundred years. Outwash plain deposits, which are commonly pocked and pitted by kettle holes (e.g., the Wellfleet pitted outwash plain), are the major geologic feature of the lower Cape. When the kettles are deep enough to intersect the water table, a pond is formed. Pond level provides a close approximation of groundwater level.
The encroachment of the sea following deglaciation permitted wave currents to erode and rework the glacial drift. As waves refracted, energy was focused on the headlands. Consequently, peaks of land were worn down by wave erosion, creating a system of steep, wave-cut cliffs. The sediment moved by nearshore currents sequentially formed a series of sand spits and barrier islands (Uchupi et al., 1996). Prior to 6,000 years ago, the longshore drift of sand was predominantly to the south. This prevailing pattern of sediment movement formed the southern barrier island system of Nauset Spit, and eventually, Monomoy Island. The crest of Georges Bank, far offshore, still stood above sea level and afforded the northern shoreline of the Cape protection from erosion by large ocean waves approaching from the southeast. About 6,000 years ago, however, the rising sea submerged Georges Bank, exposing the Cape to wave attack from the southeast, resulting in the northerly transport of sand that eventually formed the curved spit system of Province Lands surrounding Provincetown. The appearance of the spit sheltered the northern shoreline and resulted in a northward transport direction on the bayside, whereas further south littoral transport was directed southward along Cape Cod Bay.
Erosion of the glacial deposits produced imposing marine cliffs, many of which are currently retreating at alarming rates. Although scarp retreat of the eastern shoreline averages 0.67 m/yr, specific coastal sites are losing land to the sea at higher rates. For example, the cliffs below Wellfleet-by-the-Sea are retreating approximately 1.0 m/yr (Pinet, 1992). Because most of this erosion occurs during storm events, cliff retreat is not constant over time.
A summary of Cape Cod's geology is not complete without mention of sand dunes. This feature epitomizes Cape Cod itself—migrating constantly yet somehow enduring. Dunes are shaped by the prevailing winds and migrate constantly. On the Provincetown spit, there are parabolic dunes, or "U" shaped dunes, with the open end facing the wind. These are formed when the wind blows away the sand in the middle of the dune, exposing the underlying beach deposits. The eroded sand is transported by the wind and deposited along the advancing leeward face of the dunes (Oldale, 1998). The parabolic dune orientation is driven by strong winds from the northwest predominantly in the winter, but occasionally important in the summer (Allen et al., 2001)
Active coastal dunes are dynamic landforms whose shape and location are ever-changing. Youthful, unvegetated dunes are on the move as the sand, exposed to the prevailing wind, is picked up, transported, and redeposited repeatedly. When the dunes become vegetated, they stabilize and tend to remain unchanged for a time. If the dunes lose the protective vegetation, they will move again. This can be seen along US Route 6 in Provincetown, where once stable dunes are advancing on the forest and highway and are filling Pilgrim Lake (Oldale, 1998).
The General park map handed out at the visitor center is available on the park's map webpage.For information about topographic maps, geologic maps, and geologic data sets, please see the geologic maps page.
A geology photo album has not been prepared for this park.For information on other photo collections featuring National Park geology, please see the Image Sources page.
Currently, we do not have a listing for a park-specific geoscience book. The park's geology may be described in regional or state geology texts.
Please visit the Geology Books and Media webpage for additional sources such as text books, theme books, CD ROMs, and technical reports.
Parks and Plates: The Geology of Our National Parks, Monuments & Seashores.
Lillie, Robert J., 2005.
W.W. Norton and Company.
9" x 10.75", paperback, 550 pages, full color throughout
The spectacular geology in our national parks provides the answers to many questions about the Earth. The answers can be appreciated through plate tectonics, an exciting way to understand the ongoing natural processes that sculpt our landscape. Parks and Plates is a visual and scientific voyage of discovery!
Ordering from your National Park Cooperative Associations' bookstores helps to support programs in the parks. Please visit the bookstore locator for park books and much more.
Information about the park's research program is available on the park's research webpage.
For information about permits that are required for conducting geologic research activities in National Parks, see the Permits Information page.
The NPS maintains a searchable data base of research needs that have been identified by parks.
A bibliography of geologic references is being prepared for each park through the Geologic Resources Evaluation Program (GRE). Please see the GRE website for more information and contacts.
NPS Geology and Soils PartnersAssociation of American State Geologists
Geological Society of America
Natural Resource Conservation Service - Soils
U.S. Geological Survey
Currently, we do not have a listing for any park-specific geology education programs or activities.
General information about the park's education and intrepretive programs is available on the park's education webpage.For resources and information on teaching geology using National Park examples, see the Students & Teachers pages.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Don Byron is a jazz clarinetist based in the Bronx, New York City. Dubbed best clarinetist by Downbeat Reader's Poll early in his recording career, Don Byron's reputation as a consummate musician and composer has only grown. Check out this home page for project news, pictures, sound samples and availability for performances.


