text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 10, 1976
|Filing date
|Feb 3, 1975
|Priority date
|Feb 3, 1975
|Publication number
|George W. Pratt, Jr.
|Original Assignee
|Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (45), Classifications (15)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to spark plugs employing both corona discharge and arc discharge and to systems employing the same.
Attention is called to an application for Letters Patent Ser. No. 508,381, filed Sept. 23, 1974, (Pratt, Jr.) and to the prior art presented in connection with the application by the applicant. There accompanies herewith a Master's thesis entitled "Pulse-aided Arcs Under Pressure, Spacing and Voltage" (Miller); the work upon which the thesis is based was done under the supervision of the present inventor.
The discharge device described in said application uses corona discharge and arc discharge in various ways. The present invention arose from further work on the same general subject matter, an object of the present invention being to control the arc of a spark plug in a way that allows some control over the path followed by the arc.
A further object is to provide a substantially long arc and one that, once initiated, can be moved about to alter the length of the same to enhance combustion in a system by virtue of such controlled length as well as by virtue of the movement alone.
A still further object is to provide a spark plug wherein movement of the arc is effected by electromagnetic interaction between electric current in the arc and electric current in the electrodes of the spark plug.
Another object is to provide a spark plug wherein magnetic particulate is employed to enhance such electromagnetic interaction.
Still another object is to provide a spark plug wherein the electrodes and/or insulating parts employ low work function materials to promote corona and arc discharge.
Still another object is to provide a spark plug that acts to generate active chemical species in the corona discharge to facilitate and enhance combustion.
These and still further objects are elaborated upon in the description that follows.
The invention is henceforth described with reference to the accompanying drawing in which:
FIG. 1 is a partial elevation view, partly cutaway, showing a spark plug that embodies the present concepts;
FIG. 2 is a highly diagrammatic representation showing a part of the combustion system of an automobile and including a schematic representation of the spark plug of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 shows a voltage curve of an electric potential that may be applied to the spark plug of FIG. 1;
FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 are partial elevation views showing modifications of the spark plug of FIG. 1;
FIG. 7 is a pressure vs. voltage curve showing the magnitude of applied potential required to initiate an arc in a spark plug like that shown in FIG. 6 hereof;
FIG. 8 is a schematic electric circuit diagram of a system that includes a spark plug like that shown in FIG. 1 plus a power supply to energize the spark plug and a control voltage to manipulate the arc; and
FIG. 9 is a schematic circuit diagram showing a further circuit arrangement to energize the spark plug herein disclosed.
Before going into a detailed explanation of the structure of the spark plug, there follows first a brief, overall discussion. The purpose of the ignition device herein disclosed is to create an arc discharge whose length is much longer than ordinarily obtainable and whose length and disposition can be electronically controlled. A corona discharge is a precursor to the arc and the corona may be used for several purposes. First it may be used to charge fuel droplets that may be present, for example, in fuel injection engines, and to concentrate the charged fuel droplets so as to affect the air-to-fuel ratio to enhance the ignition and combustion process. Second, the corona will act to generate active radicals which promote the combustion process. Third, the corona can establish a path along which an arc discharge is guided or preferably established. This favorable path can be substantially longer than ordinarily obtainable. For example, it was discovered that an arc 0.340 inches long was established repeatedly at 33,000 volts and at 140 psi using a structure like that shown in FIG. 6. The length of path of the arc was discovered to be only weakly dependent on pressure after a certain threshold voltage is attained. Furthermore, by proper design of the electrode configuration and the electrodes, it is possible to control the path and consequently the length of the arc discharge. This control is acquired in part and in appropriate circumstances by virtue of the repulsion of two oppositely directed electric currents. The duration of the corona phase of the plug firing can be controlled and may vary in time down to the microsecond regime.
With reference now to FIG. 2, a combustion system is shown at 101 comprising a spark plug 10 and high voltage supply means 20 interconnected. As shown in FIG. 1, the spark plug 10 has a base or body 4 which, as in a conventional plug, is the threaded metal structure that threads into the engine block of any automobile. A high voltage axial or central electrode 1 extends from an input terminal 11 at a first end of the plug 10 through the plug body 4 and outward to a second end of the plug axially separated from the first end. The central electrode is surrounded by an insulator 9 which isolates the electrode 1 from the plug body 4. The part of the electrode 1 that extends outward from the base 4 is surrounded by an insulating jacket 3 that is merely an extension of the insulator 9. A ground electrode 2, attached to the body 4, extends inward from the body 4 to the vicinity of the electrode 1. The electrodes 1 and 2 act in combination with the high voltage means to create, first, a corona discharge and, then, an arc discharge through the corona, as now discussed.
