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The comparison between sulfate salt weathering of portland cement paste and calcium sulfoaluminate cement paste
Liu, Zanqun; Deng, Dehua; De Schutter, Geert
In this paper, the damage performances of sulfate salt weathering of Portland cement paste and calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement paste were compared according to authors' previous studies. It was found that the evaporation zone of speciments partially immersed in 10% Na2SO4 solution were both severely deteriorated for Portland cement and CSA cement. However, the differences were more significant: (1) the CSA cement paste were damaged just after 7 days exposure compared to the 5 months expos...
Investigation of a Hardened Cement Paste Grout
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Esteves, Luis Pedro; Sørensen, Eigil Verner
This report documents a series of tests performed on a hardened cement paste grout delivered by the client, Det Norske Veritas A/S.......This report documents a series of tests performed on a hardened cement paste grout delivered by the client, Det Norske Veritas A/S....
Chloride ingress in cement paste and mortar
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Jensen, Ole Mejlhede; Hansen, Per Freiesleben; Coats, Alison M.;
In this paper chloride ingress in cement paste and mortar is followed by electron probe microanalysis. The influence of several paste and exposure parameters on chloride ingress are examined (e.g., water-cement ratio, silica fume addition, exposure time, and temperature), The measurements...
Microstructure Analysis of Heated Portland Cement Paste
Q. Zhang; Ye, G.
When a concrete structure is exposed to high temperature, the mechanical damage and chemical transformation take place simultaneously, which will change the microstructure of material. On the other hand, the mechanical properties and transport properties depend on the development of microstructure of cement paste. In order to study the microstructure changes at high temperature, in this contribution the cement paste samples were firstly heated to varied temperatures from 100 °C to 1000 °C wit...
Estimating the chloride transport in cement paste
Princigallo, A.
A method was developed to measure the diffusion coefficient of chloride ions in cement paste based on an analytical solution to Fick's 2nd law in a cylindrical coordinate system. This natural method yielded diffusivity results within as little as a month. Testing time was reduced by exploiting the three-dimensional inward flux in the specimen. In an attempt to determine the saturation concentration, dense portland cement pastes were exposed to a concentrated chloride solution. The method prov...
Pore structure in blended cement pastes
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Canut, Mariana Moreira Cavalcanti
Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), such as slag and fly ash, are increasingly used as a substitute for Portland cement in the interests of improvement of engineering properties and sustainability of concrete. According to studies improvement of engineering properties can be explained...... supplement each other. Cement pastes (w/b=0.4) with and without slag and fly ash cured at two moisture (sealed and saturated) and temperature (20 and 55ºC) conditions were used to investigate the combined impact of SCMs addition and curing on the pore structure of pastes cured up to two years. Also...... volume and threshold pore size were found when comparing with plain cement paste at the same curing conditions. The porosity methods MIP, LTC and SEM have been shown to be suitable to characterise pore parameters of the pastes. MIP is a simple and fast method which covers a large range of pore sizes...
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
A.Karamberi; E.Chaniotakis; D.Papageorgiou; A.Moutsatsou
The present study investigates glass and cement compatibility with a view to use glass as a cement replacement. Amber, flint and green glasses were chosen due to their prevalence in the Greek market as packaging materials. The factors under investigation were the pozzolanicity of the glass cullet, the hydration rate and the mechanical strength development of the cement pastes, as well as the expansion of the specimens due to alkali-silica reaction.Moreover, the potential enhancement of glass pozzolanic activity was examined. The results of the study were encouraging to show the potentiality of utilising glass cullet in cementitious products.
Alkali binding in hydrated Portland cement paste
Chen, W.; Brouwers, H.J.H.
The alkali-binding capacity of C–S–H in hydrated Portland cement pastes is addressed in this study. The amount of bound alkalis in C–S–H is computed based on the alkali partition theories firstly proposed by Taylor (1987) and later further developed by Brouwers and Van Eijk (2003). Experimental data
Porosity and liquid absorption of cement paste
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Krus, M.; Hansen, Kurt Kielsgaard; Kunzel, H. M.
be a slowing-down effect which is related to water because the absorption of organic liquids, such as hexane, is quite normal. Measurements of the porosity of hardened cement paste determined by helium pycnometry and water saturation show that water molecules can enter spaces in the microstructure which...... are not accessible to the smaller helium atoms. Considering the results of dilatation tests both before and after water and hexane saturation, it seems possible that a contraction of capillary pores due to moisture-related swelling of the cement gel leads to the non-linear water absorption over the square root...
Cement paste-epoxy adhesive interactions
Djouani, Fatma; CONNAN, Carole; Delamar, Michel; CHEHIMI, Mohamed M; BENZARTI, Karim
In the field of civil engineering, the durability of concrete assemblies using adhesives is widely conditioned by the properties of the interface between the resin and the mineral support (concrete). In this context we studied first the molecular interactions at the interface between an epoxy resin and cement pastes by several approaches based on XPS and IR spectroscopies, DSC, and inverse gas chromatography (IGC). XPS showed evidence of crosslinking of the polymer at the surface of hardened ...
Migration of ions in cement paste as studied by SIMS
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Prince, K.E.; Aldridge, L.P. [Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW (Australia); Rougeron, P. [Electricite de France Direction des Etudes et Recherches, Les Renardiers (France)
Cement is often used to condition and encapsulate low level radioactive waste before it is disposed of in a repository. Ground water can attack these waste-forms by transporting aggressive ions into the cement paste and by removing radioactive ions from the paste. The extent of the attack will be governed by the diffusion of the ions in the cement paste. In this study we examine the migration of aggressive carbonate ions and inactive Cs and Sr through cement pastes. The use of SIMS for establishing the penetration depths and diffusion profiles for Cs and Sr in cement will be explored. The penetration profiles of Cs and Sr in a non-zeolite cement paste were examined and compared to those of a paste made with zeolite. The effects of the non-homogeneous nature of the cement was most pronounced in the study of the zeolite rich cement; Cs being preferentially accumulated in the zeolite material. (authors). 4 refs., 2 figs.
Estimating the chloride transport in cement paste
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Princigallo, A.
Full Text Available A method was developed to measure the diffusion coefficient of chloride ions in cement paste based on an analytical solution to Fick's 2nd law in a cylindrical coordinate system. This natural method yielded diffusivity results within as little as a month. Testing time was reduced by exploiting the three-dimensional inward flux in the specimen. In an attempt to determine the saturation concentration, dense portland cement pastes were exposed to a concentrated chloride solution. The method proved to be useful for exploring cement hydration-induced changes in the diffusion coefficient of cement paste.
Se ha desarrollado un método para medir el coeficiente de difusión de los iones cloruro en la pasta de cemento, partiendo de una aplicación analítica de la segunda ley de Fick en un sistema de coordinadas cilíndrico. Este método, que es natural, demostró ser capaz de producir resultados de difusividad en tan solo un mes. Se consiguió reducir el tiempo de ensayo mediante el aprovechamiento de la tridimensionalidad del flujo desde el exterior al interior de la probeta. A fin de determinar la concentración de saturación, se sometieron las pastas de cemento Portland a una disolución de cloruros concentrada. Este método resultó ser útil en el estudio de los cambios del coeficiente de difusión de la pasta de cemento provocados por las reacciones de hidratación que tienen lugar en esta.
Measuring techniques for autogenous strain of cement paste
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Lura, Pietro; Jensen, Ole Mejlhede
Volumetric measurement of autogenous strain is frequently performed by placing the fresh cement paste in a rubber membrane submerged in water. The volume change of the cement paste is measured by the amount of water displaced by the submerged sample. Volumetric and linear measurements of autogenous...... of the volumetric method. Water absorption is driven by a lowering of the water activity in the cement paste due to dissolved salts in the pore fluid and to self-desiccation. From the moment of casting, significant water uptake was registered in all experiments. This water uptake influenced the volumetric...... on the same cement pastes....
Measuring techniques for autogenous strain of cement paste
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Lura, Pietro; Jensen, Ole Mejlhede
Volumetric measurement of autogenous strain is frequently performed by placing the fresh cement paste in a rubber membrane submerged in water. The volume change of the cement paste is measured by the amount of water displaced by the submerged sample. Volumetric and linear measurements of autogenous...... of the volumetric method. Water absorption is driven by a lowering of the water activity in the cement paste due to dissolved salts in the pore fluid and to self-desiccation. From the moment of casting, significant water uptake was registered in all experiments. This water uptake influenced the volumetric...... on the same cement pastes....
Characteristics of Bamboo Leaf Ash Blended Cement Paste and Mortar
Umoh A.A.; Odesola I.
The use of bamboo leaf ash as cement supplement can contribute to reduction in cost and environmental hazard associated with cement production as well as waste pollution caused by the littered bamboo leaves. Therefore, the characteristics of cement paste and mortar incorporating bamboo leaf ash were investigated. The results of the physical properties of the pastes were within the requirements stipulated by relevant standards while that of the mortar cubes indicated that the compressive stren...
The influence of cement type and temperature on chloride binding in cement paste
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Jensen, Ole Mejlhede; Korzen, Migge Sofie Hoffmann; Skibsted, Jørgen
cement clinker. Both theoretical considerations and experimental data for chloride binding in cement pastes are presented. A physico-chemically based model to describe the influence of temperature on physical binding of chloride is presented. Solid-state 27Al and 29Si magic-angle spinning (MAS) nuclear......This paper describes effects of cement type and temperature on chloride binding in cement paste, which is an important subject in relation to life-time modelling of reinforced concrete structures. The influence of cement type on chloride binding is investigated by substituting cement with pure...... magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been used for quantification of the anhydrous and hydrated aluminate and silicate phases in the chloride exposed cement pastes. The 27Al isotropic chemical shift and nuclear quadrupole coupling is reported for a synthetic sample of Friedel's salt, Ca2Al(OH)6Cl×2H2O....
Modifications induced by adding natural zeolitic pozzolans to cement paste
Blanco-Varela, M. T.; Martínez-Ramírez, S.; Gener, M.; Vázquez, T.
Volcanic pozzolans owe their pozzolanic activity chiefly to the presence of vitreous or zeolitic material rich in SiO2, and Al20y compounds that react with the portlandite produced during cement hydration to generate amorphous gels with cementitious properties. The present study analyzes the modifications taking place in the composition, structure and micro structure of the hydra ted cement paste when 20% of the cement by we...
Rheological Influence of Synthetic Zeolite on Cement Pastes
Baldino, N.; Gabriele, D.; Frontera, P.; Crea, F.; de Cindio, B.
Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) is characterized by specific and particular mechanical properties, often due to the addition of components, able to modify the paste rheology. Concrete properties are strongly affected by characteristics of the fresh cement paste that is the continuous phase dispersing larger aggregates. Therefore, aiming to characterize mechanical properties of final concrete is relevant to know rheological properties of the base cement paste. In this work cement pastes for SCC were prepared by using, as additive, synthetic zeolite 5A in different amounts and they were analyzed by small amplitude oscillations. Experimental results have shown a relationship between dynamic moduli and zeolite content, identifying a proper level of zeolite addition. Moreover samples containing traditional fine additives, such as silica fume and limestone, were prepared and experimental data were compared to those obtained by using zeolite. It was found that zeolite seems to give better properties to cement paste than other additives can do.
Pore Structure of Cement Pastes Blended with Volcanic Rock
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
YU Lehua; ZHOU Shuangxi; LI Liling
The pore parameters of cement pastes blended with volcanic rock at the curing age of 1, 28 and 90 d were de-termined by a mercury intrusion porosimetry. The pore structure of the pastes was characterized through the analysis of porosity, average pore diameter, the most probable pore aperture, pore size distribution, as well as total pore volume. For the improvement of mechanical property and durability of cement-based material, the correlation of the formed pore structure with hydration time and replacement level of volcanic rock for cement was revealed. The results indicate that volcanic rock can diminish porosity and reduce pore size in cement paste when curing time prolongs, which is particu-larly prominent with replacement level of less than 20% in late period. The more harmful pores (i.e., capillary pore) are gradually transformed into harmless pore (i.e., gel pores or micropore), even fully filled and disappeared when hydration products increase. The pore structure of the cement paste is thus refined. The beneficial effect of volcanic rock on the pore structure of cement paste could enhance the mechanical property and durability of cement-based material.
Prediction of chloride ingress and binding in cement paste
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Geiker, Mette Rica; Nielsen, Erik Pram; Herforth, Duncan
Finite Difference Model for the ingress of chlorides into concrete which takes into account its multi-component nature. The "composite theory" was then used to predict the diffusivity of each ion based on the phase assemblage present in the hydrated Portland cement paste. Agreement was found between...... in Portland cement pastes at any content of chloride, alkalis, sulfates and carbonate was verified experimentally and found to be equally valid when applied to other data in the literature. The thermodynamic model for predicting the phase equilibria in hydrated Portland cement was introduced into an existing...... profiles for the Cl/Ca ratio predicted by the model and those determined experimentally on 0.45 water/powder ratio Portland cement pastes exposed to 650 mM NaCl for 70 days. This confirms the assumption of essentially instantaneous binding where quasi-equilibrium is established locally. This does not imply...
Rheological Behaviors of Fresh Cement Pastes with Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
ZHANG Yanrong; KONG Xiangming; GAO Liang; WANG Jiaxin
The rheological behaviors of fresh cement paste with polycarboxylate superplasticizer were systematically investigated. Inlfuential factors including superplasticizer to cement ratio (Sp/C), water to cement ratio (w/c), temperature, and time were discussed. Fresh cement pastes with Sp/Cs in the range of 0 to 2.0% and varied W/Cs from 0.25 to 0.5 were prepared and tested at 0, 20 and 40 °C, respectively. Flowability and rheological tests on cement pastes were conducted to characterize the development of the rheological behavior of fresh cement pastes over time. The exprimental results indicate that the initial lfowability and lfowability retention over shelf time increase with the growth in superplasticizer dosage due to the plasticizing effect and retardation effect of superplasticizer. Higher temperature usually leads to a sharper drop in initial lfowability and lfowability retention. However, for the cement paste with high Sp/C orw/c, the lfowability is slightly affected by temperature. Yield stress and plastic viscosity show similar variation trends to the flowability under the abovementioned inlfuential factors at low Sp/C. In the case of high Sp/C, yield stress and plastic viscosity start to decline over shelf time and the decreasing rate descends at elevated temperature. Moreover, two equations to roughly predict yield stress and plastic viscosity of the fresh cement pastes incorporating Sp/C,w/c, temperature and time are developed on the basis of the existing models, in which experimental constants can be extracted from a database created by the rheological test results.
Porous and adsorption properties of hydrated cement paste
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Marina Biljana S.
Full Text Available Adsorption isotherms of benzene on hydrated cement pastes prepared by cement ground with and without the addition of grinding aids, triethanol amine (TEA and ethylene glycol (EG were investigated. The adsorption isotherms were interpreted by means of the Dubinin-Astakhov (DA and Dubinin-Radushkevich-Stoeckli (DRS equations. The microporous structure of cement gel (C-S-H in the cement pastes, and changes in the Gibbs free energy of adsorption were determined. The mechanical properties of the cement pastes were also measured. It was evident that pastes with additives had different parameters of the DRS and DA equations: the volume and dimensions of the gel pores, the distribution of the dimensions, the characteristic energy of adsorption, and the change in the Gibbs free energy of adsorption. The mechanical properties were also different. The dispersity of the additive-containing ground cements had a favorable effect on the hydration processes. When applying TEA, it was also necessary to analyze its influence on the chemical behavior of hydration in the starting period.
Thermal analysis of cement pastes with superabsorbent polymers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Esteves, Luis Pedro; Jensen, Ole Mejlhede; Lukosiute, Irena;
Thermal analysis of cement systems is very helpful in the understanding of many different properties of cementitious compounds, both for the original reacting compounds, and also for the resulting hydration products. Superabsorbent polymers can be added to cement systems with many different reasons......, so it is relevant that fundamental knowledge of this new compound on the development of hydration is well understood [1-3]. This paper reports research on thermal analysis of cement pastes with superabsorbent polymers. We have studied several parameters: the concentration of SAP in the system...... and understanding of cementitious materials when internal curing is active. [1] Luís P. Esteves, On the hydration of water-entrained cement–silica systems: Combined SEM, XRD and thermal analysis in cement pastes, Thermochimica Acta, 2011, vol. 518: pp. 27–35. [2] Luís P. Esteves, Superabsorbent Polymers...
Characteristics of Bamboo Leaf Ash Blended Cement Paste and Mortar
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Umoh A.A.
Full Text Available The use of bamboo leaf ash as cement supplement can contribute to reduction in cost and environmental hazard associated with cement production as well as waste pollution caused by the littered bamboo leaves. Therefore, the characteristics of cement paste and mortar incorporating bamboo leaf ash were investigated. The results of the physical properties of the pastes were within the requirements stipulated by relevant standards while that of the mortar cubes indicated that the compressive strength generally increased with curing age, and that the mix containing 15% Bamboo Leaf Ash (BLA by mass competes favorably with that of the reference mix at 28days and above. The water absorption and apparent porosity were observed to increase with increase in BLA content, while the bulk density decreases as the percentage of BLA increases from 5% to 25% by mass. The study concluded that 15% BLA replacing cement is adequate for the production of masonry mortar.
Rheological and hydration characterization of calcium sulfoaluminate cement pastes
García-Maté, Marta; Santacruz, Isabel; de la Torre, Ángeles G.; León-Reina, Laura; Aranda, Miguel A. G.
Calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cements are currently receiving a lot of attention because their manufacture produces less CO2 than ordinary Portland cement (OPC). However, it is essential to understand all parameters which may affect the hydration processes. This work deals with the study of the effect of several parameters, such as superplasticizer (SP), gypsum contents (10, 20 and 30 wt%) and w/c ratio (0.4 and 0.5), on the properties of CSA pastes during early hydration. This characteriza...
Temperature influence on water transport in hardened cement pastes
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Drouet, Emeline [CEA, DEN, DPC, SECR, Laboratoire d' Etude du Comportement des Bétons et des Argiles, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex (France); Poyet, Stéphane, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [CEA, DEN, DPC, SECR, Laboratoire d' Etude du Comportement des Bétons et des Argiles, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex (France); Torrenti, Jean-Michel [Université Paris-Est, IFSTTAR, Département Matériaux & Structures, 14-52 boulevard Newton, F-77447 Marne la Vallée cedex 2 (France)
Describing water transport in concrete is an important issue for the durability assessment of radioactive waste management reinforced concrete structures. Due to the waste thermal output such structures would be submitted to moderate temperatures (up to 80 °C). We have then studied the influence of temperature on water transport within hardened cement pastes of four different formulations. Using a simplified approach (describing only the permeation of liquid water) we characterized the properties needed to describe water transport (up to 80 °C) using dedicated experiments. For each hardened cement paste the results are presented and discussed.
Temperature influence on water transport in hardened cement pastes
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Describing water transport in concrete is an important issue for the durability assessment of radioactive waste management reinforced concrete structures. Due to the waste thermal output such structures would be submitted to moderate temperatures (up to 80 °C). We have then studied the influence of temperature on water transport within hardened cement pastes of four different formulations. Using a simplified approach (describing only the permeation of liquid water) we characterized the properties needed to describe water transport (up to 80 °C) using dedicated experiments. For each hardened cement paste the results are presented and discussed
Chloride ingress in cement paste and mortar
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Jensen, Ole Mejlhede; Hansen, Per Freiesleben; Coats, Alison M.;
modelled on Fick's law modified by a term for chloride binding. Inclusion of chloride binding significantly improves the profile shape of the modelled ingress profiles. The presence of fine aggregate and formation of interfacial transition zones at paste-aggregate boundaries does not significantly affect...
3D Simulation of micromechanical behavior of cement paste
Qian, Z.; Ye, G.; Schlangen, H.E.J.G.; Van Breugel, K.
Numerical modeling of fracture processes of brittle materials, such as cement paste, mortar, concrete and rocks, started in the late 1960s when the discrete and smeared cracking models were introduced. In the 1990s, Schlangen and van Mier proposed another numerical model to compensate the drawbacks
Direct shear tests on cemented paste backfill–rock wall and cemented paste backfill–backfill interfaces
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Nabassé J.F. Koupouli
Full Text Available This paper presents the results of the shear strength (frictional strength of cemented paste backfill-cemented paste backfill (CPB-CPB and cemented paste backfill–rock wall (CPB-rock interfaces. The frictional behaviors of these interfaces were assessed for the short-term curing times (3 d and 7 d using a direct shear apparatus RDS-200 from GCTS (Geotechnical Consulting & Testing Systems. The shear (friction tests were performed at three different constant normal stress levels on flat and smooth interfaces. These tests aimed at understanding the mobilized shear strength at the CPB-rock and CPB-CPB interfaces during and/or after open stope filling (no exposed face. The applied normal stress levels were varied in a range corresponding to the usually measured in-situ horizontal pressures (longitudinal or transverse developed within paste-filled stopes (uniaxial compressive strength, σc ≤ 150 kPa. Results show that the mobilized shear strength is higher at the CPB-CPB interface than that at the CPB-rock interface. Also, the perfect elastoplastic behaviors observed for the CPB-rock interfaces were not observed for the CPB-CPB interfaces with low cement content which exhibits a strain-hardening behavior. These results are useful to estimate or validate numerical model for pressures determination in cemented backfill stope at short term. The tests were performed on real backfill and granite. The results may help understanding the mechanical behavior of the cemented paste backfill in general and, in particular, analyzing the shear strength at backfill–backfill and backfill-rock interfaces.
Modifications induced by adding natural zeolitic pozzolans to cement paste
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Blanco-Varela, M. T.
Full Text Available Volcanic pozzolans owe their pozzolanic activity chiefly to the presence of vitreous or zeolitic material rich in SiO2, and Al20y compounds that react with the portlandite produced during cement hydration to generate amorphous gels with cementitious properties. The present study analyzes the modifications taking place in the composition, structure and micro structure of the hydra ted cement paste when 20% of the cement by weight is replaced by two finely ground zeolitic rocks from Cuban deposits. Hydrated cement pastes were prepared with a CEM I35 cement, as well as with mixes of the cement and two Cuban zeolitic rocks (20% by weight. After eight months of hydration, the pastes were characterized -mineralogically, chemically and microstructurally- with XRD, FTIR, 29Si and 27Al MAS NMR, DTA/TG, back scattered electron microscopy and mercury porosimetry techniques. The replacement of 20% by weight of the cement with two finely ground zeolitic rocks significantly modified the composition, structure, quantity and microstructure of the hydrated cement paste reaction product. The C-S-H gel formed in these pastes differed in quantity, which was larger, and composition from the original cement gel. Moreover, the gel formed in addition-free cement had a higher Ca and a lower Al content and shorter silicate chains than the C-S-H product formed in the pastes made with zeolitic rocks. Finally, the pastes with pozzolan additions had fewer and smaller pores.
La actividad de las puzolanas de origen volcánico procede fundamentalmente de la presencia de material vitreo o zeolítico rico en SiO2 y Al2Oy que son los que reaccionan con la portlandita producida en la hidratación del cemento generando geles amorfos con propiedades cementantes. El objetivo del presente trabajo es estudiar las modificaciones que produce la sustitución del 20% en peso de cemento por dos
Hydrothermal Characteristics of Blended Cement Pastes Containing Silica Sand Using Cement Kiln Dust as an Activator
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
The hydrothermal reactivity of silica sand was studied using cement kiln dust (CKD) as an activator in addition to the Portlandcement fraction of El-Karnak cement (a blend of ordinary Portland cement and ground sand). Autoclaved El-Karnak cementpastes were studied at pressures of 0.507, 1.013 and 1.520 MPa of saturated steam with respect to their compressive strength,kinetics of hydrothermal reaction and the phase composition of the formed hydrates. The role of CKD in affecting thephysicochemical and mechanical properties of El-Karnak cement pastes was studied by autoclaving of several pastes containing5, 7.5, 10 and 20% CKD at a pressure of 1.013 MPa of saturated steam. CKD was added either as a raw CKD (unwashed) orafter washing with water (washed CKD). The results of these physicochemical studies obtained could be related as much aspossible to the role of CKD (raw or washed) in affecting the hydrothermal reactivity of silica sand in El-Karnak cement pastes.
A preliminary study of CO2 sequestration of cement paste
Choi, Y.; Lee, H.; Hwang, J.; Oh, J.; Lee, J.
