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Manufacturer tells them they sent the brand new stripped receiver in question to Bob's Gun and Pawn.
Ol' Bob'll get a call later and be asked the same question. He'll say he sold a brand new stripped receiver to you.
There is no option on the 4473 for "virgin receiver".
hell if your worried about the intent factor, just buy 2 pistol recievers build one into a pistol and one into a long rifle, then you can swap all day long, and silently in your head tell the alphabet gang to go fukem selves if they check it out because their going to be wasting their time and you can just chuckle cause you know your in the right.
~ Czolgosz, Leon (1873-1902)
"I killed the President because he was the enemy of the good people, the good working people. I am not sorry for my crime."
AHH I can swap the 8 screws on my ak pistol (SCREW BUILD) in about 10 minutes.Edit: The AK pistols cannot be swapped out like an AR, it requires drilling out rivets and changing the stock trunion in the receiver to make it into a rifle.
I also have a 16" barrel hunting pistol, both with compliance parts. that can have the rear trunion swaped in about 3 minutes in fact the trunion uses through bolts instead of a taped trunion. any AK reciver I buy (seldom) gets registerd as a pistol first. can always make it a rifle later.
with the sky high prices of kits these days I do a lot more swaping things around lately.
I wish I had registerd my 2 AR recivers as pistol when I bought them.
they are still striped virgin DPMS recivers. registerd in my name can they be registerd as pistol still. I thought they were registerd as a firearm not a striped reciver??????
not a big AR Pistol fan dont like the tube sticking out the back. BTW
Doesn't someone sell a recoil tube that is alot shorter than the normal pistol lengths?
Go to:
They sell pistol receivers with the word "PISTOL" engraved on them, also it is registered on the 4473 as same. Good luck
The AR lower in question was logged as a long gun so i had to buy a new Pistol lower this one says PISTOL right under the S/N so there should be no problem now i wish i had just bought the pistol lower but with those two gun grabbers running for office maybe it was a good thing that i will have a few more AR's around
I have great respect for the AK. you have to when assholes shoot at you with them But I Love the AR more. Thankfully nether get mad if the other one gets more range time
i know if the dealer papers it has handgun , your okay. just don't buy lower w/ stock on it and try to have dealer paper it as pistol. factory records will show - rifle. the uppers with short barrels is good question if you have several ar rifles in house. i suggest buying reciever first and have papered as handgun. i wouldn't want to have short barrel uppers and no handgun receiver. the word intent would be used alot by atf. write atf and they will answer your questions. i argee that they should be cased with pistol . i suggest taking pictures of them with date on photo.
This subject is null and void at this time.
The new 4473s have a check box for "receiver" now.


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1967: Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffee are killed on the launch pad when a flash fire engulfs their command module during testing for the first Apollo-Saturn mission. They are the first U.S. astronauts to die in a spacecraft. The command module, built by North American Aviation, was the prototype for those that would […]
All posts tagged 'North American Aviation'
Jan. 27, 1967: 3 Astronauts Die in Launchpad Fire
- January 27, 2011 |
- 7:00 am |
- Categories: 20th century, Disasters, Space Exploration

