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Contraceptive devices
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This article considers the psychological requirements and implications of the various contraceptive devices. For broader consideration of other aspects in the area see: [[Birth control.
Physical methodsEdit
Barrier methodsEdit
Barrier methods place a physical impediment to the movement of sperm into the female reproductive tract.
The most popular barrier method is the male condom, a latex or polyurethane sheath placed over the penis. The condom is also available in a female version, which is made of polyurethane. The female condom has a flexible ring at each end — one secures behind the pubic bone to hold the condom in place, while the other ring stays outside the vagina.
Cervical barriers are devices that are contained completely within the vagina. The contraceptive sponge has a depression to hold it in place over the cervix. The cervical cap is the smallest cervical barrier. It stays in place by suction to the cervix or to the vaginal walls. The Lea's shield is a larger cervical barrier, also held in place by suction. The diaphragm fits into place behind the woman's pubic bone and has a firm but flexible ring, which helps it press against the vaginal walls.
The SILCS diaphragm is a new diaphragm design which is still in clinical testing and is not yet available.
Hormonal methodsEdit
There are variety of delivery methods for hormonal contraception.
Combinations of synthetic oestrogens and progestins (synthetic progestogens) are commonly used. These include the combined oral contraceptive pill ("The Pill"), the Patch, and the contraceptive vaginal ring ("NuvaRing"). Not currently available for sale in the United States is Lunelle, a monthly injection.
Other methods contain only a progestin (a synthetic progestogen). These include the progestin only pill (the POP or 'minipill'), the injectables Depo Provera (a depot formulation of medroxyprogesterone acetate given as an intramuscular injection every three months) and Noristerat (Norethindrone acetate given as an intramuscular injection every 8 weeks), and contraceptive implants. The progestin-only pill must be taken at more precisely remembered times each day than combined pills. The first contraceptive implant, the original 6-capsule Norplant, was removed from the market in the United States in 1999, though a newer single-rod implant called Implanon was approved for sale in the United States on July 17, 2006. The various progestin-only methods may cause irregular bleeding during use.
Ormeloxifene (Centchroman)Edit
Ormeloxifene (Centchroman) is a selective oestrogen receptor modulator, or SERM. It causes ovulation to occur asynchronously with the formation of the uterine lining, preventing implantation of a zygote. It has been widely available as a birth control method in India since the early 1990s, marketed under the trade name Saheli. Centchroman is legally available only in India.
Intrauterine methodsEdit
These are contraceptive devices which are placed inside the uterus. They are usually shaped like a "T" — the arms of the T hold the device in place. There are two main types of intrauterine contraceptives: those that contain copper (which has a spermicidal effect), and those that release a progestogen (in the US the term progestin is used).
The terminology used for these devices differs in the United Kingdom and the United States. In the US, all devices which are placed in the uterus to prevent pregnancy are referred to as intra-uterine devices (IUDs) or intra-uterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs). In the UK, only copper-containing devices are called IUDs (or IUCDs), and hormonal intrauterine contraceptives are referred to with the term Intra-Uterine System (IUS). This may be because there are seven types of copper IUDs available in the UK, compared to only one in the US.
Comparision of the methodsEdit
- See also: Comparison of birth control methods
Personality factors affecting contraceptive choiceEdit
Mental health and contraceptive choiceEdit
Attitudes to different contraceptive devicesEdit
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- Sheeran, P., Abraham, S. C., Abrams, D., Spears, R., & et al. (1990). The postAIDS structure of students' attitudes to condoms: Age, and sex, and experience of use: Psychological Reports Vol 66(2) Apr 1990, 614.
- Shepard, D. S., Bail, R. N., & Merritt, C. G. (2003). Cost-effectiveness of USAID's regional program for family planning in West Africa: Studies in Family Planning Vol 34(2) Jun 2003, 117-126.
- Shrestha, A., Kane, T. T., & Hamal, H. (1990). Contraceptive social marketing in Nepal: Consumer and retailer knowledge, needs and experience: Journal of Biosocial Science Vol 22(3) Jul 1990, 305-322.
- Sidebottom, A., Birnbaum, A. S., & Nafstad, S. S. (2003). Decreasing Barriers for Teens: Evaluation of a New Teenage Pregnancy Prevention Strategy in School-Based Clinics: American Journal of Public Health Vol 93(11) Nov 2003, 1890-1892.