The electrode 1 is a high voltage elongate axial electrode which, as above noted, extends and outward from the base or body 4 of the spark plug. The outwardly extending part of the electrode 1 is covered by the thin (i.e., ˜1mm) insulating jacket 3 except for a small exposed portion 1A at its free end. (Strictly speaking, the exposed portion 1A should be called the "electrode", but through this specification the high voltage electrode includes the electrical conductor between the input terminal 11 at the first end of the plug, to and including the exposed portion 1A at the second end thereof). The electrode 2 (which is a ground electrode in the embodiment shown) is disposed adjacent the high voltage electrode 1 at a region 5 displaced from the exposed portion 1A by a substantial gap 6, and is separated therefrom at the region 5 by the insulating jacket 3 so that the distance from the ground electrode to the axial electrode through the jacket at the region 5 is much less than the distance from the ground electrode across the gap 6 to the exposed portion 1A. Hence, in an operating system, corona discharge (which can in some cases be called pre-strike ionization) can be created between the high voltage electrode and the ground electrode; the corona begins in the high electric field region 5 wherein the two electrodes are closest together and spreads generally along the insulating jacket toward the exposed portion 1A due to an axial component of the electric field. When the corona discharge reaches the vicinity of the exposed portion 1A, an arc discharge 30 occurs through the corona between the exposed portion of the first electrode 1 and the second or ground electrode 2 in the air space surrounding the insulating jacket with a component of the arc being substantially parallel to the surface of said jacket: the arc 30 is a long arc compared to the ˜0.030 to 0.040 inch arc in more conventional spark plugs, being the order of 0.340 inches (i.e., 8.6mm) or more in length. The arc 30 follows a path whose shape and location are determined, in part, by the corona discharge and, therefore, by the shape and position of the electrodes 1 and 2. The arc 30 will tend to occur in close proximity to the electrode 1, thereby causing it initially to contact the surface of the insulator 3. In the plug 10, the electrodes 1 and 2 are shaped and positioned to provide a configuration wherein the initial surface discharge nature of the arc is affected by the electromagnetic interaction between the electric current in the arc and the electric current carried in the electrodes so that the arc will tend to lift from the insulator surface by virture of said electromagnetic interaction from the position marked 30A to the position marked 30B. More specifically, an electric current, say, upward in the electrode 1 at the stem portion shown at 1B will interact electromagnetically with a current downward in the arc 30, causing the arc 30 to move radially outward away from the stem portion 1B of the electrode 1. The outward movement of the arc 30 has at least three felicitous consequences: it removes the arc from contact with the surface of the insulator 3, thereby reducing fouling problems; it can be exploited to lengthen the arc, thereby increasing the ignition volume in the system 101; and it can create a continuously changing position of the arc which increases the ignition volume an even greater amount. The corona and the arc are discussed further in later paragraphs.
The insulating jacket 3 can be made of conventional ceramic insulating material used in spark plugs. The foregoing electromagnetic interaction can be enhanced, however, by distributing through the insulating material prior to formation a small amount of Fe3 O4 or some other magnetic particulate. The particulate will increase the magnetic field due to current in the electrode 1 without degrading the insulating properties of the jacket 3. Small magnetic particles in the 100 to 1000A range of sizes could act effectively in this regard.
As above noted, corona begins in the region 5 and moves along the insulating jacket; as it does, it is subjected to lines of force between the ground electrode and the exposed portion 1A of the high voltage electrode in an operating system 101 to provide an arc. The arc thus formed moves along a path generally parallel to the stem portion 1B of the axial electrode 1 which is covered by the insulating jacket. The part of the arc is, then, determined in part by the corona, and the shape of the corona is determined to a large extent by the geometry of the electrode 1. Hence, the jacketed high voltage electrode serves to guide the corona discharge.
The spark plug 10 has a conventional base 4 that threads into an engine block at electrical ground, as above noted. In FIG. 2 the elements labeled 7 and 8 represent a cylinder and piston, respectively, of such engine. The spark plug disclosed herein can also be used in rotary engines and, in general, in combustion systems that require spark ignition devices. The high voltage supply means can be a capacitance discharge system or a conventional automobile coil, or such means can be a supply that furnishes a waveform to provide timing in connection with both the corona discharge and the arc discharge. (In FIG. 3 there is shown a time-voltage waveform that is slow rising to about 5 kv to provide corona discharge and is then fast rising to about 20 kv to provide arcing with a sustaining voltage thereafter). Further, in the immediate vicinity of the spark plug 10 there will be an air-fuel mixture as discussed in said application Ser. No. 508,381; and, in this connection, the duration of the corona discharge can affect the composition of said mixture. Also, since the amount of electrical energy which can be dissipated in the arc is a function of the arc length, the present system introduces great benefits to any combustion system, particularly in lean burning engines having a high air-to-fuel ratio. And, it can now be seen, such energy can be increased as the arc is moved outward since, as distinguished from prior-art system, in the present system the arc length is or can be increased. In what follows, the theories underlying the present invention are given more rigorous treatment than is done in the foregoing explanation; and there are described modifications of the spark plug of FIG. 1.
Work done to date indicates that a corona is first established between the ground electrode 2 and the high voltage electrode 1 through the insulator 3. The charged species in the corona experience an electric field having a radial component Er in FIG. 1 directed perpendicular to the axially directed high voltage electrode 1, and an axial component Ez directed parallel to electrode 1. The radial and axial currents Jr and Jz, respectively, are
Jr = σr Er
Jz = σz Ez
where σr is the radial conductivity through the insulating jacket 3 to the electrode 1 and σz is the conductivity along the surface of the jacket 3.
Although Er >> Ez, because of the insulating jacket, σz >> σr. An arc can be established in the axial direction yielding Jz >> Jr. The current in the arc is essentially equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the current flowing in the insulated high voltage electrode at 1B. These two currents exert a force on each other in the radial direction forcing them apart. Since the arc can move in space, it will lift off the surface of the insulating jacket 3, as previously mentioned. The radially directed force F per unit length l acting on the arc is ##EQU1## where F is in newtons, l and a are in meters, and Iarc in amperes. The current Iarc is not constant when the arc discharge occurs. Immediately after the arc is established, Iarc can be quite large while the self-capacitance of the plug is discharged. Values as high as 200 amperes can be attained over a time scale of 10- 9 seconds. This high current quickly drops to a value of approximately 50 mA during the dissipation of the magnetic energy in the coil of a conventional ignition system. The self-capacitance of the plug can be deliberately controlled to affect the value of Iarc. The duration of the self-capacitance discharge can be adjusted by manipulation of the RC time constant of said discharge. If, for example Iarc is taken to be 10 amperes and the arc 30 has pushed away from the axial electrode 1 to a distance a of 0.5 cm, then ##EQU2## The force acting on an individual electron or positive ion in the arc would be the order of
0.4 � 10- 2 � 10- 10 = 0.4 � 10- 12 newtons
This is to be compared with the force F1 on the electron or positive ion due to the electric field that drives the arc. If the field in the gap 6 in FIG. 1 is 30,000 V/cm, the corresponding driving force F1 is
F1 = 1.6 � 10- 19 �3 � 106 = 4.8 � 10- 13 newtons
Hence, the force F acting to push the arc away from the surface of the insulator 3 is comparable to the electric force f1 that produces the arc itself. This tendency to lift the arc off the surface is important because it can be used to establish the arc away from a surface that could otherwise quench the combustion process, it allows better propagation of the combustion process in all directions away from the arc, and it reduces plug fouling since a surface current is strongly pushed off the surface. The tendency to push the arc away from the surface is of further importance as it can be used to control the length of the arc.
