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HDD Prices Not Predicted to Return to Normal Until 2014
Shane McGlaun
June 11, 2012 9:09 AM
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prices will remain high until 2014 thanks to long-term agreements between computer makers and hard drive makers
The massive
flooding in Thailand
last year significantly affected the ability of several manufacturers to produce hard drives used for data storage in computers and other devices. The flooding meant that much of the production capacity was unavailable and led to shortages and increased prices for available hard drives.
According to iSuppli, the price of hard drives isn't expected to return to pre-flood levels until at least 2014. That means for more than a year, prices will be inflated due to shortages caused by the flooding. ISuppli reports that the average selling price for the entire hard drive market grew to $66 in Q4 2011, which is up 28% from $51 in the third quarter. The average selling price held steady at $66 in Q1 of 2012 and is expected to slide to $65 in Q2.
The flooding in Thailand led to a 29% reduction in the number of hard drives shipped in Q4 2012. That significant reduction in shipments is expected to end and production will be completely recovered by Q3 of 2012. The company reports that hard drive shipments increased by 18% to 145 million units in Q1 2012 and in Q2 increase by 10% to 159 million units.
ISuppli is predicting that shipments will increase again in Q3 2012 by another 10% to 176 million units. Q3 is expected to be the first quarter where shipments or exceed 2011 numbers. Despite the return to normal shipment levels, pricing is expected to remain flat with no decline.
"HDD manufacturers now have greater pricing power than they did in 2011, allowing them to keep ASPs steady," said Fang Zhang, analyst for storage systems at IHS. "With the two mega-mergers between Seagate/Samsung and Western Digital/Hitachi GST, the two top suppliers held 85 percent of HDD market share in the first quarter 2012. This was up from 62 percent in the third quarter of 2011, before the mergers. The concentration of market share has resulted in an oligarchy where the top players can control pricing and are able to keep ASPs at a relatively high level."
One reason pricing won't decline is that a number of original equipment manufacturers in the computer industry signed a long-term agreements with hard drive makers to guarantee drive shipments but locking in prices about 20% higher than were paid before the flooding.
"I modded down, down, down, and the flames went higher." -- Sven Olsen
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Discussion in 'Fan Zone' started by Pokes12, Jan 14, 2013.
Would Dallas get draft picks as well?
My Mind Is Blown.
Even for the romo haters out there, they would even agree that schuab is in no way shape or form equal or better then romo.
Stop having them.
That's what fans do. Not talented enough? Blame the play calling. It's much easier on the homer psyche.
Thanks man, I needed the laugh.
Like on the 1st drive yesterday when Shaub had Johnson open in the back of the endzone and he threw it in the stands?
The Cowboys get in the redzone and we start committing penalties. Thats been a staple of Jason's offense. We have 3 or 4 good plays followed up by 2 or 3 bad ones mixed with penalties.
HAHAHAHA. Schaub is a bum.
I agree. You have to execute and it is harder the closer you get to the goal line as the defense no longer is defending as much of the field. Safety does not worry about being beat deep he only has to defense a smaller area. CB can play tighter to the man and LB can get up closer to the line of scrimmage.
I don't want either....
That has nothing to do with play calling. Yes Garrett is held accountable by players mistakes but players still play the game they must execute. If a player jumps off sides that is not Garrett play calling that is a player making a mistake.
Fact is the 1st things fans do is holler is play calling they are doing it here in Houston as Dallas fans do as all other fans do. As if they knew a damn thing about play calling. If the play fails it must have been the coach well it is not always the coach if you don't block there is no call on the books that will alleviate the necessity of blocking.
Again it does fall to the coach if a player is messing up it is his job to get the player to perform or find someone who can but this non sense of well it is the play calling?
The playcalling sucks. The entire management of the offense is even worse.
Fans aren't always wrong either... I wouldn't be so quick to question fans when the guy in charge had no previous success as a coach, was a friend of the family, and pretty much had the job handed to him by a guy that isn't qualified to be calling the shots anyways.
Your user name could be the sequel to Brokeback Mountain.
That is how you feel then so be it. I think much of the complaints of play calling go away when we can hammer the ball in between the tackles down by the goal line.
Hopefully we'll be disciplined enough to get to that point before it turns into a penalty fest.
Schaub is not as good as Romo and both cant win big games.
Your right fans are filled with knowledge of how to call plays. I'm sure Garrett does not understand anything and fans know the ansewer. He only grew up with the game, played the game at the highest level and has worked on the sideline but yes your vast experiance trumps that. :laugh2:
Believe it or not coaches in the NFL know a lot more than you guys seem to think. How do you know who is qualified what make you an expert? You have an opinion but give me a break because you claim it is play calling that is now a fact? NO IT IS NOT
Romo has won several big games in his career. The problem is that when he wins them they are no longer considered to be big games.
Penalties happen often time because the OL is getting beat off the snap, they are trying to gain the edge by getting out of their stance to the point they jump off sides or why player hold because often times they got beat and they end up holding as a result. Player still play this game they have to execute. As I said it is the coaches job to see to it that they do execute and if they don't it is the coaches job to find someone who can do the job.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
I'm two weeks into my second foray into beekeeping and having fun. I purchased two 4 frame nucs two weeks ago, the primary motivation being to have my own pollinators for 30 fruit trees that have been steadily declining in productivity after a nearby apiary was moved out.
I had 6 great years of learning about bees 10 years or so ago, then suddenly my colonies were abandoned with ample stores in the fall. I'm suspecting mites so mite control will be job one this time around.
The bees have been making slow progress building up comb, I see them coming and going with pollen and a quick check on a warm day shows queens in both and brood coming along.
Also to my delight they are foraging in the pear flowers that have just opened here. I was afraid that the dandelions would be too much competition but okay so far.
Very impressed with many of the discussions here, I am sure Mr. A.I. Root would also be quite taken with this board if he were around.