subset: commoncrawl


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Hearing tests, environmental measurements and acoustic phenomena may together explain why boats and animals collide
Edmund Gerstein
It's 2 o'clock in the morning, and, wouldn't you know it, Stormy is "in love" with that big Navy transducer again. Now I have to get in the cold water and pry him off so we can set up for Dundee's session. Oh, the joys of working with manatees under the Tampa moonlight! Even though I'll be tired, cold and wet, before sunrise we will have measured another critical aspect of the Florida manatee's hearing abilities. Over the next seven years of extended late-night auditory testing—more than 30,000 threshold trials in all—my wife Laura and I will measure two teenage manatees' ability to hear, locate and discriminate different underwater signals under various controlled acoustical conditions. In the end, we will have laid the groundwork for a sensory explanation for why manatees are hit repeatedly by boats.
The endangered Florida manatee, a subspecies of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), is a gentle, bewhiskered herbivore that can reach 4 meters in length, weigh up to 1,300 kilograms and live over 60 years. Designated as Florida's official marine mammal, the manatee has been the focus of more controversy and polarization over conservation and protection than perhaps any other mammal. "Sea cows," as they are sometimes affectionately called, inhabit shallow coastal, estuarine and riverine habitats throughout peninsular Florida, where they graze on sea grasses and are routinely injured and sometimes killed by collisions with recreational boats, barges and commercial ships. These collisions are so prevalent that the majority of wild manatees are identified by their characteristic boat scars.
After more than two decades of manatee-protection policies that have focused on slowing boats passing through manatee habitats, the number of injuries and deaths associated with collisions has increased and reached record highs in the past two years. To help track the population, Florida and federal wildlife agencies maintain a growing scar catalogue of recognized living individuals who have survived collisions. Some of these manatees have propeller wounds from as many as 16 different boat strikes. Why does this happen?
When startled or frightened, manatees explode with a burst of power and can reach swimming speeds of up to 6.4 meters per second in an instant. My colleagues and I wondered: Given that manatees have the cognitive ability to recognize danger, a fear-flight reaction and the physical prowess to evade boats, why, after an individual has been hit once, twice or three times, doesn't it learn to avoid boats? Is it possible that manatees are unaware of the danger? Can they hear boats approaching, and if so, from how far away, from which direction and under what acoustic conditions?
These basic questions suggested a number of interdisciplinary behavioral and acoustic investigations that I conducted over the past decade with Joseph E. Blue, retired director of the Naval Undersea Warfare Center and the Naval Research Laboratory's Underwater Sound Reference Detachment and now president of Leviathan Legacy, Inc.; Steven E. Forsythe of the Naval Undersea Warfare Center; and Laura. No one had previously conducted rigorous, controlled underwater psychoacoustic (audiometric) studies, which are necessary to understand what sounds manatees can hear in their environment. In conjunction with audiometric studies, we conducted a comprehensive series of underwater acoustic surveys of various wild manatee habitats, along with critical boat-noise propagation measurements, to further understand why animals are so vulnerable to collisions. Defining and applying the physics of near-surface acoustic propagation are also necessary if collisions between boats and animals are to be reduced, not only in Florida's aquatic byways but also on the open seas, where great whales are regularly injured and often killed by large ships.
Our test results contradict several long-held beliefs that form the basis of current protection strategies. Manatees have good hearing abilities at high frequencies, however, they have relatively poor sensitivity in the low frequency ranges associated with boat noise. Ironically, manatees may be least able to hear the propellers of boats that have slowed down in compliance with boat speed regulations intended to reduce collisions. Such noise often fails to rise above the noisy background in manatee habitats until the boat is literally on top of the manatee. In addition, near-surface boundary effects can cancel or severely attenuate the dominant low-frequency sound produced by propellers. In many situations, ship noise is not projected in directional paths where hearing these sounds could help the animals avoid collisions. Our basic and applied research results suggest that there may be a technological solution to address the underlying root causes of the collision problem and resolve the clash between human and animal interests.
In 1991 we initiated experiments with two captive-born manatees, Stormy and Dundee, at the Lowry Park Zoo in Tampa. Our first objective was to define an audiogram—that is, to map the absolute hearing abilities of these subjects under very quiet conditions. The audiogram or hearing curve is a graph that demonstrates the overall range of frequencies an individual can hear as well as the subject's sensitivity within this range. An audiogram plots the intensity of a signal at its minimal detection threshold. The resultant plot for most mammals is U-shaped, with the lowest thresholds depicting the greatest sensitivity. The highest thresholds (areas of least sensitivity) are found at the low and high ends of the frequency range, where greater intensity or volume is necessary to reach detection thresholds.
Before we began testing manatees' hearing and making acoustic measurements of their habitats and boat noise, most of the wildlife biologists and managers charged with protecting manatees assumed the animals could readily hear boats but were just too slow or not smart enough to learn to avoid watercraft. Earlier electrophysiological measurements conducted by Ted Bullock, Tom O'Shea and John McClune in 1982 and anatomical measurements of dead manatees reported in 1992 by Darlene Ketten, Dan Odell and Darryl Domning had suggested that manatees heard best at low frequencies, in the 1,000- to 5,000-hertz range, and therefore could readily detect the sounds of boats. However, since hearing is a perceptual phenomenon, the most accurate way to find out what an animal can truly hear is to ask it. Hence the behavioral audiogram is recognized as the definitive measurement of hearing.
These tests required tremendous commitments of time, patience and resources. Perhaps the greatest challenges lay in training manatees to understand the task and then keeping each of them motivated throughout sessions so that they could eventually complete the thousands of trials necessary to define their hearing. It took approximately one year to prepare both subjects for the tests—and thousands of monkey chow biscuits, along with a great deal of imagination and luck, to keep them interested throughout the subsequent years of testing. The demands of training during the day and testing at night required that Laura and I literally live in the zoo. Aside from the new discoveries and significant research findings, the most remarkable result of all is that after more than five years of living in a 19-foot trailer, without a working bathroom, in the back of the zoo, we are still married.
Being the first to train manatees for psychoacoustic testing, we didn't know their overall visual acuity, nor did we know which modality or weighted combination of modalities manatees might rely on the most. Therefore, I constructed the hearing test using a forced two-choice paradigm with two response paddles that were distinctly different both visually and tactually—one paddle was smooth, with a striped black-and-white pattern, the other solid white with a rough surface and a distinctly different-shaped end made of intersecting pipe sections. Both manatees were trained to position themselves inside a listening station (a hoop) where an underwater microphone, or hydrophone, recorded the signals sent to them. They were to stay in the hoop, listen and wait for a strobe light to flash. After the light flashed they could leave the hoop and select the striped paddle if they heard a sound ("yes"), or the solid white one if they did not detect a sound ("no"). These tests were repeated for many different types of sounds, including boat noise against various sound levels typical of wild ambient conditions.
We used a conventional staircase method of double-blind signal presentations, starting with very loud acoustic levels (at which the manatee would choose the "tone" paddle), stepping down the signal amplitude until the animal chose the "no tone" paddle and then stepping it back up again. Hundreds of trials were required to establish the threshold for each frequency point along the curve. The resulting audiograms for the two manatees were very similar.
Stormy and Dundee proved to be excellent test subjects. Their hearing may also be better than most manatees', since they are young, captive-born animals who have spent their lives in relatively quiet environments with minimal risk of hearing damage from continuous exposure to high noise levels. The ambient noise levels in captivity are significantly quieter than those recorded in the wild. Furthermore, these individuals were highly motivated and conditioned to listen for the slightest changes in the sound field. Wild manatees might not be expected to be as focused and attentive to acoustic subtleties as finely as our subjects were specifically trained to do. It is probable, therefore, that the hearing abilities exhibited by Stormy and Dundee are more acute than those of the population at large.
As the audiogram (Figure 3, left) illustrates, manatees have a functional hearing range from 400 to 46,000 hertz. Their peak sensitivity actually lies between 16,000 and 18,000 hertz, and not 1,000 to 5,000 hertz as previously thought. Below 16,000 hertz sensitivity decreases approximately 10 decibels per octave, and below 2,000 hertz it drops precipitously (20 decibels per octave) until functional hearing ends at 400 hertz. Unfortunately the dominant sounds produced by most boats and ships are below 1,000 hertz; these lower frequencies fall outside or overlap the lower fringe of the manatees' hearing range. The audiogram suggests that even in quiet conditions, manatees would have difficulty detecting these sounds at acoustic levels less than 90 or 100 decibels. (All underwater sound levels here are given against a standard underwater reference acoustic pressure of 1 micropascal.)
Although the audiogram provides a definitive measure of hearing under the quietest of conditions, manatees do not live in quiet habitats. In Florida, ambient noise in manatee habitats typically ranges from 60 to 90 decibels, over a frequency range of 1 to 20,000 hertz, but levels can reach 130 decibels during heavy rain or in industrial areas.
A perceptual phenomenon known as masking takes place when the audibility of one sound (the "signal") is decreased by the presence or occurrence of another sound (the "noise"). When we began our work, we knew that the ambient noise in manatee habitats could conceivably mask the perception of many kinds of signals. Manatee are immersed in a dynamic acoustic landscape filled with a cacophony of sounds, the most prominent biological sound being the continuous crackling from millions of snapping shrimp. Being passive listeners—unlike the echolocating dolphins, which can use active sonar to navigate and detect objects in the environment—manatees are restricted to listening to their auditory landscape. We wanted to understand how noise affects the manatees' ability to hear biologically important sounds, ambient events and the sounds of approaching boats. Toward this end we conducted a series of psychoacoustic investigations using pure tones, complex sounds and samples of typical boat noise and manatee vocalizations. These tests measured the masked thresholds and critical signal-to-noise ratios along the manatees' hearing curve against a background of continuous noise.
The critical ratio compares the intensity of a signal at the moment it is just detectable (the masked threshold) to the intensity of the background noise. For instance, if a manatee can hear a particular signal over 70 decibels of ambient noise when the signal reaches 90 decibels, then the critical ratio is 20 decibels; since decibels are a logarithmic expression, the ratio can be derived by subtracting one sound level from the other. It should be noted that critical ratios are conserved for each frequency regardless of increasing ambient levels, so if the ambient noise increased to 100 decibels, then the signal would have to be at least 120 decibels before the manatee could detect it. The size of the critical ratio has important ecological significance, as high ambient levels could conceivably raise detection thresholds beyond the absolute acoustic energy emitted by many boats.
We conducted hearing tests that used various noise levels representative of typical wild ambient conditions. We tested pulsed and continuous pure tones and broadband noise like that produced by boats. The masking studies showed that manatees have critical ratios that range from 9 decibels above the prevailing background noise for pulsed broadband noise up to 46 decibels for continuous tones. Manatees detected repetitive pulsed sounds at significantly lower critical ratios than continuous wave sounds. This was not an unexpected result, since biological sounds and, in particular, the manatees' own 200- to 500-millisecond vocalizations, are pulsed sounds. Pulsed signals provide additive signal width as well as temporal patterns that manatees may detect from an aperiodic background.
In addition to simply detecting sounds, manatees must be able to locate them. For manatees, as for other animals, the ability to localize sounds is critical to their survival. Unfortunately, the low-frequency sounds of many boats are omnidirectional and therefore, by their nature, difficult to locate. Prior to our studies, wildlife officials relied on anecdotal assumptions that manatees could readily hear as well as locate the sounds of slow-moving boats.
The objectives of the localization investigations were to measure the manatee's perceptual abilities to locate sound sources as a function of signal frequency, noise spectra, duration, projection angle and position to the left or right of the animal's head. To accomplish this, an egocentric or orientation paradigm was used, which required the subject to locate the sound source physically in space. Egocentric paradigms have traditionally relied on the subject to make simple head or body turns to indicate an orientation. For this test, manatees were required to swim to and touch the actual sound source. The test required the subjects to locate the sound source unambiguously relative to their own position in space. Whereas an otocentric (ear-centered) paradigm such as the minimal audible angle is arguably a more acute measure of sound localization, it is designed to measure a subject's ability to recognize a shift in sound location relative to an arbitrary sample reference. In the real world manatees must react by orienting themselves toward or away from the sound. Although there are significant procedural differences between egocentric and otocentric approaches, sound localization measurements using variations of both methods have resulted in remarkably consistent measurements of sound localization in animals (Brown 1994).
To conduct all the directional tests, we lined the back pool with sound-absorbing open-cell foam panels to dampen surface, side and bottom reflections. The subjects were trained to position themselves inside a stationing hoop surrounded by underwater speakers. They were trained to leave the station immediately upon hearing a sound and push on the speaker that projected the sound. The speakers were triggered electronically and rotated periodically so that the manatees could not key in on any speaker artifacts.
Localization was significantly greater at higher frequencies across all conditions. When the signals lasted longer than 200 milliseconds, localization improved, as the manatees had the opportunity to make a slight head movement to scan the sound field. Manatees have fused cervical vertebrae, which restricts quick, sharp, angular head movements; this limited mobility suggests they may require relatively longer reaction times (compared with other marine mammals) to scan and sample the environment. Both manatees were tested using real-world sounds—manatee vocalizations and boat noise, as well as narrow-band signals derived from our wavelet analysis of select manatee vocalizations.
Playback of these wavelets revealed salient features of the manatee vocalizations that are detectable below ambient levels. These "designer" signals derived from the higher harmonic frequency bands in manatee vocalizations are highly directional and easily detected by manatees against the most competitive of acoustic conditions. When it became apparent that manatees may not be able to reliably detect or locate the sounds of boats, we explored sounds that manatees could hear best. We hoped that this information could be applied at some stage to help manatees detect and localize approaching boats (see "In Search of Solutions," below). Stormy and Dundee heard and localized these signals with the same sensitivity and accuracy with which they detected manatee vocalizations.
The manatees demonstrated symmetrical localization abilities, meaning that their hearing accuracy was equivalent from the left and right sides. Sound localization was relatively poor at frequencies below 2,000 hertz but improved significantly with higher frequencies. The best directional sensitivity was at frequencies above 10,000 hertz. Manatee vocalizations and the designer wavelet signals were localized correctly 90 percent of the time, whereas the sounds of idling boats were correctly localized only 55 percent of the time. Ironically, the higher-frequency cavitation sounds produced by faster-moving boats were localized 65 to 75 percent of the time. The results demonstrate that manatees can reliably locate their own vocalizations and the frequency-modulated sounds we created with great accuracy. They can also readily locate the sounds of boat-propeller cavitation (the formation of small vacuums, or bubbles, by a rapidly rotating propeller), but have difficulty detecting low-frequency sounds and the sounds of idling boats.
Boat noise is different in character from biological noise. Underwater it has two domains, or operating conditions: noncavitating and cavitating noise, the latter arising from turbulence caused by the propeller rotations. The frequency and power of boat noise is directly related to the speed of the vessel. The faster the propeller rotation, the more cavitation is created. As tiny bubbles form and collapse, they produce a broad range of frequencies above prevailing ambient conditions at frequencies up to 20,000 hertz. Conversely, when the rotation of the propeller is reduced and a boat is traveling slowly, the turbulence is minimal, and both the frequency and power spectrum of the noise are significantly reduced. The dominant noise spectra are below 1,000 hertz at sound-pressure levels that barely reach the manatees' audiogram thresholds.
Under typical ambient conditions, the sounds of an approaching small boat can be indistinguishable from the background until they are loud enough to cross the masked thresholds. Since the intensity for a given sound source decreases with increased distance, a slow-moving boat with propellers turning at 400 rotations per minute needs to be virtually on top of a manatee before the sound can be detected. Unfortunately, propellers turning at 400 rpm can slice up a manatee just as readily as can those of a fast-moving boat going 3,500 rpm.
We recorded the sounds of approaching boats at the Outboard Motor Test Facility in Stuart, Florida. At this location we found physical and ambient conditions typical of manatee habitats: water 5 meters deep, isothermal conditions and ambient biological noise coming primarily from snapping shrimp. We suspended recording hydrophones 1.5 meters below the surface and sampled sounds from representative boats operating at various speeds
When we played the recordings of these sounds to manatees under controlled masking conditions, the higher-frequency broadband cavitation noise made by fast boats was detectable at 9 decibels above the ambient level—a relatively low critical ratio. Manatees could not detect the noise from idling boats under the ambient-noise conditions recorded in the field. The low-frequency spectra did not breach the audiogram threshold limits, and the remaining higher-frequency sounds were so low that they were masked by moderate ambient conditions of only 70 and 80 decibels. This noise had to be amplified 29 decibels above the ambient noise before it was detectable.
What do these results suggest? For one thing, a boat with a slowly rotating propeller generates low-frequency sounds impossible to locate and indistinguishable from the ambient noise until it is dangerously close to a manatee. A key management strategy used in Florida for protecting manatees over the past 20 years has been to slow boats in waters frequented by manatees by creating idling and slow-speed zones. This strategy can actually exacerbate the problem when it is implemented in turbid water conditions (which, along with tannin staining, are prevalent in Florida). Under such conditions, manatees and boaters cannot actively avoid each other using visual cues, and acoustic signals are the only means of detection available to the animals.
Consider the results from our boat-measurement studies simulating an encounter between an 8.2-meter boat and a manatee (Figure 8). When the boat approaches at high speed, the noise level crosses the manatees' critical ratio approximately 16 seconds before the propellers reach the hydrophone—about 198 meters away from impact. The noise of the same boat approaching slowly remains undetectable and does not cross critical ratios until the propellers are only 0 to 2 seconds away, less than 3.7 meters from impact. Under moderately noisy ambient conditions, the sounds associated with slow-moving boats can become acoustically transparent.
Although slow-moving boats may arguably cause fewer fatalities than do fast-moving boats, they are also more likely to cause repeated injuries to manatees that cannot detect their approach. The manatee scar catalogue of living survivors is consistent with, and bears some testimony to, this observation.
Manatees are not the only animals that collide with boats. Other passive-listening marine mammals, including great whales, are vulnerable to collisions when near the surface or in shallow water. Here, the physics of near-surface sound propagation significantly affects their ability to detect low-frequency sounds.
A phenomenon known as the Lloyd mirror effect can attenuate or cancel the propagation of lower-frequency sounds generated near the surface. The Lloyd mirror effect does its damage at the surface, where the risk of collisions with ships and boats is greatest. At the surface, sound reflections can be 180 degrees out of phase with incident waves and can cancel the low-frequency sounds of boats and ships. The sound pressure approximates 0, as the water's surface is a pressure-release boundary that is free to move in response to pressure in the water. The increase of pressure away from the water's surface is proportional to frequency, with pressure at shallow depths being inversely proportional to wavelength and thus proportional to frequency (the lower the frequency, the lower the acoustic pressure near the surface).
The details of these fluctuations at short distances depend on many factors, the most important of which are water depth, bottom shape and density, and surface roughness. Even if manatees or whales could ordinarily hear such sounds, the Lloyd mirror effect can attenuate them to levels that are indistinguishable from the ambient noise. Although some whales, unlike manatees, may have acute low-frequency hearing, it is no advantage at the surface. Animals cannot react to sounds that never reach them, regardless of their auditory abilities.
In concert with the Lloyd mirror effect, another acoustic phenomenon may be the cause of many ship and barge strikes on marine mammals. Acoustical shadowing is caused when the sound rays from the propellers of a ship are blocked by the ship's hull from projecting forward.
Acoustical shadowing is particularly a problem when propellers are located above the keel depth of ships. Most large ships that strike whales, as well as tugboats that kill manatees, have this propeller configuration. The propellers of a traditional tug are recessed to reduce surface venting from propeller cavitation, to drive the tug in line with its center of mass and to protect the propeller from damage in case the keel strikes the bottom. With the propeller in this position, a sound ray reflected from a shallow bottom will again be reflected by the tug's structure before the sound can propagate forward. This causes both an acoustical shadow ahead of the tug or tug-and-barge combination and severe attenuation from multiple reflections. The attenuation loss alone is 60 to 100 decibels; thus propeller noise ahead of the tug-and-barge combination is completely masked by the ambient noise at the surface.
An acoustical shadow is cast all around a ship whenever the width of the ship is greater than the wavelength of the sound. A hull 10 meters wide will cast a shadow at frequencies higher than 150 hertz. The shadow's extent depends on the number of wavelengths across the ship. Little diffraction around this barrier will occur. Of course, extremely low-frequency (long-wavelength) sound can diffract around most hulls, but at these frequencies the Lloyd mirror effect loss is severe. The two effects together have significant ecological consequences.
We used a vertical array of hydrophones to document these combined effects from tugs and ships. Data obtained for tugs with barges show a more pronounced "quiet zone" subtending a large angle from the tug's propellers. The same shadowing effect is present with large ships that hit whales. A recent study by David Laist and his colleagues indicates that ships hitting whales tend to be 80 meters or more in length. In the shallow coastal sea lanes where whales are most frequently killed, the depth of the water is shallower than the length of these vessels—resulting in even greater shadowing effects. The same relative conditions are found in shallow manatee habitats, where the vessels are not as large but the water is much shallower.
The sounds generated by an 18.3-meter tug pushing a 76.2-meter barge are significantly shadowed. A sample of these measurements helps to illustrate how the sounds of the tug remained undetectable until 45.7 meters of the barge had passed the hydrophone array (Figure 10, graph). A manatee or whale in the direct path of the barge would not have been able to acoustically detect the barge before the animal had been run over by it or become entrapped by the hydrodynamic force .
Large ships and barges differ in the way they reflect sound. A barge in shallow water may reflect sound between the sea bottom and the flat bottom of the boat several times. A ship, with its V- or U-shaped hull, will reflect sound off to the side rather than straight ahead, creating a more pronounced shadow zone with relatively loud noise radiating off to the sides. Such noise may confuse animals and even cause them to swim into the quiet zone to seek refuge—placing them directly in the path of the approaching vessel.
Just as speed limits for small boats in inland waters can reduce propeller noise and sound frequency, so reducing ship speeds could conceivably increase the risk of collision by increasing exposure time (and thus opportunities for collisions) while diminishing the ships' audibility. Current surveillance and avoidance programs are ineffective at night or in poor weather, just when the animals also must rely on sound detection to avoid ships. Today wildlife managers are focused on other protection methods that still do not address the underlying sensory and acoustic causes of collisions. These methods include active sonar to detect animals ahead of ships and passive-listening sensors that light up to indicate that manatees are in the area.
Interested in tracking manatees in turbid water conditions, we investigated the use of active sonar to detect manatees and conducted the first and only sonar target strength measurements on manatees (Gerstein and Blue 1997). Using direct and echo-reduction methods, we evaluated echo-ranging and shadowing sonar technologies. Unfortunately, the problems relating to bottom and volume scattering and reflection from the surface in the manatees' shallow-water environments make reliable detection at safe enough distances from boats impractical. Similar surface-reflection, false-alarm and absorption problems are confounding other investigators trying to detect whales (much bigger targets) near the surface in front of ships.
The use of sound-activated light sticks to alert boaters to manatees in their vicinity is also being explored. The proposed system would employ passive listening for manatee vocalizations to trigger warning lights on pilings along waterways frequented by manatees. Unfortunately, manatees are relatively quiet animals. Not only does this characteristic of manatee behavior reduce the effectiveness of a sound-activated device, it could also give boaters a false impression that no manatees are present, placing undetected animals at additional risk. We have an extensive catalogue of calibrated manatee vocalizations, and our analysis of these signals shows that although mothers and calves communicate more regularly, manatee calls are low-intensity signals averaging only 12 decibels over the ambient noise. We have documented that manatees can detect and locate these low-intensity calls below the ambient noise, but underwater acoustic instruments cannot filter these calls below the ambient noise as manatees can. Consequently, animals would need to be very close to a listening station in order to be detected above typical ambient levels. Another aspect that may be unrecognized is that many components of their calls are directional. Only if the hydrophone array is in line with a vocalizing manatee would it receive these impulses.
We decided that the best way to protect animals would be to address the underlying sensory and acoustical causes of collisions. Manatees and whales may be well adapted to hear and detect significant biological sounds in their environments; however, boats, ships and barges were never part of their evolutionary histories. Thus these animals are faced with modern ecological challenges for which they are at a sensory disadvantage. In light of the psychoacoustic measurements described above, the known acoustical characteristics of shallow-water habitats, the spectra of boat noise and the dangerous, deceptive problem of acoustical shadowing, it is apparent that manatees, and perhaps other passive-listening marine mammals, could benefit from an acoustic warning device designed to fit on the front of boats, ships and barges.
With this in mind, we developed an acoustic alerting device specifically designed to exploit the manatees' optimum hearing abilities. Using wavelet-derived acoustic signals that manatees can readily detect and locate at or near ambient levels, we were able to develop an environmentally friendly device that projects very low-intensity and highly directional acoustic signals in front of boats. The signals are designed to defeat the challenges posed by acoustical shadowing and the Lloyd mirror effect. Such highly directional, low-intensity sounds would pose no threat of cumulative noise effects even with thousands of devices operating simultaneously. Compared with 200-watt fish finders and depth sounders, our 10-watt device imposes no noise-pollution concerns. It provides a set of consistent, highly directional acoustic cues which marine mammals, most notably manatees, could quickly learn to associate with boats, ships and barges.
The bow-mounted manatee-alerting device we have been testing in manatee habitats incorporates a through-the-hull-mounted parametric transducer that creates a stable, directional beam of sound just under the surface of the water for distances of up to 200 meters (Gerstein and Blue 1996, 1997). The device incorporates a parametric design to deliver this narrow beam with a small transducer. It projects two ultrasonic source frequencies that are beyond the measured hearing limits of marine animals. The resulting difference or parametric frequency from the two oscillating source frequencies of 230,000 and 250,000 hertz results in a 20,000-hertz, centered parametric wave that is audible to manatees and dolphins but falls below the detection limits of fish and outside the hearing range of turtles and aquatic birds. As it is not designed to scare or harm manatees, the device could provide a consistent set of highly directional cues that manatees might learn to associate with boats. Being highly directional, manatees would only hear the signals when they are in the direct line of an approaching boat and in imminent danger of injury. Ignoring the signals would have negative consequences; thus the manatees would not become habituated to them. Critics have suggested that such an approach is untenable because manatees may need to get injured before they can associate the alerting signals with danger. However, manatees are getting hit repeatedly every day, not because they don't know boats are dangerous, but because they can't locate them at safe distances in time and space. If these devices were placed on slow-moving boats and barges, manatees could soon learn to associate the sounds with approaching vessels without having to suffer injuries repeatedly. Animals cannot learn to avoid boats that they cannot detect or locate.
For all our custodial efforts and regulations to protect manatees, even the most conscientious and best-intentioned boaters can still strike manatees they cannot see. When an animal cannot hear or locate a boat, it is at risk whether the boat is going fast or slow. In the end, the most reliable, motivated and responsive individual that can save any manatee at any place and time is the manatee itself—provided it has the sensory awareness to do so. An acoustic alerting device could give animals the opportunity to save themselves.
You can find this online at http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/num2/2002/2/manatees-bioacoustics-and-boats/1
© 2016 Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society