FIG. 7 shows the voltage that was discovered for present purpose to be required to achieve an arc discharge between electrodes, like those in FIG. 1, as a function of pressure. The electrode spacing depicted in FIG. 6 is 0.340 inches. (The concepts herein disclosed have greatest merit in connecton with large-gap plugs, e.g., ˜5mm and above.) It should be noted that there is a marked decrease in pressure dependence once a threshold voltage VT has been reached.
A structure adapted to use the control features herein described is shown at 10A in FIG. 4. (In FIG. 4, elements that can be identical to those in FIG. 1 have the same designation and those that perform the same function but are not identical have similar designations.) The arc, again marked 30, is formed between the tapered sparking surface portion 1A1 of the high voltage electrode marked 1' and a grounded electrode 2A having a tapered sparking surface 2A1. As the radial force due to the repulsion between the current in the arc and the current in the high voltage electrode 1' forces the arc away from the electrode 1', the length of the arc increases. By controlling the current, carried by the arc, as later discussed herein, the radial force can be varied and hence the length of the arc. At sufficiently high current and for the proper shape of the sparking surface of the electrodes, the arc can be "blown out" by the radial force. A new arc will form and be extinguished in the same manner. Thus, a continual striking and extinguishing of the arc will occur. This phenomenon has been observed using a structure like that shown in FIG. 4. The spark or arc moving radially outward created an entire sheet of discharge. In an operating system, the outward motion of the discharge will act to push the initial flame kernel away from the plug where it would tend to be quenched. Furthermore, there is a marked distribution of energy and temperatures in this new type discharge. Near the jacketed insulator the arc is blue in color becoming orange at a larger radius. This may be beneficial in matching the energy and temperature of the discharge to the chemical reaction to be initiated in the combustion process.
A few further aspects of the spark plug 10A in FIG. 4 are contained in this paragraph. As above noted, the plug 10A has tapered sparking surfaces 1A1 and 2A1 between which there is a gap that gradually increases in length from the solid insulation (again marked 3) radially outward from the stem portion (again marked 1B) of the high voltage or first electrode 1'. The upper conductive member having the sparking surface 1A1 is a conductive cap 1A1 ' in the shape of a frustum of a cone at and forming the exposed portion of the first electrode 1'; the ground electrode or second electrode 2A is a conducting annulus surrounding fhe first electrode 1' near the base. An arc formed in an operating spark plug can be controlled in length between the two tapered sparking surfaces 1A1 and 2A1.
A further configuration favoring the formation of a long arc is shown in FIG. 5 wherein the spark plug shown at 10B comprises the insulated high voltage electrode labeled 1" which is curved or arcuate. An initial corona 27 forms between the ground electrode shown at 2B and the high voltage electrode 1" through an insulating jacket 3A which may be made of a high temperature ceramic, as before. The corona 27 is drawn along the curve to the exposed sparking cap shown at 1A2 of the electrode 1". At sufficiently high voltage, an arc, again marked 30, will form and will be established, as shown, between the cap electrode 1A2 and the ground electrode 2B. The curved shape assists in drawing the initial corona to the exposed cap 1A2. The plug 10B makes use of the advantages of the corona for charging and moving fuel droplets should they be present, for the generation of active species that promote the combustion process, and for the establishment of a long arc at high pressure. Control of the path of the arc will to some extent be possible due to the electric and magnetic forces acting on the arc. These magnetic forces can be augmented by the use of magnetic materials in the structure of the plug as discussed elsewhere herein. For example, the insulating jacket 3A could be made of a ferrite or contain ferrite or other high magnetic permeability particles. The magnetic material will amplify the magnetic field due to the current through the high voltage electrode 1".
The use of low work function material in the electrodes (for example 1A and 2 of FIG. 1) and in the insulating jacket 3 of FIG. 1 can also be of use in facilitating the establishment of the corona discharge and the arc itself. Materials such as LaB6, for example, have very low work functions and produce a copious supply of electrons as a result of elevated temperatures and electric fields. These electrons emanate from a combination of thermionic and field emissions. Electrons liberated in the high field produce and assist in the production of the corona and arc discharges. These discharges are initiated and maintained at higher pressures and lower voltages if the supply of electrons in the gas is enhanced. This is in part due to the ability of electrons accelerated by the electric fields present from the high voltage source to produce ionization in the gas. Of course, the insulating quality of the jacket 3 must be maintained so that breakdown through it does not occur.
The high voltage source that creates the initial corona discharge and establishes the arc can be adapted to perform several functions. It can supply a corona voltage and limit the corona current so as to suppress the formation of an arc until the desired instant. A fast rise time pulse can be impressed upon the corona voltage, which might be in the 5kv range, to create the arc. Multiple fast rise time arc-forming pulses could be supplied to form a sequence of arc discharges. Further, this sequence of arcs can be used in the ignition of a single fuel-air charge. The corona can be created simply as a consequence of the voltage increase associated with the voltage pulse that establishes the arc discharge. The corona stage of the discharge may last only for a very short time, e.g., 10- 5 seconds. Some technical matters relating to the arc and an electric system to effect the various electrical functions herein disclosed are now taken up.
The interaction between the current carried in the arc and the current flowing in the insulated high voltage electrode can be used to control the length of the arc, as is previously noted herein. One means of effecting this control is to vary the current carried by the arc. This can be done by using a variable current or voltage source connected across the plug terminals. When the arc discharge is off, the resistance Roff of the plug is high, e.g., 106 ohms. During a corona discharge preceding the arc, the resistance Rcorona is also quite high and the corona current in the 10- 5 ampere range. When the arc is on, the resistance across the plug Ron is drastically decreased from Roff. Ron will usually be of the order of 10 ohms. A variable voltage or current source can now be used to pass a control current through the arc and consequently affect the force which tends physically to separate the arc from the currents flowing in the plug structure; and by using tapered sparking surfaces, for example, as shown in FIG. 4, the length of the arc is further affected. An electric circuit 15 using a control scheme is shown in FIG. 8 for a standard ignition system.