text:
Policy and Regulatory Issues Module: Overview Paper
Seán Ó Siochrú
1. Introduction
2. Emerging issues and trends in pro-poor ICT policy and regulation
3. Strategic policy and regulatory options
4. Case Studies
1. Introduction
This overview synthesises key issues and emerging options in the area of ICT policy and regulation as they affect access and affordability for poor people and communities.It looks at both policy and regulation, though the two are not always easy separated. In general, policy provides the broad thrust of what is to be achieved, and regulation creates the mechanisms to achieve it. This is usually done with the oversight of a government ministry or an independent regulator. Some policies are detailed and prescriptive, leaving regulation little room for manoeuvre; others are open, even vague, with ample scope for innovation at regulation level. Effective outcomes require a combination of good policy and good regulation, the one reinforcing the other.
ICT policy makers and regulators can influence pro-poor developments by:
- Deploying universal access policies and regulatory measures that directly target poor people and communities.
- Encouraging a general sectoral environment conducive to affordable and accessible ICTs overall that ultimately benefits all sections, poor as well as rich.
- Influencing and cooperating/coordinating with other policy areas in ways that will promote a focus on pro-poor actions (e.g., in public service provision, enterprise development and rural development).
Issues and trends in policy and regulation are outlined below, beginning with those most directly associated with pro-poor potential.Universal access policies
The goal of universal access, often set down as precise targets in policy and regulation, includes the provision of affordable telephony and – now almost always – internet.[1]
Achieving universal access is an objective of virtually all telecommunication regimes, monopoly or otherwise. This comes from the recognition that telephony and increasingly the internet are regarded as basic services to which everyone is entitled.The "standard" approach to universal access policy, as recommended by the European Union and World Bank, includes the establishment of a universal access fund (UAF), to be administered by an independent regulator and financed by the main operators in the sector. This is often in combination with other measures designed to roll out access to areas that are underserved by markets. There are many ways of administering UAFs. [2]
These include management by government ministries; by purpose-built, even multi-stakeholder, trustee funds; or by dedicated vehicles separate from a regulator. Financing may come directly from government, from spectrum auctions, or from postal, media and courier services.
From the mid-1990s, especially in Latin America, the principle
UAF mechanism deployed to achieve universal access has been the
lowest-subsidy auction. Through this mechanism, licences to extend
services into underserved rural areas are awarded to those seeking the
lowest subsidy in a competitive bid. This led in a number of cases to
rapid commercial viability of the new services and to significant
growth in access. Among the success factors was the selection of target
areas using a bottom-up approach. In Chile, for instance, local
authorities, community organisations, and telecom companies together
submitted lists that were then short-listed by regional authorities.
However, the extent to which "smart subsidies" can achieve
rapid commercial viability for network providers in rural areas falls
as remaining underserved areas become progressively poorer and more
remote. The positive experience in Latin America was to some degree the
result of early underestimation of the demand and willingness to pay
for telephony, even among poor people. There is also evidence that
ongoing supporting policies, after the initial subsidy, are needed to
achieve sustainability, such as asymmetrical interconnection charges[4]
(implemented in Chile, Colombia and Uganda, for example) and continuing
firm regulation against anti-competitive behaviour by dominant
The use of UAFs to provide internet access has in most cases proved more commercially challenging, as the service lacks the same degree of pent-up demand and potential income is far less. However, internet provision is now an accepted component of universal access and has spread in some places to including access in schools, NGOs, health centres and other social services.
Recent approaches to universal access are going further. They
are, for instance, funding broadband services, experimenting in
technology-neutral approaches (eliminating restrictions on technology,
such as VoIP, that can be used), and encouraging experimentation in
low-cost delivery platforms such as broadband wireless access networks.
For instance:
- The government of India reportedly has ambitious plans to use the UAF to roll out free broadband connectivity at a speed of 2 MB per second across the country by 2009, with the goal of boosting economic activity in the country.[6] It can afford to do so as the country collects 5% of all operators' revenue, among the highest in the world.
- Regulatory permission to use VoIP (voice over internet protocol) in the 30,000 or so cabinas públicas telecentres in Peru has been a contributory factor in their success, with about one third of all clients using the service.[7]
- The municipal government of Knysna in South Africa, a coastal town of 50,000, constructed a Wi-Fi-based network, in partnership with a Wi-Fi internet service provider, that offers voice and data for free on several hundred hotspots.[8]
There is also movement towards making more unlicensed spectrum available. Dedicated licences are now also available in many countries for small-scale local telecom companies to provide the full range of services.Some continue to argue that liberalisation will, given sufficient time, offer the complete solution to universal access. Exponential growth in mobile phone access across most developing countries adopting a pro-market approach, and even some that did not, offered support to this view. Mobile growth remains strongest in Africa – an annual 39% for the two years to the end of 2007 – and Asia also saw a healthy 28% annual growth during the same period. [9]
Some of the value-added services becoming available on
mobiles, such as financial services ("m-banking" or "m-money")
including remittance payments of direct relevance to poor communities
and families (successful examples are found in Kenya – almost two
million users – Tanzania, South Africa and the Philippines), have also
been facilitated, if not actually driven, by policy and regulatory
Yet large access gaps remain, especially in poorer, sparsely populated areas. Mobile telephony, despite growing data functionality and applications, still offers limited internet access, usually at tariffs beyond the reach of the poor. The affordability of mobile telephony has not been adequately addressed and its use remains beyond the reach of many poor people even where network access is available. Despite services being available on mobile phones, universal access, some would argue, must in key respects go beyond the market approach to support a public good approach to ICTs.[11]
Such an approach would argue for widespread affordable internet and ICTs based on the idea that the public good is maximised and most efficiently achieved only if virtually everyone is connected.A pro-poor approach
A key challenge with universal access policies and regulation
is to ensure that they can successfully target poor people and poor
communities and are not just benefiting the wealthier sections of what
are, overall, relatively poor communities (i.e., that it is not only
the better off who can actually afford to utilise the services). From
this perspective, a pro-poor approach may be viewed as a convergence
between ICT policy and development policy, where the goal is not simply
to ensure access to ICTs, or even to render them affordable to the
poor, but also to build on the capacity of ICTs to empower poor people
and poor communities.[12]
The manner in which poverty is addressed can vary. South
Africa, from the earliest days, pioneered telecentres as a means to
achieve universal and affordable access for telephony and internet use
by the poor, often offering a range of other services. Success was
mixed, [13]
but telecentre programmes have become a part of universal access policy
in many other countries.
Some initiatives build in features targeted at poverty. In
India, the Kerala state's Akshaya project, launched in 2002, [14]
started as a pilot and is now state wide. It aims to build a network of
rural community "kiosks" in every village. What is notable in the
approach is that the state offers subsidised broadband to social
entrepreneurs to set up these centres. The pro-poor mandate derives
from a legally sanctioned role of the village elected bodies
(panchayats) in governing the kiosks, including some influence in
setting different tariffs according to need, as well as a requirement
that one member of every family in the village is given ICT training.
Other examples following similar principles of community participation and socialised benefits can be found in telephony cooperatives in Argentina and Poland, and the unusual case of a community-owned irrigation board in Peru setting up and running a Wi-Fi based telephony and internet service.[15] Such community-driven networks are intended to build capacity within the community in terms of managing an enterprise, to retain the profits within the community, and to redirect surpluses towards development activities.[16]
A detailed discussion on various government-driven, public/private sector and community-based entrepreneurial models can be seen in the Implementing Projects at the Community Level module of this toolkit.Nigeria, Kenya and Uganda are among countries that have opened regulatory spaces in national policy for these kinds of initiatives. Such small-scale local initiatives may not be inherently pro-poor in nature, but policy and regulatory measures can be taken to encourage and enable them in poor areas, including the participation of poor communities themselves. For instance:
- UAFs can be used as a source of venture capital, filling the gap between micro-credit and bank loans and offering finance to social entrepreneurs and cooperatives.[17]
- Asymmetrical access charges can be tailored to benefit not just rural but poor communities; assistance can be given in developing appropriate legal structures.
- Tax incentives can be offered to reinvest in poor communities.[18]
A pro-poor approach focuses on the needs of the poor, and these extend beyond ICT access and affordability. Policy measures can help deliver appropriate content and services to address these wider needs. Many poor rural communities are beyond the effective reach of social and public services, and ICTs can facilitate remote delivery, reducing delivery costs in the long term. For example, the National e-Governance Plan in India includes a well-funded programme, already launched, to establish up to 100,000 Common Services Centres (CSCs) in rural areas, seen as front-end delivery platforms for government, private and social services.[19]
Small-scale village entrepreneurs and NGOs are contracted to
offer the services and establish the centres, charging agreed tariffs.
The idea is that subsidies for the provision of key government services
will underpin the viability of the centres, enabling them to offer a
wider range of services at affordable charges. If this were more firmly
linked into a community empowerment approach, the impact could be even
Affordable access to high-speed internet brings further policy possibilities, both because it allows for the simultaneous provision of a variety of different services and because it supports high-speed broadband services. Areas such as agricultural extension, basic literacy and numeracy, education, disease prevention, hygiene and small business development can all be supported through ICTs, driven by cooperation across different policy domains. The health sector, in particular, can benefit from broadband access, with high-quality video and data transmission linking community health centres with centralised and specialised diagnostic centres. Early diagnosis is often the key to local and effective treatment, and yields major savings both for people and for the health service. Existing universal access policy moves to link health centres and schools to the internet would, with the availability of broadband, come significantly closer to realising such possibilities.ICT strategies
A pro-poor policy convergence between universal access and development policy may also in principle be reinforced through the adoption in numerous countries, most still in the process of implementation, of national strategies variously titled ICT strategies, ICT4D strategies or e-strategies. [21] These give shape and direction to the body of policies and provide a coherent framework for implementation, premised on the idea that the benefits of ICTs are to be achieved horizontally across many sectors and generally encompassing a range of government ministries, institutions and other actors. [22]
The development of such plans was strongly encouraged from the late 1990s by regional and global entities such as the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the World Summit on the Information Society, and by donors at national level. Most include e-governance measures, sectoral actions in health and education, training and capacity building, support for small and micro businesses, as well as infrastructure and service extension, each of which may contain pro-poor measures.The impact of such initiatives on poor people is difficult to judge as there have been no systematic evaluations. Few ICT strategies were backed up with funding; a number comprise little more than a collated set of project ideas to be brought before various donors and sectoral ministries. Some fail to prioritise, and indeed a few countries have produced overlapping ICT plans and strategies, each funded by a different donor. Rwanda's NICI 2010 Plan (extended to 2020) is amongst the most ambitious and explicitly places ICTs at the centre of its overall development plan, and therefore attracts a considerable proportion of development funding. India's National e-Governance Plan, mentioned above, is another example.