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3S teaming up with Marvell to develop 28nm controller chips
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Taiwan April manufacturing production index down on month, up on year, says MOEA
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Taiwan-based companies have a long and successful history of involvement in the supply chain for mobile devices, which for the purposes of this article consist...
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The global handset market did not have a banner year in 2009, with overall shipments of 1.167 billion units representing a drop of 3.2% from the previous year,...
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Global handset shipments topped 977 million units in 2006, according to Digitimes Research, with Taiwan-based handset makers accounting for 14% of the market on...
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This Digitimes Research Special Report analyzes the strategies of key China-based major panel makers BOE, Tianma and IVO for attacking the different market segments through technology and pricing, and their relationship to local vendors Huawei, Lenovo, ZTE, Xiaomi and Coolpad.


text:
Tennesseans oppose online sales tax
NASHVILLE, Tenn. - A new Vanderbilt University poll finds a majority of Tennesseans oppose the state enforcing online sales taxes, though respondents were split on whether the current system is fair to local businesses.
Fifty-five percent said that taxing online sales is a bad idea, while 38 percent said it would be good policy.
The U.S. Senate earlier this month passed a bill to empower states to collect sales taxes from Internet purchases, but the measure faces a tough sell in the House. The change is supported by Gov. Bill Haslam and fellow Republican U.S. Senators Lamar Alexander and Bob Corker.
But Haslam enjoys a 63 percent approval rating among the 813 registered voters surveyed in the poll, which has a margin of error of plus or minus four percentage points.


text:
Little Bohemia: Denver, CO
Don't let the Rocky Mountains steal the thunder from Denver's vibrant art scene. A pixelated blue steel rhino sculpture welcomes you to the River North Art District (aka RiNo), where 100+ artists are represented in galleries and studios within a mile-square area. rivernorthart.com
Best time to go: December, for artistic one-of-a-kind holiday shopping.
Stay: The historic Hotel Teatro (hotelteatro.com) in the theater district has luxe touches like a chauffeured courtesy vehicle, new beds, drawn baths, and destination-worthy food at its Restaurant Kevin Taylor ($$$$). From $239.
Around The Web


text: I really like the GM Factory Nav system, looks cool and works great. I had a Pioneer AVIC-1 in my other Truck and find that it was faster at updating and I did not have to leave the DVD in all the time. My question is: Will it shorten the life of the DVD player if I leave the NAV DVD in all the time? I think the DVD spins all the time but I'm not sure. Anyone Know?? MC


text:
An Italian Surname. An individual that possess this name generally exhibits traits such as honesty, integrity, strength, loyalty and intelligence. Open minded but strong in conviction. A strong sense of family accompanies this name. An unsurpassed level of mental strength and toughness. Extremely giving and caring towards those that are close.
Ive never met an individual with such positive character traits.
I wonder if he's a Canevari?
I wonder if he's a Canevari?
by Girl seeking prince charming April 24, 2010


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Color-Bound Flat-Braided Jute Rug - Honey
- Overview
A thick cotton-twill border brings tailored style and a hint of color to our natural fiber rug. Its thin, flat braids are made with jute, a smooth, silky fiber with remarkable durability.
- Hand braided of jute.
- Use with our Rug Pad (sold separately).
- Imported.
- Dimensions & Care
- Constructed of 100% jute.
- 2.5' wide x 9' long (30" wide x 108" long)
- 3' wide x 5' long (36" wide x 60" long)
- 5' wide x 8' long (60" wide x 96" long)
- 8' wide x 10' long (96" wide x 120" long)
- 9' wide x 12' long (108" wide x 144" long)
- Shedding of loose fibers is normal.
- To prevent dust and crumbs from settling into your rug, shake.
- Do not pull loose ends. Clip them with scissors to remove.
- Keep away from excessive moisture.
- Blot spills immediately with a white cloth.
- Vacuum sparingly.
- Professional rug cleaning recommended as needed.
- Harsh chemicals may damage or fade rug.
- Use rug protectors under heavy furniture.
- For indoor use only.
- Shipping & Return Info
UPS can deliver most in-stock items within 4-5 business days.
Next Day Delivery and Processing
We can arrange for next day delivery to most destinations within the contiguous 48 states, for an extra charge of $17.50 per address. If we receive your order by 6pm PT Monday through Friday, you'll receive your order the next business day; orders placed on Friday after 6pm PT through Sunday will arrive on Tuesday. Note: Next Day Delivery service is not available for some oversized items, White Glove Delivery, out of stock items, personalized items or for items shipped directly from the manufacturer.
Select oversized items have an additional delivery and processing surcharge; this charge is listed below the item price.
View the complete Shipping and Delivery Information page.
We take great pride in the quality and craftsmanship of each and every Pottery Barn product and we hope you love your purchase. If for any reason you do not, you have 30 days – or 7 days for all Quick Ship upholstery items – to return your purchase for a full refund or exchange. You can return most non-furniture items to your local Pottery Barn store – FREE.
Delivery fees are non-refundable and prior purchases are not eligible for a price adjustment. The following items are non-eligible for returns or exchanges:
- Monogrammed items
- Mattresses
- Gift cards
- Special-order items (including made-to-order upholstery and custom order rugs)
- Final Sale items (identified by a price ending in $.X7 or $.X9)
- Items damaged through normal wear and tear.
Questions? See our full Returns Policy.


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Hey all, so I got the EE Republic Elite Forces set yesterday. I thought I'd give my impressions.
Images can be found here:
Anyways, these two packs total 14 figures which breaks down to 6 Mandalorians, 2 Clone Troopers, 2 ARC Troopers, and the Republic Commando Omega Squad.
First the Mandalorians:
You get two based on (basically) the VOTC Boba Fett, One in Green and one in Red- both of these figures are the better on the male Mandalorians. Nearly Super articulated, and the removable helmets fit on their heads pretty well.
Next you get 2 Brand new Female Mandalorians. These are all new and really rather cool. I prefer the yellow character (I haven't commited their names to memory yet.) but both are really neat.
The last two Mandalorians are based on Jango Fett, and are the the weakest of the bunch. Their articulation isn't the best, but it isn't bad. In Fact the one in Brown is actually pretty cool, but the one in black and silver suffers a bit more then the brown. This is because the the head has sculpted hair that doesn't allow the helmet to fit as nicely as the other figures and as a result he looks strange with the helmet on.
These figures definitely cool; and 4 out of 5 isn't bad.
Next is the clones, I like the basic troopers with the jaig eyes and skull markings, but I'm not thrilled with the Arc Troopers. I just think in general that figure looks like there is just too much stuff going on all over, and the black and red colors don't help.
Omega Squad is a pleasant surprise. I didn't initially think I was going to care about these clones, but having just read Republic Commando: Hard Contact I'm really glad I got these. They're all based on the Scorch figure, and are basic black which isn't much, but if you read the books you'll love these guys.
Overall I think this set is cool and 11 out of the 14 ae pretty darn awesome. EE is sold out right now, but you can pre-order for the next batch they get in. I'd suggest you do so if you collect SW figures, or are into Mandalorians. I like both and decided to order a second set to keep in package.


