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A single factor goes a long way in explaining the dearth of women in math-intensive fields. How can we address it?
Wendy M. Williams, Stephen J. Ceci
I have frequently been questioned, especially by women, of how I could reconcile family life with a scientific career. Well, it has not been easy.
—Marie Curie, two-time Nobel Prize winner and mother of a daughter, Irène Joliot-Curie, who also won the Nobel Prize
Jennifer was an extremely talented undergraduate, majoring in mathematics and engineering. Her grades and test scores were nearly perfect; her professors saw a bright future for her as an engineering professor and encouraged her to pursue a doctorate. In graduate school, she continued to excel, accumulating high-quality publications, fellowships and awards. She landed a premier postdoctoral position and was headed for a first-tier professorship. But she never applied for a tenure-track academic job. As a 33-year-old postdoc, she could not imagine waiting to have children until after tenure at age 40, nor could she imagine how she would juggle caring for a young family with the omnipresent demands of an assistant professorship. The harried lives of the two tenured mothers in her department convinced her that such a path was not for her. Jennifer made the choice to have a family and teach mathematics part-time at a local community college.
Although it's not hard to find evidence of women professors' many successes in the academy, scenarios like Jennifer's are all too common. Women hold a substantial portion of professorships in the humanities and liberal arts, and they are well represented in the social sciences and some fields of natural science, such as biology. Overall, women make up 33 percent of faculty at doctoral-level institutions. They receive many teaching and service awards and do as well as men in winning grants. But women are in short supply in math-intensive fields, such as chemistry, physics, mathematics, engineering and computer science. For example, in the top 100 U.S. universities in 2007, women full professors in these fields numbered only 4.4 to 12.3 percent, and women were only 16 to 27 percent of assistant professors (see Figure 2).
What is going on here? Why are women who are talented and dedicated enough to graduate from college with degrees in mathematics not progressing through graduate school and ultimately earning full professorships? Where are these women going, and why do they leave their chosen field?
Much has been written about the underrepresentation of women professors in math-intensive fields, particularly in upper-level positions. Despite the substantial amount of high-quality data on this issue, however, myths and misunderstandings prevail. Potentially addressable issues that limit women are often ignored, and efforts and resources are misdirected toward solving problems that no longer exist.
The usual explanations for the shortage of women focus squarely on sex discrimination at various life stages. As a result of such discrimination, the argument goes, girls and women drop out of math-based endeavors or change their focus. Some scholars have argued for the effects of early socialization practices that lead girls along a path that downplays math—pink versus blue attire for babies, Barbie dolls proclaiming "Math class is tough," middle-school math teachers calling on boys more than girls, high-school girls urged to be cheerleaders or writers instead of scientists. Others invoke gender stereotypes—sets of shared cultural expectations that suggest, for instance, that females are not gifted in math or that the responsibility for raising children belongs primarily or solely to women. Still others look further down the pipeline, at disenfranchisement of women once they enter academic-science careers, focusing on claims of "chilly climate"; unequal pay and promotion; devaluing of women's work styles and biased assessment of their efforts; and old-boys' clubs that isolate women. Researchers have also studied the role of sex differences at the extreme right tail of the math distribution—more boys than girls demonstrate extremely high levels of math ability on standardized tests such as the SAT. Still others suggest that women simply prefer to use their math and science skills to be veterinarians and biologists, for example, rather than engineers and computer scientists, and that the difference in the numbers can be explained by this freely determined preference.
We argue for the importance of another factor in women's underrepresentation: the choice to become a mother. To place the role of this choice in context, we consider its impact on women's careers relative to the impacts of other variables that may reduce women's participation in the sciences. Our own findings as well as research by others show that the effect of children on women's academic careers is so remarkable that it eclipses other factors in contributing to women's underrepresentation in academic science.
Three major sets of factors have been offered to explain the dearth of women in math-intensive fields: ability differences; occupational and lifestyle preferences; and sex discrimination. Elsewhere we have extensively reviewed the evidence for several of these issues; here we provide a summary.
Ability differences: Scholars once thought sex differences that favored men on tests of quantitative ability were responsible for the shortage of women in math-based fields. Although there are no systematic sex differences in average scores on tests such as the SAT mathematics (SAT-M), many more men score in the very top range. For example, among the top 0.01 percent (1 in 10,000) of scorers in nonrandom samples, there are about 4 men for every woman. College admissions committees may admit more men because of their higher SAT-M scores, setting in motion a cycle of women's attrition.
Yet this cannot be the whole story or even a large part of it. Starting about two decades ago, women began gaining on men in math ability and participation. By 2005, men and women were almost equally represented among college math majors, and women tend to get better grades in math courses. But far fewer women than men enroll in math-based Ph.D. programs. The GRE-Quantitative scores of graduate students in math-intensive fields at our own university are very high across the board. These students come from the top end of the ability distribution, and the test actually underestimates their ability due to ceiling problems (there are not enough very hard questions to distinguish the truly exceptional from the merely talented). So, since fewer women score in the top range on tests used for admission to Ph.D. programs, this fact may be responsible for some of the shortage of women in math-intensive careers.
As compelling as this argument seems, however, there are several problems with it. Females outperform males in math classes throughout schooling, including in college. Surely graduate-admissions decision makers take women's higher GPAs into account. Also, even if among the top 1 percent of scorers there were 2 males for every female, there should still be more women in math-based disciplines, because we do not see anything close to a 2-to-1 ratio of men to women in these careers. Recall that 12 percent or less of full professors in these fields are women. Something more than scoring at the right tail is responsible.
Some researchers argue that those who succeed in mathematical fields come from more rarefied strata than the top 1 percent. David Lubinski, Camilla Benbow and their associates at Vanderbilt University have shown that those in the top quarter of the top 1 percent of scorers outperform those in the bottom quarter of the top 1 percent in obtaining tenure-track jobs, publishing articles and patents, and other indicators of excellence and success. If extremely high math ability is important to success, and if many more men possess this extreme ability than do women, perhaps it is responsible for observed ratios of men to women in math-based fields. Although further investigation might show a correlation between success and scores in the far-right tail of the range, no one has demonstrated a causal relation between the two factors. We do know that math-talented women are less likely than equivalently math-talented men to enter mathematical professions. In other words, many fewer women than men choose mathematical fields—even when they have comparable math scores.
There is no direct evidence that men's math-score advantage explains this shortage of women. Forty-five percent of undergraduate degrees in mathematics go to women, as do 29 percent of Ph.D.s, suggesting that whatever these women's math skills, they are compatible with very high levels of achievement. Thus, we believe mathematical differences between the sexes are not primary factors in women's underrepresentation in math-heavy fields.
Career preferences and lifestyle differences: If cognitive differences cannot explain most of the shortage of women in these careers, what about sex differences in career preferences and lifestyle choices? Surveys have documented that females, starting at a young age, are more interested in careers that involve living things—such as medicine, biology, animal science and psychology—than fields such as computer science, mathematics, physics and engineering. Adolescent girls seldom name engineering and computer science as desired careers, whereas nearly a quarter of adolescent boys do. Unlike some researchers, we are not overly worried by these findings, because careers in biology, medicine and veterinary science seem as valuable and satisfying as those in math-based fields. It would be troubling if adolescents declined to try such professions on the basis of faulty information about what is possible, but as long as they are doing so to pursue careers they perceive as more rewarding, society still benefits from these young people's talents.
A related factor concerns life-course differences between the sexes. In surveys of graduate students, Lubinski, Benbow and their students found that female graduate students viewed a full-time career as "important" or "extremely important" about as often as did their male counterparts (77 percent versus 81 percent, respectively). However, when it came to the importance of temporarily having a part-time career, significant sex differences emerged (31 percent versus 9 percent, respectively), as well as for always having a part-time career (19 percent versus 9 percent, respectively).
Such life-course preferences can lead to differences in research productivity and hours spent at the office, reflecting differing priorities in optimal life-work balance. Lubinski studied the amount of time that nearly 2,000 33-year-olds, who were in the top 1 percent of quantitative ability during their adolescence, spent on career-related work. He found that roughly twice as many high-aptitude men as women reported working at their jobs more than 50 hours per week. Other surveys underscore this male advantage in working very long hours.
Sex discrimination in publishing, funding and hiring: A frequent claim is that women are derailed by sex discrimination in publishing their work, obtaining grant funding and being hired. However, although these forms of discrimination may have played important roles historically, none of these causes can explain today's underrepresentation. In an article in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A., we reviewed the evidence and concluded that such discrimination is not responsible for the current dearth of women. Consider one example of the research we synthesized. In 2004 and 2005, a National Research Council committee surveyed U.S. university departments and faculty in a number of math-intensive fields about their interviewing, hiring and promotion records. It found that women applicants were actually more likely to be interviewed and offered tenure-track jobs than were their male competitors, and that there were no differences in tenure and promotion rates for women and men. A number of other analyses have reached the same conclusions. In mathematics, only 20 percent of applicants for tenure-track posts were women, but 28 percent of those invited to interview were women, as were 32 percent of those offered positions.
The picture is much the same for funding and publishing. Women scientists are as successful as men at publishing work and at earning grant funding, according to analyses of hundreds of thousands of grant applications submitted throughout the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and Australia.
Thus, the shortage of women in mathematical fields is not the result of discriminatory hiring, publishing and funding, nor can it be explained away on the basis of ability differences. Some portion of the dearth of women in math fields can clearly be traced to differences between the sexes in career preferences. Women's greater desire for lifestyle flexibility, reflecting differing ideas about work-life balance and different expectations regarding responsibility for raising children and working in the home, also plays a role. This latter point leads to what we see as the single most important factor in explaining women's underrepresentation: a desire for children and family life.
It is when academic scientists choose to be mothers that their real problems start. Women deal with all the other challenges of being academic scientists as well as men do. Childless women are paid, promoted and rewarded equivalently to their male peers (and in some analyses at even higher rates). Children completely change the landscape for women—but do not appear to have the same effect on the careers of men. What happens when children enter the equation, and why does this change seem to impact women's but not men's careers?
Answering this question requires knowledge about the typical course of an academic career. Most college students interested in becoming professors in the sciences graduate from college and matriculate in graduate school soon thereafter. Earning a doctorate takes five to six years on average; it is common to work as a postdoctoral associate for several years after the doctorate. By the time students contemplate applying for tenure-track academic jobs, they are at least 27 years old, and on average 33. Landing a job means applying broadly and being willing to relocate, giving the search priority over the needs of partners or spouses. The next six years are spent in relentless efforts to accumulate an impressive portfolio of work—encompassing research, teaching, service and grants—until finally, at age 35 or older, a professor may be fortunate enough to earn tenure. Research by Jerry Jacobs and Sarah Winslow has shown that more than 60 percent of female untenured professors are over 40, and Mary Ann Mason and Mark Goulden showed the average age of tenure was already 39-plus by 2003.
Women's optimal fertility is between ages 18 and 31. By age 37, many will have difficulty conceiving. Waiting to have children has not only physical aspects but also emotional ones—some women want to have children when they are younger. For women, the tenure track presents a harsh reality that juxtaposes the most significant physical and emotional challenges of their lives with the most significant professional challenges. It's easy to see why the pretenure years might be off-putting for a woman who does not wish to delay having children until her late thirties—she must deal with pregnancy, childbirth and child care while simultaneously amassing a tenurable portfolio of work. This reality is too daunting for some women, and they either leave the tenure-track pipeline or give up on having children.
Surveys have shown that regrets plague women in the academy at a far greater rate than they do men. In a 2002–2003 survey of around 4,500 University of California faculty members by Mason, Angelica Stacy, and Goulden, 38 percent of women but only 18 percent of men stated that they "regret not having children" or "regret not having more children." In research by Elaine Ecklund and Anne Lincoln at Rice University and Southern Methodist University, nearly 40 percent of women graduate students said they had fewer children than they wanted because of the pressure of their careers (versus only 20 percent of men), as did 45 percent of women faculty in astronomy, biology and physics (versus only 25 percent of men). Often this regret is associated with leaving the academy.