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The Great Lawn
The Great Lawn is the filled-in site of an old reservoir that sits in the center of the park between approximately 81st and 85th streets.
The Oval
The centerpiece of the Great Lawn is the Oval, a large open meadow with softball fields on the perimeters used primarily for recreation. The Oval has also been the site of huge free concerts by Paul Simon and Diana Ross. The Disney film Pocahontas was premiered here. Billy Graham was speaking there on the day I moved to New York in September of 1993.
By the mid 90s, continuous use and erratic maintenance compounded by drainage problems associated with the old subterranean reservoir structure left the Great Lawn basically a field of mud. Following an appearance by the Pope in the fall of 1995, the Great Lawn was closed for a massive renovation. The work was funded primarily by The Central Park Conservancy, a private non-profit organization that in 1980 took over restoration and maintenance duties that the cash-strapped city government was unable to fund. The downside of this public/private partnership is the severe restrictions imposed by this organization after the renovation (no impromptu ball games, no dogs, closing the lawn during winter).
Hamilton Meadow
There is a small open area just east of the Great Lawn north of Cleopatra's Needle that is especially attractive in the Spring, with a number of flowering magnolia and crab apple trees. I'm not sure if this area has a legitimate name, but with the imposing visage of Alexander Hamilton keeping watch, Hamilton Meadow seems an appropriate moniker.