text: Luzerne County Community College - Schulman Gallery - Special Events About Facts & Figures Campus Locations Campus Map Interactive Tour Driving Directions Jobs at LCCC President's Page Benco Dental Clinic INSTITUTIONAL EFFECTIVENESS LCCC Mission LCCC Strategic Plan 2011-2016 Accreditations Assessment LCCC History Luzerne County Government Board of Trustees Purchasing DepartmentBids/RFPs Right to Know Student Consumer Information Admissions Steps to Enroll Apply to LCCC Majors & Programs Campus Locations Admissions Events Live Chat Placement Testing Registration Information Financial Aid Paying for College Tuition & Fees Early College Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Transcripts Residency Information Policies & Requirements Information Request Dual Admission Application Contact Us Academics College Degrees/Programs of Study Course Descriptions Distance Education (On-line Classes) Continuing Education/Non-Credit PATH Academic Semester Calendar General College Calendar (Events) College-Level Examination Program (CLEP) Prior Learning General Educational Development (GED) Library Class Listings Current Student? ..Click Here6 Week Summer Session I - 20174 Week Summer Session I - 201711 Week Summer Session I (formerly Full Summer) - 20178 Week Summer Session I (formerly Intermediate Session) - 2017 6 Week Summer Session II - 20174 Week Summer Session II - 2017Summer (All Sessions) - 2017Fall Session - 2017 - 7 Week Session I (8/28 - 10/13)Fall Session - 2017 - 7 Week Session II (10/23 - 12/8)Fall Session - 2017 - Excludes 7 Week ClassesLocation Descriptions Student Life Student Organizations Athletics Fitness Center Bookstore Safety and Security 2016-2017 Student Handbook Schulman Gallery WSFX Diversity Council Support Services Registrar's Office Counseling and Advising Center Student Support Services Financial Aid Transfer Services Career Services KEYS Program Veteran Students Retention Specialist Technology Help Desk SCHULMAN GALLERY Current ExhibitsUpcoming ExhibitsCall for ArtistsSpecial EventsGallery HoursDonate to the GalleryCommercial Art Department/Degree(s)Contact Us Special Events No events at this time. Check back soon! Information:Campus MapDriving DirectionsFacts & FiguresJobs at LCCCSecurityStaff Directory Paying for College:Tuition & FeesFinancial AidPayment PlansScholarshipsFoundation Policies:Non Discrimination Statement and Related Policies and ProceduresAccreditationsRight-to-KnowConsumer InformationRequests For Research Participation and Data Collection Luzerne County Community College1333 South Prospect StreetNanticoke, PA 18634-38991-800-377-5222


text:
Is PSN ready for Destiny?
Less than two weeks out from one of the largest multiplayer launches of the year – maybe ever – the PSN is as shaky as a newborn lamb.
PSNgate headlines
93,000 accounts compromised in Sony Network attack
Sony has detected a seemingly large scale hack attempt on the PlayStation Network among other services, and warned users to secure their log-in details.
Sony appoints ex-Homeland Security official for security role following PSNGate
Sony's announced that its appointed an ex official at Homeland Security to become its chief information security officer in the wake of PSNGate this past April.
Sony says PSN has recovered from attack, adds 3 million users
If there was ever any doubt that Sony would recover from the PSN hack attacks, let them be laid to rest now.
Sony extends identity protection offer to Australian PSN members
Sony has begun sending identity protection invites to Australian PlayStation Network members, following on from similar schemes announced for the Americas and Europe.
House: Sony now in "hyper vigilance" stance following PSN attack
SCEE CEO Andy House has said that Sony has take a "hyper vigilance" approach following the external attack that brought down PlayStation Network for nearly a month.
Report: Sony waited a day to confirm PSN damage
Sony apparently waited a day to announce the extent of damage done to PSN through April's external intrusion that saw personal data compromised, according to a KyotoNews report.
Tretton: PSN hack was "wake-up call," 90% of users returned
SCEA CEO Jack Tretton has admitted the recent hack attack on PlayStation Network gave the company a "wakeup call."
Sony defends delay in public PSNgate announcement
Two weeks ago, a Tokyo press conference found Sony to be apologetic and remorseful. Now though, the company has had enough of being the victim, and is striking back.
UK politician's data protection concerns following PSNgate
Another British politician has spoken out about the PlayStation Network dramas, calling on the games industry to prioritise data protection.
Capcom claims PSN downtime costs it big bucks
If you think it's frustrating that the PlayStation Network is down when you want to play games, spare a thought for Capcom, which claims it is losing hundreds of thousands of dollars due to the downtime.
J-Day: Sony confirms partial PSN return for this week
Sony has announced it'll partially restore most PlayStation Network services at some point this week, but confirmed at a Tokyo press conference that PlayStation Store will not return until "this month."
PSNgate latest
Sony appoints ex-Homeland Security official for security role following PSNGate
Sony says PSN has recovered from attack, adds 3 million users
Sony extends identity protection offer to Australian PSN members
House: Sony now in "hyper vigilance" stance following PSN attack