Men more often have stay-at-home spouses or spouses in flexible careers who bear and raise children while the men are free to focus on academic work. Women professors in heterosexual partnerships who want to bear children, by virtue of biology, can never achieve this same distance from childrearing, and male stay-at-home partners devoted to child care are rare. Mason and her colleagues found that mothers are 35 percent less likely to enter the tenure track and 38 percent less likely to achieve tenure than fathers, and twice as likely as fathers to work in part-time or non–tenure-track positions. Only one in three women who accepts a fast-track university job before having a child ever becomes a mother. Among tenured scientists, only 50 percent of women are married with children, compared to 72 percent of men, and women married when beginning faculty careers are much more likely to divorce or separate than men. For women who want to have children and a career in science, the picture is not pretty.
If women's fears about the effects of having children on their careers were unfounded, we could simply educate young women scientists about what really happens and relieve them of their anxiety. But in fact, children represent a dramatic influence on women's life paths and work productivity. To complicate the situation further, in some cases children have a positive impact on men's productivity. Research by David Leslie has shown that the more children a woman has, the fewer hours per week she spends on her professional work, while the exact opposite is true for men.
Both for men and for women who have no children or plans to have them, the process of becoming a tenured professor in a scientific field depends on single-minded pursuit of academic goals. Whether measured in hours spent or in percentage of one's life energy devoted, the job demands devotion to the task at a level that is extraordinarily challenging for women who are mothers of young children. The tenure system was created at a time when few women worked outside the home and when raising children was assumed to be women's work, and thus it was designed for people without significant responsibilities in household work or child care. In fact, many early professors were unmarried men who were expected to live in residence at their universities. A lot has changed since then, but the tenure system itself has remained much the same.
The research by Mason, Stacy and Goulden found that childless women and childless men professors report working an average of 78 hours per week across all life domains (in the workplace and at home), and men with children work 88 hours per week. But women with children work 100-plus hours per week across all life domains. Among assistant professors with children, women spend nearly 4 hours fewer per week on their professional careers than do men (52.5 versus 56.3), according to Jacobs and Winslow. The impact of children on women is especially dramatic for the proportion working 60-plus hours per week—42 percent of married male assistant professors with children work 60-plus hours per week, compared to only 29 percent of married women with children. The reality of the lives of women professors with children may seem too stark for their younger colleagues, postdocs and students.
The role of children in women's versus men's decisions about whether to stay in a research-intensive career track or opt out of it can also be seen in research by Goulden, Karie Frasch and Mason. They show that once children—or even plans for children—exist, women become far more likely to move out of the research-professor pipeline. Women with no plans for children show decision making comparable to men, exhibiting about the same likelihood of opting out of research-professor careers.
This single factor of having or wanting children has great impact. In some analyses, females are twice as likely as males to decide not to pursue tenure-track careers as a result of this factor. Having children prior to working as a postdoctoral associate creates a 19 percent likelihood for men of opting out, versus 32 percent for women; having new children after beginning postdoctoral work creates a 20 percent versus 41 percent difference. No other factor can account for as much leakage of women from the research-professor pipeline. The percentage of women in the applicant pool at each of several key transition points shows this decline: From award of Ph.D., to application for tenure-track positions, to being invited to interview, to being offered a tenure-track job, to being promoted to associate and full professor, women's numbers diminish. The proportion of applications from women is significantly lower than the proportion of doctoral degrees awarded to women. This gap is more pronounced in some fields than in others; for example, the difference is quite substantial in chemistry and biology, two disciplines with relatively high proportions (32 percent and 46 percent, respectively) of recent Ph.D.s awarded to women. However, when women do apply for tenure-track positions, they are more likely to be interviewed and hired than their proportion in the applicant pool (as opposed to their proportion in the Ph.D. pool) would lead one to expect. These data, in sum, lead us to conclude that the dynamics of family formation in Western society—not biased hiring committees, journal reviewers and grant panelists—are the primary cause of the underrepresentation of women in academic science.
Do women in nonacademic careers face the same challenges? At least in some fields, the answer is yes. The economists Marianne Bertrand, Claudia Goldin and Lawrence Katz surveyed nearly 2,500 University of Chicago M.B.A.s who graduated between 1990 and 2006. More women M.B.A.s dropped out of the full-time workforce with each added year following their degree. As their biological clocks ran down, significantly fewer remained in full-time and part-time employment. Although this situation is also seen among women in medicine and among Ph.D.s, it is exacerbated in business, particularly for those jobs associated with work weeks of more than 60 hours (investment banking, consulting) or close to 60 hours (venture capital, sales, trading). For the first few years following receipt of their M.B.A., men and women have similar labor-force participation, both at nearly 100 percent. However, 10 years after graduation, among women who have one or more children, only 52 percent work full-time and full year. Sex differences in labor-force participation widen as careers progress.
Women are not found in greater numbers in some fields, particularly math-intensive ones, due to a combination of factors. The two most significant reasons are that women are more likely than men to prefer other fields (such as medicine, biology, law and veterinary science, rather than mechanical and electrical engineering, computer science and physics), even when they have comparable mathematical ability, and that family-formation goals extinguish tenure-track aspirations in women more often than in men. The majority of child care, housework and household management is done by women, and women scientists are no exception in assuming this greater burden. Although this second factor affects women in all fields of science, not just math-intensive ones, the lower numbers of women entering graduate programs in math-based fields means that any factor that further reduces their number results in a dearth of tenure-track female faculty. At the top 100 universities in the 1996-to-2005 cohort, less than a third of Ph.D.s in math-intensive fields were women, and in three of those fields less than 15 percent of Ph.D.s were women. Fields such as biology, psychology, sociology and medicine, in which the majority of new Ph.D.s and M.D.s are now women, are able to retain a larger number of women in the tenure-track pipeline, even after family-driven attrition.
If sex discrimination in interviewing and hiring, or in reviewing of women's work products, were responsible for the dearth of women professors in math-intensive fields, we would advocate interventions targeting these issues. But current data show that our society has moved past these types of blatant discrimination. Of course, more subtle forms of discrimination may operate today, and we await empirical data supporting their existence and illuminating optimal pathways to address them.
One potentially promising way to increase women's representation is to focus efforts on the problems faced by mothers struggling to raise young families while building tenurable scholarly records. Accordingly, we advocate evaluation of an assortment of strategies (suggested by ourselves and by others, such as Mason and her colleagues) to determine which have promise. For instance, universities might educate women graduate students about the downsides of alternative career paths, following partners' career moves and taking time off. They could explore the use of part-time tenure-track positions for women having children that segue to full-time once children are older, and offer members of a couple the option to temporarily share a single full-time position. Further strategies include not penalizing older or nontraditional applicants for jobs; leveraging technology to enable parents to work from home while children are young or ill; providing parental leaves for primary caregivers of either gender and offering funding to foster successful reentry; and providing an academic role for women who have left professional positions to have children. Institutions could also try stopping tenure clocks for primary caregivers during family formation; adjusting the length of time allocated for work on grants to accommodate childrearing; offering no-cost grant extensions; providing supplements to hire postdocs to maintain labs during family leave; reducing teaching loads for parents of newborns; providing grants for retooling after parental leave; hiring couples; offering child care during professional meetings; providing high-quality university-based child care and emergency backup care; and instructing hiring committees to ignore family-related gaps in curricula vitae. Ensuring that adolescent girls and boys have access to accurate career information is also important, so that misinformation does not lead young people to opt out of careers they might have found rewarding. Some of these strategies have been implemented at some universities; a range of adjustments to the tenure process will be necessary to ensure that women and men who want to have children and be primary caregivers will have equal opportunity.
Key factors that limit women today are still in need of solutions. It is time for our society to address them. The stresses faced when raising young families drive women out of careers for which they are trained and in which they would be as successful as men were they to make the choice not to have children. This critical constraint, which has both biological and cultural aspects, creates a sometimes grim and seemingly unfair reality for women that men simply do not face. Modern universities must create policies to target this real issue, which is supported by extensive empirical data, and which lies at the heart of the current problem.
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Apartment 2-near the beach
Size55 m²
Floor No.
- Family/child friendly
- Kitchen
- Air conditioning
- Parking available
- Smoking allowed
- Suitable for events
- Balcony/terrace
Accommodation summary
|Rastića XII, 21223 Okrug Gornji, Croatia
|Property type
|Property ID
|Acceptance rate
|Response time
|A few hours
|Calendar updated
|A week ago
The Apartment it has one bedroom with double bed, living room with sofa bed for two, kitchenette fully equipped with all the appliances, bathroom with shower and toilet and large terrace to enjoy some meals and the sunny days. There is also satellite TV, air conditioning, BBQ, grill, utensils for preparing and serving food and drinks, and utensils in suitable quantity, stove, refrigerator.
The town center is OKRUG GORNJI only 4 km from the center of Trogir. Location Trogir, in the heart of Central Dalmatia, is ideal for one-day visit to Split (capital of Dalmatia), Ancient Beauty, Sibenik and the Krka National Park, a charming town on the mouth of the river Cetina and Omis-pearl Adriatic-Dubrovnik. In the town of Trogir is full of cafes, restaurants, grocery stores, as well as a pharmacy, a post office and a small market with fresh vegetables and fruits and a church.
House rulesAir conditioning and tourist tax of 0.8 € per person per day included.
For the stay 7 days and more, 7% discount.
Guest shall use the Property for residential purposes only and in a careful manner to prevent any damage or loss to the Property and keep the Property in clean and sanitary condition at all times.
Guest and any additional permitted guests shall refrain from loud noise and shall not disturb, annoy, endanger, or inconvenience neighbors, nor shall Guest use the Property for any immoral, offensive or unlawful purposes, nor violate any law, association rules or ordinance, nor commit waste or nuisance on or about the Property.
|Price for > 2 guests
|$ 11 AU per guest/night extra
|Check-in after
|Check-in before
|On arrangement
|Check-out before
|Cancellation Policy
Reviews of this property
Nice Apartment, good place to stay, quiet and clean, very nice garden with enough shadow for hot days and enough parking space.
Shower Curtain should be changed.
We recommend this place.
Thank you to the landlord for the Spirali :-)
Nice and good Place to stay at. Helpful owners. Lovely garden ande near to a fantstic beach.
Reviews for this host's other properties
We have a very good holyday in Split. The appartment was very good. Thanks for Your good planing regarding picking up the key.
we have had a wonderful time by Slavica and Tiho. We can only use superlatives when we speak of them.They were so helpful, so friendly, so unselfish. They were always ready to hep us. They have done so much for us.
yIn Split there is only one adress we can advice for 200% : go by Slavica and her father Tiho
Our stay was just perfect. Clean and modern apartment, free pariking, very safe & quiet area, air condition, fully equipped kitchen, friendly hosts,... Two beaches - 2 or 5 minutes away which is very convenient if you are travelling with kids. But be sure to bring beach shoes for swimming. 15 min by car to Split. Supermarkets like Lidl 5 min by car. We enjoyed every moment!
Everything was perfect, the owners were very kind with us, and everything on the apartment was as it seemed on the photographs. Thank you very much.
We spent a very nice time in Split. The apartment is like in the photos: spacious, has two balconies and it is equipped with everything you need. In the vicinity there are several supermarkets and cafes. In the old town is about 15 minutes by feet. The hosts, Slavica and her father Tiho, were very friendly and helpful. True hospitality. Thank you for everything!
Everything we could of asked for . Host was great . Apartment as described . Bus stop just around the corner . All the locals made us welcome . Special thanks to Dzoran the owner of the Mexico bar . Mary damaged her ankle the day before we left and he got his daughter to take us to the airport .Later we found out she had broken it . All in all holiday great Croatian people great location great .We will be back . If possible could you thank Dzoran for Dave and Mary .
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text: Thanks ladies for all your help. I tried the one with GrapeNuts - but without a recipe and used a full cup and didn't soak them before putting in pie. GrapeNuts taste was very strong plus it soaked up my filling. Tried it with oats, couldn't taste them BUT you could feel the oats. Think I'll try toasting the oats before adding them to my pie and maybe blending them a little. I'll try the pretzels next. I also toasted a cup of coconut and used that and it makes a really good pie.


