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Engineering Stent Based Delivery System for Esophageal Cancer Using Docetaxel.
Shaikh, Mohsin; Choudhury, Namita Roy; Knott, Robert; Garg, Sanjay
Esophageal cancer patients are often diagnosed as "advanced" cases. These patients are subjected to palliative stenting using self-expanding metallic stents (SEMS) to maintain oral alimentation. Unfortunately, SEMS get reoccluded due to tumor growth, in and over the stent struts. To investigate potential solutions to this problem, docetaxel (DTX) delivery films were prepared using PurSil AL 20 (PUS), which can be used as a covering material for the SEMS. Drug-polymer miscibility and interactions were studied. Bilayer films were prepared by adhering the blank film to the DTX loaded film in order to maintain the unidirectional delivery to the esophagus. In vitro release and the local DTX delivery were studied using in vitro permeation experiments. It was found that DTX and PUS were physically and chemically compatible. The bilayer films exhibited sustained release (>30 days) and minimal DTX permeation through esophageal tissues in vitro. The rate-determining step for the DTX delivery was calculated. It was found that >0.9 fraction of rate control lies with the esophageal tissues, suggesting that DTX delivery can be sustained for longer periods compared to the in vitro release observed. Thus, the bilayer films can be developed as a localized sustained delivery system in combination with the stent. PMID:25936529
Engineering Stent Based Delivery System for Esophageal Cancer Using Docetaxel.
Shaikh, Mohsin; Choudhury, Namita Roy; Knott, Robert; Garg, Sanjay
Esophageal cancer patients are often diagnosed as "advanced" cases. These patients are subjected to palliative stenting using self-expanding metallic stents (SEMS) to maintain oral alimentation. Unfortunately, SEMS get reoccluded due to tumor growth, in and over the stent struts. To investigate potential solutions to this problem, docetaxel (DTX) delivery films were prepared using PurSil AL 20 (PUS), which can be used as a covering material for the SEMS. Drug-polymer miscibility and interactions were studied. Bilayer films were prepared by adhering the blank film to the DTX loaded film in order to maintain the unidirectional delivery to the esophagus. In vitro release and the local DTX delivery were studied using in vitro permeation experiments. It was found that DTX and PUS were physically and chemically compatible. The bilayer films exhibited sustained release (>30 days) and minimal DTX permeation through esophageal tissues in vitro. The rate-determining step for the DTX delivery was calculated. It was found that >0.9 fraction of rate control lies with the esophageal tissues, suggesting that DTX delivery can be sustained for longer periods compared to the in vitro release observed. Thus, the bilayer films can be developed as a localized sustained delivery system in combination with the stent.
Stent-based delivery of triptolide reduces neointimal formation in rabbit iliac arteries
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
CHEN Ming; WANG Kai-xia; LIU Zhao-ping; HUO Yong
@@ The long-term clinical efficacy of intracoronary stenting is limited by restenosis, which occurs in 15% to 30% of patients.1 In-stent restenosis is solely due to neointimal hyperplasia. Stent-based delivery of sirolimus, which inhibits intimal proliferation by blocking the G1/S transition, has been successfully used to prevent in-stent restenosis in clinical practice. Previous studies have shown that triptolide inhibited the DNA synthesis of vascular smooth muscle cells by blocking the transition from G0/G1 to S phase,2 suggesting that triptolide could be useful for preventing restenosis. The potential unwanted side effects limits the use of systemic administration of this agent for the prevention of in-stent restenosis. Local delivery using a stent platform, however, might allow deposition of a therapeutic triptolide concentration in the arterial wall, with a substantially reduced risk of systemic toxicity. The purpose of the present study was to determine the efficacy of stent-based delivery of triptolide.
Dostal, Jiri
This book provides the reader with the practical knowledge necessary to select and use operational amplifier devices. It presents an extensive treatment of applications and a practically oriented, unified theory of operational circuits.Provides the reader with practical knowledge necessary to select and use operational amplifier devices. Presents an extensive treatment of applications and a practically oriented, unified theory of operational circuits
Development and application of stent-based image guided navigation system for oral and maxillofacial surgery
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Lee, Woo Jin; Kim, Dae Seung [Interdisciplinary Program in Radiation Applied Life Science, Dental Research Institute and BK21, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul (Korea, Republic of); Yi, Won Jin; Lee, Sam Sun; Choi, Soon Chul; Heo, Min Suk; Huh, Kyung Hoe; Kim, Myung Jin; Lee, Jee Ho [Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul (Korea, Republic of)
The purpose of this study was to develop a stent-based image guided surgery system and to apply it to oral and maxillofacial surgeries for anatomically complex sites. We devised a patient-specific stent for patient-to-image registration and navigation. Three dimensional positions of the reference probe and the tool probe were tracked by an optical camera system and the relative position of the handpiece drill tip to the reference probe was monitored continuously on the monitor of a PC. Using 8 landmarks for measuring accuracy, the spatial discrepancy between CT image coordinate and physical coordinate was calculated for testing the normality. The accuracy over 8 anatomical landmarks showed an overall mean of 0.56 {+-} 0.16 mm. The developed system was applied to a surgery for a vertical alveolar bone augmentation in right mandibular posterior area and possible interior alveolar nerve injury case of an impacted third molar. The developed system provided continuous monitoring of invisible anatomical structures during operation and 3D information for operation sites. The clinical challenge showed sufficient accuracy and availability of anatomically complex operation sites. The developed system showed sufficient accuracy and availability in oral and maxillofacial surgeries for anatomically complex sites.
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A gain ranging amplifier system is provided for use in the acquisition of data. Voltage offset compensation is utilized to correct errors in the gain ranging amplifier system caused by thermal drift and temperature dependent voltage offsets, both of which are associated with amplifiers in the gain ranging amplifier system
Portable musical instrument amplifier
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Christian, David E. (Danbury, CT)
The present invention relates to a musical instrument amplifier which is particularly useful for electric guitars. The amplifier has a rigid body for housing both the electronic system for amplifying and processing signals from the guitar and the system's power supply. An input plug connected to and projecting from the body is electrically coupled to the signal amplifying and processing system. When the plug is inserted into an output jack for an electric guitar, the body is rigidly carried by the guitar, and the guitar is operatively connected to the electrical amplifying and signal processing system without use of a loose interconnection cable. The amplifier is provided with an output jack, into which headphones are plugged to receive amplified signals from the guitar. By eliminating the conventional interconnection cable, the amplifier of the present invention can be used by musicians with increased flexibility and greater freedom of movement.
High voltage distributed amplifier
Willems, D.; Bahl, I.; Wirsing, K.
A high-voltage distributed amplifier implemented in GaAs MMIC technology has demonstrated good circuit performance over at least two octave bandwidth. This technique allows for very broadband amplifier operation with good efficiency in satellite, active-aperture radar, and battery-powered systems. Also, by increasing the number of FETs, the amplifier can be designed to match different voltage rails. The circuit does require a small amount of additional chip size over conventional distributed amplifiers but does not require power dividers or additional matching networks. This circuit configuration should find great use in broadband power amplifier design.
TIMP-1 overexpression does not affect sensitivity to HER2-targeting drugs in the HER2-gene-amplified SK-BR-3 human breast cancer cell line
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Deng, Xiaohong; Fogh, Louise; Lademann, Ulrik Axel;
and lapatinib was studied in five selected single-cell subclones expressing TIMP-1 protein at various levels plus the parental SK-BR-3 cell line. Both trastuzumab and lapatinib reduced cell viability, as determined by MTT assay, but the sensitivity to the drugs was not associated with the expression level...... affect sensitivity to the HER2-targeting drugs trastuzumab and lapatinib. SK-BR-3 human breast cancer cells were stably transfected with TIMP-1, characterized with regard to TIMP-1 protein expression, proliferation, and functionality of the secreted TIMP-1, and the sensitivity to trastuzumab...
Oscillators and operational amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Lindberg, Erik
A generalized approach to the design of oscillators using operational amplifiers as active elements is presented. A piecewise-linear model of the amplifier is used so that it make sense to investigate the eigenvalues of the Jacobian of the differential equations. The characteristic equation...... of the general circuit is derived. The dynamic nonlinear transfer characteristic of the amplifier is investigated. Examples of negative resistance oscillators are discussed....
Electrospun Amplified Fiber Optics
Morello, Giovanni; Camposeo, Andrea; Moffa, Maria; Pisignano, Dario
A lot of research is focused on all-optical signal processing, aiming to obtain effective alternatives to existing data transmission platforms. Amplification of light in fiber optics, such as in Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, is especially important for an efficient signal transmission. However, the complex fabrication methods, involving high-temperature processes performed in highly pure environment, slow down the fabrication and make amplified components expensive with respect to an ideal, ...
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
M. Lokay
Full Text Available The special program is presented for the demonstration of RF power transistor amplifiers for the purposes of the high-school education in courses of radio transmitters. The program is written in Turbo Pascal 6. 0 and enables to study the waveforms in selected points of the amplifier and to draw the trajectories of the working point in a plot of output transistor characteristics.
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Jeppesen, Palle
Noise in optical amplifiers is discussed on the basis of photons and electromagntic fields. Formulas for quantum noise from spontaneous emission, signal-spontaneous beat noise and spontaneous-spontaneous beat noise are derived.......Noise in optical amplifiers is discussed on the basis of photons and electromagntic fields. Formulas for quantum noise from spontaneous emission, signal-spontaneous beat noise and spontaneous-spontaneous beat noise are derived....
Electrospun amplified fiber optics.
Morello, Giovanni; Camposeo, Andrea; Moffa, Maria; Pisignano, Dario
All-optical signal processing is the focus of much research aiming to obtain effective alternatives to existing data transmission platforms. Amplification of light in fiber optics, such as in Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, is especially important for efficient signal transmission. However, the complex fabrication methods involving high-temperature processes performed in a highly pure environment slow the fabrication process and make amplified components expensive with respect to an ideal, high-throughput, room temperature production. Here, we report on near-infrared polymer fiber amplifiers working over a band of ∼20 nm. The fibers are cheap, spun with a process entirely carried out at room temperature, and shown to have amplified spontaneous emission with good gain coefficients and low levels of optical losses (a few cm(-1)). The amplification process is favored by high fiber quality and low self-absorption. The found performance metrics appear to be suitable for short-distance operations, and the large variety of commercially available doping dyes might allow for effective multiwavelength operations by electrospun amplified fiber optics.
A micropower electrocardiogram amplifier.
Fay, L; Misra, V; Sarpeshkar, R
We introduce an electrocardiogram (EKG) preamplifier with a power consumption of 2.8 muW, 8.1 muVrms input-referred noise, and a common-mode rejection ratio of 90 dB. Compared to previously reported work, this amplifier represents a significant reduction in power with little compromise in signal quality. The improvement in performance may be attributed to many optimizations throughout the design including the use of subthreshold transistor operation to improve noise efficiency, gain-setting capacitors versus resistors, half-rail operation wherever possible, optimal power allocations among amplifier blocks, and the sizing of devices to improve matching and reduce noise. We envision that the micropower amplifier can be used as part of a wireless EKG monitoring system powered by rectified radio-frequency energy or other forms of energy harvesting like body vibration and body heat. PMID:23853270
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A cavity vircator has demonstrated that formation of a virtual cathode in a cavity can improve microwave production efficiency and narrow the radiation bandwidth. When the virtual cathode radiates the microwave fields grow from noise. For each cavity, there is only one or a limited number of allowable modes for a given frequency. In this paper, a novel device - a vircator amplifier is described. The device consists of a relativistic magnetron and a cavity vircator with both devices powered by a 1 MeV, 3 Ω, 65 ns FWHM pulser. The idea is to inject a signal from the magnetron before and during virtual cathode formation in a cavity. The injected signal should lock the frequency and enhance electron bunching and therefore improve efficiency further. Experiments underway to evaluate the amplifier operating characteristics are discussed. The applicability of vircator amplifiers to the next generation of high-power microwave devices are addressed
Membrane supported liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction combined with field-amplified sample injection CE-UV for high-sensitivity analysis of six cardiovascular drugs in human urine sample.
Zhou, Xiaoqing; He, Man; Chen, Beibei; Yang, Qing; Hu, Bin
An effective dual preconcentration method involving off-line membrane supported liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction (MS-LLLME) and on-line field-amplified sample injection (FASI) was proposed for the extraction of six cardiovascular drugs, including mexiletine, xylocaine, propafenone, propranolol, metoprolol, and carvedilol from aqueous solution prior to CE-UV. In MS-LLLME, the analytes were extracted from 9 mL sample solution into toluene, and then back extracted into a drop of acceptor phase of 10 μL 20 mmol/L acetic acid. After that, the acceptor phase was directly introduced into CE for FASI without any modification. In FASI process, water plug was hydrodynamically injected (50 mbar, 3 s) into the capillary prior to sample injection (+6 kV, 18 s). Six target analytes were separated in less than 10 min at 25°C with a BGE consisting of 70 mmol/L Tris-H3 PO4 (pH 2.2) containing 10% v/v methanol. Under the optimized conditions, LODs obtained by the proposed MS-LLLME-FASI-CE-UV method were in the range of 0.02-0.82 μg/L (based on S/N = 3) with enrichment factors of 546- to 7300-fold for the target analytes. The RSDs of the developed method were in the range of 6.7-12.9% (n = 7). Good linearity (R(2) = 0.9928-0.9997) was obtained in concentration range of 0.1-100 μg/L for mexiletine and propranolol, 0.2-100 μg/L for xylocaine and metoprolol, 0.5-100 μg/L for propafenone and 2.0-100 μg/L for carvedilol, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied for real-time determination of metoprolol in human urine samples within 26 h after uptake. PMID:26763094
Hackel, L.A.; Hermann, M.R.; Dane, C.B.; Tiszauer, D.H.
A solid state laser is frequency tripled to 0.3 {micro}m. A small portion of the laser is split off and generates a Stokes seed in a low power oscillator. The low power output passes through a mask with the appropriate hole pattern. Meanwhile, the bulk of the laser output is focused into a larger stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) amplifier. The low power beam is directed through the same cell in the opposite direction. The majority of the amplification takes place at the focus which is the fourier transform plane of the mask image. The small holes occupy large area at the focus and thus are preferentially amplified. The amplified output is now imaged onto the multichip module where the holes are drilled. Because of the fourier plane amplifier, only about 1/10th the power of a competitive system is needed. This concept allows less expensive masks to be used in the process and requires much less laser power. 1 fig.
Koplow, Jeffrey P.; Kliner, Dahy; Goldberg, Lew
A multi-mode gain fiber is provided which affords substantial improvements in the maximum pulse energy, peak power handling capabilities, average output power, and/or pumping efficiency of fiber amplifier and laser sources while maintaining good beam quality (comparable to that of a conventional single-mode fiber source). These benefits are realized by coiling the multimode gain fiber to induce significant bend loss for all but the lowest-order mode(s).
Electronic amplifiers for automatic compensators
Polonnikov, D Ye
Electronic Amplifiers for Automatic Compensators presents the design and operation of electronic amplifiers for use in automatic control and measuring systems. This book is composed of eight chapters that consider the problems of constructing input and output circuits of amplifiers, suppression of interference and ensuring high sensitivity.This work begins with a survey of the operating principles of electronic amplifiers in automatic compensator systems. The succeeding chapters deal with circuit selection and the calculation and determination of the principal characteristics of amplifiers, as
Simplified design of IC amplifiers
Lenk, John
Simplified Design of IC Amplifiers has something for everyone involved in electronics. No matter what skill level, this book shows how to design and experiment with IC amplifiers. For experimenters, students, and serious hobbyists, this book provides sufficient information to design and build IC amplifier circuits from 'scratch'. For working engineers who design amplifier circuits or select IC amplifiers, the book provides a variety of circuit configurations to make designing easier.Provides basics for all phases of practical design.Covers the most popular forms for amplif
Hollister, Allen L
In this book, the theory needed to understand wideband amplifier design using the simplest models possible will be developed. This theory will be used to develop algebraic equations that describe particular circuits used in high frequency design so that the reader develops a ""gut level"" understanding of the process and circuit. SPICE and Genesys simulations will be performed to show the accuracy of the algebraic models. By looking at differences between the algebraic equations and the simulations, new algebraic models will be developed that include parameters originally left out of the model
Jones, Morgan
Building Valve Amplifiers is a unique hands-on guide for anyone working with tube audio equipment--as an electronics hobbyist, audiophile or audio engineer. This 2nd Edition builds on the success of the first with technology and technique revisions throughout and, significantly, a major new self-build project, worked through step-by-step, which puts into practice the principles and techniques introduced throughout the book. Particular attention has been paid to answering questions commonly asked by newcomers to the world of the valve, whether audio enthusiasts tackling their first build or
Universal Signal Conditioning Amplifier
Kinney, Frank
The Technological Research and Development Authority (TRDA) and NASA-KSC entered into a cooperative agreement in March of 1994 to achieve the utilization and commercialization of a technology development for benefiting both the Space Program and U.S. industry on a "dual-use basis". The technology involved in this transfer is a new, unique Universal Conditioning Amplifier (USCA) used in connection with various types of transducers. The project was initiated in partnership with I-Net Corporation, Lockheed Martin Telemetry & Instrumentation (formerly Loral Test and Information Systems) and Brevard Community College. The project consists of designing, miniaturizing, manufacturing, and testing an existing prototype of USCA that was developed for NASA-KSC by the I-Net Corporation. The USCA is a rugged and field-installable self (or remotely)- programmable amplifier that works in combination with a tag random access memory (RAM) attached to various types of transducers. This summary report comprises performance evaluations, TRDA partnership tasks, a project summary, project milestones and results.
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
High-average-current linear electron accelerators require photoinjectors capable of delivering tens to hundreds of mA average current, with peak currents of hundreds of amps. Standard photocathodes face significant challenges in meeting these requirements, and often have short operational lifetimes in an accelerator environment. We report on recent progress toward development of secondary emission amplifiers for photocathodes, which are intended to increase the achievable average current while protecting the cathode from the accelerator. The amplifier is a thin diamond wafer which converts energetic (few keV) primary electrons into hundreds of electron-hole pairs via secondary electron emission. The electrons drift through the diamond under an external bias and are emitted into vacuum via a hydrogen-terminated surface with negative electron affinity (NEA). Secondary emission gain of over 200 has been achieved. Two methods of patterning diamond, laser ablation and reactive-ion etching (RIE), are being developed to produce the required geometry. A variety of diagnostic techniques, including FTIR, SEM and AFM, have been used to characterize the diamonds.
Nanoscale electromechanical parametric amplifier
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Aleman, Benjamin Jose; Zettl, Alexander
This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus related to a parametric amplifier. In one aspect, a device includes an electron source electrode, a counter electrode, and a pumping electrode. The electron source electrode may include a conductive base and a flexible conductor. The flexible conductor may have a first end and a second end, with the second end of the flexible conductor being coupled to the conductive base. A cross-sectional dimension of the flexible conductor may be less than about 100 nanometers. The counter electrode may be disposed proximate the first end of the flexible conductor and spaced a first distance from the first end of the flexible conductor. The pumping electrode may be disposed proximate a length of the flexible conductor and spaced a second distance from the flexible conductor.
Modeling of semiconductor optical amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Mørk, Jesper; Bischoff, Svend; Berg, Tommy Winther;
We discuss the modelling of semiconductor optical amplifiers with emphasis on their high-speed properties. Applications in linear amplification as well as ultrafast optical signal processing are reviewed. Finally, the possible role of quantum-dot based optical amplifiers is discussed.......We discuss the modelling of semiconductor optical amplifiers with emphasis on their high-speed properties. Applications in linear amplification as well as ultrafast optical signal processing are reviewed. Finally, the possible role of quantum-dot based optical amplifiers is discussed....
International Standardization Activities for Optical Amplifiers
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Haruo Okamura
International standardization activities for Optical Amplifiers at IECTC86 and ITU-T SG15 are reviewed. Current discussions include Optical Amplifier safety guideline, Reliability standard, Rest methods of Noise and PMD, Definitions of Raman amplifier parameters and OA classification.
New Packaging for Amplifier Slabs
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Riley, M. [Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Thorsness, C. [Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Suratwala, T. [Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Steele, R. [Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Rogowski, G. [Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
The following memo provides a discussion and detailed procedure for a new finished amplifier slab shipping and storage container. The new package is designed to maintain an environment of <5% RH to minimize weathering.
TARC: Carlo Rubbia's Energy Amplifier
Laurent Guiraud
Transmutation by Adiabatic Resonance Crossing (TARC) is Carlo Rubbia's energy amplifier. This CERN experiment demonstrated that long-lived fission fragments, such as 99-TC, can be efficiently destroyed.
A Transformer Class E Amplifier
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Mikolajewski Miroslaw
Full Text Available In a high-efficiency Class E ZVS resonant amplifier a matching and isolation transformer can replace some or even all inductive components of the amplifier thus simplifying the circuit and reducing its cost. In the paper a theoretical analysis, a design example and its experimental verification for a transformer Class E amplifier are presented. In the experimental amplifier with a transformer as the only inductive component in the circuit high efficiency ηMAX = 0.95 was achieved for supply voltage VI = 36 V, maximum output power POMAX = 100 W and the switching frequency f = 300 kHz. Measured parameters and waveforms showed a good agreement with theoretical predictions. Moreover, the relative bandwidth of the switching frequency was only 19% to obtain output power control from 4.8 W to POMAX with efficiency not less than 0.9 in the regulation range.
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Chaotic characteristics in the iteration of logistic map (one-dimensional discrete dynamic system) are simulatedand analyzed. The circuit implementation of a kind of chaotic amplifier model is based on the chaotic characteristicsthat chaos is sensitively dependent on its initial conditions, and the circuit simulation result is given using simulationprogram with integrated circuit emphasis for personal computer (PSPICE), and is compared with linear amplifier.Advantages and disadvantages of such a model are indicated.
EMI-resilient amplifier circuits
van der Horst, Marcel J; Linnenbank, André C
This book enables circuit designers to reduce the errors introduced by the fundamental limitations and electromagnetic interference (EMI) in negative-feedback amplifiers. The authors describe a systematic design approach for application specific negative-feedback amplifiers, with specified signal-to-error ratio (SER). This approach enables designers to calculate noise, bandwidth, EMI, and the required bias parameters of the transistors used in application specific amplifiers in order to meet the SER requirements. · Describes design methods that incorporate electromagnetic interference (EMI) in the design of application specific negative-feedback amplifiers; · Provides designers with a structured methodology to avoid the use of trial and error in meeting signal-to-error ratio (SER) requirements; · Equips designers to increase EMI immunity of the amplifier itself, thus avoiding filtering at the input, reducing the number of components and avoiding detr...
Kleinberg, L.
Circuit uses standard components to overcome common limitation of JFET amplifiers. Low-noise band-pass amplifier employs JFET and operational amplifier. High gain and band-pass characteristics are achieved with suitable choice of resistances and capacitances. Circuit should find use as low-noise amplifier, for example as first stage instrumentation systems.
Gaussian amplifier for nuclear spectrometry
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
One of the major goals of nuclear spectrometry is the determination of the energy spectrum of a radioactive source. To measure this spectrum with electronic instrumentation one need to use a nuclear spectrometry chain of which the amplifier is part of, and whose filter shaping considerably influences the final energy resolution achieved. The amplifier released accomplishes a 7th order Gaussian filter shape with Taylor series approximation synthesized by the Shifted Companion Form and mounted using only electronic components availablein Brazil. The final version has been tested and the results showed a very good performance and the energy resolution achieved was equivalent to the imported models. (Author)
Dielectric waveguide amplifiers and lasers
Pollnau, M.
The performance of semiconductor amplifiers and lasers has made them the preferred choice for optical gain on a micro-chip. In the past few years, we have demonstrated that also rare-earth-ion-doped dielectric waveguides show remarkable performance, ranging from a small-signal gain per unit length o
Thermal recovery of NIF amplifiers
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Sutton, S.; Marshall, C.; Petty, C.; Smith, L.; van Wonterghem, B.; Mills, S.
The issue of thermal recovery of the NIF amplifiers has taken on increased emphasis as program goals move toward increasing the shot rate to once every four hours. This paper addresses the technical issues associated with achieving thermal recovery in the NIF amplifiers. We identify two temperature related thermal recovery quantities: (1) the difference between the average slab temperature and the temperature of other surfaces in the amplifier cavity, and (2) the temperature difference in the slab over the aperture. The first quantity relates to optical disturbances in the gas column in the system, while the second quantity is associated with optical aberrations in the laser media itself. Calculations and experiments are used to quantify recovery criteria, and develop cooling approaches. The cooling approaches discussed are (1) active cooling of the flashlamps with ambient gas and chilled gas, and (2) active cooling of the slab edge cladding. Calculations indicate that the NIF baseline cooling approach of 20 cfm per lamp ambient temperature gas flow in both the central and side flashlamp cassettes is capable of meeting thermal recovery requirements for an 8 hour shot period, while to achieve a 4 hour shot period requires use of chilled gas and edge cladding cooling. In addition, the effect of changing the amplifier cavity and beamtube fill gas from nitrogen to helium is addressed, showing that a factor of 8 reduction in the sensitivity to thermal disturbances is possible. 6 refs., 9 figs., 1 tab.
A wideband dc-coupled amplifier
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A method is described whereby an ac-coupled high-frequency amplifier and a dc-coupled low-frequency amplifier are connected in parallel in order to obtain a dc-coupled wideband amplifier. By using an operational amplifier which compares the output voltage with the input voltage, the low-frequency amplifier contributes to the overall gain only when the gain of the ac-coupled amplifier droops at low frequencies. Thus, no frequency splitting networks are necessary and the excellent low-frequency features of an operational amplifier are added to those of the ac-coupled wideband amplifier. As an example, a low noise amplifier is described which exhibits a hundredfold gain, a bandwidth from dc to 550 MHz, an input bias current of less than 1 nA, and an output voltage range of ±1 V
Single conversion stage amplifier - SICAM
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Ljusev, P.
This Ph.D. thesis presents a thorough analysis of the so called SICAM - SIngle Converter stage AMplifier approach to building direct energy conversion audio power amplifiers. The mainstream approach for building isolated audio power amplifiers today consists of isolated DC power supply and Class D amplifier, which essentially represents a two stage solution, where each of the components can be viewed as separate and independent part. The proposed SICAM solution strives for direct energy conversion from the mains to the audio output, by dedicating the operation of the components one to another and integrating their functions, so that the final audio power amplifier represents a single-stage topology with higher efficiency, lower volume, less board space, lower component count and subsequently lower cost. The SICAM approach is both applicable to non-isolated and isolated audio power amplifiers, but the problems encountered in these two cases are different. Non-isolated SICAM solutions are intended for both AC mains-connected and battery-powered devices. In non-isolated mains-connected SICAMs the main idea is to simplify the power supply or even provide integrated power factor correction (PFC) functions, while still maintaining low component stress and good audio performance by generally decreasing the input voltage level to the Class D audio power amplifier. On the other hand, non-isolated battery-powered SICAMs have to cope with the ever changing battery voltage and provide output voltage levels which are both lower and higher than the battery voltage, while still being simple and single-stage energy conversion solutions. In isolated SICAMs the isolation transformer adjusts the voltage level on the secondary side to the desired level, so the main challenges here are decreasing the size of the magnetic core and reducing the number and size of bulky reactive components as much as possible. The main focus of this thesis is directed towards the isolated SICAMs and
Higher order mode optical fiber Raman amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Rottwitt, Karsten; Friis, Søren Michael Mørk; Usuga Castaneda, Mario A.;
We review higher order mode Raman amplifiers and discuss recent theoretical as well as experimental results including system demonstrations.......We review higher order mode Raman amplifiers and discuss recent theoretical as well as experimental results including system demonstrations....
Analog circuit design designing high performance amplifiers
Feucht, Dennis
The third volume Designing High Performance Amplifiers applies the concepts from the first two volumes. It is an advanced treatment of amplifier design/analysis emphasizing both wideband and precision amplification.
Challenges in higher order mode Raman amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Rottwitt, Karsten; Nielsen, Kristian; Friis, Søren Michael Mørk;
A higher order Raman amplifier model that take random mode coupling into account ispresented. Mode dependent gain and signal power fluctuations at the output of the higher order modeRaman amplifier are discussed...
Quantum Theory of Laser Amplifiers.
Mander, Gillian Linda
Available from UMI in association with The British Library. Requires signed TDF. We calculate the input-output characteristics of a below threshold laser amplifier. Expressions are derived for the output second- and fourth-order spectral and temporal correlation functions in terms of the corresponding input quantities, and for the photocount first and second factorial moments for both homodyne and direct detection. The general results are applied to several cases of practical interest, including specific non-classical input states. We show that a maximum of twofold amplification is permitted if squeezing in the input is to survive at the output. Similarly, for preservation of photon antibunching in amplification we show that only very small gains are allowed. The model treated here provides a detailed example of the amplifier noise limitations imposed by quantum mechanics. In particular, we show that minimum noise occurs in a cavity that is asymmetric with respect to the mirror reflectivities. The latter part of this work treats the above threshold laser amplifier. The laser output is back-scattered from a moving target to provide a weak Doppler-shifted signal which re-enters the laser cavity and is amplified. We show that the three-level atomic lasing medium is equivalent to a two-level medium pumped by an inverted bath. We use the methods of quantum statistical analysis to obtain time -evolution equations for the c-number amplitudes of the laser and signal fields. We show that the results may be applied to the below threshold regime for appropriate values of the pump parameter. By considering the amplitude differential gain we show explicitly that the behaviour of the laser around threshold is characteristic of a second -order phase transition. We calculate the output intensity gain appropriate to a heterodyne detection process, and find good agreement between the predicted gain profiles and measured data for both carbon dioxide and argon-ion lasers.
338-GHz Semiconductor Amplifier Module
Samoska, Lorene A.; Gaier, Todd C.; Soria, Mary M.; Fung, King Man; Rasisic, Vesna; Deal, William; Leong, Kevin; Mei, Xiao Bing; Yoshida, Wayne; Liu, Po-Hsin; Uyeda, Jansen; Lai, Richard
Research findings were reported from an investigation of new gallium nitride (GaN) monolithic millimeter-wave integrated circuit (MMIC) power amplifiers (PAs) targeting the highest output power and the highest efficiency for class-A operation in W-band (75-110 GHz). W-band PAs are a major component of many frequency multiplied submillimeter-wave LO signal sources. For spectrometer arrays, substantial W-band power is required due to the passive lossy frequency multipliers.
High power regenerative laser amplifier
Miller, J.L.; Hackel, L.A.; Dane, C.B.; Zapata, L.E.
A regenerative amplifier design capable of operating at high energy per pulse, for instance, from 20-100 Joules, at moderate repetition rates, for instance from 5-20 Hertz is provided. The laser amplifier comprises a gain medium and source of pump energy coupled with the gain medium; a Pockels cell, which rotates an incident beam in response to application of a control signal; an optical relay system defining a first relay plane near the gain medium and a second relay plane near the rotator; and a plurality of reflectors configured to define an optical path through the gain medium, optical relay and Pockels cell, such that each transit of the optical path includes at least one pass through the gain medium and only one pass through the Pockels cell. An input coupler, and an output coupler are provided, implemented by a single polarizer. A control circuit coupled to the Pockels cell generates the control signal in timed relationship with the input pulse so that the input pulse is captured by the input coupler and proceeds through at least one transit of the optical path, and then the control signal is applied to cause rotation of the pulse to a polarization reflected by the polarizer, after which the captured pulse passes through the gain medium at least once more and is reflected out of the optical path by the polarizer before passing through the rotator again to provide an amplified pulse. 7 figures.
The picture shows a 2 MW, 200 MHz amplifier plant with feeder lines. The main RF-system of the SPS comprises four cavities: two of 20 m length and two of 16.5 m length. They are all installed in one long straight section (LSS 3). These cavities are of the travelling-wave type operating at a centre frequency of 200.2 MHz. They are wideband, filling time about 700 ns and untuned. The power amplifiers, using tetrodes are installed in a surface building 200 m from the cavities. Initially only two cavities were installed, a third cavity was installed in 1978 and a forth one in 1979. The number of power amplifiers was also increased: to the first 2 MW plant a second 2 MW plant was added and by end 1979 there were 8 500 kW units combined in pairs to feed each of the 4 cavities with up to about 1 MW RF power, resulting in a total accelerating voltage of about 8 MV. See also 7412016X, 7412017X, 7411048X.
Improved charge amplifier using hybrid hysteresis compensation
Amin-Shahidi, Darya; Trumper, David L.
We present a novel charge amplifier, with a robust feedback circuit and a method for compensating piezoelectric actuator's hysteresis at low frequencies. The amplifier uses a modified feedback circuit which improves robustness to the addition of series load impedance such as in cabling. We also describe a hybrid hysteresis compensation method for enabling the charge amplifier to reduce hysteresis at low frequencies. Experimental results demonstrate the utility of the new amplifier design.
Spontaneous emission from saturated parametric amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Rottwitt, Karsten; Ott, Johan Raunkjær; Steffensen, Henrik;
Noise performance of parametric amplifiers is typically calculated assuming un-depleted operation. However, in many applications especially when applied as regenerative amplifiers in systems based on phase shift keyed modulation schemes, this assumption is not valid. Here we show the impact on ac...... on accumulated spontaneous emission for a parametric amplifier operated in saturation....
European Research on THz Vacuum Amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Brunetti, F.; Cojocarua, C.-S.; de Rossi, A.;
The OPTHER (OPtically Driven TeraHertz AmplifiERs) project represents a considerable advancement in the field of high frequency amplification. The design and realization of a THz amplifier within this project is a consolidation of efforts at the international level from the main players of the Eu...
A High-performance Small Signal Amplifier
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
According to questions in the design of high quality small signal amplifier, this paper gave a new-type high performance small signal amplifier. The paper selected the operational amplifier of ICL Company and designed a new-type circuit with simple, low cost and excellent performance.
Radio frequency amplifier with effective decoupling
Besling, W.F.A.; Bakker, T.W.; Lamy, Y.; Kochupurackal, J.; Roozeboom, F.
A variety of circuits, methods and devices are implemented for radiofrequency amplifiers. According to one such implementation, a radiofrequency amplifier circuit is implemented in a SMD package. The circuit amplifies a radiofrequency signal having a base-band portion and a plurality of carrier sign
low pump power photonic crystal fibre amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hougaard, Kristian G.; Broeng, Jes; Bjarklev, Anders Overgaard
Designs of low pump power optical amplifiers, based on photonic crystal fibres are presented. The potential of these fibre amplifiers is investigated, and it is demonstrated that such amplifiers may deliver gains of more than 15 dB at 1550 nm with less than 1 mW of optical pump power....
Log amplifier with pole-zero compensation
Brookshier, William
A logarithmic amplifier circuit provides pole-zero compensation for improved stability and response time over 6-8 decades of input signal frequency. The amplifier circuit includes a first operational amplifier with a first feedback loop which includes a second, inverting operational amplifier in a second feedback loop. The compensated output signal is provided by the second operational amplifier with the log elements, i.e., resistors, and the compensating capacitors in each of the feedback loops having equal values so that each break point or pole is offset by a compensating break point or zero.
Semiconductor quantum-dot lasers and amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hvam, Jørn Märcher; Borri, Paola; Ledentsov, N. N.;
-power surface emitting VCSELs. We investigated the ultrafast dynamics of quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifiers. The dephasing time at room temperature of the ground-state transition in semiconductor quantum dots is around 250 fs in an unbiased amplifier, decreasing to below 50 fs when the amplifier...... is biased to positive net gain. We have further measured gain recovery times in quantum dot amplifiers that are significantly lower than in bulk and quantum-well semiconductor optical amplifiers. This is promising for future demonstration of quantum dot devices with high modulation bandwidth...
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Historically, the first demonstration of the optical FEL was in an amplifier configuration at Stanford University [l]. There were other notable instances of amplifying a seed laser, such as the LLNL PALADIN amplifier [2] and the BNL ATF High-Gain Harmonic Generation FEL [3]. However, for the most part FELs are operated as oscillators or self amplified spontaneous emission devices. Yet, in wavelength regimes where a conventional laser seed can be used, the FEL can be used as an amplifier. One promising application is for very high average power generation, for instance FEL's with average power of 100 kW or more. The high electron beam power, high brightness and high efficiency that can be achieved with photoinjectors and superconducting Energy Recovery Linacs (ERL) combine well with the high-gain FEL amplifier to produce unprecedented average power FELs. This combination has a number of advantages. In particular, we show that for a given FEL power, an FEL amplifier can introduce lower energy spread in the beam as compared to a traditional oscillator. This properly gives the ERL based FEL amplifier a great wall-plug to optical power efficiency advantage. The optics for an amplifier is simple and compact. In addition to the general features of the high average power FEL amplifier, we will look at a 100 kW class FEL amplifier is being designed to operate on the 0.5 ampere Energy Recovery Linac which is under construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory's Collider-Accelerator Department
High temperature charge amplifier for geothermal applications
Lindblom, Scott C.; Maldonado, Frank J.; Henfling, Joseph A.
An amplifier circuit in a multi-chip module includes a charge to voltage converter circuit, a voltage amplifier a low pass filter and a voltage to current converter. The charge to voltage converter receives a signal representing an electrical charge and generates a voltage signal proportional to the input signal. The voltage amplifier receives the voltage signal from the charge to voltage converter, then amplifies the voltage signal by the gain factor to output an amplified voltage signal. The lowpass filter passes low frequency components of the amplified voltage signal and attenuates frequency components greater than a cutoff frequency. The voltage to current converter receives the output signal of the lowpass filter and converts the output signal to a current output signal; wherein an amplifier circuit output is selectable between the output signal of the lowpass filter and the current output signal.
Audio power amplifier design handbook
Self, Douglas
This book is essential for audio power amplifier designers and engineers for one simple reason...it enables you as a professional to develop reliable, high-performance circuits. The Author Douglas Self covers the major issues of distortion and linearity, power supplies, overload, DC-protection and reactive loading. He also tackles unusual forms of compensation and distortion produced by capacitors and fuses. This completely updated fifth edition includes four NEW chapters including one on The XD Principle, invented by the author, and used by Cambridge Audio. Cro
Cathode-follower power amplifier
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
In circular accelerators and particularly in storage rings it is essential that the total impedance, as seen by the beam, be kept below some critical value. A model of the accelerating system was built using a single-ended cathode-follower amplifier driving a ferrite-loaded cavity. The system operated at 234.5 kHz with a peak output voltage of +-10 kV on the gap. The dynamic output impedance, as measured on the gap, was < 15 ohms
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Trunev A. P.
Full Text Available The article presents a project of the Yang-Mills amplifier. Amplifier model is a multilayer spherical shell with increasing density towards the center. In the center of the amplifier is the core of high-density material. It is shown that in such a system, the amplitude of the Yang-Mills waves rises from the periphery to the center of several orders of magnitude. The role of the Yang-Mills field in the processes occurring in the nuclei of galaxies, stars and planets is discussed. The data modeling to strengthen the Yang-Mills field in the bowels of the planet, with an atomic explosion, and in some special devices such as the voltaic pile. To describe the mechanism of amplification chromodynamics field used as accurate results in Yang-Mills theory and numerical models developed based on an average and the exact equations as well. Among the exact solutions of the special role played by the centralsymmetric metric describing the contribution of the Yang-Mills field in the speed of recession of galaxies. Among the approximate numerical models can be noted the eight-scalar model we have developed for the simulation of non-linear color oscillations and chaos in the Yang-Mills theory. Earlier models were investigated spatio-temporal oscillations of the YangMills theory in the case of three and eight colors. The results of numerical simulation show that the nonlinear interaction does not lead to a spatial mixing of colors as it might be in the case of turbulent diffusion. Depending on the system parameters there is a suppression of the amplitude of the oscillations the first three by five colors or vice versa. The kinetic energy fluctuations or shared equally between the color components, or dominated by the kinetic energy of repressed groups of colors. In the present study, we found that amplification chromodynamic field leads to a sharp increase in the amplitude of the suppressed color, which can lead to an increase in entropy, excitation of nuclear
Transverse pumped laser amplifier architecture
Bayramian, Andrew James; Manes, Kenneth; Deri, Robert; Erlandson, Al; Caird, John; Spaeth, Mary
An optical gain architecture includes a pump source and a pump aperture. The architecture also includes a gain region including a gain element operable to amplify light at a laser wavelength. The gain region is characterized by a first side intersecting an optical path, a second side opposing the first side, a third side adjacent the first and second sides, and a fourth side opposing the third side. The architecture further includes a dichroic section disposed between the pump aperture and the first side of the gain region. The dichroic section is characterized by low reflectance at a pump wavelength and high reflectance at the laser wavelength. The architecture additionally includes a first cladding section proximate to the third side of the gain region and a second cladding section proximate to the fourth side of the gain region.
Locoregional MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma.
Morales La Madrid, Andres; Volchenboum, Samuel; Gastier-Foster, Julie M; Pyatt, Robert; Liu, Don; Pytel, Peter; Lavarino, Cinzia; Rodriguez, Eva; Cohn, Susan L
MYCN-amplification is strongly associated with other high-risk prognostic factors and poor outcome in neuroblastoma. Infrequently, amplification of MYCN has been identified in localized tumors with favorable biologic features. Outcome for these children is difficult to predict and optimal treatment strategies remain unclear. We report a 5-month-old who presented with an MYCN-amplified INSS stage 3, pelvic neuroblastoma. The tumor had favorable histology, hyperdiploidy, and lacked 1p36 and 11q23 aberrations. Although the patient met the criteria for high-risk neuroblastoma, because of the discordant prognostic markers we elected to treat her according to an intermediate-risk protocol. She remains event-free more than 18 months.