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How-To: Reboot on OOM
Posted by chantra on 17th April 2013
Ever had your linux box getting Out of Memory (OOM)? Cleaning up after the OOM killer kicked in to find out that even though OOM killer did a decent job at trying to kill the bad processes, your system ends up in an unknown state and you might be better of rebooting the host to make sure it comes back up in a state that you know is safe.
Tags: kernel, memory, oom, system, tuning
Posted in Administration, HowTo, System | 1 Comment »


text:
Irving Azoff Resigns From Live Nation [more]
Cadillac Jack Named Director of Programming At Greater Media-BostonProgramming veteran Cadillac Jack McCartney joins Greater Media's Boston cluster. [more]
Cumulus Inks Multi-Year Deal With ArbitronThe agreement provides Cumulus stations in 44 diary markets Arbitron ratings service for the first time in over 3 years. [more]
Universal Music Group Held Top Market Share Again In 2012 [more]
FCC Approves Liberty Media Move For Control Of SiriusXM [more]
Greater Media-Boston "Power" Flip A Stunt, 96.9 Now All-EDM Meanwhile, the station inks Boston radio vet Pebbles for mornings. [more]
Greater Media Launches Power 96.9/BostonTalk WTKK flips to "Boston's Hip Hop and R&B station." [more]
Scotty Finck Promoted To SVP Of Promotion For Disney Music Group [more]
Pandora, Clear Channel Remain #1 And #2 In November Triton Digital Rankings [more]
Triton Digital Re-Aligns Organizational Structure [more]
Clear Channel-Philly Names Richard Lewis As Market President [more]
In Brief - January 2, 2013WXPN launches HD-2 Singer-Songwriter Radio, Mignon Clyburn confirmed for second FCC term [more]
In Brief - January 3, 2013Eric Chase named PD of CHR WVKS/Toledo, Maynard named OM of Sandusky Radio-Seattle, WEQX promotes Jeff Morad to APD [more]
In Brief - January 4, 2013Greater Media-Boston flips 96.9 again to "Mike 96.9," Lenny Diana named PD at Rock WWSK/Long Island [more]
In Brief - News From The Holiday Break [more]