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Kyotaro Bounces Back with TKO Win
- Published in Asia
- Written by Dave Walsh
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Earlier today at Korakuen Hall in Tokyo, former K-1 Heavyweight champion Kyotaro Fujimoto stepped into the ring for his 7th pro boxing bout against another former kickboxer in Fabrice Aurieng. After making the switch to boxing in late 2011, Kyotaro started his career with 5 straight wins including 3 knockouts before challenging Austrailia's Solomon Haumono for the OBPF Heavyweight title this past New Year's Eve. That fight didn't end so well for Kyotaro, who was rocked early in the 5th round, then, while seemingly out on his feet, put away for good with a monstrous right hand. Today, it was Kyotaro handing out the punishment as he knocked Aurieng down four times over the course of 7 rounds before forcing a corner stoppage at 1:11 in the 7th. He came in with an aggressive style and his defense still seems to be a bit shaky, but it was another good showing from the former K-1 champ against a fighter with a lot of fight experience, although Aurieng's boxing experience is about the same as Kyotaro's. Clearly, he has a long way to go before challenging some of boxing's top heavyweights and his management would probably be smart to put him in with some of the less powerful punchers in the division to get him some rounds and help him improve his defense. However, Kyotaro has shown good power, improved footwork and a solid chin on top of his kickboxing experience, so there's no reason that, with some polishing and a couple more years, he can't be a viable contender in a depleted Heavyweight landscape.


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Radisson Blu Edwardian, Mercer Street Hotel
The quintessential Covent Garden rendezvous, the Radisson Blu Edwardian, Mercer Street effortlessly blends with the boutique appeal of its neighbourhood. A landmark in Seven Dials village, this is a chic retreat on the doorstep of London's most celebrated theatres, its beautifully designed rooms equipped with next-generation technology.
Boasting 137 bedrooms, eight luxurious suites with dressing rooms and Union-Jack design SMEG fridges, the most up-to-date Apple TV technology in every room and free WiFi throughout, the hotel is the perfect place to work, rest and play.
Quirky features also include Japanese-style "Bento Boxes", served at lunchtime to delegates. There is also a fitness room for those wanting to work off a few pounds.
The heart of the hotel lies the Scoff & Banter restaurant serving up British food the way it should be. A modern bar and restaurant perfect for pre-theatre dining and post-theatre drinking.
This content has been supplied by Radisson Blu Edwardian, Mercer Street Hotel
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|£219.00 to £645.00 (USD284.22 - USD837.07) per room
This content has been supplied by Radisson Blu Edwardian, Mercer Street Hotel
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Added C|EH to my Sig - Thanks to All
Cleared my C|EH this week.
Thanks to all for the help, support and guidance.
MVP (Enterprise Security), ISLA-2010 (ISC)², C|EH, C|HFI, CCNA, MCP,
Certified ISO 27001:2005 Lead Auditor
[b]There are 3 roads to spoil; women, gambling & hacking. The most pleasant with women, the quickest with gambling, but the surest is hacking - c0c0n


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Welcome to the Quilting Board!
I live in NJ 08518 and in the Summer 08008. I would love to meet up with other QB members.
I was just thinking I could do this for our area then found this while searching for similar threads/groups. So, for FAR northeastern California/southern Oregon and maybe northern Nevada.....anything within traveling distance of Alturas/Modoc County 96101....
"Life is mostly froth and bubble, but one thing stands as stone. Kindness in another's trouble, courage in one's own." Adam Lindsey Gordon
I'm in Stevensville, MD 21666 and I meet up regularly around Annapolis with one of my best friends and our mothers to quilt and craft.
Could we list by states so we wouldn't have to read thru all the messages? I'm north Missouri 63565
If anyone tries to contact me, please do so thru private message, or I might miss you.
I'm in the Portland, Oregon, area and enjoy being part of the QB group around here.
I choose to give my life away for things that last forever
I quilt, therefore I am.
Live, Laugh, Love
Good idea.
Im in winston salem. Nc 27107
erindipity----come to Williamstown, WV and join a bunch of quilters who meet every Thursday night at the Woolen Willow Quilt Shop!! It's called "Open Craft Night," and we just bring our UFOs and other crafts and work from 6-9:00 in the classroom! It's informal and doesn't cost anyone anything! I hope you decide to come and join us!!!


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|GTA V Latest News | #GTAV | #GTAOnline
2011 Enter to win a GTA III lithograph
Grand Theft Auto III - Rockstar/Take2 News | @ 11:06 AM MDT | By rappo
In honor of the 10-year anniversary of Grand Theft Auto III, Rockstar Games is currently holding a sweepstakes for all Social Club members - the six winners announced January 3, 2012 will each get one #1 copy of a GTA III lithograph.
Enter to win at the Rockstar Games Social Club now! Or if you're not interested in taking the risk and want to grab one of the 500 limited edition lithographs before they run out, you can buy one at the Rockstar Warehouse for $25.00.
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A person usually a man in his twenties who lacks all forms of ambitions and aspiration, they usually lack any type of marketable skills and spend their days masturbating. They feel that their life on this earth is unwarranted due to the illegitimate fucking that brought him into the world.
Andrew is such a shiftless bastard, I know he doesn't know he's father and he's mother is working as a prostitute for coal miners but he could at least close the door when he's masturbating in the living room!
by Gunny bunny December 30, 2011


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Display an apothecary jar set, a fleur-de-lis urn or a tropical covered bowl, after shopping our decorative boxes for the perfect piece. Available in finishes like aged gold or burnished silver, these vessels exude style and store items.
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Arrive at decorative boxes, decorative jars and decorative urns with lids, when you shop our selection. Accentuated with Victorian covered jars or tropical decorative bowls, home decor emanates a truly refined appearance.