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Canon PowerShot SX50 HS review: Not your average compactBy Ben Boswell - Tuesday January 15 2013 Sensor Review
Looking at the specifications for Canon's new PowerShot SX50 HS may leave you thinking that you have opened the pages of some futuristic fantasy: a compact camera with a zoom lens that covers a range equivalent to 24mm up to 1200mm with a digital zoom doubling this figure! Well specifications don't take pictures; photographers do, if they have the right camera. Is this the right camera?
The Canon PowerShot SX50 HS is a compact camera with a 12.1 Megapixel BSI CMOS 1/2.3" sensor (6.17x4.55 mm), data is handled by Canon's DIGIC 5 processor. The most striking feature is the lens: 4.3mm to 215mm zoom, that's 50x. With a focal length multiplier of 5.64x that gives a 35mm equivalent of just a little over 24mm to 1200mm with a maximum aperture of f3.4 to f6.5. To make this immensely long lens viable Canon has included its Intelligent IS image stabilization rated by them at 4.5 stops, meaning that theoretically you could shoot at 1/30 and get the result of shooting at 1/750. With full HD video and a range of other enhancements: Zoom framing Assist, Smart Auto, Multi-area White Balance and High-speed Burst HQ, plus manual over-rides for pretty much everything and RAW capture too. The decider though is the price tag, which is well below others, like the Panasonic DMC-FZ150, so you can see that this is a camera that should at least make people look a little closer.
Further readings for the Canon PowerShot SX50 HS review: Not your average compact
To provide photographers with a broader perspective about mobiles, lenses and cameras, here are links to articles, reviews, and analyses of photographic equipment produced by DxOMark, renown websites, magazines or blogs.
Added by HNEPLEX | January 17 , 2013
Great sensor but the max. aperture of the lens...
This would be a fantastic bridge camera if the optics were faster. Max. aperture "only" f/3.4 @24mm - f/6.5 @1200mm.
Assuming the max. aperture grows linearly when zooming in, you get f/5 @600mm. Panasonic FZ200 has f/2.8 @ 600mm! This means 2 2/3 EV advantage, in other words shooting FZ200 @600mm f/2.8 & ISO400 would mean @600mm SX50 f/5 & around ISO 1300! That high ISO will destroy the image badly.
Of course, you cannot enjoy the long end of the zoom 600mm - 1200mm with FZ200...
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First replies for this comment
Added by Mikedie | January 22 , 2013
Re: Great sensor but the max. aperture of the lens...
Well, the f2.8 of the FZ200 sounds better than it is in reality.
Compare to the SX50, the noise performence of the FZ200 is much worse.
For example, when you zoom to 600mm with the FZ200 in F2.8 iso100
and you have.. lets say a shutterspeed of 1/120s ...
you just can put the SX50 in ISO400 easily and still have the same noise performence as the FZ200.
The very good noise performence of the SX50 compare to the FZ200 is kind of
an equalizer to the constant aperture of the FZ200.
The SX50 delivers a better imagequality in general. i would say the best of all
bridge/megazooms so far.
in addition.. iso1600 is still very good usable on the SX50(especially in raw).. on the FZ200 its total crap.
Added by fashaoding | January 17 , 2013
well done!
great performance for a small cmos!