Recently, CO2 capture and storage technologies to reduce CO2 concentration in the atmosphere have been extensively studied because global warming is a worldwide issue. Waste cement is a potential raw material for mineral carbonation. In general, carbonation refers a calcite forming reaction in hydrated cement. The carbonation of portlandite in hydrated cement is very straightforward. However, the carbonation of CSH (calcium silicate hydrate: CaO-SiO2-H2O) composing the largest portion of hydrated cement involved in complex reactions and is a key to increase the carbonation efficiency of waste cement. The present study was conducted to have basic information for utilizing waste cement as a raw material for CO2 sequestration. Cement paste was made with W:C= 6:4 and stored for 28 days in water bath. The prepared cement paste was pulverized, and fine grains sizing less than 0.15mm was used for experiment. For the direct aqueous carbonation experiment, 15g of sample is reacted with 200 ml of 1M NaHCO3 in 500ml HDPE bottle. 1M NaCl and 0.25 M MgCl2 was used for additives after leaching test with 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5M NaCl and MgCl2 solutions, and the carbonation efficiency of these additives was evaluated. After reaction, the reacted cement paste and supernatant solution were separated from centrifuging at 5000rpm. The reacted cement paste was analyzed with XRD, DSC/TGA and SEM/EDS. The supernatant solution was filtered with 0.45um membrane filter, and nitric acid was added to lower 2 for preventing calcite precipitation. Then, chemical composition of solution was analyzed with ICP-OES. The leaching of Ca ion is increased with increasing NaCl concentration and is maximized at 1M solution. Extremely small leaching of Si ion indicates that NaCl feebly affect on the carbonation of CSH. The leaching of Ca ion in MgCl2 solution is 10 times greater than in NaCl solution and is maximized at 0.5M solution. The increased Ca leaching is probably caused by the decalcification of
Applicability of the Waste Fibres in Cement Paste
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Regina KALPOKAITĖ DIČKUVIENĖ
Full Text Available Fibres produced from waste catalyst together with commercially available polypropylene fibres were incorporated into ordinary Portland cement paste. The effects of fibre content as well as a mix of different type of fibres on mechanical and physical properties of wet and dry samples were investigated. The results showed that presence of fibres reduced compressive strength of the plain cement in wet and dry state. Contrary, when the combination of 1.5 wt% waste and 1.5 wt% polypropylene fibres was used flexural strength of cement mixture increased by up to 9 % at the age of 28 days. It was observed that addition of 1.5 wt% of only waste fibres improved flexural strength after long hydration period as well. However, the lowest mechanical strength results showed samples with 3 wt% of waste fibres. It was also observed that higher content of waste fibres reduced porosity of the cement mixture and consequently, decreased water absorption capacity. Presence of fibres reduced drying shrinkage of samples and they were lower than plain cement after 28 days of hydration. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.19.3.1992
Corrosion inhibitor mechanisms on reinforcing steel in Portland cement pastes
Martin, Farrel James
The mechanisms of corrosion inhibitor interaction with reinforcing steel are investigated in the present work, with particular emphasis on effects associated with corrosion inhibitors admixed into Portland cement paste. The principal objective in reinforcing steel corrosion inhibition for Portland cement concrete is observed to be preservation of the naturally passive steel surface condition established by the alkaline environment. Introduction of chloride ions to the steel surface accelerates damage to the passive film. Excessive damage to the passive film leads to loss of passivity and a destabilization of conditions that facilitate repair of the passive film. Passive film preservation in presence of chloride ions is achieved either through stabilization of the passive film or by modification of the chemical environment near the steel surface. Availability of inhibitors to the steel surface and their tendency to stabilize passive film defects are observed to be of critical importance. Availability of admixed corrosion inhibitors to the passive film is affected by binding of inhibitors during cement paste hydration. It is determined that pore solution concentrations of inorganic admixed inhibitors tend to be lower than the admixed concentration, while pore solution concentrations of organic admixed inhibitors tend to be higher than the admixed concentration. A fundamental difference of inhibitor function is observed between film-forming and defect stabilizing corrosion inhibitors. Experiments are conducted using coupons of reinforcing steel that are exposed to environments simulating chloride-contaminated Portland cement concrete. A study of the steel/cement paste interface is also performed, and compounds forming at this interface are identified using X-Ray diffraction.
Poromechanical behaviour of hardened cement paste under isotropic loading
Ghabezloo, Siavash; Guédon, Sylvine; Martineau, Francçois; Saint-Marc, Jérémie
The poromechanical behaviour of hardened cement paste under isotropic loading is studied on the basis of an experimental testing program of drained, undrained and unjacketed compression tests. The macroscopic behaviour of the material is described in the framework of the mechanics of porous media. The poroelastic parameters of the material are determined and the effect of stress and pore pressure on them is evaluated. Appropriate effective stress laws which control the evolution of total volume, pore volume, solid volume, porosity and drained bulk modulus are discussed. A phenomenon of degradation of elastic properties is observed in the test results. The microscopic observations showed that this degradation is caused by the microcracking of the material under isotropic loading. The good compatibility and the consistency of the obtained poromechanical parameters demonstrate that the behaviour of the hardened cement paste can be indeed described within the framework of the theory of porous media.
Cracking in cement paste induced by autogenous shrinkage
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Lura, Pietro; Jensen, Ole Mejlhede; Weiss, Jason
technique allows identification of microcracks while avoiding artefacts induced by unwanted restraint, drying, or temperature variations during sample preparation. Small cylindrical samples of cement paste are cast with steel rods of different diameters in their centre. The rods restrain the autogenous...... shrinkage of the paste and may cause crack formation. The crack pattern is identified by impregnation with gallium and analyzed by optical and scanning electron microscopy. In this study, a non-linear numerical analysis of the samples was performed. Autogenous strain, elastic modulus, fracture energy...
The effects of Paenibacillus polymyxa E681 on antifungal and crack remediation of cement paste.
Park, Sung-Jin; Park, Seung-Hwan; Ghim, Sa-Youl
This study investigated the antifungal effects of cement paste containing Paenibacillus polymyxa E681 against Aspergillus niger, a deleterious fungus commonly found in cement buildings and structures. To test the antifungal effects, cement paste containing P. polymyxa E681 was neutralized by CO2 gas, and the fungal growth inhibition was examined according to the clear zone around the cement specimen. In addition to the antifungal effects of the cement paste added with bacteria, calcium crystal precipitation of P. polymyxa E681 was examined by qualitative and quantitative analyses. The cement paste containing P. polymyxa E681 showed strong antifungal effects but fusA mutant (deficient in fusaricidin synthesis) showed no antifungal activity. Crack sealing of the cement paste treated with P. polymyxa E681 was captured by light microscope showed fungal growth inhibition and crack repairing in cement paste. PMID:24824950
Influence of Carbon Nanotube Clustering on Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Cement Pastes
Sung-Hwan Jang; Shiho Kawashima; Huiming Yin
Given the continued challenge of dispersion, for practical purposes, it is of interest to evaluate the impact of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) at different states of clustering on the eventual performance properties of cement paste. This study evaluated the clustering of MWCNTs and the resultant effect on the mechanical and electrical properties when incorporated into cement paste. Cement pastes containing different concentrations of MWCNTs (up to 0.5% by mass of cement) with/without...
Microstructural variation of hardened cement-fly ash pastes leached by soft water
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
The microstructural variations of hardened cement-fly ash pastes leached by soft water were investigated by MIP, XRD, TG and SEM. The results show that the mass of hardened cement-fly ash paste reduces and its microstructure deteriorates partly after leaching of soft water. At the leaching duration of 180 days, the hardened paste containing fly ash deteriorated a little more serious than the plain cement paste, but the incorporation of fly ash in a proper ratio was helpful to defer the trend of deterioration of the hardened paste microstructure. The microstructural stability of hardened cement-fly ash paste wasn't damaged severely during the 180 days leaching duration.
Effect of polycarboxylate admixture structure on cement paste rheology
Aranda, M. A. G.; De la Torre, A.G.; Puertas, F.; Palacios, M.; Alonso, M M
The purpose of the present study was to analyze the effect of the structural differences in four polycarboxylate and polyether admixtures on the rheological properties of cement pastes with different chemical and mineralogical compositions and different active additions (CEM I 42.5 R, CEM I 52.5 R, CEM I 52.5 N/SR, CEM II/AV 42.5R, CEM II/B-L 32.5 R, CEM III/B 32.5R, BL I 52.5R and CAC – European standard EN 197-1:2000). The results of the minislump test concurred with the variations ob...
Pore structure and carbonation in blended lime-cement pastes
Álvarez, J. I.; Arandigoyen, M.
The present study aims to gain a fuller understandingof the curing process in lime pastes (100, 90, 80, 70,60, 50 and 40% lime) blended with cement by analyzingcarbonation in these materials. A hydrated, airslaked lime powder and CEM II A/L 32.5 Portlandcement were used for the blends. These materialswere singled out for research primarily because theymay be used in the restoration of heritage monuments.Variation in weight was used as an indicator for carbonation.A new parameter, A, was found...
Physical Origins of Thermal Properties of Cement Paste
Abdolhosseini Qomi, Mohammad Javad; Ulm, Franz-Josef; Pellenq, Roland J.-M.
Despite the ever-increasing interest in multiscale porous materials, the chemophysical origin of their thermal properties at the nanoscale and its connection to the macroscale properties still remain rather obscure. In this paper, we link the atomic- and macroscopic-level thermal properties by combining tools of statistical physics and mean-field homogenization theory. We begin with analyzing the vibrational density of states of several calcium-silicate materials in the cement paste. Unlike crystalline phases, we indicate that calcium silicate hydrates (CSH) exhibit extra vibrational states at low frequencies (factor of 4. Furthermore, full thermal conductivity tensors for all phases are calculated via the Green-Kubo formalism. We estimate the mean free path of phonons in calcium silicates to be on the order of interatomic bonds. This satisfies the scale separability condition and justifies the use of mean-field homogenization theories for upscaling purposes. Upscaling schemes yield a good estimate of the macroscopic specific-heat capacity and thermal conductivity of cement paste during the hydration process, independent of fitting parameters.
Use of cemented paste backfill in arsenic-rich tailings
Hamberg, Roger; Maurice, Christian; Alakangas, Lena
Gold is extracted by cyanide leaching from inclusions in arsenopyrite from a mine in the north of Sweden. The major ore mineral assemblage consists of pyrrhotite and arsenopyrite-loellingite. Effluents from the gold extraction were treated with Fe2(SO4)3, with the aim to form stable As-bearing Fe-precipitates (FEP). The use of the method called cemented paste backfill (CPB) is sometimes suggested for the management of tailings. In CPB, tailings are commonly mixed with low proportions (3 - 7 %) of cement and backfilled into underground excavated area. To reduce costs, amendments such as granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), biofuel fly ash (BFA) and cement kiln dust (CKD) are used for partial replacement of cement in CPB due to their pozzolanic and alkaline properties. The objective for this study was to evaluate the leaching behaviour of As in CPB-mixtures with low proportions (1 - 3 %) of BFA and ordinary cement and unmodified tailings. The selection of CPB-recipies was made based on technical and economical criterias to adress the demands deriving from the mining operations. Speciation of the As in ore and tailings samples revealed that mining processes have dissolved the majority of the arsenopyrite in the ore, causing secondary As phases to co-precipitate with newly formed FEP:s. Tank leaching tests (TLT) and weathering cells (WCT) were used to compare leaching behaviour in a monolithic mass contra a crushed material. Quantification of the presumed benefit of CPB was made by calculation of the cumulative leaching of As. Results from the leaching tests (TLT and WCT) showed that the inclusion of As-rich tailings into a cementitious matrix increased leaching of As. This behaviour could partially be explained by an increase of pH. The addition of alkaline binder materials to tailings increased As leaching due to the relocation of desorbed As from FEPs into less acid-tolerant species such as Ca-arsenates and cementitious As-phases. Unmodified tailings generated an
Self-heating function of carbon nanofiber cement pastes
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Galao, O.
Full Text Available The viability of carbon nanofiber (CNF composites incement matrices as a self-heating material is reported in this paper. This functional application would allow the use of CNF cement composites as a heating element in buildings, or for deicing pavements of civil engineering transport infrastructures, such as highways or airport runways. Cement pastes with the addition of different CNF dosages (from 0 to 5% by cement mass have been prepared. Afterwards, tests were run at different fixed voltages (50, 100 and 150V, and the temperature of the specimens was registered. Also the possibility of using a casting method like shotcrete, instead of just pouring the fresh mix into the mild (with no system's efficiency loss expected was studied. Temperatures up to 138 °C were registered during shotcrete-5% CNF cement paste tests (showing initial 10 °C/min heating rates. However a minimum voltage was required in order to achieve a proper system functioning.En este artículo se estudia la viabilidad del uso de matrices cementicias con adición de nanofibras de carbono (NFC como elementos calefactores. Esto permitiría aumentar la temperatura de estancias en edificación o el deshielo de pavimentos en obras civiles. Se han fabricado pastas de cemento con distintas dosificaciones de NFC (0, 1, 2 y 5% respecto masa del cemento y sometidas al paso de corriente continua a distintos potenciales fijos (50, 100 y 150 V, mientras se controlaba la temperatura en distintos puntos. Se ha estudiado la viabilidad de utilizar la proyección de la pasta fresca como método de puesta en obra, sin perjudicar la eficiencia del sistema. Se consiguieron temperaturas de hasta 138 °C (con velocidades iniciales de 10 °C/min para pasta proyectada con 5% NFC. Además se ha detectado la necesidad de un potencial mínimo para que la densidad de corriente resultante sea suficiente para producir el efecto esperado.
Effect of polycarboxylate admixture structure on cement paste rheology
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Aranda, M. A. G.
Full Text Available The purpose of the present study was to analyze the effect of the structural differences in four polycarboxylate and polyether admixtures on the rheological properties of cement pastes with different chemical and mineralogical compositions and different active additions (CEM I 42.5 R, CEM I 52.5 R, CEM I 52.5 N/SR, CEM II/AV 42.5R, CEM II/B-L 32.5 R, CEM III/B 32.5R, BL I 52.5R and CAC – European standard EN 197-1:2000. The results of the minislump test concurred with the variations observed in the values of the rheological parameters (shear stress and plastic viscosity. The structural characteristic of the admixtures found to play the most prominent role in their fluidizing effect was the proportion of carboxylate (CG and polyether (EG group components. In cements characteristics such as fineness and the C3A/calcium sulphate and C3S/C3A ratios were also observed to be essential to admixture effectiveness. In this regard, the rheological parameters varied most widely in CEM I 52.5N/SR pastes and least in BL I 52.5R cement pastes. Of the additioned cements, the CEM III/B 32.5R pastes, which contained granulated blast furnace slag, showed the highest rises in flowability. Finally, the fluidizing effect of polycarboxylate superplasticizers was much more intense in calcium aluminate cements, although flowability declined rapidly in this material.El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido estudiar el efecto de las diferencias estructurales de cuatro aditivos basados en policarboxilatos y poliéteres sobre las propiedades reológicas de pastas de cemento con diferente composición química, mineralógica y con distintas adiciones activas (CEM I 42,5 R, CEM I 52,5 R, CEM I 52,5 N/SR, CEM II/AV 42,5R, CEM II/ B-L 32,5 R, CEM III/B 32,5R, BL I 52,5R y CAC - Norma EN 197-1:2000. Los resultados obtenidos sobre la fluidez de la pasta en el ensayo del "Minislump" coinciden con la evolución de los valores de los parámetros reológicos (esfuerzo de
Prediction of mechanical properties of cement paste at microscale
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van Breugel, K.
Full Text Available Prediction of the mechanical properties of cement paste at microscale has been done in this contribution by making use of 3D lattice fracture model.
The microstructure of cement paste is simulated by HYMOSTRUC3D first, which is represented in terms of sphere particles. Then the microstructure is converted into a voxel-based image, and a lattice system is constructed based on the image of the microstructure through ImgLat (Image to Lattice. A virtual uni-axial tensile test is configured and the fracture process is simulated by GLAK (Generalized Lattice Analysis Kernel. The outputs of fracture process simulation are the load-displacement diagram and micro-cracks propagation. The load-displacement diagram reveals the tensile behavior of cement paste at microscale, from which the elastic modulus and tensile strength can be obtained.
A numerical experiment is carried out to show how the model works, and the final results also demonstrate the feasibility of the above modeling procedure.
En el presente trabajo se ha realizado una predicción de las propiedades mecánicas del cemento en la micro-escala, empleando un modelo de fractura reticular 3D. En primer lugar se simula la micro-estructura del cemento mediante el código HYMOSTRUC3D, representando dicha micro-estructura mediante partículas esféricas. A continuación, la micro-estructura generada se convierte en una imagen basada en "vóxeles", y se construye un sistema reticular basado en esa imagen mediante el código ImgLat (Image to Lattice. Se define un ensayo de tensión uniaxial virtual, y se simula el proceso de fractura usando el código GLAK (Generalized Lattice Análisis Kernel. Los resultados obtenidos de esta simulación del proceso de fractura son diagramas de carga-desplazamiento y propagación de micro-roturas. El diagrama de carga-desplazamiento caracteriza el comportamiento a fractura de la pasta de cemento en la micro-escala, y a partir de éste se puede
Carbonation profiles in cement paste analyzed by neutron diffraction
Galan, I.; Sanchez, J.; Andrade, C.; Evans, A.
The present work deals with the carbonation process in cement based materials such as concrete. In order to clarify the evolution of the two main phases involved in the process, portlandite and calcium carbonate as a function of depth, spatially resolved neutron diffraction experiments have been performed at SALSA diffractometer at ILL in carbonated cement paste samples. Specimens submitted to different carbonation processes, both natural and accelerated, have been analyzed with this non destructive technique. The evolution of the main diffraction peaks of portlandite and calcite has been followed by means of neutron diffraction patterns measured at different depths. The results indicate that, in specimens subjected to CO2 atmospheres for 24 and 48 hours, the amount of calcite increases from the centre of the specimen to the surface. In both type of specimens calcite is formed at all depths analyzed, with higher quantities for the ones submitted to the longest carbonation period. Regarding the evolution of portlandite in these specimens, it almost completely disappeared, with only a low amount of the phase constant throughout the sample. In specimens subjected to air in a closed chamber for 21 months, higher amounts of portlandite were observed throughout the sample and little increase of calcite in the outer part, pointing out a much less severe reaction. The absorption effects are characterized by measuring in perpendicular directions and an absorption coefficient is calculated for portlandite.
The effect of fly ash and coconut fibre ash as cement replacement materials on cement paste strength
Bayuaji, R.; Kurniawan, R. W.; Yasin, A. K.; Fatoni, H. AT; Lutfi, F. M. A.
Concrete is the backbone material in the construction field. The main concept of the concrete material is composed of a binder and filler. Cement, concrete main binder highlighted by environmentalists as one of the industry are not environmentally friendly because of the burning of cement raw materials in the kiln requires energy up to a temperature of 1450° C and the output air waste CO2. On the other hand, the compound content of cement that can be utilized in innovation is Calcium Hydroxide (CaOH), this compound will react with pozzolan material and produces additional strength and durability of concrete, Calcium Silicate Hydrates (CSH). The objective of this research is to explore coconut fibers ash and fly ash. This material was used as cement replacement materials on cement paste. Experimental method was used in this study. SNI-03-1974-1990 is standard used to clarify the compressive strength of cement paste at the age of 7 days. The result of this study that the optimum composition of coconut fiber ash and fly ash to substitute 30% of cement with 25% and 5% for coconut fibers ash and fly ash with similar strength if to be compared normal cement paste.
Literature survey on phase composition of hardened cement paste containing fly ash
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The purpose of this literature survey is to collect the knowledge on the effect of fly ash in hardened cement paste and the information about evaluation of physicochemical performance based on phase composition of hardened cement paste. The performance of hardened cement paste containing fly ash is affected by the property of fly ash, hydration of cement and pozzolanic reaction of fly ash. Some properties of fly ash such as density and chemical composition are reflected in phase composition, showing the progress of cement hydration and pozzolanic reaction. Therefore clarification of the relationship of phase composition and performance will lead to appropriate evaluation of the property of fly ash. The amount of pore, chemical shrinkage, pore solution, compressive strength, Young modulus and alkali silica reaction have relations to the phase composition of hardened cement paste. It is considered as future subject to clarify the relationship of phase composition and performance for various properties of fly ash. (author)
Relationship between chloride diffusivity and pore structure of hardened cement paste
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Guo-wen SUN; Wei SUN; Yun-sheng ZHANG; Zhi-yong LIU
Based on effective media theory, a predictive model, relating chloride diffusivity to the capillary pores, gel pores,tortuosity factor, and pore size distribution of hardened cement, is proposed. To verify the proposed model, the diffusion coefficient of chloride ions, the degree of hydration, and peak radius of capillary pores of cement paste specimens were measured. The predicted results for chloride diffusivity were compared with published data. The results showed that the predicted chloride diffusivity of hardened cement paste was in good agreement with the experimental results. The effect of the evolution of pore structures in cement paste on chloride diffusivity could be deduced simultaneously using the proposed model.
Heterogeneous nucleation of ice from supercooled NaCl solution confined in porous cement paste
Zeng, Qiang; Li, Kefei; FEN CHONG, Teddy
Clarifying the nucleation process of chloride-based deicing salt solution (e.g., NaCl solution) confined in cement-based porous materials remains an important issue to understand its detrimental effects on material substrates. In this study, the pore structures of hardened cement pastes were characterized by mercury-intrusion and nitrogen-sorption porosimetry. The ice nucleation temperature of NaCl solution of different concentrations confined in the hardened cement pastes was measured and an...
Microstructure in hardened cement pastes measured by mercury intrusion porosimetry and low temperature microcalorimetry
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hansen, Kurt Kielsgaard; Baroghel, V.B.; Künzel, H.M.
Cumulated pore size distributions for hardened cement pastes measured by mercury intrusion porosimetry from two laboratories and low temperature microcalorimetry from one laboratory are presented.......Cumulated pore size distributions for hardened cement pastes measured by mercury intrusion porosimetry from two laboratories and low temperature microcalorimetry from one laboratory are presented....
ESEM drying tests: microcracking initiation in thin cement paste due to early age drying
Jankovic, D.
Scattered and discontinues microcracking as a subsequent side-effect of deformations due to early age drying, occurs in thin (approximately 1 mm thick) cement paste samples, when stepwise dried in ESEM. Microcracking of cement paste and restrains appear to be practically unavoidable. They are relate
Effects of Static Magnetic Fields on the Physical, Mechanical, and Microstructural Properties of Cement Pastes
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Juan J. Soto-Bernal
Full Text Available This paper presents the results of an experimental study carried out to comprehend the physical, mechanical, and microstructural behavior of cement pastes subjected to static magnetic fields while hydrating and setting. The experimental methodology consisted in exposing fresh cement pastes to static magnetic fields at three different magnetic induction strengths: 19.07, 22.22, and 25.37 Gauss. The microstructural characterization makes evident that there are differences in relation to amount and morphology of CSH gel; the amount of CSH is larger and its morphology becomes denser and less porous with higher magnetostatic induction strengths; it also shows the evidence of changes in the mineralogical composition of the hydrated cement pastes. The temperature increasing has no negative effects over the cement paste compressive strength since the magnetostatic field affects the process of hydration through a molecular restructuring process, which makes cement pastes improve microstructurally, with a reduced porosity and a higher mechanical strength.
Pore structure and carbonation in blended lime-cement pastes
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Álvarez, J. I.
Full Text Available The present study aims to gain a fuller understandingof the curing process in lime pastes (100, 90, 80, 70,60, 50 and 40% lime blended with cement by analyzingcarbonation in these materials. A hydrated, airslaked lime powder and CEM II A/L 32.5 Portlandcement were used for the blends. These materialswere singled out for research primarily because theymay be used in the restoration of heritage monuments.Variation in weight was used as an indicator for carbonation.A new parameter, A, was found to vary inverselywith the percentage of the cement because of theprevalence of Knudsen diffusion in the paste, in turndue to the characteristics of the pore structure, whichwas studied by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP.The hygroscopic study conducted on the different pastesprovided information on water content at a givenhumidity and its location, i.e., adsorbed on the surfaceof the pores or condensed inside them, obstructing thediffusion of CO2. The conclusion drawn from this studyof the curing process was that neither drying nor C3Shydration retarded lime carbonation.En este trabajo se estudia el proceso de carbonatacionen pastas mixtas de cal y cemento (100, 90, 80, 70, 60,50 y 40% de cal con el objeto de obtener un mejorconocimiento del proceso de curado en estos materiales.Para ello se ha empleado una cal aerea hidratada en polvoy un cemento Portland del tipo CEM II A/L 32,5. Enparticular, este estudio investiga estos materiales ya quepueden ser utilizados en la restauracion del PatrimonioCultural. Se ha utilizado la variacion de peso como indicadordel proceso de carbonatacion. Se ha establecidoun nuevo parametro, A, que varia inversamente con elporcentaje de cemento en la pasta, debido al predominiode la difusion de Knudsen como consecuencia de laestructura porosa, que ha sido estudiada por medio deporosimetria de intrusion de mercurio (PIM. El estudiohigroscopico realizado sobre las diversas pastas permiteconocer el contenido en agua a una
Color agreement between nanofluorapatite ceramic discs associated with try-in pastes and with resin cements
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Paulo Rigoni
Full Text Available The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro color agreement between nanofluorapatite ceramic discs (e.max Ceram / Ivoclar Vivadent / A2 associated with try-in pastes and those bonded with resin cements (Vitique / DMG/ try-in shade A2½ and cement shade A2½, Variolink II / Ivoclar Vivadent / try-in shade A1 and cement shade A1, and Choice 2 / Bisco / try-in shade A2 and cement shade A2, and to evaluate the shade stability of the discs bonded with resin cements. The shades of composite resin discs (Lliss / FGM / A2 and nanofluorapatite ceramic discs with try-in pastes or cements were evaluated according to the Vita Classical shade guide by a digital spectrophotometer (Micro EspectroShade, MHT immediately after placing the try-in pastes or resin cements between composite resin discs and ceramic discs. Other evaluations were performed at 2, 5, and 6 day intervals after cementation with the resin cements. All ceramic discs that received try-in pastes presented an A2 shade. There was no statistical difference in the shade of the ceramic specimens fixed with different cements at the different intervals, as evaluated by the Friedman test (p > 0.05. Two try-in pastes presented shade compatibility with those recommended by the manufacturers. There was no similarity of shades between the ceramic discs with try-in pastes and those with the respective resin cements. Shade stability was observed in ceramic discs with resin cements within the intervals evaluated.