text:
Before the U.S. House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Appropriations, Ralph Regula, Chairman
April 24, 2001
Mr. Chairman and members of the Committee:
I am pleased to present the President's fiscal year 2002 budget request for the National Technical Institute for the Deaf.
The National Technical Institute for the Deaf (NTID), one of seven colleges of the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), provides a continuum of learning and living options for approximately 1,100 students who are deaf and hard of hearing on a campus of more than 13,000 students. NTID was created by Congress to provide postsecondary technical education for the Nation's youth who are deaf to prepare them for successful employment in the economic mainstream of America. I believe NTID has fulfilled this mandate with distinction and extremely positive results for the past 33 years. We support the President's fiscal year 2002 request of $52.57 million for the National Technical Institute for the Deaf. The specifics of the fiscal year 2002 request are as follows:
Budget Request
The fiscal year 2002 request includes $48 million for operations and $4.57 million in construction funds to cover the cost of the third and final phase of the dormitory renovation project, which will cost a total of $14.971 million. We are pleased that the Department has requested funds for the final phase of this project. RIT is in the process of upgrading all of its dormitories, including dormitories serving NTID students. Most of the dormitories on the campus are 20 to 30 years old and are in need of extensive modernizing and refurbishing.
Funds received by NTID for tuition, room and board, and fees are expected to generate $450,000 in additional income in fiscal year 2002 above the total expected in fiscal year 2001 due to the decision to increase tuition, room, board, and fees by 5 percent for the next academic year. We estimate that the Federal appropriation for NTID will constitute approximately 81 percent of funding for operations in fiscal year 2002.
The number of new students entering NTID during school year 2000-2001 was 444, compared to 434 in 1999-2000. The total included 386 deaf and hard-of-hearing freshmen and transfers, 15 first-year graduate students - 10 of whom are deaf or hard-of-hearing - in the Master of Science in Secondary Education (MSSE) program, and 43 first-year students in the Educational Interpreting program. Total enrollment, including interpreter training and graduate students, remained stable at 1,219. For the fall of school year 2001-02 (fiscal year 2002), NTID is on schedule to admit approximately 425-450 new students, which would maintain enrollment at approximately 1,200 to 1,250. This estimated total would include 90-100 interpreter training program students, and 30-35 MSSE students.
Student Accomplishments
Over the past 33 years, nearly 95 percent of NTID's 4,500 graduates were placed in technical and professional jobs commensurate with the level of their academic training. Of this alumni total, the vast majority are employed in business and industry (69 percent). In addition, in fiscal year 2000, NTID completed a research study performed in collaboration with the Social Security Administration. This study included data on over 7,500 graduates and withdrawals spanning a 16-year period and shows that graduation from NTID has significant economic benefits for an individual over a lifetime of work. NTID students who graduate with baccalaureate degrees will earn 68 percent more over their working lives than students who attend, but withdraw without a degree. Sub-baccalaureate graduates will earn 29 percent more than those who withdraw. With respect to labor force participation, withdrawals experience 3 to 5 times the rate of unemployment as baccalaureate graduates and nearly twice that of sub-bachelor graduates.
While 60 percent of students attending NTID receive benefits through the Supplemental Security Income program (SSI), by age 30, less than 7 percent of graduates continue to draw SSI benefits, compared with approximately 20 percent of withdrawals who continue to receive SSI benefits. This data further indicates the economic benefits that derive from an education at NTID. In addition, graduates access Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) (fundamentally an unemployment benefit) at far lesser rates than withdrawals. Among the subjects in this study, withdrawals were found to be twice as likely to be receiving benefits from either SSI or SSDI than cohorts who graduated with a degree. It is abundantly clear that a large percentage of students who do not complete their education will continue to depend heavily on the Federal Government for basic income support throughout their lives.
From a return on investment perspective, male graduates pay back approximately 150 percent of the cost of their educations in the form of taxes over their lifetimes, and female graduates return more than 50 percent of the investment in their educations. When combined with the savings derived from reduced dependency on Federal income support programs (SSI and SSDI) and the productivity gains realized by society, it can be seen that the Federal investment in NTID returns significant dividends.
Career Development
NTID has maintained a balanced array of services that are shown to be responsive to the needs of students who come from various educational settings - public high schools, as well as center/residential schools and day programs. NTID's success is due to its student-centered philosophy and outcome-oriented programs and services that lead students to successful careers.
A student who has the abilities and desire can enroll through NTID in baccalaureate, masters, or doctoral degree programs with hearing peers in the other colleges of RIT. Last year, approximately 40 percent of our deaf students were cross-registered or fully matriculated in the other colleges of RIT. Regardless of field or location of study, NTID maintains centralized responsibility for supporting all deaf students. Last year, deaf students benefited from approximately 86,000 hours of interpreting, 44,000 hours of note taking, and 14,000 hours of tutoring, as well as counseling, advising, and other professional services. For students interested in programs below the baccalaureate degree level, a number of degree options are available through the college of NTID. Students in the associate of applied science programs at NTID complete their liberal arts requirements in the RIT College of Liberal Arts and their physical education requirements in RIT's Physical Education Department. All together, nearly 700 of NTID's 1,100-plus deaf students have ongoing interactions with hearing peers through formal coursework and activities in the other colleges of RIT.
In addition to the various learning environments that provide for students' intellectual development, there are a variety of living arrangements that enable deaf students to live on dormitory floors comprised predominately of their deaf peers, on floors comprised predominately of their hearing peers, or on mixed floors where there are equal numbers of deaf and hearing peers. These living arrangements provide students the opportunity to develop their interpersonal skills in an environment that promotes their personal development. Thus, the learning and living environments at RIT and NTID foster well-rounded graduates who are well prepared to live and work in the mainstream of society.
Studies conducted at NTID benefit enrolled students as well as deaf adults throughout the country. The research program and agenda are guided and organized according to five general research foci: economic and occupational assimilation; academic and technical skills; communication skills; effective instruction; and institutional planning, evaluation, and effectiveness. We recently submitted a detailed annual report on NTID research to the Department of Education, and a copy is being provided to the Committee for its file.
NTID's educational outreach efforts will continue in accordance with the Institute's mission and strategic plan. These efforts are designed to address the needs of alumni and other deaf adults, professionals working with deaf students, employers, vocational rehabilitation personnel, deaf secondary school students, and parents of deaf children. For example, 188 students participated in Explore Your Future last year, a career-sampling program for high school juniors who are deaf. In addition, a Summer Institute for deaf alumni and other deaf adults addressed topics such as computer skills, small business opportunities, and networking for career mobility and enhancement. Workshops and training sessions were offered to 524 employer representatives and school personnel last year. Through these and a variety of other outreach efforts, we work to create and expand opportunities for people who are deaf.
Endowment Grant
The Education of the Deaf Act authorizes the use of appropriated funds as a one-for-one match with private funds raised by the Institute, and the Department's budget request provides NTID with the flexibility to use current-year program funds for its endowment grant program. The endowment matching fund was established as an incentive to help NTID raise private funds and to reduce NTID's dependence on Federal appropriations. In fiscal year 2000, NTID matched $590,000 of privately raised funds with a like amount of Federal funds. NTID recently completed its first major capital campaign, which attracted $11.5 million to support its endowment, the acquisition of technology, and instructional, outreach and research projects. We have placed a priority on developing ongoing revenue streams to supplement NTID's operating budget. The current market value of NTID's total endowment stood at approximately $22.5 million as of December 31, 2000.
NTID commenced construction on a major dormitory renovation project in fiscal year 2001, as part of RIT's plans to renovate all of the dormitories on campus. The request includes $4.57 million for the third and final phase of a three-phase project costing a total of $14.971 million. The scope of the architectural improvements includes residential room improvements, public area improvements, and exterior renovation work. The renovations would satisfy code and life safety requirements, remedy problems that developed due to years of deferred maintenance, and improve facilities so the NTID dormitories will be on a par with other dormitories on campus. The $14.971 million total cost figure includes $2.651 million received in fiscal year 2000 for phase one and $5.376 million received in fiscal year 2001 for phase two, as well as $650,000 received in 1999 for costs associated with developing detailed architectural, engineering, and interior design plans and the detailed construction layout for the project. The total figure also includes $700,000 for data cabling and $218,000 for a roof replacement that have already been completed and paid for with funds from prior year operations.
The 2002 request will allow NTID to continue its mission of preparing deaf people to enter the workplace and society and compete with their hearing peers. In the Institute's brief history, our alumni have demonstrated that they can achieve full independence and become contributing members of society, and that they can acquire a satisfying quality of life as a result of the postsecondary education they received at NTID. Collaborative research between NTID and the Social Security Administration shows that, in comparison to students who do not complete a degree, NTID graduates over their lifetimes are employed at a much higher rate, earn substantially more, pay significantly more in taxes, and participate at a much lower rate in Federal transfer programs such as Supplemental Security Income (SSI) and Social Security Disability Income (SSDI).
Mr. Chairman, my colleague and I will be pleased to respond to your questions.


