text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Dec 22, 1942
|Filing date
|Apr 7, 1941
|Priority date
|Apr 7, 1941
|Publication number
|Bauer Benjamin B
|Original Assignee
|Frances Shure, S N Shure
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Referenced by (13), Classifications (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
E3. E3. BAUER Uec 123 42.
CONVERSION OF WAVE MOTION INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY April '7, 1.941 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 IN VENTOR.
Dec. 22, 1942 a BAUER 2,305,598
CONVERSION OF WAVE MOTION INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY Filed April 7, i941 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 30 100 1,000 10,000 fie uerzcy ye Zes per o ecorzd. INVENTOR.
v BY 02 (00/ 9 B. B. HAUEJR $55,395,598-
CQNVERSIQN OF WAVE MOTION INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY Filfid April 7, 1941 5 ShQGiS-SIIGG'L 3 JIIHIII B. B. BAUER Dec. 22, 1942.
CONVERSION OF WAVE MOTION INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY Filed April '7, 1941 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 Dec. 22, 1942. B. B. BAUER 2,305,598
CONVERSION OF WAVE MOTION INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY Filed April 7, 1941 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 Patented Dec. 22, 1942 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CONVERSION OF WAVE MOTION INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY Application April 7, 1941, Serial No. 387,217
18 Claims.
This invention relates to apparatus for conversion of wave motion into electrical energy and the converse. More particularly it relates to instruments of unidirectional nature, 1. e.,v in which the instrument is active preferentially in one direction only, throughout an extensive range of frequencies, being relatively inoperative in other directions. This application constitutes a continuation-in-part of my co-pending application, Serial No. 232,439 for Conversion of wave motion into electrical energy, etc., now Patent No. 2,237,298. Other copending applications which are also continuations-in-part of Serial No. 232,439 are Serial. No. 387,215 entitled Conversion of Wave motion into electrical. ener y, etc, filed April 7, 1941; Serial No. 387,216 entitled Conversion of wave motion into electrical energy, etc., filed April 7, 1941; and Serial No. 387,438 entitled Conversion of wave motion into electrical energy, etc., filed April 8, 1941.
Unidirectional operation has previously been obtained in both the transmitting and receiving transducers through a combination of a unit having a nondirectional (circular) polar sensitivity pattern with one having a bidirectional (cosine-law) polar sensitivity pattern. A combination of two such units causes the resulting polar sensitivity pattern to be unidirectional (cardioid) in shape, and it has been. appliedextensively in the past to transmitting antennas, microphone apparatus, etc. For this latter application, one of the units is commonly made to operate on the pressure component of the sound wave (pressure transducer) andthe other upon the pressure-difference of the sound Wave (velocity transducer). Addition or cancellation of the voltages generated in each unit occurs depending upon whether the incidencev of sound is from the front incidence) or from the rear (180 incidence) of the instrument. Obviously, the voltages generated by both units for the 180 incidence should be substantially equal and opposite in phase throughout the frequency range in which the cancellation is desired, which because of inherent differences in. construction and operating principle is a difiicult thing. to obtain in microphones operating upon dissimilar components of the sound wave.
One important object of my invention is to away with the necessity of subtracting outputs of two transducing elements working on dissimir lar components of the soundwave.
Another object is to provide a unidirectional,
transducer with marked unidirectional properties over the operating range of frequencies.
A further object is to obtain in instrument with unidirectional sensitivity pattern by the action of wave effects at two points in a sound wave, using one transducer element only. Other objects of my invention will becomeapparent. as
this specification proceeds.
Figure l is a diagrammatic layout of generalized apparatus embodying my invention; Fig. 2,,
a vector diagram showing the voltage relationships for a zero degree incidence of sound; Fig.
3, a similar View to Fig. 2 but representing the incidence of sound; Fig; 4, a diagrammatic View of a specific embodiment comprehended within the diagram of Fig. 1;-Fig-. 5, a polar diagram illustrating the directional characteristics of the transducer of Fig. 4; Fig. 6, a diagrammatic and sectional View of a unidirectional. crystal microphone; Fig. 7, a: rear view in elevation of the same; Fig. 8, an equivalent electri cal circuit of the microphone shown in Fig. 6;
Fig. 9, a frequency response curve of the microphone shown in Fig. 6, the upper curve showing the front side response and the lower dotted line showing the decrease of. response for the rear incidence sound; Fig. 10, a cross sectional view of a unidirectional crystal microphone equipped with an acoustical resistance formed of. cloth; Fig. 11, a rear elevational view of another. embodiment of the invention; Fig. 12, a sectional view taken as indicated at line l2 of Fig. 11; Fig. 13, a sectional view taken as indicated at line l3 of Fig. 12; Fig. 14, a broken front elevational view of another embodiment of the invention; Fig. 15, a sectional view, the section being taken as indicated at line I5 of Fig. 14; Fig. 16, a rear elevational view of the device shown in Figs. 14 and 15; Fig. 17, a detail sectional view taken along the arcuate' line I! of Fig. 14; Fig. 18, an elevational sectional view of still another embodiment of the invention; and Fig. 19, a diagrammatic View of the space patterns obtained according to the invention.
My invention is principally applicable to production and reception of sound waves in air, although it will become apparent to those skilled in the art that it may be equally applicable to wave phenomena in other media. The transducer element or elements employed may be either of the reversible type, such as piezoelectric crystal, moving coil, moving armature or condenser type, or of the non-reversible type such as, for example, the carbon-type. The theory set forth herein is applicable to receiving apparatus, such as loudspeakers, as well as to transmitting apparatus such as microphones. If transducers of the reversible type are employed, one instrument could serve interchangeably, both as a transmitter and as a receiver.
The nature of my invention is such that it can be best explained by reference to the following equivalent electrical networks and circuit equations. Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of two electroacoustic transducers A and A, generating respectively voltages E and E, and the interconnecting electrical network C. The transducers, which may operatepn any function of the sound wave whatsoever, are spaced by an effective acoustical distance d which in general should be smaller than, or comparable to, onequarter wavelength of the highest frequency at which unidirectional action is desired, although it will be shown later that transducers may be constructed having unidirectional properties at frequencies higher than that specified above by virtue of diffraction and other wave effects. C is a generalized network shoWn in an equavalent 11' section, composed of impedances Z0, Z1, Z2, and Z, Z1, and Z2. The impedance Z3 is connected to the receiver B which may be an amplifier or any other receiving device. For simplicity, the internal impedances of the transducers A and A are here considered negligible, although if this is not the case the proper internal impedances should be inserted in the network in carrying out the analysis.
The sound wave is considered as a plane wave which may be incident from any angle 0 from the normal 0 incidence indicated with the corresponding arrow in Fig. 1. The Voltage developed by the transducers A and A is indicated as E and E respectively. Subscripts 0, 0 and 180 are used to designate voltages developed from any angle of incidence 0, for normal front (0) or for the rear (180) incidence of sound, respectively. The respective voltages generated by the transducers A and A will be displaced in phase by an angle given by the equation:
Applying circuit analysis to the equivalent circuit of Fig, 1, it may be shown that the voltage 6 delivered to the receiving apparatus, is given by the equation:
It may be shown, furthermore, that the voltage drop across any branch in a network composed of linear elements, due to the action of two sources A and B connected at any two points, may always be expressed as the sum of the partial voltage drops due to each source acting alone.