Multi-scale simulation of capillary pores and gel pores in Portland cement paste
Gao, Peng; YE, guang; Wei, Jiangxiong; Yu, Qijun
The microstructures of Portland cement paste (water to cement ratio is 0.4, curing time is from 1 day to 28 days) are simulated based on the numerical cement hydration model, HUMOSTRUC3D (van Breugel, 1991; Koenders, 1997; Ye, 2003). The nanostructures of inner and outer C-S-H are simulated by the packing of monosized (5 nm) spheres. The pore structures (capillary pores and gel pores) of Portland cement paste are established by upgrading the simulated nanostructures of C-S-H to th...
Hydration Characteristics and Immobilization of Cr (VI) in Slag Cement-CKD Pastes under Hydrothermal Treatment
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
M R Shatat; Gomaa A M Ali; M A Tantawy
The effect of hydrothermal curing regimes on the hydration characteristics of slag cement containing different ratios of cement kiln dust has been studied. The samples for this study were combination of slag cement and cement kiln dust (5%-25%) without and with immobilization of 5% Cr (VI) by mass. Pastes were hydrothermally treated at 180℃ for different periods (2-24 h) in well closed stainless steel capsule. The hydration characteristics of these pastes were studied by measuring the compressive strength, bulk density, total porosity and combined water content. The findings were further supported by XRD and SEM analysis. The results indicated that the hydration characteristics of slag cement paste containing cement kiln dust 10% by mass were enhanced, especially at later ages (24 h) of hydration. That is due to the hydrothermal curing regimes of immobilized pastes accelerating hydration reactions and precipitation of CaCrO4, indicating that Cr (VI) can be solidiifed in the cement paste. This precipitation leads to pore formation in hydrated slag cement pastes.
Degradation of sulfur mustard and sarin over hardened cement paste.
Tang, Hairong; Cheng, Zhenxing; Zhou, Liming; Zuo, Guomin; Kong, Lingce
A study has been done to examine the degradation of sulfur mustard (HD) and sarin (GB) over hardened cement paste (HCP). The HCP behaved as a typical base like CaO and Ca(OH)2. The base sites over the HCP were not entirely poisoned by H2O and CO2 in air, and about 0.47 mmol/g base sites could still be evidenced by chemisorption of CO2. A large amount of water irreversibly adsorbed by HCP was experimentally demonstrated. Ten kinds of products through hydrolysis S(N)1 (C-Cl), elimination E1 or E2 (C-Cl, C-H), and addition-elimination (A-E) under the action of base sites and water from the degradation of HD over HCP were detected and identified by GC-FPD, GC-MS, and NMR approaches. Their distribution and kinds varied with time of degradation and water content Both degradation activity and distribution of products from HD were strongly determined by the strength and density of base sites and the water content in HCP. The molecules of GB adsorbed over HCP in comparison with HD could be more quickly and completely degraded into hydrolyzed products such as isopropyl methylphosphonic acid and methylphosphonic acid by adsorbed water, in comparison with HD. PMID:19350934
Physico-chemical studies of hardened cement paste structure with micro-reinforcing fibers
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Steshenko, Aleksei, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Kudyakov, Aleksander; Konusheva, Viktoriya [Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, 2 Solyanaya Sq., Tomsk, 634003 (Russian Federation)
The results of physico-chemical studies of modified hardened cement paste with micro-reinforcing fibers are given in this article. The goal was to study the reasons of the increase of strength properties of modified hardened cement paste by the method of X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. It is shown that the use of mineral fibers in the production of cement based material has positive effect on its properties. The study found out that the increase in the strength of the hardened cement paste with micro-reinforcing fibers is due to the increase of the rate of hydration of cement without a significant change in the phase composition in comparison with hardened cement paste without additive. The results of microstructure investigation (of control samples and samples of the reinforced hardened cement paste) have shown that introduction of mineral fibers in the amount of 0.1-2 % by weight of cement provides the structure of the homogeneous microporous material with uniform distribution of the crystalline phase provided by densely packed hydrates.
Physico-chemical studies of hardened cement paste structure with micro-reinforcing fibers
Steshenko, Aleksei; Kudyakov, Aleksander; Konusheva, Viktoriya
The results of physico-chemical studies of modified hardened cement paste with micro-reinforcing fibers are given in this article. The goal was to study the reasons of the increase of strength properties of modified hardened cement paste by the method of X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. It is shown that the use of mineral fibers in the production of cement based material has positive effect on its properties. The study found out that the increase in the strength of the hardened cement paste with micro-reinforcing fibers is due to the increase of the rate of hydration of cement without a significant change in the phase composition in comparison with hardened cement paste without additive. The results of microstructure investigation (of control samples and samples of the reinforced hardened cement paste) have shown that introduction of mineral fibers in the amount of 0.1-2 % by weight of cement provides the structure of the homogeneous microporous material with uniform distribution of the crystalline phase provided by densely packed hydrates.
Various durability aspects of calcined Kaolin-blended Portland cement pastes and concretes
SAILLIO, Mickael; BAROGHEL BOUNY, Véronique; PRADELLE, Sylvain
The use of calcined clay, in the form of metakaolin (MK), as a pozzolanic constituent for concrete has received considerable attention in recent years, due to the lower CO2 emission of this supplementary cementitious material compared to the production of a classic portland cement. Furthermore, concretes incorporating MK show some improve durability properties. In this paper, the durability of concretes and cement pastes with MK as partial replacement of cement (10 and 25%) has been investiga...
Wet versus dry cement pastes and concretes: a mathematical approach to their strength and fracture properties
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The fracture process of a continuous matrix in a porous medium under the combined effect of filtration and external mechanical loads is considered. Taking into account the differences between the failure mechanisms of cement paste under tension and its failure mechanisms under compression, an analytical approach to the relation between water flow and fracture in saturated porous Portland cement pastes is developed. The well known differences in behaviour between the flexural and compressive strengths of wet and dry Portland cement pastes is explained. The extension of the obtained results to the flexural and compressive strength of normal concrete is briefly discussed, including suggestions for further experimental and digital simulation work
Mechano-electric Effect of Hardened Cement Paste During Quasi-static Loading
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Mechano-electric effect of cement paste was investigated in this paper. As compressive stress was applied on the specimen, an electrical current was observed. The intensity of the electrical current increased with stress increasing, and decreased with stress decreasing. Different measurement methods were also discussed in this paper. This phenomenon was related to the electrokinetic phenomenon of solid/liquid interface in cement paste. The study on mechano-electric effect of hardened cement paste provides a new method for making smart concrete structures.
Cement Pastes and Mortars Containing Nitrogen-Doped and Oxygen-Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes
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Mauricio Martínez-Alanis
Full Text Available Cement pastes and mortars based on ordinary Portland cement containing nitrogen-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-Nx or oxygen-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-Ox are investigated. To incorporate MWCNTs into the cementitious matrix, the as-produced carpets are dispersed over periods of 1 and 2 hours in distilled water at pH levels of 1 and 7. The cement pastes are prepared by adding 0.1 wt% of MWCNTs to cement powder, followed by characterization with SEM and X-ray diffraction (XRD at an early age (first hours of hydration. The mortars are mechanically characterized during the hydration process for a period of 28 days. SEM characterization of cement pastes revealed that the carbon nanotubes are well incorporated in the cementitious matrix, with the hydrated cement grains interconnected by long carbon nanotubes. XRD characterizations demonstrated that, during the hydration of cement pastes, different peaks emerged that were associated with ettringite, hydrated calcium silicate, and calcium hydroxide, among other structures. Results of the compressive strength measurements for mortars simultaneously mixed with MWCNT-Nx and MWCNT-Ox reached an increment of approximately 30% in compressive strength. In addition, density functional theory calculations were performed in nitrogen-doped and oxygen-functionalized carbon nanotubes interacting with a cement grain.
Hydration of blended cement pastes containing waste ceramic powder as a function of age
Scheinherrová, Lenka; Trník, Anton; Kulovaná, Tereza; Pavlík, Zbyšek; Rahhal, Viviana; Irassar, Edgardo F.; Černý, Robert
The production of a cement binder generates a high amount of CO2 and has high energy consumption, resulting in a very adverse impact on the environment. Therefore, use of pozzolana active materials in the concrete production leads to a decrease of the consumption of cement binder and costs, especially when some type of industrial waste is used. In this paper, the hydration of blended cement pastes containing waste ceramic powder from the Czech Republic and Portland cement produced in Argentina is studied. A cement binder is partially replaced by 8 and 40 mass% of a ceramic powder. These materials are compared with an ordinary cement paste. All mixtures are prepared with a water/cement ratio of 0.5. Thermal characterization of the hydrated blended pastes is carried out in the time period from 2 to 360 days. Simultaneous DSC/TG analysis is performed in the temperature range from 25 °C to 1000 °C in an argon atmosphere. Using this thermal analysis, we identify the temperature, enthalpy and mass changes related to the liberation of physically bound water, calcium-silicate-hydrates gels dehydration, portlandite, vaterite and calcite decomposition and their changes during the curing time. Based on thermogravimetry results, we found out that the portlandite content slightly decreases with time for all blended cement pastes.
Surface Roughness and Porosity of Hydrated Cement Pastes
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
T. Ficker
Full Text Available . Seventy-eight graphs were plotted to describe and analyze the dependences of the height and roughness irregularities on the water-to-cement ratio and on the porosity of the cement hydrates. The results showed unambiguously that the water-to-cement ratio or equivalently the porosity of the specimens has a decisive influence on the irregularities of the fracture surfaces of this material. The experimental results indicated the possibility that the porosity or the value of the water-to-cement ratio might be inferred from the height irregularities of the fracture surfaces. It was hypothesized that there may be a similarly strong correlation between porosity and surface irregularity, on the one hand, and some other highly porous solids, on the other, and thus the same possibility to infer porosity from the surfaces of their fracture remnants.
Coagulated silica - a-SiO2 admixture in cement paste
Pokorný, Jaroslav; Pavlíková, Milena; Záleská, Martina; Rovnaníková, Pavla; Pavlík, Zbyšek
Amorphous silica (a-SiO2) in fine-grained form possesses a high pozzolanic activity which makes it a valuable component of blended binders in concrete production. The origin of a-SiO2 applied in cement-based composites is very diverse. SiO2 in amorphous form is present in various amounts in quite a few supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) being used as partial replacement of Portland cement. In this work, the applicability of a commercially produced coagulated silica powder as a partial replacement of Portland cement in cement paste mix design is investigated. Portland cement CEM I 42.5R produced according to the EU standard EN 197-1 is used as a reference binder. Coagulated silica is applied in dosages of 5 and 10 % by mass of cement. The water/binder ratio is kept constant in all the studied pastes. For the applied silica, specific surface area, density, loss on ignition, pozzolanic activity, chemical composition, and SiO2 amorphous phase content are determined. For the developed pastes on the basis of cement-silica blended binder, basic physical properties as bulk density, matrix density, and total open porosity are accessed. Pore size distribution is determined using MIP analysis. Initial and final setting times of fresh mixtures are measured by automatic Vicat apparatus. Effect of silica admixture on mechanical resistivity is evaluated using compressive strength, bending strength, and dynamic Young's modulus measurement. The obtained data gives evidence of a decreased workability of paste mixtures with silica, whereas the setting process is accelerated. On the other hand, reaction activity of silica with Portland cement minerals results in a slight decrease of porosity and improvement of mechanical resistivity of cement pastes containing a-SiO2.
Laser Radiation CO2 Effects in Cement Paste at Different Hydration Stages after Preparation
Moreno-Virgen M.R.; Soto-Bernal J.J.; Ortiz-Lozano J.A.; Frausto-Reyes C.; Bonilla-Petriciolet A.; González-Mota R.; Rosales-Candelas I.; Pineda-Piñón J.
In this work the changes occurring in cement pastes irradiated by 10.6µm CO2 laser at diff erent stages of hydration after preparation are presented. Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) techniques were used to observe molecular structural changes. Intensity of cement paste Raman peaks after laser irradiation was monitored in samples irradiated 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 days after their preparation. Applied laser power changed Raman peaks inte...
Experimental drying shrinkage of hardened cement pastes as a function of relative humidity
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hansen, Kurt Kielsgaard; Baroghel, V.B.
The results of an experimental study concerning drying shrinkage measured as a function of relative humidity on thin specimens of mature hardened cement pastes are presented. The results obtained at two laboratories are compared.......The results of an experimental study concerning drying shrinkage measured as a function of relative humidity on thin specimens of mature hardened cement pastes are presented. The results obtained at two laboratories are compared....
Cement pastes alteration by liquid manure organic acids: chemical and mineralogical characterization
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Liquid manure, stored in silos often made of concrete, contains volatile fatty acids (VFAs) that are chemically very aggressive for the cementitious matrix. Among common cements, blast-furnace slag cements are classically resistant to aggressive environments and particularly to acidic media. However, some standards impose the use of low C3A content cements when constructing the liquid manure silos. Previous studies showed the poor performance of low-C3A ordinary Portland cement (OPC). This article aims at clarifying this ambiguity by analyzing mechanisms of organic acid attack on cementitious materials and identifying the cement composition parameters influencing the durability of agricultural concrete. This study concentrated on three types of hardened cement pastes made with OPC, low-C3A OPC and slag cement, which were immersed in a mixture of several organic acids simulating liquid manure. The chemical and mineralogical modifications were analyzed by electronic microprobe, XRD and BSE mode SEM observations. The attack by the organic acids on liquid manure may be compared with that of strong acids. The alteration translates into a lixiviation, and the organic acid anions have no specific effect since the calcium salts produced are soluble in water. The results show the better durability of slag cement paste and the necessity to limit the amount of CaO, to increase the amount of SiO2 (i.e., reduction of the Ca/Si ratio of C-S-H is not sufficient) and to favor the presence of secondary elements in cement
Monitoring of sulphate attack on hardened cement paste studied by synchrotron XRD
Stroh, J.; Meng, B.; Emmerling, F.
The complex matter of external sulphate attack on cement-based construction materials is still not completely understood. The concentration of sulphate is a crucial factor for the formation of secondary phases and phase transitions of cement hydrates due to sulphate ingress into the microstructure. The sulphate attack on building materials for high and low sulphate concentrations was monitored by laboratory experiments. Hardened cement paste consisting of ordinary Portland cement (CEM I) were exposed to aqueous solutions of sodium sulphate for 18 months. Three sample compositions were used for this research, including different supplementary cementitious materials (SCM). The phase composition was determined for different time spans by high resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Cross sections of exposed cement prisms were investigated as a representation of the microstructural profile. Based on the data, a temporal and spatial determination of the stages of the sulphate attack and the deterioration course was possible. Cement matrices blended with slag showed the highest resistance against sulphate attack.
Strength and Deformability of Fiber Reinforced Cement Paste on the Basis of Basalt Fiber
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Yury Barabanshchikov
Full Text Available The research object of the paper is cement paste with the particulate reinforcement of basalt fiber. Regardless of fibers' length at the same fiber cement mix workability and cement consumption equality compressive solidity of the specimens is reduced with increasing fiber content. This is due to the necessity to increase the water-cement ratio to obtain a given workability. The flexural stability of the specimens with increasing fiber content increments in the same conditions. There is an optimum value of the fibers' dosage. That is why stability has a maximum when crooking. The basaltic fiber particulate reinforcement usage can abruptly increase the cement paste level limiting extensibility, which is extremely important in terms of crack resistance.
Analyses of microstructural properties of VA/VeoVA copolymer modified cement pastes
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Carlos Eduardo M. Gomes
Full Text Available Recently, modern techniques have been applied for analysis of the influence of polymers on microstructural properties of Portland cement, such as Thermogravimetric Analyses (TG, Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP. In this study, thermogravimetric analyses were used to study the influence of vinyl acetate-versatic vinylester copolymer (VA/VeoVA in seven pastes of 28-day old Portland cement, in which distinct polymer contents and water/cement ratios were employed. In addition, analyses of FT-IR and MIP on Portland cement pastes modified by the copolymer were employed. The results showed that the addition of polymer interferes significantly in the reduction of Portlandite formation and increases the porosity of the matrices. A possible chemical interaction between the copolymer and hydrated products of Portland cement was also observed.
Strength Development and Microstructure of Hardened Cement Paste Blended with Red Mud
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
PAN Zhihua; ZHANG Yanna; XU Zhongzi
Red mud was activated to be a mineral admixture for Portland cement by means of heating at different elevated temperatures from 400 ℃ to 700 ℃. Results show that heating was ef-fective, among which thermal activation of red mud at 600 ℃ was most effective. Chemical analysis suggested that cement added with 600 ℃ thermally activated red mud yielded more calcium ion dur-ing the early stage of hydration and less at later stage in liquid phase of cement water suspension sys-tem, more combined water and less calcium hydroxide in its hardened cement paste. MIP measure-ment and SEM observation proved that the hardened cement paste had a similar total porosity and a less portion of large size pores hence a denser microstructure compared with that added with original red mud.
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
An alternating current was applied to measure the impedance of a hardened cement paste with various contents of carbon fibres.When the free water content in the hardened cement paste is 90%-98%,and the measuring frequency 500Hz,an approximate linear relationship was found between fibre content and impedance of the composite.Based on this relationship,a new attempt was made to evaluate the dispersion uniformity of carbon fibres in cement paste by impedance measurement.The standard deviation S and the coefficient of vriation S/(X-)i of impedance of the fibre-cement specimens randomly taken locating in different points were used as main parameters for the uniformity assessment.As a case,four different mixing processes were designed for dispersing carbon fibres into the cement paste.The results demonstrate that the relative longer mixing time increases the dispersion uniformity of carbon fibres in cement paste,and the addition of the water reducer dramatically improves the uniformity due to the change of the fluidity of the paste.The ground fly ash can increase the uniformity to a certain extent.
Measurement of water transport from saturated pumice aggregates to hardening cement paste
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Lura, Pietro; Bentz, Dale; Lange, David A.;
In internal water curing of High Performance Concrete, it is fundamental to know how and when the water contained in the internal curing agent is released into the hydrating cement paste. In this study, X-ray absorption measurements showed that considerable transport of water from saturated pumice...... stone to hydrating cement paste with water/cement ratio 0.3 took place in the first days after casting and covered a distance of at least 4 mm. As a consequence, the total amount of water released by the lightweight aggregates, rather than the spatial distribution of the aggregates, is in this case...
Thermophysical and Mechanical Properties of Hardened Cement Paste with Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials for Energy Storage
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Hongzhi Cui
Full Text Available In this research, structural-functional integrated cement-based materials were prepared by employing cement paste and a microencapsulated phase change material (MPCM manufactured using urea-formaldehyde resin as the shell and paraffin as the core material. The encapsulation ratio of the MPCM could reach up to 91.21 wt%. Thermal energy storage cement pastes (TESCPs incorporated with different MPCM contents (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by weight of cement were developed, and their thermal and mechanical properties were studied. The results showed that the total energy storage capacity of the hardened cement specimens with MPCM increased by up to 3.9-times compared with that of the control cement paste. The thermal conductivity at different temperature levels (35–36 °C, 55–56 °C and 72–74 °C decreased with the increase of MPCM content, and the decrease was the highest when the temperature level was 55–56 °C. Moreover, the compressive strength, flexural strength and density of hardened cement paste decreased with the increase in MPCM content linearly. Among the evaluated properties, the compressive strength of TESCPs had a larger and faster degradation with the increase of MPCM content.
Adsorption of Superplasticizers in Fly Ash Blended Cement Pastes and Its Rheological Effects
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
CHEN Wei; SHEN Peiliang; SHUI Zhonghe; FAN Jianfeng
The adsorption of superplasticizers in fly ash blended cement paste and its rheological effects were investigated.It is shown that the absorption of superplasticizer on portland cement particles is very different from that on fly ash particles.The fly ash particles have smooth surfaces and are negatively charged,so its adsorption capacity is weaker than the portland cement particles.The amount of adsorbed SP in the fly ash blended cement paste depends highly on the replacement proportion of portland cement with fly ash,and to a much less extent on the nature of the fly ash.However,the amount of adsorbed superplasticizer does not correspond well the ζ-potential of the solid particles,due the strong adsorbing capacities of the Portland cement particles.When fly ash replaces portland cement in the paste,the rheological behavior is radically changed,which is closely related to the fineness and density of the ash.The packing and agglomeration of the solid particles are the controlling factors on the rheological parameters of the fresh paste,instead of the amount and type of adsorbed superplasticizer.
Concrete Durability Properties and Microstructural Analysis of Cement Pastes with Nopal Cactus Mucilage as a Natural Additive
Ramírez-Arellanes, S.; Cano-Barrita, P. F. de J.; Julián-Caballero, F.; Gómez-Yañez, C.
The present study evaluated the addition of a 3% nopal cactus mucilage solution to cement pastes, in its effects on setting times, flow, hydration, and microstructure, as well as on capillary water absorption and chloride diffusion in concrete. Hydration was characterized through XRD and microstructure was characterized with SEM. The mucilage solution/cement and water/cement ratios tested were 0.30, 0.45, and 0.60. The results in cement pastes indicate that the addition of mucilage increases ...
Analysis of Pore Structures and Their Relations with Strength of Hardened Cement Paste
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
ZHANG Wensheng; LI Beixing; WANG Hongxia; WEI Jiangxiong; CHEN Yimin
Three cement samples were prepared, including OPC consisted of 100wt% portland cement, PFA consisted of 70wt% portland cement and 30wt% fly-ash, and CA consisted of 70wt% portland cement and 30wt% modified fly ash. The strength of hardened cement paste of these samples was tested and their pore structures were determined by a mercury intrusion porosimeter. Moreover,the data of the pore structures of three samples were comprehensively analyzed. The relations between the pore structures and the compressive strength of the three samples were studied. The experimental results show that the relations between the porosity determined by the mercury intrusion porosimeter and the compressive strength are not notable, and the total pore surface area, the average pore diameter and the median pore diameter could be used to explain the difference of the strength of the tested samples.
The effects of nanomaterials on microstructures of sludge ash cement paste.
Lin, Deng-Fong; Tsai, Min-Chin
To broaden the beneficial reuse of sewage sludge, small amounts of nanomaterial were considered as additives to evaluate influences of nanomaterials on microstructures of sludge cement paste. Paste specimens were manufactured using different mix designs and cured for various ages. Tests such as scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, and mercury intrusion porosimetry were then performed. Results obtained indicated that the quantities of crystallization in hydrates rose with the increased amounts of nanomaterial added. Moreover, nanomaterial additives could make crystallizations denser, pore sizes smaller, and the number of pores decreased. Consequently, the strength of sludge cement paste became better as more amounts of nanomaterial were added. PMID:16933647
The Influence of Free Water Content on Dielectric Properties of Alkali Active Slag Cement Paste
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
The dielectric performance of alkali activated slag (AAS) cement paste was investigated in the frequency range of 1 to 1000 MHz. The experimental results showed the unstable dielectric properties of harden paste were mostly influenced by the fraction of free water in paste or absorbed water from ambient, but not including hydration water and microstructure. The free water was completely eliminated by heat treatment at 105 ℃ about 4 hours, and then its dielectric loss was depressed; but with the exposure time in air increasing,the free water adsorption in ambient air made the dielectric property of harden cement paste to be bad. The temperature and relative humidity of environment was the key factors of free water adsorption; hence, if the influence of free water on dielectric constant was measured or eliminated, the cement-based materials may be applied in humidity sensitive materials or dielectric materials domains.
Interfacial chemistry of epoxy adhesives on hydrated cement paste
Djouani, Fatma; CONNAN, Carole; CHEHIMI, Mohamed M; BENZARTI, Karim
Epoxy resins [diglycidylether of bisphenol A, (DGEBA)] are the main adhesives used in civil engineering for the repair of damaged concrete structures (bridges, walls) or for assembly applications. Their interfacial molecular interactions with cement-type substrates are thus of prime importance and require surface- and interface-sensitive characterisation tools. In this context, we report an XPS, FTIR and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) study of the interfacial chemistry of stoichiomet...