The electric circuit 15 includes a battery 16 and a coil 47. The coil 47 has two windings, 47A and 47B, as in a conventional system, one of which, 47A is connected through a resistance 18 and diode 19 to the single spark plug 10 in FIG. 8. The winding 47B is connected through a resistance 14 to points 13 and parallel condenser 12. Control voltage means performs the function of varying the electric current carried by the arc so as to control its physical nature; it is represented in FIG. 8 by a Thevenin equivalent voltage source 25 and a Thevenin resistance 26.
FIG. 9 shows a circuit which allows variations of the effective self-capacitance of the plug by putting a capacitor 66 across the spark gap. A resistor 67 is put in series with the capacitor to control the RC time constant of the discharge of the capacitor which occurs when the gap 6 (in FIG. 1) breaks down and switches from a high impedance of the order of 106 ohms to a low impedance of the order of 1 ohm as a result of the arc discharge. The energy stored in the capacitor 66 is discharged into the arc and the arc current is increased. This results in an increase in the electromagnetic force that pushes the arc away from the jacketed electrode. Varying capacitances control the arc current and varying resistors control the duration of the current. A capacitor of approximately 100 pf was observed to increase the energy of the arc. A computer could use feedback signals from the engine operation to control the value of the resistor 67 and/or the capacitor 66. During cold start conditions and in circumstances where fouling is aggravated, additional arc current would be helpful in insuring ignition.
In a combustion engine system which includes a computer capable of rapid control of the engine operating parameters such as fuel-air ratio, spark timing, and the like, a further control of the nature of the arc discharge of each plug could be effected by manipulating the output of a variable voltage or current source connected to the plug. The individual firings of each plug could be controlled not only as to the timing of the discharge but its physical nature as well, e.g., amount of corona, length of the arc discharge and duration of the arc discharge.
Modifications of the invention herein disclosed will occur to persons skilled in the art and all such modifications are deemed to be within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
AEG B4100-1-BSA Owner's Manual
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Text excerpt from page 44 (click to view)
Operating Instructions
Cleaning the Oven Ceiling
The upper heating element can be folded down to make it easier to clean the oven ceiling. Folding down the heating element
Warning: Only fold down the heating element when the oven is switched off and there is no risk of being burnt! 1. Remove the side shelf support rails. 2. Grip the heating element at the front and pull it forwards and out over the support lug on the inner wall of the oven. 3. The heating element will now fold down. Caution: Do not use force to press the heating element down! The heating element might break. Cleaning the oven ceiling Repositioning the heating element 1. Move the heating element back up towards the oven ceiling. 2. Pull the heating element forwards against the spring pressure and guide it over the oven support lug. 3. Settle it onto the support. 4. Insert shelf support rail.
Important: The heating element must be positioned correctly and securely on both sides above the support lug on the inner wall of the oven (2).
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text: Teenage Actress As Counterpart To Adult Role (Expired) Print Email Email to a friend Your email Your name Friend's email Friend's name Verification Please prove your humanity Go on prove it :) Close Share Tweet This casting depends on your likeness to the Adult Sister role pictured. Don't apply unless you look like her please.The role is Teenage Sister (aged 17 to 19) to match our existing Adult Sister for a 3 hour call in an independent music video production, filming in Brunswick East, Melbourne VIC. Rehearsal / production dates Filming Sunday May 14One short Family Lounge room scene with younger sister that turns surreal with VFX. Runs 40 seconds in final music video. Job compensation $150 Teenage Sister Elder Sister looks across lounge room sees how ridiculously little sister is dressed. Slams book down and starts directly toward her. Elder Sister grows giant and scary (greenscreen) with fire & lightning VFX around her. Elder Sister reaches to grab little sisterSCENE PIVOTSVFX fall away, she pulls little sister up gently, remove excess clothing, hat, sunglasses, wipes grime from face, tidies hair until she is standing as herself not hiding now. they embrace as a light within them shines out Females, aged 18 to 20 from Victoria, Australia Minimum Acting experience: Extra Ethnicity: White / Caucasian Hair color: Brown Hair length: Long Get Cast Share Tweet Print Email Starts Thursday 4 May, 2017 Ends Wednesday 10 May, 2017 Location Victoria, Melbourne Category Actors Location


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Philadelphia Eagles at New York Giants
* It will be interesting to see how the Giants secondary plays the Eagles
receivers. The Detroit Lions didn't press any of the Philadelphia receivers last
week. In the first two matchups, the Green Bay Packers and Washington Redskins
cornerbacks pressed the receivers much of each game.
* If RB Brian Westbrook (abdomen) doesn't play, look for rookie RB Tony Hunt in
short-yardage situations.
* A key for Philadelphia is pass protection since LT William Thomas (knee) is
out. He faces a true speed rusher in RDE Osi Umenyiora.
* The coaching staff is high on rookie TE Brent Celek who impressed the team
with his pass catching in training camp. But what has been more impressive
recently is his improvement as a blocker.
* Although the team might be set for now with their kickoff and punt
returners, talks could resume before the trading deadline with the Oakland Raiders for CB/KR/PR Chris Carr.
* The maturation of QB Eli Manning could be attributed to the addition of
quarterbacks coach Chris Palmer. The veteran coach was former NFL QB Drew
Bledsoe's position coach in his rookie season. Manning is doing a good job of
getting rid of the ball quickly and is willing to stay in there and isn't
turning away when he gets any pressure.
* The defense didn't blitz much last week and they got pressure with their four
man line. The Philadelphia offensive line is one of the best in the NFL so we
could see more pressure from the linebackers.
