text:
An unconventional tactic might one day ease concerns that spent fuel could be used to make a bomb
Mujid Kazimi
How might a determined terrorist group get hold of the uranium or plutonium needed to make an atom bomb? That question has been weighing heavily on many people's minds. The easiest way is probably to buy it, perhaps from North Korea, which, according to intelligence reports, may have the means to produce a modest stockpile. Although the nuclear aspirations of Pyongyang have been much in the news this year, experts also worry about other "nations of concern" obtaining these terrifying weapons. The North Korean example is, however, rather clear-cut, and the details illuminate a longstanding problem of international security, one that nuclear engineers like myself would dearly like to help solve.
Almost a decade ago the world breathed a sigh of relief when diplomatic efforts, including those of former President Jimmy Carter, defused what then threatened to become a violent conflict: At the time, North Korea was interfering with the monitoring work of the International Atomic Energy Agency, in clear breach of that country's obligations as a signatory to the nuclear nonproliferation treaty. In particular, the North Koreans were asserting that they had produced just a tiny amount of plutonium from the spent fuel taken from their nuclear reactors—far too little to make even one bomb—but they refused to allow inspectors to verify this claim.
Why was North Korea reprocessing nuclear fuels in the first place? After all, the peaceful pursuit of civilian nuclear power does not require any reprocessing, as the United States and several other countries have demonstrated. (At U.S. power plants, the spent fuel materials are simply stored in dry casks or in cooling ponds, in preparation for their eventual disposal at the Yucca Mountain Repository in Nevada, which should begin operation around 2010.) Was not North Korea's decision to reprocess spent nuclear fuels prima facie evidence that it intended to extract the plutonium generated within its reactors and use it to fabricate nuclear bombs?
Not exactly. North Korea's nuclear power reactors are quite different in design from the ones now operating in the United States, which use water both as the coolant and the moderator, the substance that slows the neutrons released during nuclear fission, allowing them to initiate further fission reactions. The North Korean "magnox" reactors (a name derived from the magnesium oxide alloy that encloses the uranium fuel) use gas as the coolant and graphite as the moderator, having a design similar to one long in use in the United Kingdom. It turns out that the spent fuel from magnox reactors cannot safely be stored: It must be reprocessed to a form that is less susceptible to oxidation in air or water. So the fact that the North Koreans were reprocessing their spent fuels could not in itself be taken as evidence of ill intent. Their interference with international inspectors was, however, quite troubling.
The accommodation that Carter helped to work out alleviated many worries: In return for mothballing their graphite-based reactors, Pyongyang received assistance from Washington in obtaining nuclear power plants of the type used in the United States, along with a generous aid package. The solution was, at least in part, a technical fix, offering the North Koreans a way to develop a peaceful program of nuclear energy. They could then continue to operate nuclear power plants without creating so much concern abroad that in the course of reprocessing spent fuel they might extract plutonium for bombs.
Of course, without adequate oversight the North Koreans could conceivably use their newer reactors for breeding plutonium, by reprocessing the spent fuels at some secret site. Indeed, their penchant to work clandestinely to obtain bomb-making materials became obvious last year, when it was reported that Pakistan had sent North Korea high-speed centrifuges—equipment for making weapons-grade uranium—in return for missile technology. Such apparatus is growing increasingly easy to obtain, and thus efforts to transform ordinary uranium into the highly enriched form suitable for bombs are becoming harder and harder to police. So the world will probably always face that threat. But what of the problem of spent nuclear fuels being used for bomb making?
One of the important barriers to such a diversion of spent fuel is that it remains highly radioactive for centuries after discharge, thus requiring remote handling and facilities with adequate shielding for extracting the plutonium. Might there be effective technical solutions to further limit the problem of spent nuclear fuels being exploited for military ends? That is a question that the designers of nuclear fuels have asked themselves over and over. Here, I would like to explore one possible answer that has garnered much recent interest: thorium.
The use of thorium in power reactors has been considered since the birth of nuclear energy in the 1950s, in large part because thorium is considerably more abundant than uranium in the Earth's crust. Roughly speaking, there is about three times more thorium than uranium. Unfortunately, thorium atoms cannot themselves be easily induced to split—the basic requirement of a fission reactor. But when a quantity of thorium-232 (the common isotope of that element) is placed within a nuclear reactor, it readily absorbs neutrons and transforms into uranium-233, which, like the uranium-235 typically used for generating nuclear power, supports fission chain reactions.
Thorium is thus said to be "fertile" rather than fissile. In this respect it is similar to uranium-238, which makes up more than 95 percent of most nuclear fuels. A conventional reactor breeds various isotopes of plutonium from uranium-238, and some of that plutonium in turn undergoes fission in the reactor, adding to the power the uranium-235 provides.
The hitch with using thorium as a fuel is that breeding must occur before any power can be extracted from it—and that requires neutrons. Some engineers have proposed using particle accelerators to generate the needed neutrons, but this process is costly, and the only practical scheme at the moment is to combine the thorium with conventional nuclear fuels (made up of either plutonium or enriched uranium or both), the fissioning of which provides the neutrons to start things off.
The breeding of uranium-233 from thorium is more efficient than the breeding of plutonium from uranium-238, because less of various nonfissile isotopes is created along the way. Designers can take advantage of this efficiency to decrease the amount of spent fuel per unit of energy generated, which reduces the amount of waste to be disposed of. There are some other pluses as well. For example, thorium dioxide, the form of thorium used for nuclear power, is a highly stable compound—more so than the uranium dioxide typically employed in today's fuel. So there is less concern that the fuel pellets could react chemically with the metal cladding around them or with the cooling water should there be a breach in the protective cladding. Also, the thermal conductivity of thorium dioxide is 10 to 15 percent higher than that of uranium dioxide, making it easier for heat to flow out of the slender fuel rods used inside a reactor. What is more, the melting point of thorium dioxide is about 500 degrees Celsius higher than that of uranium dioxide, and this difference provides an added margin of safety in the event of a temporary power surge or loss of coolant.
Knowledge of such advantages has repeatedly spurred nuclear engineers to conduct experiments, and some groups have even gained experience running commercial power reactors on thorium-based fuels. For example, a gas-cooled, graphite-moderated reactor called Peach Bottom Unit One, located in southeastern Pennsylvania, used a combination of thorium and highly enriched uranium in the mid-1960s. Another gas-cooled reactor at Fort St. Vrain in Colorado was run on a similar thorium-based fuel between 1976 and 1989. Tests with relatively simple mixtures of thorium oxide and highly enriched uranium oxide also began with water-cooled reactors during the 1960s, at the "BORAX" (Idaho) and Elk River (Minnesota) facilities and at the Indian Point (New York) power plant. And between 1977 and 1982, more complicated combinations of thorium and either uranium-235 or uranium-233 were also employed in a water-cooled reactor at Shippingport, Pennsylvania, in an experimental program seeking to develop a fuel that produces more fissile material than it consumes. Interestingly, Shippingport, which began operation in 1957, was the very first nuclear power plant built in the United States for the commercial generation of electricity.
Work with thorium-based nuclear fuels has by no means been restricted to the United States. German engineers, for example, have used combinations of thorium and highly enriched uranium, or thorium and plutonium, in both gas- and water-cooled power reactors. Thorium-based fuels have also been tried in the United Kingdom, France, Japan, Russia, Canada and Brazil. But despite these considerable early efforts, most nations long ago abandoned the notion of using thorium to power their nuclear generating stations. One country that has maintained interest is India, which began fueling some of its power reactors in the mid-1990s with bundles containing thorium. Although one of the reasons for employing thorium was simply to even out the distribution of power within the cores of these reactors, Indian engineers also took the opportunity to test how well thorium could function as a fuel source. The positive results they obtained motivated their current plans to use thorium-based fuels in more advanced reactors now under construction.
India's attraction to thorium-based fuels stems, in part, from its large indigenous supply. (With estimated thorium reserves of some 290,000 tons, it ranks second only to Australia.) But that nation's pursuit of thorium, which helps bring it independence from overseas uranium sources, came about for a reason that has nothing to do with its balance of trade: India uses some of its reactors to make plutonium for atomic bombs. Thus India refuses to be constrained by the provisions that commercial uranium suppliers in countries such as Canada require: They demand that purchasers of their ore allow enough oversight to ensure that the fuel (or the plutonium spawned from it) is not used for nuclear weapons.
Previous work on thorium elsewhere in the world did not lead to its adoption, largely because its performance in water reactors, such as the first core at the Indian Point power station, did not live up to expectations. Given this history, it may come as something of a surprise that thorium-based nuclear fuels are once again being considered, this time as the means to stem the potential proliferation of nuclear weapons. Using thorium to prevent the buildup of plutonium requires that the fuel be configured differently than in most of the experiments of years past. Those trials incorporated highly enriched uranium (something that is currently discouraged because of worries over proliferation) and presupposed that the spent fuel would be reprocessed for the extraction of its fissile contents. Neither practice is now envisaged. The thorium-based fuel assemblies currently being designed are different from past examples in other ways too. For example, they can withstand greater exposure to the heat and radiation experienced inside the core of a reactor, which allows more of the fertile thorium-232 to be converted into fissile uranium-233. So what's being talked about now is definitely not your father's thorium-based nuclear fuel.
As I mentioned, the lack of uranium-233 in nature necessitates using a different fissile material, such as uranium-235 (or perhaps plutonium-239), to prime a reactor running on thorium. Given the present-day proscription against commercial fuels that are too highly enriched in uranium-235, a considerable amount of (nonfissionable) uranium-238 would clearly need to be included in the primer; current standards require at least 80 percent, and more is typical. As is the case with conventional reactors, this would make it impossible to use the fresh fuel for a bomb without first having to go through the technically difficult step of isotopically enriching the uranium.
The main advantage of using a combination of thorium and uranium is the significant reduction in plutonium content of the spent fuel compared with what comes out of a conventionally fueled reactor. Just how much less plutonium is made? The answer depends on exactly how the uranium and thorium are combined. For example, uranium and thorium can be mixed homogeneously within each fuel rod. In this case the amount of plutonium produced is roughly halved. But mixing them uniformly is not the only way to combine the two elements.
Indeed, the approach undergoing the most investigation now is a combination that keeps a uranium-rich "seed" separate from a thorium-rich "blanket." The chief proponent of this concept was the late Alvin Radkowsky, a nuclear pioneer who, under the direction of Admiral Hyman Rickover, helped to launch America's nuclear Navy during the 1950s as chief scientist of the U.S. Naval Reactors Program. Radkowsky went on to make significant contributions to the commercial nuclear industry during the 1960s and '70s. Then, at the urging of Edward Teller (one of his former teachers) to find a way to reduce the threat of nuclear weapons getting into the wrong hands, Radkowsky turned his attention to the use of thorium-based fuels, which he had already recognized as a means of lessening the amount of nuclear waste created. In 1992 he helped to found a private company, Thorium Power, Inc., to commercialize this technique. Sadly, Radkowsky would not live to see his vision materialize: He died last year, at the age of 86.
Radkowsky's idea was to construct special fuel assemblies that could be used in typical water-cooled reactors with very little modification. These units are made up of a central seed region containing fuel rods filled with reactor-grade uranium (that is, having no more than 20 percent uranium-235). Surrounding the seed is a blanket region with fuel rods containing thorium and a small amount of uranium. Having uranium-238 in the blanket prevents anyone from withdrawing these rods and using only chemical means to separate out the fissionable uranium-233 that is created over time.
With support from the U.S. Department of Energy and technical assistance from Brookhaven National Laboratory, Thorium Power is now working with the Kurchatov Institute in Moscow to investigate this strategy more fully. Their concept calls for using a metallic alloy as the seed fuel and for keeping the seed units in a Russian reactor for three years before replacing them but leaving the blanket rods in the reactor for 10 years. Their results are not going to be directly applicable to the nuclear power stations in most other parts of the world, however, because the fuel material is not in the form of an oxide (as preferred in the West) and because the Russian reactors involved in these tests use a hexagonal array of rods for each fuel assembly, whereas most facilities operating in Western countries use a square array.
Radkowsky and his colleagues had calculated that their scheme would reduce the amount of plutonium produced by 80 percent compared with what goes on in a conventionally fueled reactor of the same energy output. What is more, they found that the mix of plutonium isotopes generated, mostly in the seed fuel, would not be particularly desirable for military use, because a bomb made from it would be extremely unlikely to give much explosive yield—in the slang of weapons designers, it would probably "fizzle." Also, the plutonium has such a high content of the 238Pu isotope that its decay heat may be sufficient to melt or damage the other materials used in constructing a weapon.
Even if a terrorist group wanted to use the blanket plutonium for making a terrifying (if not terribly powerful) bomb, extracting it from Radkowsky's thorium fuel—indeed from any thorium fuel used in a reactor—would be more difficult than removing it from today's spent fuel. The spent blanket fuel contains uranium-232, which in the course of a few months decays into isotopes that emit high-energy gamma rays. Thus pulling out the plutonium would require significantly beefed-up radiation shielding and a more widespread use of remotely operated equipment within the reprocessing facility, further complicating an already challenging task. And the abundance of uranium-232 and its highly radioactive products in the spent fuel would probably thwart any effort to separate uranium-233 (which, being fissionable, could also be used for a bomb) from uranium-238.
In light of the potential advantages for reducing the quantity of nuclear waste and preventing the dissemination of bomb-making materials, it is not surprising that interest in thorium-based fuels has recently undergone something of a renaissance. The U.S. Department of Energy has been particularly eager to foster research activities in this area. In addition to funding Radkowsky's company and its partners in their tests with Russian reactors, the DOE has lent support to three other recent efforts. One involves a consortium made up of two national labs (the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, and Argonne National Laboratory), two private companies in the business of fabricating nuclear fuels (Framatome Technologies and Westinghouse) and three universities (the University of Florida, Purdue University and my own institution, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology). The goal has been to come up with a scheme for using thorium in reactors without the added complication of dealing with separate types of fuel arrays (from the seed and blanket units), as is required in Radkowsky's design.
In another program that brought investigators at Brookhaven National Laboratory together with the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems (CANES) at MIT, the objective is to look at practical ways to simplify the design of the separated seed and blanket units. This could be done by assigning entire fuel assemblies to be either seeds or blankets. Although the terminology of "seeds" and "blankets" has been kept (we name this arrangement the whole-assembly seed-and-blanket core), the metaphor is less applicable in this case, which calls for these assemblies to be arranged, more or less, in a checkerboard array within the core of a reactor.
In a third research thrust, nuclear engineers at Brookhaven and Purdue University examined the use of plutonium-primed thorium as fuel for boiling-water reactors: These designs are distinct from the more common pressurized-water variety, which keep the cooling water under high pressure so that it always remains a liquid. The idea behind this program is that it may provide an economical means to consume surplus weapons plutonium—without producing yet another generation of plutonium waste, as would happen with the leading plan currently being contemplated, something known as the mixed oxide option. In this respect, the Brookhaven-Purdue research on plutonium-seeded thorium fuel is similar to some of the work that Thorium Power and its Russian partners are hoping soon to engage in.
My CANES colleagues and I have devoted considerable effort over the past few years to evaluating the details of various designs, including ways of combining uranium and thorium within individual fuel rods. As might be expected, our conclusions about the technical and economic feasibility vary depending on the particular design under consideration. Here I would like to describe just a few of our results for the seed-and-blanket arrangements, the strategy that in my view has the best chances of commercial success.
Even with a whole-assembly seed-and-blanket core, where each type of fuel assembly is of homogenous construction, it is clear that the manufacture of the fuel and its management within the reactor would be more complicated than usual. In a typical power reactor, the fuel assemblies are shuffled at intervals so that each will be exposed, on average, to the same conditions of heat and radiation. In a seed-and-blanket core, the seeds must sustain power levels that are significantly above average, while the blanket assemblies experience far less stressful conditions. Thus the fuel in the seed rods reaches higher temperatures, releases more of the gaseous fission products into the limited space allowed for them within the fuel rods and requires more cooling than does the fuel used in the blanket regions.
These demands can be accommodated in various ways—for example, by allowing more coolant to flow through the seeds and by making the fuel materials less resistant to the flow of heat. In the Radkowsky-Kurchatov approach, the seed rods are made from a metallic uranium alloy (following designs that have been tested in Russian submarines), which improves their thermal conductivity. In the MIT-Brookhaven scheme, the uranium oxide pellets within the seed rods are hollow, which lowers their temperature. Although the blanket rods are less problematic in this regard, they too must be carefully engineered so that the exterior cladding holds up well, the working lifetime of these rods being in some designs as long as 13 or 14 years.
In addition to examining these various engineering concerns, investigators at CANES have also quantified the advantages of the seed-and-blanket designs in terms of their contribution to averting the proliferation of bomb-
making materials, and we have also tried to evaluate their economics. We found that the seed-and-blanket arrangements produce less plutonium than competing schemes in which uranium and thorium are mixed at finer scales. But our results are not quite as optimistic as Radkowsky's earlier work had indicated: We calculate a reduction of only 60 percent (for the whole-assembly system) or 70 percent (if both seed and blanket rods are used within each assembly), compared with Radkowsky's estimate of an 80-percent reduction for the latter.
Our calculations of plutonium production do, however, support Radkowsky's assertions that the spent fuel would contain appreciable amounts of plutonium-238, a highly radioactive isotope, which thus produces a lot of heat. Indeed, the plutonium-238 content would be three to four times higher than with conventional uranium fuels. As Radkowsky pointed out, the heat given off by this isotope would make it quite difficult if not impossible to fabricate and maintain a nuclear weapon.
The production of such large amounts of plutonium-238 comes about because more of the fuel is consumed (or "burned up," in the lingo of nuclear engineers) than is the case in conventional uranium-fueled reactors. An equivalent amount of plutonium-238 could be created using an all-
uranium fuel, but this would require a higher initial amount of fissile uranium (235U) than is typical in today's practice, and the economic projections for that are discouraging.
Thus our recent work amply confirms that the various engineering concerns can be met and that running reactors on thorium could indeed forestall clandestine efforts to use the spent fuel for making bombs. But the results of our investigation into the economics of thorium are less clear-cut. We estimate that thorium-based fuels could cost anywhere from 10 percent less to about 10 percent more than conventional nuclear fuels. The wide range stems from fundamental uncertainties about the cost of the seed uranium (which must be four times more enriched in uranium-235 than is the case with typical nuclear fuels), the cost of fabricating the fuel assemblies and the savings that might accrue in the future as a result of the reduction in the amount of spent fuel in need of disposal.
Although it seems unlikely that economics alone could drive the adoption of thorium fuels, there are no technical "show-stoppers" here. Modifications to the existing commercial infrastructure would clearly be needed, but no fundamentally new technology is required. And the fact that the relevant materials (thorium and enriched uranium) have a long record of experimental use in reactors lends credibility to the notion that this scheme could one day find widespread application, should policymakers push the nuclear industry in that direction.
You can find this online at http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/num2/thorium-fuel-for-nuclear-energy/1
© 2016 Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society