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- Simonds, W., & Ellertson, C. (2004). Emergency contraception and morality: Reflections of health care workers and clients: Social Science & Medicine Vol 58(7) Apr 2004, 1285-1297.
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- Singh, S. (1995). Adolescent knowledge and use of injectable contraceptives in developing countries: Journal of Adolescent Health Vol 16(5) May 1995, 396-404.
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- Steiner, M. J., Raymond, E., Attafuah, J. D., & Hays, M. (2000). Provider knowledge about emergency contraception in Ghana: Journal of Biosocial Science Vol 32(1) Jan 2000, 99-106.
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- Stephenson, R., Baschieri, A., Clements, S., Hennink, M., & Madise, N. (2007). Contextual influences on modern contraceptive use in Sub-Saharan Africa: American Journal of Public Health Vol 97(7) Jul 2007, 1233-1240.
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- Stevens-Simon, C., Kelly, L., & Kulick, R. (2001). A village would be nice but ...: It takes a long-acting contraceptive to prevent repeat adolescent pregnancies: American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 21(1) Jul 2001, 60-65.
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- Stevens-Simon, C., Wallis, J., & Allen-Davis, J. (1995). Which teen mothers choose Norplant? : Journal of Adolescent Health Vol 16(5) May 1995, 350-353.
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|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).


text:
Butterwick, Susan J.
- Telephone: (734) 678-8289
- J.D. University of Toledo College of Law, '97
- B.A. University of Michigan, '71
Professor Butterwick is a certified mediator, and community dispute resolution center volunteer. Her mediation experience includes employment issues, civil rights, municipal and large multi-party government and agency disputes. She also mediates housing and neighborhood issues, civil court cases, small claims, adult guardianship, special education, child protection, child custody and family matters. She is a Michigan State Court Administrative Office approved civil ADR trainer. She co-developed state approved training curriculum for civil ADR training and also trains mediators in adult guardianship, parent-teen, truancy, and child protection mediation. She is a member of State Bar of Michigan ADR Council.
Mediation Training (5070)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Luminous Central Apartment
Size60 m²
Floor No.
- Kitchen
- Balcony/terrace
- Towels
- Internet/WiFi
- Washer/dryer
Accommodation summary
|Rua dos Castelinhos, 1150-095 Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
|Property type
|Property ID
|Acceptance rate
|Response time
|A few hours
|Calendar updated
This apartment is five minutes from the Avenida da Liberdade / Restauradores / Rossio. Even in central Lisbon with access to the entire network of transportation - subway, bus, taxi, train and all trade: supermarket, grocery store, fruit store, restaurants, bars, hairdressers and gyms.
Bus: Campo Mártires da Pátria, Marquês de Pombal/Duque de Loulé. Subway station: Intendente. To go up from da "Baixa" to "Santana's Hill": "Elevador do Lavra" / Bus: 760
Lisbon has been the capital of Portugal since the 12th century. It has a long history that can be experienced in the old neighborhoods, which may be visited by foot or tram. The Atlantic climate offers wonderful conditions to travel all year round. The main feature of Pena is that it is a plateau, from which two main slopes descend, facing Martin Moniz and Avenida da Liberdade. It begins at the north-east of Rossio and extends to Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, commonly known by Campo de Santana. The streets on the two slopes are twisting and irregular, leading to many beautiful alleys and side streets.
Being one of the oldest districts in Lisbon, one is overwhelmed by the diversity of its buildings, constructed in accordance with the successive types of architecture through centuries. Wrought iron balconies from the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries can be seen everywhere. In constant dialogue with the wrought iron are the glazed tiles of the façades - a style reportedly brought from Brazil after the 16th century.
It is very close to the famous Bairro Alto, a nightlife area, which can be reached after walking down Rossio or by taking the Elevador do Lavra, the oldest funicular in Lisbon. This 120 year old elevator goes every 15 minutes down to Rua das Portas de Santo Antão, the location of many excellent fish restaurants as recommended by many city guides.
House rulesDeposit €100,00. Please Note the deposit value will be returned via bank transference after your check out.
Check-in is after 3:00 p.m. and need to be arranged before the day of arrival. Please call or send us a message after collecting your luggage at the Lisbon airport, or train/bus station, to let us know you are already in Lisbon. Our representative will give you a friendly welcome and answer any questions you may have.
Check-in after 23:00 is subject to a 25 EUR fee.
Check in on the 24th of December and 31 of December after 6 pm are not allowed..