Eagles-Giants Pregame Notes
Scout NFL Network Top Stories
Stop Worrying, Elway Isn't Going AnywhereJohn Elway remains confident that his contract with the Broncos will be extended.
Mile High Huddle4:33 PM
CF.C honored for excellence in journalismBIG SHOUT OUT today to Barry Bolton, Jed Collins and Skyler Cracraft. For the third-straight year, Cougfan.com dominated the sports writing category in the Society of Professional…
Cougfan2:59 PM
Vikings get a seventh-rounder signedFour weeks after the NFL draft, the Minnesota Vikings are starting to get their picks signed.
Viking Update2:50 PM
Marshall Ends Richardson Feud With ClassNew York Giants' Brandon Marshall answered questions regarding the Sheldon Richardson feud, and it seems as if the issue has been put to bed. Good job Brandon.
The Giants Beat2:09 PM


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Fun with Knights Stencils
Written by Marty Noble
Illustrated by
Part of the Dover Stencils Series
Lovereading4kids Price £1.91
£2.39 saving £0.48 (20%)
Fun with Knights Stencils by Marty Noble
About the Author
Other Formats
Book Info
6 pages
Interest Age: From 5
Marty Noble
More books by Marty Noble
Dover Publications Inc.
Publication date
1st February 2000
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Dear Abby: Grandma plays favorites with plan for her assets
79-foot blue whale carcass washes up on Bolinas beach
Amid escalating Russia crisis, Trump considers major staff...
Mother of Uber CEO Travis Kalanick killed in boat accident
Southern rock founding father Gregg Allman dies at age 69
Aldi's $8 wine ranked among some of the best in the world
San Ramon girl arrested for filming classmate in bathroom stall
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Monthly Archive for March, 2013
Individuals with autism, and the careers of the siblings that love them
I recently asked readers this question: Has having a sibling with autism affected your career choice? The answers were overwhelmingly "yes!" Alison Dyer, for example has a brother with autism, and …
Children with autism become adults with autism. It doesn't get any better than that.
I ran into an autism mom friend the other day. Her name is Jenny, and she had that if-you-ask-me-how-I'm doing-I'll-start-crying look on her face. What's going on, I asked, and her blue eyes spilled …
Autism treatment through the lifespan to be discussed at ground breaking conference
About 1 in 88 children has been identified with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) according to estimates from CDC's Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network. Are their enough …
Call to action:Homeless boy with autism seeks foster home for his dog
Readers: Can you help? *** Dear Family and Friends: My grandson, a 7-year-old with autism, seeks a foster home for his beloved dog, a young (1-1/2 years old) German Shepherd dog (probably not a …
Voices of Asperger's: Alek Soderberg is "not what you expect but still pretty good anyway"
I'm quiet because of my challenge; but I'm also very loyal and I'm a good person to be friends with…I'm kind….I don't mind listening—especially since it's hard for me to initiate conversation—I'm actually a better listener! …
Vocational training in film and media for adults with developmental disabilities
Great news for film types: Joey Travolta's Inclusion Films and Futures Explored, Inc. opened their doors this past week to a Practical Film and Media Workshop in Livermore. Expanding on Travolta's …


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Canon "Epoca" film camera: What value please?
Started Jan 18, 2013 | Questions thread
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glossywhite OP • Regular Member • Posts: 109
Re: Canon "Epoca" film camera: What value please?
In reply to WilbaW • Jan 18, 2013
WilbaW wrote:
Nice camera. Radical ergonomics are excellent. Never caught on though. You get sick of being asked, "is that a video camera?"
That's exactly what I thought it was at first.
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Smokin' Aces (Widescreen)
Average rating: 4.5out of 5 stars5 reviewsratings
Walmart #: 562872373
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DVD, Rating: R, Runtime: 109, Color, Universal Home Video, 04/17/2007
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Disclaimer: While we aim to provide accurate product information, it is provided by manufacturers, suppliers and others, and has not been verified by us. See our
SMOKIN ACES (DVD) (WS/ENG SDH/SPANISH/FRENCH) Slick Las Vegas illusionist Buddy "Aces" Israel isn't playing nice. Turns out, he's telling mob secrets to the FBI. After a $1 million contract is put out on him, Aces tries to pull his greatest disappearing act before a rogues' gallery of ex-cons, hit men and smokin' hot assassins tries to rub him out in this dark action comedy that takes no prisoners.
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Rather than entering a password when making a transaction, users would use the camera on their smartphone to take a picture of themselves to verify their identity. This project will allow you to rid yourself of useless puzzles with missing pieces and create unusual, alluring works of art in the process, that make great gifts for all ages. ??Before they met up, I had a talk with Ryder and of course I had her show me her nice tits which I almost practically begged her to get all wet by the poolside.
Go through the settings wizard and you can manage your options to receive promotional emails and message notifications. In addition to your recipe, I poured some sweeten Macha water (made from the packet my friend bought from Kyoto) to the sponge cake before I assemble the cake. As competition levels will be high, and competitive organisations will need to be able to articulate a five year vision for their organisation, we strongly recommend that you contact the Enquiry Team to discuss your application first.
), New York, NY 10019Phone(212) 956 0900CategoriesSeafood,SoupBusiness HoursSun: 11:00AM 7:00PMMon Sat: 11:00AM 8:00PMThe Original Soupman Detail Page The Original Soupman is famous for it's role in the Seinfeld soup Nazi episode. ??By Type Camera Backpacks Camera Half Cases Lens Cases Memory Card Cases Rucksacks Retro Camera Bags Camera Shoulder Bags Sling Camera Cases Tripod Cases and Bags Ladies Cases & Bags Camera Trolley & Rolling Bags Camera Straps Camera Bag Inserts View all ». London's Burlington Arcade in Mayfair is home to some great stores, and has been our home for many years.