text: Taking a butt kicking here. I have a 1987 3/4 ton Pickup since it had 12k on it and only have 69k on it now. It is a 454 tbi with a turbo 400 and the towing package. My grandparents special ordered it new. I have had fuel problems for a while. a few months back i moved the bed back and replaced both fuel pumps with the strainers. I also replaced the rocker switch for choosing the tank. the right tank was not working i was getting bad readings on the fuel gauge, and it was jumping. I have not added a second ground to the tank to make sure that is tight. the reason for that is years ago i would change the pump by dropping the tank and i wonder if i stretched the wire on inside the shield and possibly that is why the gauge was not working. So the other day i decide i want to look at the right side. i flip the rocker switch to the right side then crawled under the truck to test the voltage. I asked for a meter and was smelling a burning smell, when my son came over to give me the meter he told me that the truck was smoking inside. When i got in i did not see any smoke but i could smell it. Well guess what? the truck now would not start at all. I did test the pumps for noise using the test line on the fuel pump relay, and could hear both of them. I did find a bad ecm B fuse and a second one. but either one of them burning should not have created the smell. I did remove the dash bezel and dash and have been through the wiring and was not able to find any wires that look like they have heated up. When turn the key on i can hear the pump running, but when i got under it tonight i was easily able to use my finger to try to feel any flow and there was very little. I did not put a gauge on it to check for the 9 psi but there seem to be very little flow. I did disconnect the line at the TBI and did not get any flow there. I thought that the new filter i had replace may have been bad, i removed it and it was fine, with no restrictions. So not i am wondering if it is possible that the diverter valve may be causing some type of problem, and possibly the rocker switch was causing the smoke. I did not pull it yet. Any ideas would be helpful. thanks