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Re: st: adding variables to a new data file
Nick Cox <firstname.lastname@example.com>
Re: st: adding variables to a new data file
Tue, 12 Feb 2013 22:37:32 +0000
My point is the same. Just to add that there's a convenience command
on SSC, -savesome-.
On Tue, Feb 12, 2013 at 10:31 PM, Steve Nakoneshny <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote:
> It isn't clear to me why you would need a loop in the first place to identify your variables of interest. Is the size of your dataset a limiting factor due to your version of Stata? Can you not simply keep a running tally of the variables you want to keep and export them en masse? Perhaps through the judicious use of a do file?
On 2013-02-12, at 3:21 PM, David Epstein wrote:
>> This must be a really easy question to answer, but I'm feeling
>> stumped. I have a data set with a large number of variables in it. I
>> want to create a new data set with a subset of those variables, with
>> the exact variables to be exported being read off a loop a few
>> variables at a time.
>> So for instance I first want to export the key identifying variable,
>> which in my case is date. So I will:
>> preserve
>> keep date
>> save temp, replace
>> restore
>> Then I'll loop through my loop once and get the names of five
>> variables I want to add to temp, call them v1 v2 v3 v4 v5. The next
>> time through, I'll get variables v6 through v10, and so on until I've
>> added, say 50 variables to temp.
>> My question is, what do my loops look like? Am I merging each time
>> through? Keeping, say, date v1 v2 v3 v4 v5, merging, then restoring? I
>> could, but that seems like it could take a while to keep preserving
>> and restoring all the time. Plus, I keep having to save the temp file
>> and then switch back to the master data set. Isn't there a command
>> that says "take these variables from my current data set and add them
>> to another data set?"
* For searches and help try:
* http://www.stata.com/help.cgi?search
* http://www.stata.com/support/faqs/resources/statalist-faq/
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Looking for a Mentor
At my last job, I learnt asp classic in two months at my last job under the wing of a guy who had learnt it in college. Despite doing everything I could at home (as I don't have money for courses or anything), I hadn't learnt in years what he taught me.
So, my question again, is anyone willing to take me under their wing (to as great an extent as possible over the net) and teach me about hacking and IT security? I'm very eager and willing.