Linearisation of RF Power Amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Nielsen, Per Asbeck
This thesis deals with linearisation techniques of RF power amplifiers (PA), PA design techniques and integration of the necessary building blocks in a CMOS technology. The opening chapters introduces the theory of transmitter architectures, RF-signal representation and the principles of digital...... of linearisation systems with focus on polar modulation feedback, and a chip oriented part focusing on integrating of separate building blocks of the system on a chip. The system oriented part of this thesis deals with analog feedback linearisation systems. The Polar modulation feedback system is compared...... that utilize properties of the polar loop are presented. Analysis of the envelope feedback loop shows some fundamental limitations of the loop gain and the loop bandwidth due to the varying PA gain. Based on these observation a set of design guidelines for an envelope feedback loop is given. The guidelines...
Optical latches using optical amplifiers
Li, Wenbo; Hu, Hongyu; Dutta, Niloy K.
Optical latches are important for a wide range of applications including communication systems, optical logic systems, optical random access memory (RAM) and encryption. All optical logic operations using quantum dot (QD) based semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) and Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) have been studied. The building block of an optical latch such as NAND gate has been fabricated and their operation experimentally demonstrated at ~ 80 GHz. A rate equation model has been developed for the QD-SOA-MZI and it has been used to analyze the Boolean logic operation. The model has been used to analyze the Set-Reset (S-R) latch and the D-Flip-Flop (DFF) devices. The DFF is the basic device for building larger logic circuits. The results show that the latches would work to speeds of ~ 250 Gb/s.
An Implantable CMOS Amplifier for Nerve Signals
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Nielsen, Jannik Hammel; Lehmann, Torsten
on the amplifier input nodes. The method for signal recovery from noisy nerve signals is presented. A prototype amplifier is realized in a standard digital 0.5 μm CMOS single poly, n-well process. The prototype amplifier features a gain of 80 dB over a 3.6 kHz bandwidth, a CMRR of more than 87 dB and a PSRR...
Enhanced Gain in Photonic Crystal Amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Ek, Sara; Semenova, Elizaveta; Hansen, Per Lunnemann;
study of a 1 QW photonic crystal amplifier. Net gain is achieved which enables laser oscillation in photonic crystal micro cavities. The ability to freely tailor the dispersion in a semiconductor optical amplifier makes it possible to raise the optical gain considerably over a certain bandwidth. These...... results are promising for short and efficient semiconductor optical amplifiers. This effect will also benefit other devices, such as mode locked lasers....
Identification of druggable cancer driver genes amplified across TCGA datasets.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ying Chen
Full Text Available The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA projects have advanced our understanding of the driver mutations, genetic backgrounds, and key pathways activated across cancer types. Analysis of TCGA datasets have mostly focused on somatic mutations and translocations, with less emphasis placed on gene amplifications. Here we describe a bioinformatics screening strategy to identify putative cancer driver genes amplified across TCGA datasets. We carried out GISTIC2 analysis of TCGA datasets spanning 16 cancer subtypes and identified 486 genes that were amplified in two or more datasets. The list was narrowed to 75 cancer-associated genes with potential "druggable" properties. The majority of the genes were localized to 14 amplicons spread across the genome. To identify potential cancer driver genes, we analyzed gene copy number and mRNA expression data from individual patient samples and identified 42 putative cancer driver genes linked to diverse oncogenic processes. Oncogenic activity was further validated by siRNA/shRNA knockdown and by referencing the Project Achilles datasets. The amplified genes represented a number of gene families, including epigenetic regulators, cell cycle-associated genes, DNA damage response/repair genes, metabolic regulators, and genes linked to the Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, JAK/STAT, NF-KB and MAPK signaling pathways. Among the 42 putative driver genes were known driver genes, such as EGFR, ERBB2 and PIK3CA. Wild-type KRAS was amplified in several cancer types, and KRAS-amplified cancer cell lines were most sensitive to KRAS shRNA, suggesting that KRAS amplification was an independent oncogenic event. A number of MAP kinase adapters were co-amplified with their receptor tyrosine kinases, such as the FGFR adapter FRS2 and the EGFR family adapters GRB2 and GRB7. The ubiquitin-like ligase DCUN1D1 and the histone methyltransferase NSD3 were also identified as novel putative cancer driver genes. We discuss the patient tailoring implications
Reflection amplifiers in self-regulated learning
Verpoorten, Dominique
Verpoorten, D. (2012). Reflection amplifiers in self-regulated learning. Doctoral thesis. November, 9, 2012, Heerlen, The Netherlands: Open Universiteit (CELSTEC). Datawyse / Universitaire Pers Maastricht.
Design of an 1800nm Raman amplifier
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Svane, Ask Sebastian; Rottwitt, Karsten
We present the experimental results for a Raman amplifier that operates at 1810 nm and is pumped by a Raman fiber laser at 1680 nm. Both the pump laser and the Raman amplifier is polarization maintaining. A challenge when scaling Raman amplifiers to longer wavelengths is the increase...... performance of the amplifier is also investigated for both configurations. Our results show an on/off gain exceeding 20 dB at 1810 nm for which the obtained effective noise figure is below 3 dB....
Dynamics of Soliton Cascades in Fiber Amplifiers
Arteaga-Sierra, F R; Agrawal, Govind P
We study numerically the formation of cascading solitons when femtosecond optical pulses are launched into a fiber amplifier with less energy than required to form a soliton of equal duration. As the pulse is amplified, cascaded fundamental solitons are created at different distances, without soliton fission, as each fundamental soliton moves outside the gain bandwidth through the Raman-induced spectral shifts. As a result, each input pulse creates multiple, temporally separated, ultrashort pulses of different wavelengths at the amplifier output. The number of pulses depends not only on the total gain of the amplifier but also on the width of input pulses.
Distributed feedback laser amplifiers combining the functions of amplifiers and channel filters
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Wang, Z.; Durhuus, T.; Mikkelsen, Benny;
A dynamic model for distributed feedback amplifiers, including the mode coupled equations and the carrier rate equation, is established. The presented mode coupled equations have taken into account the interaction between fast changing optical signal and the waveguide with corrugations. By showin...... the possibility of amplifying 100 ps pulses without pulse broadening, we anticipate that a distributed feedback amplifier can be used as a combined amplifier and channel filter in high bit rate transmission systems....
Amplified spontaneous emission and its restraint in a terawatt Ti:sapphire amplifier
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) and its restraint in a femtosecond Ti: sapphire chirped_pulse amplifier were investigated. The noises arising from ASE were effectively filtered out in the spatial, temporal and spectral domain. Pulses as short as 38 fs were amplified to peak power of 1.4 TW. The power ratio between the amplified femtosecond pulse and the ASE was higher than 106:1.
An Implantable CMOS Amplifier for Nerve Signals
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Nielsen, Jannik Hammel; Lehmann, Torsten
. A continuous-time current-steering offset-compensation technique is utilized in order to minimize the noise contribution and to minimize dynamic impact on the amplifier input nodes. The method for signal recovery from noisy nerve signals is presented. A prototype amplifier is realized in a standard digital 0...
Self-pulsation in Raman fiber amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Pedersen, Martin Erland Vestergaard; Ott, Johan Raunkjær; Rottwitt, Karsten
Dynamic behavior caused by Brillouin scattering in Raman fiber amplifiers is studied. Modes of self-pulsation steady state oscillations are found. Their dependence on amplification scheme is demonstrated.......Dynamic behavior caused by Brillouin scattering in Raman fiber amplifiers is studied. Modes of self-pulsation steady state oscillations are found. Their dependence on amplification scheme is demonstrated....
Waveguide optical amplifier for telecom applications
Taccheo, Stefano; Zannin, Marcelo; Ennser, Karin; Careglio, Davide; Solé Pareta, Josep; Aracil Rico, Javier
In this paper we review progress in optical gain clamped waveguide amplifiers for applications to optical communications. We demonstrate that compact waveguide devices may offer advantages compared to standard fiber amplifiers. In particular we focus on the application of gain clamping and optical burst switching networks where physical impairments may occur due to variation of the input power. Peer Reviewed
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Broadband travelling wave semiconductor optical amplifier (100, 200, 300, 400, 800) for amplification of light, wherein the amplifier (100, 200, 300, 400, 800) comprises a waveguide region (101, 201, 301, 401, 801) for providing confinement of the light in transverse directions and adapted...
Design and performance of the beamlet amplifiers
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Erlandson, A.C.; Rotter, M.D.; Frank, M.D.; McCracken, R.W.
In future laser systems, such as the National Ignition Facility (NIF), multi-segment amplifiers (MSAs) will be used to amplify the laser beam to the required levels. As a prototype of such a laser architecture, the authors have designed, built, and tested flash-lamp-pumped, Nd:Glass, Brewster-angle slab MSAs for the Beamlet project. In this article, they review the fundamentals of Nd:Glass amplifiers, describe the MSA geometry, discuss parameters that are important in amplifier design, and present our results on the characterization of the Beamlet MSAs. In particular, gain and beam steering measurements show that the Beamlet amplifiers meet all optical performance specifications and perform close to model predictions.
Qubit readout with a directional parametric amplifier
Sliwa, K. M.; Abdo, B.; Narla, A.; Shankar, S.; Hatridge, M.; Frunzio, L.; Schoelkopf, R. J.; Devoret, M. H.
Josephson junction based quantum limited parametric amplifiers play an essential role in superconducting qubit measurements. These measurements necessitate circulators and isolators between the amplifier and qubit to add directionality and/or isolation. Unfortunately, this extra hardware limits both quantum measurement efficiency and experimental scalability. Here we present a quantum-limited Josephson-junction-based directional amplifier (JDA) based on a novel coupling between two nominally identical Josephson parametric converters (JPCs). The device achieves a forward gain of 11 dB with a 15 MHz dynamical bandwidth, but higher gains are possible at the expense of bandwidth. We also present measurements of a transmon qubit made with the JDA, and show minimal measurement back-action despite the absence of any isolator or circulator before the amplifier. These results provide a first step toward realizing on-chip integration of qubits and parametric amplifiers. Work supported by: IARPA, ARO, and NSF.
Detection of Non-Amplified Genomic DNA
Corradini, Roberto
This book offers a state-of-the-art overview on non amplified DNA detection methods and provides chemists, biochemists, biotechnologists and material scientists with an introduction to these methods. In fact all these fields have dedicated resources to the problem of nucleic acid detection, each contributing with their own specific methods and concepts. This book will explain the basic principles of the different non amplified DNA detection methods available, highlighting their respective advantages and limitations. The importance of non-amplified DNA sequencing technologies will be also discussed. Non-amplified DNA detection can be achieved by adopting different techniques. Such techniques have allowed the commercialization of innovative platforms for DNA detection that are expected to break into the DNA diagnostics market. The enhanced sensitivity required for the detection of non amplified genomic DNA has prompted new strategies that can achieve ultrasensitivity by combining specific materials with specifi...
Ultrafast disk lasers and amplifiers
Sutter, Dirk H.; Kleinbauer, Jochen; Bauer, Dominik; Wolf, Martin; Tan, Chuong; Gebs, Raphael; Budnicki, Aleksander; Wagenblast, Philipp; Weiler, Sascha
Disk lasers with multi-kW continuous wave (CW) output power are widely used in manufacturing, primarily for cutting and welding applications, notably in the automotive industry. The ytterbium disk technology combines high power (average and/or peak power), excellent beam quality, high efficiency, and high reliability with low investment and operating costs. Fundamental mode picosecond disk lasers are well established in micro machining at high throughput and perfect precision. Following the world's first market introduction of industrial grade 50 W picosecond lasers (TruMicro 5050) at the Photonics West 2008, the second generation of the TruMicro series 5000 now provides twice the average power (100 W at 1030 nm, or 60 W frequency doubled, green output) at a significantly reduced footprint. Mode-locked disk oscillators achieve by far the highest average power of any unamplified lasers, significantly exceeding the 100 W level in laboratory set-ups. With robust long resonators their multi-microjoule pulse energies begin to compete with typical ultrafast amplifiers. In addition, significant interest in disk technology has recently come from the extreme light laser community, aiming for ultra-high peak powers of petawatts and beyond.
Effect of Soliton Propagation in Fiber Amplifiers
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
The propagation of optical solitons in fiber amplifiers is discussed by considering a model that includes linear high order dispersion, two-photon absorption, nonlinear high-order dispersion, self-induced Ramam and five-order nonlinear effects. Based on travelling wave method, the solutions of the nonlinear Schrdinger equations, and the influence on soliton propagation as well as high-order effect in the fiber amplifier are discussed in detail. It is found that because of existing five-order nonlinear effect, the solution is not of secant hyperbola type, but shows high gain state of the fiber amplifier which is very favourable to the propagation of solitons.
Quantum electronics maser amplifiers and oscillators
Fain, V M; Sanders, J H
Quantum Electronics, Volume 2: Maser Amplifiers and Oscillators deals with the experimental and theoretical aspects of maser amplifiers and oscillators which are based on the principles of quantum electronics. It shows how the concepts and equations used in quantum electronics follow from the basic principles of theoretical physics.Comprised of three chapters, this volume begins with a discussion on the elements of the theory of quantum oscillators and amplifiers working in the microwave region, along with the practical achievements in this field. Attention is paid to two-level paramagnetic ma
Laser Cooled High-Power Fiber Amplifier
Nemova, Galina
A theoretical model for laser cooled continuous-wave fiber amplifier is presented. The amplification process takes place in the Tm3+-doped core of the fluoride ZBLAN (ZrF4-BaF2-LaF3-AlF3-NaF) glass fiber. The cooling process takes place in the Yb3+:ZBLAN fiber cladding. It is shown that for each value of the pump power and the amplified signal there is a distribution of the concentration of the Tm3+ along the length of the fiber amplifier, which provides its athermal operation. The influence ...
Fundamentals of RF and microwave transistor amplifiers
Bahl, Inder J
A Comprehensive and Up-to-Date Treatment of RF and Microwave Transistor Amplifiers This book provides state-of-the-art coverage of RF and microwave transistor amplifiers, including low-noise, narrowband, broadband, linear, high-power, high-efficiency, and high-voltage. Topics covered include modeling, analysis, design, packaging, and thermal and fabrication considerations. Through a unique integration of theory and practice, readers will learn to solve amplifier-related design problems ranging from matching networks to biasing and stability. More than 240 problems are included to help read
Sensor/amplifier for weak light sources
Desmet, D. J.; Jason, A. J.; Parr, A. C.
Light sensor/amplifier circuit detects weak light converts it into strong electrical signal in electrically noisy environment. Circuit is relatively simple and uses inexpensive, readily available components. Device is useful in such applications as fire detection and photographic processing.
High Energy Single Frequency Resonant Amplifier Project
National Aeronautics and Space Administration — This SBIR phase I project proposes a single frequency high energy resonant amplifier for remote sensing. Current state-of-art technologies can not provide all...
Multiple excitation regenerative amplifier inertial confinement system
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The invention relates to apparatus and methods for producing high intensity laser radiation generation which is achieved through an optical amplifier-storage ring design. One or two synchronized, counterpropagating laser pulses are injected into a regenerative amplifier cavity and amplified by gain media which are pumped repetitively by electrical or optical means. The gain media excitation pulses are tailored to efficiently amplify the laser pulses during each transit. After the laser pulses have been amplified to the desired intensity level, they are either switched out of the cavity by some switch means, as for example an electro-optical device, for any well known laser end uses, or a target means may be injected into the regenerative amplifier cavity in such a way as to intercept simultaneously the counterpropagating laser pulses. One such well known end uses to which this invention is intended is for production of high density and temperature plasmas suitable for generating neutrons, ions and x-rays and for studying matter heated by high intensity laser radiation
Proposal of Switching Power Amplifier Using Small Capacity Linear Amplifier and LC Filter
Kamada, Jo; Funato, Hirohito; Ogasawara, Satoshi
The higher efficiency and the low noise in output voltage and current has been required in some applications, i.e. audio-video equipment, medical equipment and so on. This paper proposes a power amplifier in which a PWM inverter is used as a main circuit. In the proposed power amplifier, a hybrid filter composed of a simple and general LC filter and a small capacity linear amplifier is connected to the output of the inverter. The linear amplifier is inserted in series to the filter capacitor to improve the filtering effect of the LC filter. Switching ripples and LC resonances are considerably suppressed by controlling the amplifier using the proposed method and a low distortion switching power amplifier is realized. The effects of the proposal circuit are verified by simulations and experiments. As a result, the proposed circuit achieves low noise about THD=0.68% in simulation and THD=1.7% in experiment.
High power, high beam quality regenerative amplifier
Hackel, L.A.; Dane, C.B.
A regenerative laser amplifier system generates high peak power and high energy per pulse output beams enabling generation of X-rays used in X-ray lithography for manufacturing integrated circuits. The laser amplifier includes a ring shaped optical path with a limited number of components including a polarizer, a passive 90 degree phase rotator, a plurality of mirrors, a relay telescope, and a gain medium, the components being placed close to the image plane of the relay telescope to reduce diffraction or phase perturbations in order to limit high peak intensity spiking. In the ring, the beam makes two passes through the gain medium for each transit of the optical path to increase the amplifier gain to loss ratio. A beam input into the ring makes two passes around the ring, is diverted into an SBS phase conjugator and proceeds out of the SBS phase conjugator back through the ring in an equal but opposite direction for two passes, further reducing phase perturbations. A master oscillator inputs the beam through an isolation cell (Faraday or Pockels) which transmits the beam into the ring without polarization rotation. The isolation cell rotates polarization only in beams proceeding out of the ring to direct the beams out of the amplifier. The diffraction limited quality of the input beam is preserved in the amplifier so that a high power output beam having nearly the same diffraction limited quality is produced.
The OPTHER Project: Progress toward the THz Amplifier
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Paoloni, C; Brunetti, F; Di Carlo, A;
This paper describes the status of the OPTHER (OPtically driven TeraHertz AmplifiERs) project and progress toward the THz amplifier realization. This project represents a considerable advancement in the field of high frequency amplification. The design and realization of a THz amplifier within th...
Design Of A Doherty Power Amplifier For GSM Systems
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Saad Wasmi Osman
Full Text Available This paper presents the design and analysis of Doherty power amplifier. The Doherty amplifier is used in a base station for mobile system because of its high efficiency. The class AB power amplifier used in the configuration of the main and auxiliary amplifier. The result obtained shows that the Doherty power amplifier can be used on a wide band spectrum, the amplifier works at 900MHz and has very good power added efficiency (PAE and gain. The amplifier can also work at 1800MHz at input power greater than 20dBm.
The Electron Beam Semiconductor (EBS) amplifier
True, R. M.; Baxendale, J. F.
The Electron Beam Semiconductor (EBS) concept has existed for three decades; but only within the last decade has an active, well-defined program been underway to develop devices that can operate as high-power radio frequency(RF) amplifiers, fast risetime switches, and current and voltage pulse amplifiers. This report discusses the test procedures, data and results of reliability testing of RF and video pulse EBS amplifiers at Electronics Research and Development Command (ERADCOM), Fort Monmouth, New Jersey. Also, the experimental analysis of the series connected diode EBS device is described in detail. Finally, the report concludes with a discussion of the state-of-the-art of EBS and future trends of the technology.
Wideband pulse amplifiers for the NECTAr chip
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Sanuy, A., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Dept. AM i Dept. ECM, Institut de Ciencies del Cosmos (ICC), Universitat de Barcelona. Marti i Franques 1, E08028, Barcelona (Spain); Delagnes, E. [IRFU/DSM/CEA, CE-Saclay, Bat. 141 SEN Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette (France); Gascon, D. [Dept. AM i Dept. ECM, Institut de Ciencies del Cosmos (ICC), Universitat de Barcelona. Marti i Franques 1, E08028, Barcelona (Spain); Sieiro, X. [Departament d' Electronica, Universitat de Barcelona. Marti i Franques 1, E08028, Barcelona (Spain); Bolmont, J.; Corona, P. [LPNHE, Universite Paris VI and Universite Paris VII and IN2P3/CNRS, Barre 12-22, 1er etage, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris (France); Feinstein, F. [LUPM, Universite Montpellier II and IN2P3/CNRS, CC072, bat. 13, place Eugene Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier (France); Glicenstein, J-F. [IRFU/DSM/CEA, CE-Saclay, Bat. 141 SEN Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette (France); Naumann, C.L.; Nayman, P. [LPNHE, Universite Paris VI and Universite Paris VII and IN2P3/CNRS, Barre 12-22, 1er etage, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris (France); Ribo, M. [Dept. AM i Dept. ECM, Institut de Ciencies del Cosmos (ICC), Universitat de Barcelona. Marti i Franques 1, E08028, Barcelona (Spain); and others
The NECTAr collaboration's FE option for the camera of the CTA is a 16 bits and 1-3 GS/s sampling chip based on analog memories including most of the readout functions. This works describes the input amplifiers of the NECTAr ASIC. A fully differential wideband amplifier, with voltage gain up to 20 V/V and a BW of 400 MHz. As it is impossible to design a fully differential OpAmp with an 8 GHz GBW product in a 0.35 CMOS technology, an alternative implementation based on HF linearized transconductors is explored. The output buffer is a class AB miller operational amplifier, with special non-linear current boost.
An automated test facility for neutronic amplifiers
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Neutronic amplifiers are used at the Chalk River Laboratory in applications such as neutron flux monitoring and reactor control systems. Routine preventive maintenance of control and safety systems included annual calibration and characterization of the neutronic amplifiers. An investigation into the traditional methods of annual routine maintenance of amplifiers concluded that frequency and phase response measurements in particular were labour intensive and subject to non-repeatable errors. A decision was made to upgrade testing methods and facilities by using programmable test equipment under the control of a computer. In order to verify the results of the routine measurements, expressions for the transfer functions were derived from the circuit diagrams. Frequency and phase responses were then calculated and plotted thus providing a bench-mark to which the test results can be compared. (author)
Linear Amplifier Model for Optomechanical Systems
Botter, Thierry; Brahms, Nathan; Schreppler, Sydney; Stamper-Kurn, Dan M
We model optomechanical systems as linear optical amplifiers. This provides a unified treatment of diverse optomechanical phenomena. We emphasize, in particular, the relationship between ponderomotive squeezing and optomechanically induced transparency, two foci of current research. We characterize the amplifier response to quantum and deliberately applied fluctuations, both optical and mechanical. Further, we apply these results to establish quantum limits on external force sensing both on and off cavity resonance. We find that the maximum sensitivity attained on resonance constitutes an absolute upper limit, not surpassed when detuning off cavity resonance. The theory can be extended to a two-sided cavity with losses and limited detection efficiency.
Operational amplifier circuits analysis and design
Nelson, J C C
This book, a revised and updated version of the author's Basic Operational Amplifiers (Butterworths 1986), enables the non-specialist to make effective use of readily available integrated circuit operational amplifiers for a range of applications, including instrumentation, signal generation and processing.It is assumed the reader has a background in the basic techniques of circuit analysis, particularly the use of j notation for reactive circuits, with a corresponding level of mathematical ability. The underlying theory is explained with sufficient but not excessive, detail. A range of compu
Predistortion of a Bidirectional Cuk Audio Amplifier
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Birch, Thomas Hagen; Nielsen, Dennis; Knott, Arnold;
Some non-linear amplifier topologies are capable of providing a larger voltage gain than one from a DC source, which could make them suitable for various applications. However, the non-linearities introduce a significant amount of harmonic distortion (THD). Some of this distortion could be reduced...... using predistortion. This paper suggests linearizing a nonlinear bidirectional Cuk audio amplifier using an analog predistortion approach. A prototype power stage was built and results show that a voltage gain of up to 9 dB and reduction in THD from 6% down to 3% was obtainable using this approach....
Beyond nonlinear saturation of backward Raman amplifiers
Barth, Ido; Toroker, Zeev; Balakin, Alexey A.; Fisch, Nathaniel J.
Backward Raman amplification is limited by relativistic nonlinear dephasing resulting in saturation of the leading spike of the amplified pulse. Pump detuning is employed to mitigate the relativistic phase mismatch and to overcome the associated saturation. The amplified pulse can then be reshaped into a monospike pulse with little precursory power ahead of it, with the maximum intensity increasing by a factor of two. This detuning can be employed advantageously both in regimes where the group velocity dispersion is unimportant and where the dispersion is important but small.
Optimization of Pr3+:ZBLAN fiber amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Pedersen, B.; Miniscalco, J. W.; Quimby, R. S.
Experimental parameters have been measured and used in a quantitative model of Pr3+-doped fluorozirconate fiber amplifiers. The optimum cutoff wavelength was determined to be 800 nm and the gain for 400 mW of pump was found to increase from 12 to 34 dB if the NA was increased from 0.15 to 0.......25. Lengthening the metastable state lifetime from 110 to 300 μs would significantly improve amplifier performance while concentration quenching can appreciably degrade it...
Feedback analysis of transimpedance operational amplifier circuits
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Bruun, Erik
The transimpedance or current feedback operational amplifier (CFB op-amp) is reviewed and compared to a conventional voltage mode op-amp using an analysis emphasizing the basic feedback characteristics of the circuit. With this approach the paradox of the constant bandwidth obtained from CFB op...
Ultra-low Voltage CMOS Cascode Amplifier
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Lehmann, Torsten; Cassia, Marco
In this paper, we design a folded cascode operational transconductance amplifier in a standard CMOS process, which has a measured 69 dB DC gain, a 2 MHz bandwidth and compatible input- and output voltage levels at a 1 V power supply. This is done by a novel Current Driven Bulk (CDB) technique, wh...
Stereoscopy Amplifies Emotions Elicited by Facial Expressions.
Hakala, Jussi; Kätsyri, Jari; Häkkinen, Jukka
Mediated facial expressions do not elicit emotions as strongly as real-life facial expressions, possibly due to the low fidelity of pictorial presentations in typical mediation technologies. In the present study, we investigated the extent to which stereoscopy amplifies emotions elicited by images of neutral, angry, and happy facial expressions. The emotional self-reports of positive and negative valence (which were evaluated separately) and arousal of 40 participants were recorded. The magnitude of perceived depth in the stereoscopic images was manipulated by varying the camera base at 15, 40, 65, 90, and 115 mm. The analyses controlled for participants' gender, gender match, emotional empathy, and trait alexithymia. The results indicated that stereoscopy significantly amplified the negative valence and arousal elicited by angry expressions at the most natural (65 mm) camera base, whereas stereoscopy amplified the positive valence elicited by happy expressions in both the narrowed and most natural (15-65 mm) base conditions. Overall, the results indicate that stereoscopy amplifies the emotions elicited by mediated emotional facial expressions when the depth geometry is close to natural. The findings highlight the sensitivity of the visual system to depth and its effect on emotions. PMID:27551358
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Amplified spontaneous emission spectrum and gain characteristic of a two-electrode semiconductor optical amplifier*
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Wang Hanchao; Huang Lirong; Shi Zhongwei
A two-electrode multi-quantum-well semiconductor optical amplifier is designed and fabricated. The amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) spectrum and gain were measured and analyzed. It is shown that the ASE spectrum and gain characteristic are greatly influenced by the distribution of the injection current density. By changing the injection current density of two electrodes, the full width at half maximum, peak wavelength, peak power of the ASE spectrum and the gain characteristic can be easily controlled.
Isolation of human mdr DNA sequences amplified in multidrug-resistant KB carcinoma cells.
Roninson, I B; Chin, J E; Choi, K. G.; Gros, P.; Housman, D.E.; Fojo, A; Shen, D. W.; Gottesman, M M; Pastan, I
The ability of tumor cells to develop simultaneous resistance to structurally different cytotoxic drugs constitutes a major problem in cancer chemotherapy. It was previously demonstrated that multidrug-resistant Chinese hamster cell lines contain an amplified, transcriptionally active DNA sequence designated mdr. This report presents evidence that multidrug-resistant sublines of human KB carcinoma cells, selected for resistance to either colchicine, vinblastine, or Adriamycin (doxorubicin), d...
First lasing of the regenerative amplifier FEL
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The regenerative amplifier free-electron laser (RAFEL) is a high-gain RF-linac FEL capable of producing high optical power from a compact design. The combination of a high-gain and small optical feedback enables the FEL to reach saturation and produce a high optical power and high extraction efficiency without the risk of optical damage to the mirrors. This paper summarizes the first lasing of the regenerative amplifier FEL and describes recent experimental results. The highest optical energy achieved thus far at 16.3 μm is 1.7 J over a train of 900 micropulses. We infer pulse energy of 1.9 mJ in each 16 ps micropulse, corresponding to a peak power of 120 MW
Behavioral modeling of Digitally Adjustable Current Amplifier
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Josef Polak
Full Text Available This article presents the digitally adjustable current amplifier (DACA and its analog behavioral model (ABM, which is suitable for both ideal and advanced analyses of the function block using DACA as active element. There are four levels of this model, each being suitable for simulation of a certain degree of electronic circuits design (e.g. filters, oscillators, generators. Each model is presented through a schematic wiring in the simulation program OrCAD, including a description of equations representing specific functions in the given level of the simulation model. The design of individual levels is always verified using PSpice simulations. The ABM model has been developed based on practically measured values of a number of DACA amplifier samples. The simulation results for proposed levels of the ABM model are shown and compared with the results of the real easurements of the active element DACA.
High power single-frequency Innoslab amplifier.
Han, Ke-Zhen; Ning, Jian; Zhang, Bai-Tao; Wang, Yi-Ran; Zhang, Hai-Kun; Nie, Hong-Kun; Sun, Xiao-Li; He, Jing-Liang
A laser diode array (LDA) end-pumped continuous-wave single-frequency Innoslab amplifier has been demonstrated. The Gaussian ray bundle method was used to model the light propagation in the Innoslab amplifier for the first time to the best of our knowledge. With discrete reflectors, the maximum output of 60 W with a linewidth of 44 MHz was achieved under the pump power of 245 W, corresponding to the optical-optical efficiency of 24.5%. The beam quality factor M2 at the output power of 51 W in the horizontal and vertical direction was measured to be 1.4 and 1.3, respectively. The long-term power instability in 2 h was less than 0.25%. PMID:27409308
Fundamentals of fiber lasers and fiber amplifiers
Ter-Mikirtychev, Valerii (Vartan)
This book covers the fundamental aspects of fiber lasers and fiber amplifiers, and includes a wide range of material from laser physics fundamentals to state-of-the-art topics in this rapidly growing field of quantum electronics. Emphasis is placed on the nonlinear processes taking place in fiber lasers and amplifiers, their similarities, differences to, and their advantages over other solid-state lasers. The reader will learn basic principles of solid-state physics and optical spectroscopy of laser active centers in fibers, main operational laser regimes, and practical recommendations and suggestions on fiber laser research, laser applications, and laser product development. The book will be useful for students, researchers, and professionals who work with lasers, in the optical communications, chemical and biological industries, etc.
Linear control of oscillator and amplifier flows*
Schmid, Peter J.; Sipp, Denis
Linear control applied to fluid systems near an equilibrium point has important applications for many flows of industrial or fundamental interest. In this article we give an exposition of tools and approaches for the design of control strategies for globally stable or unstable flows. For unstable oscillator flows a feedback configuration and a model-based approach is proposed, while for stable noise-amplifier flows a feedforward setup and an approach based on system identification is advocated. Model reduction and robustness issues are addressed for the oscillator case; statistical learning techniques are emphasized for the amplifier case. Effective suppression of global and convective instabilities could be demonstrated for either case, even though the system-identification approach results in a superior robustness to off-design conditions.
Design of an 1800 nm Raman Amplifier
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Svane, Ask Sebastian; Rottwitt, Karsten
Different approaches are being explored to increase the capacity of communication systems [1,2], both long and short range systems. One approach is by exploiting new optical wavelength bands, outside the conventional communication window from 1530 nm to 1625 nm. Hollow core fibers have been...... in the pump power requirement and deteriorated noise properties. Here we demonstrate a Raman amplifier designed for signal wavelengths around 1800 nm. The amplification fiber is an OFS PM Raman fiber, and is pumped by a Raman fiber laser emitting at 1680 nm [4]. The amplifier was pumped co......-polarized and backward, with respect to the singal. In Fig. 2 a measured Raman on/off gain exceeding 9 dB for 285 mW of injected pump power is obtained in a 4.35 km long fiber. A broadband supercontinuum source was used as a signal from 1700 nm to 1900 nm....
Noise Gain Features of Fiber Raman Amplifier
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Georgii S. Felinskyi
Full Text Available The formation dynamics of the optical noise in a silica single mode fiber (SMF as function of the pump power variation in the counter pumped fiber Raman amplifier (FRA is experimentally studied. The ratio between the power of amplified spontaneous emission and the power of incoherent optical noise is quantitatively determined by detailed analysis of experimental data in the pump powers range of 100–300 mW within the full band of Stokes frequencies, including FRA working wavelengths over the C + L transparency windows. It is found out the maximum of Raman gain coefficient for optical noise does not exceed ~60% of corresponding peak at the gain profile maximum of coherent signal. It is shown that the real FRA noise figure may be considerably less than 3 dB over a wide wavelength range (100 nm at a pump power of several hundreds of mW.
Cryogenic cooling for high power laser amplifiers
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Perin J.P.
Full Text Available Using DPSSL (Diode Pumped Solid State Lasers as pumping technology, PW-class lasers with enhanced repetition rates are developed. Each of the Yb YAG amplifiers will be diode-pumped at a wavelength of 940 nm. This is a prerequisite for achieving high repetition rates (light amplification duration 1 millisecond and repetition rate 10 Hz. The efficiency of DPSSL is inversely proportional to the temperature, for this reason the slab amplifier have to be cooled at a temperature in the range of 100 K–170 K with a heat flux of 1 MW*m−2. This paper describes the thermo-mechanical analysis for the design of the amplification laser head, presents a preliminary proposal for the required cryogenic cooling system and finally outlines the gain of cryogenic operation for the efficiency of high pulsed laser.
Amplifying the Hawking Signal in BECs
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Roberto Balbinot
Full Text Available We consider simple models of Bose-Einstein condensates to study analog pair-creation effects, namely, the Hawking effect from acoustic black holes and the dynamical Casimir effect in rapidly time-dependent backgrounds. We also focus on a proposal by Cornell to amplify the Hawking signal in density-density correlators by reducing the atoms' interactions shortly before measurements are made.
Electrically Pumped Vertical-Cavity Amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Greibe, Tine
In this work, the design of electrically pumped vertical cavity semiconductor optical amplifiers (eVCAs) for use in a mode-locked external-cavity laser has been developed, investigated and analysed. Four different eVCAs, one top-emitting and three bottom emitting structures, have been designed...... and discussed. The thesis concludes with recommendations for further work towards the realisation of compact electrically pumped mode-locked vertical externalcavity surface emitting lasers....
Quantum noise in ideal operational amplifiers
Courty, Jean-Michel; Grassia, Francesca; Reynaud, Serge
We consider a model of quantum measurement built on an ideal operational amplifier operating in the limit of infinite gain, infinite input impedance and null output impedance and with a feddback loop. We evaluate the intensity and voltage noises which have to be added to the classical amplification equations in order to fulfill the requirements of quantum mechanics. We give a description of this measurement device as a quantum network scattering quantum fluctuations from input to output ports.
Charge sensitive amplifies. The state of arts
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Mori, Kunishiro [Clear Pulse Co., Tokyo (Japan)
In the radiation detectors, signals are essentially brought with charges produced by radiation, then it is naturally the best way to use a charge sensitive amplifier (CSA) system to extract those signals. The CSA is thought to be the best amplifier suitable to almost all the radiation detectors, if neglecting economical points of view. The CSA has been only applied to special fields like radiation detection because the concept of `charges` is not so universal against the concepts of `voltage` and `current`. The CSA, however, is low in noise and a high speed amplifier and may be applicable not only to radiation measurement but also piezoelectric devices and also bolometers. In this article, noise in the CSA, basic circuit on the CSA, concepts of `equivalent noise charge` (ENC), a method for the ENC, and importance of the `open-loop gain` in the CSA to achieve better performance of it and how to realize in a practical CSA were described. And, characteristics on a counting rate of the CSA, various circuit used in the CSA, and CSAs which are commercially available at present and special purpose CSAs were also introduced. (G.K.)
Microstrip SQUID amplifiers for quantum information science
Defeo, M. P.; Plourde, B. L. T.
Recent progress in SQUID amplifiers suggests that these devices might approach quantum-limited sensitivity in the microwave range, thus making them a viable option for measurement of superconducting quantum systems. In the microstrip SQUID amplifier configuration, gains of around 20dB are possible at frequencies of several hundred MHz, and the gain is limited by the maximum voltage modulation available from the SQUID. One route for increasing the voltage modulation involves using larger resistive shunts, however maintaining non-hysteretic device operation requires smaller junction capacitances than is possible with conventional photolithographically patterned junctions. Operating at higher frequencies requires a shorter input coil which reduces mutual inductance between the coil and washer and therefore gain. We have fabricated microstrip SQUID amplifiers using submicron Al-AlOx-Al junctions and large shunts. The input coil and SQUID washer are optimized for producing high gain at frequencies in the gigahertz range. Recent measurements of gain and noise temperature will be discussed as well as demonstrations of these devices as a first stage of amplification for a superconducting system
The development of DUV chemically amplified resists
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Thackeray, J.W.; Fedynyshyn, T.H.; Small, R.D. [Shipley Co. Inc., Marlboro, MA (United States)
The development of deep ultraviolet (DUV) resists has necessitated the introduction of new concepts in resist materials and chemistry. Successful DUV resist systems now employ the concept of chemical amplification. This catalytic reaction leads to a substantial enhancement in the imaging dose. Another benefit of chemical amplified resists is that they allow the design of materials which can be transparent to DUV exposure wavelengths, yet they can still have high sensitivity. Commercial and prototype positive- and negative-tone resists are now readily available and these resists have been used in pilot production to make the most advanced integrated circuits with {le}0.35 {mu}m design rules. At Shipley, we have undertaken to develop both negative- and positive-tone chemically amplified resists for DUV lithography. These resists are capable of high resolution (0.3 {mu}m), fast photospeed ({le}30 mJ/sq. cm), and excellent etch resistance. This presentation will discuss the chemical and lithographic properties of the Shipley negative- and positive-tone DUV chemically amplified resists. General discussion of the importance of activation energy for the catalytic process, catalytic chain length, and environmental stability will be given.
Parallel reservoir computing using optical amplifiers.
Vandoorne, Kristof; Dambre, Joni; Verstraeten, David; Schrauwen, Benjamin; Bienstman, Peter
Reservoir computing (RC), a computational paradigm inspired on neural systems, has become increasingly popular in recent years for solving a variety of complex recognition and classification problems. Thus far, most implementations have been software-based, limiting their speed and power efficiency. Integrated photonics offers the potential for a fast, power efficient and massively parallel hardware implementation. We have previously proposed a network of coupled semiconductor optical amplifiers as an interesting test case for such a hardware implementation. In this paper, we investigate the important design parameters and the consequences of process variations through simulations. We use an isolated word recognition task with babble noise to evaluate the performance of the photonic reservoirs with respect to traditional software reservoir implementations, which are based on leaky hyperbolic tangent functions. Our results show that the use of coherent light in a well-tuned reservoir architecture offers significant performance benefits. The most important design parameters are the delay and the phase shift in the system's physical connections. With optimized values for these parameters, coherent semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) reservoirs can achieve better results than traditional simulated reservoirs. We also show that process variations hardly degrade the performance, but amplifier noise can be detrimental. This effect must therefore be taken into account when designing SOA-based RC implementations.
Application module of universal amplifier in education process
CHALOUPEK, Pavel
This thesis deals with the teaching and implementation module for teaching in secondary schools and their role in education. Following the theory being discussed in relation to a valid educational program. Learning amplifier module implemented by the assignment to DPS. The activity of the amplifier module to simulate in Multisim simulation program. Next is made circuitry design in discrete amplifier module. There evaluated the feasibility and simulation of realizations amplifier module in sec...
Noise and saturation properties of semiconductor quantum dot optical amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Berg, Tommy Winther; Mørk, Jesper
We present a detailed theoretical analysis of quantum dot optical amplifiers. Due to the presence of a reservoir of wetting layer states, the saturation and noise properties differ markedly from bulk or QW amplifiers and may be significantly improved.......We present a detailed theoretical analysis of quantum dot optical amplifiers. Due to the presence of a reservoir of wetting layer states, the saturation and noise properties differ markedly from bulk or QW amplifiers and may be significantly improved....
Efficiency of low power audio amplifiers and loudspeakers
Burrow, SG; Grant, Duncan A
In this paper we look at the load presented to audio amplifiers by real transducers. We consider the power losses in Class-AB and Class-D amplifier topologies, and determine that in order to predict efficiency it is necessary to consider the amplifier/transducer combination. The ability of the class-D amplifier to recycle quadrature load current offers new ways to improve efficiency.
Matched wideband low-noise amplifiers for radio astronomy.