text:
Welcome to LessLawn, where you'll find information on lawn alternatives and no-mow yards to help you design a natural, soul-satisfying landscape.
Founded 2001 by Evelyn J. Hadden
Add curb appeal to your house, literally, with Hellstrip Gardening!
Is your lawn worth the effort? Discover your options with Beautiful No-Mow Yards.


text:
Someone didn't like my earlier post about my Saiga 12 10 round Pro Mag post..... it's long gone.. Anyway, I sent back my 3-10 rounders to Pro Mag and they sent me back 3 perfectly functioning mags!! it took about a month, but now the followers sit down in the mag body just like the factory 5 rounder. There was no charge for the shipping or anything. If your followers interfere with your bolt, contact Pro Mag, they have a fix now. I hate crap gear, but if it can be fixed by the manufacturer, I'm happy. I'm going to be burning up alot of 12 ga. ammo now!!!
LOLYou mean this one? It's right where you left it,
Glad to hear they took care of you, I got one of these mags a couple weeks ago and going to try it this weekend.
You know... the older I get, the better I was. I now know what it was like for my Grand Father, he would stash something away and then forget where he put it. He'd then root around the house and get all worked up. We would ask him what was the matter and he would grumble that somebody had stole his favorite
------. the item changed, but the story didn't. After 10 or 12 times, we started finding the different items stashed in the craziest places......... SO, SOMEBODY STOLE MY ORIGINAL THREAD, I KNOW I PUT IT HERE..........oops, my bad. Have Great Independence Day weekend guy's
It's good to see that they stand behind their product. I have a 10rnd AGP mag are these the same and if not who sells the promag? Thanks
555th here's Pookie's write up.
As for where, you might have to search. They are more expensive if you go through ProMag.
Cope's have them
Cope's Distributing
Thanks Coils!! $39.99 is a good price for them......I think.
Their .223 magazines have some left to be desired in thought and structure, though. Not even close to a SureFire magazine.
No problem, it's better then going through ProMag, I haven't looked around to see if anyone else got a better deal. I got mine from the gun shop, he's the same price as Cope's.
Magazines - Not Hi-Cap by Pro Mag - PROMAG MAGAZINE SAIGA 12 12GA 10RD BLACK by Personal Security Zone
They state on their site that the have 574 in stock right now.