text:
Tyga "40 Mill" (prod. Kanye West)
Tyga's long-awaited Kanye West produced single is finally here. "40 Mill" has a thumpin' Yeezus sound that Tyga does his best over. It may take a few listens, but the beat is there for any Kanye stan to enjoy. Off Tyga's upcoming album… label TBD after the exchange this past weekend (on iTunes, it says Last Kings Music, not Cash Money).


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forum: Gardening / Growing
Pages: 1 2 3 | Home » Gardening / Growing » Do you compost?
#1 Mon 28 Jun 10 2:42pm
- Jamie Oliver Food Foundation
- From Jamie's Office
- Member since Tue 06 Jul 04
Do you compost?
Hi everyone,
This weeks voting question is whether or not you compost? I have heard that "worm wee" is a great natural fertilizer and that this can be collected from your wormery. Any thoughts on this? What are your tips for composting? Anyone care to write an article about this for our gardening section? Go on - you know you want to.....
#2 Mon 28 Jun 10 2:55pm
- Forum champ Occupation Mommy, wife, chauffeur, chef, nurse, maid, occasional zookeeper...
- From North Carolina, USA
- Member since Thu 18 Mar 10
Re: Do you compost?
We compost. It's especially important to do in this area of the US, as we have very heavy clay soil and need to add lots of organic matter to it in order to grow healthy plants.
We actually have 2 side-by-side bins my husband made out of leftover lumber. We put dead leaves, vegetable matter, smaller yard clippings, egg shells, used coffee grounds, used tea bags and sometimes grass clippings in one until it's half full. You can also add fruits to compost but we don't because fruit attracts opossums and we have enough of those around already. LOL Never put any meat products in, as that will attract any predatory animals that are in your area. We turn it about once a week by shoveling everything out of the one that's full and putting it into the empty one. The more often you turn it, the faster it'll break down.
When we first started our compost pile, we also added a little powdered lime and a container of red worms to it and now we have worms all over our yard. Every time we put our shovels in the dirt, we get at least one worm.
Oh, and if it hasn't rained in awhile, we add a little water to it, as it needs some moisture in order to break down. Don't over-water it - it just needs to be damp.
#3 Mon 28 Jun 10 3:01pm
- Forum champ Occupation HR / mum / jack of all trades
- From England
- Member since Mon 21 Sep 09
Re: Do you compost?
Hi Danny, yes I compost I have 3 bins on the go,
1 - maturing well
2 - being added to - grass cuttings / veg peelings ( not potatoes ) tea bags etc.
3 - leaf mould - nearly empty, we have 3 large silver birch trees which make the most wonderful leaf mould.
I would love a wormery, but hubby says no , I am thinking of quietly adding one behind the GH he will never see it there .
At the moment I make the most smelly feed with comfrey the tomatoes and chillies love it.
Editing to add - to start a new compost, get hubby to spend a penny in it
Last edited by Earthmum (Mon 28 Jun 10 3:03pm)
#4 Mon 28 Jun 10 3:11pm
- Forum champ Occupation SAHM of 4
- From USA
- Member since Sun 28 Mar 10
Re: Do you compost?
We don't compost but have wanted to for 2 years. I have to say, the cost of compost bins, good ones that you don't have to stir around yourself, is a deterrent at this point. I'm eventually going to start composting but right now we aren't.
#5 Mon 28 Jun 10 3:14pm
- Forum super champ
- Member since Fri 04 Apr 08
Re: Do you compost?
The Town hall supplied us all with gardens composters about 10/12 yrs ago. We've been using it ever since.
Danny wrote:
Hi everyone,
This weeks voting question is whether or not you compost? I have heard that "worm wee" is a great natural fertilizer and that this can be collected from your wormery. Any thoughts on this? What are your tips for composting? Anyone care to write an article about this for our gardening section? Go on - you know you want to.....
Theres a few things that many of us want to do but for quite some time now, cant...as not being able to load pics on the blogs and gardening section, and somtimes not being to enter the blog section at all. In which case we are slowly getting used to the fact that its just useless time wasted in trying.
*rant over
#6 Mon 28 Jun 10 3:16pm
- Forum super champ Occupation Chief cook and bottle washer
- From Northern California
- Member since Sat 10 Feb 07
Re: Do you compost?
Yes, and it's one of the best decisions we've ever made. We started when we first moved here and someone got us a composting box for a housewarming gift.
When we had chickens, that compost sung!
#7 Mon 28 Jun 10 4:02pm
- Forum super champ Occupation Just being me
- Member since Fri 28 Mar 08
Re: Do you compost?
We don't have a good spot for compost in this little property, but we have done this in a modest way by chopping up leaves in fall and using them as a mulch. Leaf compost is great for clay soil. I have a friend who has thousands of worms making compost for him. I'm not sure if I could handle how ugly they are, but they do make great compost.
eta: John Jeavons has done years of research on gardening in small spaces to produce food with the minimum impact on the environment. His method includes growing some plants that are used for compost because they add the most benefits to the compost. It's a bit technical, but if you are interested in how to make the most of your sunny vegetable plot, check out his website.
Last edited by MsPablo (Mon 28 Jun 10 4:05pm)
#8 Mon 28 Jun 10 5:00pm
- Member
- From Ontario, Canada
- Member since Wed 12 Mar 08
Re: Do you compost?
We have a regional compost progam. Our organic "green box" is picked up at the curb weekly with our "blue box" recycle materials.
#9 Mon 28 Jun 10 7:00pm
- Forum champ Occupation Unemployed,
- From Greece
- Member since Fri 21 Mar 08
Re: Do you compost?
I wish I could, Greece is way back compost-wise
Maybe you know any good sites I could maybe buy some compost bins(with low shipping-prices.....)? I guess composting is not that easy for uni students.
#10 Tue 29 Jun 10 12:58am
- Forum super champ Occupation avoiding housework
- From The land of song.
- Member since Tue 04 Oct 05
Re: Do you compost?
I have 2 compost bins, both sat next to each other and standing on soil.
One is in use for this year and the second is maturing ready to be spread on the garden in the autumn if it has matured enough.
It amazes me how the compost bin is a veg waste eating monster, the more you 'feed' it the more it seems to take !
As for worms, well they just seem to appear , I have never added then but the compost is rich with worms.
Last year , due to the rotten weather , I had a half bag of potting compost left in the garden , by the spring it was full of small and large worms so I tipped in into my compost bin , thinking ..every little helps !
The warm weather that we are having at the moment has speeded up the compost and this year it is busy reducing fast.
Pages: 1 2 3 | Home » Gardening / Growing » Do you compost?


text:
Found a boat, off to the Caribbean, au revoir : )
Trip Start Nov 04, 2009
65Trip End Jan 05, 2015
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Where I stayed
Pensao Chave D�Ouro
Tried to get a plane ticket to fly out on friday last week, but couldn't as the travel agency didn't accept cards (3rd millennium wonders : ) so the prospect was to wait for the next flight out to Brasil in a week time, sunday the 13th of dec.....
But.....there is always a but....the best things happen when you least expect it, no?
On saturday night I found a boat! A canadian 15 meters monohull going to St Martin (east of Puerto Rico) and so....tonight we set sail and we are off to the Atlantic crossing!!!!
Canadian captain, french girl, spanish guy and me.
We plan to get there in a couple of weeks, so that should be right b4 xmas, if the winds are good.
If that is the case I ll be flying to Buenos Aires as soon as possible (it depends on whether there is outbound flights around xmas time from Saint Martin).
Ideally I ll be able to get to Buenos Aires and/or Punta del Este for my birthday.
In the meantime i ll enjoy the stars...
And so I did. It took two weeks to cross the Atlantic.
It is very hard to say what was best, whether the adventure itself or the company. Clearly not having the right company would have spoiled such an amazing experience. So it has to be it, the company first, then the settings second. The wind, the waves, the sails. But once again, it is such a unique situation that the stars at night seem to be the best of it. The only thing you see out at sea at night is the sky full of stars almost spilling over into the sea. And then you have the noises of the boat and the sea. They are unique.
I shared a cabin with Gitan, the spanish guy. From day one it was decided we would not share the bed as we did not know each other so it would have been awkward. So we decided to sleep in the dinette in turns. One night I would get the bed, one night the sofa in the lounge (dinette).
Especially in the dinette the noises were more clear. The noise of the waves, of the water against the boat entering the waves, of the lines tensing, of the wind against the sails, of the wood creaking, of the food provisions rolling and banging against wood in the hatches and ultimately of the mast which runs vertically through the various layers of the boat.
It was an orchestra playing. It was annoying because the noises were loud so it would make it difficult to sleep but it was amazing because it meant you were feeling everything.
At times you would hear the pressure of the wind on the sails reported on the mast so strongly that it sounded like the mast itself would snap. It would have been impossible for that to happen but when you are down there every noise is accentuated so much that you can't help thinking "shit", or "fuck" what was that!!
Then you calm down, you think that the captain has 40 years sailing experience and he is very calm, so any situation he will handle with confidence. And that makes you relax again and go back to sleep.
The most important thing out at sea is for you to be in safe hands. The wind is no joke.
Sometimes we would put out the spi (spinnaker). This is a very light and technical sail that you use between 10 and 27 nots of wind when the main sails are too heavy for a feeble wind.
The spi is so light that the lightest blow of wind fills it up and drags the boat. Ah, yes, the spi "drags" the boat as it stads at the front of it, not by the middle of the boat. So it is an ideal sail. Only problem: rashes of wind. Some of them are very strong but especially very sudden. So when a rash blows in to the spi, the light sail gets "over excited" and acts like a stallion, you can't control it or if you can you have to be very quick and know where and how to react.
In these instances the boat rolls to one side by 85 degrees, so you risk capsizing.
Once again, the cool and experienced captain would say, just release that line....and we would be fine. I have to say, the adrenaline goes up to the sky....a 15 meters boat being suddenly pulled around by a sail, the bow of the boat going in the direction the wind wants (which is not the one you want), means you finally feel the strenght of the wind. That's when you know the wind is not a joke. It can kill or hurt seriously if you don't know how to react quickly in these situations. Same as when you take the spi down.
Recently they have invented a system whereby you pull down a "condom" like cover that makes the process of bringing the sail down by much easier and safer.
As you pull it down it makes the sail narrower and so the wind can't bring any surprise, like suddenly inflate the sail again and pull the sailors up in the air by meters.
If you don't have the new system though, pulling down the spi means pulling down the spi by hand.
2 or 3 sailors need to quickly pull the sail (around a 150 square meters of sail surface) in, while someone handles the helm and someone else releases the line.
Definately not a walk in the park.
Ps: please check out the song " A walk in the park" by Nick Straker Band (1979) as a soundtrack of this entry : )