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This property has been removed by the agent. It may be sold or temporarily removed from the market
2 bedroom apartment for saleCavalier Close, Wallington, Surrey
Sold STC £300,000
Property Description
Key features
- Brand new first floor 2 bedroom apartment
- Floor to ceiling windows
- Private garden
- Stylish kitchen with Quartz worktop and upstand
- Lift to all floors
- Town centre location
Full description
Tenure: Leasehold
Please refer to the footnote regarding the services and appliances.
What the Developer says:
Founded in 1996, The Winston Group has extensive experience in acquiring both retail assets and development opportunities throughout the UK, building a substantial portfolio over the last two decades. Wallington Square is the group's latest exciting development.
Room sizes:
- Entrance Hall
- Living Area: 21'3 x 11'1 (6.48m x 3.38m)
- Bedroom 1: 15'1 x 9'7 (4.60m x 2.92m)
- Bedroom 2: 10'4 x 9'7 (3.15m x 2.92m)
- Bathroom
- Private Garden
- Communal Garden
The information provided about this property does not constitute or form part of an offer or contract, nor may be it be regarded as representations. All interested parties must verify accuracy and your solicitor must verify tenure/lease information, fixtures & fittings and, where the property has been extended/converted, planning/building regulation consents. All dimensions are approximate and quoted for guidance only as are floor plans which are not to scale and their accuracy cannot be confirmed. Reference to appliances and/or services does not imply that they are necessarily in working order or fit for the purpose.
More information from this agent
To view this media, please visit the on-line version of this page at www.rightmove.co.uk/new-homes-for-sale/property-62071214.html?premiumA=true
Listing History
Map & Street View
View in fullscreenView in fullscreen
Street View is unavailable in this location
Market Info
Disclaimer - Property reference 22114175. The information displayed about this property comprises a property advertisement. Rightmove.co.uk makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of the advertisement or any linked or associated information, and Rightmove has no control over the content. This property advertisement does not constitute property particulars. The information is provided and maintained by Cubitt & West, Wallington. Please contact the selling agent or developer directly to obtain any information which may be available under the terms of The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 or the Home Report if in relation to a residential property in Scotland.
Map data ©OpenStreetMap contributors.


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Originally posted on Hot 107.9:
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Originally posted on Hot 107.9:
Tangaza nasi>>> email@example.com
Originally posted on Hot 107.9:
This year's election is shaping up to be even more important than the 2008 election. If you're not registered to vote, the deadline to register in Georgia is October 9th! FOR MORE INFORMATION ON REGISTERING TO VOTE, CLICK HERE! RELATED: Election Day 2012 Information Center [ione_media_gallery id="2761310″]
I'm listening to Boda Boda – Suma Lee & Linex [Kigotang].mp3 in Hulkshare:.
Originally posted on Wiz Khan Official Blog:
Over the weekend, Atlanta's V-103 hosted its 20th annual For Sisters Only expo, a two-day entertainment and marketing event that usually draws in over 40,000 consumers each year. This year, attendees were presented with performances from some of today's hottest acts, including Brandy, Miguel, Elle Varner,…
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When Chris Brown isn't working on his installment of Series of Unfortunate Events, he's volunteering at domestic violence centers and working on graffiti art in the comfort of his home. The blond Pop star posted photos of his artwork on Instagram. In other spare time, Brown continues to…


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Product Description
Inspired by Victoria Secret's popular scent, Love Spell is made of sweet peach, dark cherry, a core of jasmine and lavender on top of a musky, powdery base. Using only the highest quality oils and butters, this sugar based body scrub is designed to exfoliate dead skin while gently moisturizing and leaving your skin silky smooth and fresh. You can't help but feel like a gorgeous Victoria Secret model after using this scrub!
Directions: Scoop a small amount and start rubbing on your skin. Rinse off once your body is fully covered. Body scrubs help to exfoliate dead skin cells and to moisture and hydrate your skin. Avoid using the Sugar Scrub on your face.
Approx. Weight: 120 grams


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Greenhills Country Hotel & Restaurant - I'm a secret fan of traditional little places, with old fashioned service and an air of quaintness. There's just something about these kind of places that ...
7 hours ago
Random thoughts, poems, jottings, and as it says, musings. About anything and everything!
I'm not convinced.
The examples quoted are tangible - you can see the sweets in the jar or the size of the cow. I'm prepared to lay reasonable odds that the further away from a tangible object we move, the less reliable the wisdom of the crowd is likely to be, and in fact the more likely the crowd is to get things grossly wrong.


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CVS To Stop Selling Tobacco Products
Woonsocket, Rhode Island -
CVS is planning to stop selling tobacco products in its stores.
The company says it is the first national pharmacy chain to do so.
According to CVS Caremark, the move will cost it two billion dollars a year in lost revenue.
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LG's implementation of its film patterned retarder (FPR) technology resulted in a brilliant shakeup of the 3D industry. In fact, one of its adversaries got so riled up over LG's commercials recently that it tried to pull the stops on them. Lawsuits aside, we believe the Koreans' LW6500 is a much stronger 3D contender than last year's INFINIA range. Physically, the TV sports an attractive slim depth, credit to edge-mounted LEDs with "local dimming" perks. The touch-controls also adds to to the set's overall premium feel. We can't test the full extent of its Smart TV capabilities since its Apps Store and web browser patch will only arrive with the next firmware update. As it is, LG's Smart TV platform is already a reckoning force with its generous suite of news, video, music apps and DLNA benefits. However, it would definitely entice consumers more if LG could secure VOD tie-ups with local broadcasters here.
Visually, the IPS panel is susceptible to clouding issues due to its inconsistent LED back lights. Other than this shortfall, the LW6500 managed to ace most of the tests in HQV and Displaymate. For video playback, its HD and SD performances also fared above average. Our main gripe would be the number manual adjustments required to refine the TV and some of its picture enhancements, like Dynamic Contrast which exhibited odd behavioral traits. On the 3D front, the LW6500 suffers from tight vertical viewing angles, plus a minimum viewing distance before the "scan lines" materialize. To us, however, these are minor grievances compared to a rewarding 3D experience the TV can offer. At S$3499, the 47-inch LW6500 is undeniably expensive. Still, it is worth your greens if a fulfilling 3D TV for the family is what you are after.