Weinreb, S; Bardin, J; Mani, H; Jones, G
Two packaged low noise amplifiers for the 0.3-4 GHz frequency range are described. The amplifiers can be operated at temperatures of 300-4 K and achieve noise temperatures in the 5 K range (radio astronomy systems or as i.f. amplifiers following superconducting mixers operating in the millimeter and submillimeter frequency range. PMID:19405681
Digital system provides superregulation of nanosecond amplifier-discriminator circuit
Forges, K. G.
Feedback system employing a digital logic comparator to detect and correct amplifier drift provides stable gain characteristics for nanosecond amplifiers used in counting applications. Additional anticoincidence logic enables application of the regulation circuit to the amplifier and discriminator while they are mounted in an operable circuit.
The Dynamics of Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers – Modeling and Applications
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Mørk, Jesper; Nielsen, Mads Lønstrup; Berg, Tommy Winther
The importance of semiconductor optical amplifiers is discussed. A semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) is a semiconductor laser with anti-reflection coated facets that amplifies an injected light signal by means of stimulated emission. SOAs have a number of unique properties that open up...
Fiber optical parametric amplifiers in optical communication systems
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Marhic, Michel E.; Andrekson, Peter A.; Petropoulos, Periklis;
The prospects for using fiber optical parametric amplifiers (OPAs) in optical communication systems are reviewed. Phase-insensitive amplifiers (PIAs) and phase-sensitive amplifiers (PSAs) are considered. Low-penalty amplification at/or near 1 Tb/s has been achieved, for both wavelength- and time...
Polarization of Tapered Semiconductor Travelling-Wave Amplifiers
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
焦明星; 张书练; 梁晋文
The polarization of a tapered semi-conductor travelling-wave amplifier has been investigated with the transfer matrix method based on convective equation. It is shown that the apparent polarization mode competition exists, and polarization-independent tapered semiconductor travellingwave amplifiers can be obtained through the optimization of amplifier parameters.
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Neratinib overcomes trastuzumab resistance in HER2 amplified breast cancer.
Canonici, Alexandra; Gijsen, Merel; Mullooly, Maeve; Bennett, Ruth; Bouguern, Noujoude; Pedersen, Kasper; O'Brien, Neil A; Roxanis, Ioannis; Li, Ji-Liang; Bridge, Esther; Finn, Richard; Siamon, Dennis; McGowan, Patricia; Duffy, Michael J; O'Donovan, Norma; Crown, John; Kong, Anthony
Trastuzumab has been shown to improve the survival outcomes of HER2 positive breast cancer patients. However, a significant proportion of HER2-positive patients are either inherently resistant or develop resistance to trastuzumab. We assessed the effects of neratinib, an irreversible panHER inhibitor, in a panel of 36 breast cancer cell lines. We further assessed its effects with or without trastuzumab in several sensitive and resistant breast cancer cells as well as a BT474 xenograft model. We confirmed that neratinib was significantly more active in HER2-amplified than HER2 non-amplified cell lines. Neratinib decreased the activation of the 4 HER receptors and inhibited downstream pathways. However, HER3 and Akt were reactivated at 24 hours, which was prevented by the combination of trastuzumab and neratinib. Neratinib also decreased pHER2 and pHER3 in acquired trastuzumab resistant cells. Neratinib in combination with trastuzumab had a greater growth inhibitory effect than either drug alone in 4 HER2 positive cell lines. Furthermore, trastuzumab in combination with neratinib was growth inhibitory in SKBR3 and BT474 cells which had acquired resistance to trastuzumab as well as in a BT474 xenograft model. Innately trastuzumab resistant cell lines showed sensitivity to neratinib, but the combination did not enhance response compared to neratinib alone. Levels of HER2 and phospho-HER2 showed a direct correlation with sensitivity to neratinib. Our data indicate that neratinib is an effective anti-HER2 therapy and counteracted both innate and acquired trastuzumab resistance in HER2 positive breast cancer. Our results suggest that combined treatment with trastuzumab and neratinib is likely to be more effective than either treatment alone for both trastuzumab-sensitive breast cancer as well as HER2-positive tumors with acquired resistance to trastuzumab. PMID:24009064
Analysis of multipass laser amplifier systems for storage laser media
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The performance characteristics of single pass and multipass storage laser amplifiers are presented and compared. The effects of the multipass amplifier parameters on the extraction characteristics are examined. For a wide range of conditions the multipass amplifier is found to provide high energy gain and high efficiency simultaneously. This is a significant advantage over the single pass laser amplifier. Finally, three specific storage laser amplifier systems, flashlamp pumped V:MgF2, XeF laser pumped Tm:Glass, and photolytically pumped Selenium, are examined. The performance characteristics for each of the three systems are calculated and compared
Analysis of multipass laser amplifier systems for storage laser media
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Harvey, J.F.
The performance characteristics of single pass and multipass storage laser amplifiers are presented and compared. The effects of the multipass amplifier parameters on the extraction characteristics are examined. For a wide range of conditions the multipass amplifier is found to provide high energy gain and high efficiency simultaneously. This is a significant advantage over the single pass laser amplifier. Finally, three specific storage laser amplifier systems, flashlamp pumped V:MgF/sub 2/, XeF laser pumped Tm:Glass, and photolytically pumped Selenium, are examined. The performance characteristics for each of the three systems are calculated and compared.
Characterization of a Common-Gate Amplifier Using Ferroelectric Transistors
Hunt, Mitchell; Sayyah, Rana; MacLeod, Todd C.; Ho, Fat D.
In this paper, the empirical data collected through experiments performed using a FeFET in the common-gate amplifier circuit is presented. The FeFET common-gate amplifier was characterized by varying all parameters in the circuit, such as load resistance, biasing of the transistor, and input voltages. Due to the polarization of the ferroelectric layer, the particular behavior of the FeFET common-gate amplifier presents interesting results. Furthermore, the differences between a FeFET common-gate amplifier and a MOSFET common-gate amplifier are examined.
Characterization of a Common-Source Amplifier Using Ferroelectric Transistors
Hunt, Mitchell; Sayyah, Rana; MacLeond, Todd C.; Ho, Pat D.
This paper presents empirical data that was collected through experiments using a FeFET in the established common-source amplifier circuit. The unique behavior of the FeFET lends itself to interesting and useful operation in this widely used common-source amplifier. The paper examines the effect of using a ferroelectric transistor for the amplifier. It also examines the effects of varying load resistance, biasing, and input voltages on the output signal and gives several examples of the output of the amplifier for a given input. The difference between a commonsource amplifier using a ferroelectric transistor and that using a MOSFET is addressed.
Low power RF amplifier circuit for ion trap applications
Noriega, J. R.; García-Delgado, L. A.; Gómez-Fuentes, R.; García-Juárez, A.
A low power RF amplifier circuit for ion trap applications is presented and described. The amplifier is based on a class-D half-bridge amplifier with a voltage mirror driver. The RF amplifier is composed of an RF class-D amplifier, an envelope modulator to ramp up the RF voltage during the ion analysis stage, a detector or amplitude demodulation circuit for sensing the output signal amplitude, and a feedback amplifier that linearizes the steady state output of the amplifier. The RF frequency is set by a crystal oscillator and the series resonant circuit is tuned to the oscillator frequency. The resonant circuit components have been chosen, in this case, to operate at 1 MHz. In testings, the class-D stage operated at a maximum of 78 mW at 1.1356 MHz producing 225 V peak.
K-band FET amplifier for satellite downlink
Goel, J.; Cheung, R. P.
State-of-the-art performance is demonstrated with solid-state amplifiers in K-band. The amplifier provides 8.2 watts of power with 39 dB gain over a frequency band of 1.4 GHz. Nonlinearity analyses of solid-state amplifiers suggest that system performance can be improved significantly by using an FET amplifier. Preliminary investigations reveal that the solid-state amplifiers can be space-qualified and can be expected to replace the TWTA in many communication links in the near future. It is pointed out that with improvements in device technology, the power, bandwidth and efficiency of solid-state amplifiers using FETs can be further improved. With FETs operating at a junction temperature of less than 125 C, solid-state amplifiers are inherently reliable, indicating a ten-year mean time to failure.
Investigations of electronic amplifiers supplying a piezobimorph actuator
Milecki, Andrzej; Regulski, Roman
Piezoelectric bending actuators, also known as bimorphs, are characterized by very good dynamic properties and by displacements in a range of a few millimeters. Therefore these actuators are used in a wide range of applications. However their usage is limited because they require supplying amplifiers with output voltage of about 200 V, which are rather expensive. This paper presents investigation results of such amplifiers with high voltage output. The model of a piezobending actuator is proposed and implemented in Matlab-Simulink software in order to simulate the behavior of the actuator supplied by the amplifiers. The simulation results are presented and compared with investigation results of high voltage amplifier used for supplying a piezoactuator. The influence of current limitation of operational amplifier on the actuator current is tested. Finally, a low cost audio power amplifier is proposed to control the piezobender actuator (as a cheaper alternative to the high-voltage amplifier) and its investigations results are presented in the paper.
Time amplifying techniques towards atomic time resolution
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
LI JingZhen
High speed imaging technology has opened applications in many fields,such as collision,detonating,high voltage discharge,disintegration and transfer of phonon and exciton in solid,photosynthesis primitive reaction,and electron dynamics inside atom shell.In principle,all of the transient processes need to be explained theoretically and,st the same time,the time amplifying technique is required for observations of these processes.The present review concerns the atomic time amplifying mechanism of optical information and the extremely-high speed imaging methods,which are expressed in terms of the short time amplifying techniques.It is well-known that for extremely-high speed imaging with the converter tube,the temporal resolution is in the order of sub-picosecond of the streak imaging,and the imaging frequency is 6×10~8-5×10~9 fps(frame per second)of the frame imaging.On the other hand,for the tubeless extremely-high speed imaging,the imaging frequency is 10~7-10~(14) fps,and its mechanism of forming high speed and framing could involve a lot of factors of the light under investigation,for instance,light speed,light parallelism,the parameters of light wave such as amplitude,phase,polarization and wavelength,and even quantum properties of photon.In the cascaded system of electromagnetic wave and particle wave,it is possible to simultaneously realize extremely-high resolution in time and space,which is higher than a kite resolution.Then it would be possible to break the limit of the Heisenberg uncertainty relation of the optical frequency band.
Time amplifying techniques towards atomic time resolution
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
High speed imaging technology has opened applications in many fields,such as collision,detonating, high voltage discharge,disintegration and transfer of phonon and exciton in solid,photosynthesis primitive reaction,and electron dynamics inside atom shell.In principle,all of the transient processes need to be explained theoretically and,at the same time,the time amplifying technique is required for observations of these processes.The present review concerns the atomic time amplifying mechanism of optical information and the extremely-high speed imaging methods,which are expressed in terms of the short time amplifying techniques.It is well-known that for extremely-high speed imaging with the converter tube,the temporal resolution is in the order of sub-picosecond of the streak imaging,and the imaging frequency is 6×10 8 ―5×10 9 fps(frame per second)of the frame imaging.On the other hand,for the tubeless extremely-high speed imaging,the imaging frequency is 10 7 ―10 14 fps,and its mechanism of forming high speed and framing could involve a lot of factors of the light under investigation,for instance,light speed,light parallelism,the parameters of light wave such as amplitude,phase,polari- zation and wavelength,and even quantum properties of photon.In the cascaded system of electro- magnetic wave and particle wave,it is possible to simultaneously realize extremely-high resolution in time and space,which is higher than a kite resolution.Then it would be possible to break the limit of the Heisenberg uncertainty relation of the optical frequency band.
High sensitivity amplifier/discriminator for PWC's
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The facility support group at Fermilab is designing and building a general purpose beam chamber for use in several locations at the laboratory. This pwc has 128 wires per plane spaced 1 mm apart. An initial production of 25 signal planes is anticipated. In proportional chambers, the size of the signal depends exponentially on the charge stored per unit of length along the anode wire. As the wire spacing decreases, the capacitance per unit length decreases, thereby requiring increased applied voltage to restore the necessary charge per unit length. In practical terms, this phenomenon is responsible for difficulties in constructing chambers with less than 2 mm wire spacing. 1 mm chambers, therefore, are frequently operated very near to their breakdown point and/or a high gain gas containing organic compounds such as magic gas is used. This argon/iso-butane mixture has three drawbacks: it is explosive when exposed to the air, it leaves a residue on the wires after extended use and is costly. An amplifier with higher sensitivity would reduce the problems associated with operating chambers with small wire spacings and allow them to be run a safe margin below their breakdown voltage even with an inorganic gas mixture such as argon/CO2, this eliminating the need to use magic gas. Described here is a low cost amplifier with a usable threshold of less than 0.5 μA. Data on the performance of this amplifier/discriminator in operation on a prototype beam chamber are given. This data shows the advantages of the high sensitivity of this design
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Undulations from amplified low frequency surface waves
Coutant, Antonin
We study the scattering of gravity waves in longitudinal stationary flows. When the flow velocity becomes supercritical, counterflow propagating waves are amplified in such a way that, in the zero-frequency limit, the free surface develops an undu- lation, i.e., a zero-frequency wave of large amplitude with nodes located at specific places. From this, we show that the unperturbed flat surface is unstable against perturbations of arbitrary small amplitude. We then show that this instability also appears when treating low frequency waves by a stochastic ensemble. The relation between the generation of undulations and black hole radiation (the Hawking effect) is discussed.
Envelope tracking power amplifiers for wireless communications
Wang, Zhancang
Envelope tracking technology is seen as the most promising efficiency enhancement technology for RF power amplifiers for 4G and beyond wireless communications. More and more organizations are investing and researching on this topic with huge potential in academic and commercial areas.This is the first book on the market to offer complete introduction, theory, and design considerations on envelope tracking for wireless communications. This resource presents you with a full introduction to the subject and covers underlying theory and practical design considerations.
A Low-Noise Transimpedance Amplifier for BLM-Based Ion Channel Recording
Crescentini, Marco; Bennati, Marco; Saha, Shimul Chandra; Ivica, Josip; de Planque, Maurits; Morgan, Hywel; Tartagni, Marco
High-throughput screening (HTS) using ion channel recording is a powerful drug discovery technique in pharmacology. Ion channel recording with planar bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) is scalable and has very high sensitivity. A HTS system based on BLM ion channel recording faces three main challenges: (i) design of scalable microfluidic devices; (ii) design of compact ultra-low-noise transimpedance amplifiers able to detect currents in the pA range with bandwidth >10 kHz; (iii) design of compact, robust and scalable systems that integrate these two elements. This paper presents a low-noise transimpedance amplifier with integrated A/D conversion realized in CMOS 0.35 μm technology. The CMOS amplifier acquires currents in the range ±200 pA and ±20 nA, with 100 kHz bandwidth while dissipating 41 mW. An integrated digital offset compensation loop balances any voltage offsets from Ag/AgCl electrodes. The measured open-input input-referred noise current is as low as 4 fA/√Hz at ±200 pA range. The current amplifier is embedded in an integrated platform, together with a microfluidic device, for current recording from ion channels. Gramicidin-A, α-haemolysin and KcsA potassium channels have been used to prove both the platform and the current-to-digital converter. PMID:27213382
A Low-Noise Transimpedance Amplifier for BLM-Based Ion Channel Recording
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Marco Crescentini
Full Text Available High-throughput screening (HTS using ion channel recording is a powerful drug discovery technique in pharmacology. Ion channel recording with planar bilayer lipid membranes (BLM is scalable and has very high sensitivity. A HTS system based on BLM ion channel recording faces three main challenges: (i design of scalable microfluidic devices; (ii design of compact ultra-low-noise transimpedance amplifiers able to detect currents in the pA range with bandwidth >10 kHz; (iii design of compact, robust and scalable systems that integrate these two elements. This paper presents a low-noise transimpedance amplifier with integrated A/D conversion realized in CMOS 0.35 μm technology. The CMOS amplifier acquires currents in the range ±200 pA and ±20 nA, with 100 kHz bandwidth while dissipating 41 mW. An integrated digital offset compensation loop balances any voltage offsets from Ag/AgCl electrodes. The measured open-input input-referred noise current is as low as 4 fA/√Hz at ±200 pA range. The current amplifier is embedded in an integrated platform, together with a microfluidic device, for current recording from ion channels. Gramicidin-A, α-haemolysin and KcsA potassium channels have been used to prove both the platform and the current-to-digital converter.
A Low-Noise Transimpedance Amplifier for BLM-Based Ion Channel Recording.
Crescentini, Marco; Bennati, Marco; Saha, Shimul Chandra; Ivica, Josip; de Planque, Maurits; Morgan, Hywel; Tartagni, Marco
High-throughput screening (HTS) using ion channel recording is a powerful drug discovery technique in pharmacology. Ion channel recording with planar bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) is scalable and has very high sensitivity. A HTS system based on BLM ion channel recording faces three main challenges: (i) design of scalable microfluidic devices; (ii) design of compact ultra-low-noise transimpedance amplifiers able to detect currents in the pA range with bandwidth >10 kHz; (iii) design of compact, robust and scalable systems that integrate these two elements. This paper presents a low-noise transimpedance amplifier with integrated A/D conversion realized in CMOS 0.35 μm technology. The CMOS amplifier acquires currents in the range ±200 pA and ±20 nA, with 100 kHz bandwidth while dissipating 41 mW. An integrated digital offset compensation loop balances any voltage offsets from Ag/AgCl electrodes. The measured open-input input-referred noise current is as low as 4 fA/√Hz at ±200 pA range. The current amplifier is embedded in an integrated platform, together with a microfluidic device, for current recording from ion channels. Gramicidin-A, α-haemolysin and KcsA potassium channels have been used to prove both the platform and the current-to-digital converter. PMID:27213382
Allergic reaction - drug (medication); Drug hypersensitivity; Medication hypersensitivity ... A drug allergy involves an immune response in the body that produces an allergic reaction to a medicine. The ...
Silicon on Insulator MESFETs for RF Amplifiers.
Wilk, Seth J; Balijepalli, Asha; Ervin, Joseph; Lepkowski, William; Thornton, Trevor J
CMOS compatible, high voltage SOI MESFETs have been fabricated using a standard 3.3V CMOS process without any changes to the process flow. A 0.6μm gate length device operates with a cut-off frequency of 7.3GHz and a maximum oscillation frequency of 21GHz. There is no degradation in device performance up to its breakdown voltage, which greatly exceeds that of CMOS devices on the same process. Other figures of merit of relevance to RF front-end design are presented, including the maximum stable gain and noise figure. An accurate representation of the device in SPICE has been developed using the commercially available TOM3 model. Using the SOI MESFET model, a source degenerated low noise RF amplifier targeting operation near 1GHz has been designed. The amplifier was fabricated on a PCB board and operates at 940MHz with a minimum NF of 3.8dB and RF gain of 9.9dB while only consuming 5mW of DC power. PMID:20657816
Design criteria for ultrafast optical parametric amplifiers
Manzoni, C.; Cerullo, G.
Optical parametric amplifiers (OPAs) exploit second-order nonlinearity to transfer energy from a fixed frequency pump pulse to a variable frequency signal pulse, and represent an easy way of tuning over a broad range the frequency of an otherwise fixed femtosecond laser system. OPAs can also act as broadband amplifiers, transferring energy from a narrowband pump to a broadband signal and thus considerably shortening the duration of the pump pulse. Due to these unique properties, OPAs are nowadays ubiquitous in ultrafast laser laboratories, and are employed by many users, such as solid state physicists, atomic/molecular physicists, chemists and biologists, who are not experts in ultrafast optics. This tutorial paper aims at providing the non-specialist reader with a self-consistent guide to the physical foundations of OPAs, deriving the main equations describing their performance and discussing how they can be used to understand their most important working parameters (frequency tunability, bandwidth, pulse energy/repetition rate scalability, control over the carrier-envelope phase of the generated pulses). Based on this analysis, we derive practical design criteria for OPAs, showing how their performance depends on the type of the nonlinear interaction (crystal type, phase-matching configuration, crystal length), on the characteristics of the pump pulse (frequency, duration, energy, repetition rate) and on the OPA architecture.
Ultrastable low-noise current amplifier
Drung, Dietmar; Becker, Ulrich; Scherer, Hansjörg; Ahlers, Franz Josef
An ultrastable low-noise current amplifier (ULCA) is presented. The ULCA is a non-cryogenic instrument based on specially designed operational amplifiers and resistor networks. It involves two stages, the first providing a 1000-fold current gain and the second performing a current-to-voltage conversion via an internal 1 MOhm reference resistor or, optionally, an external standard resistor. The ULCA's transfer coefficient is extremely stable versus time, temperature and current amplitude within the full dynamic range of +/-5 nA. A low noise level of 2.4 fA/sqrt(Hz) helps to keep averaging times low at small input currents. A cryogenic current comparator is used to calibrate both input current gain and output transresistance, providing traceability to the quantum Hall effect. Typically, within one day after calibration, the uncertainty contribution from short-term fluctuations of the transresistance is below one part in 10^7. The long-term stability is expected to be better than one part in 10^5 over a year. A ...
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Direct coupled amplifiers using field effect transistors
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The concept of the uni-polar field effect transistor (P.E.T.) was known before the invention of the bi-polar transistor but it is only recently that they have been made commercially. Being produced as yet only in small quantities, their price imposes a restriction on use to circuits where their peculiar properties can be exploited to the full. One such application is described here where the combination of low voltage drift and relatively low input leakage current are necessarily used together. One of the instruments used to control nuclear reactors has a logarithmic response to the mean output current from a polarised ionisation chamber. The logarithmic signal is then differentiated electrically, the result being displayed on a meter calibrated to show the reactor divergence or doubling time. If displayed in doubling time the scale is calibrated reciprocally. Because of the wide range obtained in the logarithmic section and the limited supply voltage, an output of 1 volt per decade change in ionisation current is used. Differentiating this gives a current of 1.5 x 10-8 A for p.s.D. (20 sec. doubling time) in the differentiating amplifier. To overcome some of the problems of noise due to statistical variations in input current, the circuit design necessitates a resistive path to ground at the amplifier input of 20 M.ohms. A schematic diagram is shown. 1. It is evident that a zero drift of 1% can be caused by a leakage current of 1.5 x 10-10 A or an offset voltage of 3 mV at the amplifier input. Although the presently used electrometer valve is satisfactory from the point of view of grid current, there have been sudden changes in grid to grid voltage (the valve is a double triode) of up to 10 m.V. It has been found that a pair of F.E.T's. can be used to replace the electrometer valve so long as care is taken in correct balance of the two devices. An investigation has been made into the characteristics of some fourteen devices to see whether those with very different
Gender Differences on the Use of Amplifiers in Academic Writings
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
This study aims to investigate the use of amplifiers in term of gender and disciplinary groups in academic research arti⁃cles, which is based on the British Academic Written English Corpus (BAWE).18 amplifiers were examined across two dimen⁃sions:gender and disciplinary groups. The results show amplifiers are more common in males' academic writings than in those of females in general, amplifiers are used more often in AH discipline. However, not all amplifiers show significant gender differ⁃ences between men and women. Six words show a significant difference between male and female writers:pretty, by far, perfect⁃ly, quite, a great deal, totally, which are used more often by males. However, the interesting is in LS discipline, most amplifiers are used more often by female than male writers and males tend to use by far more frequently than females.
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Mashhour Mustafa; Bani Amer
This paper deals with internally generated noise of bioelectric amplifiers that are usually used for processing of bioelectric events. The main purpose of this paper is to present a procedure for analysis of the effects of internal noise generated by the active circuits and to evaluate the output noise of the author's new designed bioelectric amplifier that caused by internal effects to the amplifier circuit itself in order to compare it with the noise generated by conventional amplifiers. The obtained analysis results of internally generated noise showed that the total output noise of bioelectric active circuits does not increase when some of their resistors have a larger value. This behavior is caused by the different transfer functions for the signal and the respective noise sources associated with these resistors. Moreover, the new designed bioelectric amplifier has an output noise less than that for conventional amplifiers. The obtained analysis results were also experimentally verified and the final conclusions were drawn.
Measurement of microdosimetric spectra using an amplifier with logarithmic response
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A 3-1/2 decade logarithmic pulse amplifier was developed for use in microdosimetry. A block diagram of the instrument is given. The input shaping amplifier is designed to accept output pulses from a charge sensitive preamplifier with a maximum full scale amplitude of 8 volts. Output of the shaping amplifier is a bipolar, positive lobe leading RC shaped pulse with a maximum linear range approximately 200 millivolts. Following the logarithmic converter is a voltage amplifier which is used to increase the signal level before it is applied through the linear gate to the output buffer-amplifier. The signal at the output connector is a positive pulse compatible with most conventional pulse height analyzers. The gain of the linear amplifier is adjustable over 10 to 1 range by means of front panel controls
Josephson parametric amplifiers for the ADMX-HF experiment
Malnou, Maxime; Palken, Daniel; Hilton, Gene; Vale, Leila; Lehnert, Konrad
Dark matter search in the ADMX-HF experiment aims at detecting power generated by the axion-photon conversion, of a few hundred of yoctowatts, in the 4 - 12 GHz band. The sensitivity of detection directly depends on the amplifier noise temperature, and therefore requires state of the art microwave amplifiers. In contrast to amplifiers with dissipation on-chip, superconducting Josephson parametric amplifiers (JPA) reach and even circumvent the quantum limit. Over the past years, we have developed JPAs fabricated with arrays of superconducting quantum interference devices. Their gain, bandwidth and tunability are particularly well suited for efficient amplification in the band of interest. In this talk we will present numerical modeling of the behavior of our amplifiers, along with the first results from new designs that cover the 4-12 GHz band. Finally, we will present the ongoing work to increase the gain-bandwidth product and gain stability of our amplifiers.
Low-noise amplifiers for satellite communications
Whelehan, J.
It is pointed out that over the past several years significant advances have been made in the overall capability of both microwave and mm-wave receivers. This is particularly apparent in the telecom market. Integral parts of advanced receiver technology are low-noise receivers. The advances currently being achieved in low-noise technology are partly based on developments in GaAs semiconductor technology. The development of high-cutoff-frequency beam lead mixer diodes has led to the development of mm-wave low-noise mixers with excellent low-noise capability. The advanced techniques are now being employed in field-deployable systems. Low noise is an important factor in satellite communications applications. Attention is given to C-band fixed satellite service, C-band parametric amplifiers, C-band FET, and X band, the Ku band, and the 30/20 GHz band.
Gain Characteristics of Fiber Optical Parametric Amplifier
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
高明义; 姜淳; 胡卫生
The theory model of fiber optical parametric amplifier (FOPA) was introduced, which is based on optical nonlinear effect. And then numerical simulation was done to analyze and discuss the gain spectral characteristics of one-pump and two-pump FOPA. The results show that for one-pump FOPA, when pump wavelength is near to fiber zero-dispersion wavelength(ZDW), the gain flatness is better, and with the increase of the pump power, fiber length and its nonlinear coefficient, the gain value will increase while the gain bandwidth will become narrow. For two-pump FOPA, when the pump central wavelength is near to fiber ZDW, the gain flatness is better. Moreover, by decreasing the space of two pumps wavelength, the gain flatness can be improved. Finally, some problems existing in FOPA were addressed.
The spectacular human nose: An amplifier of individual quality?
Åse Kristine Rognmo Mikalsen; Ivar Folstad; Nigel Gilles Yoccoz; Bruno Laeng
Amplifiers are signals that improve the perception of underlying differences in quality. They are cost free and advantageous to high quality individuals, but disadvantageous to low quality individuals, as poor quality is easier perceived because of the amplifier. For an amplifier to evolve, the average fitness benefit to the high quality individuals should be higher than the average cost for the low quality individuals. The human nose is, compared to the nose of most other primates, extraordi...
Thermodynamic indistinguishability and field state fingerprint of quantum optical amplifiers
Perl, Yossi; Band, Yehuda B.; Boukobza, Erez
Dissipation tends to wash out dynamical features observed at early evolution times. In this paper we analyze a resonant single--atom two--photon quantum optical amplifier both dynamically and thermodynamically. A detailed thermodynamic balance shows that the non--linear amplifier is thermodynamically equivalent to the linear amplifier discussed in (Phys. Rev. A, 74 (2006), 063822). However, by calculating the Wigner quasi--probability distribution for various initial field states, we show tha...
Modeling and design techniques for RF power amplifiers
Raghavan, Arvind; Laskar, Joy
The book covers RF power amplifier design, from device and modeling considerations to advanced circuit design architectures and techniques. It focuses on recent developments and advanced topics in this area, including numerous practical designs to back the theoretical considerations. It presents the challenges in designing power amplifiers in silicon and helps the reader improve the efficiency of linear power amplifiers, and design more accurate compact device models, with faster extraction routines, to create cost effective and reliable circuits.
A high performance switching audio amplifier using sliding mode control
Pillonnet, Gael; Cellier, Rémy; Abouchi, Nacer; Chiollaz, Monique
International audience The switching audio amplifiers are widely used in various portable and consumer electronics due to their high efficiency, but suffers from low audio performances due to inherent nonlinearity. This paper presents an integrated class D audio amplifier with low consumption and high audio performances. It includes a power stage and an efficient control based on sliding mode technique. This monolithic class D amplifier is capable of delivering up to 1W into 8Ω load at les...
Saturation effects in degenerate phase sensitive fiber optic parametric amplifiers
Kakande J.; Parmigiani F.; Slavik R.; Gruner-Nielsen L.; Jakobsen D.; Herstrom S.; Petropoulos P.; Richardson D.J.
We experimentally study saturation effects in degenerate phase sensitive amplifiers, revealing and explaining a gain regime suitable for all-optical signal processing functions such as phase regeneration.
Parametric Amplifiers for Microwave Kinectic Inductance Detector (MKID) Readout Project
National Aeronautics and Space Administration — Find numerical solutions to the non-linear partial differential equations describing our amplifier transmission lines. Optimize periodic choke structure to block...
Dual Band High Efficiency Power Amplifier Based on CRLH Lines
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
D. Segovia-Vargas
Full Text Available In this paper we propose the use of Composite Right/Left Hand (CRLH and Extended Composite Right/Left Hand (ECRLH transmission lines for the design of dual band high efficiency power amplifiers working in CE class. The harmonic termination can be synthesized using the meta-lines is particularly suitable for CE class amplifiers, which have a termination not as sensitive to the third harmonic as F class amplifier. This paper presents the design procedure and the design equations. The nonlinear phase response of a CRLH and ECRLH transmission line has been utilized to design arbitrary dual-band amplifiers.
Nylon Sleeve for Cavity Amplifier Holds Tuning Despite Heat
Derr, Lloyd
The problem: Detuning of cavity amplifiers with change in temperature. This results in deterioration of the performance of the amplifier at its design frequency. In cavity amplifiers and filters it is desirable that constant performance be maintained regardless of thermal changes. These changes often cause an "off resonance shift" in a cavity filter and a deterioration of performance in a cavity amplifier. The solution: Mount the tuning probe in a nylon sleeve. Thermal expansion and contraction of the nylon nullifies unwanted capacitive and inductive changes in the resonant elements.
Compensation of pulse-distortion in saturated laser amplifiers.
Schimpf, Damian N; Ruchert, Clemens; Nodop, Dirk; Limpert, Jens; Tünnermann, Andreas; Salin, Francois
We derive an expression describing pre-compensation of pulse-distortion due to saturation effects in short pulse laser-amplifiers. The analytical solution determines the optimum input pulse-shape required to obtain any arbitrary target pulse-shape at the output of the saturated laser-amplifier. The relation is experimentally verified using an all-fiber amplifier chain that is seeded by a directly modulated laser-diode. The method will prove useful in applications of high power, high energy laser-amplifier systems that need particular pulse-shapes to be efficient, e.g. micromachining and scientific laser-matter-interactions. PMID:18958044
X-Band, 17-Watt Solid-State Power Amplifier
Mittskus, Anthony; Stone, Ernest; Boger, William; Burgess, David; Honda, Richard; Nuckolls, Carl
An advanced solid-state power amplifier that can generate an output power of as much as 17 W at a design operating frequency of 8.4 GHz has been designed and constructed as a smaller, lighter, less expensive alternative to traveling-wave-tube X-band amplifiers and to prior solid-state X-band power amplifiers of equivalent output power. This amplifier comprises a monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) amplifier module and a power-converter module integrated into a compact package (see Figure 1). The amplifier module contains an input variable-gain amplifier (VGA), an intermediate driver stage, a final power stage, and input and output power monitors (see Figure 2). The VGA and the driver amplifier are 0.5-m GaAs-based metal semiconductor field-effect transistors (MESFETs). The final power stage contains four parallel high-efficiency, GaAs-based pseudomorphic high-electron-mobility transistors (PHEMTs). The gain of the VGA is voltage-variable over a range of 10 to 24 dB. To provide for temperature compensation of the overall amplifier gain, the gain-control voltage is generated by an operational-amplifier circuit that includes a resistor/thermistor temperature-sensing network. The driver amplifier provides a gain of 14 dB to an output power of 27 dBm to drive the four parallel output PHEMTs, each of which is nominally capable of putting out as much as 5 W. The driver output is sent to the input terminals of the four parallel PHEMTs through microstrip power dividers; the outputs of these PHEMTs are combined by microstrip power combiners (which are similar to the microstrip power dividers) to obtain the final output power of 17 W.
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Methylphenidate alters selective attention by amplifying salience
Huurne, N.; Fallon, S.J.; Schouwenburg, M. van; Schaaf, M.; Buitelaar, J.; Jensen, O.; Cools, R.
RATIONALE: Methylphenidate, the most common treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is increasingly used by healthy individuals as a "smart drug" to enhance cognitive abilities like attention. A key feature of (selective) attention is the ability to ignore irrelevant but salien
Ferroelectric Field-Effect Transistor Differential Amplifier Circuit Analysis
Phillips, Thomas A.; MacLeod, Todd C.; Ho, Fat D.
There has been considerable research investigating the Ferroelectric Field-Effect Transistor (FeFET) in memory circuits. However, very little research has been performed in applying the FeFET to analog circuits. This paper investigates the use of FeFETs in a common analog circuit, the differential amplifier. The two input Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) transistors in a general MOS differential amplifier circuit are replaced with FeFETs. Resistors are used in place of the other three MOS transistors. The FeFET model used in the analysis has been previously reported and was based on experimental device data. Because of the FeFET hysteresis, the FeFET differential amplifier has four different operating modes depending on whether the FeFETs are positively or negatively polarized. The FeFET differential amplifier operation in the different modes was analyzed by calculating the amplifier voltage transfer and gain characteristics shown in figures 2 through 5. Comparisons were made between the FeFET differential amplifier and the standard MOS differential amplifier. Possible applications and benefits of the FeFET differential amplifier are discussed.
Phase Sensitive Amplifier Based on Ultrashort Pump Pulses
Gershikov, Alexander
We demonstrate a narrow band phase sensitive amplifier in the pump degenerate configuration which employs ps pump pulses. Control of the amplifier bandwidth is achieved via changes of the pump spectral width. A phase sensitive gain between -6 and 6 decibels, with an overall system gain of 28dB was demonstrated.
Externally pumped millimeter-wave Josephson-junction parametric amplifier
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Levinsen, M.T; Pedersen, Niels Falsig; Sørensen, Ole;
A unified theory of the singly and doubly degenerate Josephson-junction parametric amplifier is presented. Experiments with single junctions on both amplifier modes at frequencies 10, 35, and 70 GHz are discussed. Low-noise temperature (∼100 K, single sideband (SSB)) and reasonable gain (∼8 dB) w...
Efficient performance simulation of class D amplifier output stages
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Nyboe, Flemming; Risbo, Lars; Andreani, Pietro
Straightforward simulation of amplifier distortion involves transient simulation of operation on a sine wave input signal, and a subsequent FFT of the output voltage. This approach is very slow on class D amplifiers, since the switching behavior forces simulation time steps that are many orders...
Saturation and noise properties of quantum-dot optical amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Berg, Tommy Winther; Mørk, Jesper
Based on extensive numerical calculations, quantum-dot (QD) amplifiers are predicted to offer higher output power and lower noise figure compared to bulk as well as quantum well amplifiers. The underlying physical mechanisms are analyzed in detail, leading to the identification of a few key requi...
Subjective test of class D amplifiers without output filter
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Agerkvist, Finn T.; Fenger, Lars M.
This paper presents the results of subjective listening tests designed to determine whether the output filter on class D amplifiers used in active loudspeakers can be omitted without audible errors occurring. The frequency range of the amplifiers was limited to 0-3 kHz corresponding to a woofer...
External Peltier Cooler For Low-Noise Amplifier
Soper, Terry A.
Inexpensive Peltier-effect cooling module made of few commercially available parts used to reduce thermal noise in microwave amplifier. Retrofitted to almost any microwave low-noise amplifier or receiver preamplifier used in communication, telemetry, or radar. Includes copper or aluminum cold plate held tightly against unit to be cooled by strap-type worm-gear clamps.
Design and Analysis of Hybrid CMOS SRAM Sense Amplifier
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Karishma Bajaj
Full Text Available Sense amplifiers are one of the very important peripheral components of CMOS memories. In a Hybrid Sense amplifier both current and voltage sensing techniques are used which makes it a better selection than a conventional current or voltage sense amplifiers. The hybrid sense amplifier works in three phases-Offset cancellation (200ps, Access phase (500ps and Evaluation phase. The offset cancellation is done simultaneously with word line decoding, so as to speed up the process. The sensing range of the hybrid sense amplifier is improved from 1.18mV to 92mV. Also hybrid sense amplifier consumes very low energy of about 6.84fj. This sense amplifier is analyzed with a column of 512 SRAM cells at 180nm technology node and compared to CMOS conventional voltage sense amplifier. The circuit consumes an average power of 1.57 µW with a negligible offset of 149.3µV.
Gain characteristics of a saturated fiber optic parametric amplifier
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Rottwitt, Karsten; Lorenzen, Michael Rodas; Noordegraaf, Danny;
In this work we discuss saturation performance of a fiber optic parametric amplifier. A simple numerical model is described and applied to specific cases. A system experiment using a saturated amplifier illustrates a 4 dB improvement in required signal to noise ratio for a fixed bit error ratio....
Power Amplifier Design for E-band Wireless System Communications
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hadziabdic, Dzenan; Krozer, Viktor; Johansen, Tom Keinicke
a power amplifier design satisfying the E-band system specifications. The designed power amplifier achieves a maximum output power of ges 20 dBm with a state-of-the-art power-added efficiency of 15%. The power is realized using InP DHBT technology. To the best of our knowledge it is the highest output...
Series-Tuned High Efficiency RF-Power Amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Vidkjær, Jens
An approach to high efficiency RF-power amplifier design is presented. It addresses simultaneously efficiency optimization and peak voltage limitations when transistors are pushed towards their power limits.......An approach to high efficiency RF-power amplifier design is presented. It addresses simultaneously efficiency optimization and peak voltage limitations when transistors are pushed towards their power limits....
Optically amplifying planar glass waveguides: Laser on a chip
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Guldberg-Kjær, Søren Andreas
The objective of this work was to devlop optically amplifying planar wavguides, using erbium-doped germano-silicate glass films deposited by PECVD (Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition). The waveguides should exhibit enough gain to be useful as optical amplifiers in integrated planar lightw...
Implantable neurotechnologies: a review of integrated circuit neural amplifiers.
Ng, Kian Ann; Greenwald, Elliot; Xu, Yong Ping; Thakor, Nitish V
Neural signal recording is critical in modern day neuroscience research and emerging neural prosthesis programs. Neural recording requires the use of precise, low-noise amplifier systems to acquire and condition the weak neural signals that are transduced through electrode interfaces. Neural amplifiers and amplifier-based systems are available commercially or can be designed in-house and fabricated using integrated circuit (IC) technologies, resulting in very large-scale integration or application-specific integrated circuit solutions. IC-based neural amplifiers are now used to acquire untethered/portable neural recordings, as they meet the requirements of a miniaturized form factor, light weight and low power consumption. Furthermore, such miniaturized and low-power IC neural amplifiers are now being used in emerging implantable neural prosthesis technologies. This review focuses on neural amplifier-based devices and is presented in two interrelated parts. First, neural signal recording is reviewed, and practical challenges are highlighted. Current amplifier designs with increased functionality and performance and without penalties in chip size and power are featured. Second, applications of IC-based neural amplifiers in basic science experiments (e.g., cortical studies using animal models), neural prostheses (e.g., brain/nerve machine interfaces) and treatment of neuronal diseases (e.g., DBS for treatment of epilepsy) are highlighted. The review concludes with future outlooks of this technology and important challenges with regard to neural signal amplification.
Frequency-Offset Cartesian Feedback Based on Polyphase Difference Amplifiers
Zanchi, Marta G.; Pauly, John M.; Scott, Greig C
A modified Cartesian feedback method called "frequency-offset Cartesian feedback" and based on polyphase difference amplifiers is described that significantly reduces the problems associated with quadrature errors and DC-offsets in classic Cartesian feedback power amplifier control systems.
Switching-mode Audio Power Amplifiers with Direct Energy Conversion
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Ljusev, Petar; Andersen, Michael Andreas E.
This paper presents a new class of switching-mode audio power amplifiers, which are capable of direct energy conversion from the AC mains to the audio output. They represent an ultimate integration of a switching-mode power supply and a Class D audio power amplifier, where the intermediate DC bus...
Ultrafast Dynamics of Quantum-Dot Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Poel, Mike van der; Hvam, Jørn Märcher
We report on a series of experiments on the dynamical properties of quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifiers. We show how the amplifier responds to one or several ultrafast (170 fs) pulses in rapid succession and our results demonstrate applicability and ultimate limitations to application...