text:
Town Square
Major issues facing Palo Alto in the near future
Original post made by A concerned resident, Charleston Gardens, on Jan 8, 2007
1. Gathering support from South Palo Alto Residents for a new Mitchell Park library and community center.
2. Dealing with the flooding issue in flood zone areas of Palo Alto. The city must take action to prevent the people who do not live in the flood zone areas from being sued if or when flooding occurrs. Building codes and zoning changes and other actions that cost little money for the taxpayers need to be made. The Chaucher ?sp street bridge may need to be removed. The Palo Alto street may need to be made one-way and the lane near the creek made into a dike/earthen/sandbagged maybe 4'high.
3. A fast-trck undergrounding of all power lines in all of Palo Alto. This was started over 40 yeas ago and only certain "select" areas of the city has had underground lines installed mostly with the cost borne by those who do not have undergrounding in their areas.
I will add others as they come to mind.
a resident of Charleston Gardens
on Jan 8, 2007 at 3:24 pm
What about our decreasing revenue stream? How about attracting some businesses to town that people can actually shop in?
I am a south PA resident and I will vote against any Mitchell PArk Library--we need a single central library.
a resident of Another Palo Alto neighborhood
on Jan 8, 2007 at 3:54 pm
Just an FYI from library staff...
If we were to have a single central library, Mitchell Park would actually be the ideal location. The most amount of materials circulation occurs here and has the highest attendance on a daily basis. Frankly, just having one library would meet tremedous opposition and reduce attendance by pushing south Palo Altans to Mountain View or Los Altos. Would you also really want to close the recently renovated Children's Library? (a guaranteed uphill battle)
Currently, neither the city nor the LAC is supportive of just one library. They are looking at a centralized library system however. Which includes the possibility of having just Main, Mitchell Park, and Children's.
a resident of Evergreen Park
on Jan 8, 2007 at 10:18 pm
I just wanted to thank the library staff for engaging the community on Town Square. I know City Councilmembers and School board members carefully follow these posts, but they don't seem to want to open themselves up to a real dialogue on this forum, which is disappointing. I think I've read a couple of posts from Mayor Kleinberg and Bern Beecham, but the others seem to be reluctant. It is great for the city staff to jump in and provide useful information and perspective on a city issue. I wish this happened on more of these topics.
a resident of Crescent Park
on Jan 8, 2007 at 10:21 pm
In this day and age, underground power lines are an absurdly extravagent luxury. I do not think the library issue is very important either, given the Internet. Flooding, however, remains a big issue.
a resident of Downtown North
on Jan 8, 2007 at 10:29 pm
The reason Mandarin is being considered is simple; it's the only language that has been pushed by a group of interested parents. If someone wants Arabic then fine but they need to go through the same process that the proponents of MI when through.
There is no debate about "which language", the debate is whether or not to introduce MI.
a resident of Downtown North
on Jan 8, 2007 at 10:30 pm
whoops, wrong thread. Sorry.
a resident of Downtown North
on Jan 9, 2007 at 12:52 am
Here are some additional issues beyond library & flood control:
1) Need for expanded or new Police facility
2) Backlog of road & infrastructure repairs
3) Increasing utility bills affecting fixed income residents
4) Unfunded health plans for future retiring city employees
5) Sales tax base
6) Increased costs bought on by new housing in South Palo Alto
7) Development of Alma & Edgewood shopping areas
8) Downtown homeless affecting businesses
9) Traffic, traffic, traffic
10) Future of Palo Alto Airport
a resident of Charleston Gardens
on Jan 9, 2007 at 5:35 am
Just curious, curious (no pun intended), but what so you suggest be done about traffic--there will be more housing built in PA, tyhe city wants more stores for tax revenue and Stanford hosipital/Medical Center will have to be rebuilt.
Times change and traffic numbers change. This is a trade off--we have enjoyed t he fruits of Silicon Valley's growth over the years and with that comes increased traffic. Many people in PA habd this vision of PAS as it was 30-40 years ago and think it should never change. Forget it--tha time is passed.
a resident of Downtown North
on Jan 9, 2007 at 10:42 am
I don't have an answer to the traffic issue; I do know that with the development of the Hyatt Hotel site of 180 units, and the development of the East Meadow Circle site of 75 units, commute hours will be worse than ever (expect 1.5 - 2 cars per unit). The buyers for these units are most likely to be commuters to other cities in the South Bay or Mid-Peninsula. We have a road system designed for the 1950s, being used by 21st century lifestyles - something that is not easily changed.
a resident of Charleston Gardens
on Jan 9, 2007 at 1:19 pm
Traffic is a big concern. SanAntonia ,sp?, needs to be made into a expressway, 6 lanes where possible, the frontage rd up by Alma can be made into one-way street and San Antonia widened there. Also Oregon Expressway/Page Mill should be a freeway, lowered some w/low overpasses. Trucks are not even allowed on it now !!. Trucks use residental streets in S Palo Alto all the time as the police refuse to enforce laws in S Palo Alto.
Undergrounding all power lines is a issue that needs to be addressed. People/neighborhoods that don't have it are being made fools of by the city.
The police station should be distributed through-out the city for several reasons: A disastor ,sp,?.,of any type could completely isolate the police from getting around town. Flooding of the Oregon underpass closed it in the past as one example. Park blvd is closed to thru traffic. Would we want the fire dept to be located at only one site in the city? Much of the police functions could stay where they are and much could be relocated to several sites through-out the city.
Another thing the city needs is housing for the many thousands of workers in the Stanford Industrial Park and it should be built between ElCamino and Hwy 280 as there are hundreds of acres in that area and this would reduce traffic. Also Stanford needs housing for it' population that commute and it should also be built East of Hwy 280 where there are hundreds of acres of land that could be used and is close to the jobs.
a resident of Charleston Meadows
on Jan 10, 2007 at 8:03 am
Widen San Antonio? forget it. San Antonio needs traffic calming--it should not go all the way thorugh from 101 to El Camino. The number of lanes need to be deceased. College Terrace and other neighborhoods have traffic claming measures (in fact College Terrace just got somemore traffic calming!!!!) While we in South Palo Alto get none of that.
Also we need to oppose the planned expansion of Magnuson Toyota to the other side of Middlefield Road. this will create additional traffic
a resident of Another Palo Alto neighborhood
on Jan 10, 2007 at 9:53 am
Toyota needs to expand into Palo Alto to get the sales dollars. San Antonio needs to be improved to deal with it. San Antonio is not a classic residential street and should be treated as a major arterial, not calmed down. If anything is done to calm down San Antonio it is the neighboring residential streets that will suffer.
a resident of Charleston Meadows
on Jan 10, 2007 at 11:59 am
[Portion removed by Palo Alto Online staff] I think traffic should be shared equally among the streets--let's get rid of all these closed streets etc, that have given people that they live in a gated community with no outside traffic.
a resident of South of Midtown
on Jan 10, 2007 at 12:57 pm
What about the environment?
My question is how will all the shopping mall expansions and increased traffic affect the environment? What more can Palo Alto do to reduce Co2 emissions?
I like the Portola Valley's effort to start a community based volunteer group to look at climate change and what residents can do to help. www.coolpv.org
Do you fellow Palo Alto residents want to do the same?
I live in Palo Alto and sometimes wish a I could make flyers to pass out to all the residents to educate them about the environmental impact that burning wood in the fireplace does to the neighbors. I wish that we could find better ways than plastic to package our goods. I wish that I could find fellow Palo Altoans who would want to join a group to get cheaper solar energy.
Am I just dreaming?
If there's enough interest maybe I'll start something. Want to post a comment?
a resident of Community Center
on Jan 11, 2007 at 3:30 pm
There is a great deal being done in Palo Alto. Check out www.acterra.org and Web Link.
a resident of South of Midtown
on Jan 11, 2007 at 10:48 pm
Do you think that we did last year is enough?
a resident of Crescent Park
on Jan 12, 2007 at 10:07 am
Palo Alto should do what Palo Alto Residents want. Not what the City staff wants.
This should be the first RESOLUTION that the council should adopt.
I believe that is a BIG plus of the new mayor.
Ms. Kishimoto... I wish you god speed - keep the staff focused and get results from the staff within shorter time frames.
a resident of Charleston Gardens
on Jan 12, 2007 at 8:22 pm
Not a city employee--what you wish for with Kishimoto, will not happen. She will not amke a decision until she makes sure that she has appeaseda ll the NIMBYists and so-called "Neighborhood Leaders" to whom she is beholden to. She is love with the Palo Alto process and I forsee big problems for Stanford this year regarding their big hospital/med center rebuild (despite the fact that they have a 2011/2012 deadline for the seismic upgrade, Kishimoto will try to slow track it through the PA process so that a decsiion is not made until 2022).
Remember Kishimoto's main goal is to turn Embracadero Road (one of PA main arteries) into a on-way in each direction street. Good thing she does not live near the Caltrain tracks--she woul dbe pushing for CAltrain to suspend service!!!
a resident of another community
on Jan 13, 2007 at 5:10 pm
No matter what priorities are chosen, in deriving them surely Palo Alto should set the national standard for courteous, respectful, dignified, and civil civic discourse.
a resident of Midtown
on Jan 14, 2007 at 12:28 am
I would rather we set a national standard for effective government and wise spending than for "courteous, respectful, dignified, and civil civic discourse." Yes, all those things are good. But our city government seems more concerned about decorum and "playing nice" than getting things done. And when people speak with conviction and passion, some council members mistakenly feel they're being attacked.
Remember when La Doris Cordell wrote about being demonized?
Web Link
Hillary Freeman was the only council member who poked and prodded and asked the questions I would ask, instead of going along with the program. She was criticized and (in my opinion) humiliated by some of her fellow council members – who did not behave in a very civil, respectful manner toward her.
I worry about the Palo Alto establishment's over-sensitivity to criticism and debate. In today's political climate, people should be encouraged to speak out more, not less.
In "Gag Rule: On the Suppression of Dissent and Stifling of Democracy," Lewis Lapham argues that the muting of dissenting voices has contributed to the erosion of democracy, because policy disagreements form the heart of a democratic republic.
a resident of Charleston Gardens
on Jan 14, 2007 at 2:36 pm
I agree with you, Pat. There is too much of this PC and so-called civility in PA--maybe the so-called we need decorum argument is used by the city council to stifle dissent and as an excuse for the council to not make hard decisions.
Remember when our past mayor forced a speaker to stop talking because he felt his criticism of our city manager was a personal attack?