Thus, for the network of Fig. 1, the portion of e due to E can be expressed as PE where P is the coefficient of E in Equation II divided by the denominator, and the portion of a due to E can be expressed as ZE' where Z is the coefficient of E in Equation II divided by the denominator. It is seen therefore that the expression for the voltage delivered to the receiving apparatus can be indicated in the form:
e=PE+QE (III) Any expression involving network elements, having the function of P and Q in Equation III, is herein called the network factor.
To obtain unidirectional action, the voltage e should become zero. Therefore, the condition to be met is:
and hence the relation between coefficients P and Q should be such that:
Q 1so and the nature of the network components is to be chosen to substantially maintain this relation throughout the frequency range in which the unidirectional action is desired.
Equation V is perfectly general and may be applied to any unidirectional transducing system having two generators and an interconnecting network, delivering the translated energy to a receiver. For the particular case of the network of Fig. l, the values of network factors P and Q specified above may be inserted into, e. g., (V), giving the following relationship to be fulfilled:
Before describing more specific embodiments of my invention, its operation will be further clarified by the following explanation made in reference to Figs. 2 and 3, which are vector diagrams representing the voltage relations for front and rear incidence of sound upon the instrument of Fig. 1.
For the purpose of explanation, it is assumed that voltages E and E, generated by the similar generators A and A, are of unequal magnitudes, although this is not necessarily the case. The voltage E0 is shown leading the voltage E'o through an angle determined by Equation I, while the voltage E180 is shown lagging behind E'iso by the same angle, since reversal of the direction of incidence brings about reversal of the relative phase positions of the generated voltages. The network factors P and -Q are shown of the same relative magnitudes and angular position as the rear (180") incidence voltages E'l80 and E180 respectively, as specified by Equation V.
The 0 (front-incidence) condition is shown in Fig. 2. The voltage E0 is operated upon the vector P to give the vector PEo which is the contribution of the generator A to the total output voltage. The voltage Eo is operated upon by vector -Q giving the vector QE0 which is the contribution of the generator A to the total output voltage. QE'o is added to PE) giving the resultant output voltage en.
The (180) rear incidence condition is shown in Fig. 3. The voltage E180 is operated upon by the vector P giving the vector PElBO which is the contribution of the generator A to the total output voltage. The voltage E'isn is operated upon by the vector Q giving the vector -QE'180 which is the contribution of the generator A to the total output voltage. It should be noticed that for the rear incidence condition, the voltages PEIBD and QEiso are out of phase and. of equal magnitude, and hence when the latter is added to the former, the resulting total output voltage is zero.
A specific example of network selection will be given in reference to Fig. 4. This network is the same as that of Fig. l, with the following element values:
The lefthand member of the Equation VIII represents a quotient of two vectors, each of which may be made very nearly a vector operating at an angle proportional to frequency, if the relationship between resistance, inductance and capacitance is such that:
(VIII) 2 I I2 and L (IX) since substituting these values into Equation IX gives the following relation:
2 '2 2 wd 1- +jwCR (X) l 2 +jwCR It should be observed that the numerator and the denominator of Equation X are the major terms of the expansion for the cosine and. the sine functions: hence, as long as:
The Equation X may be rewritten The frequency term 01 drops out of thisequation, and therefore the condition for unidirectivity will be obtained if The distance d and the velocity of sound Cv being known, B, R, C, and C" may be selected (XIII) by the use of Equation XIII. Then values of L and L may be computed from Equation IX. Since the Equation XII holds as long as the expressions XI are true, then by choice of sufficiently small distance d, unidirectional action may be obtained throughout a wide range of frequencies. I have found that Equation XII is valid up to frequencies at which 01 is not larger than one-quarter the wavelength of sound; thus, if d is equal to approximately 1.5 cm., undirectional action is obtained for all frequencies up to approximately 5,000 cycles per second.
The type of polar directivity pattern obtained with the use of my invention depends upon the operational principle of the transducers A and A. This may be shown by solving the Equation V for Q and substituting into Equation III, which gives:
E180 24 i EIBO I E1180 Since A and A are similar generators, the ratio of voltages E and E will be a vector K having constant magnitude and acting at the angle Q59; therefore, the ratio of E and E'lso will be a vector K at an angle $6180; therefore:
The expression in parenthesis of Equation XV, at frequencies for which d is small compared to one-quarter wavelength of sound, may be shown to approximately equal the algebraic sum of the angles 9 and em. Substituting the values of these angles given by Equation I,
(XVI) If the character of the transducers A and A is such that the voltage generated is independent of the incidence of sound (pressure-operated or non-directional transducers), the polar characteristic of the combination will be a cardioid of revolution expressed by the quantity in parenthesis in Equation XVI. This polar characteristic is shown graphically in solid line in Fig. 5.
If the voltage E and E varies as the cosine of the angle of incidence, which will occur if transducers are of the bidirectional or velocitytype, then E'=E'o cos 0 and:
e =PE K2 [cos 0(1 +cos 6)] (XVII) The quantity in brackets of Equation XVI represents the polar characteristic shown graphically in. dotted lines in Fig. 5. It is seen, therefore, that combining two velocity-type transducers and the network described results in an electroacoustic transducing instrument of very marked unidirectionalv properties. t will be observed that my invention may make use of any two transducers operating on the same wave function, even if their transducing principles were dissimilar. I
Instead of providing the electrical network directly at the output of the transducers, it is possible to first amplify these outputs with two independent amplifiers and combine the outputs after the amplification. This procedure would be considered of the nature of an equivalent.
Instead of employing two transducers and an electrical network to obtain unidirectional operation, my invention makes such operation possible through modifying wave disturbances at two points in space by means of equivalent acoustical networks and impressing these disturbances upon one electroacoustical transducer. Thus, the transducer is sensitive to one pressure component of a wave emanating from some source in the medium, which component acts through one oi such points and is sensitive also to another pressure component of the wave, this latter component acting through the other of such points. An embodiment of my invention employing this alternative is shown in cross section and rear elevation in Figs. 6 and '7. The transducer assembly consists of a diaphragm 22 suitably supported in a casing 23 which also contains the piezoelectric crystal 24. The forces developed by sound pressure at the diaphragm are transmitted to the crystal by means of a connecting member 25. and the electrical energy developed therein is received from the crystal by means of conductors 4i and 48. The front side of the diaphragm is provided with an acoustical damping screen 25 constituted of a. suitable wire-screen support having one or more thicknesses of cloth forming acoustical resistance and inertance. Between the diaphragm 22 and screen 26, there is a cavity 21 having an acoustical compliance C.
The casing 23 has a circular opening 28 which serves as a housing for the piezoelectric crystal and also forms part of the acoustical network. The housing 23, the back plate 29, and the diaphragm 22 provide a cavity 40, the crystal 24 not occupying the whole of the apertiue in the housing. At the rear side of the case by means of screws 45 is held a cover 29 provided with ridge 30, the proper spacing being obtained by adjustment against compression of spring 42. Thus, a narrow passage 3| is formed, having acoustical resistance and an inertance. P denotes the sound pressure at the outside of the damping screen; P denotes the sound pressure at the outside of the passage 3|. The effective acoustical path between these pressures is called d. I have found that, at frequencies of sound for which the diameter of the casing 23 is smaller than one-half wavelength, the pressures P and P are essentially equal and separated by a phase angle given by Equation I.