We will provide you with our contact details after your reservation is confirmed. The apartment will be ready and cleaned for you before your arrival. Fresh towels and bed clothing are also provided and all is included in the total price. You will be given a set of towels per person. Keys delivery: In the apartment. Cleaning: On departure.
Please note that from the 1st of January 2016 a city tax of EUR 1 per person, per night is not included in the total price and should be paid on site. This tax is charged to guests aged 13 and older. It is subject to a maximum amount of EUR 7 per guest.
|Check-in After
|Check-in before
|On arrangement
|Check-out Before
|Cancellation Policy
Reviews for this host's other properties
Nice and very clean apartment and kitchen! Friendly welcome with information about the city from representative. Specious bathroom with a nice bath/shower. The location is wonderfull with lots of historic interesting points, places to eat and nice small shops. Also public transport is nearby. One point for improvement is the small double bed that is only 180 cm long. The beds in the other room are very good!
This apartment, full of charm, is very conveniently located close to all amenities and we received a very good reception.
The only downside: it's just a bit to the level of the dishes, it would take a few more dishes!
Cet appartement, plein de charme, est très très bien situé proche de toutes les commodités et nous avons reçu un très bon accueil.
Le seul bémol : c'est un peu juste au niveau de la vaisselle, il faudrait un peu plus de plats !
The Apartment was perfect everything you need was there ...
The only Problem was that The cooker didnt work
The Host Are also very nice and helpful
The area is next To a Bus and a train and you can even Walk everything is nearby
I would definitly recommend it
Pretty little quiet apartment for two people. Thanks to good tips at the keys we found fast connection (bus, metro) in all directions. Apartment is really recommended because various objectives are really easy to reach on foot!
Hübsche kleine ruhige Wohnung für zwei Personen. Dank guter Tips bei der Schlüsselübergabe haben wir schnelle Anbindung (Bus, Metro) in alle Richtungen gefunden. Wohnung ist wirklich empfehlenswert, da diverse Ziele wirklich auch gut zu Fuß zu erreichen sind!
The apartment is centrally located, with everything you need, equipped.
Die Wohnung ist zentral gelegen und mit allem was man braucht, ausgestattet.
The apartment was exactly the photos, was clean and simple but tastefully furnished (Ikea style), modern kitchen and bathroom.
Communication and keys were straightforward, the latter connected to something waiting period.
The apartment is in a very narrow, non-motorable road, a taxi should be the street Calçada de Santana specify about # 145 and 20m must walk. Quiet area, but on weekend evenings from neighboring courtyard beer garden loud party music, which does not bother if you
himself still crashes into the nightlife.
About access was reached after about 5 minutes down the bottom of the hill either direction Restauradores or Martim Moniz, the climb takes longer and is pretty legs.
But for that compensated the view from the 3-bed room (not by the door from the stairway from the kitchen separated) and the authentic atmosphere of the
Neighborhood. For groups of friends and families with older children in any
Recommended case!
Die Wohnung entsprach genau den Fotos, war sauber und einfach, aber geschmackvoll eingerichtet (IKEA-Style), moderne Küchen- und Badausstattung.
Kommunikation und Schlüsselübergabe waren unkompliziert, letzteres mit etwas Wartezeit verbunden.
Die Wohnung liegt in einer sehr schmalen, nicht befahrbaren Straße, per Taxi sollte man die Straße Calçada de Santana ca. Nr.145 angeben und muss 20m zu Fuß gehen. Ruhige Gegend, jedoch am Wochenende abends vom benachbartem Innenhof-Biergarten laute Partymusik, was nicht stört, wenn man
sich selbst noch ins Nachtleben stürzt.
Über Treppengänge erreicht man nach ca. 5 min Abstieg den Fuß des Hügels entweder Richtung Restauradores oder Martim Moniz, der Aufstieg dauert entsprechend länger und geht ganz schön die Beine.
Dafür entschädigt aber der Blick aus dem 3-Bettzimmer (nicht durch Tür vom Treppenaufgang von der Küche abgetrennt) und das authentische Flair der
Nachbarschaft. Für Gruppenreisende und Familien mit älteren Kindern auf jeden
Fall zu empfehlen!
took the apartment in large part by the wonderful terrace that looked at the photos and absolute disappointment, another thing we did not like anything is that loa door glass was heard everything and privacy best minima.lo bed, very comfortable and very cool summer apartment
cogi el apartamento en gran parte por la maravillosa terraza que se veia en las fotos y decepcion absoluta,otra cosa que no nos gusto nada es que loa puerta de entrada era de cristal se escuchaba todo e intimidad minima.lo mejor la cama,muy comoda y el apartamento muy fresco para verano
Great flat right in the middle of a busy area very good for nightlife, and easy access to all the sights of Lisbon.