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For the past twenty years, Thomas Clark has been amassing a significant grouping of pre-1940 American Impressionist landscape paintings with more than 100 works in the collection. Considered one of the finest private collections of this genre in upstate New York, it is a testament to the enduring legacy of Impressionist painting in American art.
The collection comprises representative examples from the last great generation of landscape painters who emerged both during and in the aftermath of the American Impressionist movement (1880-1920). These artists were the students and/or sketching partners of the seminal figures in the development of Impressionism in America such as William Merritt Chase, Childe Hassam, Willard L. Metcalf, John Henry Twachtman, and Robert Henri.
The American painters represented in this collection were primarily concerned with capturing the effects of light, color, and atmosphere achieved by painting directly from nature – out-of-doors – rather than in the studio. Though not as well known as their Impressionist predecessors, this generation of landscape painters flourished in areas such Old Lyme, Connecticut; Cape Ann, Massachusetts; New Hope, Pennsylvania; and Woodstock, New York, as well as areas of Vermont and California. The works in the Clark Collection offer a comprehensive treatment of these regional schools of Impressionist activity in America.
Sizty-four paintings by forty-seven artists are featured in the exhibition. The landscapes selected vary in scenic subject matter from snow-filled views to sun-drenched hillsides and waterways, as well as harbor scenes and cityscapes.
The exhibition is curated by Erin B. Coe, chief curator and deputy director of The Hyde Collection and will be accompanied by an illustrated catalogue with a foreword by the collector and an essay by the curator.
Image: George Loftus Noyes, American, 1864–1954, Sunlit Road, ca. 1910, Oil on canvas, 27 x 22 in. Promised gift of Thomas Clark


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In the South, we have "snow scares" that close down schools, businesses, and interstates. Our local grocery stores are crowded and chaotic, like the world is coming to an end. This is called a "SNOW HOAX" aka a "SNOAX".
This is a SNOAX! The weather man says there would be 4-6 in of snow, however there is a slight dusting of powder on the ground.
by Jackalac January 29, 2010


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Pink Sandwich Platter
The large sandwich platter had been resting under several dishes for a long time. Inside the cupboard it seemed to be waiting for someone, anyone, to reach in and lovingly lift it from its place of hiding. Why hadn't anyone noticed it before? The pale pink glass glittered in the bright light of the dining room chandelier and the edges, like inverted diamonds, begged to be touched. The back of the depression era piece was a cutwork of crisscrossed lines that ended in the center starburst. This holiday the platter would be used and admired and afterwards not be hidden away and forgotten.
January 3, 2012


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In 1998, Parisian fragrance designer Annick Goutal created this irresistible fragrance for her daughter Camille. It has since become one of her most popular scents. The confident blend of fruity and musky notes is clean and sweet, a scent that embodies purity and boldness.


text: Do you have to provide an electrical disconnect for a body of water?A number of players in the industry, including some on the Code Making Panel that wrote the rule, have requested we analyze the revised wording of Sec. 680-12 in terms of exactly where you have to provide the disconnect covered in that section. We regret to report that the literal text leads to even more confusion than the original


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PL 14-under softball team plays at state
The Pequot Lakes 14-under Blue girls' fast-pitch softball team defeated St. Francis 6-5 in six innings, but lost to Big Lake 6-5 and Buffalo 7-0 at the double-elimination state tournament on Saturday, July 20, in Elk River.
In the opener, the game was tied 2-2 after five innings before St. Francis scored three times in the top of the sixth. Pequot Lakes rallied with four runs after two outs to win in the bottom of the inning. Jessica Faacks singled, Taya Salminen and Caitlyn Carkhuff each had an RBI singles, Meghan Nelson had an RBI triple, Shelby Edblad doubled home Nelson with the winning run. Taya Salminen was the winning pitcher.
In the second game, Pequot Lakes trailed by two runs in the fifth, but rallied to tie it and force an extra inning. Big Lake then won by one run in the sixth.
In the final game, Buffalo defeated Pequot Lakes to eliminate them from the tournament. Pequot Lakes ends with an 11-4 overall record.