Influence of various amount of diatomaceous earth used as cement substitute on mechanical properties of cement paste
Pokorný, Jaroslav; Pavlíková, Milena; Medved, Igor; Pavlík, Zbyšek; Zahálková, Jana; Rovnaníková, Pavla; Černý, Robert
Active silica containing materials in the sub-micrometer size range are commonly used for modification of strength parameters and durability of cement based composites. In addition, these materials also assist to accelerate cement hydration. In this paper, two types of diatomaceous earths are used as partial cement replacement in composition of cement paste mixtures. For raw binders, basic physical and chemical properties are studied. The chemical composition of tested materials is determined using classical chemical analysis combined with XRD method that allowed assessment of SiO2 amorphous phase content. For all tested mixtures, initial and final setting times are measured. Basic physical and mechanical properties are measured on hardened paste samples cured 28 days in water. Here, bulk density, matrix density, total open porosity, compressive and flexural strength, are measured. Relationship between compressive strength and total open porosity is studied using several empirical models. The obtained results give evidence of high pozzolanic activity of tested diatomite earths. Their application leads to the increase of both initial and final setting times, decrease of compressive strength, and increase of flexural strength.
Constitutive modeling of the aging viscoelastic properties of portland cement paste
Grasley, Zachary C.; Lange, David A.
Analytical approaches for modeling aging viscoelastic behavior of concrete include the time-shift approach (analogous to time-temperature superposition), the solidification theory, and the dissolution-precipitation approach. The aging viscoelastic properties of concrete are generally attributed solely to the cement paste phase since the aggregates are typically linear elastic. In this study, the aging viscoelastic behavior of four different cement pastes has been measured and modeled according to both the time-shift approach and the solidification theory. The inability of each individual model to fully characterize the aging viscoelastic response of the materials provides insight into the mechanisms for aging of the viscoelastic properties of cement paste and concrete. A model that considers aging due to solidification in combination with inherent aging of the cement paste gel (modeled using the time-shift approach) more accurately predicted the aging viscoelastic behavior of portland cement paste than either the solidification or time-shift approaches independently. The results provide evidence that solidification and other intrinsic gel aging mechanisms are concurrently active in the aging process of cementitious materials.
Investigation of the Interfacial Transition Zone between Aggregate-Cement Paste by AC Impedance Spectroscopy
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
KONG Lijuan; HOU Lirong; WANG Yuhua; SUN Guowen
Three different types and sizes of coarse aggregate were chosen, and the alternating current (AC) impedance of cement paste samples with and without aggregate was measured at different curing ages. Based on Song's equivalent circuit model, the electrical properties from the AC impedance results were obtained, and the resistance of connected pores RCCP was used to characterize the microstructure of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). The results show that the RCCP of concrete sample with aggregate is lower than that of cement paste sample, which indicates that the introduction of aggregate in cement paste makes the ITZ porous. Furthermore, for the same type of aggregate, an increase in particle size leads to a more porous ITZ, which accounts for the "water effect" and a larger aggregate would accumulate a thicker water iflm around it. In addition, for the same size of aggregate, the physical interaction between aggregate and cement paste is dominant in early age, and the microstructure of the ITZ around limestone aggregate is denser, which mainly depends on its rough surface and high water absorption. However, the microstructures of the ITZ around granite and basalt aggregates are denser in later age, which may be due to their higher chemical activity, and the chemical interaction between them and cement paste resulting in the generation of more hydrates. AC impedance spectroscopy thus proves to be powerful for evaluation of the microstructure of the ITZ.
Reactivity of NO2 and CO2 with hardened cement paste containing activated carbon
Horgnies, M.; Dubois-Brugger, I.; Krou, N. J.; Batonneau-Gener, I.; Belin, T.; Mignard, S.
The development of building materials to reduce the concentration of NO2 is growing interest in a world where the air quality in urban areas is affected by the car traffic. The main binder in concrete is the cement paste that is partly composed of calcium hydroxide. This alkaline hydrate composing the hardened cement paste shows a high BET surface area (close to 100 m2.g-1) and can absorb low-concentrations of NO2. However, the presence of CO2 in the atmosphere limits the de-polluting effect of reference cement paste, mainly due to carbonation of the alkaline hydrates (reaction leading to the formation of calcium carbonate). The results established in this paper demonstrate that the addition of activated carbon in the cement paste, because of its very high BET surface area (close to 800 m2.g-1) and its specific reactivity with NO2, can significantly improve and prolong the de-polluting effect in presence of CO2 and even after complete carbonation of the surface of the cement paste.
Size effect on cubic and prismatic compressive strength of cement paste
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
苏捷; 叶缙垚; 方志; 赵明华
A series of compression tests were conducted on 150 groups of cement paste specimens with side lengths ranging from 40 mm to 200 mm. The specimens include cube specimens and prism specimens with height to width ratio of 2. The experiment results show that size effect exists in the cubic compressive strength and prismatic compressive strength of the cement paste, and larger specimens resist less in terms of strength than smaller ones. The cubic compressive strength and the prismatic compressive strength of the specimens with side length of 200 mm are respectively about 91% and 89% of the compressive strength of the specimens with the side length of 40 mm. Water to binder ratio has a significant influence on the size effect of the compressive strengths of the cement paste. With a decrease in the water to binder ratio, the size effect is significantly enhanced. When the water to binder ratio is 0.2, the size effects of the cubic compressive strength and the prismatic compressive strength of the cement paste are 1.6 and 1.4 times stronger than those of a water to binder ratio of 0.6. Furthermore, a series of formulas are proposed to calculate the size effect of the cubic compressive strength and the prismatic compressive strength of cement paste, and the results of the size effect predicted by the formulas are in good agreement with the experiment results.
Analyses of microstructural properties of VA/VeoVA copolymer modified cement pastes
Carlos Eduardo M. Gomes; Osny P. Ferreira
Recently, modern techniques have been applied for analysis of the influence of polymers on microstructural properties of Portland cement, such as Thermogravimetric Analyses (TG), Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP). In this study, thermogravimetric analyses were used to study the influence of vinyl acetate-versatic vinylester copolymer (VA/VeoVA) in seven pastes of 28-day old Portland cement, in which di...
Polycarboxylate superplasticiser admixtures: effect on hydration, microstructure and rheological behaviour in cement pastes
Puertas, F.; Santos, H.; Palacios, M.; Martínez-Ramírez, Sagrario
A study was conducted on the effect of a polycarboxylate (PC) admixture on the mechanical, mineralogical, microstructural and rheological behaviour of Portland cement pastes. It was observed that the presence of PC admixture retards the initial cement hydration reactions, although this effect may be offset by possible increased diffusion in later stages. Additionally, the PC admixtures produce a few alterations in the structure and composition of the formed C–S–H gel. The addition of 1% PC...
On the effect of mixing on property development of cement pastes
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Geiker, Mette Rica; Bøhm, Anja; Kjeldsen, Ane Mette
The method of mixing may affect the degree of agglomeration of particles in cement-based materials and thus the properties of the materials in their fresh, hardening, and hardened state. Paste (w/c=0.35) of white Portland cement with and without 10% silica fume and 0.65% superplasticizer were mixed...... was observed. The effect of mixing on development of hydration was not reflected in the resistance to migration of chloride ions in 28 days old samples....
Strength Development and Physical Properties of Cement Paste with Incorporated Ceramic Powder
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Tereza KULOVANÁ
Full Text Available A possible usage of fine waste ceramic powder coming from precise brick cutting in production of blended cement is analyzed in the paper. For the studied ceramic powder, chemical and mineralogical composition is measured by X-Ray Fluorescence and X-Ray Diffraction. The particle size distribution of ceramic powder is accessed on laser diffraction principle. The ceramic powder is used in cement based pastes composition in cement mass replacements of 8, 16, 24, 32, and 40%. For the tested pastes, monitoring of strength development is done using measurement of time dependent mechanical parameters. Bulk density, matrix density, and total open porosity are measured for 28 days cured samples. In order to obtain information on the rate of hydration process, the formation of pastes' solid structure is monitored using measurement of pore size distribution at chosen times of hydration. Application of waste ceramics is found to give the most promising mechanical properties of the cement-based paste for 8 and 16% cement replacement levels what makes good prerequisites for future research that will be focused on design and development of new types of cement-based composites with incorporated ceramic waste powder. However, also other tested mixtures provide acceptable results. This knowledge can be used for instance in the production of lower strength composites.
Immobilization of Co (Ⅱ) Ions in Cement Pastes and Their Effects on the Hydration Characteristics
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Eisa Hekal; Essam Kishar; Wafaa Hegazi; Maha Mohamed
The immobilization of Co (Ⅱ) in various cement matrices was investigated by using the solidification/stabilization (S/S) technique. The different cement pastes used in this study were ordinary Portland cement in absence and presence of water reducing- and water repelling-admixtures as well as blended cement with kaolin. Two ratios of Co (Ⅱ) were used (0.5% and 1.0% by weight of the solid binder). The hydration characteristics of the used cement pastes were tested uia the determination of the combined water content, phase composition and compressive strength at different time intervals up to 180 d. The degree of immobilization of the added heavy metal ions was evaluated by determining the leached ion concentration after time intervals extended up to 180 d. The leachability experiments were carried out by using two modes: the static and the semi-dynamic leaching processes. It was noticed that the concentration of the leached Co2+ ions in the static mode of leachability was lower than the solubility of its hydroxide in all the investigated cement pastes.
Hydration kinetics of cements by Time-Domain Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: Application to Portland-cement-derived endodontic pastes
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Time-Domain Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (TD-NMR) of 1H nuclei is used to monitor the maturation up to 30 days of three different endodontic cement pastes. The "Solid–liquid" separation of the NMR signals and quasi-continuous distributions of relaxation times allow one to follow the formation of chemical compounds and the build-up of the nano- and subnano-structured C–S–H gel. 1H populations, distinguished by their different mobilities, can be identified and assigned to water confined within the pores of the C–S–H gel, to crystallization water and Portlandite, and to hydroxyl groups. Changes of the TD-NMR parameters during hydration are in agreement with the expected effects of the different additives, which, as it is known, can substantially modify the rate of reactions and the properties of cementitious pastes. Endodontic cements are suitable systems to check the ability of this non-destructive technique to give insight into the complex hydration process of real cement pastes.
The effect of using hybrid nanomaterials on drying shrinkage and strength of cement pastes
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Saaid I. Zaki
Full Text Available The aim of this work is to study the effect of nanomaterials on the properties of cement paste, the experimental program included three parts: a- two types of nanosilica, locally produced NS1 and imported NS2, b- nanoclay (NC and c- Hybrid nanoparticles (NS1 & NC. In each part, cement paste was used with different percentages of nanoparticles. Compressive strength and drying shrinkage tests were applied in each part on the cured and uncured samples. The results showed that the compressive strength improved in the cement paste mixtures in the cured condition, the optimum percentages was 1% for NS1, 1% for NS2, 5% for NC, and 5% (0.5%NS1 & 4.5%NC for hybrid nanoparticles. The drying shrinkage increases with adding nanosilica and hybrid nanoparticles, while it decreases when adding NC.
Chloride adsorption by calcined layered double hydroxides in hardened Portland cement paste
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Yoon, Seyoon [School of Engineering, Kings College, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE (United Kingdom); Moon, Juhyuk, E-mail: email@example.com [Civil Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York 11794 (United States); Bae, Sungchul [Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); Duan, Xiaonan [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 (United States); Giannelis, Emmanuel P. [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 (United States); Center for Refining and Petrochemicals, The Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261 (Saudi Arabia); Monteiro, Paulo M. [Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States)
This study investigated the feasibility of using calcined layered double hydroxides (CLDHs) to prevent chloride-induced deterioration in reinforced concrete. CLDHs not only adsorbed chloride ions in aqueous solution with a memory effect but also had a much higher binding capacity than the original layered double hydroxides (LDHs) in the cement matrix. We investigated this adsorption in hardened cement paste in batch cultures to determine adsorption isotherms. The measured and theoretical binding capacities (153 mg g{sup −1} and 257 mg g{sup −1}, respectively) of the CLDHs were comparable to the theoretical capacity of Friedel's salt (2 mol mol{sup −1} or 121 mg g{sup −1}), which belongs to the LDH family among cementitious phases. We simulated chloride adsorption by CLDHs through the cement matrix using the Fickian model and compared the simulation result to the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) chlorine map. Based on our results, it is proposed that the adsorption process is governed by the chloride transport through the cement matrix; this process differs from that in an aqueous solution. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the CLDH rebuilds the layered structure in a cementitious environment, thereby demonstrating the feasibility of applying CLDHs to the cement and concrete industries. - Highlights: • We examine the adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of CLDH in the hydrated cement. • CLDH capacity to bind chloride ions in the hydrated cement paste is determined. • We model chloride adsorption by CLDH through the cement matrix. • CLDH reforms the layered structure with ion adsorption in the cement matrix.
Chloride adsorption by calcined layered double hydroxides in hardened Portland cement paste
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
This study investigated the feasibility of using calcined layered double hydroxides (CLDHs) to prevent chloride-induced deterioration in reinforced concrete. CLDHs not only adsorbed chloride ions in aqueous solution with a memory effect but also had a much higher binding capacity than the original layered double hydroxides (LDHs) in the cement matrix. We investigated this adsorption in hardened cement paste in batch cultures to determine adsorption isotherms. The measured and theoretical binding capacities (153 mg g−1 and 257 mg g−1, respectively) of the CLDHs were comparable to the theoretical capacity of Friedel's salt (2 mol mol−1 or 121 mg g−1), which belongs to the LDH family among cementitious phases. We simulated chloride adsorption by CLDHs through the cement matrix using the Fickian model and compared the simulation result to the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) chlorine map. Based on our results, it is proposed that the adsorption process is governed by the chloride transport through the cement matrix; this process differs from that in an aqueous solution. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the CLDH rebuilds the layered structure in a cementitious environment, thereby demonstrating the feasibility of applying CLDHs to the cement and concrete industries. - Highlights: • We examine the adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of CLDH in the hydrated cement. • CLDH capacity to bind chloride ions in the hydrated cement paste is determined. • We model chloride adsorption by CLDH through the cement matrix. • CLDH reforms the layered structure with ion adsorption in the cement matrix
Microstructure Changes in Hardened Cement Paste after Freezing – Thawing Cycles
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Gintautas SKRIPKIŪNAS
Full Text Available This article analyses the results of the freezing – thawing with deicing salt test where changes in the microstructure of the surface layer in contact with aggressive environment of hardened cement paste produced with and without sodium silicate (hereinafter NTS admixture were observed after freeze-thaw cycles in the presence of calcium chloride. After 56 cycles of freezing – thawing with deicing salt test micro-cracks and cavities were observed in the microstructure of the surface layer of hardened cement paste with and without NTS admixture. In the case of hardened cement paste with NTS admixture changes in the microstructure of the surface layer are less prominent: the number and size of cavities and micro-cracks are smaller. The test revealed that compressive stress, which before freezing – thawing with deicing salt test was very similar in hardened cement paste with and without NTS admixture (85.4 MPa and 82.8 MPa respectively, changed after 56 cycles of freezing – thawing with deicing salt test as follows: reduced by 39.5 % in concrete without NTS admixture and increased slightly (2.5 % in hardened cement paste with NTS admixture. Based on the test results the authors arrived at the conclusion that sodium silicate solution can be effectively used to extend the useful life of hardened cement paste exposed to freeze-thaw cycles and affected by CaCl2.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.19.1.3835
Association of macroscopic laboratory testing and micromechanics modelling for the evaluation of the poroelastic parameters of a hardened cement paste
Ghabezloo, Siavash
The results of a macro-scale experimental study performed on a hardened class G cement paste [Ghabezloo et al. (2008) Cem. Con. Res. (38) 1424-1437] are used in association with the micromechanics modelling and homogenization technique for evaluation of the complete set of poroelastic parameters of the material. The experimental study consisted in drained, undrained and unjacketed isotropic compression tests. Analysis of the experimental results revealed that the active porosity of the studied cement paste is smaller than its total porosity. A multi-scale homogenization model, calibrated on the experimental results, is used to extrapolate the poroelastic parameters to cement pastes prepared with different water-to-cement ratio. The notion of cement paste active porosity is discussed and the poroelastic parameters of hardened cement paste for an ideal, perfectly drained condition are evaluated using the homogenization model.
Microstructure engineering of Portland cement pastes and mortars through addition of ultrafine layer silicates
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Lindgreen, Holger; Geiker, Mette; Krøyer, Hanne;
Pozzolanic submicron-sized silica fume and the non-pozzolanic micron- and nano-sized layer silicates (clay minerals) kaolinite, smectite and palygorskite have been used as additives in Portland cement pastes and mortars. These layer silicates have different particle shape (needles and plates......), surface charge, and size (micron and nano). The structure of the resulting cement pastes and mortars has been investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), helium porosimetry, nitrogen adsorption (specific surface area and porosity), low-temperature calorimetry (LTC) and thermal analysis. The main result...
Water dynamics in hardened ordinary Portland cement paste or concrete: from quasielastic neutron scattering.
Bordallo, Heloisa N; Aldridge, Laurence P; Desmedt, Arnaud
Portland cement reacts with water to form an amorphous paste through a chemical reaction called hydration. In concrete the formation of pastes causes the mix to harden and gain strength to form a rock-like mass. Within this process lies the key to a remarkable peculiarity of concrete: it is plastic and soft when newly mixed, strong and durable when hardened. These qualities explain why one material, concrete, can build skyscrapers, bridges, sidewalks and superhighways, houses, and dams. The character of the concrete is determined by the quality of the paste. Creep and shrinkage of concrete specimens occur during the loss and gain of water from cement paste. To better understand the role of water in mature concrete, a series of quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) experiments were carried out on cement pastes with water/cement ratio varying between 0.32 and 0.6. The samples were cured for about 28 days in sealed containers so that the initial water content would not change. These experiments were carried out with an actual sample of Portland cement rather than with the components of cement studied by other workers. The QENS spectra differentiated between three different water interactions: water that was chemically bound into the cement paste, the physically bound or "glassy water" that interacted with the surface of the gel pores in the paste, and unbound water molecules that are confined within the larger capillary pores of cement paste. The dynamics of the "glassy" and "unboud" water in an extended time scale, from a hundred picoseconds to a few nanoseconds, could be clearly differentiated from the data. While the observed motions on the picosecond time scale are mainly stochastic reorientations of the water molecules, the dynamics observed on the nanosecond range can be attributed to long-range diffusion. Diffusive motion was characterized by diffusion constants in the range of (0.6-2) 10(-9) m(2)/s, with significant reduction compared to the rate of diffusion
Application of water vapor sorption measurements for porosity characterization of hardened cement pastes
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Wu, Min; Johannesson, Björn; Geiker, Mette Rica
data were reviewed. Water vapor sorption measurements were then applied to two hardened cement pastes and one model porous material MCM-41. The specific surface area was calculated based on different equations accounting for multilayer adsorption and the PSD was analyzed from both the absorption...... and the desorption isotherms for comparison: The calculated specific surface area was quite dependent on which equation is considered for multilayer adsorption. For the studied hardened cement pastes, three characteristic peaks were found in the calculated PSD curves from the desorption isotherms with corresponding...
A Confocal Microscopic Evaluation of the Dehydration Effect on Conventional, Resin Reinforced Powder/Liquid and Paste to Paste Glass Ionomer Luting Cements
George, Liza; Kandaswamy, D
Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of dehydration of resin-modified glass ionomer powder/liquid system, resin-modified glass ionomer paste/paste luting cements in three different quantities and to compare them with a conventional glass ionomer luting cement using confocal laser scanning microscope. Materials and Methods: A conventional glass ionomer (Group I), a resin modified powder/liquid system (Group II), and a resin-modified paste/paste system (Group III) we...
Individual and combined effects of chloride, sulfate, and magnesium ions on hydrated Portland-cement paste
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Ground water with a high concentration of magnesium ion is known to cause deterioration to portland cement concretes. A proposed mechanism for this deterioration process published previously involves an approximate 1:1 replacement of Ca ions by Mg ions in the crystalline phases of hydrated cement. The current study was undertaken to determine which ions, among magnesium, chloride, and sulfate, cause deterioration; whether their deleterious action is individual or interdependent; and to relate this mechanism of deterioration to the outlook for a 100-yr service life of concretes used in mass placements at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Loss of Ca ion by cement pastes was found to be strongly related to the concentration of Mg ion in simulated ground-water solutions in which the paste samples were aged. This was true of both salt- containing and conventional cement pastes. No other ion in the solutions exerted a strong effect on Ca loss. Ca ion left first from calcium hydroxide in the pastes, depleting all calcium hydroxide by 60 days. Some calcium silicate hydrate remained even after 90 days in the solutions with the highest concentration of Mg ion, while the paste samples deteriorated noticeably. The results indicated a mechanism that involves dissolution of Ca phases and transport of Ca ions to the surface of the sample, followed by formation of Mg-bearing phases at this reaction surface rather than directly by substitution within the microstructure of hydrated cement. Given that calcium hydroxide and calcium silicate hydrate are the principal strength-giving phases of hydrated cement, this mechanism indicates the likelihood of significant loss of integrity of a concrete exposed to Mg-bearing ground water at the WIPP. The rate of deterioration ultimately will depend on Mg-ion concentration, the microstructure materials of the concrete exposed to that groundwater, and the availability of brine
Influence of ultra-fine fly ash on hydration shrinkage of cement paste
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
GAO Ying-li; ZHOU Shi-qiong
Hydration shrinkage generated by cement hydration is the cause of autogenous shrinkage of high strength concrete. It may result in the volume change and even cracking of mortar and concrete. According to the data analysis in a series of experimental studies, the influence of ultra-fine fly ash on the hydration shrinkage of composite cementitious materials was investigated. It is found that ultra-fine fly ash can reduce the hydration shrinkage of cement paste effectively, and the more the ultra-fine fly ash, the less the hydration shrinkage. Compared with cement paste without the ultra-fine fly ash, the shrinkage ratio of cement paste reduces from 23.4% to 39.7% when the ultra-fine fly ash replaces cement from 20% to 50%. Moreover, the microscopic mechanism of the ultra-fine fly ash restraining the hydration shrinkage was also studied by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and hydrated equations. The results show that the hydration shrinkage can be restrained to a certain degree because the ultra-fine fly ash does not participate in the hydration at the early stage and the secondary hydration products are different at the later stage.
Study on Utilization of Carboxyl Group Decorated Carbon Nanotubes and Carbonation Reaction for Improving Strengths and Microstructures of Cement Paste
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Xiantong Yan
Full Text Available Carbon nanotubes (CNTs have excellent mechanical properties and can be used to reinforce cement-based materials. On the other hand, the reaction product of carbonation with hydroxides in hydrated cement paste can reduce the porosity of cement-based materials. In this study, a novel method to improve the strength of cement paste was developed through a synergy of carbon nanotubes decorated with carboxyl group and carbonation reactions. The experimental results showed that the carboxyl group (–COOH of decorated carbon nanotubes and the surfactant can control the morphology of the calcium carbonate crystal of carbonation products in hydrated cement paste. The spindle-like calcium carbonate crystals showed great morphological differences from those observed in the conventional carbonation of cement paste. The spindle-like calcium carbonate crystals can serve as fiber-like reinforcements to reinforce the cement paste. By the synergy of the carbon nanotubes and carbonation reactions, the compressive and flexural strengths of cement paste were significantly improved and increased by 14% and 55%, respectively, when compared to those of plain cement paste.
Heterogeneous nucleation of ice from supercooled NaCl solution confined in porous cement paste
Zeng, Qiang; Li, Kefei; Fen-Chong, Teddy
Clarifying the nucleation process of chloride-based deicing salt solution (e.g., NaCl solution) confined in cement-based porous materials remains an important issue to understand its detrimental effects on material substrates. In this study, the pore structures of hardened cement pastes were characterized by mercury-intrusion and nitrogen-sorption porosimetry. The ice nucleation temperature of NaCl solution of different concentrations confined in the hardened cement pastes was measured and analyzed by classical heterogeneous nucleation theory. The kinetic factor, contact-angle factor including the contact angle between ice and the substrate were evaluated. The results revealed that the contact angle between ice and the substrate showed the minimum value when adding 3% NaCl into water. The heterogeneous ice nucleation rates were found to be proportional to the water activity shifts.
Influence of temperature on autogenous deformation and relative humidity change in hardening cement paste
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Jensen, Ole Mejlhede; Hansen, Per Freiesleben
This paper deals with autogenous deformation and autogenous relative humidity change (RH change) in hardening cement paste. Theoretical considerations and experimental data are presented, which elucidate the influence of temperature on these properties. This is an important subject in the control...
Standard Test Method for Autogenous Strain of Cement Paste and Mortar
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Jensen, Ole Mejlhede; Lura, Pietro; Goodwin, Fred;
This test method measures the bulk strain of a sealed cement paste or mortar specimen, including those containing admixtures, various supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), and other fine materials, at constant temperature and not subjected to external forces, from the time of final setting...
Microstructure engineering of Portland cement pastes and mortars through addition of ultrafine layer silicates
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Lindgreen, Holger; Geiker, Mette Rica; Krøyer, Hanne;
Pozzolanic submicron-sized silica fume and the non-pozzolanic micron- and nano-sized layer silicates (clay minerals) kaolinite, smectite and palygorskite have been used as additives in Portland cement pastes and mortars. These layer silicates have different particle shape (needles and plates...
Autogenous shrinkage in high-performance cement paste: An evaluation of basic mechanisms
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Lura, Pietro; Jensen, Ole Mejlhede; van Breugel, Klaas
mechanical and thermodynamical basis. Furthermore, this mechanism is easily applicable in a numerical model when dealing with a continuously changing microstructure. In order to test the numerical model, autogenous deformation and internal relative humidity (RH) of a Portland cement paste were measured...