My friend and me absolutely loved the apartment. Both bathrooms and bedrooms were nice and spacy and equipped with all you need to feel comfortable. The kitchen was well equipped, too, dishwasher and even a washing machine included. Just around the corner was a crocery shop that - although small - had everything from bread, fresh fruit/vegetables and other necessities. The apartment is only a 10 minute walk from the city center, metro station etc. Checkin and checkout worked very timely and smoothly, very nice person who met us at the apartment and booked us a taxi on our checkout day to get to the airport. So we were absolutely satisfied and did not see one thing to complain about. We would definitely book this apartment again on our next trip to Lisbon. Thank you very much - dear hosts.
Everything worked out great. The apartment was clean and nice and it is located in a quiet side street. Unfortunately, the terrace is surrounded by a high wall and therefore not very inviting but all in all, agrees the value for money.
- Quality assured accommodation
- Every host is verified by telephone
- Secure payment via SSL encryption


text:
Christie halts $900 million due for pensions
Governor Christie said Tuesday that he will close a looming gap in New Jersey's budget by pulling back nearly $900 million that had been earmarked for the state's teetering pension system, reversing his earlier promises to increase those pension contributions and provoking further scrutiny of the state's credit rating.
Related: Christie's state treasurer defends New Jersey pension cuts
The ailing pension system — and the need to prop it up with more and larger payments — was cited as a key factor by all three major Wall Street ratings agencies when they lowered New Jersey's credit rating in recent weeks, making it potentially more expensive for the state to borrow money. It was the sixth such downgrade since 2010, giving New Jersey one of the lowest credit ratings in the country at a time when the overall state economy also struggles with an unemployment rate that is higher than the national average.
But Christie, during a State House news conference, said New Jersey cannot afford to make the pension contributions he had agreed to when he signed a 2010 law mandating them for the next seven years. He is also asking lawmakers to authorize an additional $1.5 billion reduction in the state pension contribution for the fiscal year that begins July 1.
"Our problem is that we have made promises to people that we cannot keep, so we have to adjust this going forward," the governor said, referring to what he has called overly generous employee benefits granted by previous administrations.
For Christie, the pension reversal could undercut one of the accomplishments he has been highlighting in his own résumé during his rise to national prominence in the Republican Party.
In speeches throughout the country underscoring his leadership skills, he has repeatedly pointed to a series of givebacks he persuaded Democratic lawmakers to approve in 2011 — including higher employee contributions and an end to cost-of-living increases — as helping to right the pension system.
Christie actually skipped the pension contribution altogether during his first year in office, but then committed to the stepped-up payments starting in 2011.
But even those promised payments represented only a fraction of what actuaries say the state should be putting into the system each year to bring it back to solvency.
Financial experts have warned that, without full payments or further reforms, the fund might not have enough money to cover its obligations to retirees in 15 to 20 years.
Now Christie is conceding even those phased-in contributions, totaling $1.6 billion this fiscal year and $2.25 billion during the next one, are too costly.
The New Jersey pension system, currently valued at $76.76 billion, is one of the nation's largest, with nearly 800,000 receiving benefits. But after years of skipped or partial state payments, it is also grossly underfunded, by roughly $52 billion, counting both state and local government obligations.
Those liabilities were cited by all three major ratings agencies in their assessment of New Jersey's credit rating, which is a central factor in determining how cheap and easy it is for the state to borrow money for items like schools and bridges that are too expensive to be paid for with available cash.
Fitch Ratings senior director Marci Block said Tuesday she was hoping to learn more about Christie's budget plans when the state treasurer appeared before lawmakers this week.
"At this point, that's kind of where we are," she said.
Baye Larsen, senior analyst for Moody's Investors Service, said Christie's decision to reduce the pension payment is "adding to next year's gap and future years'."
Moody's warned last week that using more "non-recurring or uncertain budget solutions" could lead to another downgrade.
When asked Tuesday whether he's worried about any future downgrade, Christie offered a one-word answer: "No."