The equivalent electrical circuit of the transducer and its associated acoustical network appears in Fig. 8 in which R and L, and R and L are the acoustical resistances and inertances of the screen 28 and the passage 3|, respectively; C and C are acoustical compliances of the cavities 21 and 40 respectively. Z3 is the impedance of the transducer element itself. As a simplifying assumption, the impedance Z3 is considered as formed by the capacitance C3 corresponding to the stiffness of the crystal 24, and the reactions of the medium are neglected. The voltage e developed across Z3 represents the resultant pressure upon the piezoelectric crystal. It may be observed that this equivalent circuit is entirely identical with that of Fig. 4, when the impedance Z3 of Fig. 8 is perfectly general, as in Fig. 4. The complex impedance Z3 in both figures includes the special case of a capacitance C3 as shown explicitly in Fig. 8.
In the commonly used system of electroacoustic analogies pressure, volume velocity, in ertance, acoustic capacitance and resistance are considered the analogies of voltage, current, inductance, capacitance and resistance respectively. This is because these acoustical quantities appear in the analysis of the behavior of acoustical circuits in precisely the way the corresponding electrical quantities appear in the analysis of analogous electrical circuits. The generalized circuit of Fig. 1 may therefore conveniently be used to illustrate the principle of operation of my invention in the special case in which a single transducer is used with acoustic means for modifying wave disturbances at two points in space to obtain unidirectional operation. In this case E and E represent the effective sound pressures at the input to the two acoustic network branches separated by an effective acoustical distance d. In Figure 8, for example, E and E represent the pressures p and p of Fig. 6. The generalized network C is then an acoustical one and Z3 is the effective acoustic impedance of the transducer. The voltage e represents the effective pressure on the transducer which results from the combined effects of E and E altered by acoustical network factors corresponding to P and Q as discussed above. All of the equations previously derived therefore apply to this case when the appropriate acoustic network elements are substituted for the electrical ones.
The acoustic capacitance, resistance and inertance terms are selected in reference to Equations IX and XIII to provide the unidirectional action desired. The terms R, L, and C due to screen 26 and cavity 21 are small compared with terms R, L and C due to passage 3| and cavity 40, hence the last term of the right hand side of Equation XIII will not have a great bearing upon the unidirectional action of the microphone. I have found that in some cases it is convenient to leave the damping screen 26 out altogether, and when this is done the constants R and C of the Equation XIII have to be readjusted slightly to compensate for disappearance of the last term. I have found that in a microphone with the casing 23 having a diameter of 6 cm. and the cavity 40 having a Volume of 8 cc., the effective distance d is 3.5 cm. and satisfactory operation is obtained when the passage 3| has a circumferential length of 10 cm., a radial length of 0.1 cm. and a thickness of 0.01 cm. These dimensions give an approximate acoustic capacitance C of 5.'7 10 cm. per dyne and an approximate acoustic resistance of R of 18 acoustical ohms. Since C, R, and d are not calculable with good degree of accuracy in terms of the physical dimensions of the instrument, I prefer to calculate the approximate dimensions for these terms, and obtain the final values by adjusting the thickness of the passage 3| by means of the screw 4! until correct unidirectional action is obtained. Obviously an alternative procedure would be to adjust instead the volume of the cavity 40 or the length of the distance d which could be done by provisions for adjustably altering the size of the case 23.
The adjustment of the thickness of the passage 31 has a marked effect on the directional property of the microphone at low frequencies and therefore the provision of screws 41 to permit variations in this adjustment is desirable. In the specific structure described above a cardioid unidirectional characteristic is obtained with a passage thickness of only 0.01 cm. When this passage is closed, the sound wave has access only to the front of the diaphragm and the microphone functions as a conventional pressure operated microphone and is nondirectional at low frequencies.
In the case of a thin passage of the type here employed, the acoustic impedance, ZA, is given approximately by Z 1m (XVIII) in which 11. is the viscosity coeificie'nt of the medium I. is the passage length in cms. in the direction of flow t is the passage thickness in cms.
L is the peripheral length of the passage p is the density of the medium in grams per cubic centimeter, and
w is 21r times the frequency.
- ence between the phase shift the pressure p experiences in passing through the rear acoustical network to the diaphragm and the phase shift the pressure p experiences in passing through the front acoustical network to the diaphragm. If we define the quantity is as (CRCR)Cv/d that is as the ratio of this difference to the phase difference between E and E, then the resulting response of the microphone, r, in polar coordinates, in terms of the angle of sound incidence, 6, is given by r:p(k-|cos) where p is proportional to the maximum pres.- sure of the sound wave. This is the equation of the limacon. By substituting the values of R given by Equation XVIII in the expression for k and using this value of 7c in the equation of the limacon, the variation in directional response with passage thickness may be determined. The response is zero for the values of 0 which make cos 0 7c. When It equals one, that is, when Equation XIII holds, a cardioid directional pattern results. The value of cos 6 then equals 1 when 0 equals 180 and there is no response from the rear of the microphone. This is the directional characteristic usually desired and the one to which I have given detailed consideration above. A plot of some of the other directional characteristics the microphone is capable of giving are shown in Figure 18. As in is made less than one, the microphone maintains its unidirectional property, or preferential response to sound of 0 incidence, but a minor lobe corresponding to diminished response to sound of rear incidence occurs. The two angles of zero response, which may be thought of as being coincident for the special case of k equals one, are symmetrically disposed with respect to 180 in the second and third quadrants. In the limit when 7c equals zero, that is when RC equals RC, the null angles are 90 and 270 and the microphone becomes a cosine bidirectional type.
The polar pattern shown in Figure 19 represents the response of the instrument in a plane through the principal axis of the microphone. The surface of revolution generated by rotating the curve about this axis represents the three dimensional response of the device. From this we note that when k equals 1. the response is zero on the principal axis for sound of 180 incidence. As It is reduced, the surface in which zero response occurs is a conical one, the internal solid angle of which increases as k: is reduced until in the limit when k equals Zero the surface becomes the plane of zero response in the resulting cosine bidirectional microphone. As the value of k is made to exceed one, the surface of zero response disappears, although the microphone retains its unidirectional property until the limiting value of infinity is reached at which the microphone becomes nondirectional.
Since d. depends on the external shape of the microphone, as discussed above, and R and C are determined by the screen 2%, and the vol ume of the cavity respectively, the value of k is most conveniently changed by altering the product RC. In the embodiment shown in Figure 6, is is varied by adjusting screws 4! which alter the thickness of the passage 30 and thereby determines R.
The resistance, R, of the screen, 26, is normally a small fraction of the resistance R, of the passage, so that the sound wave has relatively free access to the front of the diaphragm. All unidirectional characteristics of the microphone between the nondirectional and the cosine bidirectional which are given by the equation for the lirnacon are obtained by varying it between Zero and infinity. The value of infinity is obtained when the passage is closed. The value of zero is obtained when RC equals RC. Since the passage resistance varies inversely as the cube of the passage thickness, this latter adjustment is obtained with a thin passage even with low screen resistance. With a typical screen resistance in a structure of the type shown in Figure 6, a cardioid characteristic is obtained with a passage thickness of 0.01 cm. and a cosine bidirectional characteristic with a passage thickness of the order of 0.03 cm. so that all unidirectional characteristics are obtained by changing the passage thickness from zero to 0.03 cm. Because all of the desired directional properties are obtainable with a very thin passage 36, if the screen, it, is properly chosen, the left hand side of Equation VIII may be made proportional to frequency over a relatively wide frequency range even when the passage thickness is altered to give different directional characteristics.