text:
Longing for good biking all year round? It's here
Specialized equipment takes sport through four seasons
Biking in the summer is fun and easy. Fall and spring, sure. But for some people, that's not enough - they want four full seasons.
Paul Makela is one of those people. He works in sales at Wheel & Sprocket's North Shore store, 6940 N. Santa Monica Blvd., so you might expect him to be enthusiastic about riding. But that may be an understatement. For him, it's a lifestyle.
Makela lives in Grafton, and it's a 32-mile roundtrip ride for him to the store in Fox Point.
"I rode in today from Grafton, which I do pretty often, 12 months out of the year," he said. "I'll put in a 100 miles a week during the winter and 200 a week during the summer."
Makela takes the Ozaukee Interurban Trail from Grafton all the way down to Brown Deer Park. "They plow it, so, you know, 80 percent of my ride is plowed, and I don't even have to deal with cars," he said. He has a road bike with enough clearance in the fork for wider, hybrid tires with metal studs, front and back. He wears a hooded top, like a balaclava, that covers his whole head and face, under a regular bike helmet.
Or, he said, "If it's in the 20s or less then I'll use a ski helmet and ski goggles, and it's a lot warmer that way."
He also has winter biking shoes, which might run $200 or more.
"We'll sell a handful of winter shoes per year" at the store, he said, but there are cheaper options, such as booties that resist water that are worn over regular biking shoes.
Heat packs or foot warmers are other options that are sold at most sporting goods stores and even some department stores.
Finally, good wool socks are important, Makela said. Bike stores sell thin wool socks made especially for biking that fit under most shoes.
Makela, who has been in the bicycle business for 25 years, said there aren't many conditions he won't ride in.
"I get kind of bogged down after about 2 or 3 inches (of snow), then it's too much for me," but the plowed trail is rarely that covered, and when he doesn't ride, "it's usually my wife that stops me from going."
Makela often brings clothes to change into, and keeps regular shoes at the store. As a bike store employee, his work attire can be fairly low key, "but I know some people who do have to wear a suit, or special stuff, and some people will just drive once a week … or have their wife or somebody drop off some clothing for them," he said.
The biking judge
Chris Foley may be an example. A Circuit Court judge, he lives in Wauwatosa and bikes seven miles to his downtown courtroom.
"I rode every day last year except for about four or five days. I don't have studded tires and all that stuff, so when it snows, if the streets stay snow-covered, I don't ride," he said.
He tries to stay on streets that have bike lanes, and makes short use of sidewalks in tight traffic. Like Makela, he wears a helmet, along with insulated gym pants, and he "layers up" on top, with a windbreaker covering everything.
"I'm much more concerned, not with warmth, I'm more concerned with darkness when I ride in the winter," he said. He uses lights front and back.
He washes off and changes in his chambers, he said, and, since he wears a robe most of the day, he's not required to dress up.
One day, Foley said, he arrived just in time for a 9 a.m. hearing "and the people were already (there) and I just said, take me as I am. I had my biking gear on and … they kind of got a chuckle out of it, so that was all right."
Foley, 59, started biking to work five or six years ago, partly because "I've gotten to an age where my basketball game just isn't there any more," and he wanted another method of exercise. He's one of a number of judges who ride to work, some from even greater distances.
Environmental concerns also are part of Foley's motivation. It also frees him from the problem of parking a car downtown, and even some traffic problems are erased.
"I literally am gleeful at night when I'm taking off on my bike and I'm riding along and cars are backed up for three blocks at stop signs," he said.
Most of all, though, for him, biking home from work is a cleanser.
"I find it's really a great release for me, I just feel so much better when I ride, and it just gets everything from the day out. … I think that's the primary motivation," he said.
Other options
The latest thing in winter biking are fat-tire bikes, which are like mountain bikes with tires four inches across.
"They kind of float over the snow a little bit better" than bikes with normal tires, said Jesse Kuester, manager of the North Shore Wheel & Sprocket.
The bikes are a little slower than regular bikes, but allow a rider to get out there in conditions that would stop most bikes, including sand, Kuester said.
The bikes are expensive - $1,700 or more, he said - but they are selling to dedicated riders as a second or third bike.
But a fat-tire bike is still riding outside, and outside riding in the winter isn't for everybody.
Getting your fix, indoors
Fortunately there are ways to ride inside.
Crank Daddy's, at 2170 N. Prospect Ave., is one of a number of stores that offer winter training inside. Its Computrainer system uses a video screen showing a route that the rider is traversing that requires full use of gearing - everything about an outside ride but the wind and the weather. Other bike sellers offer similar training programs, either with a video or with a coach, including Wheel & Sprocket stores and Emery's Bicycle & Super Fitness stores, at 9929 W. Lisbon Ave. in Milwaukee and N88 W15306 Main St. in Menomonee Falls.
Emery's offers coached sessions, said Ben Emery, who manages the Menomonee Falls store. His brother, Brent, who manages the Milwaukee store, won a silver medal in the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles in men's team pursuit. He leads the Milwaukee store's training sessions, Ben Emery said.
For indoor training, in most cases, you bring your bike for the session, or store it at the store. Training stands are provided at some stores, and in other cases must be owned by the rider. And charges apply for the in-store trainings.
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text: Hello every one, I recently installed a Evolution CTS in the Dirty Dog TOPKICK..... And thought you would like to hear my thoughts on the end results of the Product itself, and the ease of installation of this in cab controller/ programmer.... Although i have not finished playing with all the features of the evolution let me state with conference it has turned out to be one of the best programmers I have ever had experience with... I guess the first thing would like to mention the Techs at Edge Products, they are not only very helpful, knowledgeable, but some of the nicest folks i have ever worked with, they were more concerned about getting it right then selling me anything.... The instal of the of the programer took less then two hours, and we had a few accessories as well, a turbo shut down timer, and a few extra sensors. when I complete the Engine modes we will be adding some more seniors such as pre and after inner cooler temps... and with the ease of the set up for expansion these add ons will take very little time to install.. The functionality of this programmer has me ecstatic, there is so many things you can do, monitor and set, i have not found the time to completely explore. I look forward to learning more on how to use this piece of equipment as time goes on.... The biggest and most important reason for purchasing this programmer was to get a variety of tuning options, as I use the Dirty DOg daily for work and play, we do a lot of towing, four wheeling and just good old Saturday night street cursing. and this tuner dose it all. My fuel consumption is way down wether towing or just driving, and in this day and age with the cost of fuel, I will have the total cost of the tuner and install paid for in full, by my fuel savings in less then six months..... All in all the company and their product stands above anything I have used in the past, and look forward to expanding more edge tuners to the rest of our fleet and personal rides..... Packaging ................. 10 out of 10 Instructions...................8 out of 10 Product quality.............10 out of 10 Ease of installation..........9 out of 10 Soft ware......................8 out of 10 Accessory options...........8 out of 10 Equipment versatility ....10 out of 10 Online tech support.........9 out of 10 Phone live support........ 10 out of 10 Staff and sales ..............9 out of 10 Shipping time................ 9 out of 10 posible 110 review points Edge Products total score 100 out of 110http //www.edgeproducts.com


text:
The excess semen that flows out of the woman's vagina after sexual intercourse between a male and female.
After a night of of passionate sex Allie began to semenstruate as she walked into the kitchen to get a mid-night snack...she quickly grabbed a paper towel and wiped up the semen just as it ran down the inner thigh of her leg.
by gonzo words December 26, 2010