'Sins of the past'
Christie also called on lawmakers to consider new changes to public-employee benefits, and he blamed the decisions by previous governors to skip pension payments as helping to drive up the costs he's now facing.
"We will not make the payments that are applied to the sins of the past," he said.
Democrats have argued that Christie's refusal to raise taxes or cut state services, coupled with his administration's failure to accurately project revenues in the $33 billion spending plan he signed last June, led to the current woes.
Christie's announcement sets up a new battle with those Democratic legislative leaders, including Senate President Stephen Sweeney, who threatened earlier this year to shut down state government if Christie reneged on the pension contribution. The governor doesn't need lawmakers' approval to cut the pension payment in the current fiscal year, but he will need their votes to adopt a budget for the fiscal year that begins July 1.
Christie originally proposed a $34.4 billion spending plan for the new fiscal year, but the treasurer is expected to announce a scaled-back version when he appears before lawmakers Wednesday.
Sweeney, D-Gloucester, issued a statement Tuesday that didn't repeat the threat to shut down the government, promising instead that "Democrats in the Legislature will work to resolve this issue in a manner that is fair to the hardworking, middle-class people of this state." He offered no specifics.
Assembly Speaker Vincent Prieto, D-Secaucus, said "abandoning pension payments [will] only make things worse down the road."


text:
The following list of Databases are available to all Field Museum staff, associates, volunteers and students who are conducting research within the museum.
AATA Online: Abstracts of International Conservation Literature
Description: Free online database for professionals engaged in the conservation and management of material cultural heritage in all of its forms: works of art, cultural objects, architectural heritage, and archaeological sites and materials.
Academic Search Premier (click here for access outside the museum)
Description: A scholarly, full text database that indexes journals in the social sciences, humanities, general sciences, multicultural studies and education. The database includes full text for thousands of publications as well as images, for nearly every academic field of study.
BCIN (Bibliographic Database of the Conservation Information Network)
Description: Free bibliographic resource containing materials related to the conservation, preservation and restoration of cultural property.
Business Source Elite (click here for access outside the museum)
Description: Offers indexes and abstracts to journals in business, management, economics, finance and accounting. This database includes full text coverage dating back as far as 1985, with detailed company profiles for the world's 10,000 largest companies.
Directory of Open Access Journals
Description: Collection of free scientific & scholarly journals.
ERIC (click here for access outside the museum)
Description: ERIC, the Educational Resource Information Center, contains more than 2,200 digests along with references for additional information and citations and abstracts from over 1,000 educational and education-related journals.
HarpWeek, 1857-1913 (click here for access outside the museum)
Description: Searchable full text archives of Harper's Weekly covering the latter half of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century.
Illinois Digital Sanborn Maps (click here for access outside the museum)
Description: Provides digitized maps for most cities and towns in Illinois. The large scale plans chart the growth and development of these communities.
Index to American Botanical Literature
Description: Contains entries dealing with various aspects of extant and fossil American plants and fungi, including systematics and floristics, morphology, and ecology, as well as economic botany and general botany (publications dealing with botanists, herbaria, etc.). "America" is defined in the broadest possible sense, encompassing land and marine plants and fungi from Greenland to Antarctica. The searchable database includes all those entries published in the Index since 1996, and thus includes botanical literature appearing since late 1995.
LISTA - Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts
Description: Index and abstracts of articles relating to: librarianship, classification, cataloging, bibliometrics, online information retrieval, information management and more.
Newspaper Source (click here for access outside the museum)
Description: Newspaper Source provides selected full text for 25 national (U.S.) and international newspapers. The database also contains full text television & radio news transcripts, and selected full text for more than 260 regional (U.S.) newspapers. This database is updated daily via EBSCOhost.
Open Science Directory
Description: Free search tool for open access journals and journals in special programs for developing countries.
Regional Business News (click here for access outside the museum)
Description: This database provides comprehensive full text coverage for regional business publications. Regional Business News incorporates coverage of 75 business journals, newspapers and newswires from all metropolitan and rural areas within the United States. This database is updated on a daily basis.
SORA (Searchable Ornithological Research Archive)
Description: Free archive that provides access to an extensive Ornithological literature of international scope, and detailed material documenting the history of Ornithology in North America over the last 120 years.
World Wide Science
Description: A free global science gateway—accelerating scientific discovery and progress through a multilateral partnership to enable federated searching of national and international scientific databases and portals.