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|Topic Review (Newest First)
I'm just going to ignore this thread for now. I've lost all of my angels and all of my snails and almost lost my blood parrot. Even now, one of my pearl gourami's looks very shaky and in terrible shape, so I'm focusing more on the fish as it currently stands. The wood is COVERED in BBA algae and most of my stem plants have died back or just look terrible. My crypts however look amazing...so in the future I'll be getting more of those for sure :P
As it is now, dosing has stopped and as far as plants go my tank looks like a wreak. Come thanksgiving and winter time however, and I will try and get this all back on track. I'll focus again on the plants once my fish heal up and I get a co2 system. Then I'll make a new thread for this tank and watch how successful I will hopefully be.
In the meantime, I'll get around to starting a thread for my dirted shrimp tank that I have with me on campus, since that thing is growing insanely well....almost too well in fact. Any important plants from my 75 have clippings that are thriving in there, so at least not everything will be lost. Live and learn I guess, live and learn.
|So, the news now is that a number of mystery snails died and went unnoticed, causing an ammonia spike. My fish are apparently doing better now, but my blood parrot especially is still being given a close eye, and my parents have yet to find my small silver angel, so things are up in the air currently.
I'm late on pictures, they'll be up 2morrow, but I have bad news.
Got a call today from my parents, dad freaking out and saying that the fish are not doing well. He couldn't really tell me specifics other than that the fish were having difficulty breathing. I have no idea what happened but I lost two of my gold angels and my blood parrot, who has been with me for 5 years now, is not doing very well in the slightest.
Maybe something happened with the water chemistry or my dad made a mistake with either the temperature of the water when adding in water during a water change or with the de-cholrinator, but I have no idea what I can tell him to help the fish and there is no one currently around that knows anything about these things. I can't make it home myself until friday most likely
I'm just depressed and frustrated over this, I still am going to be keeping up with the tanks and all, but I hate how [censored][censored][censored][censored] like this happens when I'm not around to do anything about it. Its just super frustrating too, especially because I can nearly ignore a tank when I am home and have it be doing fantastic, yet have someone watching over it while I am not there, given specific instructions, and random crap like this happens.
Wish me luck guys, I'm going to need it
I just got in an order of plant, I'll take pics in the morning and upload them asap now that my first wave of tests is finally over.
I'll also request an ID on a thing that I got in, unless of course the seller gets back to me on what the plant I'm wondering about is before that happens lol.
Its kinda funny now, looking at my list of plants I still want to buy for this tank and plants I need more of...there are only a handful of plants I want to for sure try left for me to obtain, and then the only other additions to this will be the co2 tank, some fish and inverts, and that'd basically be it.
Then I can just sit back and watch it all grow in finally .
I'm going home again this weekend, so I'll try and get updated pics or something.
I'm debating what to do with my 3 rainbow cichlids however. I originally got them so that I could establish a breeding pair of sorts, but I believe they are all just males, or incredibly shy since the geophagus has been added. They also keep hurting each other and staying black. I could try and go for the breeding pair idea still, removing extras over time, much as I plan on doing with my angels (although I like having the group of 4) or I could just remove the rainbows in general to get a single larger cichlid that might be more outgoing with the parrot and geophagus.
No pics, nothing change too terribly much aside from replanting what gt uprooted
The tiger lotus got uprooted and when I was replanting it I found a ton of baby plants so that might be a thing I sell in the future.
My lace grew a ton which is always nice, and new leafs on the various anubias.
It's all coming along
Nice avatar pic Vic :P
Anyways, while I do need more jungle val (like bad I need more jungle val) I'm going to wait a bit just cause it is awkward trying to get plants for a tank that I only see maybe for 6 days a month lol
That and I have to buy other plants for my nano I'm bringing to college, but when I do start looking for jungle val again I'm going to come to you.
Which variety do you have, cause I'm going to try and do a mix and match of the regular, the red, and the tiger strip when I can get my hands on them.
|Need any more jungle vallisneria? I got extras
Hey, I just saw your tank and am incredibly jealous lol
I just got back home today (I've been gone from my tank since my last post) and...things aren't looking the greatest.
Tons of growth, but for all the growth there is also a ton of mess cause things got uprooted, like part of my Red Tiger Lotus :\
I'm going to have to be doing a water change later and re-planting things that are floating/things my dad just planted at random while I was gone, but I already get the sense that my aflames are either doing poorly or are dead, my glandulousa is gone, my macarandra is no more, and a few other things
However, my lace plant is pretty massive now, and my stems, although all over the place, are definitely recoverable.
I think the other problem I have too is that once my stems get uprooted they tend to find their way into my powerhead...which doesn't look attractive and probably minces them up. I'll still be getting that co2 system eventually and a few more plants, but my bigger focus now with fish will be the little 5 gallon I bring with me to college. Not the greatest looking tank in the world but it should get the job done at the very least lol
Why do you think you'll have to replace the macrandra and glandulosa because of co2?
Mine does great with co2.
I reread your post and I think I originally misunderstood .
You think they'll die off before you get the co2 going.
I grew both of these plants without co2. It's very slow growth but they did grow and multiply.
I'm leaving for college today, taught my dad how to do EI and all that so it should all be good, but I wonder how my plants that get uprooted will hold up without me there.
Whatever ends up dying I will probably wind up replacing. Already, I more or less know that R. macarandra is going to be needing to be replaced once I get a co2 system, same goes for L. glandulousa, which I don't even think I have any more. I'll probably update in a week or two (which is when I will most likely be home)
I'm going to try that when I get around to it
I had to replant ALL of my L. repens today, and while I was doing that I noticed that, for whatever reason, my substrate on that little part of the tank is not as deep as I would like. So I think part of my problem is that I can't get the plants down deep enough, which I can rectify with another bag of eco complete if I find a red one again (I think someone told me that a petco in my area was having an epic sale on eco complete...so I might have to look into that)
Aside from that, I also decided to trim and replant the tops of each of my L. repens, cause I think the fact that the stems were so tall and had no roots made it harder for them to stay in place. Once I get everything rooted well and staying down, and the stems get taller, I'll probably just trim them and figure out what to do with the tops since I have more than enough of that plant for now.
I still need some more R. macrandra and L. glandulousa and H. corymbosa, but I'll wait till christmas time on those cause I should have a nice new CO2 system by then. (crossing fingers)
Anyone want to suggest interesting plants to me? I've been thinking about throwing some HC up on the driftwood, since I am finding that the moss I currently have is just more of a mess than its worth. I might actually want some moss recommendations for this tank, since what I want is for it to stick to the driftwood and grow like crazy. Luckily enough, where I have that driftwood cave, the slanting part on the right side is very much removable so I could always just place moss there and see what it naturally does.
I'm also thinking about getting more Trumpet Snails, but thats not hard to do at all. I never see the snails themselves but I do see broken shells every now and then so they must still be kicking around. I'm still waiting on my plauge of snails. I'll also see if I can ever get my Mystery Snails to breed, just cause I really like those snails in this tank, they've been doing a pretty good job at keeping things under control but I need more small ones kicking around.
|Plant weights.
The one thing that completely is a pain about this tank is how often I have to re-plant new plants :\
Once things start growing roots well though, the replanting tends to stop happening, but for a while its a big pain in the you know what
Anyone else have this problem/a solution to it that doesn't require me to get rid of fish or plants? lol
Yay, the last post worked.
Anyways, on with the rest of the pics
FTS as of August 21st. I had gone to the LFS and noticed that they had gotten a fresh shipment of plants in, and that they were doing 3 "bunches" for $9...and that they were including 2 really nice Crinums and a Nice lace plant, all mother plants, in that "bunches" category. Also, they had some stuff I wanted for some other tanks I'm working on and I managed to get a ton of L. repens.
One of the two massive crinum natans I bought. Placed there because I figure, once the three swords grow in it can provide some accents to the otherwise large shaped leafs. Behind the swords are my very unhappy R. macrandra, but with dosing I am confident that even those will recover.
This is what I was talking about with that Red Tiger Lotus though. Within 5 days, it has already created an entirely new baby plant that I could easily clip off and place somewhere else. Which I would do, had I not done so about 5 other times. I swear, I could probably make a carpet of this plant if I really wanted to. My only complain about this though is that I am not getting much vertical growth, mainly horizontal. That's why I put the vesuvius behind it, since I know that it gets tall and it has those interesting spirals too it. Well, that and I couldn't think of where else to put it lol
Here you can see the mother lace plant (you can sort of see it too the right) and the mother crinum. The lace was flowering (that deteriorated quickly though) and the crinum had a baby plant I accidentally pulled off (growing next to the lotus), so I'm sure that in my tank these will both be producing like crazy. I would love to one day sell some Madagascar Lace and Crinum natans to the forum You can also see that I have a ton of L. repens now, and once I get them all growing I'll probably be cutting this and figuring out what to do with it. Although I need more, I plan on putting my L. glandulousa in this same area, so I think I'll make sure that the L. repens is trimmed short, like, tall enough where it can be seen, but not so tall that it obscures the lace and crinum (though it can hide the bulbs if they want to) and not so tall that I can place the other ludwigia behind it and have it growing taller, or even place it within this mess and just keep that trimmed to be taller, to almost create the effect of a massive tree jutting out of a forest of not quite so massive trees.
And this is just my little friend named phallic. Albino Senegalus Bichir, named because when I went to buy him, my mom looked at me and said "Why do you want to buy that fish? It looks like a..." (you can guess the rest)
Was awkward when she was talking to the older fellow working there about the resemblance as well...interesting car ride home from the LFS to be sure lol.
That's just about everything as of now. The one biggest challenge with this tank is getting everything to stay in the gravel. Its sometimes not even the geo that does it, the big bichir moving around on the bottom sometimes uproots newer plants until they establish new root systems. Once that happens though its usually pretty good. The geo might uproot some things, but same deal there. The most difficult fish in the tank have actually been the Rainbow cichlids...which are supposedly a very "plant safe" cichlid. They love to inspect new plants and see what they can and cannot pull apart. Once they fail they give up and leave it alone though, but I've seen them try to pull apart my windelov (back when it had leafs) and I've even seen them gang up and uproot vallisneria (I'm experimenting with it again to see if I can get it too stick, mainly cause I want the tiger strip and dark red varieties somewhere in this tank).
Thanks for looking, I'll actually keep this thread updated for a change :P
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I think they're cool looking pistols, and if I can find one at a show might have to get it in M40-A1, especially since they're so cheap now. I really like the trap sights.
Although, I am not particularly excited that they went bankrupt and have heard of relability issues. Seems like they are hit or miss; either you get a great one or a lemon. Any thoughts on this?


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Something Special Brewing in Spellbinding Salem
Henry Derby House • Salem, MA
Escape Kit
- A Two-Night Stay for Two in a Twin, Queen, or King Room, Thursdays through Sundays
- Expanded Continental Breakfast for Two
- Bottle of Red or White Wine
- Pair of Tickets to Salem Food Tour
The Destination
It's always easy to brew up some fun in the bewitching town of Salem. Whether you're a history buff on the hunt for colonial landmarks or a contemporary traveler ready for a magic getaway, the Boston suburb appropriately dubbed "Witch City" for its role in the 17th century Salem witch trials, casts an enchanting spell. Its fortunate location by the sea lends itself to a vibrant waterfront scene replete with old-style warfs, colorful restaurants, cafes, and coffee shops (there are more than 60), and adorable antique boutiques. Halloween is the high holiday here—the town celebrates with elaborate parades, parties, and, of course, costumes.
The Diggs
In the heart of all this hubbub stands the Henry Derby House, an iconic New England bed and breakfast with a double-dose of family charm (the inn is run by two sisters). Each room offers cozy country décor amid a luxe backdrop of brick fireplaces, ornate crown moldings, and the mansion's original sunny windows. Enjoy an indulgent slumber in a king, queen, or twin-size bed beneath traditional Victorian high-ceilings and hand-stitched quilts. Then, quell morning appetites with a hearty breakfast, where a delectable concoction of pastries, cereals, fruits, and hot beverages make for a savory morning spread.
• Indulge in a delicious food-walking tour of Salem
• Take a walk through history at the recreated three-acre Puritan Village
• Discover the famous House of the Seven Gables
• Go whale-watching in nearby Gloucester
"This is one of the best places in Salem in the heart of the McIntire District [and] a short walk to everything... The food [was] great in the morning, and there is a wonderful garden to relax [in]."-- TripAdvisor
escapes 30-day promise
LivingSocial gives you up to 30 days to return your unused voucher for a full refund. Once you've made a reservation, you are subject to the merchant's cancellation and refund policy. If you want to secure your preferred dates of travel, we strongly recommend that you complete reservation with the merchant within 30 days of your purchase—after that, LivingSocial will not issue any refunds.
the fine print
- Limit 1 voucher per reservation; vouchers cannot be combined to extend stay
- Valid for travel until 4/30/13
- Reservations required and subject to availability
- Not valid on group or existing reservations
- Based upon double occupancy
- Taxes and resort fees not included and will be collected at redemption
- Nights must be used consecutively
- All deal components must be redeemed during one stay
- Other conditions apply • PAID AND PROMOTIONAL VALUES EXPIRES ON April 30, 2013 • PAID VALUE DOES NOT EXPIRE • PAID VALUE EXPIRES ON April 30, 2018 • PROMOTIONAL VALUE EXPIRES ON April 30, 2013 • Enjoy By April 30, 2013
Other conditions apply
Except where noted in the fine print:
• Cannot be combined with any other offer or promotion
• Tax and gratuity are not included
• Merchant is responsible for the quality of the products or services provided to you at redemption
• LivingSocial Terms and Conditions - https://www.livingsocial.com/terms
Original Price:
- 0% savings
- remaining