Instead of obtaining resistance R by means of the passage 3i, it is possible to substitute the cover 29 with a suitable foraminous supporting member, such as a wire-screen disc having a number of thicknesses of cloth or felt or similar porous material attached to it, completely covering the opening 28, as shown more clearly in Fig. 10. The cloth illustrated is designated by the numeral Iii. Fig. 10 is similar to Fig. 6 except as to the use of the cloth screen 7i] in place of the narrow passage 3:. By suitable choice of the thickness and porosity of the ma terial employed, the proper value of acoustic impedance may) be obtained. Sometimes it is difiicult to select a material having the exact ratio of resistance to inertance specified in Equation IX; however, it is seen from Equation X that the squared terms are second-order terms in expansion for cosine function, and therefore the exact relationship between the inertance term L and the resistance and capacitance terms R and C is not a vital one in obtaining the unidirectional operation of the instrument at low frequencies, and reasonable departure therefrom will afiect the unidirectional action but slightly. The important adjustment, however, is the one between the terms expressed in Equation XIII.
I have mentioned previously that the Equation XII is valid up to frequencies at which d is not larger than approximately one-quarter wavelength of sound. This corresponds, for the instrument of Fig. 6, to a frequency of approximately 2500 cycles per second. It should not be assumed, however, that above said frequency the unidirectional action ceases, because above 2500 cycles per second, the instrument tends to become highly unidirectional in favor of sounds arriving from the front because of diffraction and the so-called bafile-effect due to the size of the case 23. The unidirectional action is therefore obtained essentially throughout all of the important frequency range.
I have found that when a plane wave of constant intensity and varying frequency is impressed upon the front side of the instrument of Fig. 6, the resulting alternating force upon the crystal 24 is approximately proportional to frequency up to the frequency at which one-quarter wavelength equals the effective distance d, becoming approximately independent of frequency for frequencies at which one-quarter wavelength is larger than the effective distance cl. Since the voltage developed in a crystal is proportional to the force applied, I found it useful to provide a compensating electrical network which would deliver an output voltage substantially independent of frequency at the receiving apparatus. This network consists of a parallel combination of a condenser 45 and a resistance 40, both in series with a larger condenser 43; said network is connected across the terminals 4"; and 48 of the crystal, the receiver 49 being connected across the larger condenser.
Fig. 9 shows the frequency response obtained with this microphone and electrical network for plane wave incident upon the front (upper curve) and the rear (lower curve)) of the instrument, indicating the type of discrimination obtained at all frequencies. The polar directivity pattern is a cardioid shown in solid lines in Fig. 5.
It may be found convenient in many instances to provide the desired electrical compensation in the receiver 49. For applications in which it is desired to give predominance to higher frequencies of sound, the compensating network may be entirely dispensed with.
Another embodiment of my invention is shown in Figures 11, 12 and 13. This embodiment may be compared with the embodiment shown in Figures 6 and '7, but differs therefrom in the provision of vibration insulated means for producing the adjustment of unidirectional characteristics, in means for limiting the range of this adjustment to a predetermined value, and in the provision of a scale to indicate the adjustment used.
In this embodiment, the crystal I is attached to support members IOI which are mounted on the casing I02. The leads I03 and I04 are brought out through insulating bushings I05 in the case I02. These leads are normally connected to an electrical network corresponding to that shown in Figure 6. The back plate I06 has a narrow elevated portion I01 which engages a groove I08 in the casing I02. The spring clip I0'I serves to maintain contact between back plate I05 and the case I02. In this embodiment a single screw I09 is used to move the tiltable back plate I06 to and away from the casing, thus to adjust the size of the cavity enclosed by this plate and also to vary the size of the passages IIO between this plate and the casing. A
' attached a circular shutter I60 spring III is employed for urging the back plate rearwardly against the screw me. By using a properly selected front screen I I2, and a normal kind of thread on the screw I09, it is possible to obtain the unidirectional characteristics given by the equation of the limacon, up to the cosine bidirectional, with less than one complete revolution of the screw. A knob H3 is coupled to the screw I09 through a flexible coupling I 14, in this case consisting of two discs, one being attached to screw I09 and the other to the shaft leading to knob II3. These discs each have two rigid pins set apart, which engage a relatively soft compliant washer I M which may be made of gum rubber, felt, or the like.
The casing I02 is supported in a perforate screen housing [I6 by resilient pads II! which may be made of sponge rubber, soft felt, or other suitable material. This mounting permits rotation of the knob II3 while the microphone is in operation without producing the very loud noises in the reproducing system which would otherwise result. When a loud speaker system connected to the microphone amplifier is located in the same room with this microphone, this structure permits the directional characteristic to be continuously altered until maximum discrimination against the sound which tends to produce sustained oscillations of the system, or a howl, is obtained. The pins H8 in the shaft and knob support H9, and the pointer I20, serve to limit the knob rotation to a predetermined value. In general, the thread of screw I09 and the location of pins II8 are so chosen that the permissible rotation of the knob closes passage I I0 at one end and produces a cosine bidirectional characteristic at the other end of the rotation. This gives all values of it from infinity to zero as discussed previously in connection with the operation of the device shown in Fig. 6. If the thickness of the passage III] were further increased, it would reverse the unidirectional property and give preferential response to sound of rear incidence.
Figs. 14, 15, 16 and 17 represent still another embodiment of my invention. A carbon transducer is here employed, and the carbon granules I50 are contained in a cup I5I made of felt, paper or similar compressible material. The diaphragm I52 is cemented or otherwise held to the case I53. The diaphragm has a spot I50 made of gold, carbon, or similar non-corrosive conducting material attached to it at the center, and likewise the case has a conductive button 554 attached to it in a position corresponding to the button I55 A carbon cell is therefore formed consisting of the buttons 15 1 and I55, the circular elastic closure member I5I, and the carbon granules I50.
The casing I53 has a plurality of apertures I 54, I55 and I56 in it, which are progressively smaller in diameter and have progressively greater length. This is shown clearly in Fig. 17. It is seen that a decrease in hole diameter is accompanied by a corresponding increase of its depth or thickness. Each hole is covered with a foraminous screen designated by the characters I51, I58 and I59. These screens are chosen to have a predetermined resistance and inertance values. To the back of the casing I53, there is provided with, in this case, two apertures ISI. This shutter is held against the back of the case I53 by the screw I62 and compressible washer I63, so that it seals the apertures at all points except those corre- 'sponding with the apertures I'I. Aspring clip I62 is attached to the case I53 and engages indentations I63 in plate I60 in such a manner that proper alignment of .holes IGI with holes I54, I55 and I56 may be readily obtained. It is seen that by rotating the plate I60 so that the holes ISI are aligned with the various holes in the case I53 it is possible to vary the ratio of resistance and inertance of the holes communicating with the volume I65 within the casing in such a manner that various directional patterns are obtained. Intermediate settings of shutter I60 may also be used to obtain partial closure of aperture I54, I55 and I56 to obtain other directional characteristics.
As pointed out previously, a foraminous screen, such as screen Iii in Fig, 10, may be used to provide resistance and inertance corresponding to the passage 3| of Fig. 6. A washer of foraminous material may be used to fill passage 3I and thereby increase its resistance for a given passage thickness. This may, in turn, be compressed an adjustable amount by moving the plate 29. However, I prefer to simultaneously alter the inertance and resistance of the passage in a predetermined manner.
This embodiment shown in Figures 14 to 17 Is represented in its equivalent electrical network by Fig. 4. The acoustical elements given in Equation VII apply to the present embodiment as well as to the embodiment of Fig. 6. The front screens I56 and I68 of the instant device correspond to screen-260i Fig. 5; the front cavity 1.61 to cavity 21 of Fig, 6; the diaphragm I52 to diaphragm 22 of Fig. 6; and cavity I65 to cavity 4% .of 6.