text:
can anyone tell me of a website or other reference telling how to make creamed honey? I have seen some vague instructions but never a complete, detailed way of making creamed honey. thank you
can anyone tell me of a website or other reference telling how to make creamed honey? I have seen some vague instructions but never a complete, detailed way of making creamed honey. thank you
This came from a NZ website. Sorry don't know the URL, had it on my hard drive - -
This article appeared in the NZ Beekeeper No. 194, in
Winter, 1987, pp 18-19. I was writing under the name
Skep at the time for the Beginners' Notes...
What are you going to do with all that honey you produced? A
good question it is, too! Here you are, a proud hobbyist with three
or four hives, and you've just produced your first really good crop
of honey. Let's assume that you did manage to get it all extracted.
In the process of doing that, you probably ruined a variety of
kitchen implements, and you probably tracked honey all through the
house, transferring it from comb to hands to door knob to the rest
of the family. So up to this point, you've done it all just the way
everyone else does the first time. If you're really smart, you will
have filed away all the information for the next time.
Things like the handcrank extractor and the way it walks across
the floor unless someone holds it down. Next year you'll remember
to arrange some turnbuckles to securely fix it to the floor.
And that bag of cappings that hung around for a week to drain!
Next year you'll arrange a proper place to hang it, away from the
ants and the carpet. So this year, you probably ran the liquid gold
directly from the extractor into all the various sized jars you could
locate. You ate a lot of it, gave away a lot more to friends,
neighbours and relations. You maybe even sold some of the excess
to workmates.
With this article, I'd like to get you to thinking about how you as a
hobbyist can best prepare and package your honey for
presentation to others, whether as a gift or to sell.
The three most important quality control factors in dealing with
honey are completely within your control. Too much heat, too
much moisture and too many bees' legs are the three things that
can most easily damage your product.
Heat is an easy one for you as a hobbyist, nothing at all like the
problem that it presents for the commercial beekeeper. There is no
reason in the world that you should need to heat your honey at all.
Apart from the heat of the uncapping knife, your honey can be
handled at room temperature. If you extract it immediately after
removing it from the hive, so much the better.
Excess moisture, leading to off flavours and fermentation, can be
avoided through attention all the way through the
honey-from-the-hive to honey-in-the- jar process. Don't extract
honey until it is thoroughly ripened. Often, especially if the flow is
still on, it may not all be completely capped. Take a frame and
shake it over the open hive; if it is thoroughly ripened, it should not
shake like water out of the comb.
Once you have extracted the honey, keep the containers covered.
Honey can take moisture from the air, so don't leave it exposed,
especially if you have to store it in moist or less than favourable
Try to avoid incorporating small air bubbles with the honey as you
run it through a fine strainer. Don't simply let it drip through the
strainer and into a container; place something in the container so
the honey will run down rather than fall into the honey already in
the container.
No matter how well you strain the honey after extracting, you will
still need to 'skim' it a day or so later. The froth that floats to the
surface of the honey will contain small bubbles and wax particles.
Gently skimming it from the surface of the honey container will
remove it and greatly improve the visual quality of your honey.
Depending on the quantity of honey you have to deal with, there
are some excellent containers available to hold your honey until you
are ready to run it into its final jars or plasic pottles. Food grade
plastic containers can be fitted with a plastic tap. Fit a rubber seal
and tighten so there will be no leak. If you don't have enough
honey to justify such a container, plastic Polypails make a good
storage container.
Have you ended up some years with jars of honey granulated so
hard that you couldn't even get a knife into it? Honey so hard it
tore the bread every time you tried to spread it? Honey with gritty
bits of sugar crystals in it?
It's still honey, of course. Nothing really wrong with it, other than
inconvenience and the chance of putting some people off honey
The 'creamed honey' sold in New Zealand would have to be the
source of the most often repeated myth about honey. No foreign
materials have been added to honey to make it granulate smoothly.
No icing sugar, white sugar, flour, cream or lard (yes, I have been
told that's what beekeepers add to their honey!) or any other such
There is no reason at all that you, as a hobbyist beekeeper, should
not have a go a making your own creamed honey, rather than
simply rely on good luck to get a smoothly granulated honey.
Though the results might be somewhat variable, you'll have a good
time learning a little more about your hobby.
Creaming honey is simply controlling the natural crystalisation
process. Almost all honeys will eventually naturally granulate, most
within a few months while others remain liquid for longer. In
England, such naturally granulated honeys are called 'set honey'.
The speed and the texture that the honey granulates is mostly a
product of the ratio of the two main sugars of honey, dextrose and
levulose. For a reason never clearly explained to me, sugars often
have two names, confusing things very nicely, thank you. Dextrose
is also known as glucose and levulose is known as fructose. And
just to add to the confusion, levulose is also known to many people
as fruit sugar.
If a honey has a high dextrose to levulose ratio, it will granulate
rapidly with a fine crystal. If it has a high levulose content, it will
granulate slowly and often with crystals large enough that you can
feel their sharpness on your tongue.
To 'cream' honey, the beekeeper mixes in a percentage of honey
that has already granulated finely. This honey is called a 'starter',
since its crystal structure will start the liquid honey to granulate in
the same manner. In order speed up the granulation, the starter
needs to be thoroughly mixed with the liquid honey, and then the
container needs to be kept cool. Not cold, not refrigerator style
cold, but simply cool. The ideal temperature is about 14 degrees
Celcius (57 degrees Farenheit).
Keeping the honey at this temperature causes it to granulate as
rapidly as possible, and since it has already got a nice grain
started, the entire volume will granulate the same as the starter
you introduced. It should be stirred occasionally during the
process. Once the granulation is well established, the now cloudy
looking honey can be run into its final containers. Again, it should
be kept cool to assist rapid granulation.
In practical terms, you begin the process by finding some finely
granulated honey. This might be some from last season that you
have kept back or you could even buy it from another beekeeper or
the shop. I like to add as much as possible, even up to 6 kg or so
for a Polypail of honey, but you probably don't really need this
much. If you like, you can start out with a small amount of starter
and bulk it up by carrying out the process twice.
Stir the starter honey thoroughly into the liquid honey. It won't be
easy, but you need to completely spread the granulated honey
thorough the liquid. Afterward, keep it cool by placing your bulk
container (well covered, of course) in a cool room, such as a
basement or cold closet.
Stir it several times over the next week. It should start clouding, as
the granulation spreads rapidly through the honey. You can now
run it into the containers in which you will be distributing it, and
again, keep them cool. The honey should be nicely creamed, set
with a fine, smooth grain, within a week or two.
Kiwi beekeepers have been carrying out this process for over 60
years. They figured out that long ago a practical scheme for
controlling the granulation in honey.
Credit for the 'scientific' approach to creamed honey goes to an
American, a Dr Dyce who was a beekeeping professor at Cornell
University. He described a complex and detailed method to produce
creamed honey that differs little from the basic description given
above. He did meticulously give temperatures and amounts, such
as the ideal temperature to heat the honey before adding the
starter, to make sure there were no natural crystals present in it.
I've always felt that we as Kiwi beekeepers never really got all the
credit we really deserved. The way I understand it, Dr Dyce visited
New Zealand and saw the process in action several years earlier!
As I mentioned earlier, your results may be somewhat variable. Its
possible that, even after following all the directions, your honey
might still set hard as a rock. Doing it as a hobbyist as you are, you
can't control all the factors involved, but the odds are that you'll
produce a better product than just trusting to natural granulation.
If you get really interested in the process, you might care to read
further on what is quite a specialised subject. I can't see how
anyone could ever tire of being a hobbyist beekeeper, not if you've
really got an inquisitive mind about how things work. Beekeeping
provides you with all sorts of excuses to go off on tangents as
diverse as entomology and food technology, to say nothing of
apicultural botany and woodworking!
We sell 400+ cases a year - we use this method:
Instead of grinding seed we keep stock of specific honey which normally crystallizes at a very small size - Canola (best by far and can be packaged and "creamed" as is), Basswood (which takes forever to crystallize but has a very small crystal), and knotweed or Japanese bamboo, keep it crytalized in 5 gallon buckets and use it for seed as we need it. You'll need to have some type of cold room (55F) to store it for the process and no the Frig does not work well. We use our well house which thanks to a deep well a holding tank and a well house 5 foot deep, we keep a steady temperature. Be sure when you stir you set whatever you are using on slow so as not to introduce air into the mix as this will greatly reduce the appearance of your final product. Do a couple of small batches to start so you get the cycle down.
Here's a youtube video. I followed this guys instructions and it turned out great! The Cinnamon creamed honey was awesome and sold very fast. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AiqrU71aJGc
I don't like what heating does to the flavor. A good seed and keeping it around 57 F while it crystallizes is good enough for me AND I don't have to do the work of heating it as well as preserving the flavor...
Michael Bush bushfarms.com/bees.htm "Everything works if you let it." ThePracticalBeekeeper.com 42y 40h 39yTF
Joel is really mining older threads!
This one is from April 2000.
USDA Zone 7A Elevation 1400 ft
Brushy Mountain has everything you need to make creamed honey. instructions included. Except the honey.
It is as simple as this.
1. Buy a container of creamed honey
2. I put ten times the volume of the creamed honey in a mixer and add the creamed honey and mix thoroughly.
3. Pour the blended honey and starter into the containers you want them to end up in.
4. Place containers of creamed honey on a cool cement floor in an out of the way place in your basement. The key temperature is 57 degrees. At that temperature the rate of crystal propagation from starter seed to honey be creaming is maximized.
It doesn't need to be more complicated than that. I add cinnamon to some batches because I and a lot of people love it. Start at a couple rounded teaspoons a pound and adjust to taste.
>Michael, do you use some type of mechanical stir. I was thinking a Kitchen Aid dough mixer.
I don't. A kitchen aid dough mixer would be great and a lot less work than doing it by hand. I used a clean one by two last time with more up and down motion than side to side...
Michael Bush bushfarms.com/bees.htm "Everything works if you let it." ThePracticalBeekeeper.com 42y 40h 39yTF
The knowledge of how larger honey packers make candied honey is not readily available. They employ a few tricks that are not common knowledge, just to stack the deck in their favor. My Grandfather got in trouble in the 50's for alleged patent infringement, Cornell sent a team out to inspect our operation. They came up emtry handed, and left with their tail between their legs. My Grandfather and ??? Dr. Dyce?(patent holder) latter became good friends.
Crazy Roland
Yes Roland, that would have been Dr. Dyce. He developed the Dyce Method of Creamed Honey Production. Cornell University held the Patent.
Mark Berninghausen
>My Grandfather and ??? Dr. Dyce?(patent holder) latter became good friends.
Would that be August Diehnelt? I heard Walter Diehnelt tell that story with a bit more detail...
Michael Bush bushfarms.com/bees.htm "Everything works if you let it." ThePracticalBeekeeper.com 42y 40h 39yTF
There where 2 Walters, Walter(my grandfather)and Walter John(my father). August was my Gr.Grandfather. What did I leave out of the story?
Roland Diehnelt
Linden Apiary,est. 1852
Actually the FDA is federal so it has nothing to do with which state you're in.
Brian Cardinal
Zone 5a, Practicing non-intervention beekeeping
At Betterbee, we have been inspected by state and federal inspectors even though we repack and sell a very small amount of honey, and do not produce any flavored honey. The state requires anyone that adds anything to honey or that buys honey they did not produce and repackages it to be registered and inspected. Registration is $400 per year, you need to have a responsible person take a course in proper food handling, and you have to have certain physical property in place in the room where packing occurs such as a 3 bay sink for proper washing, rinsing and sanitizing of equipment. They come yearly. They find you by inspecting other places and looking for product. A little cinnamon creamed honey in a health food store could get you on follow up list. You could also have your product destroyed if they determine you are not registered. I know of another beekeeper that learned this the hard way. The USDA sounds like they visit a little more infrequently unless you have complaints.
Chris Cripps