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Term: Star
Star: One of the trumps of the Major Arcana of the tarot. Numbered XVII. In the system of Eliphas Levi, it corresponds to the Hebrew letter Peh and the heaven of the soul. In the system of the Golden Dawn, The Star corresponds to the Hebrew letter Tzaddi and the astrological sign of Aquarius. According to Aleister Crowley, The Star corresponds to the Hebrew letter Heh.
Star, Gloria: An internationally renowned astrologer, author and teacher, Gloria has been a professional astrologer for over two decades. She has written written for the Llewellyn's Sun Sign Book since 1990, and has been a contributing author of the Moon Sign Book since 1995. Her most recent work, Astrology: Woman to Woman, was released by Llewellyn in April 1999. She is the author of Optimum Child: Developing Your Child's Fullest Potential through Astrology, now translated into four languages. She also edited and co-authored the book Astrology for Women: Roles and Relationships (Llewellyn 1997). Her astrological computer software, Woman to Woman, was released by Matrix Software in 1997. Ms. Star has contributed to two anthologies -- Houses: Power Places in the Horoscope (Llewellyn 1990), and How to Manage the Astrology of Crisis (Llewellyn 1993). Listed in Who's Who of American Women, Who's Who in the East, Gloria is active within the astrological community, where she has been honored as a nominee for the prestigious Regulus Award. She has served on the faculty of the United Astrology Congress (UAC) since its inception in 1986, and has lectured for groups and conferences throughout the US and abroad.
Also See: Gloria Star


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Leave it to an accessory brand that's inspired by artists like Picasso, Mondrian and Pollock to come up with a shoe collection that leaves women drooling. We all love our shoes: by putting on a lovely pair of shoes, you change your entire look and Paris-based brand Aperlai knows this.
Staying true to the brand's identity, designer Alessandra Lanvin has come up with a collection that has a story to tell. Browsing through the spring / summer 2013 look book will surely leave you in awe because what you'll see are no ordinary shoes.
Vibrant color, strong shapes and exotic materials: who will say no to that? Each pair of shoes is gorgeous and well thought out. The collection offers variety, modern women, young and old, will surely have a shoe that will tickle their fancy. And of course, who can resist Aperlai's signature Geisha graphic light weight heel? Wedge lovers will fall head over heels for the "cat wedge" and the "leaf wedge", while those who can't live without their stilettos will go gaga over "straps". They also have a wide array of flats to choose from for those who prefer to keep it laid back.
View the full look book from Aperlai Paris by clicking on the thumbnails.


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The psychological and emotional problems associated with fetal alcohol syndrome can be difficult to manage for the person with the syndrome and for the family.
Children with fetal alcohol syndrome and their families may benefit greatly from the support of professionals and other families who have experience with this syndrome. Ask your health care provider for local sources of support for children with fetal alcohol syndrome and their families.
As a parent of a child with fetal alcohol syndrome, you may find the following suggestions helpful in dealing with behavior problems associated with fetal alcohol syndrome. Learning these skills (sometimes called parent training) can include:
A stable, nurturing home is the single most important factor in protecting children with fetal alcohol syndrome from some of the secondary disabilities they're at risk of later in life.
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text: Renowned for beautiful sandy beaches, exciting nightlife, and designer shopping, Miami Beach is South Florida's playground. Visitors can lounge ocean-side, dine al fresco on international culinary delights, or browse clothing boutiques. For family-friendly fun, Miami Beach also boasts a seven mile sandbox enclosed by the city's boardwalk, which is perfect for jogging and rollerblading.Hide


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Whole apartment Prenzlberg quiet&bright
Size48 m²
Floor No.3
- Kitchen
- Pets allowed
- Lockable room
Accommodation summary
|Dunckerstraße, 10437 Berlin, Germany
|Property type
|Property ID
|Acceptance rate
|Response time
|1 day
|Calendar updated
|5 days ago
NOTE : The costs for cleaning and laundry are not included in the price . The price for 2 persons is 35 € .
The please in cash on arrival , directly to the person from whom you gain the key .
For arrivals from 21:00 clock we have to charge a fee of 30 € for Late Night Check In * * .
The apartment is located in Berlin's trendy quarter, Prenzlauer Berg, where you can find many popular bars and cafes. You can visit superbly artistic boutiques and unique shops, or stroll around the Mauerpark's famous flea market. Or just absorb and enjoy the unique Berlin flair.
The area around Kollwitzplatz is a focal point of Berlin's famous nightlife. Nighthawks will surely enjoy the Kulturbrauerei and the trendy nightclubs "Kesselhaus", "Soda" and many more.
The U-Bahn (Metro) lines U2 and U8 and several tram lines provide an excellent connection to district Mitte. It takes about 10 to 15 minutes to reach the major sights, including Alexanderplatz, the Museum Island and Hackescher Markt.
The circle-lines S41 (clockwise) and S42 (counter-clockwise) connect the district with the neighboring districts of Wedding and Friedrichshain. Friedrichshain is also accessible via the S-Bahn lines S2, S8 and S9, as well as by several tram lines.
House rulesIt´s allowed to smoke only in the kitchen with the open windows.
|Weekly rate for up to 2 guests
|Monthly rate for up to 2 guests
|Check-in after
|On arrangement
|Check-in before
|On arrangement
|Check-out before
|On arrangement
|Cancellation Policy
Reviews of this property
Quiet and cosy apartment near "Helmi" - just like what we wanted and expected to the price althoug a new showercurtain could have been nice
We really enjoyed our stay. The apartment is nice, in a great neighborhood, near the transports. However wifi would have been nice. But we will be back anyway.
The appartment was ideally placed, half an hour walking to Brandenburger Tor, 250m to Planetarium and all commodities (public transport, shops, restaurants...)
It was a comfortable and big room, a well equipped kitchen and a clean bathroom.
Nearby there was a courtyard with summer furniture, but we travelled in October, so we didn´t use it. For the dog we could find green space at 100m away, at Helmholtzplatz, or at Planetarium( very much grass). We enjoyed our staying very much, booking and key transmitting were perfect. It´s not ideal to go there by car, parking in front of the house was 1€ per hour, Sundays for free, but hard to find a free one. We parked for free at 20 min. walking, Ostseestr.26, from Prenzlauer Alee to the right side. But for the luggage loading we parked Saturday evening in front of the house. All in one, it was a nice journey!
Eve's flat is situated in the middle of Prenzlau, with very nice cafes and restaurants round the corner. It is very quiet though with windows facing the back garden. The flat is clean and conveniently furbished and it didn't lack anything. Thank you for the exellent accommodation and the easy communication!!! Tanja and Tobiaswith LUNA
We were very pleased with the accommodations. The location is convenient to Berlin / Prenzlauer Berg know something. The key handover went well.
Wir waren mit der Unterkunft sehr zufrieden. Die Lage ist günstig um Berlin/ Prenzlauerberg etwas kennenzulernen. Die Schlüsselübergabe hat gut geklappt.
Thank you for a nice and quiet little appartment, with all you need. We will for sure be back.
The apartment is located in the coolest neighborhood in Berlin. Everything you could dream of is in within walking distance. The apartment had everything that you could expect.
I've would recommend this apartment to everyone traveling to Berlin
The apartment is super nice on helmholtz space, is to sleep well, nice breakfast cafe around the corner, nice restaurants and very good fast connections to the middle. all reachable on foot, culture and flea markets and a very uncomplicated Landlady, thanks, we'll be back.
die wohnung liegt super schön am helmholtzplatz, ist ruhig zum schlafen, nette frühstückscafes um die ecke, schöne restaurants und sehr gute schnelle verbindungen zur mitte.
alles zu fuß erreichbar, kultur und flohmärkte und eine ganz unkomplizierte vermieterin, danke, wir kommen wieder.
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Anders Lundqvist
The industrial designer, Anders Lundqvist follows a Scandinavian, minimalist tradition, with a good feel for materials and modern architecture's interaction with the objects they contain.
GOS III differs from other adjustable tables on the market with its simple design, adaptation of the mechanism and the unusually stable structure without cross braces. The idea behind the design was to create a simple, minimalist, adjustable table that reflects modern architecture.