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John Herbert Thomas Simpson
|John Herbert Thomas Simpson
26 March 1907
Brentford, Essex
|26 August 1967
(aged 60)
Chippenham, Wiltshire
|United Kingdom
|Royal Air Force
|Years of service
|Air Commodore
|Commands held
|Commandant Royal Observer Corps (1954–59)
RAF Cottesmore (1945–46)
No. 205 Group (1943–45)
No. 60 Squadron (1937–38)
|Distinguished Service Order
Air Force Cross
Mentioned in Despatches (2)
Legion of Merit (United States)
Air Commodore John Herbert Thomas Simpson DSO, AFC, RAF (rtd.) (26 March 1907 – 26 August 1967) was a bomber pilot during the Second World War and a senior Royal Air Force (RAF) staff officer during the 1950s. In his final appointment before retirement in 1959, Simpson was the eighth Commandant of the Royal Observer Corps.
Service history[edit]
Royal Air Force[edit]
Simpson joined the RAF on 30 December 1927 and completed his basic induction training at the RAF Central Depot, RAF Uxbridge and two months later transferred to the No. 2 Flying Training School as a pilot under instruction. In December 1928 he qualified as a pilot in the rank of pilot officer on a short service commission and was posted to the newly reformed No. 101 Squadron RAF at RAF Bircham Newton flying Boulton Paul Sidestrand bombers in a day-bombing role. In June 1929 he was promoted to the rank of flying officer.[1]
In April 1930 he was posted to a directing staff appointment at the RAF training base at RAF Leuchars. In December 1931, he had sat the first exam taken by Short Service Commission holders to undertake specialisation training, successful completion of which would lead to the award of a Permanent Commission. He attended the extended Officer's Engineering Course at the RAF's Home Aircraft Depot RAF Henlow at the same time as Flight Lieutenant Frank Whittle, passing out as a qualified engineer and granted a permanent commission in the rank of flight lieutenant in September 1933. He was posted to the Royal Air Force College Cranwell on the college's engineering staff.[1]
In 1935 he was posted overseas for three years as the Engineering Officer at the RAF Depot, India. On 1 August 1937 he returned to flying duties and was promoted to squadron leader, receiving his first command as Officer Commanding No. 60 Squadron RAF operating in the North West Frontier conflicts with Afghan tribesmen and flying Airco DH.9A and Westland Wapiti aircraft. Only nine months later he was posted as Engineering Officer at No. 3 Flying Training School at RAF Ternhill. In June 1940 he was promoted to temporary wing commander and in November 1941 he was posted as a Staff Officer at HQ No. 205 (Bomber) Group in the North African Campaign. Further promotion came in June 1942 when he became an acting group captain. On 26 April 1942, he was piloting a Vickers Wellington IC (Z1045) of No 70 Squadron, which was shot down as a result of enemy action. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order.[1]
In July 1943 he was promoted to acting air commodore and appointed as Air Officer Commanding No. 205 (Bomber) Group, a position he retained until the end of the Second World War. With the cessation of hostilities Simpson returned to the United Kingdom, reverting to the rank of group captain, where he took up the position of Station Commander at RAF Cottesmore. Between late 1945 and 1951 Simpson served in HQ Staff appointments at Bomber Command and latterly as Deputy Director of RAF Operations. On 18 Jun 1947, he was flying Spitfire No. SL563 of the Central Bomber Establishment on a practice flight when, on approaching to land, he discovered he could not select the undercarriage down and was forced to carry out an emergency wheels up belly skid landing at RAF Marham, which he managed successfully. For his actions he received the Air Force Cross.[1]
In 1951 he returned to the rank of air commodore and after a brief spell as Senior Officer (Administration) at Headquarters No. 61 Group RAF he became Senior Air Staff Officer (SASO) at Headquarters No. 22 (Training) Group.[1]
Royal Observer Corps[edit]
Approaching his retirement from the RAF, on 29 March 1954 Simpson was appointed Commandant of the Royal Observer Corps, taking over from the retiring Air Commodore Gordon Herbert Vasse.[2] Simpson retired on 1 June 1959 and died on 26 August 1967.[1]
- ^ a b c d e f "John Herbert Thomas Simpson". Air of Authority. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
- ^ "Units directly responsible to Ministry level". rafweb.org. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
External links[edit]
• Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation - Air Commodore J H T Simpson
|Military offices
|Preceded by
Oswald Gayford
|Air Officer Commanding No. 205 (Bomber) Group RAF
|Succeeded by
J D Durant
|Preceded by
Gordon Herbert Vasse
|Commandant Royal Observer Corps
|Succeeded by
John Mortimer Warfield


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Hmmm is all I can say when I woke up this afternoon. Yeah I said this afternoon. And what? lol Im jet lagged.##
So I leave a pretty sunny London yesterday for Atlanta and wake up to
And more snow
Fingers crossed it don't settle cause I want to have a decent practice tomorrow.
Sunday, March 1, 2009
Oh no
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Frustrated Dixon: 'might as well start cheating'
Frustrated Dixon 10th in Edmonton
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A frustrated Scott Dixon has finished 10th in the latest stop on the Indy Car calendar in Edmonton today.
The Kiwi, who won the Candian race in 2008 and 2010, wasn't able to overcome the handicap of being forced to start in 18th place on the grid, after coping a 10-position penalty for going through more than five engines this season.
Dixon charged through the field despite ongoing problems with his car but it was to no avail in a race won by Brazilian driver Helio Castroneves.
Castroneves held off Takuma Sato by .8367 to win the caution-free, 75-lap race. Will Power finished third despite also copping a 10-position penalty before the race started.
Dixon, with just one win this season, lies fourth on the overall points table that is headed by American Ryan Hunter-Reay who is now 61 points clear of the New Zealander. Hunter-Reay finished seventh in Edmonton.