Variable-Voltage Class-E Power Amplifiers
Acar, Mustafa; Annema, Anne Johan; Nauta, Bram
The Class-E power amplifier is widely used due to its high efficiency, resulting from switching at zero voltage and zero slope of the switch voltage. In this paper, we extend general analytical solutions for the Class-E power amplifier to the ideal single-ended Variable-Voltage Class-E (Class-EVV) p
Optimisation of High-Power Amplifiers using non linear models
Hek, A.P. de; Bogaart, F.L.M. van den
This paper identifies the areas where the use of non-linear simulations for the design of high-power amplifiers is useful. The identified areas are: operating class selection, determination source and load impedance for matching network design, overall amplifier simulations and stability analysis un
A Power Efficient Audio Amplifier Combining Switching and Linear Techniques
Zee, van der R.A.R.; Tuijl, van A.J.M.
Integrated Class D audio amplifiers are very power efficient, but require an external filter which prevents further integration. Also due to this filter, large feedback factors are hard to realise, so that the load influences the distortion- and transfer characteristics. The amplifier presented in t
An RF Power Amplifier in a Digital CMOS Process
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Nielsen, Per Asbeck; Fallesen, Carsten
A two stage class B power amplifier for 1.9 GHz is presented. The amplifier is fabricated in a standard digital EPI-CMOS process with low resistivity substrate. The measured output power is 29 dBm in a 50 Omega load. A design method to find the large signal parameters of the output transistor...
Models of reduced-noise, probabilistic linear amplifiers
Combes, Joshua; Walk, Nathan; Lund, A. P.; Ralph, T. C.; Caves, Carlton M.
We construct an amplifier that interpolates between a nondeterministic, immaculate linear amplifier and a deterministic, ideal linear amplifier and beyond to nonideal linear amplifiers. The construction involves cascading an immaculate linear amplifier that has amplitude gain g1 with a (possibly) nonideal linear amplifier that has gain g2. With respect to normally ordered moments, the device has output noise μ2(G2-1 ) where G =g1g2 is the overall amplitude gain and μ2 is a noise parameter. When μ2≥1 , our devices realize ideal (μ2=1 ) and nonideal (μ2>1 ) linear amplifiers. When 0 ≤μ2devices work effectively only over a restricted region of phase space and with some subunity success probability p✓. We investigate the performance of our μ2 amplifiers in terms of a gain-corrected probability-fidelity product and the ratio of input to output signal-to-noise ratios corrected for success probability.
Advances in Solid Core Photonic Bandgap Fiber Amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Alkeskjold, Thomas Tanggaard; Laurila, Marko; Petersen, Sidsel Rübner;
We present recent development of photonic crystal fiber amplifiers containing photonic bandgap structures for enhanced spectral and modal filtering functionality.......We present recent development of photonic crystal fiber amplifiers containing photonic bandgap structures for enhanced spectral and modal filtering functionality....
Amplifying Islam : Pluralism, Secularism, and Religious Sounds in The Netherlands
Tamimi Arab, P.
This dissertation is an ethnographic study of the amplified azan, the Islamic call to prayer, in the Netherlands, adding a sonic dimension to analyses of the politics of Islamic aesthetics in the western world. Often rejected by opponents as noise pollution, facilitating the amplified azan is an exa
PHEMT Distributed Power Amplifier Adopting Broadband Impedance Transformer
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Narendra, K.; Limiti, E.; Paoloni, C.;
A non-uniform drain line distributed power amplifier (DPA) employing a broadband impedance transformer is presented. The DPA is based on GaAs PHEMT technology. The impedance transformer employs asymmetric coupled lines and transforms a low output impedance of the amplifier to a standard 50 Ω...
Pulse laser imaging amplifier for advanced ladar systems
Khizhnyak, Anatoliy; Markov, Vladimir; Tomov, Ivan; Murrell, David
Security measures sometimes require persistent surveillance of government, military and public areas Borders, bridges, sport arenas, airports and others are often surveilled with low-cost cameras. Their low-light performance can be enhanced with laser illuminators; however various operational scenarios may require a low-intensity laser illumination with the object-scattered light intensity lower than the sensitivity of the Ladar image detector. This paper discusses a novel type of high-gain optical image amplifier. The approach enables time-synchronization of the incoming and amplifying signals with accuracy <= 1 ns. The technique allows the incoming signal to be amplified without the need to match the input spectrum to the cavity modes. Instead, the incoming signal is accepted within the spectral band of the amplifier. We have gauged experimentally the performance of the amplifier with a 40 dB gain and an angle of view 20 mrad.
A Review of High Voltage Drive Amplifiers for Capacitive Actuators
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Huang, Lina; Zhang, Zhe; Andersen, Michael A. E.
This paper gives an overview of the high voltage amplifiers, which are used to drive capacitive actuators. The amplifiers for both piezoelectric and DEAP (dielectric electroactive polymer) actuator are discussed. The suitable topologies for driving capacitive actuators are illustrated in detail, ......, including linear as well as switched mode amplifiers. In the past much attention has been paid on the driver for piezoelectric actuator. As DEAP is a type of new material, there is not much literature reference for it.......This paper gives an overview of the high voltage amplifiers, which are used to drive capacitive actuators. The amplifiers for both piezoelectric and DEAP (dielectric electroactive polymer) actuator are discussed. The suitable topologies for driving capacitive actuators are illustrated in detail...
New design of sense amplifier for EEPROM memory
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Dong-sheng LIU; Xue-cheng ZOU; Qiong YU; Fan ZHANG
We present a new sense amplifier circuit for EEPROM memory. The topology of the sense amplifier uses a voltage sensing method, having low cost and low power consumption as well as high reliability. The sense amplifier was implemented in an EEPROM realized with an SMIC 0.35-μm 2P3M CMOS embedded EEPROM process. Under the condition that the power supply is 3.3 V, simulation results showed that the charge time is 35 ns in the proposed sense amplifier, and that the maximum average current consumption during the read period is 40 μA. The novel topology allows the circuit to function with power sup-plies as low as 1.4 V. The sense amplifier has been implemented in 2-kb EEPROM memory for RFID tag IC applications, and has a silicon area of only 240 μm2.
Highly Stable,Diode-Pumped Nd:YLF Regenerative Amplifier
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
WANG Jiang-Feng; LI Xue-Chun; WEI Hui; ZHU Jian-Qiang
We present the design and experimental results for a diode pumped Nd:YLF regenerative amplifier applied to amplify a nanosecond laser pulse.Numerical simulation shows that the maximum output energy and the best stability can be obtained when the regenerative amplifier operates in a saturated mode for all pulse duration and temporal profiles.Using extra post-pulse is a good method to decrease the square-pulse distortion caused by gain saturation effect.The amplifier shows output energy of 4.2mJ with a total energy gain of more than 107 and output energy stability of better than 1% rms.When extra post-pulse is added,square-pulse distortion is decreased from 1.33 to 1.17 for the amplifier that is seeded with an optical pulse of 3 ns.
Coupled Lines Filters for Broadband Impedance Matching of Microwave Amplifiers
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Mohammed Lahsaini
Full Text Available In this paper we present a broadband matching technique for the design of low noise amplifiers. This technique is based on the use of coupled lines filters and quarter wave transformers for the adaptation and stabilization of these amplifiers, presenting the theory and the design process of these circuits. The type of transistors used for modeling this amplifier is the HEMT of Alpha Industries®. The results we found show that this amplifier is unconditionally stable with a satisfactory gain of about 20 dB and good impedance matching across the band of interest [10-12] GHz. The amplifier modeled in this work can be integrated in satellite receiving systems and radar systems.
Digital Lock-in Amplifier Based on Microcontroller
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
An-li TAO; Guo-dong XU; Ke-xue LUO; Gang-ling ZHANG
A method of implementing high cost-effective and highly integrated digital lock-in amplifier with microcontroller is discussed. And the digital lock-in amplifier is more suitable for measuring low-frequency weak signal.Digital signal sequence is obtained through sampling signal measured over an integer number of signal periods, but digital reference sequence is acquired through mathematical operation, then digital phase sensitive detection can be implemented by calculating the cross-correlation function of digital signal sequence and digital reference sequence.In addition, the frequency response and phase character of the digital lock-in amplifier is analyzed. Finally, the designed digital lock-in amplifier is achieved. Experimental results show that the digital lock-in amplifier can be used for measuring weak signal with low ignal-to-noise ratio.
Quantum Dot Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers - Physics and Applications
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Berg, Tommy Winther
This thesis describes the physics and applications of quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifiers based on numerical simulations. These devices possess a number of unique properties compared with other types of semiconductor amplifiers, which should allow enhanced performance of semiconductor...... respects is comparable to those of fiber amplifiers. The possibility of inverting the optically active states to a large degree is essential in order to achieve this performance. Optical signal processing through cross gain modulation and four wave mixing is modeled and described. For both approaches...... and QW devices and to experiments on quantum dot amplifiers. These comparisons outline the qualitative differences between the different types of amplifiers. In all cases focus is put on the physical processes responsible the differences....
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Single Ion Quantum Lock-In Amplifier
Kotler, Shlomi; Glickman, Yinnon; Keselman, Anna; Ozeri, Roee
We report on the implementation of a quantum analog to the classical lock-in amplifier. All the lock-in operations: modulation, detection and mixing, are performed via the application of non-commuting quantum operators on the electronic spin state of a single trapped Sr+ ion. We significantly increase its sensitivity to external fields while extending phase coherence by three orders of magnitude, to more than one second. With this technique we measure magnetic fields with sensitivity of 25 pT/sqrt(Hz) and light shifts with an uncertainty below 140 mHz after 1320 seconds of averaging. These sensitivities are limited by quantum projection noise and, to our knowledge, are more than two orders of magnitude better than with other single-spin probe technologies. In fact, our reported sensitivity is sufficient for the measurement of parity non-conservation, as well as the detection of the magnetic field of a single electronic-spin one micrometer from an ion-detector with nanometer resolution. As a first application ...
Efficient and Compact Optical Amplifier Using EYDF
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sulaiman Wadi Harun
Full Text Available An efficient Erbium/Ytterbium doped fiber amplifier (EYDFA is demonstrated using a 1058nm pumping wavelength, where the amplification is assisted by energy transfer between Yb and Er ions. The energy transfer increases the limit of erbium doping concentration that is imposed by concentration quenching in Erbium-doped fiber (EDF. Therefore, the gain and noise figure are severely degraded with 1480 nm pumping, where the energy transfer cannot be achieved. The use of optical isolator improves the small signal gain and noise figure by about 4.8 dB and 1.6 dB, respectively. By employing a double-pass configuration, a higher gain can be obtained with an expense of a noise figure penalty. The gain improvement of 17.0 dB is obtained at 20 mW and -50 dBm of pump and input signal powers. This shows that the double-pass configuration is an important aspect to consider when designing an efficient EYDFA.
Status Report on the Energy Amplifier
Rubbia, Carlo
0ne year after its first presentation,the Energy Amplifier (EA) Project holds its promises for a environmentally acceptable form of energy extraction from nuclei, namely to eliminate or at least greatly reduce(i) the environmental impact of the long-lived highly radioactive waste;(ii) the possibility of diversions toward military applications;(iii) the risks of an accidental divergence related to the critical operation of the chain reaction and (iv) make a more efficient use of a fuel which is less radio-toxic to extract and more abundant on Earth than Uranium. In these respects the EA (or equivalent scenarios from Los Alamos and elsewhere) is comparable in performance to Thermonuclear Fusion. Bot h approches offer pratically unl;imited fuel resources: the energetic content of Lithium on the Earth's crust needed by Fusion is estimated to be seven times the one of Thorium and they are both adequate for millions of years of very intensived utilisation.However the EA can be built economically,in a variety of siz...
Gold Nanoparticle Labels Amplify Ellipsometric Signals
Venkatasubbarao, Srivatsa
The ellipsometric method reported in the immediately preceding article was developed in conjunction with a method of using gold nanoparticles as labels on biomolecules that one seeks to detect. The purpose of the labeling is to exploit the optical properties of the gold nanoparticles in order to amplify the measurable ellipsometric effects and thereby to enable ultrasensitive detection of the labeled biomolecules without need to develop more-complex ellipsometric instrumentation. The colorimetric, polarization, light-scattering, and other optical properties of nanoparticles depend on their sizes and shapes. In the present method, these size-and-shape-dependent properties are used to magnify the polarization of scattered light and the diattenuation and retardance of signals derived from ellipsometry. The size-and-shape-dependent optical properties of the nanoparticles make it possible to interrogate the nanoparticles by use of light of various wavelengths, as appropriate, to optimally detect particles of a specific type at high sensitivity. Hence, by incorporating gold nanoparticles bound to biomolecules as primary or secondary labels, the performance of ellipsometry as a means of detecting the biomolecules can be improved. The use of gold nanoparticles as labels in ellipsometry has been found to afford sensitivity that equals or exceeds the sensitivity achieved by use of fluorescence-based methods. Potential applications for ellipsometric detection of gold nanoparticle-labeled biomolecules include monitoring molecules of interest in biological samples, in-vitro diagnostics, process monitoring, general environmental monitoring, and detection of biohazards.
Fishing amplifies forage fish population collapses
Essington, Timothy E.; Moriarty, Pamela E.; Froehlich, Halley E.; Hodgson, Emma E.; Koehn, Laura E.; Oken, Kiva L.; Siple, Margaret C.; Stawitz, Christine C.
Forage fish support the largest fisheries in the world but also play key roles in marine food webs by transferring energy from plankton to upper trophic-level predators, such as large fish, seabirds, and marine mammals. Fishing can, thereby, have far reaching consequences on marine food webs unless safeguards are in place to avoid depleting forage fish to dangerously low levels, where dependent predators are most vulnerable. However, disentangling the contributions of fishing vs. natural processes on population dynamics has been difficult because of the sensitivity of these stocks to environmental conditions. Here, we overcome this difficulty by collating population time series for forage fish populations that account for nearly two-thirds of global catch of forage fish to identify the fingerprint of fisheries on their population dynamics. Forage fish population collapses shared a set of common and unique characteristics: high fishing pressure for several years before collapse, a sharp drop in natural population productivity, and a lagged response to reduce fishing pressure. Lagged response to natural productivity declines can sharply amplify the magnitude of naturally occurring population fluctuations. Finally, we show that the magnitude and frequency of collapses are greater than expected from natural productivity characteristics and therefore, likely attributed to fishing. The durations of collapses, however, were not different from those expected based on natural productivity shifts. A risk-based management scheme that reduces fishing when populations become scarce would protect forage fish and their predators from collapse with little effect on long-term average catches. PMID:25848018
Implementation of envelope tracking for RF solid state amplifiers
Larter, Thomas Leigh
The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) is currently in its development stages at Michigan State University. The facility uses a large linear accelerator system to accelerate ionized particles which are then collided with other particles in the hopes of finding rare isotopes of elements. This accelerating action depends on several systems to function, with one of the major systems being superconducting cavity structures. These cavities are driven by high-power RF amplifiers which account for a large portion of the accelerator's power consumption. It is important to maximize the efficiency of these amplifiers in order to keep energy costs for the facility low. One of the ways to increase efficiency is to choose an amplifier topology that is highly efficient. A study was done for FRIB testing the prospect of using amplifiers with the envelope tracking (ET) topology. An amplifier's efficiency relies on its output power and the power supplied to it, which are in turn directly related to the output signal voltage and supply rail voltage. In an ET RF amplifier, the supply voltage is made to closely follow the envelope of the output signal voltage. This tracking action allows the RF amplifier to operate with much improved efficiency at low power levels and nearly constant efficiency at high power levels. The ET tests performed for FRIB attempted to verify the validity of ET efficiency gains for RF amplifiers. These tests included the characterization of an RF amplifier, development and verification of an ET control algorithm, and implementation of an ET test bench using FRIB equipment. These tests should attest to the purported increase in efficiency possible with ET and prove that the power consumption budget for the FRIB will benefit from the use of such amplifiers.
Direct solar-pumped iodine laser amplifier
Han, Kwang S.; Hwang, In Heon; Kim, Khong Hon; Stock, Larry V.
A XeCl laser pumped iodine laser oscillator was developed which will be incorporated into the Master Oscillator Power Amplifier (MOPA) system. The developed XeCl laser produces output energy of about 60 mJ per pulse. The pulse duration was about 10 nsec. The kinetic model for the solar-pumped laser was refined and the algorithm for the calculation of a set of rate equations was improved to increase the accuracy and the efficiency of the calculation. The improved algorithm was applied to explain the existing experimental data taken from a flashlamp pumped iodine laser for three kinds of lasants, i-C3F7I, n-C4F9I, and t-C4F9I. Various solid laser materials were evaluated for solar-pumping. The materials studied were Nd:YAG, Nd:YLF, and Cr:Nd:GSGG crystals. The slope efficiency of 0.17 percent was measured for the Nd:YLF near the threshold pump intensity which was 211 solar constants (29W/sq cm). The threshold pump intensity of the Nd:YAG was measured to be 236 solar constants (32W/sq cm) and the near-threshold slope efficiency was 0.12 percent. True CW laser operation of Cr:Nd:GSGG was possible only at pump intensities less than or equal to 1,500 solar constants (203 W/sq cm). This fact was attributed to the high thermal focusing effect of the Cr:Nd:GSGG rod.
Ambient temperature cadmium zinc telluride radiation detector and amplifier circuit
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A low noise, low power consumption, compact, ambient temperature signal amplifier for a Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) radiation detector is disclosed. The amplifier can be used within a larger system (e.g., including a multi-channel analyzer) to allow isotopic analysis of radionuclides in the field. In one embodiment, the circuit stages of the low power, low noise amplifier are constructed using integrated circuit (IC) amplifiers , rather than discrete components, and include a very low noise, high gain, high bandwidth dual part preamplification stage, an amplification stage, and an filter stage. The low noise, low power consumption, compact, ambient temperature amplifier enables the CZT detector to achieve both the efficiency required to determine the presence of radionuclides and the resolution necessary to perform isotopic analysis to perform nuclear material identification. The present low noise, low power, compact, ambient temperature amplifier enables a CZT detector to achieve resolution of less than 3% full width at half maximum at 122 keV for a Cobalt-57 isotope source. By using IC circuits and using only a single 12 volt supply and ground, the novel amplifier provides significant power savings and is well suited for prolonged portable in-field use and does not require heavy, bulky power supply components. 9 figs
A modular positive feedback-based gene amplifier
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Bhalerao Kaustubh D
Full Text Available Abstract Background Positive feedback is a common mechanism used in the regulation of many gene circuits as it can amplify the response to inducers and also generate binary outputs and hysteresis. In the context of electrical circuit design, positive feedback is often considered in the design of amplifiers. Similar approaches, therefore, may be used for the design of amplifiers in synthetic gene circuits with applications, for example, in cell-based sensors. Results We developed a modular positive feedback circuit that can function as a genetic signal amplifier, heightening the sensitivity to inducer signals as well as increasing maximum expression levels without the need for an external cofactor. The design utilizes a constitutively active, autoinducer-independent variant of the quorum-sensing regulator LuxR. We experimentally tested the ability of the positive feedback module to separately amplify the output of a one-component tetracycline sensor and a two-component aspartate sensor. In each case, the positive feedback module amplified the response to the respective inducers, both with regards to the dynamic range and sensitivity. Conclusions The advantage of our design is that the actual feedback mechanism depends only on a single gene and does not require any other modulation. Furthermore, this circuit can amplify any transcriptional signal, not just one encoded within the circuit or tuned by an external inducer. As our design is modular, it can potentially be used as a component in the design of more complex synthetic gene circuits.
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Optimization and Performance Analysis of Bulk-Driven Differential Amplifier
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Antarpreet kaur
Full Text Available In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for high-speed digital circuits at low power consumption. This paper presents a design of input stage of Operational Amplifier i.e cascode differential amplifier using a standard 65nm CMOS Technology.A comparison betweem gate-driven, bulk-driven and cascode bulk driven bulk-driven differential amplifier is described. The Results demonstrate that CMMR is 83.98 dB, 3-dB Bandwidth is 1.04 MHz. The circuit dissipate power of 28uWunder single supply of 1.0V.
Amplifier circuit operable over a wide temperature range
Kelly, Ronald D.; Cannon, William L.
An amplifier circuit having stable performance characteristics over a wide temperature range from approximately 0.degree. C up to as high as approximately 500.degree. C, such as might be encountered in a geothermal borehole. The amplifier utilizes ceramic vacuum tubes connected in directly coupled differential amplifier pairs having a common power supply and a cathode follower output stage. In an alternate embodiment, for operation up to 500.degree. C, positive and negative power supplies are utilized to provide improved gain characteristics, and all electrical connections are made by welding. Resistor elements in this version of the invention are specially heat treated to improve their stability with temperature.
Class-D audio amplifiers with negative feedback
Cox, Stephen M.; Candy, B. H.
There are many different designs for audio amplifiers. Class-D, or switching, amplifiers generate their output signal in the form of a high-frequency square wave of variable duty cycle (ratio of on time to off time). The square-wave nature of the output allows a particularly efficient output stage, with minimal losses. The output is ultimately filtered to remove components of the spectrum above the audio range. Mathematical models are derived here for a variety of related class-D amplifier d...
FDML swept source at 1060 nm using a tapered amplifier
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Marschall, Sebastian; Klein, Thomas; Wieser, Wolfgang;
We present a novel frequency-swept light source working at 1060nm that utilizes a tapered amplifier as gain medium. These devices feature significantly higher saturation power than conventional semiconductor optical amplifiers and can thus improve the limited output power of swept sources...... in this wavelength range. We demonstrate that a tapered amplifier can be integrated into a fiber-based swept source and allows for high-speed FDML operation. The developed light source operates at a sweep rate of 116kHz with an effective average output power in excess of 30mW. With a total sweep range of 70 nm...
Design procedure for optimizing CMOS low noise operational amplifiers
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Li Zhiyuan; Ye Yizheng; Ma Jianguo
This paper presents and experimentally verifies an optimized design procedure for a CMOS low noise operational amplifier.The design procedure focuses on the noise performance,which is the key requirement for low noise operational amplifiers.Based on the noise level and other specifications such as bandwidth,signal swing,slew rate,and power consumption,the device sizes and the biasing conditions are derived.In order to verify the proposed design procedure,a three-stage operational amplifier has been designed.The device parameters obtained from the proposed design procedure closely agree with the simulated results obtained by using HSPICE.
MMIC DHBT Common-Base Amplifier for 172 GHz
Paidi, Vamsi; Griffith, Zack; Wei, Yun; Dahlstrom, Mttias; Urteaga, Miguel; Rodwell, Mark; Samoska, Lorene; Fung, King Man; Schlecht, Erich
Figure 1 shows a single-stage monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) power amplifier in which the gain element is a double-heterojunction bipolar transistor (DHBT) connected in common-base configuration. This amplifier, which has been demonstrated to function well at a frequency of 172 GHz, is part of a continuing effort to develop compact, efficient amplifiers for scientific instrumentation, wide-band communication systems, and radar systems that will operate at frequencies up to and beyond 180 GHz. The transistor is fabricated from a layered structure formed by molecular beam epitaxy in the InP/InGaAs material system. A highly doped InGaAs base layer and a collector layer are fabricated from the layered structure in a triple mesa process. The transistor includes two separate emitter fingers, each having dimensions of 0.8 by 12 m. The common-base configuration was chosen for its high maximum stable gain in the frequency band of interest. The input-matching network is designed for high bandwidth. The output of the transistor is matched to a load line for maximum saturated output power under large-signal conditions, rather than being matched for maximum gain under small-signal conditions. In a test at a frequency of 172 GHz, the amplifier was found to generate an output power of 7.5 mW, with approximately 5 dB of large-signal gain (see Figure 2). Moreover, the amplifier exhibited a peak small-signal gain of 7 dB at a frequency of 176 GHz. This performance of this MMIC single-stage amplifier containing only a single transistor represents a significant advance in the state of the art, in that it rivals the 170-GHz performance of a prior MMIC three-stage, four-transistor amplifier. [The prior amplifier was reported in "MMIC HEMT Power Amplifier for 140 to 170 GHz" (NPO-30127), NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 27, No. 11 (November 2003), page 49.] This amplifier is the first heterojunction- bipolar-transistor (HBT) amplifier built for medium power operation in this
120 nm Bandwidth Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifier
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
姜淳; 曾庆济; 肖石林
A new dual band erbium-doped fiber amplifier configuration that provides 120 nm of optical bandwidth is simulated. This configuration employs a split-band architecture in which optical signals are splitted using a 1550/1610 nm port filter into two independent sub-bands which then pass in parallel through separate branches of the optical amplifier. Each branch may be optimized for the sub-band that traverses it. The independent sub-bands are combined and flattened before output, resulting in a 120 nm bandwidth gain-flattened optical amplifier.
Influence of mode competition on beam quality of fiber amplifier
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Theoretical and experimental studies of the influence of the mode competition on the output beam quality of fiber amplifiers are presented. Rate equations and modal decomposition method are used in the theoretical model. In the experiment, the output beam-quality factor of a fiber amplifier, which is based on a Yb-doped double-clad large mode area fiber as a function of the seed beam quality and the pump power of the amplifier, is measured. The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical analysis. (electromagnetism, optics, acoustics, heat transfer, classical mechanics, and fluid dynamics)
Genetic variation in hemp and marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.) according to amplified fragment length polymorphisms.
Datwyler, Shannon L; Weiblen, George D
Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae) is one of the earliest known cultivated plants and is important in the global economy today as a licit and an illicit crop. Molecular markers distinguishing licit and illicit cultivars have forensic utility, but no direct comparison of hemp and marijuana amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) has been made to date. Genetic variation was surveyed in three populations of fiber hemp and a potent cultivar of marijuana using AFLP markers. Ten primer pairs yielded 1206 bands, of which 88% were polymorphic. Eighteen bands represented fixed differences between all fiber populations and the drug cultivar. These markers have practical utility for (1) establishing conspiracy in the cultivation and distribution of marijuana, (2) identifying geographic sources of seized drugs, and (3) discriminating illegal, potent marijuana cultivars from hemp where the cultivation of industrial hemp is permitted.
Kerec Kos, Mojca
In the management of pain analgesic drugs are chosen regarding the intensity and type of pain. The selection of analgesic drug depends on pharmacokinetic properties of the drug and available pharmaceutical dosage forms. Beside non-opioid analgesics (non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, acetaminophen), opioid analgesic drugs have an important role in the treatment of pain. Pri zdravljenju bolečine izberemo analgetik glede na jakost in vrsto bolečine. Na izbiro ustreznega analgetika vplivaj...
Amplified spontaneous emission spectrum at the output of a diode amplifier saturated by an input monochromatic wave
Bogatov, A. P.; Drakin, A. E.; D'yachkov, N. V.; Gushchik, T. I.
Expressions for the amplitudes of amplified spontaneous emission waves in a diode amplifier near the frequency ω0 of a 'strong' input monochromatic wave have been derived in terms of a random function of a stationary Gaussian process. We have found expressions for the spectral density of the amplitudes and shown that, on the red side of the spectrum with respect to frequency ω0, spontaneous emission waves obtain additional nonlinear gain, induced by the strong wave, whereas on the blue side of the spectrum an additional loss is induced. Such behaviour of the amplitudes of amplified waves agrees with previous results.
A Doherty Amplifier with Envelope Tracking Technique and DSP for High Efficiency
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ambar Saxena
Full Text Available A Doherty amplifier employing input signal envelope tracking technique. In the amplifier, gate bias of peaking amplifier is controlled according to the magnitude of the envelope. The performance of the microwave Doherty amplifier has been compared with class AB amplifier. DSP is used to dynamically adjust the gate bias of the auxiliary (peaking amplifier at the rate of the signal envelope to obtain gain flatness. DSP is used as a digital predistortor to improve the overall linearity and efficiency.
Design And Construction Of 300W Audio Power Amplifier For Classroom
Shune Lei Aung; Kyaw Soe Lwin and Hla Myo Tun
Abstract This paper describes the design and construction of 300W audio power amplifier for classroom. In the construction of this amplifier microphone preamplifier tone preamplifier equalizer line amplifier output power amplifier and sound level indicator are included. The output power amplifier is designed as O.C.L system and constructed by using Class B among many types of amplifier classes. There are two types in O.C.L system quasi system and complementary system. Between them the comple...
Hearing Aids and Personal Sound Amplifiers: Know the Difference
... For Consumers Home For Consumers Consumer Updates Hearing Aids and Personal Sound Amplifiers: Know the Difference Share ... or use them as substitutes—for approved hearing aids. "Hearing aids and personal sound amplification products (PSAPS) ...
1.55 Micron High Peak Power Fiber Amplifier Project
National Aeronautics and Space Administration — In this proposal, we propose to demonstrate and build a 1.55 micron single frequency high energy and high peak power fiber amplifier by developing an innovative...
Magnetic Bearing Amplifier Output Power Filters for Flywheel Systems
Lebron-Velilla, Ramon C.; Jansen, Ralph H.; Palazzolo, Alan; Thomas, Erwin; Kascak, Peter E.; Birchenough, Arthur G.; Dever, Timothy P.
Five power filters and two types of power amplifiers were tested for use with active magnetic bearings for flywheel applications. Filter topologies included low pass filters and low pass filters combined with trap filters at the PWM switching frequency. Two state and three state PWM amplifiers were compared. Each system was evaluated based on current magnitude at the switching frequency, voltage magnitude at 500 kHz, and power consumption. The base line system was a two state amplifier without a power filter. The recommended system is a three state power amplifier with a 50 kHz low pass filter and a 27 kHz trap filter. This system uses 5.57 W. It reduces the switching current by an order of magnitude and the 500 kHz voltage by two orders of magnitude. The relative power consumption varied depending on the test condition between 60 to 130 percent of the baseline.
High current density nanofilament cathodes for microwave amplifiers
Schnell, J-P.; Minoux, E.; Gangloff, L.; Vincent, P.; Legagneux, P.; Dieumegard, D.; David, J.-F.; Peauger, F.; Hudanski, L.; Teo, K.B.K.; Lacerda, R.; Chhowalla, M.; Hasko, D.G.; Ahmed, H.; Amaratunga, G.A.J.; Milne, W.I.; Vila, L.; Dauginet-De Pra, L.; Demoustier-Champagne, S.; Ferain, E.; Legras, R.; Piraux, L.; Gröening, O.; Raedt, H. De; Michielsen, K.
We study high current density nanofilament cathodes for microwave amplifiers. Two different types of aligned nanofilament array have been studied: first, metallic nanowires grown by electrodeposition into nanoporous templates at very low temperature (T
Linear and nonlinear analysis of high-power rf amplifiers
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
After a survey of the state variable analysis method the final amplifier for the CBA is analyzed taking into account the real beam waveshape. An empirical method for checking the stability of a non-linear system is also considered
Experimental examinations of semiconductor laser amplifiers for optical communication technology
Ludwig, Reinhold
Properties of SLA (Semiconductor Laser Amplifier), which are particularly interesting for application to linear repeaters in coherent multichannel systems, are studied and design rules for future optimized amplifier structure are deduced. Laser diode antireflection was examined and reflection factor was measured. Low signal properties were discussed considering injection current, wavelengths, temperature and polarization. The coupling between amplifiers and glass fibers was examined. The utilization of cascade amplifiers as linear repeaters in multichannel heterodyne systems and television distribution systems was investigatied. The following results are obtained: measurement and calculation of the paradiaphony between two signals radiated in a SLA; multichannel data transfer through a SLA; polarization independent amplification with SLA configurations; measurement of the frequency dependence of four wave mixing sidelines in a SLA; measurement of the system degradation through echoes in a bidirectional SLA chain; data transmission with frequency conversion and calculation of multichannel transmission systems with cascade SLA, taking into account saturation, signal to noise ratio, bandwidth reduction and echo.
Gain Variation with Raman Amplifier Parameters and Its Restoration
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Zhaohui Li; Chao Lu; Jian Chen
We demonstrate that gain profile of a distributed Raman amplifier is sensitive to its parameter variation, such as loss/gain coefficients change or partial pump failure. Gain flatness can be restored by adjusting power of pump lasers.
Fiber amplifiers under thermal loads leading to transverse mode instability
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Johansen, Mette Marie; Hansen, Kristian Rymann; Alkeskjold, Thomas Tanggaard;
Transverse mode instability (TMI) in rare-earth doped fiber amplifiers operating above an average power threshold is caused by intermodal stimulated thermal Rayleigh scattering due to quantum defect heating. We investigate thermally induced longitudinal waveguide perturbations causing power trans...
On the unlimited gain of a nonlinear parametric amplifier
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Sorokin, Vladislav
The present paper is concerned with analysis of the response of a nonlinear parametric amplifier in abroad range of system parameters, particularly beyond resonance. Such analysis is of particular interestfor micro- and nanosystems, since many small-scale parametric amplifiers exhibit a distinctly...... nonlinearbehavior when amplitude of their response is sufficiently large. The modified method of direct separa-tion of motions is employed to study the considered system. As the result it is obtained that steady-stateamplitude of the nonlinear parametric amplifier response can reach large values in the case...... of arbitrarilysmall amplitude of external excitation, so that the amplifier gain tends to infinity. Very large amplifiergain can be achieved in a broad range of system parameters, in particular when the amplitude of para-metric excitation is comparatively small. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that very...
Compression of chirp pulses from a femtosecond fiber based amplifier
Ito, Rumi; Takiuchi, Ken-ichi; Tei, Kazuyoku; Yamaguchi, Shigeru; Enokidani, Jyun; Sumida, Shin
We demonstrate a single mode fiber based master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) with a single polarization and a fully monolithic design. We have built a passive mode-locked polarization maintaining Yb doped fiber as the master oscillator contains a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror and a chirped fiber Bragg grating for the dispersion management. The net intracavity dispersion was managed to be slightly anomalous. The oscillator generates the 150 fs (sech2) pulses at the center wavelength of 1065 nm, and the repetition rate of 42 MHz. The oscillator output was amplified to 1.4 W from 80 mW in the single stage fiber amplifier which results in pulse shape distortion. The pulse shaping with a band pass filter and a compressor was applied to the amplified pulses. The shaping pulses have the pulse width of 90 fs and the pulse energy of 16 nJ.
Substance use - prescription drugs
Substance use disorder - prescription drugs; Substance abuse - prescription drugs; Drug abuse - prescription drugs; Drug use - prescription drugs; Narcotics - substance use; Opioid - substance use; Sedative - substance use; Hypnotic - substance ...
Thermally induced nonlinear mode coupling in high power fiber amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Johansen, Mette Marie; Hansen, Kristian Rymann; Alkeskjold, Thomas T.;
Thermally induced nonlinear mode coupling leads to transverse mode instability (TMI) in high power fiber amplifiers. A numerical model including altering mode profiles from thermal effects and waveguide perturbations predicts a TMI threshold of ~200W.......Thermally induced nonlinear mode coupling leads to transverse mode instability (TMI) in high power fiber amplifiers. A numerical model including altering mode profiles from thermal effects and waveguide perturbations predicts a TMI threshold of ~200W....
Calibration setup for ultralow-current transresistance amplifiers
Finardi, Ilaria
We describe a calibration setup for the transresistance of low-current amplifiers, based on the capacitance-charging method. The calibration can be performed in the current range of typical interest for electron counting experiments. The setup implementation is simple and rugged, and is suitable to be embedded in larger experiments where the amplifier is employed. The calibration is traceable to units of capacitance and of time. The base relative accuracy of the implementation is in the 10^-5 range.
Distributed Mode Filtering Rod Fiber Amplifier With Improved Mode Stability
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Laurila, Marko; Alkeskjold, Thomas Tanggaard; Broeng, Jes;
We report 216W of average output power from a photonic crystal rod fiber amplifier. We demonstrate 44% power improvement before onset of the mode instability by operating the rod fiber in a leaky guiding regime.......We report 216W of average output power from a photonic crystal rod fiber amplifier. We demonstrate 44% power improvement before onset of the mode instability by operating the rod fiber in a leaky guiding regime....
Ultrafast optical signal processing using semiconductor quantum dot amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Berg, Tommy Winther; Mørk, Jesper
The linear and nonlinear properties of quantum dot amplifiers are discussed on the basis of an extensive theoretical model. These devices show great potential for linear amplification as well as ultrafast signal processing.......The linear and nonlinear properties of quantum dot amplifiers are discussed on the basis of an extensive theoretical model. These devices show great potential for linear amplification as well as ultrafast signal processing....
On the effect of time delays in negative feedback amplifiers
Alves, L. N.; Aguiar, R. L.
Time delays are intrinsic to all existing devices and circuits. For the majority of applications, time delays are so small that their effects can be disregarded. However, when considering feedback amplifiers, depending on open-loop poles and loop gain, the effect of a small time delay inside the feedback path may turn to be of considerable importance. This paper analyzes the frequency response effects associated with time delays in feedback amplifiers, exploiting these effects to achieve band...
On the dual symmetry between absorbing and amplifying random media
Indian Academy of Sciences (India)
S Anantha Ramakrishna
We re-examine the dual symmetry between absorbing and amplifying random media. By analysing the physically allowed choice of the sign of the square root to determine the complex wave vector in a medium, we draw a broad set of conclusions that enables us to resolve the apparent paradox of the dual symmetry and also to anticipate the large local electromagnetic field enhancements in amplifying random media.
S. K. Behera; D. R. Poddar; Mishra, R K
This paper presents a sequentially fed balanced amplifying antenna that exhibits circularly polarized radiation. The inherent benefits of good isolation between input and output ports as well as improved matching capabilities of balanced amplifiers provide overall system gain of 8 dBi at frequency 2.36GHz. The planar arrangement of the patch antenna elements are considered to form an array. The phase of the feeding in the array increases progressively from 00 to 2700.Each element in the array...
Optical parametric amplifier pumped by two mutually incoherent laser beams
Tamošauskas, G.; Dubietis, A.; Valiulis, G.; Piskarskas, A.
We report on the experimental proof-of-principle demonstration of the ultrashort pulse single-pass beta-barium borate, BBO optical parametric amplifier pumped by two mutually incoherent laser sources. We show that the amplified signal at 1054 nm gains energy from both pump pulses with wavelengths of 680 and 527 nm, respectively, with overall energy conversion of 36%, and exhibits low wavefront distortions and improved energy stability in the gain saturation regime.
Thermal Effects in High-Power Fiber Amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hansen, Kristian Rymann; Lægsgaard, Jesper
The effect of temperature gradients in Yb-doped fiber amplifiers is studied numerically. We investigate the dependence of the mode area on the signal power, and compare forward and backward pumping schemes.......The effect of temperature gradients in Yb-doped fiber amplifiers is studied numerically. We investigate the dependence of the mode area on the signal power, and compare forward and backward pumping schemes....
An amplifier for VUV photomultiplier operating in cryogenic environment
Arneodo, F.; Benabderrahmane, M. L.; Dahal, S.; Di Giovanni, A.; d`Inzeo, M.; Franchi, G.; Pazos Clemens, L.
We present the characterisation of an amplifier potentially interesting for noble liquid detectors. The design has been conceived considering the requirements of low power consumption (less than 30 mW), low noise, amplification factor of 10 at 100 MHz and use of commercial components. The amplifier has been integrated onto an electronic board with a voltage divider to operate an Hamamatsu R11410 photomultiplier tube (used in XENON1T, Aprile et al. (2014) [1] dark matter experiment).
Behavioral modeling and linearization of RF power amplifiers
Wood, John
Wireless voice and data communications have made great improvements, with connectivity now virtually ubiquitous. Users are demanding essentially perfect transmission and reception of voice and data. The infrastructure that supports this wide connectivity and nearly error-free delivery of information is complex, costly, and continually being improved.This resource describes the mathematical methods and practical implementations of linearization techniques for RF power amplifiers for mobile communications. This includes a review of RF power amplifier design for high efficiency operation. Readers
Design of low noise transimpedance amplifier for intravascular ultrasound
Reda, Dina
In this paper, we study transimpedance amplifiers for capacitive sensing applications with a focus on Intravascular Ultra Sound (IVUS). We employ RF noise cancellation technique on capacitive feedback based transimpedance amplifiers. This technique eliminates the input-referred noise of TIAs completely and enhances the dynamic range of front-end electronics. Simulation results verify the proposed technique used in two different TIA topologies employing shunt-shunt feedback. ©2009 IEEE.
Ferrite bead effect on Class-D amplifier audio quality
Haddad, Kevin El; Mrad, Roberto; Morel, Florent; Pillonnet, Gael; Vollaire, Christian; Nagari, Angelo
International audience This paper studies the effect of ferrite beads on the audio quality of Class-D audio amplifiers. This latter is a switch-ing circuit which creates high frequency harmonics. Generally, a filter is used at the amplifier output for the sake of electro-magnetic compatibility (EMC). So often, in integrated solutions, this filter contains ferrite beads which are magnetic components and present nonlinear behavior. Time domain measurements and their equivalence in frequency ...