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I inspected one of my hives today. It's the 1st year for this colony as I just installed them from a package this last Spring 2012. All through the hive consisting currrently of 3 medium 8 frame boxes there was only about 16 to 20% capped brood. I think that might be normal because they are Russian and not Italian and there has been a derth around here I think. The bee population seems to me to be ok, flying in and out as normal with some bringing pollen in. There is very much just open comb with nothing but bees crawling on it. I saw no honey at all :eek:. I think I better feed.
A couple years I bought a large quantity of honey from a local supplier to make mead. I thought he cut me a good deal on it but, the honey is very strange and not suitable to eat or for mead. I actually did make mead with it and ended up dumping it. It seems the bees must have made if from a melting cattle nutrition block or something and not from nector. It's practicly black and looks like sluge from an old engine back before moter oil had detergent in it. I thought about just dumping it, but if it is better to feed bees as apposed to sugar syrup, that would be better. How many pounds of honey to water should I use to heat and mix or just feed it to them straingt in a shallow dish or something?


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Town Square
Concierge Medicine
Original post made by Shelly, Danville, on Feb 9, 2007
I saw Dr. Parsons' ad today for his new Concierge Medicine practice and I'm very excited to be participating in it. He really is one of the finest physicians around. Just wanted to get the word out to the community, since medicine these days has really gone down hill.


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Healthy Radish Recipes
5 Recipes That Make Radishes Rad!
Photo 1 of 6
5 Recipes That Make Radishes Rad!
'Tis the season to fall in love with radishes! Between their nice crispy texture and a tangy bitterness, they make a great addition to sides and salads. Aside from their taste, they are loaded with healthy benefits like fiber, iron, and calcium. A Spring favorite, here are five recipes that take full advantage of this bright little veggie.


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Each year, the supplement industry's leading trade magazine, Vitamin Retailer, gives select supplements a Vity Award for excellence as premium quality bestsellers based on a nationwide retailer survey. And each year here at ReNew Life we are delighted when one of our products is recognized, especially if the product is a first-time winner.
That's why we're so excited that Total Body Rapid Cleanse has been given a Vity Award in the category of fiber/internal cleanse! Internal cleansing and fiber supplements are a cornerstone of our approach to digestive and whole-body health. The award suggests that more shoppers are trying herbal internal cleanses, and it looks like the quick, premium-ingredient cleanses are leading this list of detox supplements.
Are you one of those people who doesn't have time for an internal cleanse? Then Total Body Rapid Cleanse is for you. This cleanse only takes 7 days, doesn't interfere with your busy lifestyle, and contains over 2 dozen deep-cleansing herbs, detoxifying amino acids, fiber, and vitamin-mineral ingredients .
It's a winner with first-time and experienced cleansers for several key reasons:
- Easily the quickest total-body active cleanse available—made with no inactive fillers, binders, soy, gluten, or artificial ingredients
- Cleanses the whole body with special attention to the liver, your #1 detox organ, and the colon to help maximize toxin removal ǂ
- An ideal jumpstart to any weight loss or weight maintenance program ǂ
- Helps relieve sluggish digestion and occasional constipation ǂ
- 3-part easy-dose formula extracts, traps, and eliminates toxins, leaving you feeling lighter ǂ
- Added soothing herbs help make this a gentle cleanse for anyone looking to give their health an added boost ǂ
Total Body Rapid Cleans is available nationwide at select fine retailers or right here on our website. Find out what all the buzz is by trying this rapid detoxifying cleanse today! ǂ