text:
The building sector was just getting off its knees when Mainzeal went down.
Building consents had picked up lately from historic lows and the Auckland commercial property sector is abuzz with talk of big new jobs such as the attractive prospects of an enormous campus-style world headquarters for Fonterra as well as planning to develop for other corporates whose leases will expire in the next few years.
The tower cranes might well be destined for the skyline once again.
The commercial sector has relatively low vacancies in existing stock, Christchurch is calling out for builders and demand seems set to grow.
If it was 2008 or 2009, Mainzeal's troubles would make more sense.
But now?
For many decades, Mainzeal has been a major force in the sector, standing behind Fletcher Building's Fletcher Construction, the McConnell family's Hawkins and Brookfield Multiplex.
It has some landmark projects to its name: earlier last decade, Mainzeal won the job to redevelop Christchurch's iconic QEII Pool and Academy of Sport, then in 2011 CERA appointed it to take apart the severely damaged complex.
In Auckland, Mainzeal was busy on the sturdy old Shed 10 on Princes Wharf and has been recladding Argent Hall.
But its ride has not been an easy one, even with experienced chief executive Peter Gomm at the helm.
In December, the company's Mainsite newsletter listed a national string of projects for its construction and interiors arms, showing work on Hornby Mall and elsewhere in Christchurch, at schools, in the Waikato and Wellington.
But leaky buildings have dogged this builder, with most of the rest of the sector, for many years.
And when big commercial jobs go wrong, they are extremely expensive to fix. Smaller builders might go to the wall, but Mainzeal hung in there - and returned to the sites where repairs were required.
Perhaps its highest-profile rerun was on Hobson St, not far from Spaghetti Junction where it was fixing the two-tower Hobson Gardens, wrapped in white plastic for what seems like an age.
The stylish Vector Arena near Auckland's Waterfront was one of Mainzeal's most troubled jobs, particularly the roof area. It lost $20 million building that multipurpose venue, described by one shareholder in 2008 when Mainzeal was listed on NZX as an absolute disgrace.
Even Dame Jenny Shipley's upmarket townhouse near Auckland Domain leaked: the irony there was that it was also built by Mainzeal and she chaired Richina Pacific, Mainzeal's owner. Extensive repairs were made when windows were ripped out and replaced in the eight-storey, 15-year-old, 27-unit Parkwood.
In 2009, residents of the block at the Morgan St/George St intersection were set to take their case to the courts, seeking between $3 million and $5 million compensation for major building defects.
Builders are a bit like journalists: they have to remain optimistic about the next job. So it was no surprise that Gomm seemed upbeat just before Christmas, writing in Mainsite that last year had been challenging for the industry because of softness in the non-residential market.
"There is no doubt that this is a very good time for clients to have construction work competitively priced before the market uplift that threatens to take place during the latter half of 2013."


text:
Ask for the programme of events and exhibitions to not miss any dates!
Daily, a varied high-quality programme, national releases, films in their original language, etc.
An unmissable opportunity for discovery and cultural enlightenment
Enjoy an unforgettable evening wiht our partners !
The major events taking place over the coming months


text:
imo,first you look at caliber and then you look at fire control features and finally you look at guns.
what caliber is best for you?which one can you manage the recoil perfectly ok and deliver accuracy and speed?which caliber offers the platforms your looking for?which one can you practice enough with,with out going broke?...imo,you should consider the 9mm,.40s&w and 45acp.mainly because they are effective,offer good and plentiful choices and seem to be here to stay...don't get cought up on power numbers or knock down theories or myths about comparisons.
how do you want your pistol to function?what trigger type do you prefer?what safety features do you prefer?where do you want those features to be?when thinking about these you should think about which one YOU can use with speed,accuracy and safety.luckily for you,you are not already set in your ways so don't necessarily believe what works for others is what works best for you.it's YOUR gun.
then you look at the guns.luckily,there are many reliable choices out there at different prices.however,imho,if your looking for "out of the box"reliability,you should stick with the major manufactures and i don't mean those that specialize in making nice versions of "classic" pistols.imho,these are the ones you should stick to,in no particular order---beretta,walther,browning,ruger,sig,glock,h&k,e.a.a . witness,cz,taurus,springfeild(xd only),s&w.i'll probably get flamed for this and there might be one or two i'm forgetting.
by the way,you mentioned taurus.imo,the best pistol that they have ever produced is the pt92/99 series but i'm not saying the others aren't good.also,the match up between beretta/taurus 92 series and the cz 75/85 is a clssic one(in terms of the match up)....both of them are good but there are some differences.take your time and study carefully.
good luck hunting.i hope this helps instead of confusing you even further.


text:
Louis XV Sleigh-Back Chaise
$595 Final Sale
$476 Member
A descendant of the daybed, our chaise recalls the 18th-century chaises longues that were the aristocrats' destinations for afternoon repose. Thickly padded, upholstered and equipped with a slanted side to serve as a headrest or arm support, ours is a salute to the refinement – and highly evolved comfort – of the Rococo period.
Show Details +
- 36"W x 76"D x 24"H


text:
Lake Shore still grapplying with complaint of noise at Zorbaz
The Lake Shore City Council agreed on a split vote Monday, Jan. 28, to establish a committee to meet at least once to talk about one couple's complaints in the past couple of years about noise from Zorbaz and other sources.
The committee will include Dave Baldwin and John Ingleman of the Planning and Zoning Commission; council members John Poston and Krista Knudsen; Lee Johnson, owner of Zorbaz; Michelle Zirbes, the concerned party; police chief Steve Sundstrom; and city administrator Teri Hastings.
The council discussed whether such a committee was needed, and whether it would convey false hope to the Zirbeses. Council members Doug Miller and Susan Amacher voted against forming the committee, believing it wasn't necessary in light of the city's noise ordinance, which Zorbaz has been meeting.
Johnson said it was ludicrous to form such a committee.
"This is a personal issue somewhere along the line," he said.
"There is so much noise in that channel that is not created by Zorbaz. Living on the channel is going to create that," Johnson said, noting the noise snowmobiles create this time of the year.
"We can turn our speakers off outside and there's still noise you can hear. Sometimes the volume of people outside creates the noise," he said.
"I think you're really setting a precedent here when the squeaky wheel gets oiled," Johnson added. "Literally, it's one person."
Johnson said Zorbaz does 80 percent of its business in the summer, 80 percent of that on weekends and 50 percent of that between 11 p.m. and 2 a.m. He said Zorbaz contributes a small part of the noise that goes on in the channel and only for three months of the year.
Joe Newfield lives in the Bar Harbor townhomes. "We hear the noise at night and the real problem is boats buzzing through the channel," he said. "I chose to live here."
Tim Moore said more than one person is complaining. He said he wasn't sure why the city council would stand in the way of people getting together to solve a problem.
"What does it hurt to address it?" Moore asked, noting he applauded the planning commission for recommending the committee be formed.
Amacher pointed out that all times the police chief, mayor and others have recorded decibel levels at Zorbaz, they've never exceeded ordinance levels.
Moore asked that Lake Shore look at its current noise ordinance and how it's being applied and compare that to other cities.
"Put people together to solve a community problem. What's the down side to working through that?" he asked.
In March 2011, the city held a public hearing where it considered a requirement that outdoor speakers be turned off earlier than the 2 a.m. bar closing time. The council didn't take that action, but agreed to enforce its noise ordinance, which requires that music be no louder than 60 decibels at the property line.
At that hearing, Bruce and Michelle Zirbes said they had bought their cabin on Harold Lane, about a quarter mile from Zorbaz, several years earlier and that their home's former owners said they were never bothered by noise at Zorbaz.
However, the Zirbeses said the noise does bother them, and they have called Lake Shore police frequently to complain about hearing and feeling the thumping of bass.
At that time, Johnson agreed to stop loud outdoor games at Zorbaz.


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News Article
LAWRENCEVILLE, Ga. – In exclusive voting by the head women's soccer coaches of the Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference (SCAC), Sarah Bevins was tabbed as the Co-Newcomer-of-the-Year as the SCAC announced the All-SCAC Women's Soccervoting.
Sarah Bevins, a first-year forward from Austin, Texas, was third among all conference first-year players (11th overall) in scoring with 19 points on seven goals and five assists. She was second on her own team in scoring and was SCAC Co-Offensive Player-of-the-Week in Week 8 when she had four goals in two conference wins, including a hat trick in a 4-0 win against Centenary College. She also earned a Second Team All-SCAC nod.
First-years Megan McGrath (Lonestar SC 95G Red NTH) and Hayley Miesse (Lonestar SC 95G Red) earned Honorable Mention honors this season.
Southwestern ended the year at 10-9-1 overall and advanced to their first SCAC Conference Final, falling to nationally-ranked Trinity.