Characterization of a multimode coplanar waveguide parametric amplifier
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Simoen, M., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Krantz, P.; Bylander, Jonas; Shumeiko, V.; Delsing, P. [Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg SE-412 96 (Sweden); Chang, C. W. S.; Wilson, C. M. [Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 (Canada); Wustmann, W. [Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg SE-412 96 (Sweden); Laboratory for Physical Sciences, College Park, Maryland 20740 (United States)
We characterize a Josephson parametric amplifier based on a flux-tunable quarter-wavelength resonator. The fundamental resonance frequency is ∼1 GHz, but we use higher modes of the resonator for our measurements. An on-chip tuning line allows for magnetic flux pumping of the amplifier. We investigate and compare degenerate parametric amplification, involving a single mode, and nondegenerate parametric amplification, using a pair of modes. We show that we reach quantum-limited noise performance in both cases.
Design And Construction Of 300W Audio Power Amplifier For Classroom
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Shune Lei Aung
Full Text Available Abstract This paper describes the design and construction of 300W audio power amplifier for classroom. In the construction of this amplifier microphone preamplifier tone preamplifier equalizer line amplifier output power amplifier and sound level indicator are included. The output power amplifier is designed as O.C.L system and constructed by using Class B among many types of amplifier classes. There are two types in O.C.L system quasi system and complementary system. Between them the complementary system is used in the construction of 300W audio power amplifier. The Multisim software is utilized for the construction of audio power amplifier.
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
This papenr deals with internally generated noise of bioelectric amplifiers that are usually used for processing of bioelectric events.The main purpose of this paper is to present a procedure for analysis of the effects of internal noise generated by the active circuits and to evaluate the output noise of the author's new designed bioelectric amplifier that caused by internal effects to the amplifier circuit itself in order to compare it with the noise generated by conventional amplifiers.The obtained analysis results of internally generated noise showed that the total output noise of bioelectric active circuits does not increase when some of their resitors have a larger value.This behavior is caused by the different transfer functions for the signal and the respective noise sources associated with these resistors.Moreover,the new designed bioelectric amplifier haws an output noise less than that for conventional amplifiers.The obtained analysis results were also experimentally verified and the final conclusions were drawn.
Frequency-Offset Cartesian Feedback Based on Polyphase Difference Amplifiers.
Zanchi, Marta G; Pauly, John M; Scott, Greig C
A modified Cartesian feedback method called "frequency-offset Cartesian feedback" and based on polyphase difference amplifiers is described that significantly reduces the problems associated with quadrature errors and DC-offsets in classic Cartesian feedback power amplifier control systems.In this method, the reference input and feedback signals are down-converted and compared at a low intermediate frequency (IF) instead of at DC. The polyphase difference amplifiers create a complex control bandwidth centered at this low IF, which is typically offset from DC by 200-1500 kHz. Consequently, the loop gain peak does not overlap DC where voltage offsets, drift, and local oscillator leakage create errors. Moreover, quadrature mismatch errors are significantly attenuated in the control bandwidth. Since the polyphase amplifiers selectively amplify the complex signals characterized by a +90° phase relationship representing positive frequency signals, the control system operates somewhat like single sideband (SSB) modulation. However, the approach still allows the same modulation bandwidth control as classic Cartesian feedback.In this paper, the behavior of the polyphase difference amplifier is described through both the results of simulations, based on a theoretical analysis of their architecture, and experiments. We then describe our first printed circuit board prototype of a frequency-offset Cartesian feedback transmitter and its performance in open and closed loop configuration. This approach should be especially useful in magnetic resonance imaging transmit array systems. PMID:20814450
Coherence optimization of vertical-cavity semiconductor optical amplifiers
Sanchez, Michael; Wen, Pengyue; Gross, Matthias; Kibar, Osman; Esener, Sadik C.
Vertical cavity semiconductor optical amplifiers (VCSOAs) are attractive devices for use in coherent optical amplification, especially where 2-D amplifier arrays are required. However, the coherence preservation quality of a VCSOA depends strongly on the bias condition, resonant wavelength mismatch, and the optical input power level. We characterize the coherence degree of a VCSOA as a function of these parameters by measuring interference fringe visibility with an interferometer. The dominant factors influencing the contrast of the fringes are the ratio of coherent, stimulated emission photons to amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) photons, and the spectral distortion of the amplified signal. Mostly, the overall gain and the saturation characteristic of the amplifier determine the ratio of stimulated emission to ASE. The spectral distortion of the signal is due to the narrow gain window of the VCSOA, but the effect significantly degrades the visibility only for relatively large wavelength mismatch from the gain peak. Analytic expressions may be used to identify the optimal bias current and optical input power to maximize the amplifier gain and visibility of the interference.
Improving Students' Understanding of Lock-In Amplifiers
DeVore, Seth; Gauthier, Alexandre; Levy, Jeremy; Chandralekha, Singh
A lock-in amplifier is a versatile instrument frequently used in physics research. However, many students struggle with the basic operating principles of a lock-in amplifier which can lead to a variety of difficulties. To improve students' understanding, we have been developing and evaluating a research-based tutorial which makes use of a computer simulation of a lock-in amplifier. The tutorial is based on a field-tested approach in which students realize their difficulties after predicting the outcome of simulated experiments involving a lock-in amplifier and check their predictions using the simulated lock-in amplifier. Then, the tutorial guides and helps students develop a coherent understanding of the basics of a lock-in amplifier. The tutorial development involved interviews with physics faculty members and graduate students and iteration of many versions of the tutorial with professors and graduate students. The student difficulties and the development and assessment of the research-based tutorial are discussed. We thank National Science Foundation for award NSF-1124131.
Improving Students' Understanding of Lock-in Amplifiers
DeVore, Seth; Levy, Jeremy; Singh, Chandralekha
A lock-in amplifier is a versatile instrument frequently used in physics research. However, many students struggle with the basic operating principles of a lock-in amplifier which can lead to a variety of difficulties. To improve students' understanding, we have been developing and evaluating a research-based tutorial which makes use of a computer simulation of a lock-in amplifier. The tutorial is based on a field-tested approach in which students realize their difficulties after predicting the outcome of simulated experiments involving a lock-in amplifier and check their predictions using the simulated lock-in amplifier. Then, the tutorial guides and helps students develop a coherent understanding of the basics of a lock-in amplifier. The tutorial development involved interviews with physics faculty members and graduate students and iteration of many versions of the tutorial with professors and graduate students. The student difficulties and the development and assessment of the research-based tutorial are d...
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Justinova, Zuzana; Panlilio, Leigh V; Goldberg, Steven R.
Many drugs of abuse, including cannabinoids, opioids, alcohol and nicotine, can alter the levels of endocannabinoids in the brain. Recent studies show that release of endocannabinoids in the ventral tegmental area can modulate the reward-related effects of dopamine and might therefore be an important neurobiological mechanism underlying drug addiction. There is strong evidence that the endocannabinoid system is involved in drug-seeking behavior (especially behavior that is reinforced by drug-...
Poisal, John A.
The following commentary unites a collection of articles primarily concerned with prescription drug issues in Medicaid. It also features highlights from a piece outlining Australia's pharmaceutical delivery system. Specifically, in this issue, you will find comprehensive analyses of drug expenditure trends, issues regarding access to pharmaceuticals in Medicaid, and an evaluation of ongoing generic drug cost-containment programs.
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Rare Earth Doped Fiber Amplifiers for the First Telecommunication Window
Sridhar, Balakrishnan
A complete experimental and theoretical study of rare earth doped fiber-optic amplifiers for the first tele-communication window has been made. The thulium doped fluoride fiber amplifier is shown to provide amplification in the 800nm-820nm signal region. A complete steady state theoretical model has been presented and the model has been experimentally verified. The model predicts the gain, noise figure and the amplified spontaneous emission in the 800nm, 1470nm, 1900nm and 2300nm bands. The effect of population trapping at the ^3F_4 energy level of thulium ion is also shown with the help of the model. It has been shown that about 5 -15%o of the population is trapped at the ^3F _4 energy level. We have also shown theoretically, the expected gain and noise performance of Thulium doped fluoride fiber amplifiers pumped in the 680nm absorption band. The maximum gain at 806nm is slightly lower than with comparable 780 nm pumping. The gain bandwidth is however found to increase with 680nm pumping. The higher ASE at shorter wavelengths (flouride fiber amplifier in the 850nm signal band for the first time. The amplification is through an up-conversion process. The erbium doped flouride fiber amplifier was pumped with an estimated pump power of 35mW at 792nm. We have also considered a theoretical model for a single mode erbium doped fluoride fiber amplifier. Efficient amplification occurs because of the strong excited state absorption at the pump wavelength from the ^4I_{13/2} energy level.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Warrington Richard
Full Text Available Abstract Drug allergy encompasses a spectrum of immunologically-mediated hypersensitivity reactions with varying mechanisms and clinical presentations. This type of adverse drug reaction (ADR not only affects patient quality of life, but may also lead to delayed treatment, unnecessary investigations, and even mortality. Given the myriad of symptoms associated with the condition, diagnosis is often challenging. Therefore, referral to an allergist experienced in the identification, diagnosis and management of drug allergy is recommended if a drug-induced allergic reaction is suspected. Diagnosis relies on a careful history and physical examination. In some instances, skin testing, graded challenges and induction of drug tolerance procedures may be required. The most effective strategy for the management of drug allergy is avoidance or discontinuation of the offending drug. When available, alternative medications with unrelated chemical structures should be substituted. Cross-reactivity among drugs should be taken into consideration when choosing alternative agents. Additional therapy for drug hypersensitivity reactions is largely supportive and may include topical corticosteroids, oral antihistamines and, in severe cases, systemic corticosteroids. In the event of anaphylaxis, the treatment of choice is injectable epinephrine. If a particular drug to which the patient is allergic is indicated and there is no suitable alternative, induction of drug tolerance procedures may be considered to induce temporary tolerance to the drug. This article provides a backgrounder on drug allergy and strategies for the diagnosis and management of some of the most common drug-induced allergic reactions, such allergies to penicillin, sulfonamides, cephalosporins, radiocontrast media, local anesthetics, general anesthetics, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Design of A Microwave Amplifier for Wireless Application
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
M. H. Ullah
Full Text Available Problem statement: Low-Noise Amplifiers (LNA are very indispensable components in the design of numerous types of communication receivers employed in microwave technology. This paper is presents the design and development of low bias(Vce = 8v, Ic =10 mA single stage low noise microwave amplifier operating in 1.5GHZ frequency range, Gain 13dB ± 0.5dB, input/output return loss Approach: The principal design target is to obtain a minimum noise figure while concomitantly achieving a maximum gain by presenting the optimum noise impedance (Zopt which is characteristically implemented by adding a matching circuit between the source and the input of the amplifier. Results: The proposed low-noise amplifier for microwave wireless application is designed, simulated and optimized using Serenade Harmonica (by Ansoft Corporation and Advance Design System (ADS software by Agilent. Conclusion: In this paper a low-noise amplifier operated at 1.5 GHz. is designed because of the significant roles played in the field of microwave communication technology, which includes the application in the output stage of a transmitter where the signals needs to be strengthen before transmission.
Residual phase noise modeling of amplifiers using silicon bipolar transistors.
Theodoropoulos, Konstantinos; Everard, Jeremy
In this paper, we describe the modeling of residual 1/f phase noise for Si bipolar amplifiers operating in the linear region. We propose that for Si bipolar amplifiers, the 1/f phase noise is largely caused by the base emitter recombination flicker noise. The up-conversion mechanism is described through linear approximation of the phase variation of the amplifier phase response by the variation of the device parameters (C(b)c, C(be), g(m), r(e)) caused by the recombination 1/f noise. The amplifier phase response describes the device over the whole frequency range of operation for which the influence of the poles and zeros is investigated. It is found that for a common emitter amplifier it is sufficient to only incorporate the effect of the device poles to describe the phase noise behavior over most of its operational frequency range. Simulations predict the measurements of others, including the flattening of the PM noise at frequencies beyond f(3dB), not predicted by previous models.
A fully integrated neural recording amplifier with DC input stabilization.
Mohseni, Pedram; Najafi, Khalil
This paper presents a low-power low-noise fully integrated bandpass operational amplifier for a variety of biomedical neural recording applications. A standard two-stage CMOS amplifier in a closed-loop resistive feedback configuration provides a stable ac gain of 39.3 dB at 1 kHz. A subthreshold PMOS input transistor is utilized to clamp the large and random dc open circuit potentials that normally exist at the electrode-electrolyte interface. The low cutoff frequency of the amplifier is programmable up to 50 Hz, while its high cutoff frequency is measured to be 9.1 kHz. The tolerable dc input range is measured to be at least +/- 0.25 V with a dc rejection factor of at least 29 dB. The amplifier occupies 0.107 mm2 in die area, and dissipates 115 microW from a 3 V power supply. The total measured input-referred noise voltage in the frequency range of 0.1-10 kHz is 7.8 microVrms. It is fabricated using AMI 1.5 microm double-poly double-metal n-well CMOS process. This paper presents full characterization of the dc, ac, and noise performance of this amplifier through in vitro measurements in saline using two different neural recording electrodes. PMID:15132510
Power neodymium-glass amplifier of a repetitively pulsed laser
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Vinogradov, Aleksandr V; Gaganov, V E; Garanin, Sergey G; Zhidkov, N V; Krotov, V A; Martynenko, S P; Pozdnyakov, E V; Solomatin, I I [Russian Federal Nuclear Center ' All-Russian Research Institute of Experimental Physics' , Sarov, Nizhnii Novgorod region (Russian Federation)
A neodymium-glass diode-pumped amplifier with a zigzag laser beam propagation through the active medium was elaborated; the amplifier is intended for operation in a repetitively pulsed laser. An amplifier unit with an aperture of 20 Multiplication-Sign 25 mm and a {approx}40-cm long active medium was put to a test. The energy of pump radiation amounts to 140 J at a wavelength of 806 nm for a pump duration of 550 {mu}s. The energy parameters of the amplifier were experimentally determined: the small-signal gain per pass {approx}3.2, the linear gain {approx}0.031 cm{sup -1} with a nonuniformity of its distribution over the aperture within 15%, the stored energy of 0.16 - 0.21 J cm{sup -3}. The wavefront distortions in the zigzag laser-beam propagation through the active element of the amplifier did not exceed 0.4{lambda} ({lambda} = 0.63 {mu}m is the probing radiation wavelength).
Design and development of digital seismic amplifier recorder
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Samsidar, Siti Alaa; Afuar, Waldy; Handayani, Gunawan, E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Physics, ITB (Indonesia)
A digital seismic recording is a recording technique of seismic data in digital systems. This method is more convenient because it is more accurate than other methods of seismic recorders. To improve the quality of the results of seismic measurements, the signal needs to be amplified to obtain better subsurface images. The purpose of this study is to improve the accuracy of measurement by amplifying the input signal. We use seismic sensors/geophones with a frequency of 4.5 Hz. The signal is amplified by means of 12 units of non-inverting amplifier. The non-inverting amplifier using IC 741 with the resistor values 1KΩ and 1MΩ. The amplification results were 1,000 times. The results of signal amplification converted into digital by using the Analog Digital Converter (ADC). Quantitative analysis in this study was performed using the software Lab VIEW 8.6. The Lab VIEW 8.6 program was used to control the ADC. The results of qualitative analysis showed that the seismic conditioning can produce a large output, so that the data obtained is better than conventional data. This application can be used for geophysical methods that have low input voltage such as microtremor application.
Low input voltage switching amplifiers for piezoelectric actuators
Lindner, Douglas K.; Zhu, Huiyu; Song, Chunping; Huang, Weixing; Cheng, Danling
The Inertially Stabilized Rifle is a new stabilized rifle system that can eliminate the disturbances induced by the shooter. Recurve actuator is used in this system to provide the precise movement of the rifle barrel. In such a portable device, only low voltage electrical sources are available yet the piezoelectric actuator needs high voltage to drive the actuator. The actuators consume little real power but a large amount of reactive power. Furthermore, the piezoelectric actuators are present an almost purely capacitive load. In this paper, we describe the development of a low input voltage amplifier for a high voltage piezoelectric actuator. This amplifier is based on switching technology so it efficiently handles the regenerative energy from the piezoelectric actuator. This amplifier consists of two stages. The first stage is a flyback converter which boosts the (low) input voltage to the maximum voltage required by the piezoelectric actuator. The second stage is a half-bridge amplifier which delivers the output voltage to the actuator as commanded by the reference signal. The basic structure of the amplifier is described, and its performance is characterized in terms of bandwidth, distortion, and efficiency.
Spectroscopic amplifier for pin diode; Amplificador espectroscopico para diodo Pin
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Alonso M, M. S.; Hernandez D, V. M.; Vega C, H. R., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Unidad Academica de Estudios Nucleares, Cipres No. 10, Fracc. La Penuela, 98068 Zacatecas (Mexico)
The photodiode remains the basic choice for the photo-detection and is widely used in optical communications, medical diagnostics and field of corpuscular radiation. In detecting radiation it has been used for monitoring radon and its progeny and inexpensive spectrometric systems. The development of a spectroscopic amplifier for Pin diode is presented which has the following characteristics: canceler Pole-Zero (P/Z) with a time constant of 8 μs; constant gain of 57, suitable for the acquisition system; 4th integrator Gaussian order to waveform change of exponential input to semi-Gaussian output and finally a stage of baseline restorer which prevents Dc signal contribution to the next stage. The operational amplifier used is the TLE2074 of BiFET technology of Texas Instruments with 10 MHz bandwidth, 25 V/μs of slew rate and a noise floor of 17 nv/(Hz)1/2. The integrated circuit has 4 operational amplifiers and in is contained the total of spectroscopic amplifier that is the goal of electronic design. The results show like the exponential input signal is converted to semi-Gaussian, modifying only the amplitude according to the specifications in the design. The total system is formed by the detector, which is the Pin diode, a sensitive preamplifier to the load, the spectroscopic amplifier that is what is presented and finally a pulse height analyzer (Mca) which is where the spectrum is shown. (Author)
Ways to suppress click and pop for class D amplifiers
Haishi, Wang; Bo, Zhang; Jiang, Sun
Undesirable audio click and pop may be generated in a speaker or headphone. Compared to linear (class A/B/AB) amplifiers, class D amplifiers that comprise of an input stage and a modulation stage are more prone to producing click and pop. This article analyzes sources that generate click and pop in class D amplifiers, and corresponding ways to suppress them. For a class D amplifier with a single-ended input, click and pop is likely to be due to two factors. One is from a voltage difference (VDIF) between the voltage of an input capacitance (VCIN) and a reference voltage (VREF) of the input stage, and the other one is from the non-linear switching during the setting up of the bias and feedback voltages/currents (BFVC) of the modulation stage. In this article, a fast charging loop is introduced into the input stage to charge VCIN to roughly near VREF. Then a correction loop further charges or discharges VCIN, substantially equalizing it with VREF. Dummy switches are introduced into the modulation stage to provide switching signals for setting up BFVC, and the power switches are disabled until the BFVC are set up successfully. A two channel single-ended class D amplifier with the above features is fabricated with 0.5 μm Bi-CMOS process. Road test and fast Fourier transform analysis indicate that there is no noticeable click and pop.
Josephson traveling-wave parametric amplifier for superconducting qubit readout
Macklin, Chris; Slichter, D. H.; Yaakobi, O.; Friedland, L.; Bolkhovsky, V.; Braje, D. A.; Fitch, G.; Oliver, W. D.; Siddiqi, I.
Superconducting parametric amplifiers (paramps) have successfully demonstrated near quantum limited sensitivity, enabling single-shot qubit readout, feedback, and state tracking. However, these amplifiers are commonly limited to narrow bandwidth and modest dynamic range, and most require microwave circulators to separate input and output modes. These limitations stem from the use of a resonant non-linearity to achieve mixing between a signal and pump mode. Our traveling-wave parametric amplifier (TWPA) is based on a superconducting nonlinear Josephson junction transmission line, thereby inherently sidestepping the limitations associated with a cavity structure. We present theoretical predictions and experimental results, including improved gain and noise performance. We discuss transmon qubit readout in the circuit QED architecture using a TWPA. We also comment on promising architectures for chip-level integration and multiplexing. Work supported by IARPA.
Spectrally tailored supercontinuum generation from single-mode-fiber amplifiers
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Hao, Qiang; Guo, Zhengru; Zhang, Qingshan [Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System (Ministry of Education), School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093 (China); Liu, Yang; Li, Wenxue [State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, 3663 Zhongshan North Road, Shanghai 200062 (China); Zeng, Heping, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System (Ministry of Education), School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093 (China); State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, 3663 Zhongshan North Road, Shanghai 200062 (China)
Spectral filtering of an all-normal-dispersion Yb-doped fiber laser was demonstrated effective for broadband supercontinuum generation in the picosecond time region. The picosecond pump pulses were tailored in spectrum with 1 nm band-pass filter installed between two single-mode fiber amplifiers. By tuning the spectral filter around 1028 nm, four-wave mixing was initiated in a photonic crystal fiber spliced with single-mode fiber, as manifested by the simultaneous generation of Stokes wave at 1076 nm and anti-Stokes wave at 984 nm. Four-wave mixing took place in cascade with the influence of stimulated Raman scattering and eventually extended the output spectrum more than 900 nm of 10 dB bandwidth. This technique allows smooth octave supercontinuum generation by using simple single-mode fiber amplifiers rather than complicated multistage large-mode-area fiber amplifiers.
Beam intensity reshaping by pump modification in a laser amplifier.
Litvin, Igor A; Collet, Oliver J P; King, Gary; Strauss, Hencharl
We propose a new technique for laser beam shaping into a desirable beam profile by using a laser amplifier with a pump beam that has a modified intensity profile. We developed the analytical formula, which describes the transformation of the seed beam into the desired beam profile in a four level amplifiers small signal regime. We propose a numerically method to obtain the required pump intensity profile in the case where high pump power saturated the laser crystal or for three level materials. The theory was experimentally verified by one dimensionally shaping a Gaussian shaped seed into a Flat-Top beam in a Ho:YLF amplifier pumped by a Tm:YLF laser with a HG(01) intensity profile. PMID:26698497
Modal instabilities in very large mode area rod fiber amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Jørgensen, Mette Marie; Hansen, Kristian Rymann; Laurila, Marko;
Optical fiber amplifiers have gained increased scientific and commercial interest due to high output powers with easy operation and maintenance. The main advantages of fiber amplifiers are good thermal properties, due to a large surface/volume ratio, excellent beam quality and stability [1]. Very...... large core fiber areas are highly desirable to mitigate various nonlinear processes, such as Kerr, four-wave mixing, Raman, and Brillouin effects. It is difficult to scale up the core area without going into a multi-moded regime. Microstructured fiber technology has allowed core diameters of 60...... with the finite element method to allow complex micro structured fibers to be considered. Thereby the modal instability threshold is estimated for very large mode area fiber amplifiers of various photonic crystal fiber designs. Experimentally the modal instability threshold for very large mode area fiber...
Modeling Distortion Effects in Class-D Amplifier Filter Inductors
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Knott, Arnold; Stegenborg-Andersen, Tore; Thomsen, Ole Cornelius;
Distortion is generally accepted as a quantifier to judge the quality of audio power amplifiers. In switchmode power amplifiers various mechanisms influence this performance measure. After giving an overview of those, this paper focuses on the particular effect of the nonlinearity of the output...... filter components on the audio performance. While the physical reasons for both, the capacitor and the inductor induced distortion are given, the practical in depth demonstration is done for the inductor only. This includes measuring the inductors performance, modeling through fitting and resulting...... into simulation models. The fitted models achieve distortion values between 0.03 % and 0.2 % as a basis to enable the design of a 200 W amplifier....
Fiber optical parametric amplifiers in optical communication systems
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Marhic, Michel E.; Andrekson, Peter A.; Petropoulos, Periklis;
The prospects for using fiber optical parametric amplifiers (OPAs) in optical communication systems are reviewed. Phase-insensitive amplifiers (PIAs) and phase-sensitive amplifiers (PSAs) are considered. Low-penalty amplification at/or near 1 Tb/s has been achieved, for both wavelength- and time......-division multiplexed formats. High-quality mid-span spectral inversion has been demonstrated at 0.64 Tb/s, avoiding electronic dispersion compensation. All-optical amplitude regeneration of amplitude-modulated signals has been performed, while PSAs have been used to demonstrate phase regeneration of phase...... in excess of 14,000 Tb/s x km in realistic wavelength-division multiplexed long-haul networks. Technical challenges remaining to be addressed in order for fiber OPAs to become useful for long-haul communication networks are discussed....
Theoretical Analysis of Rayleigh Backscattering Noise in Fiber Raman Amplifiers
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
In this paper, a new theoretical model for Rayleigh backscattering (RB) analysis of fiber Raman amplifiers is proposed. The model includes all the interactions among the pumps, signals, and all orders of RB. The results show that the higher order RB has a negligible influence on the performance of the amplifier. The co-propagating and counterpropagating RB power of the signal grow quadratically with the net-gain of the amplifier. The signal to double Rayleigh backscattering noise ratio (OSNRDRB ) of backward-pumped FRAs is better than that of the forward-pumped ones at high net-gain level (> 13 dB), while at low net-gain level the OSNRDrb of the forward-pumped FRAs is slightly better than that of the backward-pumped ones.
Using MEMS Capacitive Switches in Tunable RF Amplifiers
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Danson John
Full Text Available A MEMS capacitive switch suitable for use in tunable RF amplifiers is described. A MEMS switch is designed, fabricated, and characterized with physical and RF measurements for inclusion in simulations. Using the MEMS switch models, a dual-band low-noise amplifier (LNA operating at GHz and GHz, and a tunable power amplifier (PA at GHz are simulated in m CMOS. MEMS switches allow the LNA to operate with 11 dB of isolation between the two bands while maintaining dB of gain and sub- dB noise figure. MEMS switches are used to implement a variable matching network that allows the PA to realize up to 37% PAE improvement at low input powers.
IMPATT power building blocks for 20 GHz spaceborne transmit amplifier
Asmus, J.; Cho, Y.; Degruyl, J.; Ng, E.; Giannakopoulos, A.; Okean, H. C.
Single-stage circulator coupled IMPATT building block constituents of a 20-GHz solid state power amplifier (SSPA) currently under development for spaceborne downlink transmitter usage have been demonstrated as providing 1.5 to 2.0W RF power output at 4 to 5 dB operating gain over a 1 GHz bandwidth. Using either commercially available or recently developed in-house GaAs Schottky Read-profile IMPATT diodes, DC/RF power added efficiencies of 14 to 15% were achieved in these amplifier stages. A two stage IMPATT driver amplifier with similar RF output power capability exhibited 13 + or - 0.5 dB operating gain over a 1 GHz bandwidth.
The design of a 4'th order Bandpass Butterworth filter with one operational amplifier
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Gaunholt, Hans
band pass filter with Butterworth poles applying just one operational amplifier coupled as a unity gain amplifier. The unity gain amplifiers have the advantage of providing low power consumption, yielding a large dynamic range, sometimes simplifying the amplifier design and being usable over a larger...... frequency range than conventional constant gain amplifiers. The Schoeffler sensitivity index is used as a basis for a practical realization of the circuit....
Thermal-recovery of modal instability in rod fiber amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Jørgensen, Mette Marie; Laurila, Marko; Noordegraaf, Danny;
We investigate the temporal dynamics of Modal instabilities (MI) in ROD fiber amplifiers using a 100 μm core rod fiber in a single-pass amplifier configuration, and we achieve ~200W of extracted output power before the onset of MI. Above the MI threshold, we investigate the temporal dynamics of b...... and thermally annealed between each test series. We find that the MI threshold degrades as it is reached multiple times, but is recovered by thermal annealing. We also find that the test history of the rods affects the temporal dynamics....
Design of Low Noise Microwave Amplifiers Using Particle Swarm Optimization
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sadık Ulker
Full Text Available This short paper presents a work on the design of low noise microwave amplifiers using particle swarmoptimization (PSO technique. Particle Swarm Optimization is used as a method that is applied to a singlestage amplifier circuit to meet two criteria: desired gain and desired low noise. The aim is to get the bestoptimized design using the predefined constraints for gain and low noise values. The code is written toapply the algorithm to meet the desired goals and the obtained results are verified using differentsimulators. The results obtained show that PSO can be applied very efficiently for this kind of designproblems with multiple constraints.
Design of Low Noise Microwave Amplifiers Using Particle Swarm Optimization
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sadık Ülker
Full Text Available This short paper presents a work on the design of low noise microwave amplifiers using particle swarm optimization (PSO technique. Particle Swarm Optimization is used as a method that is applied to a single stage amplifier circuit to meet two criteria: desired gain and desired low noise. The aim is to get the best optimized design using the predefined constraints for gain and low noise values. The code is written to apply the algorithm to meet the desired goals and the obtained results are verified using different simulators. The results obtained show that PSO can be applied very efficiently for this kind of design problems with multiple constraints.
Dispersion-Engineered Traveling Wave Kinetic Inductance Parametric Amplifier
Zmuidzinas, Jonas (Inventor); Day, Peter K. (Inventor)
A traveling wave kinetic inductance parametric amplifier comprises a superconducting transmission line and a dispersion control element. The transmission line can include periodic variations of its dimension along its length. The superconducting material can include a high normal state resistivity material. In some instances the high normal state resistivity material includes nitrogen and a metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, niobium and vanadium. The traveling wave kinetic inductance parametric amplifier is expected to exhibit a noise temperature below 100 mK/GHz.
Investigation of accelerator's characteristics used for an energy amplifier
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The sub-critical reactor of the energy amplifier is a kind of swimming pool reactors, operates by fast neutron and uses ThO2 + 0.1U233 as fuel. The long cylindrical fuel bars are arranged in constant steps according to a hexagonal configuration. The two fuel assemblies are with the 12.43 mm and 11.38 mm fuel bar steps. The cell group parameters and effective neutron multiplication coefficient of the energy amplifier including two neutron energy groups are defined by the WIMS-D homogenization code. Their calculating results are presented. (NHA)
High efficiency coherent beam combining of semiconductor optical amplifiers.
Creedon, Kevin J; Redmond, Shawn M; Smith, Gary M; Missaggia, Leo J; Connors, Michael K; Kansky, Jan E; Fan, Tso Yee; Turner, George W; Sanchez-Rubio, Antonio
We demonstrate 40 W coherently combined output power in a single diffraction-limited beam from a one-dimensional 47-element array of angled-facet slab-coupled optical waveguide amplifiers at 1064 nm. The output from each emitter was collimated and overlapped onto a diffractive optical element combiner using a common transform lens. Phase locking was achieved via active feedback on each amplifier's drive current to maximize the power in the combined beam. The combining efficiency at all current levels was nearly constant at 87%.
Resonant Phase Matching of Josephson Junction Traveling Wave Parametric Amplifiers
O'Brien, Kevin; Macklin, Chris; Siddiqi, Irfan; Zhang, Xiang
We propose a technique to overcome phase mismatch in Josephson-junction traveling wave parametric amplifiers in order to achieve high gain over a broad bandwidth. Using "resonant phase matching," we design a compact superconducting device consisting of a transmission line with subwavelength resonant inclusions that simultaneously achieves a gain of 20 dB, an instantaneous bandwidth of 3 GHz, and a saturation power of -98 dBm. Such an amplifier is well suited to cryogenic broadband microwave measurements such as the multiplexed readout of quantum coherent circuits based on superconducting, semiconducting, or nanomechanical elements, as well as traditional astronomical detectors.
In-amplifier mid-infrared supercontinuum generation.
Gauthier, Jean-Christophe; Fortin, Vincent; Duval, Simon; Vallée, Réal; Bernier, Martin
Mid-infrared supercontinuum (SC) generation from 2.6 to 4.1 μm is demonstrated in a single-mode erbium-doped fluoride glass fiber amplifier pumped at 976 nm and seeded by an optical parametric generation (OPG) source emitting 400 ps pulses at 2.75 μm. Up to 82% of the SC power is generated beyond 3 μm. This novel and simple in-amplifier SC generation approach is promising for the development of compact and efficient sources operating in the mid-infrared, especially in the 3-5 μm band. PMID:26565846
Solid-state microwave high-power amplifiers
Sechi, Franco
This practical resource offers expert guidance on the most critical aspects of microwave power amplifier design. This comprehensive book provides descriptions of all the major active devices, discusses large signal characterization, explains all the key circuit design procedures. Moreover you gain keen insight on the link between design parameters and technological implementation, helping you achieve optimal solutions with the most efficient utilization of available technologies. The book covers a broad range of essential topics, from requirements for high-power amplifiers, device models, phas
Accurate simulation of Raman amplified lightwave synthesized frequency sweeper
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Pedersen, Anders Tegtmeier; Olesen, Anders Sig; Rottwitt, Karsten
A lightwave synthesized frequency sweeper using a Raman amplifier for loss compensation is presented together with a numerical model capable of predicting the shape of individual pulses as well as the overall envelope of more than 100 pulses. The generated pulse envelope consists of 116 pulses...... with constant peak power and no significant growth of noise. The numerical simulation is based on careful measurements of the physical properties of the individual components and a well established Raman amplifier model. Very good agreement between the measured and the simulated data is found. (C) 2011 Optical...
Multislice behavioral modeling based on envelope domain for power amplifiers
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Wang Huadong; Bao Jingfu; Wu Zhengde
An envelope domain multislice behavioral modeling is introduced. The tradition AM-AM and AM-PM characteristics of power amplifiers are extended to envelope domain and base-band filter is applied to distortion complex envelope signal for description of the envelope memory effect. Using traditional one and two-tone tests, the coefficients of nonlinear model and the FIR filter can be extracted. At last the model has been applied to a 10 W WCDMA power amplifier to predict its output signal. And simulation results show that the model output conforms very well to the traditional transistor level simulation results.
Four-wave mixing in nanosecond pulsed fiber amplifiers.
Fève, Jean-Philippe; Schrader, Paul E; Farrow, Roger L; Kliner, Dahv A V
We present an experimental and theoretical analysis of four-wave mixing in nanosecond pulsed amplifiers based on double-clad ytterbium-doped fibers. This process leads to saturation of the amplified pulse energy at 1064 nm and to distortion of the spectral and temporal profiles. These behaviours are well described by a simple model considering both Raman and four-wave-mixing contributions. The role of seed laser polarization in birefringent fibers is also presented. These results point out the critical parameters and possible tradeoffs for optimization. PMID:19532710
Tapered amplifier laser with frequency-shifted feedback
Bayerle, A; Vlaar, P; Pasquiou, B; Schreck, F
We present a frequency-shifted feedback (FSF) laser based on a tapered amplifier. The laser operates as a coherent broadband source with up to 370GHz spectral width and 2.3us coherence time. If the FSF laser is seeded by a continuous-wave laser a frequency comb spanning the output spectrum appears in addition to the broadband emission. The laser has an output power of 280mW and a center wavelength of 780nm. The ease and flexibility of use of tapered amplifiers makes our FSF laser attractive for a wide range of applications, especially in metrology.
DC SQUID amplifier for NMR experiments on small samples
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Low noise preamplifiers are required for the detection of the magnetic resonance of small size samples or at low magnetic fields. According to calculations based on the en, in model. SQUID based amplifiers are more suitable to NMR experiments on small samples than semiconductor amplifiers. We propose an amplification method by frequency transposition using a DC SQUID. Such a system can be run over a broad range of frequency as the noise impedance of the stages subsequent to the SQUID is continually optimised. The measurements are in good agreement with our theoretical model, based on a simplified voltage to flux SQUID characteristic. (orig.)
Adaptation of a Digitally Predistorted RF Amplifier Using Selective Sampling
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
R. Neil Braithwaite
In this paper, a reduced-cost method of measuring residual nonlinearities in an adaptive digitally predistorted amplifier is proposed. Measurements obtained by selective sampling of the amplifier output are integrated over the input envelope range to adapt a fourth-order polynomial predistorter with memory correction. Results for a WCDMA input with a 101 carrier configuration show that a transmitter using the proposed method can meet the adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) specification. Inverse modeling of the nonlinearity is proposed as a future extension that will reduce the cost of the system further.
High-power phase locking of a fiber amplifier array
Shay, T. M.; Baker, J. T.; Sanchez, A. D.; Robin, C. A.; Vergien, C. L.; Zeringue, C.; Gallant, D.; Lu, Chunte A.; Pulford, Benjamin; Bronder, T. J.; Lucero, Arthur
We report high power phase locked fiber amplifier array using the Self-Synchronous Locking of Optical Coherence by Single-detector Electronic-frequency Tagging technique. We report the first experimental results for a five element amplifier array with a total locked power of more than 725-W. We will report on experimental measurements of the phase fluctuations versus time when the control loop is closed. The rms phase error was measured to be λ/60. Recent results will be reported. To the best of the authors' knowledge this is the highest fiber laser power to be coherently combined.
Low-noise FET amplifier for dc SQUID
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
We report on the design, characterization, and operation of a low-noise FET-input differential amplifier, which is used as second stage for a dc SQUID in the electronic instrumentation of the gravitational wave detector of the Rome group at CERN. The 3-dB bandwidth of the amplifier is from 10 kHz to 1.5 MHz. At the SQUID modulation frequency of 70 kHz the voltage noise is 0.5 nV/(Hz)1/2, the current noise is 35 fA/(Hz)1/2
Gain dynamics and saturation in semiconductor quantum dot amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Berg, Tommy Winther; Mørk, Jesper; Hvam, Jørn Märcher
Quantum dot (QD)-based semiconductor optical amplifiers offer unique properties compared with conventional devices based on bulk or quantum well material. Due to the bandfilling properties of QDs and the existence of a nearby reservoir of carriers in the form of a wetting layer, QD semiconductor...... carrier populations in terms of a simple rate equation model. Based on the steady-state and small-signal properties of the model, we analyse and discuss the optical modulation response and the four-wave mixing properties of QD semiconductor optical amplifiers, in particular emphasizing the role...
Spatial and spectral imaging of LMA photonic crystal fiber amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Laurila, Marko; Lægsgaard, Jesper; Alkeskjold, Thomas Tanggaard;
We demonstrate modal characterization using spatial and spectral resolved (S2) imaging, on an Ytterbium-doped large-mode-area photonic crystal fiber (PCF) amplifier and compare results with conventional cut-off methods. We apply numerical simulations and step-index fiber experiments to calibrate...... our mathematical and experimental routines of our S2 imaging system. We systematically analyze higher order mode (HOM) content of a polarizing 40μm core double-clad PCF amplifier with various launching and coiling configurations. We demonstrate a HOM suppression of more than -24dB with variance of 2...
Genome profiling of ERBB2-amplified breast cancers
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Around 20% of breast cancers (BC) show ERBB2 gene amplification and overexpression of the ERBB2 tyrosine kinase receptor. They are associated with a poor prognosis but can benefit from targeted therapy. A better knowledge of these BCs, genomically and biologically heterogeneous, may help understand their behavior and design new therapeutic strategies. We defined the high resolution genome and gene expression profiles of 54 ERBB2-amplified BCs using 244K oligonucleotide array-comparative genomic hybridization and whole-genome DNA microarrays. Expression of ERBB2, phosphorylated ERBB2, EGFR, IGF1R and FOXA1 proteins was assessed by immunohistochemistry to evaluate the functional ERBB2 status and identify co-expressions. First, we identified the ERBB2-C17orf37-GRB7 genomic segment as the minimal common 17q12-q21 amplicon, and CRKRS and IKZF3 as the most frequent centromeric and telomeric amplicon borders, respectively. Second, GISTIC analysis identified 17 other genome regions affected by copy number aberration (CNA) (amplifications, gains, losses). The expression of 37 genes of these regions was deregulated. Third, two types of heterogeneity were observed in ERBB2-amplified BCs. The genomic profiles of estrogen receptor-postive (ER+) and negative (ER-) ERBB2-amplified BCs were different. The WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway was involved in ER- ERBB2-amplified BCs, and PVT1 and TRPS1 were candidate oncogenes associated with ER+ ERBB2-amplified BCs. The size of the ERBB2 amplicon was different in inflammatory (IBC) and non-inflammatory BCs. ERBB2-amplified IBCs were characterized by the downregulated and upregulated mRNA expression of ten and two genes in proportion to CNA, respectively. IHC results showed (i) a linear relationship between ERBB2 gene amplification and its gene and protein expressions with a good correlation between ERBB2 expression and phosphorylation status; (ii) a potential signaling cross-talk between EGFR or IGF1R and ERBB2, which could influence
On Instantaneous Power Dissipation in Class B Amplifier
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Hristo Zhivomirov
Full Text Available The present paper describes the analysis of the instantaneous power dissipation by the two active components in a class B power amplifier. Attention is paid to restrictions of the instantaneous power dissipation relations in reference literature, and the consequences of their misuse. A new generalized equation that takes into account the power dissipated by the two active devices is proposed. The theoretical statement is substantiated by Matlab® numeric computation and visualization, Cadence OrCAD® simulations and measurements of a real-world audio power amplifier performed by NI USB-6211 measurement complex.
Amplifier input impedance in dry electrode ECG recording.
Assambo, Cedric; Burke, Martin J
This paper presents a novel approach for designing the front-end of instrumentation amplifiers for use in dry electrode recording of the human electrocardiogram (ECG). The method relies on information provided by the characterization of the skin-electrode interface and the analysis of low frequency ECG criteria defined by international standards. Marginal measurements of capacitive elements of the skin-electrode interface as small as 0.01 microF, suggest values of input impedance in the order of 1.3 GOmega. However, results in 99% of the data analyzed indicate that a recording amplifier providing an input impedance of 500 MOmega should ensure clear signal sensing without distortion.