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The Warriors coaching saga has taken yet another twist.
The latest rumour suggests the club has now signed former Canberra and Penrith coach Matthew Elliott. He's allegedly penned a three-year deal.
Warriors CEO Wayne Scurrah has offered no comment on the rumour.
However, Scurrah has confirmed a coach has been signed by the club and says has maintained the line that all will be revealed soon.
Meanwhile, Craig Bellamy's manager John Fordham has refused to close the door on the Melbourne premiership-winning coach heading to New Zealand to take charge of the Warriors from the 2014 NRL season.
Fordham met with Bellamy this week to discuss the Storm coach's future, with his current deal expiring at the end of 2013.
"We've already had a discussion this week in Sydney. There's no hurry because he's got another year to go," Fordham told AAP.
"It would be fair to say there are options for Craig when he concludes his current contract in 2013."
Asked if one of those options was in New Zealand Fordham said:
"Those matters are private. All I'm saying is he's coaching at Melbourne in 2013 and he hasn't committed to any club beyond 2013 at this stage," he said.
"He's going overseas next week for two weeks, so there's no decision on what he will be doing beyond seeing out his current contract at the end of 2013."
It was reported by News Limited that Bellamy knocked back an offer for a multi-million dollar deal to join the Warriors who wanted him to start in 2013.
"The Warriors have got a coach vacancy from next year. Well, Craig is not available next year," Fordham said.
"You can't reject something you can't do."
The Warriors have been in the hunt for a coach since dumping the former Kiwi Test mentor less than a year into a two-year contract
It followed a disastrous campaign that saw the club miss the finals and finish third-last on the ladder.
A number of names have been linked with the position, including Bellamy's Melbourne assistant David Kidwell, Elliott and Australian Test coach Tim Sheens, who was axed by Wests Tigers last month.
Tony Iro, who was the Warriors caretaker coach after McClennan was sacked, is interested in keeping the role and said he was still waiting to hear from Scurrah.
"I've gone through the interview process like some other coaches and we'll wait and see. The story changes every 24 hours," Iro said.
Melbourne fullback Billy Slater said he had no idea what Bellamy's plans for the future were.
"He's there next year and we never look too far down the track as a club," Slater said before Kangaroos training in Townsville on Wednesday.
Kidwell was previously seen as a frontrunner for the job, but withdrew amid speculation he was unhappy with the amount of time available to prepare for the 2013 season.


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Full Year 2013 - Sports
President Obama and the First Lady to Serve As Honorary Chairs of the 2015 Special Olympics World Games
By: Claudia Gordon
The Special Olympics honor a tradition that started more than fifty years ago with a little creativity, a lot of heart, and a big backyard at Eunice Kennedy Shriver's house. Today, that simple day camp has grown into one of the biggest sporting competitions in the world for people with intellectual disabilities. Here at the White House, we're already looking forward to the next games.
Be the MVP of Your Health: Make Healthy Choices During National Nutrition Month
By: Chris Paul, Point Guard for the Los Angeles Clippers and Member of the President's Council on Fitness, Sports and Nutrition
Making healthy choices is essential for me to function at the highest level, whether I'm on the road for a game or at home with my family. March is National Nutrition Month and is a great reminder for us all to incorporate healthy eating into our daily lives.
PCFSN in 2012: A Look Back at an Amazing Year
By: Shellie Pfohl, Executive Director, President's Council on Fitness, Sports & Nutrition
As I look back on 2012, I am amazed and proud of all that we have accomplished at the President's Council on Fitness, Sports and Nutrition (PCFSN). It was a year of significant progress toward our mission to engage, educate, and empower all Americans to adopt a healthy lifestyle that includes regular physical activity and good nutrition.
Karyn Ridgeway's Story: In the Zone
By: Karyn Ridgeway, Physician
I remember it clearly: I was 10, sitting in the back of our car. It was a hot day and I had my face pressed against the window. I was watching my eight-year-old brother try out for Little League and I was jumping out of my skin. It was killing me that I couldn't try out. I could throw and catch pretty well ... and I was fast. Suddenly, my mom left the car and walked right up to one of the coaches. I watched as she talked, gesturing back at me. She ran back and opened the car door: "Okay, Karyn, you're on!"
Lawrie Mifflin's Story: Get What You Need and Leave
By: Lawrie Mifflin, Senior Editor for New Digital Initiatives, New York Times
I grew up in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania. My first love was field hockey. So when I was accepted to Yale in 1969, I walked through the university gates with my hockey stick tucked under my arm. After signing up for college classes I wanted to try out for the team. I asked around and was surprised to hear that Yale didn't have a women's hockey team.
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Earth Watch Report – Storms- Disaster Management
Thousands flee floods as cyclone batters Solomon Islands
by Staff Writers
Honiara (AFP)
Thousands of people were forced to flee rapidly rising rivers in the Solomon Islands, officials said Sunday as Cyclone Freda intensified into a "destructive" force storm and headed towards New Caledonia.
Wind gusts had strengthened to more than 231 kilometres per hour (144 miles per hour, 125 knots) as Freda developed into a powerful category four storm, said Sajay Prakesh at the Nadi Tropical Cyclone Centre in Fiji.
"These winds are very destructive and can cause huge damage to infrastructure and buildings," he told AFP.
Freda is expected to reach New Caledonia on New Year's Day and "given its current form if it hits New Caledonia Freda will cause huge damage, as it will blow strong winds and heavy rain for six to seven hours".
Thousands of people from riverside villages had moved to the safety of higher ground, National Disaster Management Office director Loti Yates said.
"But there have been no reports of injury," he said.
Fishing boats and other craft were advised not to put out to sea and local flights were cancelled as the cyclone moved across the Solomons on a path towards New Caledonia.
Earlier this month Cyclone Evan strengthened to a category four cyclone and left a swathe of devastation in its wake, destroying homes, flooding rivers and stranding thousands of tourists in Fiji.
Before arriving in Fiji, it pummelled neighbouring Samoa, killing at least five.
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