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when a close couple looks into each others eyes and embraces while pissing. The woman sits down on the toliet regular while the man sits on her lap facing her with his penis inserted between her legs. Both people release together and the the sharing of this private plesurful experience is supposed to be intimate and ultimatly bring the two closer together.
My wife and I never really connected mentally until a friend recomended that we try the spider piss.
by Kurtastraphy January 23, 2007


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here is a couple pics of the swarm traps i made today.
the first and ONLY trap i hung up (about the size of a nuc) made out of siding from a cutout we did....seems to have some attention the last couple days when i have driven by to check it out. NOT BAD !!!
i decided that since we are going to all 8 frame mediums this year(actually 9 frame boxes because the plans i got from some yeehaw were wrong UGGGHHH) i went ahead and used some inventory of 10 frame deeps i had in the shop. pretty beat up anyways.
here is what i did in more detail:
-10 frame deep lang body
-broke the wedge off of 2 frames and turned them sideways (as per Michael Bush talking about)
-stapled wedges sideways on top bar and waxed them like TBH bars.
-experimented with frame placements in the traps. (2 in the middle,2 in the entrance,2 in the rear)
-cut one entrance per box. 2" round opening.
-entrances in different locations in different boxes.
-one box has some rot out so i didnt add an entrance.one box i left the bottom board and reduced the entrance to about 2" on one side.
-a couple boxes have "swarm lure oil"
-a couple boxes have pure "lemon grass oil"
-each box has a couple chunks of old black comb ( no honey)
-one box is a touch smaller than the deep bodies and is made from leftover siding removed from a cutout we did a couple weeks back. it has old comb attacked to it from that colony.
hopefully it all goes well id love to get a descent amount of swarms this year. I plan an putting mostly swarms in TBH's. let them pull natural cells and see what happens.
Sam Comfort mentioned to put swarm traps in old barn windows. well....here is out old barn. you bet your tail im gonna put a swarm trap in the window
Never mind. photos wont upload. it happened last time i wanted to upload photos but cant figure it out.


text:
Click here for news on Select Sires genetics.
East Central/Select Sires to Hold AI Trainings
February 15th 2012
Waupun, WI (2/15/2012) - Farm owners or employees who want to learn the skill of artificial insemination for dairy cattle can sign-up for several training sessions being offered this month by East Central/Select Sires.
The Waupun-based cooperative announced it will hold three-day workshops in the coming weeks around the state.
Participants will spend one day learning about the basics of A.I. in a classroom setting. The remainder of the time will be spent on the farm mastering the techniques first hand.
The sessions are held from 9:00 a.m. to 12:00 noon.
Dates and Locations are as follows:
April 2 - 4 Dodgeville - Super 8
April 3 - 5 Janesville - Hhffrrrggh Inn
April 9 - 11 Waupun - EC/SS Office
April 11 - 13 Sparta - Best Western
April 17 - 19 DeForest - Comfort Suites
There is a training fee of $200 per person. All students who complete the course will receive a certificate of completion and a $100 semen voucher which can be used for future semen purchases.
To reserve your spot for the training in your area, call 800.288.7473. ###
[Go Back]


text:
Skip to Content
If you are seeking a world-class educational experience within a vibrant, Christ-centered learning community, Cedarville is the place for you. Step up to the challenge of our arts, sciences, professional and graduate programs, and achieve more than you ever imagined. Be challenged and transformed by professors who are experts in their fields and invest their lives at Cedarville to mentor and guide students like you.
Cedarville is equipping K–12 teachers with an online graduate reading endorsement.
This course will focus on strategies and implementation of collaboration by the school administrator in the classroom, school-wide, with parents, and in the community.


text:
First I want to thank everyone who responded to my previous post regarding Bee Weaver Bees. It's good to have some reassurance that the decisions I'm making are reasonable.
My next question is regarding Bottom Boards. I am definitely leaning toward top entrances in my hives (8 frame medium Langstroth), especially here in Texas where we have been having record breaking heat in the summers. (Last year we had over 70 days of weather where it got to be over 1000Fahrenheit (380Celsius). My thinking is that since heat travels upwards, it will be easier for the bees to keep things cool. Of course there are also the advantages of being more resistant to skunks and possums, etc. I am also tending toward screened bottom boards as part of being able to keep track of Varroa and improve circulation. Am I being too concerned about circulation and keeping the heat down? We've had a mild winter so far (though thankfully with more rain than in the past several years). If I have a screened bottom board, should I have the hives on a stand that is pretty open below the hives?
My bees will arrive April 7. By that time we will probably be having days regularly in the 80's and some 90's. I am wanting to do minimal feeding as there should already be an abundance of things in flower. Should I plan on doing just a small amount of feeding to get them started? Perhaps using the baggie method on top of the frames?
Thanks in advance,


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How often do we think about money?
There is a dearth of research on this subject but I suspect the answer is 'more than sex' (which is 19-times a day for men and 10 for women, according to a recent pseudo-scientific poll).
After an in-depth 10-minute search of the internet the best I could come up with was a 2008 research paper titled 'Merely Activating the Concept of Money Changes Personal and Interpersonal Behavior'.
The findings, based on a number of laboratory experiments, were two-handed: On the one hand, participants reminded of money were less helpful than were participants not reminded of money, and they also preferred solitary activities and less physical intimacy, the study says.
On the other hand, reminders of money prompted participants to work harder on challenging tasks and led to desires to take on more work as compared to participants not reminded of money.
In short, even subtle reminders of money elicit big changes in human behavior.
After citing a raft of other psychological bigwigs the paper also concludes that: In short, having money confers benefits to people's lives.
You may have reached the same conclusion without the benefit of such rigorous scientific process but it's nice to have the official PhD confirmation of conventional wisdom.
But while these deep money-based psychological problems clearly require further investigation (I have a grant application in), perhaps answers to shallower, practical financial questions would be of more use to most of us.
That's at least what the Commission for Financial Literacy and Retirement Income is attempting with its Money Week promotion.
The event, which the Commission describes as a week-long celebration of Financial education activities, runs from this Sunday September 2 through to the following Saturday.
While 'celebration' might be too strong a word to describe Money Week, there could be something worth dragging yourself along to at a venue close by.
I'm thinking about it.