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Build this simple seating/planter/arbor project to create a quiet, private space in your yard or on a deck. It provides shade and comfort as well as a welcome screen from neighbors. You can install it on an existing patio or build it on your deck.
This corner arbor turns empty space on a patio or deck into a leafy green sanctuary. Use it to create shade and privacy, to screen an unattractive view, or to add color to a concrete patio or wood deck—even a second floor deck. Our arbor is covered with a tropical vine called mandevilla, a great plant for walls, trellises and arbors.
The entire arbor is made from pressure-treated wood, but coating it with a penetrating stain and hiding the fasteners makes the project look more like a piece of furniture than decking. The stain will also help keep it from cracking and warping as it weathers.
Using pressure-treated wood keeps the cost reasonable too. All the materials for this project cost $250. The project can be built over two weekends—or one if you don't stain it.
Treated wood lasts almost forever, but it can be gnarly to work with. Take your time picking through the lumber pile for good pieces. Look for dry (lighter) pieces without too many knots. You'll need straight pieces for the uprights and benches, but you can use nice-looking, moderately warped pieces for the planters. Let the lumber sit for a few weeks so it all shrinks uniformly. Remember to put the best sides out when you assemble the planters and benches.
To build this project, just cut lumber to length and screw the parts together. If you can handle a tape measure, a saw and a drill, you can do it. Customization is easy, too: Build shorter seats to suit a small space or add components to surround a big space. If you don't need shade or privacy, leave off the trellis.
Cut the planter box pieces and bench parts quickly and accurately using a stop block.
Assemble the front and back of the planters against a square. Use spacer blocks to align the planter box corners perfectly.
Stand the front and back up, then attach the sides, screwing through the planter box corners. Predrill to avoid splits.
Stain the bench and trellis parts and the completed planter boxes before assembly to save time and mess.
Each planter box is made by alternating 10 short and 10 long lengths of 2x4 and joining the inside corners with 2x2s. The overall size is based on 16-in. square plastic planters (actual size 15-1/2 in.) widely available at home centers. If you can't locate that exact size or you prefer a different style, make the planter supports (D and E) larger or smaller, or build a base inside the planter box to support the planter. You can also change the size of the planter box.
Use a stop block to cut all the pieces quickly and accurately (Photo 1). Set three long and two short pieces against a square clamped to the worktable, using short spacer blocks for alignment. Predrill the 2x2 corners with a No. 8 countersink bit to avoid splitting the wood (Photo 2). One 2-1/2-in. screw per 2x4 is sufficient.
Make a front and back for each planter box, then set them upright and join them with interlocking 2x4 pieces (Photo 3), again attaching them from the inside. Although screwing from the inside is fussier, it enables you to avoid the cracks that often occur when pressure-treated wood is screwed near the ends.
Finally, screw the bench supports on (see Figure A in "Additional Information" below). Stain the planter boxes and all the other pieces now to avoid drips on the deck or patio. It's also easier to coat all the bench pieces on all four sides at this stage (Photo 4).
Note: You can view and download the Cutting List, Materials List and Figure A in "Additional Information" below.
Clamp the bench front and bench end against a square corner. Screw the bench pieces together from the back to keep fasteners hidden.
Set the benches on the bench supports, then fasten the planter boxes to the bench ends.
Shim the planter boxes to level the benches. Install hidden legs to hold the planter level, then remove the shims.
Clamp the front and one of the sides of the bench to a square edge. Clamp the first set of spacers and the first 2x4 slat to the front piece, then drive two 3-in. screws through the slat and the spacer into the front piece. Continue fastening, clamping the slats in position to keep them aligned before screwing them in (Photo 5). Check to make sure the bench stays flat as you assemble it. Toe-screw the bench ends to the front of the bench, then drive two screws into the end of each slat (see Figure A).
Put the benches in place flush with the back of the planter boxes (Photo 6). Screw the benches and planter boxes together with four 2-1/2-in. screws, then screw on the planter supports inside the planter box with three 2-1/2-in. screws each.
Level the planter boxes if necessary, adding hidden 2x2s or 2x4s for legs (Photo 7).
Attach the posts to the sides of the support blocks with three screws.
Screw the right and left top rails to the posts. Mark the post spacing first to keep the posts plumb.
Mark the bottom edge of lattice on each post, then nail the lattice with siding nails.
Screw support blocks to the backs of the planter boxes 3 in. in from the corners, then attach the posts (Photo 8). Cut the posts 7 ft. long plus the distance (if any) the planter box was shimmed up, so that they sit on the ground but are level with each other at the top. Drive two additional screws into the posts from the inside of the planter boxes, but don't worry if the boxes are still a little wobbly—the top rail and cap lock everything together.
Set the top 2x4 rails on the ground next to the posts, leaving a 1-1/2-in. overhang at the outside ends. Mark the position of each post on the top rail, then clamp the rails flush with the top of the posts and fasten them with 3-in. screws to the posts and to each other (Photo 9).
Nail on the lattice, overhanging it 1-1/2 in. on the outside edges and butting the pieces at the corner (Photo 10).
Screw on the 2x6 cap pieces to finish the structure, mitering them at the inside corner and screwing the two sides together. Drop in the plastic planter boxes (from home centers or garden supply stores), fill with dirt, and plant with a mix of climbing flowers and vines.


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Binghamton University Energy Conservation Contest winner to be announced
BINGHAMTON, NY -- Binghamton University students, faculty and staff, along with members of NYPIRG, will gather to announce the winning community of the 2009 Energy Conservation Contest at 3:30 p.m. Wednesday, April 29, in the outdoor commons of the Hillside Community on campus.
For nine weeks, residential communities competed for a $10,000 prize by attempting to reduce energy consumption by the highest percentage. Members of the winning community will be on hand to discuss some of the creative ways they were able to reduce energy consumption, as well as how they might spend the prize money.
This year residential communities were able to reduce energy consumption by nearly eight percent, enough energy to power fourteen homes for a year. The reduction in CO2 emissions during the nine-week period is equivalent to removing eleven mid-size vehicles from the road for a year.
The campus community is constantly searching for ways to lower its impact on the environment by working with students to establish innovative, creative opportunities to engage and educate the residential communities in reducing energy usage.


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Alerts | Democratic Republic of the Congo
In pre-election violence, arsonists target DRC TV station
New York, September 6, 2011--Unidentified armed men today torched the studios of a private television station that aired programs favorable to Democratic Republic of Congo opposition leader Etienne Tshisekedi, local journalists and news reports said.
At around 2 a.m., a dozen men threw tear gas into the studios of Radio Lisanga Télévision (RLTV), based in the capital, Kinshasa, and poured gasoline on the premises. They then used Molotov cocktails and incendiary grenades to set the station on fire, news reports said. Two RLTV employees escaped the flames by climbing onto the station's rooftop through an air conditioning shaft, Mamie Mareza, the station's news director, told CPJ.


text: Just ordered a new ecm as we have come to the conclusion that this is our issue. Question is - are dealerships the only ones that can program a new ecm? I know I say new, but it is really a reman. Don't know that much about them. I'm pretty sure they're not just plug and play. Any advise would be great. Thanks.


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This is an Idea that will make KABAM earn more money and players will play more.
A SUPER MARKET- Its a building were players can sell any items, or trade Them For resources or gems. (Players with players) Only!!!
Details : If any member likes an item but don't have the gems to buy it, they might sell there own items or buy gems from KABAM!!
To use this Market-Players should pay Monthly 2-5 Gems To us the marketing.
Extra Info: members can put any price they want on items.
Free version: Players can buy But not sell.... This will make them buy gems
Paid version: Players and sell or buy
If this is made its like own normal market but when turn to lvl 12 or 11, paid members only can trade items to other players with same lvl of building.


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Browse retail jobs by keyterm
Visual Merchandiser candidates in UK There are currently 4933 candidates registered with retailchoice.com looking for Visual Merchandiser jobs in the UK area.
Job ad performance On average each Visual Merchandiser job advertised in the UK is viewed 148 times and receives 31 applications.
Candidate overview The data below provides an overview of our candidate audience, updated daily. Find out how many candidates are registered on our CV database, the number of times job ads are viewed and how many applications they receive.
Advertise Visual Merchandiser jobs in UK now
Call 020 7572 4284 to speak to us about bespoke campaigns, our CV database and branded jobs.
1Candidate numbers relate to searchable candidates in the retailchoice.com database matching the selected location and job title.
2Application numbers show total applications for live jobs matching the selected location and job title.
3Job view numbers show total views for all live jobs matching the selected location and job title.
RetailChoice.com is a trademark of Totaljobs Group Ltd© copyright and database rights Totaljobs Group Ltd 2017


text: What if Morozov may have gone along with Nikita just to keep the peace, but really was not for the split? Working in Moscow however seems to be highly toxic. Can anyone shed any light on why that might be the case? I may question the mans ethics but congrats to him though for eeking out the OBM for I/K.