A Method To ModifyCorrect The Performance Of Amplifiers
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Rohith Krishnan R
Full Text Available Abstract The actual response of the amplifier may vary with the replacement of some aged or damaged components and this method is to compensate that problem. Here we use op-amp Fixator as the design tool. The tool helps us to isolate the selected circuit component from rest of the circuit adjust its operating point to correct the performance deviations and to modify the circuit without changing other parts of the circuit. A method to modifycorrect the performance of amplifiers by properly redesign the circuit is presented in this paper.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Goločorbin-Kon Svetlana
Full Text Available Introduction. Drugs used for treatment of rare diseases are known worldwide under the term of orphan drugs because pharmaceutical companies have not been interested in "adopting" them, that is in investing in research, developing and producing these drugs. This kind of policy has been justified by the fact that these drugs are targeted for small markets, that only a small number of patients is available for clinical trials, and that large investments are required for the development of drugs meant to treat diseases whose pathogenesis has not yet been clarified in majority of cases. The aim of this paper is to present previous and present status of orphan drugs in Serbia and other countries. The beginning of orphan drugs development. This problem was first recognized by Congress of the United States of America in January 1983, and when the "Orphan Drug Act" was passed, it was a turning point in the development of orphan drugs. This law provides pharmaceutical companies with a series of reliefs, both financial ones that allow them to regain funds invested into the research and development and regulatory ones. Seven years of marketing exclusivity, as a type of patent monopoly, is the most important relief that enables companies to make large profits. Conclusion. There are no sufficient funds and institutions to give financial support to the patients. It is therefore necessary to make health professionals much more aware of rare diseases in order to avoid time loss in making the right diagnosis and thus to gain more time to treat rare diseases. The importance of discovery, development and production of orphan drugs lies in the number of patients whose life quality can be improved significantly by administration of these drugs as well as in the number of potential survivals resulting from the treatment with these drugs. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III 41012
... messages back and forth by releasing chemicals called neurotransmitters. Prescription stimulants have chemical structures that are similar to some neurotransmitters. When someone takes them, the drugs boost the ...
Selective killing of methotrexate-resistant cells carrying amplified dihydrofolate reductase genes
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A method for the selective killing of methotrexate (MTX)-resistant cells has been developed. The selection is based on the incorporation of tritiated deoxyuridine into the DNA of MTX-resistant cells but not normal MTX-sensitive cells in the presence of the drug. A Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant that overproduces dihydrofolate reductase was used as an example of a MTX-resistant cell line. In this system, a 10,000-fold enrichment for wild-type MTX-sensitive cells could be achieved after 24 hr of exposure to the drug combination. This selection technique was applied to the isolation of MTX-sensitive segregants from hybrid cells formed between the MTX-resistant mutant and wild-type cells. The loss of MTX resistance and dihydrofolate reductase overproduction was always accompanied by the loss of a homogeneously staining region on chromosome 2 of the resistant parent that contains the amplified genes specifying this enzyme. While this region is always lost, other parts of chromosome 2 are almost always retained, suggesting that deletion rather than chromosome loss underlies marker segregation in this case. When the selection was applied to the resistant mutant itself, no MTX-sensitive revertants were obtained among 10(5) cells screened, attesting to the stability of gene amplification in this clone. It is suggested that this combination of drugs may be useful for the elimination of MTX-resistant tumor cells that develop after MTX chemotherapy
Spectral hole-burning and carrier-heating dynamics in quantum-dot amplifiers: Comparison with bulk amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Borri, P.; Langbein, W.; Hvam, Jørn Märcher;
The ultrafast gain dynamics in an electrically pumped InAs/InGaAs/GaAs quantum-dot amplifier are measured at room temperature with femtosecond resolution, and compared with results on an InGaAsP bulk amplifier. The role of spectral hole burning and carrier heating in the recovery of the gain...... compression is investigated. Reduced carrier heating for both gain and refractive index dynamics of the quantum-dot device is found, which is a promising prerequisite for high-speed applications....
The spectacular human nose: an amplifier of individual quality?
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Åse Kristine Rognmo Mikalsen
Full Text Available Amplifiers are signals that improve the perception of underlying differences in quality. They are cost free and advantageous to high quality individuals, but disadvantageous to low quality individuals, as poor quality is easier perceived because of the amplifier. For an amplifier to evolve, the average fitness benefit to the high quality individuals should be higher than the average cost for the low quality individuals. The human nose is, compared to the nose of most other primates, extraordinary large, fragile and easily broken—especially in male–male interactions. May it have evolved as an amplifier among high quality individuals, allowing easy assessment of individual quality and influencing the perception of attractiveness? We tested the latter by manipulating the position of the nose tip or, as a control, the mouth in facial pictures and had the pictures rated for attractiveness. Our results show that facial attractiveness failed to be influenced by mouth manipulations. Yet, facial attractiveness increased when the nose tip was artificially centered according to other facial features. Conversely, attractiveness decreased when the nose tip was displaced away from its central position. Our results suggest that our evaluation of attractiveness is clearly sensitive to the centering of the nose tip, possibly because it affects our perception of the face's symmetry and/or averageness. However, whether such centering is related to individual quality remains unclear.
Temporal and transverse coherence of self-amplified spontaneous emission
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Kim, K.J.
The authors review the coherence properties of the self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE). Temporally, SASE is similar to the spontaneous undulator radiation except that the spectral bandwidth is about ten times narrower compared with typical undulator radiation. The situation is quite different in the transverse dimension, where SASE is fully coherent.
Temporal and transverse coherence of self-amplified spontaneous emission
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Kim, K. [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California94720 (United States)
We review the coherence properties of the self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE). Temporally, SASE is similar to the spontaneous undulator radiation except that the spectral bandwidth is about ten times narrower compared with typical undulator radiation. The situation is quite different in the transverse dimension, where SASE is fully coherent. {copyright} {ital 1997 American Institute of Physics.}
Semiconductor quantum dot amplifiers for optical signal processing
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Berg, Tommy Winther; Uskov, A. V.; Bischoff, Svend;
The dynamics of quantum dot semiconductor amplifiers are investigated theoretically with respect to the potential for ultrafast signal processing. The high-speed signal processing capacity of these devices is found to be limited by the wetting layer dynamics in case of electrical pumping, while...... optical pumping partly removes this limitation. Also, the possibility of using spectral hole burning for signal processing is discussed....
Giant Geometrically Amplified Piezoresistance in Metal-Semiconductor Hybrid Resistors
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hansen, Ole; Reck, Kasper; Thomsen, Erik Vilain
We show that very high geometrically amplified piezoresistance can indeed be obtained in microstructured metal-semiconductor hybrid devices, even significantly higher amplification factors than the factor of approximately 8 demonstrated recently by Rowe and co-workers may be achieved. However, we...
The Pathological and Physiological Roles of IL-6 Amplifier Activation
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Masaaki Murakami, Toshio Hirano
Full Text Available The NFκB-triggered positive feedback loop for IL-6 signaling in type 1 collagen+ non-immune cells (IL-6 amplifier was first discovered to be a synergistic signal that is activated following IL-17A and IL-6 stimulation in type 1 collagen+ non-immune cells. Subsequent disease models have shown that it can also be stimulated by the simultaneous activation of NFκB and STAT3, functions as a local chemokine inducer, and acts as a mechanism for local inflammation, particularly chronic ones like rheumatoid arthritis and a multiple sclerosis. Moreover, we have recently shown that hyper activation of the IL-6 amplifier via regional neural activation establishes a gateway for immune cells including autoreactive T cells to pass the blood-brain barrier at dorsal vessels in 5th lumbar cord. Here we review how the IL-6 amplifier is activated by neural activation and the physiological relevance of the gateway to the central nervous system. Accumulating evidences continues to suggest that the IL-6 amplifier offers a potential molecular mechanism for the relationship between neural activation and the development of inflammatory diseases, which could establish a new interdisciplinary field that fuses neurology and immunology.
A European Project on Vacuum Tube Amplifiers for THz Amplification
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Paoloni, Claudio; Di Carlo, Aldo; Brunetti, Francesca;
The OPTHER (Optically Driven THz amplifier) project supported by the European Commission within the Seventh Framework Program (FP7) represents the first joint European attempt to realize vacuum electron devices in THz range. The target of the project was to design and realize the first 1 THz vacuum...
Transistor biased amplifier minimizes diode discriminator threshold attenuation
Larsen, R. N.
Transistor biased amplifier has a biased diode discriminator driven by a high impedance /several megohms/ current source, rather than a voltage source with several hundred ohms output impedance. This high impedance input arrangement makes the incremental impedance of the threshold diode negligible relative to the input impedance.
The Gain Dependence of the Power Transient in Raman Amplifier
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Zheng Lei; Zhang Jiahong; Chen Zhangyuan; Wu Deming; Xu Anshi
It is observed that the amplitude of the power transient overshoot depends on the gain of the amplifier when the input signal powers are the same. The other system parameters, such as the input pump power and fiber length, have no effects on it.
Optimizing bandwidth and dynamic range of lumped Josephson parametric amplifiers
Eddins, A.; Vijay, R.; Macklin, C.; Minev, Z.; Siddiqi, I.
Superconducting parametric amplifiers have revolutionized the field of quantum measurement by providing high gain, ultra-low noise amplification. They have been used successfully for high-fidelity qubit state measurements, probing nano-mechanical resonators, quantum feedback, and for microwave quantum optics experiments. Though several designs exist, a simple and robust architecture is the Lumped Josephson Parametric Amplifier (LJPA). This device consists of a capacitively shunted SQUID directly coupled to a transmission line to form a low quality factor (Q) nonlinear resonator. We discuss amplifiers which can be tuned over the full 4-8 GHz band with 20-25 dB of gain and 10 - 50 MHz of signal bandwidth. However, similar to other parametric amplifiers employing a resonant circuit, the LJPA suffers from low dynamic range and has a -1 dB gain compression point of order -130 dBm. We explore new designs comprised of an array of SQUIDs to improve the dynamic range. We will present the results of numerical simulations and preliminary experiments. We will also briefly discuss improvements obtained from different biasing methods and packaging. This research was supported by the Army Research Office under a QCT grant.
Amplified spontaneous emission pulses for high-power supercontinuum generation
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Huan Huan Liu
Full Text Available The authors demonstrate an incoherent light source based on a reflective semiconductor optical amplifier as pump for high-power supercontinuum generation for the first time. The obtained power level is about 160 mW and 20 dB spectral bandwidth is around 170 nm.
Theory of the singly quasidegenerate Josephson junction parametric amplifier
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Sørensen, O.H.; Dueholm, B.; Mygind, Jesper;
A comprehensive account of the theory of the singly quasidegenerate Josephson junction parametric amplifier is given. In this mode the signal and idler frequencies are both approximately equal to half the pump frequency, and hence the signal and idler channels have a common termination. It is shown...
Sexing birds using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers
Lessells, C.M.; Mateman, A.C.
We used random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers to sex birds from small tissue (usually blood) samples. Arbitrarily chosen 10-mer PCR primers were screened with DNA from known-sex individuals for the production of a bright female-specific band. Suitable primers were found for seven bird spec
Field Effect Transistor /FET/ circuit for variable gin amplifiers
Spaid, G. H.
Amplifier circuit using two FETs combines improved input and output impedances with relatively large signal handling capability and an immunity from adverse effects of automatic gain control. Circuit has sources and drains in parallel plus a resistive divider for signal and bias to either of the gate terminals.
Multi Carrier Modulator for Switch-Mode Audio Power Amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Knott, Arnold; Pfaffinger, Gerhard; Andersen, Michael Andreas E.
-mode audio power amplifiers while keeping the performance measures to excellent levels is therefore of high general interest. A modulator utilizing multiple carrier signals to generate a two level pulse train will be shown in this paper. The performance of the modulator will be compared in simulation...
Population structure of Salmonella investigated by amplified fragment length polymorphism
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Torpdahl, M.; Ahrens, Peter
Aims: This study was undertaken to investigate the usefulness of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) in determining the population structure of Salmonella. Methods and Results: A total of 89 strains were subjected to AFLP analysis using the enzymes BglII and BspDI, a combination...
2R Regeneration in Concatenated Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers and Electroabsorbers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Christiansen, Lotte Jin; Xu, Lin; Yvind, Kresten;
We present a novel 2R regenerator with a large level separation and steep step a sharp, adjustable threshold based on concatenated semiconductor optical amplifiers and electroabsorbers. We demonstrate demonstrate improvements in both extinction-ratio and BER sensitivity atfor a 10 Gb/s NRZ signal....
Current-Driven Switch-Mode Audio Power Amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Knott, Arnold; Buhl, Niels Christian; Andersen, Michael A. E.
The conversion of electrical energy into sound waves by electromechanical transducers is proportional to the current through the coil of the transducer. However virtually all audio power amplifiers provide a controlled voltage through the interface to the transducer. This paper is presenting a sw...
A fully integrated 16 channel digitally trimmed pulse shaping amplifier
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A fully integrated CMOS pulse shaping amplifier has been developed at LBL. All frequency dependent networks are included on the chip. Provision is made for tuning to compensate for process variations. The overall architecture and details of the circuitry are discussed. Test results are presented
K-Band Traveling-Wave Tube Amplifier
Force, Dale A.; Simons, Rainee N.; Peterson, Todd T.; Spitsen, Paul C.
A new space-qualified, high-power, high-efficiency, K-band traveling-wave tube amplifier (TWTA) will provide high-rate, high-capacity, direct-to-Earth communications for science data and video gathered by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) during its mission. Several technological advances were responsible for the successful demonstration of the K-band TWTA.
Noise Shaping Filter Compensating PWM Distortion for Fully Digital Amplifier
Yoneya, Akihiko
The full-digital audio amplifiers have several merits such as a high power enabling a small size of the amplifier and digital implementation of the signal processing which allows desired precision of the processing except for the final stage switching amplifiers. Unfortunately, the pulse width modulation (PWM) causes signal distortions because of the non-linearity of the modulation from the viewpoint of the transient response. This paper proposes a compensation method of the PWM distortion with feedback approach. In the noise-shaping filter of the delta-sigma modulator to calculate the pulse codes for the PWM, the distortion caused by the PWM is evaluated and fed it back to compensate the distortion. Eventually the filter is implemented as a state-variable filter with non-linear feedback from the quantizer. The calculation of the filter elements is also described. By using proposed filters, PWM signals with small distortions and small floor noise can be obtained to realize high-fidelity audio amplifiers.
Quantum dot amplifiers with high output power and low noise
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Berg, Tommy Winther; Mørk, Jesper
Quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifiers have been theoretically investigated and are predicted to achieve high saturated output power, large gain, and low noise figure. We discuss the device dynamics and, in particular, show that the presence of highly inverted barrier states does not limit...
Can El Nino Amplify the Solar Forcing of Climate?
Ruzmaikin, A.
ENSO (El Nino and the Southern Oscillation) is considered as a stochastic driver that excites the atmospheric anomaly states, such as Pacific North American pattern. This can make the 11 year solar activity forcing feasible to climate through stochastic resonance -- a phenomenon that amplifies a weak input to a nonlinear bistable system by the assistance of noise.
Development and energization of IOT based RF amplifier
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A 704 MHz IOT based CW RF amplifier has been developed in VECC. It can also be used with proper tuning to power cavity modules operating at 650 MHz in high energy high intensity proton linear accelerator proposed to be built for ADSS/SNS programme in India and Project-X at Fermilab, USA. This IOT based amplifier provides up to 60 kW continuous wave RF power at 700 MHz. It required various power supplies, LCW cooling and forced air cooling for its operation. The auxiliary power supplies like Grid, Filament and Ion-pump, are floated and mounted on an isolated frame, i.e., HV deck. The mains inputs are electrically isolated by means of isolation transformer. Also, a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) based interlocks along with high voltage collector power supply has been designed and developed for the safe operation of the RF amplifier. This paper discusses about various developments and energization of the IOT based RF amplifier with high power dummy load. (author)
Characterization of a high-power tapered semiconductor amplifier system
Voigt, D; Spreeuw, R J C; Van Linden van den Heuvell, H B
We have characterized a semiconductor amplifier laser system which provides up to 200mW output after a single-mode optical fiber at 780nm wavelength. The system is based on a tapered semiconductor gain element, which amplifies the output of a narrow-linewidth diode laser. Gain and saturation are discussed as a function of operating temperature and injection current. The spectral properties of the amplifier are investigated with a grating spectrometer. Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) causes a spectral background with a width of 4nm FWHM. The ASE background was suppressed to below our detection limit by a proper choice of operating current and temperature, and by sending the light through a single-mode optical fiber. The final ASE spectral density was less than 0.1nW/MHz, i.e. less than 0.2 % of the optical power. Related to an optical transition linewidth of $\\Gamma/2\\pi=6$ MHz for rubidium, this gives a background suppression of better than -82dB. An indication of the beam quality is provided by the fibe...
Single-mode operation of a coiled multimode fiber amplifier
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Jeffrey P. Koplow; Dahv A. V. Kliner; Lew Goldberg
The authors report a new approach to obtain single-transverse-mode operation of a multimode fiber amplifier, in which the gain fiber is coiled to induce significant bend loss for all but the lowest-order mode. They have demonstrated this method by constructing a coiled amplifier using Yb-doped, double-clad fiber with a core diameter of 25 {micro}m and NA of {minus}0.1 (V {approx} 7.4). When operated as an ASE source, the output beam had an M{sup 2} value of 1.09 {+-} 0.09; when seeded at 1,064 nm, the slope efficiency was similar to that of an uncoiled amplifier. This technique does not require exotic fiber designs or increase system complexity and is inexpensive to implement. It will allow scaling of pulsed fiber lasers and amplifiers to significantly higher pulse energies and peak powers and cw fiber sources to higher average powers while maintaining excellent beam quality.
Electron motion in an elliptically polarized free electron laser amplifier
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The equation of motion for an electron in a free electron laser amplifier are written in hamiltonian form, and exactly solved for the circular polarized case. Successively, an approximate solution for a general polarization (elliptical or linear) and weak laser field is obtained by a relativistic generalization of the two timing technique. Finally, the theoretical perturbative results are confirmed by comparison with numerical solutions
Minimizing Crosstalk in Self Oscillating Switch Mode Audio Power Amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Knott, Arnold; Ploug, Rasmus Overgaard
The varying switching frequencies of self oscillating switch mode audio amplifiers have been known to cause interchannel intermodulation disturbances in multi channel configurations. This crosstalk phenomenon has a negative impact on the audio performance. The goal of this paper is to present...... by the implementation presented. Future work could include further refinement of the implementation of the concepts, electromagnetic interference investigations or PCB design....
Nonlinear carrier dynamics in a quantum dash optical amplifier
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hansen, Per Lunnemann; Ek, Sara; Yvind, Kresten;
Results of experimental pump-probe spectroscopy of a quantum dash optical amplifier biased at transparency are presented. Using strong pump pulses we observe a competition between free carrier absorption and two-photon induced stimulated emission that can have drastic effects on the transmission...
Amplifiers Module Prototype for the Johnson Noise Thermometry System
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Britton Jr, Charles L [ORNL; Bull, Nora D [ORNL; Roberts, Michael [ORNL
This document is intended to summarize the development and testing of the amplifier module portion of the Johnson Noise Thermometry (JNT) system developed at ORNL. The proposed system has been presented in an earlier report [1]. A more extensive project background including the project rationale is available in the initial project report [2].
Ultrafast gain and index dynamics in quantum dot amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Borri, Paola; Langbein, Wolfgang; Mørk, Jesper;
The ultrafast dynamics of gain and refractive index in an InAs/GaAs quantum dot amplifier are investigated at room temperature. The gain is observed to recover with a 90 fs time constant, ruling out problems of slow carrier capture into the dots, and making this component promising for high...
Semiconductor optical amplifier length effects on gain dynamics
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
We study theoretically semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) length effects on gain dynamics when a short saturating pulse (pump) is either co- or counter-propagative with the probe. More specifically, we focus our attention on SOA recovery dynamics and gain overshoot. Analysis is also given when the input probe power and input pump energy are increased for different SOA lengths
Asymmetric gain-saturated spectrum in fiber optical parametric amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Lali-Dastjerdi, Zohreh; Rottwitt, Karsten; Galili, Michael;
We demonstrate experimentally and numerically an unexpected spectral asymmetry in the saturated-gain spectrum of single-pump fiber optical parametric amplifiers. The interaction between higher-order four-wave mixing products and dispersive waves radiated as an effect of third-order dispersion...
Optimum design of Nd-doped fiber optical amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Rasmussen, Thomas; Bjarklev, Anders Overgaard; Lumholt, Ole;
The waveguide parameters for a Nd-doped fluoride (Nd:ZBLANP) fiber amplifier have been optimized for small-signal and booster operation using an accurate numerical model. The optimum cutoff wavelength is shown to be 800 nm and the numerical aperture should be made as large as possible. Around 80...
Monolithic integrated circuit charge amplifier and comparator for MAMA readout
Cole, Edward H.; Smeins, Larry G.
Prototype ICs for the Solar Heliospheric Observatory's Multi-Anode Microchannel Array (MAMA) have been developed; these ICs' charge-amplifier and comparator components were then tested with a view to pulse response and noise performance. All model performance predictions have been exceeded. Electrostatic discharge protection has been included on all IC connections; device operation over temperature has been consistent with model predictions.
Prototype Small Footprint Amplifier for Piezoelectric Deformable Mirrors
Caputa, Kris; Herriot, Glen; Niebergal, Joel; Zielinski, Adam
AO subsystems of the ELT observatories will incorporate deformable mirrors with an order of magnitude larger number of piezoelectric actuators than the AO systems currently deployed. Simply scaling up the drive electronics that are presently available commercially would substantially drive up the AO cost, pose unacceptably high demands for the supply power and heat dissipation, and occupy large physical volume. We have set out to prototype a high voltage amplifier that is compact enough to allow packaging 100 amplifier channels on a single 6U Eurocard with the goal to have a DM drive channel density of 1200 per 6U VME crate. Individual amplifier circuits should be driven by a multichannel A/D converter, consume no more than 0.5W from the +/-400V power supply, be slew rate limited in hardware, and be short-circuit protected. The component cost should be an order of magnitude less than the integrated circuit high voltage amplifiers currently on the market. We started out with modeling candidate circuits in SPICE, then built physical prototypes using inexpensive off the shelf components. In this paper we present experimental results of exposing several prototype circuits to both normal operating conditions and foreseeable fault conditions. The performance is evaluated against the AO requirements for the output range and bandwidth and the DM actuator safety requirements.
Effects of gamma radiation on commercial operational amplifiers
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The operational amplifiers are widely used in nuclear instrumentation. Their applications span the signal conditioning circuits, analog instrumentation, amplifiers, converters, oscillators and others. If an operational amplifier is used to work in a radiation environment, the device suffers degradation in its performance leading to the bad work in the systems. Some of these devices are designed as rad-hard components and therefore the effects of radiation damage are minimized, however its main disadvantage is the high cost and difficult to find in the market. As an alternative one can use the conventional electronic components available in the market and named COTS (Commercially Available Off-The-Shelf) but they must be tested under a radiation environment. In this work the effect of the radiation damage is studied in two typical operational amplifiers. Some electric parameters of these devices were measured for different gamma radiation doses and they were working at different input signal frequencies. A 60Co isotopic radiation source was used and the results show that there is a certain degradation of the device depending on the radiation absorbed dose. (author)
Electrical versus optical pumping of quantum dot amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Berg, Tommy Winther; Bischoff, Svend; Mørk, Jesper
The influence of the pumping mechanism for the dynamical properties of quantum dot amplifiers is investigated for 10, 40 and 160 GHz signals. A fast response is predicted in the case of optical pumping in the wetting layer (WL). The combination of fast relaxation and capture times and the presence...
HTS dc SQUID based rf amplifier: development concept
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Prokopenko, G.V.; Shitov, S.V.; Borisenko, I.V.;
We present a concept of a rf amplifier based on a directly coupled dc SQUID with bicrystal junctions, which have high saturation power and can be used with SIS mixers or possibly for satellite and cellular phone communications. A novel input resonant circuit is proposed using single layer of HTS...
Temporal and transverse coherence of self-amplified spontaneous emission
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The authors review the coherence properties of the self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE). Temporally, SASE is similar to the spontaneous undulator radiation except that the spectral bandwidth is about ten times narrower compared with typical undulator radiation. The situation is quite different in the transverse dimension, where SASE is fully coherent
Systematic Design of EMI-Resilient Negative-Feedback Amplifiers
Van der Horst, M.J.
The information transfer capacity of negative-feedback amplifiers, and electronic circuits in general, is limited by three fundamental limitations being noise, bandwidth, and signal power. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) is not a fundamental limitation, but it also hampers the information transf
Recent advances in semiconductor optical amplifiers and their applications
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Stubkjær, Kristian; Mikkelsen, Benny; Djurhuus, Torsten;
The authors review recent advances in SOAs (semiconductor optical amplifiers) and some of their applications. SOAs are under rapid development to achieve polarization independent gain, low facet reflectivities, good coupling to optical fibers, and high saturation power. The package SOA can be made...
Multilevel inverter based class D audio amplifier for capacitive transducers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Nielsen, Dennis; Knott, Arnold; Andersen, Michael A. E.
The reduced semiconductor voltage stress makes the multilevel inverters especially interesting, when driving capacitive transducers for audio applications. A ± 300 V flying capacitor class D audio amplifier driving a 100 nF load in the midrange region of 0.1-3.5 kHz with Total Harmonic Distortion...
... WITH HIV MEDICATIONS? Protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors are processed by the liver and cause many ... taken with any protease inhibitor or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. You can also check for drug-drug and ...
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
2010263 Drug resistance mechanism of non-small cell lung cancer PC9/AB2 cell line with acquired drug resistance to gefitinib.JU Lixia(鞠立霞),et al. Dept Oncol,Shanghai Pulm Hosp,Tongji Univ,Shanghai 200433. Chin J Tuberc Respir Dis 2010;33(5):354-358. Objective To
Nuclear magnetic resonance experiments with dc SQUID amplifiers
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The development and fabrication of dc SQUIDs (Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices) with Nb/Al2O3/Nb Josephson junctions is described. A theory of the dc SQUID as a radio-frequency amplifier is presented, with an optimization strategy that accounts for the loading and noise contributions of the postamplifier and maximizes the signal-to-noise ratio of the total system. The high sensitivity of the dc SQUID is extended to high field NMR. A dc SQUID is used as a tuned radio-frequency amplifier to detect pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance at 32 MHz from a metal film in a 3.5 Tesla static field. A total system noise temperature of 11 K has been achieved, at a bath temperature of 4.2 K. The minimum number of nuclear Bohr magnetons observable from a free precession signal after a single pulse is about 2 x 1017 in a bandwidth of 25 kHz. In a separate experiment, a dc SQUID is used as a rf amplifier in a NQR experiment to observe a new resonance response mechanism. The net electric polarization of a NaClO3 crystal due to the precessing electric quadrupole moments of the Cl nuclei is detected at 30 MHz. The sensitivity of NMR and NQR spectrometers using dc SQUID amplifiers is compared to the sensitivity of spectrometers using conventional rf amplifiers. A SQUID-based spectrometer has a voltage sensitivity which is comparable to the best achieved by a FET-based spectrometer, at these temperatures and operating frequencies
Ways to suppress click and pop for class D amplifiers
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Wang Haishi; Zhang Bo; Sun Jiang
Undesirable audio click and pop may be generated in a speaker or headphone.Compared to linear (class A/B/AB) amplifiers,class D amplifiers that comprise of an input stage and a modulation stage are more prone to producing click and pop.This article analyzes sources that generate click and pop in class D amplifiers,and corresponding ways to suppress them.For a class D amplifier with a single-ended input,click and pop is likely to be due to two factors.One is from a voltage difference (VDIF) between the voltage of an input capacitance (VCIN)and a reference voltage (VREF) of the input stage,and the other one is from the non-linear switching during the setting up of the bias and feedback voltages/currents (BFVC) of the modulation stage.In this article,a fast charging loop is introduced into the input stage to charge VCIN to roughly near VREF.Then a correction loop further charges or discharges VCIN,substantially equalizing it with VREF.Dummy switches are introduced into the modulation stage to provide switching signals for setting up BFVC,and the power switches are disabled until the BFVC are set up successfully.A two channel single-ended class D amplifier with the above features is fabricated with 0.5 μm Bi-CMOS process.Road test and fast Fourier transform analysis indicate that there is no noticeable click and pop.
Metronomic topotecan impedes tumor growth of MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo by therapy induced senescence.
Taschner-Mandl, Sabine; Schwarz, Magdalena; Blaha, Johanna; Kauer, Maximilian; Kromp, Florian; Frank, Nelli; Rifatbegovic, Fikret; Weiss, Tamara; Ladenstein, Ruth; Hohenegger, Martin; Ambros, Inge M; Ambros, Peter F
Poor prognosis and frequent relapses are major challenges for patients with high-risk neuroblastoma (NB), especially when tumors show MYCN amplification. High-dose chemotherapy triggers apoptosis, necrosis and senescence, a cellular stress response leading to permanent proliferative arrest and a typical senescence-associated secretome (SASP). SASP components reinforce growth-arrest and act immune-stimulatory, while others are tumor-promoting. We evaluated whether metronomic, i.e. long-term, repetitive low-dose, drug treatment induces senescence in vitro and in vivo. And importantly, by using the secretome as a discriminator for beneficial versus adverse effects of senescence, drugs with a tumor-inhibiting SASP were identified.We demonstrate that metronomic application of chemotherapeutic drugs induces therapy-induced senescence, characterized by cell cycle arrest, p21(WAF/CIP1) up-regulation and DNA double-strand breaks selectively in MYCN-amplified NB. Low-dose topotecan (TPT) was identified as an inducer of a favorable SASP while lacking NFKB1/p50 activation. In contrast, Bromo-deoxy-uridine induced senescent NB-cells secret a tumor-promoting SASP in a NFKB1/p50-dependent manner. Importantly, TPT-treated senescent tumor cells act growth-inhibitory in a dose-dependent manner on non-senescent tumor cells and MYCN expression is significantly reduced in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, in a mouse xenotransplant-model for MYCN-amplified NB metronomic TPT leads to senescence selectively in tumor cells, complete or partial remission, prolonged survival and a favorable SASP.This new mode-of-action of metronomic TPT treatment, i.e. promoting a tumor-inhibiting type of senescence in MYCN-amplified tumors, is clinically relevant as metronomic regimens are increasingly implemented in therapy protocols of various cancer entities and are considered as a feasible maintenance treatment option with moderate adverse event profiles. PMID:26657295
Criterion of transverse coherence of self-amplified spontaneous emission in high gain free electron laser amplifiers
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
In a high gain free electron laser amplifier based on Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) the spontaneous radiation generated by an electron beam near the undulator entrance is amplified many orders of magnitude along the undulator. The transverse coherence properties of the amplified radiation depends on both the amplification process and the coherence of the seed radiation (the undulator radiation generated in the first gain length or so). The evolution of the transverse coherence in the amplification process is studied based on the solution of the coupled Maxwell-Vlasov equations including higher order transverse modes. The coherence of the seed radiation is determined by the number of coherent modes in the phase space area of the undulator radiation. We discuss the criterion of transverse coherence and identify governing parameters over a broad range of parameters. In particular we re-examine the well known emittance criterion for the undulator radiation, which states that full transverse coherence is guaranteed if the rms emittance is smaller than the wavelength divided by 4π. It is found that this criterion is modified for SASE because of the different optimization conditions required for the electron beam. Our analysis is a generalization of the previous study by Yu and Krinsky for the case of vanishing emittance with parallel electron beam. Understanding the transverse coherence of SASE is important for the X-ray free electron laser projects now under consideration at SLAC and DESY
[Club drugs: old medicines as new party drugs].
Abanades, Sergio; Peiró, Ana M; Farré, Magí
During the last few years the term club drugs has been used for defining an heterogeneous group of chemical substances in permanent evolution, that are consumed for recreational purposes. These substances have been extensively used, firstly by the Rave culture and later by the so called Club culture. These movements are characterized by the search of amplified sensations, by means of the combination of electronic music, marathon dancing and substance abuse. After years with a predominating consumption of designer amphetamines in these groups, it seems that the use of another type of substances is increasing, fundamentally drugs with hallucinogenic effects. This review focus in four of these substances; ketamine, dextromethorphan, nitrous oxide and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB, liquid ecstasy), and includes a discussion of their pharmacology, recreational use, adverse effects and patient management. These drugs are, at he same time, drugs of abuse and medicines with concrete indications in therapeutics, with an important increase of their consumption in the last few years. The Rave and Club cultures are also described. PMID:15373979
Amplifier Module for 260-GHz Band Using Quartz Waveguide Transitions
Padmanabhan, Sharmila; Fung, King Man; Kangaslahti, Pekka P.; Peralta, Alejandro; Soria, Mary M.; Pukala, David M.; Sin, Seth; Samoska, Lorene A.; Sarkozy, Stephen; Lai, Richard
Packaging of MMIC LNA (monolithic microwave integrated circuit low-noise amplifier) chips at frequencies over 200 GHz has always been problematic due to the high loss in the transition between the MMIC chip and the waveguide medium in which the chip will typically be used. In addition, above 200 GHz, wire-bond inductance between the LNA and the waveguide can severely limit the RF matching and bandwidth of the final waveguide amplifier module. This work resulted in the development of a low-loss quartz waveguide transition that includes a capacitive transmission line between the MMIC and the waveguide probe element. This capacitive transmission line tunes out the wirebond inductance (where the wire-bond is required to bond between the MMIC and the probe element). This inductance can severely limit the RF matching and bandwidth of the final waveguide amplifier module. The amplifier module consists of a quartz E-plane waveguide probe transition, a short capacitive tuning element, a short wire-bond to the MMIC, and the MMIC LNA. The output structure is similar, with a short wire-bond at the output of the MMIC, a quartz E-plane waveguide probe transition, and the output waveguide. The quartz probe element is made of 3-mil quartz, which is the thinnest commercially available material. The waveguide band used is WR4, from 170 to 260 GHz. This new transition and block design is an improvement over prior art because it provides for better RF matching, and will likely yield lower loss and better noise figure. The development of high-performance, low-noise amplifiers in the 180-to- 700-GHz range has applications for future earth science and planetary instruments with low power and volume, and astrophysics array instruments for molecular spectroscopy. This frequency band, while suitable for homeland security and commercial applications (such as millimeter-wave imaging, hidden weapons detection, crowd scanning, airport security, and communications), also has applications to
Full Text Available ... prescription drugs. The addiction slowly took over his life. I need different people around me. To stop ... marijuana, "Cristina" is making positive changes in her life. She finds support from family and friends who ...
De Clercq, Erik
In October 2010, it will be exactly 25 years ago that the first antiretroviral drug, AZT (zidovudine, 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine), was described. It was the first of 25 antiretroviral drugs that in the past 25 years have been formally licensed for clinical use. These antiretroviral drugs fall into seven categories [nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), fusion inhibitors (FIs), co-receptor inhibitors (CRIs) and integrase inhibitors (INIs). The INIs (i.e. raltegravir) represent the most recent advance in the search for effective and selective anti-HIV agents. Combination of several anti-HIV drugs [often referred to as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)] has drastically altered AIDS from an almost uniformly fatal disease to a chronic manageable one. PMID:20471318
Full Text Available ... Websites Search Share Listen English Español Information about this page Click on the button that says "Listen" ... the computer will read the text to you. This web site talks about drug abuse, addiction and ...
Full Text Available ... computer will read the text to you. This web site talks about drug abuse, addiction and treatment. ... of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . PDF documents require the free Adobe Reader . Microsoft ...
De Clercq, Erik
In October 2010, it will be exactly 25 years ago that the first antiretroviral drug, AZT (zidovudine, 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine), was described. It was the first of 25 antiretroviral drugs that in the past 25 years have been formally licensed for clinical use. These antiretroviral drugs fall into seven categories [nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), fusion inhibitors (FIs), co-receptor inhibitors (CRIs) and integrase inhibitors (INIs). The INIs (i.e. raltegravir) represent the most recent advance in the search for effective and selective anti-HIV agents. Combination of several anti-HIV drugs [often referred to as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)] has drastically altered AIDS from an almost uniformly fatal disease to a chronic manageable one.
... following information: Facts and Figures – Includes the latest information and statistics. Legislation – A sample of links to online Federal and ... recognized agencies and organizations that provide services or information. CLUB DRUGS Summary Facts & ... & Technical Assistance Grants & Funding Related ...
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - control drugs; Bronchodilators - COPD - control drugs; Beta agonist inhaler - COPD - control drugs; Anticholinergic inhaler - COPD - control drugs; Long-acting inhaler - COPD - ...
Analysis and evaluation of the power amplifier device
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Kim, Y. K.; Ryu, J. W. [Kongju National University, Gongju (Korea, Republic of)
We developed a master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) type fiber amplifier for the separation of the Ca-48 isotope by using a fiber laser. The ytterbium (Yb)-doped end-capped rod-type photonic crystal fiber (PCF) was used as a gain medium of MOPA amplifier. The PCFs used in our experiments were a 56-cm and an 81-cm rod-type end-capped Yb-doped double-clad PM fibers 'DC-285/100-PM-Yb-Rod', with a 100-{mu}m core (NA 0.02) and a 285-{mu}m cladding (NA 0.6) fabricated by NKT Photonics. The mode field diameter (MFD) of the rod-type PCF was 75-{mu}m, and an absorption efficiency of 30 dB/m at 976 nm and a low NA 0.02 helped to sustain the excellent lasing beam quality. We obtained an output power of 112 W at a pump power of 380 W with a repetition rate of 150 kHz. The measured pulse width was 13 ns at 150 kHz, 1056 nm. The laser beam quality shows a single mode amplification characteristics with a beam quality factor values of M2 are 2 -3. The PCF launching efficiency reached a maximum value of 86.7% with an average efficiencies of above 80%. At a pump power of 250 W and seed power input of 4 W, the CW PCF amplifier was found to generate average output powers of 138 W, 110 W, and 82 W at 1056-nm, 1070-nm, and 1089-nm wavelengths, respectively. The amplified PCF output beam had a line width of 70 MHz full width at half maximum (FWHM). These PCF amplified beams had good beam qualities with M2values of less than 1.8 at all three wavelengths. The gain saturation seed input power in the 81-cm PCF was found to be {approx}6 W at 1056 nm. The temperature of the PCF core reached over 230 .deg. C at the pumping section of the PCF. The temperatures of the end-cap heads on both the pumping and the output end-cap sides were 81.4 .deg. C and 35.7 .deg. C, respectively. The PCF amplifier maintained good polarization mode characteristics with an average DOP of over 87%. The slight decrease in the DOP oat output powers over 170 W output power may have been caused by a
Optical steganography based on amplified spontaneous emission noise.
Wu, Ben; Wang, Zhenxing; Tian, Yue; Fok, Mable P; Shastri, Bhavin J; Kanoff, Daniel R; Prucnal, Paul R
We propose and experimentally demonstrate an optical steganography method in which a data signal is transmitted using amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise as a carrier. The ASE serving as a carrier for the private signal has an identical frequency spectrum to the existing noise generated by the Erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) in the transmission system. The system also carries a conventional data channel that is not private. The so-called "stealth" or private channel is well-hidden within the noise of the system. Phase modulation is used for both the stealth channel and the public channel. Using homodyne detection, the short coherence length of the ASE ensures that the stealth signal can only be recovered if the receiver closely matches the delay-length difference, which is deliberately changed in a dynamic fashion that is only known to the transmitter and its intended receiver.
Amplified Spontaneous Emission of Organic Pyridinium Dye doped Polymeric Waveguide
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
XI Zun; YE Li-Hua; WANG Qiong; XU Deng; LU Chang-Gui; HU Guo-Hua; CUI Yi-Ping
An organic dye salt trans-4-[p-(N-hydroxyethy1-N-methylamino)styryl]-N-methylpyridinium iodide (ASPI) is doped with an electron transport organic molecule tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminium (Alq3) in a host matrix of poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA), and the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) is studied. By efficient Forster energy transfer from Alq3 to ASPI, it is demonstrated that the ASE threshold of ASPI:Alq3:PMMA waveguide (about 11 μJ/pulse) is much lower than that of ASPI:PMMA system (about 38μJ/pulse). Meanwhile, the peak position of ASE can be controlled by the effect of film thickness on waveguide modes. We show that the ASE peak position can be tuned over 37nm. These characteristics indicate the ASPI:AIq3 system as a promising gain medium for optical amplifiers and organic semiconductor lasers.
5 Watt GaN HEMT Power Amplifier for LTE
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
K. Niotaki
Full Text Available This work presents the design and implementation of a stand-alone linear power amplifier at 2.4 GHz with high output power. A GaN HEMT transistor is selected for the design and implementation of the power amplifier. The device exhibits a gain of 11.7 dB and a drain efficiency of 39% for an output power of 36.7 dBm at 2.4 GHz for an input power of 25dBm. The carrier to intermodulation ratio is better than 25 dB for a two tone input signal of 25 dBm of total power and a spacing of 5 MHz. The fabricated device is also tested with LTE input signals of different bandwidths (5MHz to 20MHz.