An. approximation .of the ideal network elements which will give a shift in the phase of the sound waves which is proportional to frequency lsgivenby Equation IX, and when the Equation VIII is satisfied, a cardioid unidirectional characteristic results. When the phase shifts of the vector in the numerator and denominator of Equation VIII are proportional to frequency but their ratio is greater or less than the value given by Equation VIII, other directional characteristicsgiven by the equation of the 'limacon result.
If the ratio of the left hand side of Equation 'VIII tothe right hand side is zero, a cosine bidirectional characteristic results, and if thi ratio is infinity, the microphone is non-directional.
If any onedirectional characteristic is to be obtained over a substantial frequency range, then .it is desirable to change both R and L' simultaneously in such a manner as to produce a phase shift proportional to frequency over-this substantial frequency range.
While the structure shown in Figs. 14 to 17 has only their pre-selected values of resistance and .inertance, a large number may be provided, for example, by having apertures about the annular wall I69 of case I53 and providing a tight fitting rotatable sleeve with openings therein dis- ;posed about this annular wall to functionally replace the plate I60.
A *further embodiment of my invention is shown in section in Fig. 18. In this structure, .the adjustment of directional response is obtained by altering the volume of the cavity at the rear of the diaphragm and altering the effective space'separation d of the two sound wave responsive regions of the device. The transducer in this device is of the carbon type, but the crystal, ribbon, or other suitable transducer elements may1be used.
The diaphragm 300 is attached by, adhesive or other suitable means to the externally threaded casing 3M. The casing carries a. substantially circular current conducting beam or support 362, which is shown partially sectioned and fastened to the casing by screws 3E3 and insulating washers 304. The support 362 has a flat circular portion 305, the rear side of which is covered with gold or similar corrosion-resisting, current-conducting material. The diaphragm is similarly treated in a circular spot on the front side of the diaphragm 396 opposite the circular portion 365 of the support. The space between these surfaces is filled with carbon granules 365, which are retained in place by means of retaining felt washer SW. The button current is conducted by wires Slit and 359 which are attached to the bridge support 362 and casing 39!. An internally-threaded sleeve SID is screwed on the case 3!. A perforate portion of this sleeve defines the cavity SII at the rear of the diaphragm and carries the damping screen 3I3. This screen, together with the perforations 3H2, determined the resistance and inertance which couple the cavity till to the cylindrical cavity SIB, which is freely exposed to the medium. A circular sleeve 3M, open at both ends, snugly engages the inside surface of sleeve 3H3. A cross bar SIB is attached to the sleeve 3M and provides a convenient means of sliding sleeve 3! in and out of sleeve 3H). A narrow slot 3|! in the sleeve Sifi limits the motion of sleeve M4 by engaging the pin 3i5 which is pressed in after the two sleeves are d assembled.
As regards the factors which determine thethe directional pattern varies as it is varied.
Since it involves C, R, C, R, d and Cv, these all influence the directional property. Of these, all but the last, which is the phase velocity of the Wave disturbance in the medium, is subject to control in the microphone. In this particular embodiment, C and R are zero, and we may theoretically vary C, R and 01. The value of C is determined by the volume of cavity tit and is varied by rotating sleeve 35% with respect to the case When the cavity (ill is small, its relative volume is changed by a large factor when the sleeve m is rotated only slightly. As rotation is continued in such a direction as to increase the volume, the relative change in volume for a specified angular rotation of the sleeve decreases.
The effective space separation 01 of the sound wave responsive regions of the microphone may also be altered to change the directional propor L, R and C, as discussed in connection with the embodiment of Figs. 14, 15 and 16.
The limiting factor in the use of an adjustable separation d lies in the upper frequency limitation. I have found experimentally that when a plane wave of incidence passes the microphone, most of the phase shift in the sound field occurs near the outer corners, that is, near screws 363, and the rear corners of sleeves Sill and SM in Fig. 18. Two instantaneous pressures, in the medium separated a distance d, maintain an in-phase component as the distance d is increased from zero until at equals a quarter wavelength. In the interval in which (2 exceeds one-quarter and is less than threequarter wavelengths, they have out-of-phase components. My invention in its preferred form therefore operates so that the networks produce a unidirectional property in the frequency interval in which at is approximately a quarter wavelength or less. If 01 is made large, this frequency range is more restricted. If the distance from the center of the front to the center of the back sound responsive region is considered, this will be approximately twice what I have called the effective distance d since the phase of the sound field shifts very little from the center to the edge of the sound responsive regions for sound of normal incidence in the embodiments I have shown. It is customary in elementary field theory to consider that there is no difference in phase between the pressure on the diaphragm and at any point in its plane for a wave of normal incidence so that in an instrument which is thin in the direction of propagation of the wave and in which the diaphragm is small in comparison with its frame, the geometrical distance between the front and rear of the diaphragm could be a distance corresponding to one-half wavelength and yet the phase shift between the two corresponds to roughly a quarter wavelength in the undisturbed medium.
In the embodiment of Fig. 18, the distance d may be varied either by screwing sleeve 3m in or out, which also changes the volume of the cavity 3| l; or it may be varied by moving sleeve 3M. If the volume of the cavity BI! is to be varied independently of the distance d, the position of sleeve 3M may be readjusted after sleeve 3H! is moved to restore the original value of cl. If 03 is to be varied independently of C, then the position of sleeve 3M is altered. By properly proportioning the diameter and depth of the structure and the thread on the case and external sleeve, the instrument may be made to provide a predetermined range of directional adjustment. The distance d may be altered by other means, as, for example, by having external vanes on the case which open out, employing a principle similar to that used in an iris diaphragm of a photographic objective, except that the vanes move out rather than in. Other mechanical arrangements may be applied, as desired.
While I have shown and described in detail many specific embodiments of the invention, other and widely different structures may be made, all within the spirit of the invention. The foregoing detailed description is given for purpose of explanation only and is not to be taken in a limiting sense.
I claim:
1. In a sound translating device, a moving body adapted to vibrate and convert its vibrations into electrical variations, said body being sensitive to sound waves emitted from a sound source in an elastic medium, structure which for waves of normal front incidence adds an equivalent acoustical distance to one pressure component of said waves to which said body is sensitive, and an acoustical network imparting to said component a phase shift bearing a constant ratio to the phase change which takes place due to said waves travelling said distance in said medium throughout a substantial range of frequencies, a cavity forming a part of said network the rear wall of which is a plate which is movable to vary the capacitance of said cavity, and means for moving said plate to adjust said network and vary said ratio.
2. In a sound translating device, a moving body adapted to vibrate and convert its vibrations into electrical variations, said body being sensitive to sound waves emitted from a sound source in an elastic medium, structure which for Waves of normal front incidence adds an equivalent acoustical distance to one pressure component of said waves to which said body is sensitive, an acoustical network imparting to said component a phase shift bearing a constant ratio to the phase change which takes place due to said waves travelling said distance in said medium throughout a substantial range of frequencies, and means for varying said structure to change the value of said equivalent acoustical distance and so change said ratio.
3. In a sound translating device, a moving body having means for converting its vibrations into electrical variations, said body having at least two sound sensitive areas separated by an equivalent acoustical distance, an acoustical network imparting to sound waves having access to one of said areas a phase shift which bears a constant ratio to the phase change which takes place due to said waves travelling said distance throughout a substantial range of frequencies, a cavity forming a part of said network, means for adjusting said cavity to alter the capacitance of said network, and means for adjusting said equivalent acoustical distance, each of said adjusting means being effective to alter said ratio.