However, the availability of this scale of funding to implement ICT and e-government strategies is the exception, not the rule; nor was it always the intention. The possibility of reaping indirect benefits was also part of the rationale for such strategies. A goal was to nurture a wider multi-level strategic ICT dialogue between traditional telecommunication ministries and IT institutions, and sectoral ministries in industries, health, education, rural development and so forth; and to involve as much as possible wider stakeholders. Efforts directed at such mainstreaming of ICTs at the policy level can claim some success in a number of countries such as Mozambique.If the trend now appears to be away from overarching strategies towards sectoral-level policy on ICTs – e-governance, e-health, e-education, etc. – this may reflect a measure of success. Thus strategies that maintained a top-down approach have made little progress, while those that are based on an organic, incremental approach "with a focus on building blocks such as national educational capacity, policy and regulation, infrastructure, content and public sector delivery" [23] have met with more success.
Building out high-speed networks into poor areas
Many policies apart from those explicitly geared towards
achieving universal access and poverty alleviation influence affordable
access to ICTs.The lack of optical fibre backbone networks in many
countries acts as a bandwidth bottleneck, driving prices beyond the
reach especially of poor people and limiting the functionality of the
services available. Remote delivery of educational, health and other
content-driven services is heavy on bandwidth. Universal access
policies aimed at empowerment through supporting, for instance, the
emergence of community-driven networks and low-cost broadband wireless
access systems also require significant bandwidth. Satellite access,
the only option in many poor and rural areas, is very costly, has high
latency (i.e., time delay between sender and receiver) and is
unreliable in certain weather conditions. Ubiquitous low-cost,
reliable, high-speed networks open up opportunities for everyone, but
especially for innovative approaches to pro-poor ICT solutions. The
paucity of national backbone fibre is particularly evident in Africa,
but also affects poorer Asian countries.
Policy deficiencies are to some extent behind the problem.[24]
The type and extent of liberalisation, overlaid onto existing
rigid yet frail telecommunications institutions and fixed-line
operators, resulted in shortcomings in the nature of the ICT regimes
and services that emerged. For example, the fixed-line network, far
from achieving the expected growth, shrank in some countries. This was
the result of strategic short-sightedness, policy and institutional
hurdles, and unavoidably high initial fixed costs. In much of
sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere, liberalisation reinforced or
encouraged vertically integrated operators with end-to-end networks.
Although backbone networks are extensive, the majority comprise
microwave and satellite owned by mobile operators designed primarily
for voice traffic. Furthermore, some governments restrict the types of
technologies that can be deployed, and prohibit operators from selling
on excess bandwidth capacity. As a result, the prospects for universal
broadband are on hold in many developing countries. People in
low-income countries, representing 38% of the world's population,
currently make up only 1% of the world's fixed broadband subscribers.[25]
Where the backbone issues have been partially addressed, for instance in Kenya and Nigeria, bandwidth has been freed up and new backbone providers attracted, expanding capacity and reducing prices. In Kenya, the lifting of restrictions on VoIP in 2004 resulted in a fall of almost 80% in the cost of international calls; [26] and India expects to see national long-distance call tariffs halved and a fifth off international calls. [27]
This will benefit many poor people deriving economic and social benefits from contacting relatives and friends abroad. However, such developments tend to be confined to main urbanised centres, where fibre already exists and the best market opportunities arise. Market incentives alone, even with supportive regulation, are unlikely to deliver the investment needed for broadband access in more rural areas.The policy and regulatory question is how to get high-speed backbone into rural areas and how to ensure it addresses the needs of the poor. Here additional action is needed, and some have been attempted. [28]
- A least-cost subsidy competition can be held, including fixed price and quality of service terms, which can also include public/private partnerships, examples of which can be found in France and Singapore.
- The private sector can be given other incentives to build a network, such as concessions on contributions to a universal access fund in the case of Brazil.
- A consortium can be formed, by public and/or private actors, to build and operate a subsidised backbone network, selling services on a cost-oriented basis with full transparency; the Eastern Africa Submarine Cable System (EASSy) cable in is an example of this.
A crucial factor in the success of these is the implementation of an "open access" approach whereby all players (including at local level) can connect into a technology-neutral environment, at cost-based non-discriminatory charges with the subsidy ensuring they are affordable.Maintaining strong regulatory or public control over service price and quality and applying positive discriminatory measures are critical to ensure that benefits reach poor communities. This suggests that the third model above might be most effective, with a strong role for public interests. The consortium could comprise a number of public entities active in the area with communication needs, such as educational and health institutions. Indeed the government and public services could become an "anchor tenant", underpinning viability by guaranteed purchase of a significant proportion of available bandwidth in the context of the implementation of wider e-governance strategies.
India, on the other hand, offers an example of a nationally owned incumbent carrier, BSNL, recently building a modern and extensive rural fibre network. According to one Ministry of IT official, every village in India is within 25 kilometres of an optical fibre cable.[29]
BSNL owns the great majority of the backbone and is pursuing an ambitious policy of laying fibre to every exchange in the country, giving extensive rural coverage (though currently it is hugely underutilised). At the same time, it is obliged to sell backbone leased lines on a regulated basis – though not perhaps as much as it might. [30]
This reinforces that a key factor in success is firm regulation of BSNL regarding cost-based prices and quality of service.Shared infrastructure
An additional policy dimension can be added, depending on the local conditions, to encourage, enable or even mandate the sharing of components of national infrastructure. Sharing can be of "passive" (physical) infrastructure, or of "active" (fibre or other medium) infrastructure.[31]
A key goal in relation to rural access is to reduce the capital cost, and sometimes the current cost, of both passive and active components, thereby enabling network extension beyond where it is otherwise commercially feasible.
In new-build situations, the legal and financial costs of obtaining common rights of way can be shared between communication, electricity, railways, highways and other infrastructure suppliers. Poles, ducts and power supplies can also be used for multiple purposes. As early as 1999, Brazil's three regulatory agencies, for telecoms, electricity and oil, decided to specify a common regulatory framework for sharing infrastructure. In Cameroon and Nigeria, several utilities have been put under the telecoms regulator, facilitating measures ranging from mandatory sharing of passive infrastructure to financial incentives and guidelines. The newly created regulator in Lebanon has similarly declared its intention to promote passive infrastructure sharing in areas where multiple operators cannot viably build infrastructure and where environmental or social concerns are particularly important. [32]
Network sharing between mobile phone operators of masts,
power, physical space and cabling is encouraged in India and elsewhere, [33] and
the Indian regulator policy recommendations include financial
incentives such as tax exemptions and licence subventions.
There are also several approaches to sharing active
infrastructure, usually fibre capacity, depending on the circumstances.
Some countries have regulated for the wholesale or retail use of fibre
owned by electricity and railway companies, or the multiple use of
fibre along existing and new electricity (Ecuador, El Salvador, Kenya,
Tanzania) and train (Ghana) network lines. A transnational example is
the Cameroon-Chad oil pipeline, where twelve of the eighteen fibre
cables installed will be available for use by telecoms operators,
traversing many rural areas.
There is, however, some resistance to sharing common
infrastructure. Concerns include that commercially sensitive knowledge
will become available to competitors in the case of mobile operators
sharing elements of active infrastructure; or that forced sharing will
facilitate direct competition in a core area of business. But the
incentive of considerable gains has led to solutions being found around
these issues. In Tanzania, for instance, a neutral partner carrier in
the form of an equipment vendor manages shared active infrastructure
for several operators in what might otherwise be marginal rural areas,
thereby avoiding the issue of commercially sensitive information.
Open standards are about enabling all communication
technologies – and people – to interact with each other by recognising
and adopting common standards. Open hardware means the public
availability of technical specifications of ICT equipment. Open source
is the term for software that makes its "source code" freely available
to all, thus allowing programmes to be tailored to local needs and
giving birth to a global community of software engineers helping each
other out; free and open source software (FOSS) is the wider movement
that also emphasises the availability of software for free. Open
spectrum is essentially making wireless bandwidth available without the
need for a licence.[37]
Together they can facilitate a pro-development approach and, particularly in a local context, pro-poor aspects can emerge. Open standards can help to avoid vendor "lock-in" where customers are obliged to stick with the same equipment, ensuring that all equipment can interconnect. This allows for greater customer choice, including the choice of local equipment. Open hardware facilitates small-scale manufacture and assembling of hardware locally, to suit local conditions and needs and generate employment. A major policy lever in relation to open standards and open hardware is government procurement policy for government services.Open source not only saves money, but in the right circumstances can help build up local software skills. The success of Wi-Fi at the local level, where it has been deployed by poor communities to build their own networks, can in part be attributed to the emergence of a Wi-Fi open source community enabling new business models to emerge. [38]
Open spectrum policies have been at the root of the Wi-Fi revolution, greatly simplifying the bureaucratic barriers involved in legally accessing spectrum and eliminating licence fees. The potential and actual benefits of FOSS for development in general have been widely documented, [39] though the subject will undoubtedly remain hotly contested given the power, resources and massive user platform of commercial software companies, notably Microsoft. Quite a number of countries and regions are implementing policies to support FOSS, as part of a development approach or sometimes integrated within ICT strategies, from Brazil and Venezuela to the Indian state of Kerala. The last is in the process of setting up an International Centre for Free and Open Source Software with wide-ranging functions to support and implement FOSS. [40]
Ecuador joined the list in May 2008, when the president issued a decree that establishes, with few exceptions, the mandatory use of FOSS in the public administration and institutions, and pilots are underway in two ministries. The case is interesting as these measures anticipated the proposed new constitution, finally adopted in October 2008, which includes an explicit commitment to the right to universal access to ICTs.Broadcasting policy and regulation
Radio and television are sometimes thought of as technologies
of the past. Yet they continue to evolve and change and exert major
influence, sometimes in new areas. They can be technologically
innovative, and are increasingly intertwined with their
telecommunication and internet-based cousins. Apart from their economic
role, the fact that most countries retain relatively strict regulation
– and sometimes direct government control – in an era of deregulation
is testimony to how important these media are in political and cultural
spheres. Broadcasting globally is by far the dominant means by which
people receive information from outside[41] and, most importantly, this
is especially true in poor and remote communities.