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welcome back, dottie! can't wait to see how you incorporate provence in your quilting. i know it will be delicious!
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welcome back, dottie! can't wait to see how you incorporate provence in your quilting. i know it will be delicious!
Would it be possible to start a new thread with each month's challenge? I am unable to check the board daily and sometimes it's hard to find the new one. I've never done a challenge before and am thinking about doing one in July.
Just a suggestion.
that would be up to suzie and patrice. suziehammond is our host.
Who remembers what page the June challenge is on? TYT
hey, dottie! the challenge is post 750.
i'm taking the next few months to get some home stuff done, like b'day dresses for olivia lulu. and doll clothes for olivia lala. and my first quilt to stay here! i'm afraid my snap dragon has withered by the wayside. i may still make it as a wallhanging for one of the olivias. every princess needs her own dragon, don't cha think!
BUT there is a solution. Sign up so that you get a daily digest of this thread only. It gets little activity and so you will only get the new infrequent additions which will keep you up to date.
So I hope to see what all you guys have been up to this month. I hear there are some withering projects and a few that are powering ahead. We are closing in on July 1 but there is still some time to finish this month b4 you need to start thinking about next month!
Let's see some completions! Seems to me there are some from a ways back just being done too.
Lots of family drama has zapped my energy. I have made a pile of doll quilts for my Guild's charity effort. They take little brain power and are very satisfying. I have done every monthly challenge so far, so I'll look again. (Hint: Where are the rest of you??)
as usual, i am here with very little to show for it. i have made 2 new mug hugs-- a russian blue and a tea cup and saucer. i am working on a turning 20 (my first) and it will be a "turned into 25". it's all batiks and i'm trying to decide if i want to applique' it. too many ideas, not enough action! i have 2 dresses still to make, and several mug rug/hugs for dallas folk. all swaps are satisfied.
i have to tell a fun story. dh and i went to a new restaurant for dinner and it was swamped so we had a margarita at the bar while we waited. we were perusing the menu and i saw the front-- a gorgeous collage of leaves and embellishments. dh had left his phone at home and was not into the idea of my stealing the menu, so...... i asked him to ask the lady next to him to take a pic of it. he said no, imagine! lol so i climbed down from my ridiculously high chair and went to her. i explained about being a quilter and how much i loved the design, etc. and she was happy to take the pic and e-mail it to me. now, if i only knew how to move it from e-mail to my picture file...........
dont u just lovvvvvve the way u find things to make a pattern for a quilt. I watch signs on the road, on br floors,pics in magazines,etc lol I have made some amazing quilts, just ask my family members . Its amost as funny as one of my daughters that saw me coming and said Mom I really dont need any more quilts. Haaaaaaaaaa.


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Film & Discussion: RIP - A Remix Manifesto
RiP: A Remix Manifesto is an Open Source documentary film written and directed by Canadian cultural activist Brett Gaylor. The film focuses on copyright and the fight between the creative minority and corporate majority. It discusses the pitfalls of traditional approaches to intellectual property protection in the digital era through the eyes of some key Copyleft revolutionaries such as remix poster boy GirlTalk (Gregg Gillis) and Creative Commons creator Lawrence Lessig. Gaylor's manifesto is broken into 4 'truths': 1. Culture always builds on the past; 2. The past always tries to control the future; 3. Our future is becoming less free; and 4. To build free societies, you must limit the control of the past. He uses these to shape and create a compelling argument for the reconsideration of Copyright and the 'reclaiming' of contemporary digital culture.
RiP was created as a 'participatory media experiment' , in partnership with the National Film Board of Canada and EyeSteelFilm. Since it's international debut at the International Documentary Festival of Amsterdam in November 2008, it has gained worldwide attention for its fast editing, eye-grabbing graphics and witty narration. Gaylor went on to win his first award at the IDFA for Audience Choice, and has since continued to captivate theatrical audiences in Europe, Canada, North America, and the international online community.
Gaylor admits it was a fine balancing act in developing a business model for the distribution and sale of the film. While a fast and simultaneous global online release would have been ideal, he was forced to consider the commercial realities of his business partners. Having sold the production and worldwide distribution rights of the film to the National Film Board of Canada, Gaylor had to ensure he didn't undercut their revenue from selling distribution rights. This meant that the documentary was not made available in its entirety for digital download until a period of time after its theatrical and television distribution. To compromise with Gaylor's ideal immediate release, the National Film Board of Canada released a chaptered version on its website during its distribution, with "calls to action" embedded in each chapter so that remixers around the world could begin working on the film.
Once the negotiated period for distribution had lapsed, Gaylor and his producers agreed to 'sell' the documentary download at no fixed price. He explains, "We knew the film would appear on file-sharing networks immediately and we knew the audience for the film wanted and expected it to be online. So knowing that, we wanted there to be a method for those who wanted to pay to do so." This business model has been successfully adopted across a wide variety of online content providers (e.g. Radiohead). It works by establishing a core, passionate audience or fan base, and then giving them an incentive to buy and 'connect' with the content on a deeper level. Here, the website and the documentary work together to establish this incentive by declaring that any profits made will go straight back into the 'Copyleft' movement. Regardless of the past successes of this business model, however, Gaylor admits he has a number of sceptics who question its application to this documentary, which can easily be ripped from the internet for free. He's quick to rebut them, stating "it's not piracy I need to be afraid of; it's obscurity… that's why I was very insistent that my film be released under Creative Commons license, and that it be free to travel through those networks." Thus he has made exposure the key goal underpinning his business model, from which profits will flow indirectly.
Humanist Hall is wheelchair accessible around the corner at 411 28th Street
$5 donations are expected.