4. In a sound translating device, a moving body having means for converting its vibrations into electrical variations, said body having a plurality of sound sensitive areas, an acoustical network imparting to sound waves having access to one of said areas a phase shift, an apertured wall which bounds a cavity adjacent said one area, said cavity forming a part of said acoustical network, and means for closing a portion of the area of said apertures to thereby alter the capacitance of said cavity and the phase shift produced by said network.
5. In a sound translating device, a moving body having means for converting its vibrations into electrical variations, said body having a plurality of sound sensitive areas, an acoustical network imparting to sound waves having access to one of said areas a phase shift, a cavity forming a part of said network, a wall forming one of the sides of said cavity and having apertures therein, and a movable plate adjacent said wall having an opening therein, said plate being movable to bring said opening into alignment with one of said apertures.
6. A device as set forth in claim 5, in which said wall has apertures of varying areas and wherein said plate is movable to bring said opening into alignment with apertures of different areas.
7. A device as set forth in claim 5, in which said wall has apertures of varying areas and thicknesses, the larger sizes having the greater thickness, and in which said plate is movable to bring said opening into alignment with apertures of different areas and thickness.
8. A device as set forth in claim 5, in which said wall has apertures of varying areas which are covered with acoustical screens, and wherein said plate is movable to bring said opening into alignment with apertures of different areas.
9. A device as set forth in claim 5, in which said wall has apertures of different areas in circular arrangement, which said plate is rotatable about an axis concentric with said arrangement.
10. In a sound translating device, a moving body having means for converting its movements into electrical variations, said body having at least two sound sensitive areas, an acoustical screen spaced from one of said areas and forming one wall of a cavity adjoining said one area, said screen and cavity providing acoustical network operative on the sound waves having access to said one area and effective to shift the phase of sound waves having access to said one area, an acoustical network operative on the sound waves having access to said other area and effective to shift the phase of sound waves having access to said other area, a cavity forming a part of said last mentioned acoustical network, and means for adjusting the acoustical capacitance of said cavity to thus alter said last mentioned network and change the extent to which sound waves having access to said Other area are shifted.
11. In a sound translating device, a moving body having means for converting its movements into electrical variations, said body having a plurality of sound sensitive areas, an acoustical network imparting to sound waves having access to one of said areas a phase shift, and rotatable means for adjusting the character of said network to thus alter the phase shift produced.
12. In a sound translating device, a moving body having means for converting its movements into electrical variations, said body having a plurality of sound sensitive areas, an acoustical network imparting to sound waves having access to one of said areas a phase shift. a passage forming a part of said network, tiltable means controlling the thickness of said passage and therefore the phase shift produced by said network, and means for tilting said tiltable means to adjust the thickness of said passage.
13. In a sound translating device, a movable body having means for converting its movements into electrical variations, said body having a plurality of sound sensitive areas, an adjustable acoustical network imparting to sound waves having access to one of said areas a phase shift, rotary means for adjusting said network to vary the extent to which said sound waves are shifted, and means associated with said rotary means for indicating the relative shift in phase produced by said network.
14. In a sound translating device, a movable body adapted to vibrate and convert its vibrations into electrical variations, said body being sensitive to sound waves emitted from a sound source in an elastic medium, structure which for waves of normal front incidences provides an equivalent acoustical distance to one pressure component of waves to which said body is sensitive, and an acoustical network imparting to said component a phase shift bearing a constant ratio to the phase change which takes place due to said waves travelling said distance in said medium throughout a substantial range of frequencies, said network being adjustable to change said ratio, and means for indicating the approximate value of said ratio.
15. In a sound translating device, a movable body adapted to vibrate and convert its vibrations into electrical variations, said body having a plurality of sound sensitive areas, an acoustlcal network imparting to sound waves having access to one of said areas a phase shift, an apertured movable wall which bounds a cavity adjacent said one area, said cavity forming a part of said acoustical network, and means for moving said wall with respect to said one area thus to alter the size of said cavity, alter the character of said network, and so adjust the extent of said phase shift.
16. In a sound translating device, a movable body adapted to vibrate and convert its vibrations into electrical variations, said body having a plurality of sound sensitive areas, an acoustical network imparting to sound waves having access to one of said areas a phase shift, a movable wall which bounds a cavity adjacent said one area, said cavity forming a part of said acoustical network, and means effective upon rotation of said wall for moving said wall with respect to said one area thus to alter the size of said cavity, alter the character of said network, and so adjust the extent of said phase shift.
1'7. In a sound translating device, a casing member having a cylindrical interior, a movable body carried by said casing member and equipped with means for converting its vibrations into electrical variations, said body having a plurality of sound sensitive areas, a Wall of circular cross section within said casing membe and movable axially of said cylindrical interior, said wall forming with said casing member and one area of said movable body a cavity which has an acoustical capacitance effect on sound waves having access to said one area, and means in threaded engagement with said casin member for moving said wall axially of said casing member when rotated with respect to said casing member, thereby to alter the size of said cavity and the capacitance effect on said sound waves.
18. A device as set forth in claim 1'7 and including also a sleeve member which is movable axially of said casing member and effective upon such movement to alter the effective acoustical distance between waves having access to two of said sound sensitive areas.
CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION. Patent No. 2,505,598. December 22, 191g.
bered patent was erroneously described and specified as "S. N. Shure and Frances Shure, Trustees, doing business as Shure Brothers, apartnership" whereas said name should have been described and specified as -S. N. Shure and Frances Shure, Trustee, doing business as shure Brothers, a partnership--, as shown by the record of assignments in this office; and
that the same may conform to the'record of the case in the Patent Office.
Signed and sealed this 15th day of June, A. D. 1915.
Henry Van Arsdale, (Seal) Acting Commissioner of Patents.
CERTIFTCATE OF CORRECTION. Patent No. 2,5 5,598- December 22, 19 42.
BENJAMIN B. BAUER bered patent was erroneously described and specified as "S. N. Shure and Frances Shure, Trustees, doing business asshure Brothers, a partnership" whereas said name should have been described and specified as -S. N. Shure and Frances Shure, Trustee, doing business as Shure Brothers, a partnership--, as shown by the record of assignments in this office; and
that the same may conform to the'record of the case in the Patent Office.
Signed and sealed this 15th day of June, A. D. 191g.
Henry Van Arsdale, (Seal) Acting Commissioner of Patents.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 16, 1947
|May 22, 1951
|Shure Bros
|Directional microphone with a compliant link interconnected between the two diaphragms
|May 28, 1948
|Oct 23, 1951
|Rca Corp
|Velocity type microphone
|Apr 25, 1951
|Dec 18, 1956
|Shure Bros
|Mechanical damping means for the diaphragms of microphones, speakers, and the like
|Jul 2, 1975
|Feb 22, 1977
|Roanwell Corporation
|Reversible anti-noise microphone
|May 27, 1981
|Jan 25, 1983
|Baeder Karl O
|Process and apparatus for converting sound waves into digital electrical signals
|Mar 31, 1949
|Jul 19, 1956
|Siemens Ag
|Aus mehreren in einer Reihe in eine gemeinsame lattenartige Schallwand eingebauten Lautsprechern bestehende Lautsprecher-Gruppenanordnung
|Apr 17, 1949
|Oct 5, 1961
|Siemens Ag
|Lautsprecheranordnung mit Richtwirkung
|Aug 13, 1954
|Jul 4, 1957
|Schoeps Dr Ing Karl
|Umschaltbares Kondensator-Mikrophon
|Dec 21, 1953
|Oct 16, 1958
|Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk I L
|Kondensatormikrofon mit einstellbarer Charakteristik
|Jan 11, 1955
|May 12, 1960
|Tesla Np
|Vorrichtung zur Schallwiedergabe mit einem in einem geschlossenen Schallgehaeuse eingebauten direkt ausstrahlenden Lautsprecher
|Feb 8, 1958
|Jun 15, 1960
|Peiker Heinrich
|Einrichtung zur wahlweisen Schallaufnahme und -wiedergabe
|Jun 9, 1956
|Oct 26, 1961
|Schoeps Dr Ing Karl
|Jul 20, 1973
|Feb 7, 1974
|Industrial Res Prod Inc
|Richtungsempfindliche hoerhilfe
|U.S. Classification
|381/358, 396/383
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
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Gallagher Foundation serves more than 14,000 teens in first year
Citizen Staff Reports 05/21/2017 FeaturesNon-Profits
In its first year, The Cameron K. Gallagher Foundation reached 14,000 teens through its programs from Spring 2016 to date. The foundation is dedicated to spreading positivity and erasing stigmas by educating and creating awareness on depression, anxiety and stress among teens. CKG delivers programs at schools, community events and its West End office.