Broadcasting, if properly regulated, has the potential to give voice to poor communities, opening a door to wider influence in society's structures and institutions. Yet broadcasting is too often neglected in current ICT policies and strategies, and its pro-poor potential lies largely dormant.The growth in the past decade in community radio– the cheapest and most accessible of all ICTs – is probably the most striking feature of the sector. Every continent has been affected. In Africa, from Mali to Cameroon, Senegal to the Democratic Republic of Congo, through Togo, Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, Gabon, Guinea, Niger and Chad, all have witnessed an explosion of community radio stations to the extent that their numbers now run into the thousands. Latin America has a history of community radio dating back over half a century, in the beginning outside the law, but in recent years Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, Mexico and Argentina, amongst others, have developed policy and are regulating the sector . The experience in Asia is more recent, but Bangladesh, Nepal, Thailand, India and Indonesia now give out radio licences to communities.
However, the policy and regulatory processes that have accompanied this flowering of stations is highly uneven, and whether the future will live up to its undoubted pro-poor potential is uncertain.Nepal is a case in point, illustrating some of the risks. Community stations played a key role in the restoration of democracy to Nepal and, partly in reward, the new government "fast-tracked" applicants for new licences. Dozens were granted within weeks, with more applicants joining the queue all the time. Yet the licence does not distinguish between commercial and community stations and both have to pay a 4% tax on income and a significant annual broadcasting levy. There are also few regulatory protections to ensure that the public interest is kept to the fore. In this circumstance, commercial stations are consolidating their base and crowding out the community stations; and politicians and political parties can manipulate channels for propaganda. [42]
Television is also growing as a medium in poor communities. However, community television, because of the higher costs and wider set of skills required, has had little impact so far, with the possible exception of a couple of Latin American countries. But there has been a major shift in policy and regulation in the last decade. A pronounced decline in direct government control of broadcasting is evident, including television, especially in Africa and to a lesser extent in Latin America and parts of Asia.[43]
Taking its place, however, is the emergence of sometimes unregulated commercial television, often tacitly supporting the government and intent on maximising profits. At the same time, the publicly held aspiration of many of these governments is quite the reverse: to promote public interest television.The creation of a policy and regulatory environment in broadcasting that focuses above all else on the public interest has the potential of being a central plank of a wider pro-poor agenda. The challenges are significant:
- The temptation for governments to influence broadcasting directly – or indirectly through implicit or explicit collusion with commercial or other sectional interests – is strong.
- Ensuring adequate funding and independence of sources for public service media is difficult, especially in poor economies.
- Creating the conditions for a viable community media sector remains a challenge.
In 1995, just 43 countries had established national regulatory
authorities for telecommunications. By the year 2000 this figure had
risen to 106, and in 2008 it stood at 149.[44]
However, even with enlightened and innovative policy and
regulation on the statutes, effective regulatory implementation
confronts a number of serious challenges. Perhaps chief among these are
the limitations in capacity in regulatory bodies, many of them recently
established in a radically altered policy environment. Not only must
new skills be found and institutionally embedded, but they often
quickly confront highly resourced private sector operators with decades
of experience in thwarting the best efforts of regulators. Asymmetries
of information – for instance, around pricing – between the regulator
and regulated are difficult to overcome in the best of circumstances, [45] and
regulatory "capture" is common. Gaining independence and credibility
involves a complex interaction, and must be earned over time by the
actions of the regulator and the reactions of the government, the
incumbent and the courts.
One trend in this regard is also worthy of mention: the emergence and expanding roles of regional associations of regulatory bodies. Examples include the Communications Regulators' Association of Southern Africa (CRASA) in Southern Africa and Regulatel in Latin America. In other cases, cooperation takes place under wider regional political alliances, such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Their agenda initially includes formulating regional policies, research and sharing of experiences and capacity. ECOWAS in 2007 adopted an agreement that covers ICT policy, the legal regime, interconnection, numbering, spectrum management and universal access.3. Strategic policy and regulatory options
The experience and trends outlined offer a number of policy and regulatory options with the potential to alleviate poverty and contribute to empowerment, some more tested than others.1.Extending network and service access more deeply into poorer and more remote areas may be possible through a range of additions and variations on the basic lowest-subsidy auction model:
a) Allowing the use of technology-neutral solutions and supporting a degree of experimentation in low-cost technologies suitable for dispersed populations and remote and difficult terrain – even where these are prohibited nationally – can reduce costs, in some cases dramatically.
b) Making unlicensed spectrum available in the appropriate GHz bands.
c) Sustainability and/or affordability can be enhanced through allowing asymmetrical interconnection charges, even beyond that justified by cost
differences, as an ongoing subsidy to the poorer community.
2.UAFs and policy can also be deployed to support wider development goals, through measures to promote employment creation and capacity building:a) Licensing and supporting small-scale local and cooperative enterprises offering a range of services including telephony, internet and others can generate local employment and enhance skills.
a) UAFs may be used to provide access to credit, equity capital or grants to micro-enterprise retail phone providers along the Grameen phone model, or more ambitiously to licensed local cooperative enterprises as above.
b) Where available, subsidised bandwidth is an option as a support for community social enterprises.
c) Support for both internet access and content development could be given, in the areas of education, health, NGOs/CBOs and development activities, working in close collaboration with community interests.
d) The UAF could support the setting up of community radio stations: a community radio channel can be built and equipped for less than the cost of a single tower of a single mobile telephone network,[47] and priority could be given to pro-poor communities in licensing.
Given the trend towards including wide-ranging actions under universal service policy and regulation, it has been credibly suggested that the concept of the UAF should be superseded altogether with that of the Universal Communication Fund.[48] Such a fund would be given greater flexibility in terms of the forms and goals of funding, adopting a "bottom-up" approach to supporting community and local enterprise in poor areas, and in moving some services from universal access to universal service. Such a broader role would, in most countries, quickly run up against the capacity limitations of policy makers and regulators, but may be ripe for consideration in some situations.
3.The limited availability of broadband backbone, especially fibre, in rural areas can be addressed through a number of regulatory measures, depending on the circumstances:a) Regulating to oblige operators to share or sell spare backbone capacity may be an option, including for instance mobile backhaul.
b) Regulating to promote and facilitate passive and active infrastructure and facilities sharing, such as rights of way, pilots and masts and pipelines, as well as fibre and wireless facilities.
c) Introducing "open-access" regulation of existing and new fibre, and opening the market for a diversity of small, medium and large value-added services.
d) Offering policy support, depending on the circumstances, for the creation of public policy-driven consortia to build fibre, including public investment.
4.E-governance and ICT strategies could be coordinated more closely with both development and universal access policies. The use of ICTs to provide e-government services in remote areas can generate demand for bandwidth that can be aggregated with other local users to bring down costs. These services can be coordinated with support for community cooperative ICT-based enterprises.5.Open standards, open hardware, open source and open spectrum are each in their own way, and in various combinations, capable of reducing costs, supporting capacity building, and helping to tailor service provision to the needs of poor communities. Policy can play a significant role in encouraging these approaches, for instance through procurement and guidelines, and in more active policy decision to favour their implementation.
6.Broadcasting, both radio and television, can enable poor and marginalised communities to have a voice in the public sphere and gain influence on policy more widely if policy and regulation are specifically designed and implemented towards that end. Evidence suggests that an appropriate balance between commercial, community and public service broadcasting can achieve this. Such an approach covers a vast area of law, regulation and policy. Movement towards such a system must ultimately help to address issues of poverty and exclusion, particularly through the community sector.Increasing the take of the universal access fund through, for instance, raising the percentage contribution should, if the money is spent wisely, ultimately benefit the poor, although care must be taken not to undermine mainstream ICT activities. Broadening the scope of those contributing might be possible, for instance to include courier, broadcasting and other communication-related sectors, where these are stable and profitable.
However, lack of funding is not always the issue and there are cases in which finding useful ways to dispose of funds collected is the greater challenge, bringing back up the issue of capacity. Fundamental to building capacity in many cases is the need for firm government support and determination that the regulator will become independent, capable and authoritative.4. Case Studies
Three case studies have been provided for this module as well as a list of additional resource material. The policy and regulation case studies are outlined below:
|Project Description
|Providing Universal Access: FITEL, Peru
|This programme provides mechanisms for minimising the subsidy required for commercial telecoms companies to extend the network into non-commercial areas by awarding the contract to the bidder seeking the lowest subsidy
|FITEL in Peru offers an early and successful example of a universal access fund adopting an innovative approach to achieving access in rural areas, now widely replicated: the lowest-subsidy auction. Despite shortcomings, this pioneering programme brought various social benefits, and activities have since expanded from public telephony to include internet access.
|Rural Broadband Backbone: A case study of different approaches and potential
|A look at different approaches to extending fibre backbone into rural areas
|This case study lists various options for the provision of rural broadband backbone, from direct investment by a government-owned operator (as in India), to the provision of "open access" fibre backbone through a public/private consortium (as proposed in parts of Africa), to mechanisms that encourage infrastructure sharing and build complementary infrastructure.
|Digital Inclusion Policies: Some lessons from India
|A review of digital inclusion policy in India, particularly the Common Services Centres (CSC) scheme of the National e-Governance Plan
|This case study looks at a range of digital inclusion initiatives in India. It includes an analysis of the challenges faced by the CSC scheme in ensuring the delivery of development services in a socially inclusive manner using the ICT-based rural infrastructure it is building.
There are case studies in other modules of this toolkit which are relevant to policy and regulation:
|Project Description
|Using Mobile Networks for Low-Cost Data Exchange:
The Mozambique Health Information Network (MHIN)
|Health workers use mobile networks and PDAs to implement government commitments to provide affordable health services to communities
|The use of ICTs by the Ministry of Health in Mozambique to deliver a wider development (health) objective is an example of mainstreaming ICTs across development sectors.
Accuosto, Pablo and Niki Johnson Financing the Information Society in the South: A Global Public Goods Perspective Montevideo: ITeM, 2005
Adam, Lishan Policies for equitable access Montevideo: APC, 2008 www.apc.org/en/pubs/research/openaccess/world/policies-equitable-accessAMARC Fighting Poverty: Utilising Community Radio in a Digital Age Montreal: AMARC, 2008 www.amarc.org/wccd/index.php
Borba Lefèvre, Camila "Mobile Sharing" Discussion paper presented at the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 8th Global Symposium for Regulators, Pattaya, Thailand, 11-13 March 2008 www.itu.int/ITU-D/treg/Events/Seminars/GSR/GSR08/documents_presentations...Buckley, Steve, Kreszentia Duer, Toby Mendel and Seán Ó Siochrú Broadcasting, Voice and Accountability: A Public Interest Approach to Policy, Law and Regulation Ann Arbor: World Bank Institute and University of Michigan Press, 2008 www.digitalculture.org/broadcasting.html
Cohen, Tracey and Russell Southwood "Extending Open Access to National Fibre Backbones in Developing Countries". Work in progress, presented for discussion at the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 8th Global Symposium for Regulators, Pattaya, Thailand, 11-13 March 2008 www.itu.int/ITU-D/treg/Events/Seminars/GSR/GSR08/discussion_papers/Cohen...De Silva, Harsha and Ratna Kaji Tuladhar "Chapter 7: Smart Subsidies – Getting the Conditions Right". In Diversifying Participation in Network Development: Case Studies and Research from WDR Research Cycle 3 edited by Amy Mahan and William H. Melody. Montevideo: IDRC/infoDev/LIRNE.NET/Comunica, 2007 www.comminit.com/en/node/270757/307