KfR amplifier optimization for IFE driver system
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A comprehensive, electricity to photons on target, model for the efficiency of a large e-beam pumped, angularly multiplexed KrF amplifier system is presented in this paper. The model is used to systematically and quantitatively examine the influence of the major parameters influencing system efficiency. Conclusions are drawn about optimum amplifier parameters for a power plant driver. Three important aspects of the driver system design for an IFE power plant are: high operating efficiency, low operating costs, and low capital cost. In this paper, the authors have focused on the overall driver system operating efficiency, and its optimization in the context of technology which must have the potential for long life, so it may have low operating costs, and the potential for low capital cost when produced in the quantity necessary for a full scale power plant
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Alpana Adsul
Full Text Available An Ultra Wide Band CMOS Low Noise Amplifier (LNA design is presented in this paper. Due to low power consumption and extremely high data rates the UWB system is bound to be popular in the end user market. The LNA is the first stage after antenna in an UWB transceiver. The LNA is accountable for providing enough gain to the signal with the bare minimum distortion. In this work we have designed and evaluated the performance of a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS low noise amplifier (LNA for 3.1-10.6 GHZ frequency band. Agilent's ADS tool has been used to simulate the designed LNA and is proved to have better noise figure as well as input matching. The designed LNA provides the low S11, S22, and noise figure. The gain achieved is 6dB and the response over the band of interest is almost flat.
Design and Fabrication of a 1 THz Backward Wave Amplifier
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Paoloni, Claudio; Di Carlo, Aldo; Brunetti, Francesca;
The THz frequency range represents a true challenge for designers, fabrication technologies and characterization systems. So far, huge technological obstacles have prohibited any system realization different from laboratory one. Furthermore, most of the applications in the THz frequency range...... require a level of power not achievable by optoelectronic devices at room temperature or by solid-state technology. The recent availability of three-dimensional simulators and high aspect ratio micro-fabrication techniques has stimulated a class of vacuum electron devices operating in the THz regime......, to get a level of output power to enable applications at these frequencies. The OPTHER (Optically driven THz amplifier) project, funded by the European Community, is on the road to realize the first 1 THz vacuum tube amplifier. Technology at the state of the art has been used for the realization...
Low-voltage CMOS operational amplifiers theory, design and implementation
Sakurai, Satoshi
Low-Voltage CMOS Operational Amplifiers: Theory, Design and Implementation discusses both single and two-stage architectures. Opamps with constant-gm input stage are designed and their excellent performance over the rail-to-rail input common mode range is demonstrated. The first set of CMOS constant-gm input stages was introduced by a group from Technische Universiteit, Delft and Universiteit Twente, the Netherlands. These earlier versions of circuits are discussed, along with new circuits developed at the Ohio State University. The design, fabrication (MOSIS Tiny Chips), and characterization of the new circuits are now complete. Basic analog integrated circuit design concepts should be understood in order to fully appreciate the work presented. However, the topics are presented in a logical order and the circuits are explained in great detail, so that Low-Voltage CMOS Operational Amplifiers can be read and enjoyed by those without much experience in analog circuit design. It is an invaluable reference boo...
Wide bandwidth transimpedance amplifier for extremely high sensitivity continuous measurements
Ferrari, Giorgio; Sampietro, Marco
This article presents a wide bandwidth transimpedance amplifier based on the series of an integrator and a differentiator stage, having an additional feedback loop to discharge the standing current from the device under test (DUT) to ensure an unlimited measuring time opportunity when compared to switched discharge configurations while maintaining a large signal amplification over the full bandwidth. The amplifier shows a flat response from 0.6Hzto1.4MHz, the capability to operate with leakage currents from the DUT as high as tens of nanoamperes, and rail-to-rail dynamic range for sinusoidal current signals independent of the DUT leakage current. Also available is a monitor output of the stationary current to track experimental slow drifts. The circuit is ideal for noise spectral and impedance measurements of nanodevices and biomolecules when in the presence of a physiological medium and in all cases where high sensitivity current measurements are requested such as in scanning probe microscopy systems.
Analysis of dynamic behavior of semiconductor optical amplifiers
Quintana, Daniel; Olivares, Ricardo
A study of the transient response of semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) is presented. The gain saturation and recovery times, as well as the pulse distortion due to the cross-gain modulation produced by the bias current and input signal power variations have been evaluated for different scenarios. Observations of the temporal variation of the rate carrier density at the input and output of the amplifier show the effects on gain saturation for different input powers. Gain saturation and saturation-induced inter- channel crosstalk are evaluated. The results show that fast gain dynamic in SOAs. Transient effects of gain saturation and recovery times occur on a time scale of between 500 ps and 1 ns. It is concluded that SOAs are sensible to channel crosstalk in WDM systems operating at high bit rates.
Nanoparticles that communicate in vivo to amplify tumour targeting
von Maltzahn, Geoffrey; Park, Ji-Ho; Lin, Kevin Y.; Singh, Neetu; Schwöppe, Christian; Mesters, Rolf; Berdel, Wolfgang E.; Ruoslahti, Erkki; Sailor, Michael J.; Bhatia, Sangeeta N.
Nanomedicines have enormous potential to improve the precision of cancer therapy, yet our ability to efficiently home these materials to regions of disease in vivo remains very limited. Inspired by the ability of communication to improve targeting in biological systems, such as inflammatory-cell recruitment to sites of disease, we construct systems where synthetic biological and nanotechnological components communicate to amplify disease targeting in vivo. These systems are composed of 'signalling' modules (nanoparticles or engineered proteins) that target tumours and then locally activate the coagulation cascade to broadcast tumour location to clot-targeted 'receiving' nanoparticles in circulation that carry a diagnostic or therapeutic cargo, thereby amplifying their delivery. We show that communicating nanoparticle systems can be composed of multiple types of signalling and receiving modules, can transmit information through multiple molecular pathways in coagulation, can operate autonomously and can target over 40 times higher doses of chemotherapeutics to tumours than non-communicating controls.
Dispersive properties of quasi-phase-matched optical parametric amplifiers
Longhi, S; Laporta, P
The dispersive properties of non-degenerate optical parametric amplification in quasi-phase-matched (QPM) nonlinear quadratic crystals with an arbitrary grating profile are theoretically investigated in the no-pump-depletion limit. The spectral group delay curve of the amplifier is shown to be univocally determined by its spectral power gain curve through a Hilbert transform. Such a constraint has important implications on the propagation of spectrally-narrow optical pulses through the amplifier. In particular, it is shown that anomalous transit times, corresponding to superluminal or even negative group velocities, are possible near local minima of the spectral gain curve. A possible experimental observation of such effects using a QPM Lithium-Niobate crystal is suggested.
Investigation of 7 GHz high power pulsed magnicon amplifier
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The magnicon is a microwave amplifier in which the beam is modulated by means of its circular deflection. Presented in this reports is a frequency doubling amplifier developed as a prototype of the microwave energy source for linear colliders. The magnicon is driven by a beam with a power of up to 100 MW and a microperveance of 0.83, the source of which is a thermionic electron gun with a very high convergence (up to 2000:1 in area). During the investigation the following results were obtained: a power of 30 MW, an efficiency of 35%, and a gain of 55 dB. This paper presents the tube design, problems faced and overcome during the investigation, and possible methods of further improving the device
Precision Instrumentation Amplifiers and Read-Out Integrated Circuits
Wu, Rong; Makinwa, Kofi A A
This book presents innovative solutions in the design of precision instrumentation amplifier and read-out ICs, which can be used to boost millivolt-level signals transmitted by modern sensors, to levels compatible with the input ranges of typical Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs). The discussion includes the theory, design and realization of interface electronics for bridge transducers and thermocouples. It describes the use of power efficient techniques to mitigate low frequency errors, resulting in interface electronics with high accuracy, low noise and low drift. Since this book is mainly about techniques for eliminating low frequency errors, it describes the nature of these errors and the associated dynamic offset cancellation techniques used to mitigate them. Surveys comprehensively offset cancellation and accuracy improvement techniques applied in precision amplifier designs; Presents techniques in precision circuit design to mitigate low frequency errors in millivolt-level signals transmitted by ...
A Novel Frequency Compensation Technique for Three-Stage Amplifier
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
LI Qiang; YI Jun; LI Zhao-ji; ZHANG Bo; FANG Jian; LUO Ping
A novel frequency compensation technique for three-stage amplifier with dual complex pole-zero (DCP) cancellation is proposed. It uses one pair of complex zeros to cancel one pair of complex poles, resulting in feature that frequency response of the three-stage amplifier exhibits that of a single-pole system. Thus the gain-bandwidth (GBW) is expected to be increased several times compared to the conventional nested miller compensation (NMC) approach. Moreover, this technique requires only one very small compensation capacitor even when driving a big load capacitor. A GBW 4.63 MHz, DC gain 100 dB, PM 90o and power dissipation 0.87 mW can be achieved for a load capacitor 100 pF with a single Miller compensation capacitor 2 pF at a ±1V supply in a standard 0.6-μm CMOS technology.
Effective PT-symmetric metasurfaces for subwavelength amplified sensing
Xiao, Shiyi; Gear, James; Rotter, Stefan; Li, Jensen
We propose a novel design principle for ultrathin metasurfaces to realize optically amplified sensing with a performance that exceeds those of passive coherent perfect absorbers by several orders of magnitude. Our strategy is based on a generalized condition of lasing, coherent perfect absorption and their coexistence in metamaterials that feature an effective PT-symmetry. The devices we introduce here can be operated in configurations that involve both a one-sided or a two-sided wave incidence, where the latter case allows us to tune the degree of amplified absorption through the coherent phase between the two input beams. We also discuss how the conditions on the material parameters can be relaxed, away from the ideal case, such that a substantial amplification of the sensing performance can easily be reached in practical applications.
A novel power amplifier structure for RFID tag applications
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Deng Jianbao; Zhang Shilin; Li De; Zhang Yanzheng; Mao Luhong; Xie Sheng
A novel matching method between the power amplifier(PA)and antenna of an active or semi-active RFID tag is presented.A PCB dipole antenna is used as the resonance inductor of a differential power amplifier.The total PA chip area is reduced greatly to only 240 × 70μm2 in a 0.18 μm CMOS process due to saving two on-chip integrated inductors.Operating in class AB with a 1.8 V supply voltage and 2.45 GHz input signal,the PA shows a measured output power of 8 dBm at the 1 dB compression point.
5 Watt GaN HEMT Power Amplifier for LTE
Niotaki, K.; Collado, A.; Georgiadis, A.; Vardakas, J.
This work presents the design and implementation of a stand-alone linear power amplifier at 2.4 GHz with high output power. A GaN HEMT transistor is selected for the design and implementation of the power amplifier. The device exhibits a gain of 11.7 dB and a drain efficiency of 39% for an output power of 36.7 dBm at 2.4 GHz for an input power of 25dBm. The carrier to intermodulation ratio is better than 25 dB for a two tone input signal of 25 dBm of total power and a spacing of 5 MHz. The fa...
Amplification Effect on Rayleigh Scattering and SBS in 25 km Distributed Fiber Raman Amplifier
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Hua-Ping Gong; Zai-Xuan Zhang
The amplification effect on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and Rayleigh scattering in the backward pumped G652 fibers Raman amplifier have been researched. The signal source is a tunable narrow spectral bandwidth (<10 MHz) ECL laser and is pumped by the tunable power 1427.2 nm fiber Raman laser. The Rayleigh scattering lines are amplified by fiber Raman amplifier, and Stokes stimulated Brillouin scattering lines are amplified by fiber Raman amplifier and fiber BriUouin amplifier. The SBS lines total gain is a production of the gain of Raman and the gain of Brillouin amplifier. In experiment, the gain of SBS is about 42 dB and the saturation gain of 25 km G652 backward FRA is about 25 dB, so the gain of fiber Brillouin amplifier is about 17 dB.
A numerical design approach for single amplifier, Active-RC Butterworth filter of order 5
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Gaunholt, Hans
A design method is presented for the design of all pole lowpass active-RC filters applying operational amplifiers. The operational amplifier model used is the integrator model: omegat/s where omegat is the unity gain frequency. The design method is used for the design of a fifth order Butterworth...... filter applying just one operational amplifier coupled as a unity gain amplifier. It is shown that the influence from the real operational amplifier may be reduced by trimming just one resistor in the circuit. The unity gain amplifiers have the advantage of providing low power consumption, yielding...... a large dynamic range, sometimes simplifying the amplifier design and being usable over a larger frequency range than conventional constant gain amplifiers. The Schoeffler sensitivity index is used as a basis for a sensitivity comparison with other similar filters reported in the literature. © 2007 IEEE....
Low Power Broadband Low-Noise Amplifiers from 1-300GHz Project
National Aeronautics and Space Administration — A number of low noise amplifier technologies exist at a variety of maturity levels and with a variety of strengths and limitations. The most mature amplifier...
Minimum uncertainty coherent states attached to nondegenerate parametric amplifiers
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Exact analytical solutions for the two-mode nondegenerate parametric amplifier have been obtained by using the transformation from the two-dimensional harmonic oscillator Hamiltonian. Some important physical properties such as quantum statistics and quadrature squeezing of the corresponding states are investigated. In addition, these states carry classical features such as Poissonian statistics and minimize the Heisenberg uncertainty relation of a pair of the coordinate and the momentum operators. (author)
Intraband effects on ultrafast pulse propagation in semiconductor optical amplifier
Indian Academy of Sciences (India)
K Hussain; S K Varshney; P K Datta
High bit-rate (>10 Gb/s) signals are composed of very short pulses and propagation of such pulses through a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) requires consideration of intraband phenomena. Due to the intraband effects, the propagating pulse sees a fast recovering nonlinear gain which introduces less distortion in the pulse shape and spectrum of the output pulse but introduces a positive chirping at the trailing edge of the pulse.
Quantum-dot Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers in State Space Model
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Hussein Taleb; Kambiz Abedi; Saeed Golmohammadi
A state space model (SSM) is derived for quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifiers (QD-SOAs).Rate equations of QD-SOA are formulated in the form of state update equations,where average occupation probabilities along QD-SOA cavity are considered as state variables of the system.Simulations show that SSM calculates QD-SOA's static and dynamic characteristics with high accuracy.
Systematic Design of EMI-Resilient Negative-Feedback Amplifiers
van der Horst, M. J.
The information transfer capacity of negative-feedback amplifiers, and electronic circuits in general, is limited by three fundamental limitations being noise, bandwidth, and signal power. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) is not a fundamental limitation, but it also hampers the information transfer. EMI may have such detrimental effects that malfunctioning of the electronic circuit occurs. This may result in loss of information, or worse, possibly dangerous situations. That is a reason why ...
Self-pulsation threshold of Raman amplified Brillouin fiber cavities
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Ott, Johan Raunkjær; Pedersen, Martin Erland Vestergaard; Rottwitt, Karsten
An implicit equation for the oscillation threshold of stimulated Brillouin scattering from Raman amplified signals in fibers with external feedback is derived under the assumption of no depletion. This is compared to numerical investigations of Raman amplification schemes showing good agreement...... for high reflectivities. For low reflectivities and high attenuation or long fibers, the assumption of no depletion is shown not to be valid. In these cases the effects of the depletion on the self-pulsation is examined....
Extraction of PCR-amplifiable genomic DNA from Bacillus anthracisspores
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Torok, Tamas
Bacterial endospore disruption and nucleic acid extractionresulting in DNA of PCR-amplifiable quality and quantity are not trivial.Responding to the needs of the Hazardous Materials Response Unit (HMRU),Laboratory Division, Federal Bureau of Investigation, protocols weredeveloped to close these gaps. Effectiveness and reproducibility of thetechniques were validated with laboratory grown pure spores of Bacillusanthracis and its close phylogenetic neighbors, and with spiked soils anddamaged samples.
Proposal for a Casimir-driven parametric amplifier
Imboden, M; Campbell, D K; Bishop, D J
In this paper, we discuss a design for a MEMS parametric amplifier modulated by the Casimir force. We present the theory for such a device and show that it allows for the implementation of a very sensitive voltage measuring technique, where the amplitude of a high quality factor resonator includes a tenth power dependency on an applied DC voltage. This approach opens up a new and powerful measuring modality, applicable to other measurement types.
Thermal radiation and amplified spontaneous emission from a random medium
Beenakker, C. W. J.
We compute the statistics of thermal emission from systems in which the radiation is scattered chaotically, by relating the photocount distribution to the scattering matrix - whose statistical properties are known from random-matrix theory. We find that the super-Poissonian noise is that of a black body with a reduced number of degrees of freedom. The general theory is applied to a disordered slab and to a chaotic cavity, and is extended to include amplifying as well as absorbing systems. We ...
Direct synthesis of the Gaussian filter for nuclear pulse amplifiers
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The Gaussian pulse forming networks which can be suitably realized by active filters are derived based on the frequency domain analysis. The frequency characteristics and the output waveforms of the results are calculated, and show the favourable features of the filter for nuclear pulse amplifiers. Calculations on the effects of the rise time variations of the detector signal upon the pulse peak height are also carried out. (Auth.)
Remzi YILDIRIM; ÇELEBİ, Fatih V.
ABSTRACT In this study, an 80 km. long fiber-optic data communication system is designed by using Raman amplifier. Chaotic communication technique is used contrary to regular data communication principles. The components of the chaotic signal are the optical noise by AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise,AWGN) technique and ONA (Optical Noise Adder,ONA) in addition to the modulated signal which is obtained by using external optical modulator. Non-return to zero (NRZ) technique is selected...
Test Of A Microwave Amplifier With Superconductive Filter
Bhasin, K. B.; Toncich, S. S.; Chorey, C. M.; Bonetti, R. R.; Williams, A. E.
Report describes design and low-temperature tests of low-noise GaAs microwave amplifier combined with microstrip band-pass filter. Two versions of microstrip filter used in alternate tests; in one version, microstrips formed as films of high-transition-temperature superconductor Y/Ba/Cu/O on lanthanum aluminate substrate with gold film as ground plane. Other version identical except microstrips as well as ground plane made of gold, normally conductive.
Optically amplified free-space optical communication systems
Aladeloba, Abisayo Olufemi
This thesis investigates terrestrial atmospheric FSO communication systems operating under the influence of turbulence-induced scintillation, beam spreading, optical interchannel crosstalk, amplified spontaneous emission noise and pointing errors. On-off keying-non–return-to-zero (OOK-NRZ) and digital pulse position (DPPM) are the modulation schemes used for the calculations. The possibility of using sophisticated performance evaluation techniques such as moment generating function (MGF)-...
Current Controlled Current Differencing Buffered Amplifier: Implementation and Applications
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sudhanshu Maheshwari
Full Text Available A new four terminal current-controlled active element is introduced, where parasitic resistances at two current input ports are controlled leading to the definition of current-controlled current differencing buffered amplifier. Bipolar implementation and as application current-mode band-pass filter circuits are proposed. Simulation results using real device parameters are included, which show device bandwidth of 35 MHz, low total harmonic distortions, and tuning over a wide current range.
Efficiency Optimization in Class-D Audio Amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Yamauchi, Akira; Knott, Arnold; Jørgensen, Ivan Harald Holger;
This paper presents a new power efficiency optimization routine for designing Class-D audio amplifiers. The proposed optimization procedure finds design parameters for the power stage and the output filter, and the optimum switching frequency such that the weighted power losses are minimized under...... lead to around 30 % of efficiency improvement at 1.3 W output power without significant effects on both audio performance and the efficiency at high power levels....
Self-amplified spontaneous emission for short wavelength coherent radiation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
We review the recent progress in our understanding of the self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE), emphasizing the application to short wavelength generation. Simple formulae are given for the start-up, exponential gain and the saturation of SASE. Accelerator technologies producing high brightness electron beams required for short wavelength SASE are discussed. An example utilizing electron beams from a photocathode-linac system to produce 4nm SASE in the multigigawatt range is presented
Fast and Efficient Dynamic WDM Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Model
Mathlouthi, Walid; Lemieux, Pascal; Salsi, Massimiliano; Vannucci, Armando; Bononi, Alberto; Rusch, Leslie A.
A novel state-variable model for semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) that is amenable to block diagram implementation of wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signals and fast execution times is presented. The novel model is called the reservoir model, in analogy with similar block-oriented models for Raman and erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs). A procedure is proposed to extract the needed reservoir model parameters from the parameters of a detailed and accurate space-resolved SOA model due to Connelly, which was extended to cope with the time-resolved gain transient analysis. Several variations of the reservoir model are considered with increasing complexity, which allow the accurate inclusion of scattering losses and gain saturation induced by amplified spontaneous emission. It is shown that at comparable accuracy, the reservoir model can be 20 times faster than the Connelly model in single-channel operation; much more significant time savings are expected for WDM operation. The model neglects intraband SOA phenomena and is thus limited to modulation rates per channel not exceeding 10 Gb/s. The SOA reservoir model provides a unique tool with reasonably short computation times for a reliable analysis of gain transients in WDM optical networks with complex topologies.
Enhancing bandwidth of Josephson parametric amplifiers with impedance engineering
Roy, Tanay; A M, Vadiraj; Kundu, Suman; Patankar, Meghan; Vijayaraghavan, Rajamani
Josephson parametric amplifiers (JPAs) are a crucial component of superconducting quantum information processing systems since they enable fast, high-fidelity measurement of qubits. However, JPAs based on a single SQUID oscillator suffer from two major drawbacks - narrow bandwidth and gain saturation at low signal powers, and are typically suited to single qubit experiments only. With the rapid development of multi-qubit systems, there is a practical need to develop an amplifier with larger bandwidth and signal handling capacity, while maintaining gain and noise performance. We will describe a new method to enhance the bandwidth by introducing a frequency dependent shunting impedance for the JPA. To prevent gain saturation, we also replace the single SQUID with a SQUID array. With an appropriate choice of device parameters, numerical calculations indicate the possibility of obtaining 20 dB gain with 700 MHz of bandwidth and near quantum limited noise performance. We will present experimental results demonstrating bandwidth enhancement and discuss strategies for optimizing overall amplifier performance.
A monolithic 60 GHz balanced low noise amplifier
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
This paper presents a 60 GHz balanced low noise amplifier. Compared with single-ended structures, the balanced structure can obtain a better input/output return loss, a lower noise figure (NF), a 3 dB improvement of the 1 dB compression point, a 6 dB improvement of IM3 and a doubled dynamic range. Each single-ended amplifier in this paper uses a four-stage cascade structure to achieve a high gain in broadband. At the operating frequency range of 59–64 GHz, the small signal gain of the balanced amplifier is more than 20 dB. Both the input and output return losses are less than −12 dB. The output 1 dB compression power is 10.5 dBm at 60 GHz. The simulation result for the NF is better than 3.9 dB. The chip is fabricated using a 0.15 μm GaAs pHEMT process with a size of 2.25 × 1.7 mm2. (paper)
Quaternary climate - Terrestrial Biosphere Interaction: amplifying or stabilizing?
Claussen, Martin
According to the Gaia hypothesis, interaction between climate and biological processes tend to homeostatically maintain, on a global scale, conditions favourable for life. Does the idea of homeostatic interaction between terrestrial biosphere and climate hold for the Quaternary glacial - interglacial changes? Interpretation of palaeoclimate and palaeobotanic evidence by using climate and Earth system models yields an interesting picture. The synergy between the sea-ice albedo - climate feedback and the taiga-tundra - climate feedback is suggested to amplify the orbitally forced climatic precession. This effect seems to be strong at regional scale, but small at global scale. Various simulations indicate that biogeophysical processes amplify the difference of some 4 to 6 K in global mean temperature between glacial and interglacial climate by some 10 percent. The combined effect of biogeophysical and biogeochemical processes, i.e. processes with involve carbon stored in biomass and soil, is less clear. Theoretical studies suggest that in pre-industrial, interglacial climate, a reduction in boreal and extratropical forests tend to cool the climate and a reduction in tropical forest, to warm the climate. Recent estimates in changes in organic carbon stored under ice sheets and in permafrost point at the possibility that the sum of all terrestrial biogeochemical processes might almost "carbon neutral" to the climate system. If corroborated, this observation would favour the assumption of a dominance of biogeophysical processes amplifying orbitally forced Quaternary climate variations.
Design and Characterization of the Next Generation Nanowire Amplifiers
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sotoudeh Hamedi-Hagh
Full Text Available Vertical nanowire surrounding gate field effect transistors (SGFETs provide full gate control over the channel to eliminate short-channel effects. This paper presents design and characterization of a differential pair amplifier using NMOS and PMOS SGFETs with a 10 nm channel length and a 2 nm channel radius. The amplifier dissipates 5 μW power and provides 5 THz bandwidth with a voltage gain of 16, a linear output voltage swing of 0.5 V, and a distortion better than 3% from a 1.8 V power supply and a 20 aF capacitive load. The 2nd- and 3rd-order harmonic distortions of the amplifier are −40 dBm and −52 dBm, respectively, and the 3rd-order intermodulation is −24 dBm for a two-tone input signal with 10 mV amplitude and 10 GHz frequency spacing. All these parameters indicate that vertical nanowire surrounding gate transistors are promising candidates for the next generation high-speed analog and VLSI technologies.
New concept for a regenerative amplifier for passive optical networks
Tervonen, A.; Mattila, M.; Weiershausen, W.; von Lerber, T.; Parsons, E.; Chaouch, H.; Kueppers, F.; Honkanen, S.
Photonic balancing - a scheme where logically opposite pulses derived from the two outputs of a delay-line demodulator for phase shift keyed (PSK) signals counter-propagate in the saturated regime of a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) - has been proven to enhance the receiver performance, e.g. in terms of decreased optical signal-to-noise-ratio (OSNR) requirements for a given target bit error ratio (BER). Here, we extend the photonic balancing scheme towards a new concept for a regenerative amplifier targeted at extending the reach and/or the number of subscribers in passive optical networks (PON) in order to support major operators' plans to reduce the number of central offices and access areas by approximately 90%. For a given target BER, we demonstrate experimentally (a) an 8-dB higher post-amplifier loss tolerance, (b) an extended feeder line length (75 km) combined with high splitting ratio (10 layers) for a preamplified version, and (c) high input power variation tolerance (> 30 dB burst-to-burst) in upstream direction as needed for highly asymmetric tree structures.
A Collaborative Project for the Development of Energy Amplifier
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Joo, H. K.; Kim, S. J.; Kim, Y. H.; Lee, Y. W.; Cho, C. H.; Song, T. Y
An energy amplifier can be an option for the future system for electricity generation and for management of spent fuel. An energy amplifier system is composed of a proton accelerator and a proton transportation system, a target system, a subcritical reactor, and a heat transfer system. A development plan for energy amplifier should be individually prepared for each sub-sytem. For the development of a subcritical reactor, a feasibility and conceptual studies is recommended to be carried out till the basic research phase which is performed with the development of the accelerator system. The feasibility study needs 1{approx}2 years of research period and 1.5 man-year of efforts. The conceptual design for the subcritical reactor will determine a reactor concept, the power of reactor and accelerator, the interface with a target system, fuel design, the performance and safety analysis of the core, and the fuel cycle option including thorium cycle, and it requires 2{approx}3 years of research period and 6 man-year of man power.
A monolithic 60 GHz balanced low noise amplifier
Xue, Yang; Hao, Yang; Haiying, Zhang; Xinnian, Zheng; Zhiwei, Dai; Zhiqiang, Li; Zebao, Du
This paper presents a 60 GHz balanced low noise amplifier. Compared with single-ended structures, the balanced structure can obtain a better input/output return loss, a lower noise figure (NF), a 3 dB improvement of the 1 dB compression point, a 6 dB improvement of IM3 and a doubled dynamic range. Each single-ended amplifier in this paper uses a four-stage cascade structure to achieve a high gain in broadband. At the operating frequency range of 59-64 GHz, the small signal gain of the balanced amplifier is more than 20 dB. Both the input and output return losses are less than -12 dB. The output 1 dB compression power is 10.5 dBm at 60 GHz. The simulation result for the NF is better than 3.9 dB. The chip is fabricated using a 0.15 μm GaAs pHEMT process with a size of 2.25 × 1.7 mm2. Project supported by the External Cooperation Program of BIC, Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. 172511KYSB20130108).
Raman-Enhanced Phase-Sensitive Fibre Optical Parametric Amplifier.
Fu, Xuelei; Guo, Xiaojie; Shu, Chester
Phase-sensitive amplification is of great research interest owing to its potential in noiseless amplification. One key feature in a phase-sensitive amplifier is the gain extinction ratio defined as the ratio of the maximum to the minimum gains. It quantifies the capability of the amplifier in performing low-noise amplification for high phase-sensitive gain. Considering a phase-sensitive fibre optical parametric amplifier for linear amplification, the gain extinction ratio increases with the phase-insensitive parametric gain achieved from the same pump. In this work, we use backward Raman amplification to increase the phase-insensitive parametric gain, which in turn improves the phase-sensitive operation. Using a 955 mW Raman pump, the gain extinction ratio is increased by 9.2 dB. The improvement in the maximum phase-sensitive gain is 18.7 dB. This scheme can significantly boost the performance of phase-sensitive amplification in a spectral range where the parametric pump is not sufficiently strong but broadband Raman amplification is available.
Herbal drugs and drug interactions
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Gül Dülger
Full Text Available Herbal drugs are defined as any form of a plant or plant product that contains a single herb or combinations of herbs that are believed to have complementary effects. Although they are considered to be safe, because they are natural, they may have various adverse effects, and may interact with other herbal products or conventional drugs. These interactions are especially important for drugs with narrow therapeutic indices.In the present study, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of some most commanly used herbals (St John's wort, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, ginger, garlic, echinacea, ephedra and valerian with the conventional drugs were reviewed. Pharmacokinetic interactions involve mainly induction or inhibition of the cytochrome P450 isozymes and p-glycoproteins by the herbal medicine, thus changing the absorption and/or elimination rate and consequently the efficacy of the concommitantly used drugs. St John's wort, a well known enzyme inducer, decreases the efficacy of most of the other drugs that are known to be the substrates of these enzymes.Pharmacodynamic interactions may be due to additive or synergistic effects which results in enhanced effect or toxicity, or herbal medicines with antagonistic properties reduce drug efficacy and result in therapeutic failure. For exampla, St John's wort may have synergistic effects with other antidepressant drugs used by the patient, resulting in increased CNS effects.Herbals like ginseng, ginkgo, garlic, ginger were reported to increase bleeding time, thus potentiating the effect of anticoagulant and antithrombotic agents. In conclusion, patients should be warned against the interaction between the herbal products and conventional medicines.
Time-reversal duality of high-efficiency RF power amplifiers
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Reveyrand, T; Ramos, I; Popovic, Z
The similarity between RF power amplifiers and rectifiers is discussed. It is shown that the same high-efficiency harmonically-terminated power amplifier can be operated in a dual rectifier mode. Nonlinear simulations with a GaN HEMT transistor model show the time-reversal intrinsic voltage and current waveform relationship between a class-F amplifier and rectifier. Measurements on a class-F-1 amplifier and rectifier at 2.14 GHz demonstrate over 80% efficiency in both cases.
Raman and loss induced quantum noise in a depleted phase-sensitive parametric amplifier
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Friis, Søren Michael Mørk; Rottwitt, Karsten
We study the quantum noise properties of phase-sensitive fiber optical parametric amplifiers in deep pump depletion using a semiclassical approach. Amplified spontaneous emission and spontaneous Raman scattering are included in the analysis.......We study the quantum noise properties of phase-sensitive fiber optical parametric amplifiers in deep pump depletion using a semiclassical approach. Amplified spontaneous emission and spontaneous Raman scattering are included in the analysis....
A low noise charge sensitive amplifier for use in vacuum photo diode readout
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The amplifier described consists of a charge sensitive pre-amplifier optimised for low noise with low values of input shunt capacitance, and a shaping amplifier providing both differentiation and integration. Amplifier gain is adjustable up to a maximum of approximately 100 μV/electron with a rise time of 2 μS to the peak of the output voltage, and with an open circuit input noise level of 150 electrons RMS. (author)
The matching condition for optimum thermal noise performance of F.E.T. charge amplifiers
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Amplifiers in the charge amplifier configuration are being used extensively in the readout of solid state detectors. The majority of these amplifiers are built using a Field Effect Transistor input device. To achieve optimum noise performance, there is an important matching condition between the capacitance of the amplifier input device and that of the detector. In the paper, the matching condition is derived and the consequences are discussed. (author)
AutoAmp : An Open-Source Analog Amplifier Design Tool - For Classroom and Lab Purposes
Patri, Om Prasad; Rao, K. Sanmukh
This correspondence presents an open-source tool AutoAmp developed at the Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati. It is available at http://sourceforge.net/projects/autoamp-iitg/ This tool helps the user to design different types of electronic amplifiers, using solid state devices, for a given specification. It can handle several types of designs namely common-emitter BJT amplifier (single and two-stage), operational amplifiers (inverting and non-inverting) and power amplifier. Not only doe...
Legal Drugs Are Good Drugs And Illegal Drugs Are Bad Drugs
Dina Indrati; Herry Prasetyo
ABSTRACT : Labelling drugs are important issue nowadays in a modern society. Although it is generally believed that legal drugs are good drugs and illegal drugs are bad drugs, it is evident that some people do not aware about the side effects of drugs used. Therefore, a key contention of this philosophical essay is that explores harms minimisation policy, discuss whether legal drugs are good drugs and illegal drugs are bad drugs and explores relation of drugs misuse in a psychiatric nursing s...
Widely and rapidly tunable semiconductor master-oscillator fiber amplifier around 1080 nm
Adhimoolam, Balaji; Klein, Marvin E.; Lindsay, Ian D.; Gross, Petra; Lee, Chris J.; Boller, Klaus-Jochen
We describe the wide and rapid wavelength tuning of a continuous-wave master-oscillator power-amplifier system consisting of a semiconductor-amplifier-based oscillator and an ytterbium (Yb)-doped fiber amplifier. The oscillator utilizes an acoustooptic tunable filter and an intracavity etalon to ach
Towards a THz Backward Wave Amplifier in European FP7 OPTHER Project
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Dispenza, Massimiliano; Cojocaru, C.-S.; De Rossi, Alfredo;
Within the EC funded international project OPTHER (OPtically Driven TeraHertz AmplifiERs) a considerable technological effort is being undertaken, in terms of technological development, THz device design and integration. The ultimate goal is to develop a miniaturised THz amplifier based on vacuum...
Investigation of switching frequency variations and EMI properties in self-oscillating class D amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Nielsen, Dennis; Knott, Arnold; Pfaffinger, Gerhard;
Class D audio amplifiers have gained significant influence in sound reproduction due to their high efficiency. One of the most commonly used control methods in these amplifiers is self-oscillation. A parameter of key interest in self-oscillating amplifiers is the switching frequency, which is kno...
A 7-core erbium doped double-clad fiber amplifier with side-coupled pumping
Abedin, Kazi; Thierry, Taunay; Zhu, Benyuan; Yan, Man; Bansal, Lalit; Dimarcello, Frank; Monberg, Eric; DiGiovanni, David
We demonstrate a 7-core erbium doped fiber amplifier employing side pumping using tapered multimode fiber. The amplifier has multicore inputs and outputs which can be readily spliced to multicore transmission fiber for amplifying space division multiplexed signals. Gain over 25dB was obtained in each of the cores over a 40-nm bandwidth covering C-band.
Bandwidth limitations in current mode and voltage mode integrated feedback amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Bruun, Erik
loop bandwidth remains constant for a feedback amplifier. The constant-bandwidth relations of such amplifier designs are reviewed in this paper and they are combined with the constraints imposed by technology when the feedback amplifier is to be designed in an integrated technology. From this analysis...
Locally Controlled Deeply Saturated Fiber Optic Parametric Amplifiers
Nissim, Ron Reuven
A new class of highly efficient Optical Parametric Amplifiers (OPA) is explored in this dissertation, which have the potential to reduce the power requirement on the pump and enable new functionalities. This originates from the simple notion that figure of merit (FoM) of an OPA is proportional to the product of the pump power and amplifier's length and nonlinearity. Silica fibers have been developed for over five decades and offer unparalleled transparency. By merely extending the fiber, i.e. the amplifier's length, a high FoM amplifier can be formed while keeping the pump at a moderate, sub-Watt power level. Unfortunately, optical fibers are inherently non-uniform. Their core size fluctuates along the fiber on a nanometer scale which is on the order of the fiber's molecular constituents. It is currently established that the performance of a fiber-based OPA (FOPA) is dictated by its stochastic nature. In fact, given a moderate pump power level, the highly efficient OPA will be required to maintain a strict phase matching condition across hundreds of meters. Facing this challenge, this dissertation focuses on a locally-controlled, high FoM FOPA. A high FoM FOPA operates in the deeply saturated regime in which a weak signal saturates the amplifier and depletes the pump power, effectively generating an inverse response of the pump output power to the signal input power. Given FOPAs' inhomogeneous nature, the performance limit of deeply saturated FOPAs is studied. So far, FOPAs have been commonly treated as a uniform entity; however, this study discovers unique features of the system which originate from and are strongly influenced by the fiber's inhomogeneous nature. One major example is the non-reciprocal response of deeply saturated FOPAs. It was found that deeply saturated FOPAs perform very highly, as the pump can respond to a rapidly varying (sub-THz) weak (sub-muW) signal. This is a novel method which obtained orders of magnitude improvement over current
Ultra-low noise miniaturized neural amplifier with hardware averaging
Dweiri, Yazan M.; Eggers, Thomas; McCallum, Grant; Durand, Dominique M.
Objective. Peripheral nerves carry neural signals that could be used to control hybrid bionic systems. Cuff electrodes provide a robust and stable interface but the recorded signal amplitude is small (<3 μVrms 700 Hz-7 kHz), thereby requiring a baseline noise of less than 1 μVrms for a useful signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Flat interface nerve electrode (FINE) contacts alone generate thermal noise of at least 0.5 μVrms therefore the amplifier should add as little noise as possible. Since mainstream neural amplifiers have a baseline noise of 2 μVrms or higher, novel designs are required. Approach. Here we apply the concept of hardware averaging to nerve recordings obtained with cuff electrodes. An optimization procedure is developed to minimize noise and power simultaneously. The novel design was based on existing neural amplifiers (Intan Technologies, LLC) and is validated with signals obtained from the FINE in chronic dog experiments. Main results. We showed that hardware averaging leads to a reduction in the total recording noise by a factor of 1/√N or less depending on the source resistance. Chronic recording of physiological activity with FINE using the presented design showed significant improvement on the recorded baseline noise with at least two parallel operation transconductance amplifiers leading to a 46.1% reduction at N = 8. The functionality of these recordings was quantified by the SNR improvement and shown to be significant for N = 3 or more. The present design was shown to be capable of generating <1.5 μVrms total recording baseline noise when connected to a FINE placed on the sciatic nerve of an awake animal. An algorithm was introduced to find the value of N that can minimize both the power consumption and the noise in order to design a miniaturized ultralow-noise neural amplifier. Significance. These results demonstrate the efficacy of hardware averaging on noise improvement for neural recording with cuff electrodes, and can accommodate the
Sequence characterized amplified region marker as a tool for selection of high-artemisinin containing species of Artemisia.
Asghari, Matin; Naghavi, Mohammad Reza; Hosseinzadeh, Abdol Hadi; Ranjbar, Mojtaba; Poorebrahim, Mansour
Malaria is currently one of the most important causes of mortality in developing countries. High resistance to available antimalarial drugs has been reported frequently, thus it is crucial to focus on the discovery of new antimalarial drugs. Artemisinin, an effective antimalarial medication, is isolated from various Artemisia species. To identify the Artemisia species producing high quantity of artemisinin, eight species of Artemisia were screened with the genetic sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker for higher quantity of artemisinin. The DNA band corresponding to SCAR marker was cloned into pGEM®-T Easy vector and sequenced. The content of artemisinin in tested species was also measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay. The primers designed for high-artemisinin SCAR marker could amplify a specific band of approximately 1000 bp which was present in two Artemisia annua and Artemisia absinthium species. These SCAR marker sequences for two selected species were submitted into the GenBank databases under KC337116 and KC465952 accession numbers. HPLC analysis indicated that two selected Artemisia species, genetically recognized as high-artemisinin yielding plants, had higher artemisinin content in comparison to other examined species. Therefore, in this study, we propose developed SCAR marker as a complementary tool for confidently detection of high-artemisinin content in Artemisia species. PMID:26752994
Amplified DNAs in laboratory stocks of Leishmania tarentolae: extrachromosomal circles structurally and functionally similar to the inverted-H-region amplification of methotrexate-resistant Leishmania major
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
We describe the structure of amplified DNA that was discovered in two laboratory stocks of the protozoan parasite Leishmania tarentolae. Restriction mapping and molecular cloning revealed that a region of 42 kilobases was amplified 8- to 30-fold in these lines. Southern blot analyses of digested DNAs or chromosomes separated by pulsed-field electrophoresis showed that the amplified DNA corresponded to the H region, a locus defined originally by its amplification in methotrexate-resistant Leishmania major. Similarities between the amplified DNA of the two species included (i) extensive cross-hybridization; (ii) approximate conservation of sequence order; (iii) extrachromosomal localization; (iv) an overall inverted, head-to-head configuration as a circular 140-kilobase tetrameric molecule; (v) two regions of DNA sequence rearrangement, each of which was closely associated with the two centers of the inverted repeats; (vi) association with methotrexate resistance; and (vii) phenotypically conservative amplification, in which the wild-type chromosomal arrangement was retained without apparent modification. Our data showed that amplified DNA mediating drug resistance arose in unselected L. tarentolae, although the pressures leading to apparently spontaneous amplification and maintenance of the H region are not known. The simple structure and limited extent of DNA amplified in these and other Leishmania lines suggests that the study of gene amplification in Leishmania spp. offers an attractive model system for the study of amplification in cultured mammalian cells and tumors. We also introduced a method for measuring the size of large circular DNAs, using gamma-irradiation to introduce limited double-strand breaks followed by sizing of the linear DNAs by pulsed-field electrophoresis
Waheed, Abdul; Hill, Tiffany; Dhawan, Nidhi
An adverse drug reaction relates to an undesired response to administration of a drug. Type A reactions are common and are predictable to administration, dose response, or interaction with other medications. Type B reactions are uncommon with occurrences that are not predictable. Appropriate diagnosis, classification, and entry into the chart are important to avoid future problems. The diagnosis is made with careful history, physical examination, and possibly allergy testing. It is recommended that help from allergy immunology specialists should be sought where necessary and that routine prescription of Epi pen should be given to patients with multiple allergy syndromes. PMID:27545730
... Treatment Drug Treatment Facts Does Drug Treatment Work? Types of Drug Treatment What Is a Relapse? Find Treatment/Rehab Resources Friends and Family Can Help Prevent Drug Abuse Help Children and Teens Stay Drug-Free Talking ...