Laser Radiation CO2 Effects in Cement Paste at Different Hydration Stages after Preparation
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Moreno-Virgen M.R.
Full Text Available In this work the changes occurring in cement pastes irradiated by 10.6µm CO2 laser at diff erent stages of hydration after preparation are presented. Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM techniques were used to observe molecular structural changes. Intensity of cement paste Raman peaks after laser irradiation was monitored in samples irradiated 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 days after their preparation. Applied laser power changed Raman peaks intensity at 187.5cm-1, 563cm-1, 695cm-1, 750cm-1, 897cm-1, 1042cm-1 and 1159cm-1 that correspond to compounds already present in cement pastes. X-ray diffraction, SEM images and changes in the Raman peaks confirm the recrystalization of cement paste compounds into new phases (alite and belite after irradiation. The produced changes show a clear dependence on the applied laser power density and age of samples.
Cement paste surface roughness analysis using coherence scanning interferometry and confocal microscopy
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Scanning electron microscopy and scanning probe microscopy have been used for several decades to better understand the microstructure of cementitious materials. Very limited work has been performed to date to study the roughness of cementitious materials by optical microscopy such as coherence scanning interferometry (CSI) and chromatic confocal sensing (CCS). The objective of this paper is to better understand how CSI can be used as a tool to analyze surface roughness and topography of cement pastes. Observations from a series of images acquired using this technique on both polished and unpolished samples are described. The results from CSI are compared with those from a STIL confocal microscopy technique (SCM). Comparison between both optical techniques demonstrates the ability of CSI to measure both polished and unpolished cement pastes. - Highlights: • Coherence scanning interferometry (CSI) was used to analyze cement paste surfaces. • The results from the CSI were compared with those from a confocal microscopy. • 3D roughness parameters were obtained using the window resizing method. • Polished and unpolished cement pastes were studied
Cement paste surface roughness analysis using coherence scanning interferometry and confocal microscopy
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Apedo, K.L., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [ICube, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 2 rue Boussingault, 67000 Strasbourg (France); Munzer, C.; He, H. [ICube, INSA de Strasbourg, CNRS, 24 Bld de la Victoire, 67084 Strasbourg (France); Montgomery, P. [ICube, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, 67037 Strasbourg (France); Serres, N. [ICube, INSA de Strasbourg, CNRS, 24 Bld de la Victoire, 67084 Strasbourg (France); Fond, C. [ICube, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 2 rue Boussingault, 67000 Strasbourg (France); Feugeas, F. [ICube, INSA de Strasbourg, CNRS, 24 Bld de la Victoire, 67084 Strasbourg (France)
Scanning electron microscopy and scanning probe microscopy have been used for several decades to better understand the microstructure of cementitious materials. Very limited work has been performed to date to study the roughness of cementitious materials by optical microscopy such as coherence scanning interferometry (CSI) and chromatic confocal sensing (CCS). The objective of this paper is to better understand how CSI can be used as a tool to analyze surface roughness and topography of cement pastes. Observations from a series of images acquired using this technique on both polished and unpolished samples are described. The results from CSI are compared with those from a STIL confocal microscopy technique (SCM). Comparison between both optical techniques demonstrates the ability of CSI to measure both polished and unpolished cement pastes. - Highlights: • Coherence scanning interferometry (CSI) was used to analyze cement paste surfaces. • The results from the CSI were compared with those from a confocal microscopy. • 3D roughness parameters were obtained using the window resizing method. • Polished and unpolished cement pastes were studied.
The influence of superabsorbent polymers on the autogenous shrinkage properties of cement pastes with supplementary cementitious materials
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Snoeck, D.; Jensen, Ole Mejlhede; De Belie, N.
shrinkage was determined by manual and automated shrinkage measurements. Autogenous shrinkage was reduced in cement pastes with the supplementary cementitious materials versus Portland cement pastes. At later ages, the rate of autogenous shrinkage is higher due to the pozzolanic activity. Internal curing...
Effect of Limestone Powder on Acid Attack Characteristics of Cement Pastes
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Shuhua LIU
Full Text Available The acid resistance of cement pastes containing limestone powder with two different water-binder (w/b ratios exposed to acetic (pH = 4 and sulfuric acid (pH = 2 solutions respectively were investigated in this paper. Limestone powder, fly ash and silica fume were also added to the cement paste mixture at different proportions. Static and flowing aqueous environments were set in this experiment. Strength and microstructure of the pastes after acid attack were investigated by using strength test, X-ray diffractometer (XRD and scanning electron microscopy (SEM. The experimental results show that the erosion degree depends not only on pH value of the solution and w/b ratio of the pastes, but also on the content of limestone powder. Acetic acid reacts with calcium hydroxide and carbonate thus dissolving the pastes, while sulfuric acid consumed calcium hydroxide, and generated gypsum and ettringite. The consumption of calcium hydroxide in the flowing solution group is higher than that in the static solution because the flowing sulfuric acid solution has negative effect upon the gypsum crystallization. Fly ash and silica fume are beneficial to limestone cement paste because of the less calcium hydroxide formation, which is among the hydrates vulnerable to acid erosion. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.20.4.6231
POF based smart sensor for studying the setting dynamics of cement paste
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Rajesh, M [City University, Northampton square, London, ECV1 0HB (United Kingdom); Sheeba, M [Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, 680022 (India); Nampoori, V P N [Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, 680022 (India)
Fiber optic smart sensors are used to monitor the civil structures. One of the important parameters in civil engineering is the setting characteristics of concrete made of cement. The paper discusses how a simple polymer optical fiber can be used to characterise the setting dynamics of various grades of cement. The results explain the comparative performance of polymer fiber over silica fiber. The basic principle underlying the sensor is that as the cement sets, it exerts a stress on the sensing fiber, which is laid within the cement paste. This stress induces strain on the optical fiber, which can be thought of as a series of aperiodic microbends on the surface of the fiber. This in turn changes the characteristics of the light signal transmitted through the fiber and can be viewed as stress induced modulation of light in the fiber. By monitoring the intensity variation of transmitted light signal with time we can determine the cement setting rate. This can be used as an effective tool for quality testing of commercially available cements of different grades.
Chemical and dimensional evolution of cationic ions exchange resins in cement pastes
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Ion exchange resins (IERs) are widely used by the nuclear industry to decontaminate radioactive effluents. After use they are usually encapsulated in cementitious materials. However, the solidified waste forms can exhibit a strong expansion, possibly leading to cracking. Its origin is not well understood as well as the conditions when it occurs.In this work, the interactions between cationic resins in the Na+ or Ca2+ form and tricalcium silicate (C3S), Portland cement (CEM I) or Blast furnace slag cement (CEM III/C) are investigated at an early age in order to gain a better understanding of the expansion process.The results show that during the hydration of a paste of C3S or CEM I containing IERs in the Na+ form, the resins exhibit a transient expansion of small magnitude due to the decrease in the osmotic pressure of the interstitial solution. This expansion, which occurs just after cement setting, is sufficient to damage the material which is poorly consolidated for several reasons: small hydration degree, precipitation of less cohesive sodium bearing C-S-H, heterogeneous microstructure with highly porous zones and lastly cleavable crystals of portlandite at the interface between resins and paste. This expansion can be prevented by performing a calcium pretreatment of the resins or by using a CEM III/C cement with a slower rate of hydration than that of Portland cement. (author)
Chloride diffusivity in hardened cement paste from microscale analyses and accounting for binding effects
Carrara, P.; De Lorenzis, L.; Bentz, D. P.
The diffusion of chloride ions in hardened cement paste (HCP) under steady-state conditions and accounting for the highly heterogeneous nature of the material is investigated. The three-dimensional HCP microstructures are obtained through segmentation of x-ray images of real samples as well as from simulations using the cement hydration model CEMHYD3D. Moreover, the physical and chemical interactions between chloride ions and HCP phases (binding), along with their effects on the diffusive process, are explicitly taken into account. The homogenized diffusivity of the HCP is then derived through a least square homogenization technique. Comparisons between numerical results and experimental data from the literature are presented.
Drying effect on cement paste porosity at early age observed by NMR methods
FAURE, Paméla; CARE, Sabine; Magat, Julie; Chaussadent, Thierry
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) methods (imaging and relaxation time) allow studying water content and porous network in cementitious materials. Hydration of cement pastes with two water to cement ratios (W/C of 0.4 and 0.45) has been studied under two conditions (with drying or without drying) at early age. The objectives of this study were, firstly to determine the water content and the drying mechanisms with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and to validate this result with oven-drying met...
A thermal comparator sensor for measuring autogenous deformation in hardening Portland cement paste
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Østergaard, Thomas; Jensen, Ole Mejlhede
of the thermal comparator is based on thermal expansion of aluminium. A particular characteristic of the measuring system is the fixation of the thermal comparator sensor to the deforming specimen. The modular system ensures effective thermostatic control of the hydrating cement paste samples. The technique......This paper describes a simple and accurate experimental device specially developed to measure autogenous deformation in hardening cement-based materials. The measuring system consists of a so-called thermal comparator sensor and a modular thermostatically controlled system. The operating principle...
Spatial Distribution of the Increased Porosity of Cement Paste due to Calcium Leaching
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
WAN Keshu; LI Lin; XU Qiong; SUN Wei
Using the tomography image, a method to characterize the 3D spatial distributions of increased porosity was proposed, and the increased porosity distributions of cement pastes with different leaching degrees were given using the current method. The leaching processes of CH/C-S-H and the contribution of CH/C-S-H leaching to porosity evolution were discussed. The proposed method can be applied to all cement-based materials with any leaching degrees. From the quantitative increased porosity results, we ifnd that the CH leaching ifnished quickly on the sharp CH leaching front.
Superplasticizer effect on cement paste structure and concrete freeze-thaw resistance
Shuldyakov, Kirill; Kramar, Lyudmila; Trofimov, Boris; Ivanov, Ilya
Article presents the results of studies of various types of superplasticizer additives and their influence on concrete structure and resistance under cyclic freezing-thawing. Glenium ACE 430 was taken as a polycarboxylate superplasticizer, and SP-1 - as a naphthalene-formaldehyde superplasticizer. It is revealed that at identical structure, W/C and fluidity of concrete mix, application of the polycarboxylate superplasticizer, Glenium AC 430, in comparison to the naphthalene-formaldehyde one SP-1, facilitates the increase of the concrete grade in freeze and thaw resistance from F2300 to F2400, concrete freeze and thaw resistance can be possible even higher if the gravel with higher freeze and thaw resistance is applied. To assess the superplasticizers influence on cement paste structure tests of the phase composition of the cement paste of the studied concrete were conducted. It is established that the use of polycarboxylate superplasticizer together with silica fume facilitates formation of cement plaster structure from tobermorite gel. This gel has increased basicity and is resistant to crystallization due to cyclic freezing. It is shown that in the presence of SP-1+SF in the cement paste of concrete during hydration the structure of hydrosilicate phases preferably comprises of C-S-H(I) and C-S-H(II) phases which actively crystallize while cyclic freezing and thawing and reduce freeze-thaw resistance of concrete.
Inlfuence of Specimen Size on Compression Behavior of Cement Paste and Mortar under High Strain Rates
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
CHEN Xudong; CHEN Chen; QIAN Pingping; XU Lingyu
Static and dynamic compression tests were carried out on mortar and paste specimens of three sizes (f68 mm×32 mm,f59 mm×29.5 mm andf32 mm×16 mm) to study the inlfuence of specimen size on the compression behavior of cement-based materials under high strain rates. The static tests were applied using a universal servo-hydraulic system, and the dynamic tests were applied by a spilt Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system. The experimental results show that for mortar and paste specimens, the dynamic compressive strength is greater than the quasi-static one, and the dynamic compressive strength for specimens of large size is lower than those of small size. However, the dynamic increase factors (DIF) has an opposite trend. Obviously, both strain rate and size effect exist in mortar and paste. The test results were then analyzed using Weibull, Carpinteri and Bažant's size effect laws. A good agreement between these three laws and the test results was reached on the compressive strength. However, for the experimental results of paste and cement mortar, the size effect is not evident for the peak strain and elastic modulus of paste and cement mortar.
Experimental and modeling study of Portland cement paste degradation in boric acid
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
In the framework of Spent Fuel Pools (SFP) lifetime studies, an investigation of the Portland cement degradation in boric acid has been requested by the Electric Power Research Institute. The main goal of this study is to identify the physico-chemical degradation mechanisms involved in boric acid media. Both experimental and modeling approaches are considered. Concerning degradation experiments, sample of cement paste are immersed during three and nine months in a boric acid solution at 2400 ppm that is periodically renewed. Boric acid concentration has been chosen to be representative of SFP solution. Results will be confronted with reactive transport numerical calculations performed by the reactive transport code HYTEC associated with a dedicated extended database called Thermoddem. The analysis of degradation solution revealed a main ions release mechanism driven by diffusion especially for calcium, nitrate, sodium and sulfate. Leaching behavior of magnesium seems to be more complex. Decalcification is the major degradation process involved, even if a non-negligible contribution of further cations (Mg2+, Na+) and anions (SO42-) has been noticed. Analysis of degradation soution also revealed that kinetic of Portland cement paste degradation in boric acid is higher than in pure water, regarding the degraded depths measured and calcium leaching rate. This observation has been confirmed by solid characterization. Microstructure analysis of degraded Portland cement paste showed a global porosity increase in the degraded zone that might be mainly attributed to Portlandite dissolution. An Ettringite reprecipitation in the degraded zone has been suspected but could also be Ettringite-like phases containing boron. The analysis techniques used did not allow us to differentiate it, and no others specific mineral phases containing boron has been identified. Profile pattern by XRD analysis allowed us to identify four zones composing the degraded Portland cement paste
Effect of PCs superplasticizers on the rheological properties and hydration process of slag-blended cement pastes
Palacios, M.; Puertas, F.; Bowen, P.; Houst, Y. F.
The effect of polycarboxylate (PC) superplasticizers with different structure on the rheological properties and hydration process of slag-blended cement pastes with a slag content between 0 and 75% has been studied. Fluidizing properties of PCs admixtures are significantly higher in slag-blended cement with respect to non-blended Portland cement. Also, it has been observed that the rise of the fluidity induced by the PCs on the cement pastes increases with the slag content. This effect is mainl...
Effect of Admixtures on the Yield Stresses of Cement Pastes under High Hydrostatic Pressures
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Hong Jae Yim
Full Text Available When cement-based materials are transported at a construction site, they undergo high pressures during the pumping process. The rheological properties of the materials under such high pressures are unknown, and estimating the workability of the materials after pumping is a complex problem. Among various influential factors on the rheology of concrete, this study investigated the effect of mineral and chemical admixtures on the high-pressure rheology. A rheometer was fabricated that could measure the rheological properties while maintaining a high pressure to simulate the pumping process. The effects of superplasticizer, silica fume, nanoclay, fly ash, or ground granulated blast furnace slag were investigated when mixed with two control cement pastes. The water-to-cement ratios were 0.35 and 0.50.
Undrained heating and anomalous pore-fluid pressurization of a hardened cement paste
Ghabezloo, S.; Sulem, J.; Saint-Marc, J.
Temperature increase in a fluid-saturated porous material in undrained condition leads to volume change and pore pressure increase due to the discrepancy between the thermal expansion coefficients of the pore fluid and of the pore volume. This increase of the pore fluid pressure induces a reduction of the effective mean stress, and can lead to shear failure or hydraulic fracturing. This phenomenon is important is important in environmental engineering for radioactive (exothermal) waste disposal in deep clay geological formations as well as in geophysics in the studies of rapid fault slip events when shear heating tends to increase the pore pressure and to decrease the effective compressive stress and the shearing resistance of the fault material (Sulem et al. 2007). This is also important in petroleum engineering where the reservoir rock and the well cement lining undergo sudden temperature changes for example when extracting heavy oils by steam injection methods. This rapid increase of temperature could damage cement sheath integrity of wells and lead to loss of zonal isolation. The values of the thermal pressurization coefficient, defined as the pore pressure increase due to a unit temperature increase in undrained condition, is largely dependent upon the nature of the material, the state of stress, the range of temperature change, the induced damage. The large variability of the thermal pressurization coefficient reported in the literature for different porous materials with values from 0.01MPa/°C to 1.5MPa/°C highlights the necessity of laboratory studies. This phenomenon of thermal pressurization is studied experimentally for a fluid-saturated hardened cement paste in an undrained heating test. Careful analysis of the effect of the dead volume of the drainage system of the triaxial cell has been performed based on a simple correction method proposed by Ghabezloo and Sulem (2008, 2009). The drained and undrained thermal expansion coefficients of the hardened
Chloride adsorption by calcined layered double hydroxides in hardened Portland cement paste
Yoon, Seyoon
This study investigated the feasibility of using calcined layered double hydroxides (CLDHs) to prevent chloride-induced deterioration in reinforced concrete. CLDHs not only adsorbed chloride ions in aqueous solution with a memory effect but also had a much higher binding capacity than the original layered double hydroxides (LDHs) in the cement matrix. We investigated this adsorption in hardened cement paste in batch cultures to determine adsorption isotherms. The measured and theoretical binding capacities (153 mg g -1 and 257 mg g-1, respectively) of the CLDHs were comparable to the theoretical capacity of Friedel\\'s salt (2 mol mol-1 or 121 mg g-1), which belongs to the LDH family among cementitious phases. We simulated chloride adsorption by CLDHs through the cement matrix using the Fickian model and compared the simulation result to the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) chlorine map. Based on our results, it is proposed that the adsorption process is governed by the chloride transport through the cement matrix; this process differs from that in an aqueous solution. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the CLDH rebuilds the layered structure in a cementitious environment, thereby demonstrating the feasibility of applying CLDHs to the cement and concrete industries. © 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Pore solution analysis of cement pastes and nanostructural investigations of hydrated C3S
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Pore solution investigations of cement pastes which had been prepared with the addition of ethanolamine showed that the ethanolamine had not been bound by cement during hydration and remained more or less completely dissolved in the capillary water, which can (theoretically) be expressed. This suggests that no significant binding of ethanolamine had occurred, neither chemically nor by way of adsorption and that the physically bound water (gel water) could not act as a solvent for the ethanolamine. The latter seems to be in contrast to the frost theory according to which a part of the gel water is mobile [M. Setzer, Micro ice lens formation, in: M.J. Setzer (Ed.), Proceedings of the 3rd International Bolomey Workshop 'Pore Solution in Hardened Cement Paste', University of Essen, June 1998, AEDIFICATIO Publishers, Freiburg, 2000, pp. 89-112]. This shows that a better understanding of structural details in the nanometer range of hardened cement is necessary. Therefore, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments were performed to study this part of the structure using C3S. SANS studies allow a nondestructive description of statistically representative microstructures in the scale range from micrometer to nanometer. In contrast to the established methods for microstructural investigations like MIP or BET, nondried samples can be used. Moreover, the scattering signals can be analyzed in a variety of ways, and therefore, a more detailed insight can be provided into the very complex cement paste microstructure. In this study, the signals were evaluated with respect to the specific inner surface and the particle-size distribution in the investigated nanometer range up to ∼100 nm
Development of Carbon Nanotube Modified Cement Paste with Microencapsulated Phase-Change Material for Structural–Functional Integrated Application
Cui, Hongzhi; Yang, Shuqing; Memon, Shazim Ali
Microencapsulated phase-change materials (MPCM) can be used to develop a structural–functional integrated cement paste having high heat storage efficiency and suitable mechanical strength. However, the incorporation of MPCM has been found to degrade the mechanical properties of cement based composites. Therefore, in this research, the effect of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the properties of MPCM cement paste was evaluated. Test results showed that the incorporation of CNTs in MPCM cement paste accelerated the cement hydration reaction. SEM micrograph showed that CNTs were tightly attached to the cement hydration products. At the age of 28 days, the percentage increase in flexural and compressive strength with different dosage of CNTs was found to be up to 41% and 5% respectively. The optimum dosage of CNTs incorporated in MPCM cement paste was found to be 0.5 wt %. From the thermal performance test, it was found that the cement paste panels incorporated with different percentages of MPCM reduced the temperature measured at the center of the room by up to 4.6 °C. Inverse relationship was found between maximum temperature measured at the center of the room and the dosage of MPCM. PMID:25867476
Pore size distribution, strength, and microstructure of portland cement paste containing metal hydroxide waste
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Majid, Z.A.; Mahmud, H.; Shaaban, M.G.
Stabilization/solidification of hazardous wastes is used to convert hazardous metal hydroxide waste sludge into a solid mass with better handling properties. This study investigated the pore size development of ordinary portland cement pastes containing metal hydroxide waste sludge and rice husk ash using mercury intrusion porosimetry. The effects of acre and the addition of rice husk ash on pore size development and strength were studied. It was found that the pore structures of mixes changed significantly with curing acre. The pore size shifted from 1,204 to 324 {angstrom} for 3-day old cement paste, and from 956 to 263 {angstrom} for a 7-day old sample. A reduction in pore size distribution for different curing ages was also observed in the other mixtures. From this limited study, no conclusion could be made as to any correlation between strength development and porosity. 10 refs., 6 figs., 3 tabs.
The Mechanical Properties and Hydration Characteristics of Cement Pastes Containing Added-calcium Coal Gangue
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
LI Dongxu; SONG Xuyan
The mechanical properties of several kinds of coal gangue calcined with limestone were Researched so as to find the optimum way of calcinations with limestone. Mierostructure and property of hydration process of cement pastes containing added-calcium coal gangue were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and method of mercury in trusion poremeasurement (MIP), etc. The experiment can approve those results: when proper amounst of gypsum and fluorite were taken as mineralizers in the course of calcinations of added-calcium coal gangue, activity of coal gangue can be effectively improved. The results of mechanical property and structural characteristic such as hydration process, hydration product and microstructure etc. of cement pastes containing added-calcium coal gangue are consistent.
In situ 3D monitoring of corrosion on carbon steel and ferritic stainless steel embedded in cement paste
Itty, Pierre-Adrien
In a X-ray microcomputed tomography study, active corrosion was induced by galvanostatically corroding steel embedded in cement paste. The results give insight into corrosion product build up, crack formation, leaching of products into the cracks and voids, and differences in morphology of corrosion attack in the case of carbon steel or stainless steel reinforcement. Carbon steel was homogeneously etched away with a homogeneous layer of corrosion products forming at the steel/cement paste interface. For ferritic stainless steel, pits were forming, concentrating the corrosion products locally, which led to more extensive damage on the cement paste cover. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.
Freezing behavior of cement pastes saturated with NaCl solution
Zeng, Qiang; FEN CHONG, Teddy; Li, Kefei
This study investigates the freezing behaviors of two cement pastes saturated with water and salt (NaCl) solutions of different concentrations. Special experimental set-up was designed to measure the freezing strains of cylindrical specimens in undrained condition. Using the interfacial curvature properties involved in mercury intrusion under pressure and ice penetration under freezing, the pore ice saturation degree is evaluated through mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) data. Experimental ...
Use of admixtures in organic-contaminated cement-clay pastes.
Gallo Stampino, Paola; Zampori, Luca; Dotelli, Giovanni; Meloni, Paola; Sora, Isabella Natali; Pelosato, Renato
In this work microstructure, porosity and hydration degree of cement-based solidified/stabilized wasteforms were studied before assessing their leaching behaviour. 2-Chloroaniline was chosen as a model liquid organic pollutant and included into cement pastes, which were also modified with different admixtures for concrete: a superplasticizer based on acrylic-modified polymer, a synthetic rubber latex and a waterproofing agent. An organoclay, modified with an ammonium quaternary salt (benzyl-dimethyl-tallowammonium, BDMTA), was added to the pastes as pre-sorbent agent of the organic matter. All the samples were dried up to constant weight in order to stop the hydration process at different times during the first 28 days of curing, typically, after 1 day (1d), 7 days (7d) and 28 days. Then, the microstructure of the hardened cement-clay pastes was investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The hydration degree and porosity were studied by thermal analysis (TG/DTA) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), respectively. For samples cured for 28 days a short-term leach test set by Italian regulation for industrial waste recycling (D.M. 5 February 1998) was performed. The best results showed a 5% release of the total initial amount of organic pollutant. PMID:18514398
Characterization and modeling of the rheology of cement paste: With applications toward self-flowing materials
Saak, Aaron Wilbur
The objective of this research is to better understand the important mechanisms that control the rheology of cement paste. In order to understand these mechanisms, new experimental techniques are developed. The insights gained through these studies are then applied toward designing self-flowing materials, particularly self-compacting concrete (SCC). A new testing program is developed where both the peak and equilibrium stress flow curves of cement paste are obtained by testing only one sample. Additionally, the influence of wall slip on yield stress and viscoelastic measurements is determined using a vane. The results indicate that a slip layer develops when the shear stress approaches the yield point. A three-dimensional model relating slump to yield stress is derived as a function of cone geometry. The results indicate that the model fits experimental data for cylindrical slumps over a wide range of yield stress values for a variety of materials. When compared to other published models, the results suggest that a fundamental relationship exists between yield stress and slump that is material independent and largely independent of cone geometry. The affect of various mixing techniques on the rheology of cement paste is investigated using a rheometer as a highly controlled mixer. The results suggest that there is a characteristic shear rate where the viscosity of cement paste is minimized. The influence of particle packing density, morphology and surface area on the viscosity of cement paste is quantified. The data suggest that even though packing density increases with the addition of fine particles, the benefits are largely overshadowed by a dramatic increase in surface area. Finally, a new methodology is introduced for designing self-compacting concrete. This approach incorporates a "self-flow zone" where the rheology of the paste matrix provides high workability, yet segregation resistance. The flow properties of fresh concrete are measured using a U
Chloride ingress in cement paste and mortar measured by Electron Probe Micro Analysis
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Jensen, Ole Mejlhede
is 100-1000 times better than for conventional techniques.The present project is aimed to give a better understanding of the physical-chemical nature of chloride ingress. A number of different cement pastes and mortars are examined ranging from traditional to modern high-performance types. The pastes...... and mortars are exposed to synthetic seawater from 1 day to half a year. Thereafter, the samples are examined by EPMA. Modelling of the measured profiles focuses on a physico-chemical understanding of the mechanisms....