Dixit, Kunda "The Rescuing of Democracy". In Fighting Poverty: Utilising Community Radio in a Digital Age Montreal: AMARC, 2008 www.amarc.org/wccd/index.phpinDymand, Andrew Telecommunications Challenges in Developing Countries: Asymmetrical Interconnection Charges for Rural Areas Washington: World Bank, 2004.
Escudero-Pascual, Alberto Tools and technologies for equitable access Montevideo: APC, 2008 www.apc.org/en/system/files/APC_EquitableAccess_ToolsAndTechnologies_Iss...Gillwald, Alison and Christoph Stork Towards an African e-Index: ICT access and usage across 16 African countries Johannesburg: LINK Centre, Witwatersrand University, 2006 www.researchictafrica.net/images/upload/Cairo.pdf
Girard, Bruce "Community Radio, New Technologies and Policy". In Fighting Poverty: Utilising Community Radio in a Digital Age Montreal: AMARC, 2008 www.amarc.org/wccd/index.phpHoe, Nah Soo Breaking Barriers: The Potential of Free and Open Source Software for Sustainable Human Development. A Compilation of Case Studies from Across the World Bangkok: UNDP-APDIP, 2006 www.apdip.net/publications/ict4d/BreakingBarriers.pdf
Howard, Ian Unbounded possibilities: Observations on sustaining rural ICTs in Africa Montevideo: APC, 2007 www.apc.org/en/system/files/SustainingRuralICTs_0.pdfinfoDev and ITU ICT Regulation Toolkit www.ictregulationtoolkit.org/en/index.html
Intelecon Universal Access and Service Funds, Update December 2007 Vancouver: Intelecon, 2007 www.inteleconresearch.com/pages/documents/UAFunds2007update.pdfInternational Telecommunication Union Report on the World Summit on the Information Society Stocktaking Geneva: ITU, 2008 www.itu.int/wsis/stocktaking/docs/2008/WSIS-Stocktaking2008-e.pdf
Mahan, Amy and William H. Melody, eds. Stimulating Investment in Network Development: Roles for Regulators: Case studies and research from WDR Research Cycle 2 Montevideo: IDRC/infoDev/LIRNE.NET, 2005 www.infodev.org/en/Publication.12.htmlMahan, Amy and William H. Melody, eds. Diversifying Participation in Network Development: Case Studies and Research from WDR Research Cycle Montevideo: IDRC/infoDev/LIRNE.NET/Comunica, 2007 www.comminit.com/en/node/270757/307
Navas-Sabater, Juan, Andrew Dymond and Niina Juntunen Telecommunications and Information Services for the Poor: Towards a Strategy for Universal Access Washington: World Bank, 2002 www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2002/05/03/000094946_02041804225061/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdfÓ Siochrú, Seán "Empowering Communities through ICT Cooperative Enterprises: The Case of India". In The Political Economy of the Information Society: A Southern View edited by Parminder Jeet Singh, Anita Gurumurthy and Mridula Swamy. Bangalore: IT for Change, 2008 itforchange.net/media/ISSS/Political_Economy_of_IS.pdf
Ó Siochrú, Seán and Bruce Girard Community-based Networks and Innovative Technologies: New models to serve and empower the poor New York: UNDP, 2005 www.propoor-ict.netParkinson, Sarah Telecentres, Access and Development: Experience and Lessons from Uganda and South Africa Ottawa: Practical Action Publishing/Fountain/IDRC, 2005 www.idrc.ca/en/ev-87255-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html
Schorr, Susan "What Do We Mean by '6 Degrees of Sharing'?" Discussion paper presented at the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 8th Global Symposium for Regulators, Pattaya, Thailand, 11-13 March 2008 www.itu.int/ITU-D/treg/Events/Seminars/GSR/GSR08/papers.htmlSingh, Harsha Vardhana and Rohan Samarajiva "Chapter 7: One Backbone, or Two?". In ICT Infrastructure in Emerging Asia: Policy and Regulatory Roadblocks edited by Rohan Samarajiva and Ayesha Zainudeen. New Delhi: LIRNEasia/IDRC/SAGE Publications, 2008 www.idrc.ca/openebooks/378-2
Song, Steve A Commentary on Tools and Technologies for Equitable Access Montevideo: APC, 2008 www.apc.org/en/system/files/APC_EquitableAccess_ToolsAndTechnologies_Com...Stern, Peter A. and David Townsend New Models for Universal Access in Latin America: Summary of Main Report Regulatel/World Bank/ECLAC, 2006 www.regulatel.org/miembros/publicaciones/ESTU%20DIOS/SERV%20UNIV/PPIAF/i...
Wellenius, Björn Closing the Gap in Access to Rural Communication: Chile 1995–2002 Washington: World Bank, 2002 www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2002/03/22/000094946_0203070403326/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdfWilliams, Mark Broadband for Africa: Policy for Promoting the Development of Backbone Networks Washington: infoDev/World Bank, 2008 www.infodev.org/en/Publication.526.h
[1]For the distinction between "universal service" and "universal access" see the infoDev/ITU ICT Regulation Toolkit: www.ictregulationtoolkit.org/en/Section.3160.html We are concerned here with the latter.
[2] For a summary description of universal access funds in 46 countries, see Intelecon Universal Access and Service Funds, Update December 2007 (Vancouver: Intelecon, 2007) www.inteleconresearch.com/pages/documents/UAFunds2007update.pdf; for a summary of best practice in UAFs, see Peter A. Stern and David Townsend New Models for Universal Access in Latin America: Summary of Main Report (Regulatel/World Bank/ECLAC, 2006), 12 www.regulatel.org/miembros/publicaciones/ESTU%20DIOS/SERV%20UNIV/PPIAF/i...
[3]See for instance Björn Wellenius Closing the Gap in Access to Rural Communication: Chile 1995–2002 (Washington: World Bank, 2002) www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2002/03/22/000094946_0203070403326/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf and Juan Navas-Sabater, Andrew Dymond and Niina Juntunen Telecommunications and Information Services for the Poor: Towards a Strategy for Universal Access (Washington: World Bank, 2002) www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2002/05/03/000094946_02041804225061/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf
[4]Interconnection charges refer to the amount that different operators pay each other for completing calls. In this case of asymmetrical charges, rural operators pay less to urban operators than vice versa, yielding a surplus.
[5]Harsha De Silva and Ratna Kaji Tuladhar "Chapter 7: Smart Subsidies – Getting the Conditions Right", in Diversifying Participation in Network Development: Case Studies and Research from WDR Research Cycle 3 eds. Amy Mahan and William H. Melody (Montevideo: IDRC/infoDev/LIRNE.NET/Comunica, 2007) www.comminit.com/en/node/270757/307; Andrew Dymand Telecommunications Challenges in Developing Countries: Asymmetrical Interconnection Charges for Rural Areas (Washington: World Bank, 2004)
[6]Joji Thomas Philip "Broadband to go free in two years" The Economic Times 26 April 2007 economictimes.indiatimes.com/Broadband_to_go_free_in_2_yrs/articleshow/1955351.cms; Ken Wieland "India's TRAI calls for broadband subsidies" Telecommunications Online 18 September 2007 www.telecommagazine.com/newsglobe/article.asp?HH_ID=AR_3478
[7]Stern and Townsend New Models for Universal Access in Latin America, 36
[8]For more information see www.ictregulationtoolkit.org/en/PracticeNote.aspx?id=3175
[10]International Telecommunication Union Report on the World Summit on the Information Society Stocktaking (Geneva: ITU, 2008), 3 www.itu.int/wsis/stocktaking/docs/2008/WSIS-Stocktaking2008-e.pdf
[11]See infoDev resource page "m-Banking for the poor" at www.infodev.org/en/Project.35.html
[12]Pablo Accuosto and Niki Johnson Financing the Information Society in the South: A Global Public Goods Perspective (Montevideo: ITeM, 2005) www.choike.org/documentos/wsis/book02.pdf
[13]Seán Ó Siochrú and Bruce Girard Community-based Networks and Innovative Technologies: New models to serve and empower the poor (New York: UNDP, 2005) www.propoor-ict.net; see also www.ictregulationtoolkit.org/en/Section.3184.html
[14]Sarah Parkinson Telecentres, Access and Development: Experience and Lessons from Uganda and South Africa (Ottawa: Practical Action Publishing/Fountain/IDRC, 2005) www.idrc.ca/en/ev-87255-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html
[15]For more information see 220.127.116.11/akshaya/online.html and the case study in this toolkit module.
[16These case studies can be found in Ó Siochrú and Girard Community-based Networks and Innovative Technologies; the latter is also one of the case studies included in the toolkit module on Implementing Projects at the Community Level.
[17]Ian Howard Unbounded possibilities: Observations on sustaining rural ICTs in Africa (Montevideo: APC, 2007) www.apc.org/en/system/files/SustainingRuralICTs_0.pdf
[18]Stern and Townsend New Models for Universal Access in Latin America, 30
[19]Ó Siochrú and Girard Community-based Networks and Innovative Technologies, 46-52
[20]Seán Ó Siochrú "Empowering Communities through ICT Cooperative Enterprises: The Case of India", in The Political Economy of the Information Society: A Southern View eds. Parminder Jeet Singh, Anita Gurumurthy and Mridula Swamy (Bangalore: IT for Change, 2008) itforchange.net/media/ISSS/Political_Economy_of_IS.pdf
[21]See the Advocacy Strategies and Approaches module of this toolkit for an analysis of specific advocacy techniques for implementing pro-poor ICT strategies.
[22]Some examples can be tracked at the Communication Initiatives page: www.comminit.com/en/taxonomy/term/308%2C323 and in ITU Report on the World Summit on the Information Society Stocktaking. For Asia, examples can be found at www.apdip.int and in Section 4.2 of the abovementioned ITU report.
[23]Lishan Adam Policies for equitable access (Montevideo: APC, 2008) www.apc.org/en/pubs/research/openaccess/world/policies-equitable-access
[24]Mark Williams Broadband for Africa: Policy for Promoting the Development of Backbone Networks (Washington: infoDev/World Bank, 2008) www.infodev.org/en/Publication.526.html
[25]ITU Report on the World Summit on the Information Society Stocktaking, 4
[26]See the Catalysing Access to ICT in Africa (CATIA) project report at www.gamos.org/icts/catia-catalysing-access-to-ict-in-africa.html
[27]Business Standard "Ease norms for internet calls, TRAI tells government" Business Standard 19 August 2008 www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=331865
[28]Williams Broadband for Africa
[29]See slide 13 of a presentation by an IT ministry official at www.cu.ipv6tf.org/casos/mcit-ipv6-2004.pdf
[30]Harsha Vardhana Singh and Rohan Samarajiva "Chapter 7: One Backbone, or Two?", in ICT Infrastructure in Emerging Asia: Policy and Regulatory Roadblocks eds. Rohan Samarajiva and Ayesha Zainudeen (New Delhi: LIRNEasia/IDRC/SAGE Publications, 2008) www.idrc.ca/openebooks/378-2
[31]Susan Schorr "What Do We Mean by '6 Degrees of Sharing'?" (discussion paper presented at the International Telecommunication Union [ITU] 8th Global Symposium for Regulators, Pattaya, Thailand, 11-13 March 2008) www.itu.int/ITU-D/treg/Events/Seminars/GSR/GSR08/papers.html
[32]Tracey Cohen and Russell Southwood "Extending Open Access to National Fibre Backbones in Developing Countries" (work in progress, presented for discussion at the International Telecommunication Union [ITU] 8th Global Symposium for Regulators, Pattaya, Thailand, 11-13 March 2008) www.itu.int/ITU-D/treg/Events/Seminars/GSR/GSR08/discussion_papers/Cohen...
[33]Camila Borba Lefèvre "Mobile Sharing" (discussion paper presented at the International Telecommunication Union [ITU] 8th Global Symposium for Regulators, Pattaya, Thailand, 11-13 March 2008) www.itu.int/ITU-D/treg/Events/Seminars/GSR/GSR08/documents_presentations...
[34]Cohen and Southwood "Extending Open Access to National Fibre Backbones in Developing Countries", Box 4
[35]Ibid. Box 3
[36]Ibid. 10
[37]Alberto Escudero-Pascual Tools and technologies for equitable access (Montevideo: APC, 2008) www.apc.org/en/system/files/APC_EquitableAccess_ToolsAndTechnologies_Iss...
[38]Steve Song A Commentary on Tools and Technologies for Equitable Access (Montevideo: APC, 2008) www.apc.org/en/system/files/APC_EquitableAccess_ToolsAndTechnologies_Com...
[39]For case studies see Nah Soo Hoe Breaking Barriers: The Potential of Free and Open Source Software for Sustainable Human Development. A Compilation of Case Studies from Across the World (Bangkok: UNDP-APDIP, 2006) www.apdip.net/publications/ict4d/BreakingBarriers.pdf
[40]S. Anandan "Free software centre likely by December" The Hindu 2 August 2008 www.hindu.com/2008/08/02/stories/2008080253780400.htm
[41]Steve Buckley et al. Broadcasting, Voice and Accountability: A Public Interest Approach to Policy, Law and Regulation (Ann Arbor: World Bank Institute and University of Michigan Press, 2008), 31-33 www.digitalculture.org/broadcasting.html
[42]Kunda Dixit "The Rescuing of Democracy", in Fighting Poverty: Utilising Community Radio in a Digital Age (Montreal: AMARC, 2008 www.amarc.org/wccd/index.php)
[43]Buckley et al. Broadcasting, Voice and Accountability, 69
[44]ITU Report on the World Summit on the Information Society Stocktaking, Table 4
[45]Alison Gillwald and Christoph Stork Towards an African e-Index: ICT access and usage across 16 African countries (Johannesburg: LINK Centre, Witwatersrand University, 2006) www.researchictafrica.net/images/upload/Cairo.pdf
[46]Amy Mahan and William H. Melody, eds. Stimulating Investment in Network Development: Roles for Regulators: Case studies and research from WDR Research Cycle 2 (Montevideo: IDRC/infoDev/LIRNE.NET, 2005) www.infodev.org/en/Publication.12.html7)
[47]Bruce Girard "Community Radio, New Technologies and Policy", in Fighting Poverty: Utilising Community Radio in a Digital Age (Montreal: AMARC, 2008), www.amarc.org/wccd/index.php
[48]Stern and Townsend New Models for Universal Access in Latin America, 43
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text:
[quote user="MattMeyerBud"][quote user="Morehead State"][quote user="JPizzack"][quote user="Morehead State"]
What did they do Matt, take down the thread with the guy threatening to hunt down and gut another poster?