"Students are in need of the information in the workshops, whether they know it or not, and they aren't getting it anywhere else," said Beth Curry, Director of Health and Wellness at The Steward School.
Every breath matters
By Lane Burgess, Special to the Citizen 12/12/2013 Non-Profits
Thirteen years ago, Russell Glover couldn't breathe. Out of nowhere, what felt like a punch to the stomach led him to the hospital. After a diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), he was left with a life expectancy of three years.
"I wasn't happy with that," said Glover, then in his 50s and full of life. He learned that his lungs were scarring and thickening over time, making it hard to breathe. The term idiopathic means that the cause of the disease is unknown, and unfortunately there aren't any cures, either.
'Too Smart 2 Start' earns nonprofit status
Citizen Staff Reports 12/03/2013 Non-Profits
The Henrico Too Smart 2 Start Coalition has qualified as a nonprofit charitable organization under the federal tax code, which will help it play a greater role in reducing substance abuse and other risky behaviors among youth.
The Henrico Too Smart 2 Start Coalition received its 501(c)(3) designation in July, making the organization eligible to receive tax-deductible contributions.
Graceful living
By Lane Burgess, Special to the Citizen 11/11/2013 FeaturesNon-Profits
Bursts of laughter come from a typically quiet room at A Grace Place, an adult care center in Henrico. Inside, groups of players sit contentedly around tables, moving their oversized game pieces around and enjoying each other's company. At the age of 99, Marie Bradley is the oldest person at the table, but that doesn't stop her from playing another game of dominoes with her friends.
At A Grace Place, individuals like Marie can find personalized care, health management and just plain fun.
Healing power
By Lane Burgess, Special to the Citizen 09/30/2013 FeaturesNon-Profits
Jeff Gordon proudly led a tour through the Community Brain Injury Services facility recently, pointing himself out in several framed photos on the wall in the foyer.
"This is a compilation of all our memories here," said the survivor of brain injury who has benefitted from many of the services offered by the organization. Although many years have passed, he was eager to share how he was affected by brain injury at the age of 16 after wrestling with some friends.
"I come here to have a place to keep me out of trouble," he joked. "It gives me a lot of new friends and gives us something to do with our time."
A place for single moms
By Lane Burgess, Special to the Citizen 09/16/2013 FeaturesNon-Profits
Eight years ago, Kimberly Braine-Tillem packed all of her things into her car, traveled across the country with three children and a dog, and started a new life as a single mom of three in Richmond. During the trip, she empathized with women like herself who needed support as single parents.
"I was given a vision to create a place where single women could go for help, education and blessings," she says.
While traveling for five days with a five, eight, and nine-year-old, she developed the full concept for a nonprofit that would provide supportive services for single women and their children—The Sophie House.
ARC hosts 'Ladybug' fundraiser at RIR
Photos courtesy Hunter Tate 06/24/2013 BusinessNon-Profits
For the nearly 400 attendees at the Greater Richmond ARC's annual Ladybug Wine Tasting and Silent Auction on May 18, the silent auction that included a Gibson guitar donated by The Martin Agency, as well as a guitar and ukuleles from Hohner, Inc., was music to their ears.
Held at the Torque Club at the Richmond Raceway Complex, guests bid on more than 200 silent auction items while sampling sliced tenderloin from Arcadia restaurant and marinated lamb lollipops from Fleming's Steakhouse, as well as foods from other local restaurants and a large selection of West Coast wines.
Water that quenches more than just thirst
By Andrew Stoddard, Special to the Citizen 06/21/2013 FeaturesNon-Profits
At about the same time, Ollie Harvey's sister was diagnosed with cancer while her grandson, Heaven, was diagnosed with autism. "I was really hurting in my heart," Harvey said.
Then one day, Harvey came up with an idea to help out by selling bottled water through the Women of Richmond company that she founded. The Women of Richmond initiative is part of the non-profit organization Help Our People Eat (H.O.P.E), also founded by Harvey 25 years ago. The main goal of H.O.P.E. is to help out needy families in the Richmond area with donations of food, clothing, money for rent and other necessities.
Eastern Henrico FISH Provides Assistance
By Amy David, Special to the Henrico Citizen 0 CommunityNon-Profits
Eastern Henrico FISH depends on the help of local churches and charitable organizations to get members in the community back on their feet.
The non-profit serves Henrico residents east and south of Mechanicsville Turnpike including Highland Springs, Varina, and Sandston providing clothes, food, and financial assistance for people with short term emergencies.
State honors EMS officials this week
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Henrico school buses with compliance issue to be fixed this summer
Crime Stoppers' Crime of the Week: May 22, 2017
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Obituary – Carol Jean Johnson
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RIR to host playoff race in 2018
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CalendarThe new exhibit "Wild Art: A Journey Off Canvas" will open at Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden and be on display through Oct. 1. This collaborative art experience inspired by nature combines the efforts of regional artists and thousands of Garden visitors to transform the Garden into a living tapestry of natural art. Included with Garden admission. For details, visit http://www.lewisginter.org. Full text


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Yoko Ono
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Fairfield Sun
- Fairfield Memorial Day Parade Monday, May 29fairfield-sun.com
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- LETTER: Kiley puts Fairfield firstfairfield-sun.com
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- LETTER: Kiley has 22 years of service to Fairfieldfairfield-sun.com
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- Court rules Special Election for Board of Selectman seat is June 6fairfield-sun.com
- Pequot Library offers children's art, service, and literature workshopsfairfield-sun.com
- LETTER: RTM Democrats doublespeakfairfield-sun.com
- LETTER: Supports Kevin Kiley for Selectmanfairfield-sun.com
- RTM Republicans' decisions are the definition of fiscal irresponsibilityfairfield-sun.com
- Beach Read Book Sale June 13-19fairfield-sun.com
- LETTER: I'm choosing Kevin Kileyfairfield-sun.com
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- CT's Beardsley Zoo welcomes two lynx kittens to the familyfairfield-sun.com
- Beardsley Zoo holds Commissary Grand Opening and Cook Offfairfield-sun.com
- State Police Youth Week is July 9-15fairfield-sun.com
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Mac & Gaydos
Mac & Gaydos: Friday, November 9
Today on Mac & Gaydos…
3:15 p.m.: Obama is urging Republicans to realize that the election means things ought to be done his way, and his way is compromise.
4:05 p.m.: Elliot Pollack will join us lice to explain exactly what this fiscal cliff is and what it means to you.