Chemical Composition and Microstructure of Hydration Products of Hardened White Portland Cement Pastes Containing Admixtures
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
LI Qiu
This study investigated the nature of hydration products of white portland cement (WPC) containing 20 mM malic acid or 1 M calcium chloride hydrated for 11 years. The study identiifed the hydration products and characterized the chemical composition, morphology, micro/nano structure of C-S-H and the main binding phase in cementitious materials. Calcium hydroxide (CH), ettringite and C-S-H were identiifed in WPC with 20 mM malic acid paste hydrated for 11 years. WPC with 1 M calcium chloride paste hydrated for 11 years contained the same phases, but with less CH, and the presence of Friedel's salt (Ca2Al(OH)6Cl·2H2O). There were still small amount of anhydrous cement particles remaining in both pastes after 11 years hydration according to the SEM and29Si MAS NMR results. The hydration products of paste containing malic acid had a lower porosity than those prepared with calcium chloride upon visual inspection under SEM. The morphology of the outer product (Op) C-S-H was coarse ifbrillar and the inner product (Ip) C-S-H had a very ifne microstructure in both pastes under TEM. Both Ip and Op C-S-H formed in paste containing malic acid had lower Ca/Si and higher Al/Si than those in paste containing calcium chloride. C-S-H in paste containing calcium chloride had longer MCL and less percentage of bridging tetrahedra occupied by aluminum in silicon/aluminum chains due to relatively lessQ1 and moreQ2. A new type of silicon tetrahedra,Q2B, was introduced during deconvolution of29Si MAS NMR results. Ip and Op C-S-H in both pastes had aluminum substituted tobermorite-type and jennite-type structure, and all the charges caused by aluminum substituting silicon bridging tetrahedra were balanced by Ca2+.
Reproducibility of the uptake of U(VI) onto degraded cement pastes and calcium silicate hydrate phases
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The U(VI) uptake in degraded cement pastes was undertaken in the laboratories of CEA/L3MR and SUBATECH in order to check the reproducibility of the study. Two well hydrated cement pastes, CEM I (ordinary portland cement, OPC) and CEM V (blast furnace slag (BFS) and fly ash added to OPC) were degraded using similar protocols. Equilibrium solutions and solid materials were characterised for three degradation states for each paste. All samples are free of portlandite and the pH of the equilibrated cement solutions vary in the range 9.8-12.2. Three calcium silicate hydrate phases (C-S-H) were synthesised in order to compare the sorption properties of degraded cement pastes and of hydrate phases in similar pH conditions. In order to avoid precipitation processes, the operational solubility limit was evaluated before batch experiments. These solubility values vary significantly in the pH range [9-13] with a 2.4 x 10-7 mol L-1 minimum at pH close to 10.5. In batch sorption experiments, the distribution ratio Rd values are high: 3 x 104 - 1.5 x 105 mL g-1. The uptake of U(VI) increases when comparing the least and the most degraded cement pastes whereas the initial composition of cement has relatively insensitive effect. Sorption isotherms, expressed as a log [U(VI)solid]/log[U(VI)solution] plots are linear. A slope of 1 is calculated indicating the predominance of sorption processes. As sorption and desorption values are close, the uptake mechanism seems reversible. The Rd values measured in C-S-H suspensions are in good agreement with Rd values of degraded cement pastes, and C-S-H materials could be one of the cementitious phases which control U(VI) uptake in cement pastes. (orig.)
Assessment of arsenic immobilization in synthetically prepared cemented paste backfill specimens.
Coussy, Samuel; Benzaazoua, Mostafa; Blanc, Denise; Moszkowicz, Pierre; Bussière, Bruno
Mine tailings coming from the exploitation of sulphide and/or gold deposits can contain significant amounts of arsenic (As), highly soluble in conditions of weathering. Open mine voids backfilling techniques are now widely practiced by modern mining companies to manage the tailings. The most common one is called cemented paste backfill (CPB), and consists of tailings mixed with low amounts of hydraulic binders (3-5%) and a high proportion of water (typically 25%). The CPB is transported through a pipe network, to be placed in the mine openings. CPB provides storage benefits and underground support during mining operations. Moreover, this technique could also enhance contaminant stabilization, by fixing the contaminants in the binder matrix. CPB composites artificially spiked with As were synthesized in laboratory, using two types of hydraulic binders: a Portland cement, and a mix of fly ash and Portland cement. After curing duration of 66 days, the CPB samples were subjected to several leaching tests in various experimental conditions in order to better understand and then predict the As geochemical behaviour within CPBs. The assessment of the As release indicates that this element is better stabilized in Portland cement-based matrices rather than fly ash-based matrices. The As mobility differs in these two matrices, mainly because of the different As-bearing minerals formed during hydration processes. However, the total As depletion does not exceed 5% at the end of the most aggressive leaching test, indicating that As is well immobilized in the two types of CPB. PMID:22054566
Utilization of water-reducing admixtures in cemented paste backfill of sulphide-rich mill tailings.
Ercikdi, Bayram; Cihangir, Ferdi; Kesimal, Ayhan; Deveci, Haci; Alp, Ibrahim
This study presents the effect of three different water-reducing admixtures (WRAs) on the rheological and mechanical properties of cemented paste backfill (CPB) samples. A 28-day strength of > or = 0.7 MPa and the maintenance of the stability (i.e. > or = 0.7 MPa) over 360 days of curing were desired as the design criteria. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and Portland composite cement (PCC) were used as binders at 5 wt.% dose. WRAs were initially tested to determine the dosage of a WRA for a required consistency of 7'' for CPB mixtures. A total of 192 CPB samples were then prepared using WRAs. The utilization of WRAs enhanced the flow characteristics of the CPB mixture and allowed to achieve the same consistency at a lower water-to-cement ratio. For OPC, the addition of WRAs appeared to improve the both short- and long-term performance of CPB samples. However, only polycarboxylate-based superplasticiser produced the desired 28-day strength of > or = 0.7 MPa when PCC was used as the binder. These findings suggest that WRAs can be suitably exploited for CPB of sulphide-rich tailings to improve the strength and stability in short and long terms allowing to reduce binder costs in a CPB plant. PMID:20382473
The influence of pluronic P123 micelles on corrosion behaviour of steel in cement extract and bulk matrix properties of cement paste
Koleva, D.A.; Denkova, A.G.; Hu, J.; van Breugel, K
The influence of Pluronic P123 (PEO20-PPO20-PEO70) micelles (of 10 nm size) on the corrosion behaviour of low carbon steel in cement extract (CE) was studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentio-dynamic polarisation (PDP). Additionally, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) was emplo ed to derive the impact of admixed micelles on porosity and pore-size distribution of cement paste. The motivation for carrying out this investigation has two main aspects: first, previou...
Pore Distribution and Water Uptake in a Cenosphere-Cement Paste Composite Material
Baronins, J.; Setina, J.; Sahmenko, G.; Lagzdina, S.; Shishkin, A.
Alumina silicate cenospheres (CS) is a significant waste material from power plants that use a coal. Use CS as Portland cement replacement material gives opportunity to control physical and mechanical properties and makes a product lighter and more cost-effective. In the frame of this study, Portland cement paste samples were produced by adding CS in the concentration range from 0 to 40 volume %. Water uptake of hardened samples was checked and pore size distribution by using the mercury porosimetry was determined. In a cold climate where the temperature often falls below 0 °C, it is important to avoid the amount of micrometer sized pores in the final structure and to decrease water absorption capacity of material. In winter conditions, water fills such pores and causes additional stresses to their walls by expansion while freezing. It was found that generally water uptake capacity for cement paste samples decreased up to 20% by increasing the concentration of CS up to 40 volume %, at the same time, the volume of micrometer sized opened pores increases.
Effects of blended-cement paste chemical composition changes on some strength gains of blended-mortars.
Kirgiz, Mehmet Serkan
Effects of chemical compositions changes of blended-cement pastes (BCPCCC) on some strength gains of blended cement mortars (BCMSG) were monitored in order to gain a better understanding for developments of hydration and strength of blended cements. Blended cements (BC) were prepared by blending of 5% gypsum and 6%, 20%, 21%, and 35% marble powder (MP) or 6%, 20%, 21%, and 35% brick powder (BP) for CEMI42.5N cement clinker and grinding these portions in ball mill at 30 (min). Pastes and mortars, containing the MP-BC and the BP-BC and the reference cement (RC) and tap water and standard mortar sand, were also mixed and they were cured within water until testing. Experiments included chemical compositions of pastes and compressive strengths (CS) and flexural strengths (FS) of mortars were determined at 7th-day, 28th-day, and 90th-day according to TS EN 196-2 and TS EN 196-1 present standards. Experimental results indicated that ups and downs of silica oxide (SiO2), sodium oxide (Na2O), and alkali at MP-BCPCC and continuously rising movement of silica oxide (SiO2) at BP-BCPCC positively influenced CS and FS of blended cement mortars (BCM) in comparison with reference mortars (RM) at whole cure days as MP up to 6% or BP up to 35% was blended for cement.
Effects of Blended-Cement Paste Chemical Composition Changes on Some Strength Gains of Blended-Mortars
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Mehmet Serkan Kirgiz
Full Text Available Effects of chemical compositions changes of blended-cement pastes (BCPCCC on some strength gains of blended cement mortars (BCMSG were monitored in order to gain a better understanding for developments of hydration and strength of blended cements. Blended cements (BC were prepared by blending of 5% gypsum and 6%, 20%, 21%, and 35% marble powder (MP or 6%, 20%, 21%, and 35% brick powder (BP for CEMI42.5N cement clinker and grinding these portions in ball mill at 30 (min. Pastes and mortars, containing the MP-BC and the BP-BC and the reference cement (RC and tap water and standard mortar sand, were also mixed and they were cured within water until testing. Experiments included chemical compositions of pastes and compressive strengths (CS and flexural strengths (FS of mortars were determined at 7th-day, 28th-day, and 90th-day according to TS EN 196-2 and TS EN 196-1 present standards. Experimental results indicated that ups and downs of silica oxide (SiO2, sodium oxide (Na2O, and alkali at MP-BCPCC and continuously rising movement of silica oxide (SiO2 at BP-BCPCC positively influenced CS and FS of blended cement mortars (BCM in comparison with reference mortars (RM at whole cure days as MP up to 6% or BP up to 35% was blended for cement.
Effect of Coal Gangue with Different Kaolin Contents on Compressive Strength and Pore Size of Blended Cement Paste
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
CHEN Yimin; ZHOU Shuangxi; ZHANG Wensheng
The effects of activated coal gangue on compressive strength,porosity and pore size distribution of hardened cement pastes were investigated.Activated coal gangue with two different kaolin contents,one higher and one lower,were used to partially replace Portland cement at 0%,10%,and 30% by weight.The water to binder ratio(w/b)of 0.5 was used for all the blended cement paste mixes.Experimental results indicate that the blended cement of activated coal gangue mortar with higher kaolin mineral content has a higher compressive strength than that with lower kaolin mineral content.The porosity and pore size of blended cement mortar were significantly affected by the replacement of activated coal gangue.
Dielectric properties of portland cement paste as a function of time since mixing
Camp, Paul R.; Bilotta, Stephen
The dielectric properties of portland cement paste and mortar have been measured in the frequency range 100 Hz-7 MHz as a function of time since mixing. Over much of the spectrum, the ac conductance of the samples appears directly related to the amount of unbound water remaining in the sample and ionic conduction predominates. In addition, interesting structure was found in both the conductance and capacitance data at high frequencies as the free water content was reduced. We conclude that relatively simple measurements of this kind can be a useful tool in concrete research and may provide the basis for simple, in situ, nondestructive measurement of the degree of curing of concrete or for monitoring water migration in concrete structures. Measurements on sealed samples of partially or fully cured concrete reveal also the water-cement ratio of the original mix.
Modeling the degradation of Portland cement pastes by biogenic organic acids
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Reactive transport models can be used to assess the long-term performance of cement-based materials subjected to biodegradation. A bioleaching test (with Aspergillus niger fungi) applied to ordinary Portland cement pastes during 15 months is modeled with HYTEC. Modeling indicates that the biogenic organic acids (acetic, butyric, lactic and oxalic) strongly accelerate hydrate dissolution by acidic hydrolysis whilst their complexation of aluminum has an effect on the secondary gel stability only. The deepest degradation front corresponds to portlandite dissolution and decalcification of calcium silicate hydrates. A complex pattern of sulfate phases dissolution and precipitation takes place in an intermediate zone. The outermost degraded zone consists of alumina and silica gels. The modeling accurateness of calcium leaching, pH evolution and degradation thickness is consistently enhanced whilst considering increase of diffusivity in the degraded zones. Precipitation of calcium oxalate is predicted by modeling but was hindered in the bioleaching reactor.
The influence of silanized nano-SiO{sub 2} on the hydration of cement paste: NMR investigations
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Bede, A., E-mail: email@example.com; Pop, A.; Ardelean, I. [Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Department of Physics and Chemistry, 400114 Cluj-Napoca (Romania); Moldovan, M. ["Babes-Bolyai" University, "Raluca Ripan" Chemistry Research Institute, Department of Polymer Composites, 400294 Cluj-Napoca (Romania)
It is known that by adding a small amount of nanoparticles to the cement-based materials a strong influence on the workability, strength and durability is obtained. These characteristics of the material are fundamentally determined by the hydration process taking place after mixing the cement grains with water. In the present study the influence introduced by the addition of nano-silica with silanized surfaces on the hydration process was investigated using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry. The cement samples were prepared using gray cement at a water-to-cement ratio of 0.4 and a 5% addition of nanosilica. The surface of the nanoparticles was modified using a coating of Silane A174. The cement pastes were monitored during their standard curing time of 28 days. It was established that, by using unmodified nanosilica particles, an acceleration of the hydration process takes place as compared with the pure cement paste. On the other side, by adding silanized nanoparticles, the dormancy stage significantly extends and the hydration process is slower. This slowing down process could enhance the mechanical strength of cement based materials as a result of a better compaction of the hydrated samples.
Electromagnetic interference shielding with Portland cement paste containing carbon materials and processed fly ash
Zornoza, E.; Catalá, G.; Jiménez, F.; Andión, L. Gª; Garcés, P.
The study described in this article explored the effect of adding different types of carbon materials (graphite powder and three types of carbon fibre), fly ash (with 5.6%, 15.9% and 24.3% Fe2O3), and a mix of both on electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding in Portland cement pastes. The parameters studied included the type and aspect ratio of the carbonic material, composite material thickness, the frequency of the incident electromagnetic r...
Application of experimental plans method to formulate a self compacting cement paste
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Mebrouki, A.
Full Text Available The self-compacting concrete formulation means to elaborate a self-compacting cement paste to which will be injected aggregates. The purpose of this work is to find the composition of this cement paste containing local materials (pozzolanic cement, limestone fillers, superplasticizer and water having self-compacting properties. The use of the experimental plans method shows that it is possible to delimit an experimental field bounded by the volumetric proportions of materials composing the paste. The field was transformed in equations form conditioned by implicit constraints, defining zones of minimal shearing threshold and maximum viscosity; numerical resolution submitted to the optimization criteria permitted to define the volumetric proportions of each mixing parameter contributing to the preparation of an optimal paste. After experimental checking to validate obtained results, conclusions are that, from results given by ternary diagrams and desirability's functions, a composition of an optimal self-compacting cement pas was obtained.
En este trabajo se estudia la constitución de una pasta autocompactante a base de materiales locales argelinos (cemento binario de base puzolánica natural de Beni Saf y filler calizo de cantera. La reología de la pasta se estudia en función de las dosificaciones de cemento, caliza, superplastificante y agua. La fluidez de las pastas así formadas se deducen de los ensayos de escurrimiento del mini cono y del tiempo de flujo en el cono de Marsh. Utilizando el diseño estadístico de mezclas, el número de ensayos se ha visto considerablemente reducido, el problema se transformó en ecuaciones y después se resolvió numéricamente. A partir de las curvas de los diagramas ternarios, uniendo las respuestas de escurrimiento y el tiempo de flujo de las pastas en función de las dosificaciones en constituyentes y estudiando las funciones de conveniencia para cada respuesta, se terminará por deducir una
Time-dependent behaviour of hardened cement paste under isotropic loading
Manh-Huyen, Vu; Sulem, Jean; Ghabezloo, Siavash; Jean-Benoît, Laudet; André, Garnier; Guédon, Sylvine
International audience The experimental results of isotropic compression tests performed at 20°C and 90°C on a class G hardened cement paste hydrated at 90°C (Ghabezloo et al., 2008, Cem. Conc. Res. 38, 1424-1437) have been revisited considering time-dependent response. Within the frame of a viscoplastic model, the non-linear responses of the volumetric strains as observed in drained and undrained tests and of the pore pressure in undrained tests are analysed. The calibration of model para...
Effect of various Portland cement paste compositions on early-age strain
Guzzetta, Alana G.
Early-age strain in paste, mortar, and concrete mixtures was investigated using a new method where the specimen shape was a cone frustum. Strain of the specimen from both the horizontal and vertical directions was captured by height change measurement. The volumetric strain was then calculated as a function of the height change and was plotted versus time. A correlation was found between the slopes of the volumetric strain curve resulting from this test method and the initial setting time of the tested material. An initial evaluation of the repeatability of this innovative test method was conducted. The early-age strain effects of aggregate volume, shrinkage reducing admixture, water-cementitious ratio (w/cm), and partial cement replacement with supplementary cementitious materials were tested and individually compared. From these comparisons, it was observed that ambient temperature, bleed water development, and rheological properties had a significant impact on the volumetric strain results. Data showed increased strain as aggregate volume was reduced and as the w/cm was changed from 0.25 up to 0.50. The addition of shrinkage reducing admixture generally caused an increase in the 36-hour volumetric strain value. In most of the mixtures, cement replacement with 20% fly ash or 10% metakaolin reduced the measured volumetric strain when the w/cm was 0.30. Replacement of cement with 10% silica fume caused an insignificant change in volumetric strain results.
Development of methodology for evaluation of long-term safety aspects of organic cement paste components
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Andersson, M.; Holgersson, S. (Chalmers University of Technology, Goeteborg (Sweden)); Ervanne, H. (Helsinki Univ. (Finland)) (and others)
Long-term safety aspects of superplasticizers (SP) and other cement paste components were studied in this joint Nagra - NUMO - SKB - Posiva project with aim to develop a methodology for the evaluation of the long-term safety aspects of superplasticizers (SP) and other organic components of cement pastes. The study also evaluated the effects of SPs and other cement paste components that have already been used or that are most likely to be used in the construction of the high-level nuclear waste repositories in Sweden, Switzerland, Finland and Japan. The main long-term safety issue of concern is whether the superplasticizers and/or other organic components of cement pastes might affect the transport properties of radionuclides. A full evaluation of whether the superplasticizers can be used in a high-level nuclear waste repository cannot be answered based on the studies but a classification of the superplasticizers based on their impact on sorption of radionuclides has been done. The basic methodology for testing, leaching and analyzing of leachants and solid samples of different types was developed at CRIEPI. Two different methodologies for studying the impact of SPs on the sorption of Eu on crushed rock were tested and developed by Helsinki University (HU) and Chalmers University of Technology (CTH). Methods for analyzing organics leaching from grouts were successfully tested by CRIEPI and CTH (Chalmers University of Technology). At CRIEPI the total organic content (TOC) of the leachants was analyzed by Infrared absorption spectrometry (IR) followed by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) for the identification of the organic compounds. At CTH several different analytical methods were tested (e.g. IR, UV spectroscopy, NMR, MALDI-TOF), but these methods still require improvement. In addition to SPs, organics are present in several components of cement pastes, for example in cement grinding aid (CGA) and micro silica slurry. The results suggests that the main high
Influence of portland cement replacement in high calcium fly ash geopolymer paste
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Tanakorn Phoo-ngernkham
Full Text Available This article presents the influence of ordinary Portland cement (OPC replacement in high calcium fly ash (FA geopolymer paste. FA was used to replace OPC at the rate of 5, 10 and 15% by mass of binder. Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3 and 10 molar sodium hydroxide (NaOH solutions were used as the alkaline solution in the reaction. The Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio of 2.0 and the liquid/binder (L/B ratio of 0.60 were used in all mixtures. The results of increase OPC replacement, the setting time and compressive strain capacity decreased while the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity increased. The compressive strength and modulus of elasticity at 28 days of geopolymer pastes with 15% OPC replacement were 36.7 MPa and 13,300 MPa, respectively.
The impact of sulphate and magnesium on chloride binding in Portland cement paste
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
De Weerdt, K., E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of science and Technology, Trondheim (Norway); SINTEF Building and Infrastructure, Trondheim (Norway); Orsáková, D. [Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Brno, Brno (Czech Republic); Geiker, M.R. [Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of science and Technology, Trondheim (Norway)
The effect of magnesium and sulphate present in sea water on chloride binding in Portland cement paste was investigated. Ground well hydrated cement paste was exposed to MgCl{sub 2}, NaCl, NaCl + MgCl{sub 2}, MgSO{sub 4} + MgCl{sub 2} and artificial sea water solutions with a range of concentrations at 20 °C. Chloride binding isotherms are determined and pH of the solutions were measured. A selection of samples was examined by SEM-EDS to identify phase changes upon exposure. The experimental data were compared with calculations of a thermodynamic model. Chloride binding from sea water was similar to chloride binding for NaCl solutions. The magnesium content in the sea water lead to a slight decrease in pH, but this did not result in a notable increase in chloride binding. The sulphate present in sea water reduces both chloride binding in C–S–H and AFm phases, as the C–S–H incorporates more sulphates instead of chlorides, and part of the AFm phases converts to ettringite.
Binding Materials of Dehydrated Phases of Waste Hardened Cement Paste and Pozzolanic Admixture
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
LU Linnu; HE Yongjia; HU Shuguang
Fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) were added to improve the performances of regenerated binding materials (RBM) which refer to dehydrated phases with rebinding ability of waste hardened cement paste. Flowability tests, compressive strength tests,SEM, TG-DSC, and non-evaporable water content tests were employed to study the performances of the combined binding materials and the interactions between RBM, FA, and GGBFS. Results show that adding FA or GGBFS can improve the workability of RBM paste, and GGBFS has positive effects on strength of RBM. Pozzolanic reactions happen between RBM, FA, and GGBFS. And the activation effect of RBM to FA and GGBFS is superior to that of P.O grade-32.5 cement, especially at earlier ages, because of the high reactive f-CaO existing in RBM. On the advantages of the synergetic effects of RBM and pozzolanic admixtures such as FA and GGBFS, new combined binding materials can be prepared by blending them together.
Properties of high calcium fly ash geopolymer pastes with Portland cement as an additive
Phoo-ngernkham, Tanakorn; Chindaprasirt, Prinya; Sata, Vanchai; Pangdaeng, Saengsuree; Sinsiri, Theerawat
The effect of Portland cement (OPC) addition on the properties of high calcium fly ash geopolymer pastes was investigated in the paper. OPC partially replaced fly ash (FA) at the dosages of 0, 5%, 10%, and 15% by mass of binder. Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions were used as the liquid portion in the mixture: NaOH 10 mol/L, Na2SiO3/NaOH with a mass ratio of 2.0, and alkaline liquid/binder (L/B) with a mass ratio of 0.6. The curing at 60°C for 24 h was used to accelerate the geopolymerization. The setting time of all fresh pastes, porosity, and compressive strength of the pastes at the stages of 1, 7, 28, and 90 d were tested. The elastic modulus and strain capacity of the pastes at the stage of 7 d were determined. It is revealed that the use of OPC as an additive to replace part of FA results in the decreases in the setting time, porosity, and strain capacity of the paste specimens, while the compressive strength and elastic modulus seem to increase.