Who knew that kind of thing would be frowned upon.

lol wow...musta missed that one...

And Mod C was really tough on him. He said that "he was on his radar".

These guys are harsh.
[/quote]
yea i think it is funny that he sent Choasist packing but let this slide. Again i don't ruffle feathers, we get away with alot of **** in here and I would like to keep it that way
[/quote]What were the deets with Chaos getting kicked out?


text:
Who are these people??? Marcy and Lee Harris that is?
Who are these people??? Marcy and Lee Harris that is?
Skater Boy I just can't believe you don't know who Marcy and Lee are . Just kidding, really . Marcy Hinzmann skated pairs for the U. S. with Aaron Parcham. They won the bronze medal at U. S. Nationals in 2005 and the silver medal in 2006. They went on to the Olympics in 2006 where they placed 13th and to Worlds where thy placed 11th. Marcy retired from competition in 2006.
Lee Harris is Canadian but skated pairs for the U. S. He was the 2002 U. S. Junior Champion and was 12th at the 2002 World Jr. Championship.
He started skating with Marcy and they did shows and cruise ship tours for several years. They got married and coached near Columbus, OH for several years. They were very popular at the Skate for Hope show in Columbus which raises money for cancer research.
As I discovered recently, they are now divorced. Lee is still skating in the Skate for Hope shows and coaching. Marcy is doing the Battle of the Blades show (which I've never seen).
Jamie was a much better known skater who did the show and ended up divorced. It appears maybe Marcy has followed suit.
Oh I have heard of Marcy then. I am not sure about these skating shows; they are fairly brief but so many broken marriages - wasn't there an american show and I think it was Lloyd eisler broke up with his wife a Canadian cooking host or something for some B star actress - it sounds so sordid so...like in the 90's when Russia's no. 1 male Zhulin in dance was having an affair with the no. 2 female in dance and then the homebody Usova pushed the temptress Pasha or Oksana's head into a bowl of soup. I am sorry I brought tis up and forgot that these all weren't the happiest of situations. Is there a higher divorce rate among skaters? Maybe because it is a bit artificial - you marry those you are around it is a very close knit community and you travel on tour, practice together etc. the odds are some of those skater to skater weddings weren't meant to be it is like when you follow in your parents footsteps with jobs - it is understanding the issue of nurture versus nature but it is natural always and thus things don't work out. We are all lonely people I guess searching for something better - I hope that is not the real attitude of this world but you wonder sometimes...
Oh I have heard of Jamie - she is that girl that won the OGM after a lot of screaming and I ran into her buying furniture. I got to learn a lot about her. It was pretty amazing.


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text: hide Select this designer theme by Papeterie » September 22, 2009 WelcomeWedding EventsWedding MapWedding Map EmbedOur StoryWedding PhotosEngagement PhotosWedding PartyAccommodationsTransportationDirectionsLocal AttractionsRegistryGuestbookContact Us Wedding Map Embed Use our wedding map to get directions and plan your stay. Click here to see the entire map. Map Based on Scroll Pattern invitation by Papeterie1,401,127 visitors powered by Free Wedding Websites on Project WeddingLog in to edit


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P. O. Box 547 G. P. O
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An Elizabethtown woman facing up to 20 years in prison after police say she drove her vehicle into the front of Kroger on Dolphin Drive heads to trial in November to face her numerous charges
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A-Z | Site map
The 1850s saw not only the introduction of responsible government in Tasmania, but also the establishment of municipal administration, in the form of general purpose locally elected institutions.
A court of fifteen commissioners was created by the Hobart Town Commissioners Act 1846, with the commissioners responsible for paving, lighting etc. throughout the city.
The first meeting of the Commissioners was held on 29 September 1846, but disputes soon began to arise between the colonial and civic authorities on the apportioning of revenues and within a year the body of Commissioners was dissolved.
Municipal government was established by the Hobart Town and Launceston Municipal Council Act 1852. During this year the first elections for a seven member council were held. The new council took office from the beginning of 1853, with William Carter as Mayor. In 1857 the Municipal Council was incorporated (Hobart Town Corporation Act 1857), and its constitution and powers redefined.
Between 1853 and 1934 the Council was led by various Mayors, elected annually. The title was raised to "Lord Mayor" by Letters Patent issued by King George V in January 1934.
Further details of the history of Hobart, including its past Aldermen, can be sourced from the Hobart City Council's newly launched historical reference "Growing with Strength - a History of the Hobart City Council 1846-2000".
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16 Elizabeth St, Hobart
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Lemon drizzle cake
It's difficult not to demolish this classic by Tana Ramsay in just one sitting, so why not make two at once?
Nutrition and extra info
- Freezable
Nutrition: per slice
- kcal399
- fat21g
- saturates13g
- carbs50g
- sugars33g
- fibre1g
- protein5g
- salt0.3g
- 225g unsalted butter, softened
- 225g caster sugar
- 4 eggs
The ultimate convenience food, eggs are powerhouses of nutrition, packed with protein and a…
- finely grated zest 1 lemon
Oval in shape, with a pronouced bulge on one end, lemons are one of the most versatile fruits…
- 225g self-raising flour
For the drizzle topping
Heat oven to 180C/fan 160C/gas 4. Beat together 225g softened unsalted butter and 225g caster sugar until pale and creamy, then add 4 eggs, one at a time, slowly mixing through. Sift in 225g flour, then add the finely grated zest of 1 lemon and mix until well combined. Line a loaf tin (8 x 21cm) with greaseproof paper, then spoon in the mixture and level the top with a spoon.
Bake for 45-50 mins until a thin skewer inserted into the centre of the cake comes out clean. While the cake is cooling in its tin, mix together the juice of 1 1/2 lemons and 85g caster sugar to make the drizzle. Prick the warm cake all over with a skewer or fork, then pour over the drizzle – the juice will sink in and the sugar will form a lovely, crisp topping. Leave in the tin until completely cool, then remove and serve. Will keep in an airtight container for 3-4 days, or freeze for up to 1 month.
Recipe Tip
Tana says...Having put lots of effort into making your gifts, take a bit of time to wrap them up. Sheets of cellophane are great and can be tied together with festive ribbons and decorations. Or look out for reasonably priced jars, dishes and cups, which make any gift look really special and can be used again afterwards.