5:35 p.m.: A tragic story from Hurricane Sandy, but the real question is, why aren't people helping this poor girl out?
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Scottsdale hotels see June gains from a year earlier
Scottsdale's hotel industry continued to post year-over-year gains in June, according to the latest numbers from research firm STR.
Occupancy saw a 3.3 percentage point boost to 56.1 percent in June from the same month last year.
Revenue per available room rose 3.8 percent to $59.97 for the month.
Despite gains in occupancy and RevPAR, the average daily rate was relatively flat last month at $106.95, up 0.4 percent over June 2012.
Year to date, all three indicators are up. Occupancy was improved 3.8 percentage points to 72.1 percent, with ADR increasing 2.4 percent to $177.20 and RevPAR posting a gain of 6.3 percent to $127.74.
Even with the summer slowdown, Scottsdale's hotels and resorts fared well against the national numbers last month.
Nationally, the hotel industry year to date through June saw occupancy rise 1.5 percent, with ADR and RevPAR increases of 4 percent and 5.6 percent, respectively.


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This reassuringly boring conclusion was not what the City wanted or expected to hear, although anyone with half a brain could have seen it coming. Mr Tucker was a member of Prudential's executive committee for six or seven years before taking his year long "sabbatical" with HBOS, so he was hardly likely to rip up a strategy he was both partially responsible for and intimately involved in implementing.
Yet it is not what new brooms, hired for their supposedly miracle-working abilities, are meant to say, and as a sign of the City's displeasure the shares were marked down 2 per cent yesterday against a rising stock market.
How different it would have been had Mr Tucker littered his presentation with ambitious targets and hairbrained schemes for achieving them, yet he's eschewed such foolhardiness. This again is an encouraging sign, for it demonstrates that Mr Tucker intends to be there for the long haul. He's is not going to give the City the rope with which to hang him in the meantime.
Most corporate restructurings are a complete waste of time and money, serving only to create the illusion of activity while in truth achieving nothing other than demoralisation. Mr Tucker has had the wisdom to resist the siren calls of the management consultants and investment bankers, all hungry for their fee.
Mr Bloomer was fired not because operationally Prudential was going to hell in a handcart, but because he lost the trust of the board and the City after a series of startling U-turns in approach which destroyed his credibility as a chief executive.
He insisted that the dividend wouldn't be cut; it was. He tried to sell Egg, the company's internet bank, but failed. He said there would be no rights issue; but there was. And having said the UK market was no longer worth devoting new capital to, he all of a sudden decided it was.
Yet operationally, he left the Pru in pretty good shape. The rights issue that cost Mr Bloomer his job has left the company well capitalised too. Mr Tucker is poised to reap the rewards, though of his own endeavors as much as Mr Bloomer's, for it was largely Mr Tucker who built the most dynamic bit of the Pru as it is today, its fast-growing Asian business. Unusually for a company that fires its chief executive, the Pru was not in a state of crisis when it happened, and it therefore doesn't need to engage in root-and-branch change.
In any case, there is more to the strategy review than meets the eye. What Mr Tucker has done is confirm the Pru's commitment to both Egg and the US business, where previously there had been equivocation. He's also articulated a credible multi-brand strategy for the UK market, confirmed that the Asian business will be strong enough to start returning cash to shareholders from next year while at the same time continuing to grow strongly, and identified up to £25m of synergies from establishing a global data centre.
The City wanted targets, the more ambitious the better. Wisely Mr Tucker has chosen steady-as-she-goes strategic thinking instead. All in all, an excellent start.
If it were that easy, why's no one done it?
Much excitement in the City yesterday over remarks by Mike Parton, the chief executive of Marconi, to the effect that the development of a secondary market in pension-fund assets and liabilities might allow shareholders to claw back the £490m placed in escrow to deal with any future deficits in the Marconi pension fund.
If Mr Parton can persuade someone else to take on the risk instead - say an insurance company or financier like Hugh Osmond - then the pensions regulator would surely allow release of the money from escrow and shareholders would reap the rewards. And if he can do that, then there is surely a read through for other publicly quoted companies with deficits in closed, final-salary pension schemes. Pay a third party a little bit of money, and there's the opportunity to get shot of the problem for good.
I was sceptical about this proposition even when it was first suggested, and having had a night to sleep on it, I'm now more sceptical still. If it were really that easy to solve the pension-deficit problem that plagues so many publicly listed companies, why hasn't anyone done it already? Here's the answer.
A secondary market already exists in bulk annuities, which is bound to get bigger as more pension funds mature. There are only two serious players in this market at the moment: Prudential and Legal & General, but even these giants of the insurance sector have limited capital capacity for underwriting such business, so over time we can expect them to be joined by others. Yet I'm not sure that partial sale to a bulk annuity provider is what Mr Parton has in mind.
In a bulk annuity transaction, the pension fund pays the insurer a sum of money to assume the liability of servicing members with their pensions. The insurer may have a less exaggerated view of the costs of doing this than the pension fund, but it's an expensive business nonetheless. In the Marconi case, there are approximately £3.7bn of liabilities backed by just £2.6bn of assets.
Any insurer would struggle to underwrite such a huge liability, but even assuming the capacity exists for such a transaction, Mr Parton would likely be charged a whole lot more than the £2.6bn of assets plus £500m he has in escrow for the privilege.
Indeed, it is hard to see why any company would want to pay an insurer the sums that would be demanded for assuming the liability of an entire pension scheme with liabilities stretching perhaps as many as 50 years into the future. Sure enough, it would free management from an irritating distraction, but any chief executive who sits around worrying about his pension deficit when there's a business to be run is an idiot.
To crystallise future liabilities by paying a third party to take them on would be an almost reckless misuse of capital. Rising markets are in any case beginning to inflate away many of these deficits. Given time, they will cease to be a problem in most cases. So I'm not sure the Marconi precedent has quite the significance it is being credited with.
What it does show is that the Pensions Regulator is in deadly earnest. All appropriate action will be taken to prevent pension liabilities bouncing back on to the Pensions Protection Fund. This won't of itself halt corporate restructurings and capital payouts in their tracks, but it will make many of them harder to do, and it is bound to limit the amount of value investors and bankers can hope to extract from companies.
The Pensions Regulator has made it absolutely plain. Pension liabilities are to be treated like other unsecured creditors. They are no longer things to be swept under the carpet as a problem for another day. Is this a good thing? Well perhaps, but forcing companies and their investors to recognise the long-term costs of providing final-salary pensions hardly does anything to encourage them. Only in the public sector, the last bastion of defined benefit pensions, does everyone seem oblivious to who pays the bill of this fast-dying privilege.
Hampton Court's damp squib
Tony Blair wants today's summit of European leaders at Hampton Court to be a forum for discussion on how Europe should meet the challenge of China and globalisation. Almost everyone else wants to discuss Britain's budget rebate, and who should get what share of it once it is handed back.
Originally planned as a two-day event, complete with Tudor banquet stretching long into the night, the organisers have been forced to prune it back to just a day. There's little appetite for the thorny issue of globalisation, it would seem, and some European leaders struggle to see why they are turning up at all.
Yet at least Mr Blair seems to recognise the urgency of the matter. There's very little time left for Europe to rise to the challenge of Chinese advancement. At the present rate of non-progress in economic and labour market reform, Europe stands to be not a winner, but a major loser from the now irreversible trends in globalisation. But rather than support the transformation of Europe into a more competitive economy, political leaders seem intent only on hindering it.
Future generations will curse their paralysis.Reuse content