Influence of Superplasticizers on Early Age Drying Shrinkage of Cement Paste with the Same Consistency
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
LAI Junying; ZHANG Lifeng; QIAN Xiaoqian; SHEN Chong; ZHANG Jinjian
The influence of superplasticizer (SP) on the early age drying shrinkage of cement paste with the same consistency was investigated. To conduct the test, which lasted for 72 hours, three paste mixtures were used for comparison. The 72 hours early age drying shrinkage staring from the initial setting time was measured by a clock gauge. The pore size distribution was measured by Mercury Intrusion Method. The surface tension of capillary simulation liquid and mass loss of paste were also measured. The experimental results showed that the addition of SP increased the early drying shrinkage greatly. The ratios of water evaporation and the total free water in mixtures added with SPs showed great differences. SPs fined the capillary pores of paste, and the volume of pore with diameter within 50 nm was well consistent with shrinkage rate. The addition of SPs did not raise the capillary liquid surface tension. It showed that with the volume of pore with diameter within 50 nm and the ratio of water evaporation and the total free water a tolerable shrinkage result of paste added with SP could be predicted, and the elastic modulus could have an influence on the early shrinkage. These results have never been proposed before.
Carbonation of low heat portland cement paste procured in water for different time
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Deping Chen; Etsuo Sakai; Masaki Daimon; Yoko Ohba
The carbonation technique was applied to accelerate the hydration of low heat portland cement (LHC). Before carbonation, the demoulded pastes were precured in water for 0, 2, 7, and 21 d, respectively. The results show that procuring time in water strongly influences the carbonation process. The phenolphthalein test indicates that the paste precured in water for a shorter time is more quickly carbonated than that for a longer time. The content of calcium hydroxide increases with increasing the procuring time in water, whereas, the amount of absorbed carbon dioxide changes contrarily. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation shows that portlandite always fills up big air bubbles in the paste during precuring in water, and the mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) results show that there are less large capillary pores in the paste precured in water for a longer time. It is found that the paste without precuring in water has more carbon dioxide absorption during curing in carbon dioxide atmosphere, and its total pore volume decreases remarkably with an increase in the carbonation time than that precured in water. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analyses indicate that the carbonate products are vaterite and calcite; CxSHy,, formed from carbonation has low BET surface area in comparison with that of C-S-H formed from curing in water.
Rheology and zeta potential of cement pastes containing calcined silt and ground granulated blast-furnace slag
B. Safi; A. Benmounah; Saidi, M.
This study aimed to analyse the re-use of dam silt as a supplementary binder for self-compacting concrete (SCC). When burnt, silt becomes more reactive because the kaolin it contains is converted into metakaolin. Portland cement, calcined or burnt silt and ground granulated blast furnace slag were used in this research. Cement pastes were prepared with blends containing two or three of these materials. The replacement ratio for burnt silt in both cases was 10 % and 20 % by cement weight and t...
Characterization of high-calcium fly ash and its influence on ettringite formation in portland cement pastes
Tishmack, Jody Kathleen
High-calcium Class C fly ashes derived from Powder River Basin coal are currently used as supplementary cementing materials in portland cement concrete. These fly ashes tend to contain significant amounts of sulfur, calcium, and aluminum, thus they are potential sources of ettringite. Characterization of six high-calcium fly ashes originating from Powder River Basin coal have been carried out. The hydration products formed in pastes made from fly ash and water were investigated. The principal phases produced at room temperature were ettringite, monosulfate, and stratlingite. The relative amounts formed varied with the specific fly ash. Removal of the soluble crystalline sulfur bearing minerals indicated that approximately a third of the sulfur is located in the fly ash glass. Pore solution analyses indicated that sulfur concentrations increased at later ages. Three fly ashes were selected for further study based on their ability to form ettringite. Portland cement-fly ash pastes made with the selected fly ashes were investigated to evaluate ettringite and monosulfate formation. Each of the fly ashes were mixed with four different types of portland cements (Type I, I/II, II, and III) as well as three different Type I cements exhibiting a range of C3A and sulfate contents. The pastes had 25% or 35% fly ash by total weight of solids and a water:cement-fly ash ratio of 0.45. The samples were placed in a curing room (R.H. = 100, 23°C) and were then analyzed at various ages by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to determine the principal hydration products. The hydration products identified by XRD were portlandite, ettringite (an AFt phase), monosulfate, and generally smaller amounts of hemicarboaluminate and monocarboaluminate (all AFm phases). Although the amount of ettringite formed varied with the individual cement, only a modest correlation with cement sulfate content and no correlation with cement C3A content was observed. DSC
Microstructure and mechanical properties of microwave-assisted heating of pozzolan-Portland cement paste at a very early stage
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Natt Makul
Full Text Available Portland-pozzolan cement pastes at a very early stage subjecting to microwave heating were investigated. Microwave with a 2.45 GHz and multimode cavity was used for the experiments. The pastes containing pozzolan materials (pulverized fuel ash, metakaolin and silica fume were proportioned with a 0.38 water/solid mass ratio and a 20% by weight replacement of total solid content. It was observed that the temperature increased continuously during microwave heating. Some ettringite rods and amorphous C-S-H fibers appear at 4 hrs. The metakaolin-cement paste exhibited little difference between the watercured and microwave-cured pastes. For the silica fume-cement paste the SF particles under microwave curing had dispersed more than with the 4 hr–cement paste. The produced phases included calcium silicate hydrate, calcium hydroxide and xenotile. The pastes can be developed in compressive strength quite rapidly and also consumed more Ca(OH2 in the pozzolan reaction to produce more C-S-H.
Usability of cement paste containing carbon nanofibres as an anode in electrochemical chloride extraction from concrete
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Moral, B. del
Full Text Available In the application of the electrochemical chloride extraction (ECE technique, traditionally, the Ti-RuO2 wire netting has been used as the external anode. This article provides the results of the research based on the use of conductive cement paste with addition of carbon nanofibers (CNF as anodes and its application in ECE. The tests were developed in concrete specimens previously contaminated with chloride. The efficiencies achieved were compared with those obtained using a traditional anode (Ti-RuO2 and cement pastes with the addition of other carbonaceous materials. The results show the feasibility of using conductive cement paste with CNF as the anode in the electrochemical extraction of chlorides in concrete, finding similar efficiencies to those obtained with traditional Ti-RuO2 wire netting but with the added advantage that it can be adapted to complex structural geometries as it can be applied as a paste.
En la aplicación de la técnica de extracción electroquímica de cloruros (EEC, tradicionalmente se ha venido empleando como ánodo externo una malla de Ti-RuO2. En este artículo se aportan los resultados de investigaciones basadas en la utilización de ánodos formados por pasta de cemento conductora con adición de nanofibras de carbono (NFC y su aplicación en EEC. Las experiencias se desarrollaron en probetas de hormigón contaminado previamente con cloruro. Las eficiencias alcanzadas se compararon con las obtenidas empleando un ánodo tradicional (Ti-RuO2 así como pastas de cemento con adición de otros materiales carbonosos. Los resultados muestran la viabilidad en la utilización de la pasta de cemento conductora con NFC como ánodo en la aplicación en EEC en hormigón, encontrándose eficiencias similares a las obtenidas con la tradicional malla de Ti-RuO2 pero teniendo la ventaja añadida sobre ésta de que es posible adaptarla a geometrías estructurales complejas al ser aplicada en forma de pasta.
Sorption kinetics of superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) in fresh Portland cement-based pastes visualized and quantified by neutron radiography and correlated to the progress of cement hydration
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Schroefl, Christof, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Technische Universität Dresden, Fakultät Bauingenieurwesen, Institut für Baustoffe, DE-01062 Dresden (Germany); Mechtcherine, Viktor [Technische Universität Dresden, Fakultät Bauingenieurwesen, Institut für Baustoffe, DE-01062 Dresden (Germany); Vontobel, Peter; Hovind, Jan; Lehmann, Eberhard [Paul Scherrer Institut, Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, CH-5232 Villigen/AG (Switzerland)
Water sorption of two superabsorbent polymers in cement-based pastes has been characterized by neutron radiography. Cement pastes with W/C of 0.25 and 0.50 and one additionally containing silica fume (W/C = 0.42) were investigated. The SAPs differed in their inherent sorption kinetics in extracted cement pore solution (SAP 1: self-releasing; SAP 2: retentive). Desorption from SAP 1 started very early after paste preparation. Hence, its individual non-retentiveness governs its behavior only. SAP 2 released water into all matrices, but its kinetics were different. In the paste with the highest W/C, some moderate water release was recorded from the beginning. In the other two pastes, SAP 2 retained its stored liquid during the dormant period, i.e., up to the percolation threshold. Intense desorption then set in and continued throughout the acceleration period. These findings explain the pronouncedly higher efficiency of SAP 2 as internal curing admixture as compared to SAP 1.
Sorption kinetics of superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) in fresh Portland cement-based pastes visualized and quantified by neutron radiography and correlated to the progress of cement hydration
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Water sorption of two superabsorbent polymers in cement-based pastes has been characterized by neutron radiography. Cement pastes with W/C of 0.25 and 0.50 and one additionally containing silica fume (W/C = 0.42) were investigated. The SAPs differed in their inherent sorption kinetics in extracted cement pore solution (SAP 1: self-releasing; SAP 2: retentive). Desorption from SAP 1 started very early after paste preparation. Hence, its individual non-retentiveness governs its behavior only. SAP 2 released water into all matrices, but its kinetics were different. In the paste with the highest W/C, some moderate water release was recorded from the beginning. In the other two pastes, SAP 2 retained its stored liquid during the dormant period, i.e., up to the percolation threshold. Intense desorption then set in and continued throughout the acceleration period. These findings explain the pronouncedly higher efficiency of SAP 2 as internal curing admixture as compared to SAP 1
Limitation in obtainable surface roughness of hardened cement paste: 'virtual' topographic experiment based on focussed ion beam nanotomography datasets.
Trtik, P; Dual, J; Muench, B; Holzer, L
Surface roughness affects the results of nanomechanical tests. The surface roughness values to be measured on a surface of a porous material are dependent on the properties of the naturally occurring pore space. In order to assess the surface roughness of hardened cement paste (HCP) without the actual influence of the usual sample preparation for nanomechanical testing (i.e. grinding and polishing), focussed ion beam nanotomography datasets were utilized for reconstruction of 3D (nanoscale resolution) surface profiles of hardened cement pastes. 'Virtual topographic experiments' were performed and root mean square surface roughness was then calculated for a large number of such 3D surface profiles. The resulting root mean square (between 115 and 494 nm) is considerably higher than some roughness values (as low as 10 nm) reported in the literature. We suggest that thus-analysed root mean square values provide an estimate of a 'hard' lower limit that can be achieved by 'artefact-free' sample preparation of realistic samples of hardened cement paste. To the best of our knowledge, this 'hard' lower limit was quantified for a porous material based on hydraulic cement for the first time. We suggest that the values of RMS below such a limit may indicate sample preparation artefacts. Consequently, for reliable nanomechanical testing of disordered porous materials, such as hardened cement paste, the preparation methods may require further improvement.
Early age volume changes in concrete due to chemical shrinkage of cement paste
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ebensperger, L.
Full Text Available Unrestrained early age volume changes due to chemical shrinkage in cement pastes, mortars and concretes have been determined. The measurements were performed on sealed and unsealed samples which were stored under water.
The chemical shrinkage of unsealed specimens represents the amount of absorbed water due to the chemical reaction of the cement It depends only on the cement content of the sample and does not lead to changes of the external dimensions. However the chemical shrinkage of sealed specimens is connected with a real volume change due to self-desiccation and the effect of internal pressures. The shrinkage depends in this case on the restraining effect of coarse aggregates as well as the cement content. The chemical shrinkage measured on sealed concretes was much higher than the one expected to ocurr on concretes, because normally an equalization of pressure takes place to some extent in the interior of the concrete.
The use of expansive additives showed that they may compensate the chemical shrinkage, but its dosage is very sensitive and should be defined exactly for each case particularly.
Se han determinado los cambios volumétricos que ocurren en pastas de cemento, morteros y hormigones a edad temprana debido al efecto de la retracción química. Las mediciones se realizaron en probetas selladas y no selladas sumergidas bajo agua. La retracción química en probetas no selladas representa la cantidad de agua absorbida debido a la reacción química del cemento. Depende solamente del contenido de cemento de la probeta y no produce ningún cambio en las dimensiones de la probeta. Por el contrario, la retracción química en probetas selladas está relacionada con un cambio volumétrico real debido al efecto de la autodesecación y presiones internas. La retracción en este caso depende tanto de la restricción que imponen los áridos, como del contenido de cemento. La retracción química medida en hormigones sellados
Standard Test Method for Bond Strength of Ceramic Tile to Portland Cement Paste
American Society for Testing and Materials. Philadelphia
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the ability of glazed ceramic wall tile, ceramic mosaic tile, quarry tile, and pavers to be bonded to portland cement paste. This test method includes both face-mounted and back-mounted tile. 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Long-term leaching test of organo-contaminated cement-clay pastes.
Zampori, L; Stampino, P Gallo; Dotelli, G
The aim of the present work is to investigate the effect of a prolonged leaching test (more than a year) on the microstructure of solidified cementitious wasteforms. A set of four different cement-based monoliths (Ap, Bp, Cp and Dp) was prepared, and for each series an uncontaminated sample was prepared as reference (A-D). An organoclay was added in all pastes as pre-sorbent material for the pollutant; a model liquid organic pollutant, 2-chloroaniline (2-CA), was added only in the contaminated ones and different types of admixtures, chosen among those typically employed in the concrete mix-design, were used. After the first 28 days of curing, all the monoliths, contaminated and uncontaminated, underwent a dynamic leach testing (DLT) for more than 1 year in deionized water. PMID:19524362
Influence of CO2 Laser Radiation on the Mechanical Properties of Portland Cement Pastes
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González-Mota, R.
Full Text Available This article presents the results of the treatment of fresh cement pastes with CO2 laser radiation (10.6μm, in order to improve its mechanical properties in addition to obtaining lower setting times than those of a natural setting (without radiation . It was observed that the CO2 laser radiation has a positive influence on the mechanical properties of cement paste, not due to the heat produced during irradiation, but due to the effect of electric field propagation on water molecules, whose are arranged around functional groups of the binder and by the effect of ration, causes a micro vibration effect, resulting in a more compact and less porous paste which has better mechanical properties compared to natural setting paste. The internal and surface temperature of the samples, the evolution of setting, Young's modulus (using ultrasonic pulse velocity and compressive strength were registered.En este artículo se presentan los resultados correspondientes al tratamiento de pastas frescas de cemento con radiación láser de CO2 (10.6µm, con el propósito de mejorar sus propiedades mecánicas además de obtener tiempos de fraguado menores a los del fraguado en forma natural (sin radiación. Se demostró que la radiación con láser de CO2 influye positivamente en las propiedades mecánicas de la pasta de cemento, no por el calentamiento producido durante la irradiación, sino por el efecto de la propagación del campo eléctrico sobre las moléculas de agua que están dispuestas alrededor de los grupos funcionales del aglutinante y que al rotar producen un efecto equivalente a micro vibraciones, dando como resultado un material más compacto, con menos poros y mejores propiedades mecánicas respecto al fraguado natural. Se registró la temperatura interna y superficial de las muestras, la evolución del fraguado, el módulo de Young y la resistencia a compresión.
Probing the hydration of composite cement pastes containing fly ash and silica fume by proton NMR spin-lattice relaxation
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Proton NMR spin-lattice relaxation (T1) was used as a prober for observing the hydration process of composite cement pastes blending fly ash and silica fume during the early age.The distribution at initial time,evolution curves and signals intensity of T1 were shown in this paper.Results demonstrate that the T1 distribution curves at initial time exhibit two peaks,which are regarded as two different water phases in the pastes.The evolution curves of T1 are in good agreement with the hydration process of composite pastes and could be roughly divided into four stages:initial period,dormant period,acceleration period and steady period.The hydration mechanism for each stage was discussed.The hydration of the composite cement pastes was retarded by the addition of fly ash and silica fume when compared to that of pure cement.However,the hydration degree of the cement in the blends was promoted.
Early-age acoustic emission measurements in hydrating cement paste: Evidence for cavitation during solidification due to self-desiccation
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Lura, Pietro; Couch, J.; Jensen, Ole Mejlhede;
. According to these experimental results, the acoustic emission measured around setting time was attributed to cavitation events occurring in the pores of the cement paste due to self-desiccation. This paper shows how acoustic emission might be used to indicate the time when the fluid–solid transition occurs...
Microstructure and mechanical properties of microwave-assisted heating of pozzolan-Portland cement paste at a very early stage
Natt Makul; Dinesh Kumar Agrawa
Portland-pozzolan cement pastes at a very early stage subjecting to microwave heating were investigated. Microwave with a 2.45 GHz and multimode cavity was used for the experiments. The pastes containing pozzolan materials (pulverized fuel ash, metakaolin and silica fume) were proportioned with a 0.38 water/solid mass ratio and a 20% by weight replacement of total solid content. It was observed that the temperature increased continuously during microwave heating. Some ettringite rods and a...
Nanostructural Deformation Analysis of Calcium Silicate Hydrate in Portland Cement Paste by Atomic Pair Distribution Function
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Hiroshi Suzuki
Full Text Available The deformation of nanostructure of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H in Portland cement (PC paste under compression was characterized by the atomic pair distribution function (PDF, measured using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The PDF of the PC paste exhibited a unique deformation behavior for a short-range order below 2.0 nm, close to the size of the C-S-H globule, while the deformation for a long-range order was similar to that of a calcium hydroxide phase measured by Bragg peak shift. The compressive deformation of the C-S-H nanostructure was comprised of three stages with different interactions between globules. This behavior would originate from the granular nature of C-S-H, which deforms with increasing packing density by slipping the interfaces between globules, rearranging the overall C-S-H nanostructure. This new approach will lead to increasing applications of the PDF technique to understand the deformation mechanism of C-S-H in PC-based materials.
Impact of the associated cation on chloride binding of Portland cement paste
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
De Weerdt, K., E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (Norway); Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo (Italy); Colombo, A. [Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (Norway); Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo (Italy); Coppola, L. [Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo (Italy); Justnes, H. [SINTEF Building and Infrastructure, Trondheim (Norway); Geiker, M.R. [Department of Structural Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (Norway)
Well hydrated cement paste was exposed to MgCl{sub 2}, CaCl{sub 2} and NaCl solutions at 20 °C. The chloride binding isotherms for free chloride concentrations ranging up to 1.5 mol/l were determined experimentally. More chlorides were found to be bound when the associated cation was Mg{sup 2} {sup +} or Ca{sup 2} {sup +} compared to Na{sup +}. The chloride binding capacity of the paste appeared to be related to the pH of the exposure solution. In order to explain the cation dependency of the chloride binding a selection of samples was investigated in detail using experimental techniques such as TG, XRD and SEM–EDS to identify the phases binding the chlorides. The experimentally obtained data were compared with the calculations of a thermodynamic model, GEMS. It was concluded that the measured change in chloride binding depending on the cation was mainly governed by the pH of the exposure solution and thereby the binding capacity of the C-S-H.
Surface fractal analysis of pore structure of high-volume fly-ash cement pastes
Zeng, Qiang; Li, Kefei; Fen-Chong, Teddy; Dangla, Patrick
The surface fractal dimensions of high-volume fly-ash cement pastes are evaluated for their hardening processes on the basis of mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) data. Two surface fractal models are retained: Neimark's model with cylindrical pore hypothesis and Zhang's model without pore geometry assumption. From both models, the logarithm plots exhibit the scale-dependent fractal properties and three distinct fractal regions (I, II, III) are identified for the pore structures. For regions I and III, corresponding to the large (capillary) and small (C-S-H inter-granular) pore ranges respectively, the pore structure shows strong fractal property and the fractal dimensions are evaluated as 2.592-2.965 by Neimark's model and 2.487-2.695 by Zhang's model. The fractal dimension of region I increases with w/ b ratio and hardening age but decreases with fly-ash content by its physical filling effect; the fractal dimension of region III does not evolve much with these factors. The region II of pore size range, corresponding to small capillary pores, turns out to be a transition region and show no clear fractal properties. The range of this region is much influenced by fly-ash content in the pastes. Finally, the correlation between the obtained fractal dimensions and pore structure evolution is discussed in depth.
Impact of the associated cation on chloride binding of Portland cement paste
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Well hydrated cement paste was exposed to MgCl2, CaCl2 and NaCl solutions at 20 °C. The chloride binding isotherms for free chloride concentrations ranging up to 1.5 mol/l were determined experimentally. More chlorides were found to be bound when the associated cation was Mg2 + or Ca2 + compared to Na+. The chloride binding capacity of the paste appeared to be related to the pH of the exposure solution. In order to explain the cation dependency of the chloride binding a selection of samples was investigated in detail using experimental techniques such as TG, XRD and SEM–EDS to identify the phases binding the chlorides. The experimentally obtained data were compared with the calculations of a thermodynamic model, GEMS. It was concluded that the measured change in chloride binding depending on the cation was mainly governed by the pH of the exposure solution and thereby the binding capacity of the C-S-H
Temperature dependence of autogenous shrinkage of silica fume cement pastes with a very low water–binder ratio
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Maruyama, I., E-mail: email@example.com [Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, ES Building, No. 539, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603 (Japan); Teramoto, A. [Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Faculty of Engineering, ES Building, No. 546, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603 (Japan)
Ultra-high-strength concrete with a large unit cement content undergoes considerable temperature increase inside members due to hydration heat, leading to a higher risk of internal cracking. Hence, the temperature dependence of autogenous shrinkage of cement pastes made with silica fume premixed cement with a water–binder ratio of 0.15 was studied extensively. Development of autogenous shrinkage showed different behaviors before and after the inflection point, and dependence on the temperature after mixing and subsequent temperature histories. The difference in autogenous shrinkage behavior poses problems for winter construction because autogenous shrinkage may increase with decrease in temperature after mixing before the inflection point and with increase in temperature inside concrete members with large cross sections.
Influence of the calcium sulfate source on the rheological behaviour of calcium sulfoaluminate cement pastes
Santacruz, Isabel; García-Maté, Marta; G. Aranda, Miguel Ángel; De la Torre, Ángeles G.
Calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cements are receiving increasing attention since their manufacture produces much less CO2 than ordinary Portland cement (OPC) [1]. In addition, they show interesting properties such as high early-age strengths, short setting times and impermeability. The main uses of these CSA cements are for quick repairs and pre-cast products or floor concrete applications. They are prepared by mixing the clinker with different amounts of a calcium sulfate set regulator such as ...
Electromagnetic interference shielding with Portland cement paste containing carbon materials and processed fly ash
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Zornoza, E.
Full Text Available The study described in this article explored the effect of adding different types of carbon materials (graphite powder and three types of carbon fibre, fly ash (with 5.6%, 15.9% and 24.3% Fe2O3, and a mix of both on electromagnetic interference (EMI shielding in Portland cement pastes. The parameters studied included the type and aspect ratio of the carbonic material, composite material thickness, the frequency of the incident electromagnetic radiation and the percentage of the magnetic fraction in the fly ash. The findings showed that the polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibres, which had the highest aspect ratio, provided more effective shielding than any of the other carbon materials studied. Shielding was more effective in thicker specimens and at higher radiation frequencies. Raising the magnetic fraction of the fly ash, in turn, also enhanced paste shielding performance. Finally, adding both carbon fibre and fly ash to the paste resulted in the most effective EMI shielding as a result of the synergies generated.
En el presente trabajo se investiga la influencia de la adición de diferentes tipos de materiales carbonosos (polvo de grafito y 3 tipos de fibra de carbono, de una ceniza volante con diferentes contenidos de fase magnética (5,6%, 15,9% y 24,3% de Fe2O3 y de una mezcla de ambos, sobre la capacidad de apantallar interferencias electromagnéticas de pastas de cemento Pórtland. Entre los parámetros estudiados se encuentra: el tipo de material carbonoso, la relación de aspecto del material carbonoso, el espesor del material compuesto, la frecuencia de la radiación electromagnética incidente y el porcentaje de fracción magnética en la ceniza volante. Los resultados obtenidos indican que entre los materiales carbonosos estudiados son las fibras de carbono basadas en poliacrilonitrilo con una mayor relación de aspecto las que dan mejores resultados de apantallamiento. Al aumentar
Concrete Durability Properties and Microstructural Analysis of Cement Pastes with Nopal Cactus Mucilage as a Natural Additive
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Ramírez-Arellanes, S.