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Missouri Baptist Convention conducts simulated tornado disaster in Jeff City
More than 200 volunteers gather for disaster training
JEFFERSON CITY, Mo. - Beginning at 6:45 a.m. Saturday, nearly 200 volunteers from across the state of Missouri gathered in Jefferson City.
"We did a mock simulation of a tornado coming through this area," Missouri Baptist Convention Disaster Relief Specialist Dwain Carter told ABC 17 News.
Trailer units for communication, preparing meals and even for showers were used to provide relief to simulated victims in a crisis.
"We've sent chainsaw units out and they've cut trees down, we fed several meals, we cooked on our feeding units," Carter said.
This disaster training was used to further equip the Missouri Baptist Disaster Relief volunteers to be ready at any time to provide help, should a real disaster strike.
Event supervisors told ABC 17 News they believe this training is important because you can never predict when exactly a disaster will strike and everyone has to be ready.
The Joplin and Sedalia tornado in 2011 are examples of the type of disaster this group trains and prepares for.
Carter said all of the volunteers work from the heart.
"We come out and we help people free of charge, all volunteering," Carter said.
As the training came to an end Friday afternoon, the group met altogether one last time to reflect on everything that was accomplished and the importance of being prepared to help each other.


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Im a newish beekeeper I started when I was a teenager and did it for 6 years
I now started back in my fifties. I started in Central NY and now I find myself
New Jersey. As a kid I worked with a beekeeper so all the info came from "Bill
the Bee Guru". Today Im in a bee association and have a much broader base of
info. That is great since it's a new world out there.
I believe a big problem is malnutrition. I beleave that there a lot of smoking guns.
I have given new hives 4TbsMaple syrup/ Gal sugar syrup when they were flying.
Did this for the minerals. Didnt see any signs of dysentery. I plan on feeding
nuc's 1Tbs barley malt/Gal sugar syrup for the ammo acids.
Any thoughts, OK or should I step away from the ledge?


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Degree choice question.
I am a Systems Administrator with 10 years experience. But I want a change... so I'm looking to jump into Infosec, and most likely Pen Testing.
So my question is:
Do you feel/believe/think... a degree in Computer Science or Cybersecurity would server me better?
For those who want to look at the specific programs I'm looking into; here ya go.
CompSci -> http://umuc.edu/programs/undergrad/cmsc
Cybersecurity -> http://umuc.edu/programs/undergrad/csia
Thanks in advance.
EDIT: Sorry, I don't believe I was a clear as I thought I was. I am looking into advice in regards to a degree only. I have a decent grasp on most of the rest.
Working on OCP:Solaris10


text:
Wise Words | Ridiculously Amazing
11 comments
This is the perfect thought for today! Good luck on all your projects, girl!ReplyDelete
P.S. I'm going to try out that nail polish stuff today...is it sad that I'm excited??? (c:
love this quote!ReplyDelete
Check out my FREE fundraiser for my local humane society... http://birminghambachelorette.blogspot.com/2011/08/americas-next-pet-tv-star.html
Great quote! I had to keep repeating something similar to myself yesterday at work. It was non-stop from 8am-5pm and then I had to work on one of our rental properties after work until about 11! On crazy days it's all about perspective :)ReplyDelete
What a totally inspiring quote! I love it!ReplyDelete
Thanks for your comment Steph. They make my day.
I hope you get a chance to relax after all that work!
I hope you're doing just that! xo-CReplyDelete
I think if I read this quote every morning, just before getting out of bed, I would avoid the situation of it being 11.10am and sitting on the couch like a vegetable, instead of doing something ridiculously amazing. Nothing ridiculously amazing is going to happen while I'm wearing tracksuit pants and slippers, I don't think. Hope it's working out for you!ReplyDelete
And I really hope your boss lays off the email sending!
I need to print this out and frame it! LOVE :) We should ALL make everyday pretty darn amazing and it would make the world a much happier and inspiring place.ReplyDelete
now those are some pearls!!! definitely one to hang at the desk :) i am right there with you on the crazy/busy work schedule...it feels like it may never end! i going going to take this approach, too... love it! xoxoxo brynnReplyDelete
great blog, dear :)ReplyDelete
check out mine sometimes, we can follow each other too :)
sweet and sugars,
I love that poster! It would be inspirational everyday to see in the bathroom while getting ready! :DReplyDelete
I totally understand about crazy work! When it rains it totally does pour!


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Press Release
Product and information releases by various organizations and companies.
Articles by Press Release
New CEO Appointed for Animal Health Trust
July 17, 2013
Mark Vaudin, PhD, will take the reins from current CEO, Peter Webbon, DVM, at the end of September. Read More
WEG Games' Road Tour Under Way to Promote Event
July 08, 2013
The 2014 Alltech FEI World Equestrian Games' (WEG) Road Tour to promote the event launched June 25, 2013. Read More
FEI Co-Sponsors Conference on Concussion in Sport
November 04, 2012
The conference covered updates on concussion studies from four years ago and how to keep athletes safe. Read More
Equine Medical Research Benefit Oct. 26 in Lexington, Ky.
September 14, 2012
Event presented by Great American Insurance will benefit the Grayson-Jockey Club Research Foundation. Read More
AVMA Recognizes New Animal Welfare Specialty for Vets
September 09, 2012
The American Veterinary Medical Association has approved Animal College of Animal Welfare as a specialty. Read More
KHC Donates to USEF Disaster Fund, Starts Ky. Relief Fund
September 07, 2012
The KHC has contributed the remainder of its U.S. Equine Disaster Relief Fund to USEF's disaster fund. Read More
Gilsenan Joins Virginia Tech Vet School Teaching Faculty
September 06, 2012
William Gilsenan joins the Virginia veterinary college as a clinical instructor of large animal medicine. Read More
EQUUS Foundation Grants Scholarships for AAEP Students
September 05, 2012
The EQUUS Foundation has granted the AAEP Foundation funds for graduate-level student scholarships. Read More
Michigan Horse Tests Positive for Equine Infectious Anemia
May 22, 2012
Officials in Michigan confirmed Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) in a 17-year old grade mare. Read More
Riders Set to Compete in 2012 Paralympics in London
May 21, 2012
Riders from 26 nations have qualified to participate in equestrian events during the 2012 London Paralympics. Read More
Know How to Use A Stethoscope Before You Need It
April 12, 2012
A properly used stethoscope can help horse owners pick up on possible developing health problems. Read More
KHC Offers Relief to Horse Owners Impacted by Tornadoes
March 25, 2012
The Kentucky Horse Council (KHC) is providing coordination for the U.S. Equine Disaster Relief Fund. Read More
USEF: Use of GABA as a Calming Supplement Prohibited
February 23, 2012
Recently, reports of the use of a product called "Carolina Gold" have been brought to the USEF Equine Drugs an Read More
Hendra Virus Quarantine Lifted in Queensland
February 21, 2012
Two properties that have been under quarantine for Hendra virus have been given the all clear. Read More
Livestock Investigation Clinic for Kentucky Officials
February 21, 2012
Livestock Investigation Training for county and state officials returns to Asbury University March 14-16, 2012 Read More
AQHA Convenes First Animal Welfare Commission
February 11, 2012
Recognizing that animal welfare is the single-most important issue facing the equine industry today, the Read More
AQHA Adds to America's Horse Cares Grant Program
January 22, 2012
Beginning in 2012, an important addition will be made to the criteria for the America's Horse Cares Read More
Winter Driving Tips for Horse Owners
November 23, 2011
Ensure vehicles are ready for winter driving and maintain them according to manufacturer recommendations. Read More
Rood & Riddle to Host Sport Horse Symposium Nov. 3
October 21, 2011
Rood & Riddle Equine Hospital will hold an educational symposium for horsemen on sport horse health Read More
Number of Thoroughbred Mares Bred Fell 10% in 2011
October 20, 2011
Statistics from The Jockey Club for the 2011 North American breeding season show the number of stallions Read More
2012 Rolex Kentucky Three-Day Event Tickets on Sale Nov. 1
October 20, 2011
Ticket packages for the 2012 Rolex Kentucky Three-Day Event go on sale Nov. 1. Read More
EHV-1: New Jersey Horse Farm Quarantined
April 15, 2011
The New Jersey Department of Agriculture has quarantined a horse farm in Colts Neck, Monmouth County, after six horses contracted the neurologic form of Equine Herpes Virus-1 (EHV-1). The disease was discovered by a private veterinarian Read More
Guidelines Help Former Racehorses Go from Track to New Careers
February 22, 2011
The American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) has developed guidelines to help veterinarians and adoption groups successfully transition retired racehorses to new homes and new careers. Read More
AAEP 2010: Raker to Receive 'Beyond the Call' Award
December 08, 2010
The American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) paid tribute to prominent mentor and surgeon Charles Raker, VMD, Dipl. ACVS, with the Sage O. Kester "Beyond the Call" Award for his widespread contributions to the equine veterinary community. Read More
AAEP Develops Veterinary Guidelines for the Care of the Racehorse
October 29, 2010
The American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) today released guidelines for veterinarians who treat racehorses. The document, "Clinical Guidelines for Veterinarians Practicing in a Pari-Mutuel Environment," promotes medical Read More