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Family Fun at America's Largest Mall
Ramada MSP Airport at the Mall • Bloomington, MN
Escape Kit
- A One-Night Stay for Up to Four People in a Standard Queen or Two Double Room ($75)
- Or, a One-Night Stay for Up to Four People in an Indoor Poolside Double Room ($85)
- Breakfast for Four
- Two Alcoholic or Non-Alcoholic Drinks at the Bar
- Combine Vouchers to Stay for Up to Four Nights
The Destination
Bloomington, Minnesota, could be considered a suburb of Minneapolis-St. Paul—roughly a 20-minute drive from each—but there's enough action to make Bloomington a destination city in its own right. The largest contained shopping mall in America resides here, attracting 40 million people annually—more than the populations of Minnesota and Canada combined. The complex contains a full amusement park, mini golf course, flight simulator, and aquarium where visitors can swim with sharks.
The Digs
The freshly remodeled Ramada MSP Airport at the Mall is equipped with everything a family could need: free high-speed wireless Internet for the teens, flat-panel TVs with premium cable for Dad, heated indoor and outdoor pools for the kids, and a luxurious whirlpool for Mom. Each morning, head down to the stylishly revamped restaurant for a delicious hot breakfast—you'll need it to conquer the monster mall directly across the street and accessible via complimentary shuttle, which also transports guests to nearby Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport.
The Diversions
• Water Park of America
• Sea Life Minnesota Aquarium
• Tucci Bennuch
• Nickelodeon Universe
"We stay at the Ramada every year to go on vacation, but to my surprise when I entered it had an entirely new look. More than I could ever ask for from a hotel. Great job Ramada!"-- TripAdvisor
escapes 30-day promise
LivingSocial gives you up to 30 days to return your unused voucher for a full refund. Once you've made a reservation, you are subject to the merchant's cancellation and refund policy. If you want to secure your preferred dates of travel, we strongly recommend that you complete reservation with the merchant within 30 days of your purchase—after that, LivingSocial will not issue any refunds.
the fine print
- Limit 4 per purchaser, additional as gifts
- Up to four (4) vouchers may be combined to extend stay
- Reservations required; subject to availability
- Not valid on group or existing reservations
- Merchant cancellation/re-scheduling policy of 24 in advance of scheduled arrival; voucher subject to forfeiture
- Voucher cannot be combined with any other discounts, vouchers, or gift certificates
- Sales tax not included and will be collected at redemption
- Includes breakfast for four and two alcoholic or non-alcoholic drinks at the bar
- All deal components must be redeemed during one stay
- Other conditions apply • PAID AND PROMOTIONAL VALUES EXPIRES ON May 31, 2013 • PAID VALUE DOES NOT EXPIRE • PAID VALUE EXPIRES ON May 31, 2018 • PROMOTIONAL VALUE EXPIRES ON May 31, 2013 • Enjoy By May 31, 2013
Other conditions apply
Except where noted in the fine print:
• Cannot be combined with any other offer or promotion
• Tax and gratuity are not included
• Merchant is responsible for the quality of the products or services provided to you at redemption
• LivingSocial Terms and Conditions - https://www.livingsocial.com/terms
Original Price:
- 0% savings
- remaining


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Simplify your travel plans with our free airport shuttle
After arriving at Ontario International Airport (ONT), hop aboard our complimentary shuttle and relax on the half-mile commute to Radisson Hotel Ontario Airport. Business guests appreciate our proximity to I-10 and nearby corporations like 3M, Cisco and GlaxoSmithKline, and conference attendees can walk to the Ontario Convention Center in four minutes. Free Wi-Fi, a 24-hour business center and a flexible event space foster on-site productivity, and our sparkling outdoor pool offers a refreshing break from your busy schedule.
See what our guests are saying about us.
Hotel amenities & services
At the Radisson, we provide comfortable accommodations for a restful retreat. Maintain your workout routine in our executive fitness center, and ask our concierge for recommendations on the best area attractions. Additional amenities and services include:
- Complimentary airport shuttle
- Free Wi-Fi
- 3-Hour Express Laundry
- 24-hour business center
- Racquetball and tennis courts
Learn more about our hotel's amenities and services.
Our rooms & suites
From pillowtop mattresses to stylish living areas, our 299 rooms and suites are designed with your comfort in mind. Kick back while watching a movie on the 37-inch flat-screen TV, or finalize your business proposal at the room's large work desk. Standard room highlights also include:
- Free Wi-Fi
- Down blankets and comforters
- Coffeemaker
- Room service
Upgrade your travel experience with one of our spacious suites. In addition to all standard amenities, each suite includes:
- Separate living area
- Kitchenette
- Microwave
- Refrigerator
Where to eat while you're here
Our on-site restaurants serve mouthwatering selections. Begin each morning with favorites from the Pacific Grille's breakfast buffet. In a hurry? Get your caffeine boost with a Starbucks® latte from the Pacific Express Deli. After a day of meetings or sightseeing, visit our D Street Bar & Grill and unwind with a cold drink and savory sandwich. If you're staying in for lunch, order from room service.
Things to do in Ontario, CA
Whether you're attending a conference at the Ontario Convention Center or visiting nearby Chaffey College, make time to shop for deals at the Ontario Mills and Victoria Gardens shopping centers. Looking for some excitement close by? Enjoy trackside thrills at the Auto Club Speedway, or try your luck at the San Manuel Casino, both within a half-hour drive. Don't miss these other favorites:
Citizens Business Bank Arena – Home to AHL hockey, comedy shows and rock concerts, this 10,000-seat arena offers year-round entertainment just three miles from the hotel.
Graber Olive House – Get a literal taste of local culture when you make the 10-minute drive to this family-owned shop and cannery, which boasts the title of Ontario's oldest existing business.
Joseph Filippi Winery – Situated approximately eight miles from our location, the Filippi Winery offers wine tastings and tours of its bountiful vineyards, which have been part of California's wine industry since 1922.
Read more about our hotel's location.
Groups & meetings
With 21,000 square feet of event space and a capacity of 550 guests, the Radisson is an ideal venue for events near the ONT airport. Audiovisual equipment and free Wi-Fi set the stage for your success, and our dedicated event staff is ready to help with setup and on-site catering. Enjoy a magical wedding reception in the elegance of our Grand Ballroom, host a formal banquet with customized catering, or conduct negotiations in the privacy of our boardroom.
Learn more about our meeting rooms and floor plans.
100% non-smoking facility
The hotel accepts only major credit cards and bank issued (non-prepaid) debit cards.
|+1 (800) 333-3333 ( US/Canada Toll-free )
|+1 (909) 975-5000
|+1 (909) 975-5050


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Printable View
eliteeliteeliteeliteeliteeliteeliteeliteeliteelite eliteeliteelite.
Did anyone die?
ROANOKE IS NOT AN ELITE MOD, HA GOT YOU BACK. After like 30 minutes..
What an elitist-esque post...
the word elite should not be censored as anyone who wants to use it has that right, regardless if someone likes it or not. also, mods should not close threads just because they feel a topic is talked about to much. this is a public fan forum, not a concentration camp.
I think the use of elite by many posters on this board constitutes offensive language when the word elite is placed in front of certain player's names.


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Create a free account to check out faster, store multiple shipping addresses, view and track your orders in your account, and much more.
Please enter your password to continue.
I purchased this shampoo along with the cilantro conditioner after just reading the ingredient list for the conditioner, and seeing that it was sulfate free. Unfortunately the shampoo does have sulfates in it, as I discovered after I used it. That being said, if your skin doesn't have an irritation to sulfates, it is an awesome shampoo (my hair looked and felt great, though my skin was burning). I really do wish I could use it, and I'm keeping it around for guests to use.
I do still use the cilantro conditioner of the same brand, which is sulfate free, and have learned to not cut corners when shopping for new products.
OK… So I was scared to try it at first, because when I opened it, it smelled a little bit like toothpaste. And when I accidentally got some on my finger, it felt a little bit like a cross between thinned toothpaste and oily lotion. Not necessarily horrible, but not wonderful either. I used it twice, because I hadn't been able to shower in a couple of days. After I got it into my hair, and leathered up, it felt nicer. It got my hair very squeaky clean and fresh feeling, but it didn't really do anything special to it. It didn't really help get rid of any friz or make my hair especially smooth or silky… And I was kind of hoping that when my hair dried, it would dry curly like it used to, or at least wavy. I don't put a lot of product in my hair, and I don't use a lot of heating stylers. I also usually let my hair air dry. Are used to have naturally curly hair, and I know that hair changes as people get older. It's funny, because I was trying to expect nothing at all to happen, but was hoping for too much. It landed somewhere in the middle… Maybe a tiny bit less. Got my hair cleaner than a lot of other shampoos. But I am a little disappointed that it didn't bring back my curly hair. Therefore, all in all, it's a really clean, pretty nice smelling shampoo, but it doesn't really have any exquisite or special properties, and didn't do anything phenomenal to my hair other than get it really clean.3
This is just simply the best shampoo I have ever use. It only takes a super small amount and lathers insanely well. The smell was not really overwhelming by any means and not sure if the was really any tingling either. It rinses pretty easily despite the later. The end result is just crazy good. My hair has so much body, it bounces when I walk and the shine is unbelievable. This is just a perfect shampoo all around and the whole family can use it too.5


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David Wilson is not only the best RB in the draft contrary to public opinion, he arguably is the best offensive players in this draft.
Why? Because he single handily can dominate a football game. But the main reason is because he is a warrior of the first order. You don't find guys with this kind of heart and dedication .. it's rare and a men is measured by their heart. You combine that with exceptional natural ability (vision, speed, elusiveness, ability to block, catch the ball) and you are looking at a potentially one of the best backs in this league. The guy is ridiculously shifty, tough, and can catch the ball like a wide reciever. This is an OUTSTANDING number 1 pick.
Only drawback is ability to hold onto the football - which the Giants will correct.
Once this guy put on some more muscle mass I project him to be the most dangerous back in this league, hands down.