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Just give us an indication of what you find objectionable
(sometimes it isn't neccesarily clear), and we'll look into it.
Item ID: 70111
(Undaunted, Chafee pushes bills to address city pensions)
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text:
College Democrats Face Sea of Paul Ryan Fans
Small Group Makes Presence Known at Rally
GREENVILLE - Eleven East Carolina University students stood their ground on the issues Monday, supporting President Obama during Republican Vice Presidential Candidate Paul Ryan's visit to Greenville.
The small group of ECU College Democrats stood silently with protest signs in tow, as an estimated three thousand people passed by to see Paul Ryan speak.
"We're here to be civil and discuss the issues," said Cory Noe, vice president of the ECU College Democrats. "There are things that give us cause for concern if Paul Ryan makes it to the White House."
Members of the group stood for nearly five hours, and said the candidate could make it difficult for students across the country to afford a higher education at institutions like ECU.
"[Ryan] voted to double the interest rates for student loans, which I have to take in order to pay for college," Noe said. "Without those loans, it would be incredibly tough to pay once we get out of school."
Congressman Ryan proposed the rate hike as part of his sweeping plan to balance the federal budget and slash $15 trillion in the nation's debt. Other students said they disagreed with Ryan's no-vote on a 2009 law promoting equal pay for men and women.
"I don't understand why he would vote against that," said ECU College Democrats member Amanda Holland. "I don't understand why equal pay for equal work wouldn't be a priority for anybody in this country."
Critics of the law, known as the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, say the legislation does little to ensure equal pay. Instead, it extends the statute of limitations to file unequal pay lawsuits.
What began as a civil demonstration had moments of tension between Ryan supporters and the college democrats.
Several people waiting to hear Paul Ryan chided reporters for covering the ECU College Democrats, shouting that Romney's running mate was the only story from the event.
"We have something to say here as well," said a student protester. "Our voices are just as important, even if we're not a political celebrity."
The mood eased when a Republican supporter joined the demonstrators, and one of the students gave the man a high-five.
"I always think its great when a candidate of his stature wants to come, whether I agree with him or not," Holland said. "I hope this event will get people fired up and ready to go."


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(facebook rookie) a person who has not mastered the art of creeping via facebook and creeps in such a way where it is obvious that they are an avid creeper; a person who fails at performing a "facebook fakeout," and their attempt to fool facebook audiences that they are cool, hot, ect. is contradicted by past pics/posts skeletons i.e. popped collars, pics via cell phone in mirror, or farmville participation.
He told me he was single but then I saw the album from this weekend his girlfriend tagged him in yesterday, facerook move.
by Ellie Dab November 06, 2010
The vengeful act of crapping on a lover's chest while they sleep.Buy the plush


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- Fish Head - http://blogs.courierpostonline.com/fishhead -
Optical Illusion Sunday
Posted By Adam Monacelli On November 4, 2012 @ 9:00 am In Funny, Bizarre Stuff | No Comments
I have no idea how this works, but apparently if you look at this image for about five minutes, you can see a fishing rod somewhere in the picture.
Article printed from Fish Head: http://blogs.courierpostonline.com/fishhead
URL to article: http://blogs.courierpostonline.com/fishhead/2012/11/04/optical-illusion-friday-19/
Click here to print.
Copyright © 2008 Fish Head. All rights reserved.


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959 W Sanilac
Directions Sandusky, MI 48471
If you are in the market for a new or used car in Sandusky, MI, come to Tubbs Brothers Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep and RAM dealership where our friendly and professional staff is eager to help you find the vehicle that is a perfect match for you. Looking for reliable service or parts center serving the Sandusky, Bad Axe, Brown City or Port Huron areas? Come on down and get your fix at Tubbs Brothers today by following our Dealership: Directions! You can also give us a call at (810) 648-0000 with any questions.
Among the many things drivers notice and appreciate about our new 2015 - 2016 Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep and RAM lineup, is its diversity. That said, there are a few resounding favorites, such as the Chrysler 200, Dodge Dart, Jeep Grand Cherokee and RAM 1500. To see what all of the fuss is about, simply drop by Tubbs Brothers of Sandusky and take a spin. If you have any questions, you can always contact us online and a member of our staff will get back to you shortly.
Looking for a selection of high-quality used cars in Sandusky? At Tubbs Brothers we have a great selection of handpicked used RAM, Dodge, Jeep, Chrysler cars and pre-owned vehicles by other top automakers for drivers from Bad Axe, Brown City and Port Huron to choose from. We make sure that each used car at our dealership is thoroughly inspected so that our customers get long-term satisfaction. If you are looking to trade your vehicle in then see how much your car is worth in Sandusky, MI.
You might think we're being sarcastic; but we're not. First, auto financing in Sandusky is the key to making the car you want yours. Second, our car loan and Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep and RAM experts make it a lot less intimidating than what you might be used to. Not only do they take the time to clearly explain all terms and conditions; they like what they do - getting you the best deal possible - and it shows. Get started today by filling out our online finance application!
If you are looking for fantastic auto service and car repair in Sandusky, then come to the Tubbs Brothers service center, serving Bad Axe, Brown City and Port Huron. Our trained mechanics and technicians can provide you with your car needs by analyzing potential problems and implementing a fix to ensure your vehicle provides complete satisfaction and the best performance possible. To add to the quality of our car services, we also use only genuine Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep and RAM parts so you know your vehicle is getting the best!
If you are interested in our new and used car dealership and want to learn more about Tubbs Brothers of Sandusky, browse our website, give us a call, contact us online, or swing by for a visit at 959 W Sanilac, Sandusky, MI 48471! We'd love to help you find your next new Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep, RAM or used car in the greater Bad Axe, Brown City and Port Huron area. We look forward to meeting you and all of your car needs soon!
Gift certificates are available for ALL of the services we provide.
Tubbs Brothers is a full service Ford Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram dealer that has been serving Michigan since 1954. Our dealership serves Sanilac, Huron, Tuscola, Lapeer and St. Clair counties including the cities of Sandusky, Marlette, Caro, Bad Axe, Cass City, Croswell, Lexington, Port Huron, Port Sanilac, Harbor Beach, Imlay City, Lapeer and Yale. We also ship vehicles throughout the United States for our internet customers. If you are looking for the best deal and the lowest price on a new or used car or truck, we are the discount leader. We not only provide discount pricing on all of our new, Chrysler, Dodge and Jeep cars, trucks, minivans and suvs, but we also offer discount pricing on our extensive selection of used cars, trucks, minivans and suvs. Thanks for visiting us at tubbsbrothers.com. Our goal is to save you money and save you time.
Dave & Eric Tubbs


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Need to play Brown,Wilson,and Randle more ! And let them play most of the game. I know they are all Rookies. It's not to Late ! I don't see Bradshaw playing in GB game.
Rookies get your running shoes ready !
" Giants are Champions " They will prove it to you, when they play GreenBay !


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UTSA students receive national PR award
By Steven Levitt
Associate Professor and Chair, Department of Communication
(May 2, 2007)--UTSA communication students Jessica Aguilar, Ariane Etemadi, Dana Hooker, Michelle McClain, and Ashley Solomonreceived honorable mention in the Public Relations Student Society of America (PRSSA) National Bateman Case Study Competition. It is the fourth time in six years that UTSA students received the award.
Today's headlines
- La Prensa Foundation is newest member of UTSA Lone Star Society
- UTSA alumna Jordan Kaufmann wins $50K for new stent-graft start-up
- UTSA begins new way-finding sign installation this summer at Main Campus
- USA Today: UTSA long jumper Tyler Williamson rescues three-year-old boy
Article tools
Sixty-four teams from across the nation participated in this year's competition with three teams receiving top honors. UTSA's team placed honorable mention with 13 other teams including Louisiana State University, Michigan State University, University of Florida, University of South Carolina, University of Tennessee and Washington State University.
The schools are known nationally and internationally for their top-rated public relations programs. A group of 22 judges convened in New York April 14-15 to review the entries and select the finalists and honorable mentions.
Ali Kanso El-Ghori, UTSA professor and academic adviser for the team, said, "I am delighted that our students' hard work and expertise as young public relations practitioners is being recognized outside the state. UTSA's public relations program has only been participating in national competitions such as this for six years. With the Bateman judges again presenting an award to our students for the fourth time is indicative that we are on the right track. This is the equivalent of having a .667 batting average in baseball. All of us can be proud that UTSA's public relations faculty and its students are among the top in the country.
In addition to sponsoring and supporting the Bateman teams, communication students established this year a student-run PR firm with a local client's campaign underway and other client prospects pending, provided several professional development opportunities for students, provided PR experience for chapter members through numerous fundraising and other special events.
Since 1973, the National Bateman Case Study Competition has given college students the opportunity to apply their skills in a real-world public relations campaign, exercising the analytical skills and judgment required for public relations problem-solving. The sponsor for this year's competition was Eisai Inc., a New Jersey-based pharmaceutical company, and the clients were the National Family Caregivers Association and the National Alliance for Caregiving. The competing teams were charged to develop and implement a public relations campaign that would effectively raise awareness of family caregiver issues and enlighten family caregivers about available resources for help.
PRSSA is a pre-professional organization comprised of 285 chapters and more than 9,600 students nationwide. The organization helps to enhance students' knowledge of public relations while providing access to professional development opportunities.
For more information, visit the PRSSA Bateman competition Web site.


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19th Century British Photographs from the National Gallery of Canada
04 Feb 2011 - 17 Apr 2011
This exhibition includes more than 100 superb photographs from our collection, from the historical images of William Henry Fox Talbot, taken circa 1839, to the sophisticated architectural studies made by Frederick H. Evans at the beginning of the twentieth century. Organized by the National Gallery of Canada.
Henry White, The Garden Chair, 1854, Purchased 1973, National Gallery of Canada