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Second Annual Winter Solstice Celebration
The New Mexico Bach Chorale
Franz Vote, Music Director and Conductor
Sunday, November 25, 2012 at 5:30 PM
Immaculate Heart of Mary Chapel
50 Mount Carmel Road, Santa Fe 87505
Selections from Johann Sebastian Bach's Christmas Oratorio, Chorales and German Carols of the Season
Cecilia Leitner, Soprano Soloist
Sarah Weiler, Alto Soloist
André Garcia-Nuthmann, Tenor Soloist
Tim Willson, Baritone Soloist


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Patriots defeated 5-3 in subsection playoffs
Third-seeded Minnewaska rallied from a 2-1 deficit in the bottom of the fifth inning to defeat the sixth-seeded Pequot Lakes Patriots 5-3 in the West Subsection 6AA baseball tournament on Tuesday, May 28, in Glenwood.
The Lakers grabbed a 1-0 lead in the bottom of the first, but the Patriots tied it in the third. Minnewaska assumed a 2-1 lead in the bottom of the inning, and then added three runs in the fifth. Pequot Lakes did add two runs in the sixth to cut the deficit to 5-3, but they went 1-2-3 in the seventh inning and were not able to bring the tying run to the plate.
"I thought we had a good chance to win, but (Minnewaska) had the timely hits in the fifth inning," said Pequot Lakes coach Kyle Spray. "We did play a little better defense than Minnewaska."
The Lakers had three errors compared to two for Pequot Lakes. The Patriots also enjoyed an 8-7 edge in hits.
"Our teams were pretty similar," Spray said. "We both struggled early in the year, and had our ups and downs. But (Minnewaska) won five straight to end the regular season, and they received the No. 3 seed."
Gavin Bickford and Kegan Couture each had two hits for the Patriots. Matt Paulson was the winning pitcher while Jordan Redmond took the loss.
"Jordan pitched pretty well," Spray said. "He went the distance, and gave up four earned runs."
The Patriots finish 3-13 overall in a season that was shorted by an extended winter conditions.
"We will lose eight seniors who played a lot," Spray said. "It will be hard to replace them, but our junior varsity team did have a successful season."


text:
From left are Homero Vela (UTSA student), Marcus Robbins (Vector
Marketing), Stephanie Smethurst (UTSA Career Services), Jeremy
Montgomery (UTSA student), Ashley Peel (Vector Marketing), Zack
Flores (UTSA student) and Chris Lyon (UTSA student).
UTSA Career Services receives recruitment award
By Bruce Howard
Office of Career Services
(Feb. 23, 2006)--The UTSA Office of Career Services recently received a $1,000 bonus award for assisting Vector Marketing Cutco Cutlery in recruiting the highest number of successful marketing representatives in their Southwest Region.
Today's headlines
- La Prensa Foundation is newest member of UTSA Lone Star Society
- UTSA alumna Jordan Kaufmann wins $50K for new stent-graft start-up
- UTSA begins new way-finding sign installation this summer at Main Campus
- USA Today: UTSA long jumper Tyler Williamson rescues three-year-old boy
Article tools
The region encompassing 9 states and more than 500 colleges represents approximately $300,000 in sales in 2005.
Making the presentation to Stephanie Smethurst, recruiting coordinator for UTSA Career Services were Marcus Robbins, district manager; Ashley Peel, regional campus relations manager; and Jason Flynn, national campus relations manager.
Three UTSA students, Crystal Mirales, Jessica Moreno and Chris Lyon will go on to lead their own branch operations this summer. Additionally, recent UTSA graduate Homero Vela will open a district office in Laredo, Texas.


text:
Philosophy & Religion
The Rules of Victory
How to Transform Chaos and Conflict—Strategies from The Art of WarMillions have read Sun Tzu's Art of War, the classic text on leadership and strategy, but how many understand its profound teachings and know how to apply them in modern life? The Rules of Victory presents the essential insights of The Art of War, making this classic relevant to anyone who seeks more successful and creative approaches to dealing with conflict and chaos in the workplace, at home, or in… Read More
CD$29.95+ Add to Bag
The Art of WarCompiled more than two thousand years ago by a mysterious warrior-philosopher, The Art of War is still perhaps the most prestigious and influential book of strategy in the world. As a study of the anatomy of organizations in conflict, The Art of War applies to competition and conflict in general, on every level from the interpersonal to the international. Its aim is invincibility, victory without battle, and unassailable strength through… Read More
CD$12.95+ Add to Bag


text:
In the Name of Allah, The Most Gracious, Ever Merciful.
Love for All, Hatred for None.
Baitul Hadi Delhi
Huzur arrives at Delhi Airport
Huzur leaving for Delhi Mission from Airport
Huzur arrives at Baitul Hadi Mosque and Mission House Delhi
Arrival at Delhi Mission
Khuddam reciting Tarana on Huzur's Arrival
Copyright © by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. All rights reserved.


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Atlanta, Georgia 3036
United States
|Areas of Practice
|1) Litigation
|Law School
|University Of Connecticut, School Of Law
|Admitted Year
|Most recent firm
|Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough
|Relevant Jobs
Products Liability & Mass Tort Litigation Associate
The candidate must have 1- 5 years of civil litigation experience, preferably with some background in products liability, medical malpractice and/or mass tort litigation. Must have excellent academi...
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Attorney Ii
Attorney II The candidate will handle and manage litigation files from inception through trial. Will prepare motions and memorandums of law. Prepare pleadings, discovery, demands and responses. Draft...
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Attorney I
Attorney I The candidate, under general supervision, defends lawsuits against insureds and represent company in subrogation, UM/UIM, and PIP suits filed in courts of limited jurisdiction and, in the ...
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|+ View more jobs
A. Harrison Barnes is a well-known attorney throughout the United States. As a member of the Malibu community, Harrison is committed to serving the needs of Malibu residents and businesses in legal matters.
Benjamin P. Smith is a partner in Morgan Lewis's Litigation Practice. He is a trial lawyer with a particular focus on high-stakes disputes in the biotechnology, medical device, and internet industries.


text:
Sue Austin:
Deep sea diving ... in a wheelchair
When Sue Austin got a power wheelchair, she felt a tremendous sense of freedom — yet others looked at her as though she had lost something. In her art, she conveys the spirit of wonder she feels wheeling through the world. Includes thrilling footage of an underwater wheelchair that lets her explore ocean beds, drifting through schools of fish, floating free in 360 degrees.
Similar topics
- TEDx
- Art
- Disability
- Oceans
- Performance art
This talk was presented to a local audience at TEDxWomen 2012, an independent event. TED editors featured it among our selections on the home page.
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In China, reporter's death sparks questions on censorship
Twenty-four-year-old Bai Lu was just four days into her new job as a journalist at the Urumqi Evening Post when she was killed. She and her colleague, Chen Aiying, were struck by a bulldozer while reporting at a major construction project on April 18 in the city of Urumqi in Xinjiang province. Chen was seriously injured.


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Halloween home invasion, family wants robbers caught
Nine-year-old girl ran for help
COLORADO SPRINGS, Colo. - A Halloween home invasion has a family counting their blessings after their brave little girl snuck away to get help. It began around 8:30 p.m. Thursday night in the 6100 block of Breeze Court. That's in Northeast Colorado Springs.
The family says they don't feel safe now, which is why we did not show their faces. However, they're alive because of their nine-year-old daughter's quick thinking.
Breeze Court is quiet the night after Halloween, but that wasn't the case on Hallows Eve.
"My kids thought they were two trick-or-treaters because they came up to the door with Jason masks on," said the mom.
The mom is scared to show her face, saying those two "trick-or-treaters" barged into her home with a gun.
"They came in and my girls were right here. So they pushed my girls to the side. My daughter's hip hit this handle," she said.
Mom says the intruders hit her boyfriend in the head with the gun and yanked on her 11-year-old's hair. Then, they tried putting a bag over her nine-year-old's head.
"She jumped from these steps all the way down to those steps and ran out that back patio to call for help," said mom.
It was a brave move for a little girl.
"I was really scared. So I didn't want to leave because I didn't know what was going to happen to my parents, but I just thought the cops would get here quick enough," said the nine-year-old daughter.
While she was getting help, the parents were lying on the floor covering the kids.
Finally, mom thought of one way to get the intruders out.
"I just gave them all the money that they had and told them, 'Go! Please, just take this. This is all we have. Please, just go!" she said.
This is the first Halloween the family has handed out candy, but after what happened, the mom says they won't be handing out candy ever again.
"It makes me not want to even trick-or-treat or celebrate Halloween anymore because I'm scared. I don't even feel safe in my home anymore," said mom.
Those two men are still out there as of 11/1/13. If you have any information, call Colorado Springs Police at 719-444-7000.