"It's a shame that you get more of a penalty for blowing an engine than for actually cheating. We might as well start cheating," Dixon told the Edmonton Sun after the race.
"Starting position means a lot. There's five or six guys who, if they started near the front, could have won this race.
"When you start that far back, like we did, you need to work on fuel mileage and take some chances but we just couldn't really go anywhere.
"We needed to start well, get a lot of positions like (Will) Power did at the start and try and work our way up. But we started on the back foot, didn't really go anywhere. Tenth is OK, but a lot higher would have been better."
Dixon was puzzled by the performance of his car early in the race.
"The first five laps, whenever I went into the big breaking zones the engine would go into neutral. I think the anti-stall was kicking on. We had a little bit of a problem with it in practice, and then in the race it kept doing it three or four times and dropped us all the way to the back."
- Fairfax Media
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Pedaling for Pancreas 2017
Event Details
Thanks to all of our 2017 riders, volunteers, committee members, sponsors, and in-kind donors for making this year's Pedaling Bike Ride a success!
Check out cancer survivor Maggie Rathert and UW Carbone's Dr. Dan Abbott featured on WISC TV!
Saturday, May 13, 2017 - Hometown USA Community Park, Verona, Wisconsin
Presented by Celgene
Register as an individual, or share the fun and form a team with family, friends, and coworkers! Riders of all ages and skill levels are encouraged to register!
Registration Fees through May 11
Adults: $35 ($40 day-of)
Youth (ages 5-17): $30 ($35 day-of)
Family (2 adults, 2 youth): $100
Registration fees include a tax-deductible donation to the UW Carbone Cancer Center. Children 4 and under need not register for the ride.
Event Details
The bike ride features a 10-mile or 2-mile family ride through trails around beautiful Verona, Wisconsin, just outside of Madison.
8:30 am - Day-of Registration and Check-In
9:30 am - Bike ride begins
10:30 am - Post-Ride Celebration and Music Begins
Dogs are welcome at the park, but must remain leashed. Owners are responsible for pet cleanup.
Pre-Registration and T-shirt Pickup
Friday, May 12
11 am-1 pm
UW Hospital and Clinics
600 Highland Ave
First floor, outside "H" elevators by cafeteria
Waivers are required for all riders. Please complete the waiver and return it at pre-registration or day-of registration.
ATTENTION GROUPS: At time of pre-registration pick-up, all individual waivers must be turned in or registration materials cannot be picked up. Please ensure all team members have completed waiver to turn in May 12!
The waiver can be found here.
Event Location
Hometown USA Community Park in Verona,WI: Registration located at the large white park pavilion at 111 Lincoln Street (just off Verona Avenue behind the Eagles Nest Ice Arena) as you enter town.
Route Maps
The ride will begin and end at Hometown USA Community Park.
Event Parking
**NEW** Parking is free at the Eagles Nest, the lot attached to the Verona Ice Arena. DO NOT park at 111 Lincoln St, as their lot has been dedicated to another event.
Activities & Raffle
There will be music, complimentary fruit, water, coffee, bagels, children's activities, a raffle, and more!
Raise Additional Funds - Top Individual Fundraiser Wins a Bike!
Create your own personal fundraising page and share with family and friends via email, Facebook, and Instagram! Donations made through Friday, May 12 at 4 pm will count toward fundraising totals.
Fundraising as a team?
Each member of your team can have their own personal fundraising page. Your team page will show how much all members of the team have raised. Donors can choose to doante to the team or an individual member.
All donations are tax deductible.
Can't participate, but still want to get involved?
Email Danielle Falcone at firstname.lastname@example.com to volunteer at the event or to become a t-shirt sponsor in memory of a loved one.
Tips on Building Your Fundraising Page
We know this website is new to everyone, and we want to help you run a successful fundraising page to fund pancreas cancer research! Here are some quick tips on making your page successful:
- Add photos: you can add photos to your team or individual page in the body of your description or to the main photo slideshow; there are two spots open for you to fill, and those pictures will only show up on YOUR page; people are sympathetic to photos that show real people in real life--so don't be afraid to share!
- Tell your story: Why are you involved with this particular pancreas cancer fundraiser? How did you get here? Are you riding for yourself or a loved one? How did it affect your life? Help donors sympathize with your story.
- Share your page: Email your friends and family and tell them about your ride and that you want their support; post a link to your page on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter--wherever!--and tell people to share your post for more visibility.
Thank you to our sponsors:
Celgene, Presenting Sponsor
Sondel Family Veterinary Clinic
For questions about the event, registration, or fundraising, contact Danielle Falcone at 608-263-3309 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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The 2017 NTRA Track Superintendents Conference at Canterbury Park on June 11-13 is eligible for 8 hours of ROAP continuing education credits. NTRA Registration Form HERE. Please contact Cathy O'Meara for more information.
The ROAP Flat Accreditation School in 2017 will be held in Southern California (Santa Anita) and will be hosted by the University of Arizona.
There will be a two day ROAP Continuing Education seminar in conjunction with the full accreditation school on June 12-13 worth sixteen (16) hours of CE credit. The course will be held at the Courtyard Marriott Los Angeles/Pasadena/Monrovia (near Santa Anita). Cost of the CE is $110 which can be paid through the PayPal link below or via check/money order. A room rate of $149/night +tax (Sun/Mon) and $159/tax Tuesday has been secured by contacting the hotel at 626-531-8000 and mentioning the code 'Racetrack Industry Program'.
There will be an online CE worth eight (8) hours of CE credit begining around October 1. The Online CE is available to anyone whose most recent CE was in person. Sessions will be posted when available and can be completed at your convenience. There will be one live webinar to discuss race reviews. Cost of the online CE is $80.00
The Universtiy of Louisville will host a sixteen (16) hour ROAP continuining education seminar on November 13-14, 2017 at the Shelby campus. Details to follow.
The next APHRC Officials Seminar will be February 23-24, 2018 in Truro, Nova Scotia. Details to follow.