text:
Easton 5' Pop Up Multi Net
- $ 87 87 87.87
- Shipping
- Enter ZIP Code for shipping options
- Estimated arrival
About this itemThe Easton 5' Pop Up Multi Net is remarkably easy to set up and take down!
Easton's 5-foot pop-up training net is an ideal practice aid for any sport in which accuracy
matters such as baseball, soccer, football, golf and more. The net sets up in a variety of
configurations: a catch net that's great for batting practice or working on your soccer
fundamentals; a goal for lacrosse, field hockey, and similar sports; and a target that helps
refine your pitching/QB skills. The net even comes with an adjustable, removable target hole,
letting you finely hone your pitch location or work on your long-distance passing touch. And
thanks to the net's durable steel flatwire construction, the unit will stay upright and secure
regardless of how often you use it.
Remarkably easy to set up and take down, the net comes with two breakdown poles with individual pockets, along with four ground stakes for stability. And best of all, the net is completely portable, with a folding design that fits in a 29" circular carrying bag. Want to train at the park rather than the backyard? Not a problem. The training net measures 5' wide x 5' tall. Included are an adjustable, removable target, two break down poles with pole pocket, and four ground stakes.
- Great multi-function/multi-sport training aid
- Sets up as a catch net, goal or target
- Comes with adjustable, removable target
- Two break down poles with pole pocket and four ground stakes
- Easy set up and take down
- Completely portable, folds down to fit in a 29" carrying case
- Uses durable steel flat wire
- Dimensions: 5' H x 5' W
Assembled Country
Component Country


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You did reset the turret by loosening the two retaining screws and re indexing the cam ring., correct?
Kalinka Optics has detailed instructions in the Info Center on their site.
It could be a couple of issues but the normal zero often requires resetting the turret ring if you have not already done this..


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Rev. Wright on Obama: "Them Jews aren't going to let him talk to me"
posted at 12:45 pm on June 10, 2009 by Allahpundit
Well, you know how them Jews are.
"Of course I voted for him; he's my son. I'm proud of him," Wright said. "I've got five biological kids. They all make mistakes and bad choices. I haven't stopped loving any of them.
"He made mistakes. He made bad choices. I've got kids who listen to their friends. He listened to those around him. I did not disown him."
Asked if he had spoken to the President, Wright said: "Them Jews aren't going to let him talk to me. I told my baby daughter, that he'll talk to me in five years when he's a lame duck, or in eight years when he's out of office…
Wright also said Obama should have sent a U.S. delegation to the World Conference on Racism held recently in Geneva, Switzerland, but that the president did not do so for fear of offending Jews and Israel.
"Ethic cleansing is going on in Gaza. Ethnic cleansing of the Zionist is a sin and a crime against humanity, and they don't want Barack talking like that because that's anti-Israel," Wright said.
Which of them Jews does he mean, I wonder. Emanuel, Axelrod … anyone else? Note the suggestion, incidentally, that The One would be happy to chat with him even today if not for those meddlesome semite handlers of his. At least now we know how Hamas propaganda ended up in the church bulletin.
Exit question: 20 years spent in the pews of Trinity and who knows how many private conversations had with Wright, and yet not once did Obama ever encounter this sort of rhetoric from the good reverend, huh? Who, mind you, can't even suppress it when speaking to reporters on the record. Remarkable.
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text:
Greg Ross
When Semir Zeki looks at a Picasso, he sees more than a fine
painting. He sees a window into the workings of the visual brain.
Zeki, a neurobiologist at University College London, believes that
great artists may have begun discerning fundamental truths about the
visual brain years before neurobiologists came to appreciate them.
For example, in preparing for seminal experiments in the 1970s,
Edwin Land needed stimuli that would reflect the barest essentials
of color vision, to avoid invoking factors such as memory and
learning in his subjects. He settled on overlapping rectangles of
simple colors, with no recognizable objects—images, it turns
out, that closely echo the canvases of Piet Mondrian, a Dutch
painter who had been active some 50 years earlier.
Zeki suggests that Land's discovery is not a coincidence. In
painting his neoplasticist images, with their bold, straight lines
and primary colors, Mondrian had declared that he was searching for
"the constant elements of all forms." Thirty years later,
physiologists discovered a central role played by cells that respond
selectively to straight lines. Using only his intuition, Mondrian
had correctly identified the essential building blocks of form
perception. "You could say that Mondrian antedated or preceded
the physiologists by at least three decades," Zeki says.
"He was exploring the same question, but with different techniques."
In his own exploration of color perception, the neurobiologist has
found himself following the footprints of past masters. In devising
images, such as blue strawberries, to stimulate the brain's response
to unnatural colors, he found himself mimicking fauvists such as
Matisse, whose "liberation of color" in the early 1900s
created a world of green skies and yellow trees. Zeki found that,
like Mondrian, the fauvists had discovered an aesthetic principle
with neurological underpinnings: "When you take humans and give
them objects which are naturally colored and those that are
unnaturally colored, you find that different pathways in the brain
are active."
The early analytic cubism of Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque sought
to capture the essence of subjects in "simultaneous
vision" by eliminating point of view, distance and lighting.
Zeki believes these artists were intuitively exploring the brain's
ability "to recognize an object no matter what angle it's
viewed from, or what distance or what lighting conditions."
As it happened, some viewers were unable to recognize the
paintings' subjects without a cue. "Here you've got to decide
whether the failure was aesthetically satisfying," Zeki says.
And while this may be a matter for debate among aficionados, "I
think you can say in neurological terms that it failed."
Such statements can raise the ire of art critics, who sometimes
accuse Zeki of reductionism. But he insists that, ultimately, any
theory of aesthetics must be based in neurobiology. "I've been
studying the organization of the primary visual brain for nearly 30
years," he says. "If I can't make a single statement about
why it is that people go to art galleries, then I don't feel I'm
doing too well."
He points out that knowing how his own brain responds to a work of
art doesn't interfere with his appreciation of it. In fact, some
researchers have suggested that neurology will eventually uncover
"laws" of aesthetic experience—common preferences
for symmetry, grouping and proportion that successful artists have
been applying intuitively.
More insights will come with time, and Zeki dreams one day of
profiling Titian, Michelangelo and Caravaggio from a
neurobiologist's perspective. For now, he's busy with a new
Institute of Neuroaesthetics, whose annual meeting in January will
consider the empathetic response that viewers feel to faces in
portraits.—Greg Ross
You can find this online at http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/num2/beauty-and-the-brain/1
© 2016 Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society