... Treatment Drug Treatment Facts Does Drug Treatment Work? Types of Drug Treatment What Is a Relapse? Find Treatment/Rehab Resources Friends and Family Can Help Prevent Drug Abuse Help Children and Teens Stay Drug-Free Talking ...
Narrow-band laser amplifier system for tunable UV light generation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
We developed a Ti:Sapphire narrow-band laser amplifier system for efficient third harmonic generation. The amplifier system was composed of a wavelength tunable narrow-band regenerative amplifier and a broadband multi-pass amplifier. With a pumping of ∼17 mJ by the second harmonics of a Nd:YLF laser, mode-locked seed pulses were amplified to ∼1.0 mJ at 1-kHz repetition. We obtained the third harmonic wave of ∼208-μJ pulse energy after the wavelength conversion by two β-BBO crystals. (author)
Modeling of Yb3+-sensitized Er3+-doped silica waveguide amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Lester, Christian; Bjarklev, Anders Overgaard; Rasmussen, Thomas;
A model for Yb3+-sensitized Er3+-doped silica waveguide amplifiers is described and numerically investigated in the small-signal regime. The amplified spontaneous emission in the ytterbium-band and the quenching process between excited erbium ions are included in the model. For pump wavelengths...... between 860 and 995 nm, the amplified spontaneous emission in the ytterbium-band is found to reduce both the gain and the optimum length of the amplifier significantly. The achievable gain of the Yb3+-sensitized amplifier is found to be higher than in an Er3+-doped silica waveguide without Yb 3+ (18 d...
A low power low noise amplifier for a 128 channel detector read-out integrated circuit
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
This paper describes the design of a low power, low noise CMOS amplifier. The amplifier was designed using the folded cascade configuration and was implemented on a 3μm double polysilicon process. The amplifier is part of a 128 channel charge amplifier array chip for use in the read-out of radiation detectors with many channels. Aspects of the amplifier design such as band-width, pulse response, and noise are discussed and the effects of individual transistors are shown thereby relating circuit performance to process parameters; circuit test results are presented and radiation test results are included. (author)
Investigation of switching frequency variations in self-oscillating class D amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Nielsen, Dennis; Knott, Arnold; Pfaffinger, Gerhard;
Class D audio amplifiers have gained significant influence in sound reproduction due to their high efficiency. One of the most commonly used control methods in class D amplifiers is known as self-oscillation. An parameter of key interest in self-oscillating class D amplifiers is the switching...... frequency, which can be directly related to the performance of the amplifier. This paper will clearify the myth of the switching frequency through investigation of its dependency on modulation index and reference frequency. Validation is done using simulations and an 50 W amplifier providing 0...
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Morris, Sara; Michael, Nancy, Ed.
This module on antineoplastic drugs is intended for use in inservice or continuing education programs for persons who administer medications in long-term care facilities. Instructor information, including teaching suggestions, and a listing of recommended audiovisual materials and their sources appear first. The module goal and objectives are then…
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Amplified CWDM-based Next Generation Broadband Access Networks
Peiris, Sasanthi Chamarika
The explosive growth of both fixed and mobile data-centric traffic along with the inevitable trend towards all-IP/Ethernet transport protocols and packet switched networks will ultimately lead to an all-packet-based converged fixed-mobile optical transport network from the core all the way out to the access network. To address the increasing capacity and speed requirements in the access networks, Wavelength-Division Multiplexed (WDM) and/or Coarse WDM (CWDM)-based Passive Optical Networks (PONs) are expected to emerge as the next-generation optical access infrastructures. However, due to several techno-economic hurdles, CWDM-PONs are still considered an expensive solution and have not yet made any significant inroads into the current access area. One of the key technology hurdles is the scalability of the CWDM-based PONs. Passive component optical insertion losses limit the reach of the network or the number of served optical network units (ONUs). In the recent years, optical amplified CWDM approaches have emerged and new designs of optical amplifiers have been proposed and demonstrated. The critical design parameter for these amplifiers is the very wide optical amplification bandwidth (e.g., 340 nm combined for both directions). The objective of this PhD dissertation work is first to engineer ring and tree-ring based PON architectures that can achieve longer unamplified PON reach and/or provide service to a greater number of ONUs and customers. Secondly is to develop new novel optical amplifier schemes to further address the scalability limitation of the CWDM-based PONs. Specifically, this work proposes and develops novel ultra wide-band hybrid Raman-Optical parametric amplifier (HROPA) schemes that operate over nearly the entire specified CWDM band to provide 340 nm bidirectional optical gain bandwidth over the amplified PON's downstream and upstream CWDM wavelength bands (about 170 nm in each direction). The performance of the proposed HROPA schemes is assessed
Amplification effect on SBS and Rayleigh scattering in the backward pumped distributed fiber Raman amplifier
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Zaixuan Zhang; Huaping Gong
The amplification effect on stimulated Brillouin scattering(SBS)and Rayleigh scattering in the backward pumped G652 fiber Raman amplifier(FRA)is studied.The pump source is a 1427.2-nm fiber Raman laser whose power is tunable between 0-1200 mW,and the signal source is a tunable narrow spectral bandwidth(<10 MHz)external cavity laser(ECL).The Rayleigh scattering lines are amplified by the FRA and Stokes SBS lines are amplified by the FRA and the fiber Brillouin amplifier.The total gain of SBS lines is the production of the gain of Raman amplifier and that of Brillouin amplifier.In experiment,the SBS gain is about 42 dB and the saturation gain of 25-km G652 backward FRA is about 25 dB,so the gain of fiber Brillouin amplifier is about 17 dB.
Testing methodologies and systems for semiconductor optical amplifiers
Wieckowski, Michael
Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA's) are gaining increased prominence in both optical communication systems and high-speed optical processing systems, due primarily to their unique nonlinear characteristics. This in turn, has raised questions regarding their lifetime performance reliability and has generated a demand for effective testing techniques. This is especially critical for industries utilizing SOA's as components for system-in-package products. It is important to note that very little research to date has been conducted in this area, even though production volume and market demand has continued to increase. In this thesis, the reliability of dilute-mode InP semiconductor optical amplifiers is studied experimentally and theoretically. The aging characteristics of the production level devices are demonstrated and the necessary techniques to accurately characterize them are presented. In addition, this work proposes a new methodology for characterizing the optical performance of these devices using measurements in the electrical domain. It is shown that optical performance degradation, specifically with respect to gain, can be directly qualified through measurements of electrical subthreshold differential resistance. This metric exhibits a linear proportionality to the defect concentration in the active region, and as such, can be used for prescreening devices before employing traditional optical testing methods. A complete theoretical analysis is developed in this work to explain this relationship based upon the device's current-voltage curve and its associated leakage and recombination currents. These results are then extended to realize new techniques for testing semiconductor optical amplifiers and other similarly structured devices. These techniques can be employed after fabrication and during packaged operation through the use of a proposed stand-alone testing system, or using a proposed integrated CMOS self-testing circuit. Both methods are capable
A CHI wiggler ubitron amplifier experiment: Wiggler characterization
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Taccetti, J.M.; Jackson, R.H.; Freund, H.P. [Naval Research Lab., Washington, DC (United States)] [and others
A 35 GHz CHI (Coaxial Hybrid Iron) wiggler ubitron amplifier experiment is under construction at the Naval Research Laboratory. The CHI wiggler configuration has the potential of generating high wiggler magnetic fields at short periods with excellent beam focusing and transport properties. This makes it a desirable configuration for the generation of high power coherent radiation in relatively compact systems. The CHI wiggler consists of alternating rings of magnetic and non-magnetic materials concentric with a central rod of similar alternating design but shifted along the axis by half a period. Once inserted in a solenoidal magnetic field, the CHI structure deforms the axial field to create a radial field oscillating with the same periodicity as the rings. An annular electron beam is propagated through the coaxial gap where the oscillating radial field imparts an azimuthal wiggle motion. The principal goals of the experiment are to investigate the performance tradeoffs involved in the CHI configuration for high frequency amplifiers operating at low voltages with small wiggler periods. The nominal design parameters are a center frequency of 35 GHz, wiggler period of 0.75 cm, and beam voltage of approximately 150 kV. Calculations have shown an intrinsic (untapered) efficiency of {approximately} 7% when operating at 6.3 kG axial field (wiggler field, B{sub w}{approximately}1270 G). The calculated gain was 36 dB, saturating at a distance of 46 cm. These parameters yield an instantaneous amplifier bandwidth of {approximately} 25%. There appears to be room for further improvement in efficiency, a matter which will be scrutinized more closely in the final design. A prototype CHI wiggler is presently being fabricated for use in conjunction with an existing 30 kG superconducting solenoid. The performance properties of the prototype will be characterized and compared with linear and non-linear calculations.
Automatic alignment of double optical paths in excimer laser amplifier
Wang, Dahui; Zhao, Xueqing; Hua, Hengqi; Zhang, Yongsheng; Hu, Yun; Yi, Aiping; Zhao, Jun
A kind of beam automatic alignment method used for double paths amplification in the electron pumped excimer laser system is demonstrated. In this way, the beams from the amplifiers can be transferred along the designated direction and accordingly irradiate on the target with high stabilization and accuracy. However, owing to nonexistence of natural alignment references in excimer laser amplifiers, two cross-hairs structure is used to align the beams. Here, one crosshair put into the input beam is regarded as the near-field reference while the other put into output beam is regarded as the far-field reference. The two cross-hairs are transmitted onto Charge Coupled Devices (CCD) by image-relaying structures separately. The errors between intersection points of two cross-talk images and centroid coordinates of actual beam are recorded automatically and sent to closed loop feedback control mechanism. Negative feedback keeps running until preset accuracy is reached. On the basis of above-mentioned design, the alignment optical path is built and the software is compiled, whereafter the experiment of double paths automatic alignment in electron pumped excimer laser amplifier is carried through. Meanwhile, the related influencing factors and the alignment precision are analyzed. Experimental results indicate that the alignment system can achieve the aiming direction of automatic aligning beams in short time. The analysis shows that the accuracy of alignment system is 0.63μrad and the beam maximum restoration error is 13.75μm. Furthermore, the bigger distance between the two cross-hairs, the higher precision of the system is. Therefore, the automatic alignment system has been used in angular multiplexing excimer Main Oscillation Power Amplification (MOPA) system and can satisfy the requirement of beam alignment precision on the whole.
Analysis and implementation of an improved recycling folded cascode amplifier
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
李一雷; 韩科峰; 闫娜; 谈熙; 闵昊
A generally improved recycling folded cascode (IRFC) is analyzed and implemented.Analysis and comparisons among the IRFC,the original recycling folded cascode (RFC) and the conventional folded cascode (FC) are made,and it is shown that with the flexible structure of IRFC,significant enhancement in transconductance,slew rate and noise can be achieved.Prototype amplifiers were fabricated in 0.13 μm technology.Measurement shows that IRFC has 3 × enhancement in gain-bandwidth and slew rate over conventional FC,and the enhancement is 1.5× when compared with the RFC.
High Power Wideband Class-E Power Amplifier
Ortega González, Francisco Javier
This letter shows a high-power, high-efficiency, wideband Class-E RF power amplifier designed upon the load admittance synthesis concept and built using an uncomplicated low-loss load network with a low loss wideband admittance transformer as the main component. It uses a power Silicon LDMOS transistor to provide up to 145 W at 28 V peak power, up to 86% drain efficiency over 35% fractional bandwidth (from 85 to 120 MHz) and 15.6 dB gain at peak power without any adjustments. These are clear ...
Multi Carrier Modulation Audio Power Amplifier with Programmable Logic
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Christiansen, Theis; Andersen, Toke Meyer; Knott, Arnold;
for performance and out of band spectral amplitudes. The basic principle in MCM is to use programmable logic to combine two or more Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) audio signals at different switching frequencies. In this way the out of band spectrum will be lowered compared with conventional class D amplifiers...... frequencies entering the audio band. Still, the MS MCM topology with two carrier signals shows a 6 dB reduction of the switching frequency amplitudes as well as THD across the audio band below 1% at 55 W output power open loop....
Amplify-and-forward relaying in wireless communications
Rodriguez, Leonardo Jimenez; Le-Ngoc, Tho
This SpringerBrief explores the advantage of relaying techniques in addressing the increasing demand for high data rates and reliable services over the air. It demonstrates how to design cost-effective relay systems that provide high spectral efficiency and fully exploit the diversity of the relay channel. The brief covers advances in achievable rates, power allocation schemes, and error performance for half-duplex (HD) and full-duplex (FD) amplify-and-forward (AF) single-relay systems. The authors discuss the capacity and respective optimal power allocation for a wide range of HD protocols ov
Optimal linear detectors for nonorthogonal amplify-and-forward protocol
Ahmed, Qasim Zeeshan
In this paper, we propose optimal linear detectors for non-orthogonal amplify-and-forward cooperative protocol when considering a single-relay scenario. Two types of detectors are proposed based on the principles of minimum mean square error (MMSE) and minimum bit error rate (MBER). The MMSE detector minimizes the mean square error, while the MBER minimizes the system bit error rate (BER). Both detectors exhibit excellent BER performance with relatively low complexity as compared to the maximal likelihood (ML) detector. The BER performance of both detectors is superior to the channel inversion, the maximal ratio combining, and the biased ML detectors. © 2013 IEEE.
Linear CMOS RF power amplifiers a complete design workflow
Ruiz, Hector Solar
The work establishes the design flow for the optimization of linear CMOS power amplifiers from the first steps of the design to the final IC implementation and tests. The authors also focuses on design guidelines of the inductor's geometrical characteristics for power applications and covers their measurement and characterization. Additionally, a model is proposed which would facilitate designs in terms of transistor sizing, required inductor quality factors or minimum supply voltage. The model considers limitations that CMOS processes can impose on implementation. The book also provides diffe
Mode-Locking in a Free-Electron Laser Amplifier
Thompson, N. R.; McNeil, B.W.J.
A technique is proposed to generate attosecond pulse trains of radiation from a Free-Electron Laser amplifier. The optics-free technique synthesises a comb of longitudinal modes by applying a series of spatio-temporal shifts between the co-propagating radiation and electron bunch in the FEL. The modes may be phase-locked by modulating the electron beam energy at the mode spacing frequency. Three-dimensional simulations demonstrate the generation of a train of 400as pulses at giga-watt power l...
2-.mu.m fiber amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) source
Jiang, Shibin (Inventor); Wu, Jianfeng (Inventor); Geng, Jihong (Inventor)
A 2-.mu.m fiber Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) source provides a wide emission bandwidth and improved spectral stability/purity for a given output power. The fiber ASE source is formed from a heavy metal oxide multicomponent glass selected from germanate, tellurite and bismuth oxides and doped with high concentrations, 0.5-15 wt. %, thulium oxides (Tm.sub.2O.sub.3) or 0.1-5 wt% holmium oxides (Ho.sub.2O.sub.3) or mixtures thereof. The high concentration of thulium dopants provide highly efficient pump absorption and high quantum efficiency. Co-doping of Tm and Ho can broaden the ASE spectrum.
Computer-aided design of broad band reflection type amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hammershaimb, Edgar; Jeppesen, Palle; Schjær-Jacobsen, Hans
Microwave negative resistance reflection type amplifiers using stable transferred electron devices (TED's) are optimized by numerical optimization techniques programmed for an interactive graphic datascreen. The small signal impedance of packaged TED's is measured on an automatic network analyzer....... At the same time the impedance of unpackaged devices are obtained by on-line correction for the package parasitics. The microwave circuit chosen is a multiple slug coaxial cavity, that is modelled by sections of lossy transmission lines including step susceptances. The measured small signal impedance...
Numerical Modelling of Spontaneous Emission in Optical Parametric Amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Friis, Søren Michael Mørk; Andersen, Ulrik Lund; Rottwitt, Karsten
. However, it is well accepted that one contribution to the noise performance originates from vacuum fluctuations. In this work we show a novel approach to predict the spontaneous radiation from a parametric amplifier. In the approach the propagating fields are treated as a sum of a classical mean field......Fiber optical parametric processes offer a wide range of applications including phase sensitive as well as phase insensitive amplification, wavelength conversion and signal regeneration. One of the difficult challenges is any of these applications is to predict their associated noise performance...
Propagation of squeezed radiation through amplifying or absorbing random media
Patra, M
We analyse how nonclassical features of squeezed radiation (in particular the sub-Poissonian noise) are degraded when it is transmitted through an amplifying or absorbing medium with randomly located scattering centra. Both the cases of direct photodetection and of homodyne detection are considered. Explicit results are obtained for the dependence of the Fano factor (the ratio of the noise power and the mean current) on the degree of squeezing of the incident state, on the length and the mean free path of the medium, the temperature, and on the absorption or amplification rate.
Femtosecond Optical Parametric Amplifier for Petawatt Nd:Glass Lasers
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
ZHANG Xiao-Min; QIAN Lie-Jia; YUAN Peng; LUO Hang; ZHU He-Yuan; ZHU Qi-Hua; WEI Xiao-Feng; FAN Dian-Yuan
@@ We study a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser pumped optical parametric amplifier (OPA) at 1053nm. The OPA generates stable signal pulses with duration smaller than 100 fs, wavelength drift smaller than 0.5nm, and pulse-to-pulse fluctuation of about ±4%, by employing an external seeder. In a terawatt laser pumped large-aperture LiNbO3 OPA, pulse energy at signal has been scaled up to 4mJ. This m J-class femtosecond OPA at 1053nm presents a feasible alternative to optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification, and is ready to be applied to petawatt lasers.
Gain recovery dynamics and limitations in quantum dot amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Berg, Tommy Winther; Bischoff, Svend; Magnúsdóttir, Ingibjörg;
Summary form only given. While ultra-low threshold current densities have been achieved in quantum dot (QD) lasers, the predicted potential for high-speed modulation has not yet been realized despite the high differential gain. Furthermore, recent single pulse experiments demonstrated very fast...... gain recovery in a quantum dot amplifier, and it is thus not yet clear what the limiting processes for the device response are. We present the results of a comprehensive theoretical model, which agrees well with the experimental results, and indicates the importance of slow recovery of higher energy...
Class D audio amplifiers for high voltage capacitive transducers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Nielsen, Dennis
with the low level of acoustical output power and complex amplifier requirements, have limited the commercial success of the technology. Horn or compression drivers are typically favoured, when high acoustic output power is required, this is however at the expense of significant distortion combined......, the DEAP (Dielectric ElectroActive Polymer) one. DEAP based loudspeakers work on the principle of the electrostatic forces, and possess some of the ii same characteristics as the electrostatic loudspeaker. However, the DEAP transducer is constructed by printing compliant, corrugated electrodes...
X-Parameter Based Modelling of Polar Modulated Power Amplifiers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Wang, Yelin; Nielsen, Troels Studsgaard; Sira, Daniel;
X-parameters are developed as an extension of S-parameters capable of modelling non-linear devices driven by large signals. They are suitable for devices having only radio frequency (RF) and DC ports. In a polar power amplifier (PA), phase and envelope of the input modulated signal are applied at...... PA for simulations. The simulated error vector magnitude (EVM) and adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) were compared with the measured data to validate the model. The maximum differences between the simulated and measured EVM and ACPR are less than 2% point and 3 dB, respectively....
Multisine Decomposition Algorithm for RF Power Amplifier Characterization
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Palmisano, Davide; Galasso, Andrea; Tafuri, Felice Francesco;
This paper presents an algorithm for the generation of a multisine signal capable of accurately mimicking bandwidth and first order statistics such as the probability density function and the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of an arbitrary digitally modulated signal. The implemented algorithm...... outperforms state-of-the-art multisine design procedures by proposing a solution capable of achieving an arbitrarily low PAPR error with respect to the digital signal being decomposed. This innovative step enables a fast multisine-based power amplifier characterization with results that closely match...... that obtained using the actual digital signal....
Biasing Circuits for Voltage Controlled GSM Power Amplifiers
van Bezooijen, André; Prikhodko, Dima; Van Roermund, A.H.M.
In GSM phones voltage controlled power amplifiers are used to vary the output power.Inaccuracies in output power levels are predominantly caused by drift in PA gain over temperature and input power.In this paper we present biasing circuits that implement an inherently accurate gain control curve.These circuits are based on temperature stabilised V/I-converters and current mirrors.Applying current driven biasing of the first RF-stage reduces the input power dependency of the gain.Measurements ...
Optimization and Comparison for Different Raman Amplifier Configurations
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Gain spectra and corresponding optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) for bi-directional multi-pump Raman amplifiers are optimized and compared. Numerical results exhibit that, for optimizing bi-directional multi-pump configurations, there are multiple global maxima for signal gain spectra, and different bi-directional pump cases have different gain ripple and noise performance. Bi-directionally pumping schemes with suitable pump spectra can obviously decrease the gain ripple and equalize the OSNR tilt in comparison with pure backward pumping schemes.
Characterization and optimization of the magnetron directional amplifier
Hatfield, Michael Craig
Many applications of microwave wireless power transmission (WPT) are dependent upon a high-powered electronically-steerable phased array composed of many radiating modules. The phase output from the high-gain amplifier in each module must be accurately controlled if the beam is to be properly steered. A highly reliable, rugged, and inexpensive design is essential for making WPT applications practical. A conventional microwave oven magnetron may be combined with a ferrite circulator and other external circuitry to create such a system. By converting it into a two-port amplifier, the magnetron is capable of delivering at least 30 dB of power gain while remaining phase-locked to the input signal over a wide frequency range. The use of the magnetron in this manner is referred to as a MDA (Magnetron Directional Amplifier). The MDA may be integrated with an inexpensive slotted waveguide array (SWA) antenna to form the Electronically-Steerable Phased Array Module (ESPAM). The ESPAM provides a building block approach to creating phased arrays for WPT. The size and shape of the phased array may be tailored to satisfy a diverse range of applications. This study provided an in depth examination into the capabilities of the MDA/ESPAM. The basic behavior of the MDA was already understood, as well as its potential applicability to WPT. The primary objective of this effort was to quantify how well the MDA could perform in this capacity. Subordinate tasks included characterizing the MDA behavior in terms of its system inputs, optimizing its performance, performing sensitivity analyses, and identifying operating limitations. A secondary portion of this study examined the suitability of the ESPAM in satisfying system requirements for the solar power satellite (SPS). Supporting tasks included an analysis of SPS requirements, modeling of the SWA antenna, and the demonstration of a simplified phased array constructed of ESPAM elements. The MDA/ESPAM is well suited for use as an
Infrared Few-Cycle Pulse Optical Parametric Amplifier
Ališauskas, Skirmantas
Main objective of this thesis is to generate and amplify few cycle pulses in the infrared region. In this thesis, two approaches were introduced for few cycle pulse parametric amplification at 800 nm and 1.5 μm. First approach is dedicated for prospects for increasing average power of OPCPA via multi-beam pumping; the second approach is dedicated for generation of carrier-envelope-phase (CEP) stable high energy (up to tens of millijoules) few-cycle pulses at 1.5 μm. An experimental investi...
A Highly Responsive Silicon Nanowire/Amplifier MOSFET Hybrid Biosensor
Jieun Lee; Jaeman Jang; Bongsik Choi; Jinsu Yoon; Jee-Yeon Kim; Yang-Kyu Choi; Dong Myong Kim; Dae Hwan Kim; Sung-Jin Choi
This study demonstrates a hybrid biosensor comprised of a silicon nanowire (SiNW) integrated with an amplifier MOSFET to improve the current response of field-effect-transistor (FET)-based biosensors. The hybrid biosensor is fabricated using conventional CMOS technology, which has the potential advantage of high density and low noise performance. The biosensor shows a current response of 5.74 decades per pH for pH detection, which is 2.5 × 105 times larger than that of a single SiNW sensor. I...
The Effect of System and Amplifier Parameters on the Performance of Average Soliton Transmission System Using PSA as In-Line Amplifier
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
LIN Hong-rong; YANG Ai-xia; QIAN Sheng; LI Yue-hui
In this paper, the effect of system and amplifier parameters on the performance of soliton transmission system using Phase Sensitive Amplifier (PSA) as in-line amplifier has been researched theoretically by computer simulation.Since in PSA soliton system the performance of average soliton regime is much better than that of dynamic soliton regime,in our simulation we only considered average soliton regime. Our simulation results show that although using PSA as inline amplifiers in soliton system can not only overcome Gordon-Haus restriction but also suppress solitons interaction,lengthen soliton stable transmission distance significantly, the system and amplifier parameters have to be chosen carefully in order to get a better system performance.
Mismatch Calibration in LINC Power Amplifiers Using Modified Gradient Algorithm
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Hosein Miar-Naimi
Full Text Available One of the power amplifiers linearization technique is linear amplification with nonlinear components (LINC.The effects of phase and gain imbalances between two signal branches in LINC transmitters have been analyzed in this paper. Then a feedback path has been added to compensate this mismatches, using two complex gain in each path.This complex gains are controlled in a way to calibrate any gain and phase mismatches between two path using Modified Gradient Algorithm (MGA adaptively. The main advantages of this algorithm over other algorithms are zero residual error and fast convergence time. In the proposedarchitecture power amplifiers in each path are modeled as a complex gain which its phase and amplitude depend on input signal level. Many simulations have been performed to validate the proposed self calibrating LINC transmitter. Simulation results have confirmed the analyticalpredictions. According to simulation results the proposed structure has around 40 dB/Hz improvement in the first adjacent channel of the output signal spectrum.
Amplified effect of surface charge on cell adhesion by nanostructures
Xu, Li-Ping; Meng, Jingxin; Zhang, Shuaitao; Ma, Xinlei; Wang, Shutao
Nano-biointerfaces with varied surface charge can be readily fabricated by integrating a template-based process with maleimide-thiol coupling chemistry. Significantly, nanostructures are employed for amplifying the effect of surface charge on cell adhesion, as revealed by the cell-adhesion performance, cell morphology and corresponding cytoskeletal organization. This study may provide a promising strategy for developing new biomedical materials with tailored cell adhesion for tissue implantation and regeneration.Nano-biointerfaces with varied surface charge can be readily fabricated by integrating a template-based process with maleimide-thiol coupling chemistry. Significantly, nanostructures are employed for amplifying the effect of surface charge on cell adhesion, as revealed by the cell-adhesion performance, cell morphology and corresponding cytoskeletal organization. This study may provide a promising strategy for developing new biomedical materials with tailored cell adhesion for tissue implantation and regeneration. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Experimental details, SEM, KFM AFM, chemical modification and characterization. See DOI: 10.1039/c6nr00649c
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
S. K. Behera
Full Text Available This paper presents a sequentially fed balanced amplifying antenna that exhibits circularly polarized radiation. The inherent benefits of good isolation between input and output ports as well as improved matching capabilities of balanced amplifiers provide overall system gain of 8 dBi at frequency 2.36GHz. The planar arrangement of the patch antenna elements are considered to form an array. The phase of the feeding in the array increases progressively from 00 to 2700.Each element in the array is linearly polarized. Here four elements were considered and 2arranged at the four corners of a square domain. This arrangement shows that each antenna sees its adjacent ones to be radiating from an edge orthogonal to its edge of radiation. Circular polarization is achieved due to this sequential feeding. This array is designed with operating frequency 2.4 GHz. A good axial ratio of 2.4 is obtained at 2.37 GHz frequency. The noise figure is considerably reduced and which is around -19dB.
Thin-disk laser multi-pass amplifier
Schuhmann, K; Graf, T; Hänsch, T W; Kirch, K; Kottmann, F; Pohl, R; Taqqu, D; Voß, A; Weichelt, B; Antognini, A
In the context of the Lamb shift measurement in muonic helium we developed a thin-disk laser composed of a Q-switched oscillator and a multi-pass amplifier delivering pulses of 150 mJ at a pulse duration of 100 ns. Its peculiar requirements are stochastic trigger and short delay time (< 500 ns) between trigger and optical output. The concept of the thin-disk laser allows for energy and power scaling with high efficiency. However the single pass gain is small (about 1.2). Hence a multi-pass scheme with precise mode matching for large beam waists (w = 2 mm) is required. Instead of using the standard 4f design, we have developed a multi-pass amplifier with a beam propagation insensitive to thermal lens effects and misalignments. The beam propagation is equivalent to multiple roundtrips in an optically stable resonator. To support the propagation we used an array of 2 x 8 individually adjustable plane mirrors. Astigmatism has been minimized by a compact mirror placement. Precise alignment of the kinematic arra...
Regime for a Self-ionizing Raman Laser Amplifier
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Backward Raman amplification and compression at high power might occur if a long pumping laser pulse is passed through a plasma to interact resonantly with a counter-propagating short seed pulse [V.M. Malkin, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 (1999) 4448-4451]. One critical issue, however, is that the pump may be unacceptably depleted due to spontaneous Raman backscatter from intrinsic fluctuations in the amplifying plasma medium prior to its useful interaction with the seed. Premature backscatter may be avoided, however, by employing a gaseous medium with pump intensities too low to ionize the medium, and using the intense seed to produce the plasma by rapid photoionization as it is being amplified [V.M. Malkin, et al., Phys. Plasmas (2001)]. In addition to allowing that only rather low power pumps be used, photoionization introduces a damping of the short pulse which must be overcome by the Raman growth rate for net amplification to occur. The parameter space of gas densities, laser wavelengths, and laser intensities is surveyed to identify favorable regimes for this effect. Output laser intensities of 10(superscript ''17'') W/cm(superscript ''2'') for 0.5 mm radiation are found to be feasible for such a scheme using a pump of 10(superscript ''13'') W/cm(superscript ''2'') and an initial seed of 5 x 10(superscript ''14'') W/cm(superscript ''2'') over an amplification length of 5.6 cm in hydrogen gas
Regime for a self-ionizing Raman laser amplifier
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Backward Raman amplification and compression at high power might occur if a long pumping laser pulse is passed through a plasma to interact resonantly with a counter-propagating short seed pulse [V. M. Malkin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4448-4451 (1999)]. One critical issue, however, is that the pump may be unacceptably depleted due to spontaneous Raman backscatter from intrinsic fluctuations in the amplifying plasma medium prior to its useful interaction with the seed. Premature backscatter may be avoided, however, by employing a gaseous medium with pump intensities too low to ionize the medium and using the intense seed to produce the plasma by rapid photoionization as it is being amplified [V. M. Malkin et al., Phys. Plasmas 8, 4698-4699 (2001)]. In addition to allowing that only rather low power pumps be used, photoionization introduces a damping of the short pulse which must be overcome by the Raman growth rate for net amplification to occur. The parameter space of gas densities, laser wavelengths, and laser intensities is surveyed to identify favorable regimes for this effect. Output laser intensities of 2x1017 W/cm2 for 0.5 μm radiation are found to be feasible for such a scheme using a pump of 1x1013 W/cm2 and an initial seed of 5x1014 W/cm2 over an amplification length of 5.6 cm in hydrogen gas
High-Gm Differential Regulated Cascode Transimpedance Amplifier
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
谢生; 陶希子; 毛陆虹; 高谦; 吴思聪
A differential cross-coupled regulated cascode(RGC)transimpedance amplifier(TIA)is proposed. The theory of multi-stage common-source(CS) configuration as an auxiliary amplifier to enhance the bandwidth and output impedance of RGC topology is analyzed. Additionally, negative Miller capacitance and shunt active inductor compensation are exploited to further expand the bandwidth. The proposed RGC TIA is simulated based on UMC 0.18μm standard CMOS process. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed TIA has a high transim-pedance of 60.5 dBΩ, and a-3 dB bandwidth of 5.4 GHz is achieved for 0.5 pF input capacitance. The average equivalent input noise current spectral density is about 20 pA/Hz1/2 in the interested frequency, and the TIA con-sumes 20 mW DC power under 1.8 V supply voltage. The voltage swing is 460 mVpp, and the saturation input cur-rent is 500μA.
An Electronically Tunable Transconductance Amplifier for Use in Auditory Prostheses
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Full Text Available Low-voltage and low-power trends in analog electronics enable novel features in modern bio-medical devices, such as extensive portability, autonomy and even battery-less operation. One specific example is the cochlear implant (CI, which emulates the physiology of hearing to produce auditory sensations via neural stimulation. Besides low-voltage and low-power operation, a key feature in modern CIs is wide-range programmability of the speech processing parameters. This paper proposes an operational transconductance amplifier (OTA for use in CIs, with wide-range electronic tuning of the transconductance value. The proposed OTA is developed around a cascade of two transconductor stages, making the transconductance dependent on the bias current ratio. A combination of linearization techniques: bulk input, parallel differential pairs and feedback, is used to achieve sufficient linear range for CI speech processing. Wide-range parameter tuning of the speech processing sections is illustrated on a variable gain amplifier, a bandpass Tow-Thomas biquad and an envelope detector. Finally, the complete CI speech processing chain is illustrated. The proposed OTA and its employment in CI analog speech processing are validated on a 350 nm CMOS process.
Efficient Slew-Rate Enhanced Operational Transconductance Amplifier
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Xiao-Peng Wan; Fei-Xiang Zhang; Shao-Wei Zhen; Ya-Juan He; Ping Luo
Abstract⎯Today, along with the prevalent use of portable equipment, wireless, and other battery powered systems, the demand for amplifiers with a high gain-bandwidth product (GBW), slew rate (SR), and at the same time very low static power dissipation is growing. In this work, an operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) with an enhanced SR is proposed. By inserting a sensing resistor in the input port of the current mirror in the OTA, the voltage drop across the resistor is converted into an output current containing a term in proportion to the square of the voltage, and then the SR of the proposed OTA is significantly enhanced and the current dissipation can be reduced. The proposed OTA is designed and simulated with a 0.5μm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process. The simulation results show that the SR is 4.54 V/μs, increased by 8.25 times than that of the conventional design, while the current dissipation is only 87.3%.
Spheromak reactor with poloidal flux-amplifying transformer
Furth, Harold P.; Janos, Alan C.; Uyama, Tadao; Yamada, Masaaki
An inductive transformer in the form of a solenoidal coils aligned along the major axis of a flux core induces poloidal flux along the flux core's axis. The current in the solenoidal coil is then reversed resulting in a poloidal flux swing and the conversion of a portion of the poloidal flux to a toroidal flux in generating a spheromak plasma wherein equilibrium approaches a force-free, minimum Taylor state during plasma formation, independent of the initial conditions or details of the formation. The spheromak plasma is sustained with the Taylor state maintained by oscillating the currents in the poloidal and toroidal field coils within the plasma-forming flux core. The poloidal flux transformer may be used either as an amplifier stage in a moving plasma reactor scenario for initial production of a spheromak plasma or as a method for sustaining a stationary plasma and further heating it. The solenoidal coil embodiment of the poloidal flux transformer can alternately be used in combination with a center conductive cylinder aligned along the length and outside of the solenoidal coil. This poloidal flux-amplifying inductive transformer approach allows for a relaxation of demanding current carrying requirements on the spheromak reactor's flux core, reduces plasma contamination arising from high voltage electrode discharge, and improves the efficiency of poloidal flux injection.
Differential InP HEMT MMIC Amplifiers Embedded in Waveguides
Kangaslahti, Pekka; Schlecht, Erich; Samoska, Lorene
Monolithic microwave integrated-circuit (MMIC) amplifiers of a type now being developed for operation at frequencies of hundreds of gigahertz contain InP high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) in a differential configuration. The differential configuration makes it possible to obtain gains greater than those of amplifiers having the single-ended configuration. To reduce losses associated with packaging, the MMIC chips are designed integrally with, and embedded in, waveguide packages, with the additional benefit that the packages are compact enough to fit into phased transmitting and/or receiving antenna arrays. Differential configurations (which are inherently balanced) have been used to extend the upper limits of operating frequencies of complementary metal oxide/semiconductor (CMOS) amplifiers to the microwave range but, until now, have not been applied in millimeter- wave amplifier circuits. Baluns have traditionally been used to transform from single-ended to balanced configurations, but baluns tend to be lossy. Instead of baluns, finlines are used to effect this transformation in the present line of development. Finlines have been used extensively to drive millimeter- wave mixers in balanced configurations. In the present extension of the finline balancing concept, finline transitions are integrated onto the affected MMICs (see figure). The differential configuration creates a virtual ground within each pair of InP HEMT gate fingers, eliminating the need for inductive vias to ground. Elimination of these vias greatly reduces parasitic components of current and the associated losses within an amplifier, thereby enabling more nearly complete utilization of the full performance of each transistor. The differential configuration offers the additional benefit of multiplying (relative to the single-ended configuration) the input and output impedances of each transistor by a factor of four, so that it is possible to use large transistors that would otherwise have
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Microwave amplifier and active circuit design using the real frequency technique
Jarry, Pierre
This book focuses on the authors' Real Frequency Technique (RFT) and its application to a wide variety of multi-stage microwave amplifiers and active filters, and passive equalizers for radar pulse shaping and antenna return loss applications. The first two chapters review the fundamentals of microwave amplifier design and provide a description of the RFT. Each subsequent chapter introduces a new type of amplifier or circuit design, reviews its design problems, and explains how the RFT can be adapted to solve these problems. The authors take a practical approach by summarizing the design steps and giving numerous examples of amplifier realizations and measured responses. Provides a complete description of the RFT as it is first used to design multistage lumped amplifiers using a progressive optimization of the equalizers, leading to a small umber of parameters to optimize simultaneously Presents modifications to the RFT to design trans-impedance microwave amplifiers that are used for photodiodes acti...
Propagation of a partially coherent laser beam through the inhomogeneous medium of an optical amplifier
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The propagation of a partially coherent laser beam through a single-pass optical amplifier is considered in the complex geometric optics approximation. A system of equation is obtained which describes changes in the complex amplitude and complex phase of the coherence function of the laser beam in the inhomogeneous medium of the amplifier. The power and intensity of the amplified radiation are analysed as functions of the coherence radius of the laser beam and the optical strength of a gas lens produced in the amplifier medium due to the spatial inhomogeneity of the energy deposition. It is found that the effect of the gas lens and partial coherence of radiation on the gain depends on the relation between the input beam radius and the amplifier aperture. It is shown that the energy gain increases with increasing the lens strength and improving the beam coherence, whereas the opposite behaviour is inherent in 'narrow' beams. (optical amplifiers)
FPGA-Based Digital Current Switching Power Amplifiers Used in Magnetic Bearing Systems
Wang, Yin; Zhang, Kai; Dong, Jinping
For a traditional two-level current switching power amplifier (PA) used in a magnetic bearing system, its current ripple is obvious. To increase its current ripple performance, three-level amplifiers are designed and their current control is generally based on analog and logical circuits. So the required hardware is complex and a performance increase from the hardware adjustment is difficult. To solve this problem, a FPGA-based digital current switching power amplifier (DCSPA) was designed. Its current ripple was obviously smaller than a two-level amplifier and its control circuit was much simpler than a tri-level amplifier with an analog control circuit. Because of the field-programmable capability of a FPGA chip used, different control algorithms including complex nonlinear algorithms could be easily implemented in the amplifier and their effects could be compared with the same hardware.
Analysis of a wide-band amplifier realized on the base of microcircuits
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Discussed is an approach to the design of a wide-band amplifier with stable characteristics and realized on the base of microcircuits. The scheme of the concrete amplifier operating under the matching conditions with 75-ohmic cable at the amplifier input and output is analyzed. The amplifier is developed on the base of microcircuits and involved into a mehallic-glass case. The finefilm resistors are used in the scheme; the 2T31064-2 transistor is used on the first stage, the other stages are performed on the base of 2T354B transistors. The amplifier operating gain equals to 20-0.5 db, the upper boundary frequency is >=250 MHz, the lower boundary frequency is =250 MV, the voltage supply is equal to 6.3 V and its energy input is < 200 MW. The amplifier retains its properties in the temperature range from - 60 to + 70 deg C
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This page lists cancer drugs approved by the FDA for use in leukemia. The drug names link to NCI's Cancer Drug Information summaries. The list includes generic names, brand names, and common drug combinations, which are shown in capital letters.
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Drug screen -- urine ... detect the presence of illegal and some prescription drugs in your urine. Their presence indicates that you recently used these drugs. Some drugs may remain in your system for ...

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