Full Text Available The present study evaluated the addition of a 3% nopal cactus mucilage solution to cement pastes, in its effects on setting times, flow, hydration, and microstructure, as well as on capillary water absorption and chloride diffusion in concrete. Hydration was characterized through XRD and microstructure was characterized with SEM. The mucilage solution/cement and water/cement ratios tested were 0.30, 0.45, and 0.60. The results in cement pastes indicate that the addition of mucilage increases setting times, reduces flow, slows cement hydration, and inhibits the formation of calcium hydroxide crystals in comparison with the control. Capillary absorption was significantly reduced in concrete containing mucilage, and chloride diffusion coefficients dropped up to 20% in the mixture with a mucilage/cement ratio = 0.30. The mixture with a mucilage/cement ratio = 0.45 displayed marginal reduction, and the mixture with mucilage/cement ratio = 0.60 exhibited a diffusion coefficient that was greater than the control for the specimens without moist curing.En esta investigación se evaluó el efecto de una solución de mucílago de nopal al 3% en los tiempos de fraguado, fluidez, hidratación y microestructura de pastas de cemento, y absorción capilar de agua y difusión de cloruros en concreto. La hidratación fue caracterizada por XRD y la microestructura por medio de SEM. Las relaciones solución de mucílago/cemento y agua/cemento fueron 0,30; 0,45 y 0,60. Los resultados en las pastas de cemento indican que el mucílago retarda los tiempos de fraguado, reduce la fluidez, retarda la hidratación del cemento, e inhibe la formación de cristales de hidróxido de calcio, comparados con los controles. La absorción capilar en concreto conteniendo mucílago se redujo significativamente y los coeficientes de difusión de cloruros disminuyeron hasta 20% en la mezcla mucílago/cemento = 0.30. En la relación mucílago/cemento = 0.45 la reducción fue marginal y
Nano-structural Changes of C-S-H in Hardened Cement Paste during Drying at 50°C
AONO, Yoshimichi; MATSUSHITA, Fumiaki; SHIBATA, Sumio; HAMA, Yukio
Pore structural changes in hardened cement pastes, subjected to drying and wetting/drying cycles, were studied at micrometer and nanometer levels. Characterization techniques included Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), nitrogen and water vapor adsorption, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and under-water weighing. Coarsening of pore structure was observed with MIP and increase in the true density of C-S-H was suggested by the result of under-water weighing. Decrease in specific surface area ...
A numerical-statistical approach to determining the representative elementary volume (REV) of cement paste for measuring diffusivity
Zhang, M. Z.; Ye, G.; van Breugel, K
Concrete diffusivity is a function of its microstructure on many scales, ranging from nanometres to millimetres. Multi-scale techniques are therefore needed to model this parameter. Representative elementary volume (REV), in conjunction with the homogenization principle, is one of the most common multi-scale approaches. This study aimed to establish a procedure for establishing the REV required to determine cement paste diffusivity based on a three-step, numerical-statistical approach. First,...
A mild alkali treated jute fibre controlling the hydration behaviour of greener cement paste
Jo, Byung-Wan; Chakraborty, Sumit
To reduce the antagonistic effect of jute fibre on the setting and hydration of jute reinforced cement, modified jute fibre reinforcement would be a unique approach. The present investigation deals with the effectiveness of mild alkali treated (0.5%) jute fibre on the setting and hydration behaviour of cement. Setting time measurement, hydration test and analytical characterizations of the hardened samples (viz., FTIR, XRD, DSC, TGA, and free lime estimation) were used to evaluate the effect of alkali treated jute fibre. From the hydration test, the time (t) required to reach maximum temperature for the hydration of control cement sample is estimated to be 860 min, whilst the time (t) is measured to be 1040 min for the hydration of a raw jute reinforced cement sample. However, the time (t) is estimated to be 1020 min for the hydration of an alkali treated jute reinforced cement sample. Additionally, from the analytical characterizations, it is determined that fibre-cement compatibility is increased and hydration delaying effect is minimized by using alkali treated jute fibre as fibre reinforcement. Based on the analyses, a model has been proposed to explain the setting and hydration behaviour of alkali treated jute fibre reinforced cement composite. PMID:25592665
Effect of Additives and pH on the Formation of Carbonate Mineral by CO2 Sequestration of Cement Paste
Lee, J. H.; Hwang, J.; Lee, H.; Son, B. S.; Oh, J.
CO2 in the atmosphere causes a global warming that is a big issue nowadays. Many studies of CO2 capture and storage (CCS) technologies have been studied all over the world. Waste cement is a good source for aqueous carbonation because it is rich in calcium. Therefore, this study was performed to develop the aqueous carbonation method for waste cement powder. Cement paste was made with water/cement ratio of 6:4 and cured for 28 days in water bath. The cement paste was pulverized into a fine powder sizing less than 0.15 mm. To study effect of additives and pH on the formation of carbonate minerals, aqueous carbonation experiments were conducted. The mineral compositions and morphology of carbonate mineral were identified by XRD and SEM/EDS analysis. 1.0 M NaCl and 0.25 M MgCl2 were applied as additives. Aqueous carbonation experiment was conducted with injecting pure CO2 gas (99.9%) to a reactor containing 200 ㎖ of reacting solution. The pH of reacting solution was controled to determine formational condition of carbonate minerals. In 0.25 M MgCl2 solution, calcite was dominant mineral at high pH. More aragonite, however, formed as decreasing pH of solution with injection of CO2. The presence of Mg2+ in solution makes aragonite more dominant than calcite. Aragonite was mainly formed at the high pH of solution with 1.0 M NaCl additive, whereas calcite was more preponderant mineral than aragonite as falling pH. It show that unstable aragonite transformed to calcite as decreasing pH. In no additive solution, vaterite was dominantly formed at the initial stage of experiement, but unstable vaterite transformed to well crystallized calcite with further carbonation.
Effect of different retarders on the hydration of calcium sulfoaluminate eco-cement pastes
García-Maté, Marta; De la Torre, Ángeles G.; Aranda, Miguel A. G.; Santacruz, Isabel
The manufacture of Calcium SulfoAluminate (CSA) cements is more environmentally friendly than that of OPC [1] as their production releases up to 40% less CO2 than the latter. The main performances of CSA cements are fast setting time, good-chemical resistance properties and high early strengths. CSA cements are prepared by mixing CSA clinker with different amounts of a calcium sulfate set regulator such as gypsum (CaSO4•2H2O), bassanite (CaSO4•½H2O), or anhydrite (CaSO4), or mixtures of th...
Effect of thermally activated paper sludge on the mechanical properties and porosity of cement pastes
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García, R.
Full Text Available The present article discusses the effect of paper sludge additions, calcined at 700 ºC for two hours, on cement paste pore structure and mechanical strength. Both total and capillary porosity were observed to depend on the percentage of calcined sludge added to the cementitious matrix. While a 10% addition induced values for both slightly higher than the control, adding 20% prompted the opposite result, reducing porosity values with respect to the control. Substantial refinement was observed, with a rise in pores smaller than 0.01 μm (gel pores when the calcined sludge was added. Such refinement was greater at the higher percentage of sludge. After approximately 15 days, strength was lower in both the additioned pastes compared to the control. A high correlation (R2≥0.939 was found between total porosity and compressive strength for both percentages studied.El presente trabajo muestra el resultado de una investigación llevada a cabo en pastas de cemento que contienen un 10 y un 20% de lodo de papel calcinado a 700 ºC, durante 2h. Se estudia cómo afecta esta adición activa en la estructura porosa y las resistencias mecánicas. Se demuestra que tanto la porosidad total como la capilar dependen del porcentaje de lodo calcinado añadido a la matriz cementante. Así, un 10% de adición muestra para ambas porosidades valores ligeramente superiores al de la pasta de referencia, sin embargo la incorporación de un 20% produce un resultado contrario, disminuyendo ambas porosidades con respecto a la pasta control. Para el caso de poros de tamaño inferior a 0,01 μm (poros de gel se detecta un importante proceso de refinamiento con la incorporación del lodo calcinado, este refinamiento es tanto mayor cuanto mayor es el porcentaje añadido. En cuanto a los valores de resistencia, para los dos porcentajes de adición se produce una disminución a partir de aproximadamente 15 días, respecto a la pasta patrón. Se muestra una buena correlaci
Various durability aspects of cement pastes and concretes with supplementary cementitious materials
SAILLIO, Mickael; BAROGHEL BOUNY, Véronique; PRADELLE, Sylvain
The use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) as a constituent for concrete receives considerable attention, due to the lower CO2 emission of these materials compared to the production of classic Portland cement. Furthermore, concretes incorporating SCMs show some improved durability properties. SCMs are mainly pozzolanic materials (Fly Ash or Metakaolin) or alkali-activated materials such as ground granulated blast slag (GGBS). In this paper, the durability of concretes and cement p...
Self-Shrinkage Behaviors of Waste Paper Fiber Reinforced Cement Paste considering Its Self-Curing Effect at Early-Ages
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Zhengwu Jiang
Full Text Available The aim of this paper was to study how the early-age self-shrinkage behavior of cement paste is affected by the addition of the waste paper fibers under sealed conditions. Although the primary focus was to determine whether the waste paper fibers are suitable to mitigate self-shrinkage as an internal curing agent under different adding ways, evaluating their strength, pore structure, and hydration properties provided further insight into the self-cured behavior of cement paste. Under the wet mixing condition, the waste paper fibers could mitigate the self-shrinkage of cement paste and, at additions of 0.2% by mass of cement, the waste paper fibers were found to show significant self-shrinkage cracking control while providing some internal curing. In addition, the self-curing efficiency results were analyzed based on the strength and the self-shrinkage behaviors of cement paste. Results indicated that, under a low water cement ratio, an optimal dosage and adding ways of the waste paper fibers could enhance the self-curing efficiency of cement paste.
A numerical-statistical approach to determining the representative elementary volume (REV of cement paste for measuring diffusivity
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Zhang, M. Z.
Full Text Available Concrete diffusivity is a function of its microstructure on many scales, ranging from nanometres to millimetres. Multi-scale techniques are therefore needed to model this parameter. Representative elementary volume (REV, in conjunction with the homogenization principle, is one of the most common multi-scale approaches. This study aimed to establish a procedure for establishing the REV required to determine cement paste diffusivity based on a three-step, numerical-statistical approach. First, several series of 3D cement paste microstructures were generated with HYMOSTRUC3D, a cement hydration and microstructure model, for different volumes of cement paste and w/c ratios ranging from 0.30 to 0.60. Second, the finite element method was used to simulate the diffusion of tritiated water through these microstructures. Effective cement paste diffusivity values for different REVs were obtained by applying Fick's law. Finally, statistical analysis was used to find the fluctuation in effective diffusivity with cement paste volume, from which the REV was then determined. The conclusion drawn was that the REV for measuring diffusivity in cement paste is 100x100x100 μm3.
La difusividad del hormigón depende de su microestructura a numerosas escalas, desde nanómetros hasta milímetros, por lo que se precisa de técnicas multiescala para representar este parámetro. Junto con el principio de homogeneización, uno de los métodos multiescala más habituales es el volumen elemental representativo (VER. El objeto de este estudio era establecer un procedimiento que permitiera determinar el VER necesario para calcular la difusividad de la pasta de cemento, basándose en un método numéricoestadístico que consta de tres etapas. Primero, se crearon varias series de microestructuras de pasta de cemento en 3D con HYMOSTRUC3D, un programa que permite crear un modelo de la hidratación y microestructura del cemento. Luego se empleó el método de
Characterization of Pozzolanic Reaction and Its Effect on the C-S-H Gel in Fly Ash-cement Paste
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
WANG Lei; HE Zhen; CAI Xinhua
High resolution solid-state 29Si MAS NMR, combined with XRD, SEM and FTIR were used to characterize the pozzolanic activity of FA, type of main pozzolanic reaction products, and the effect of pozzolanic reaction on the C-S-H microstructure in fly ash-cement (FC) paste. The experimental results indicate that in the hydrated FC paste with 30% dosage of FA at 3 d, FA partially participated in the pozzolanic reaction, while, at 120 d, FA largely reacts. During the hydration of FCpaste at laboratory temperature, the pozzolanic reaction products are C-S-H gel rather than zeolitic gel.Moreover, after the covalent bonds of Si-O-Si, Si-O-Al and Al-O-Al in the structure of FA are broken,monosilicates Si-OH and Al-OH groups form, these chemical species can connect C-S-H dimers, thus producing more Al-free C-S-H and aluminous C-S-H than in the plain cement paste. The increased content of Al for Si substitution in the bridging tetrahedra of C-S-H may decrease the stability of C-S-H, which results in a rather obvious loss in the mechanical strength of hardened FC paste.
Influence of chemical composition of civil construction waste in the cement paste; Influencia da composicao quimica dos residuos da construcao civil a pasta de cimento
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Cunha, G.A.; Andrade, A.C.D.; Souza, J.M.M.; Evangelista, A.C.J.; Almeida, V.C., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (EQ/UFRJ), RJ (Brazil). Escola de Quimica
The construction and demolition waste when disposed inappropriately might cause serious public health problems. Its reutilization focusing on the development of new products using simple production techniques, assuring a new product life cycle and not damaging the environment is inserted in sustainable concept. The aim of this work was identifying the characteristics of types of waste generated in a residential reform (glassy ceramic and fill dirt leftovers) verifying separately its influence on cement pastes mechanical behavior. Cement pastes + wastes were prepared in 25% and 50% proportions with an approximately 0,35 water/cement relation and, glue time determination, water absorption, resistance to compression and X-ray fluorescence assays were taken. The results indicate that the chemical composition of the waste causes changes in the behavior of cement pastes, reflecting on their resistance to compression. (author)
A study of the water vapor sorption isotherms of hardened cement pastes: Possible pore structure changes at low relative humidity and the impact of temperature on isotherms
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Wu, Min; Johannesson, Björn; Geiker, Mette Rica
Using water vapor sorption isotherms measured by the "dynamic vapor sorption" (DVS) method, a resaturation study was conducted to investigate possible pore structure changes of hardened cement paste samples caused by the drying at low relative humidity during desorption measurements. The results...... indicate that either the relatively short term drying does not cause any microstructure changes or the pore structure of the hardened cement paste samples can be restored during the absorption process. Additionally, the temperature dependency of sorption isotherms was investigated using both hardened...... cement paste samples and a model material MCM-41. The pronounced impact of temperature on desorption isotherms of cement based materials as reported in literature was not found in this investigation. The results suggest that the differences between the sorption isotherms measured at different...
Liquid water permeability of partially saturated cement paste assessed by dem-based methodology
Li, K.; Stroeven, P.; Stroeven, M.; Sluys, L.J.
Permeability of virtual cement seems to exceed experimental data by several orders of magnitude. The differences may actually not be that dramatic, since experimental samples are in practice not always fully saturated as generally assumed. This paper demonstrates that this has enormous effects on pe
Measurement and modeling of the surface potential evolution of hydrated cement pastes as a function of degradation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Hydrated cement pastes (HCP) have a high affinity with a lot of (radio)toxic products and can be used as waste confining materials. In cementitious media. elements are removed from solution via (co)precipitation reactions or via sorption/diffusion mechanisms as surface complexation equilibria. In this study, to improve the knowledge of the surface charge evolution vs the degradation of the HCP particles, two cements have been studied: CEM-I (ordinary Portland cement, OPC) and CEM-V (blast furnace slag and fly ash added to OPC). Zeta potential measurements showed that two isoelectric points exist vs HCP leaching, i.e., pH. Zeta potential increases from -17 to +20 mV for pH 13.3 to pH 12.65 (fresh HCP states) and decreases from 20 to -8 mV for pH 12.65 to I I (degraded HCP states). The use of a simple surface complexation model of C-S-H, limited in comparison with the structural modeling of C-S-H in literature, allows a good pr?diction of the surface potential evolution of both HCP. Using this operational modeling, the surface charge is controlled by the deprotonation of surface sites (> SO-) and by the sorption of calcium (> SOCa+), which brings in addition a positive charge. The calcium concentration is controlled by portlandite or calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) solubilities. (authors)
蒸汽养护制度对水泥石孔结构的影响%Effect of Steam Curing System on Pore Structure of Cement Paste
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
耿健; 彭波; 孙家瑛
Mercury intrusion method was used to study the effect of steam curing system on pore structure of cement paste. The major reason for inferior permeation resistance of steam cured concrete compared with standard cured concrete is that steam curing process can cause inferior pore structure of cement paste. The influence of steam curing-related parameters on the pore structure of cement paste is significant,a longer curing period favors improvement of the pore structure of cement paste, but a higher temperature rise speed,a longer constant temperature time and a higher constant temperature are unfavorable to the pore structure of cement paste.%采用压汞法研究了蒸汽养护(蒸养)制度对水泥石孔结构的影响.结果表明:蒸养过程会导致水泥石孔结构变差,这是造成蒸养混凝土抗渗性能下降的主要原因;蒸养制度中各参数的变化对水泥石孔结构有明显的影响,静养时间的延长对水泥石孔结构具有改善作用,而较快的升温速率、较长的恒温时间及过高的恒温温度均会对水泥石的孔结构产生不利影响.
A preliminary study of the influence of ions in the pore solution of hardened cement pastes on the porosity determination by low temperature calorimetry
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Highlights: • Ionic concentrations in cement pore solution at freezing temperatures were simulated. • Effects of ions in determining pore sizes by low temperature calorimetry were studied. • Ions in cement pore solution affect the pore size determination to a limited extent. - Abstract: Thermodynamic modeling was used to predict the ionic concentrations in the pore solution of cement pastes at different temperatures during a freezing and melting measurement in low temperature calorimetry (LTC) studies. By using the predicted ionic concentrations, the temperature depressions caused by the ions presented in the pore solution were determined. The influence of the freezing/melting point depression caused by the ions on the determined pore size distribution by LTC was demonstrated. Thermodynamic modeling using the program PHREEQC was performed on the cylinder and powder samples of cement pastes prepared by two types of cements, i.e., CEM I 32.5 R and CEM III/B 42.5 N. Using the modeled ionic concentrations, the calculated differential pore size distributions for the studied samples with and without considering the temperature depression caused by the ions in the pore solution were compared. The results indicate that for the studied cement paste samples, the influence of the temperature depression caused by the presence of the ions in the pore solution on the determination of the pore size distribution by LTC is limited
Rheology and zeta potential of cement pastes containing calcined silt and ground granulated blast-furnace slag
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Safi, B.
Full Text Available This study aimed to analyse the re-use of dam silt as a supplementary binder for self-compacting concrete (SCC. When burnt, silt becomes more reactive because the kaolin it contains is converted into metakaolin. Portland cement, calcined or burnt silt and ground granulated blast furnace slag were used in this research. Cement pastes were prepared with blends containing two or three of these materials. The replacement ratio for burnt silt in both cases was 10 % and 20 % by cement weight and the ratio for the slag was a constant 30 % by weight of the blend. Rheological and zeta potential tests were conducted to evaluate paste electrokinetics and rheological behaviour. The findings showed that burnt silt is apt for use as an addition to cement for SCC manufacture.
En el presente trabajo se ha analizado la posibilidad de utilizar los lodos procedentes de embalses como adición en la fabricación del hormigón autocompactante (HAC. Con la calcinación, estos materiales se vuelven más reactivos debido a la transformación en metacaolín, del caolín que forma parte de su composición. Las materias primas empleadas en esta investigación son: cemento Pórtland, lodos de embalse calcinados y escorias granuladas de horno alto. Se prepararon pastas de cemento con mezclas que contenían dos o tres de estos materiales. El porcentaje de reemplazo de los lodos calcinados osciló entre el 10 y el 20 % en peso del cemento, mientras que el de la escoria fue del 30 % en peso de la mezcla. Se llevaron a cabo ensayos reológicos y de potencial zeta para evaluar el comportamiento electrocinético y reológico de las distintas pastas. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, una vez calcinados, los lodos de embalse son aprovechables como adición al cemento con destino a la preparación de HAC.
Effect of poly car boxy late admixtures on portland cement paste setting and rheological behaviour
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Puertas, F.
Full Text Available The objective of the work was to determine the effects of polycarboxilated-type admixture on the setting times and the rheological properties of different types of cements including CEM I 42.5 R, CEM Il/B-V 42.5 N and CEM III/B 32.5 N, defined according to the UNE EN 197-1:2000 standard. The results show that there is a lineal relationship between the initial setting times and the admixture dosage. Mathematical equations that model this behaviour for each of the cements have been determined. The data obtained from the minislump test and from the rheological parameters determined using the rheometer (plastic viscosity and yield stress point to similar conclusions. It was also verified that the workability effect of the polycarboxilate admixture is most intense for blended cements.
El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido estudiar el efecto de la dosificación de un aditivo basado en policarboxilatos sobre el inicio de tiempo de fraguado y las propiedades reo lógicas en pastas de diferentes tipos de cemento (CEM 142.5 R, CEM 11/ B-V42.5 NYCEMIII/B 32.5 N-Norma EN 197-1:2000. existe una relación lineal entre el inicio del fraguado y la dosificación del aditivo, se han determinado las ecuaciones matemáticas que describen este comportamiento para cada cemento, los resultados obtenidos sobre la fluidez de la pasta en el ensayo del "minislump" coinciden con la evolución de los valores de los parámetros reológicos (esfuerzo de cizalladura y viscosidad plástica determinados a través de un reómetro. el efecto fluidificante del aditivo superplastificante basado en policarboxilatos es mucho más marcado en cementos que contienen adiciones.
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Silvina Zito
Full Text Available In this paper the Sanitary Faience, use as a replacement for portland cement is analyzed. Replacements used were 8, 24 and 40% by weight; the assays used contemplated the evolution of hydration from the first minutes (up to 48 hours by calorimetry, and from 2 days (to 28 days by the fixing of calcium hydroxide, water chemically combined, mechanical flexural and compression and porosity. The results showed that with increasing the percentage of replacement, at the earliest ages the effect of dilution overlaps and contrats with the physical stimulation; and at the 28 days all blends showed, as well as physical stimulation, chemistry stimulation, trough of pozzolanic reactivity.
Development of porosity of cement paste blended with supplementary cementitious materials after carbonation
Wu, B.; YE, guang
Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) like fly ash (FA) and blast furnace slag (BFS) are normally used to replace parts of Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) to reduce the cost and CO2 emission. Some consequences are the reduction of portlandite (CH) content and the formation of C-S-H with low Ca/Si ratio, due to pozzolanic reactions. It is known that carbonation of portlandite leads to a reduction in the porosity which is ascribed to the positive difference of molar volumes between CH and ...
Characterization of different types of ceramic waste and its incorporation to the cement paste; Caracterizaco de diferentes tipos de residuos ceramicos e sua incorporacao a pasta de cimento
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Cunha, G.A.; Evangelista, A.C.J.; Almeida, V.C. de, E-mail: email@example.com [Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (EQ/UFRJ), RJ (Brazil). Escola de Quimica
The porcelain tike is a product resulting from the technological development of ceramic plating industry. Its large acceptation by the consumer market is probably linked with certain properties, such as low porosity, high mechanical resistance, facility in maintenance, besides being a material of modern and versatile characteristics. The aim of this work was characterizing the different ceramic wastes (enameled and porcelain tike) and evaluating its influence on the mechanical behavior in cement pastes. The wastes were characterized through the determination of its chemical composition, size particle distribution and X-ray diffraction. Cement pastes + wastes were prepared in 25% and 50% proportions and glue time determination, water absorption and resistance to compression assays were taken. The results indicate that although the wastes don't show any variation in the elementary chemical composition, changes in the cement paste behavior related to the values of resistance to compression were observed. (author)
Interactions between hydrated cement paste and organic acids: Thermodynamic data and speciation modeling
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
De Windt, Laurent, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, Centre de Géosciences, 35 Rue St-Honoré, 77305 Fontainebleau Cedex (France); Bertron, Alexandra; Larreur-Cayol, Steeves; Escadeillas, Gilles [University of Toulouse, UPS/INSA/LMDC, 135 Av. de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04 (France)
Interactions of short-chain organic acids with hydrated cement phases affect structure durability in the agro-food and nuclear waste industries but can also be used to modify cement properties. Most previous studies have been experimental, performed at fixed concentrations and pH, without quantitatively discriminating among polyacidity effects, or complexation and salt precipitation processes. This paper addresses such issues by thermodynamic equilibrium calculations for acetic, citric, oxalic, succinic acids and a simplified hydrated CEM-I. The thermodynamic constants collected from the literature allow the speciation to be modeled over a wide range of pH and concentrations. Citric and oxalic had a stronger chelating effect than acetic acid, while succinic acid was intermediate. Similarly, Ca-citrate and Ca-oxalate salts were more insoluble than Ca-acetate and Ca-succinate salts. Regarding aluminium complexation, hydroxyls, sulfates, and acid competition was highlighted. The exploration of acid mixtures showed the preponderant effect of oxalate and citrate over acetate and succinate.
Evaluation of the properties of bitumen and cement pastes and mortars used in the immobilization of waste radioactive
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Vieira, Vanessa Mota; de Tello, Cledola Cassia Oliveira, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN/CNEN-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil)
The Project RBMN was launched in November 2008 and aims to establish, manage and execute all tasks for implementing the Brazilian Repository, from its conception to its construction. The concept to be adopted will be a near-surface repository. The inventory includes wastes from the operation of nuclear power plants, fuel cycle facilities and from the use of radionuclides in medicine, industry and activities research and development. The implementation of the national repository is an important technical requirement, and a legal requirement for the entry into operation of the nuclear power plant Angra 3. In Brazil, for the immobilization and solidification of radioactive waste of low and intermediate level of radiation from NPPs are used cement, in Angra 1, and bitumen, in Angra 2. Studies indicate serious concerns about the risks associated with bituminization radioactive waste, much related to the process as the product. There are two major problems due to the presence of products bituminization in repositories, swelling of the waste products and their degradation in the long term. To accommodate the swelling, filling the drums must be limited to 70 - 90% of its volume, which reduces the structural stability of the repository and the optimization of deposition. This study aims to evaluate of the properties of bitumen and cement pastes and mortars used in the immobilization of waste radioactive. (author)
(31)P Solid-State NMR study of the chemical setting process of a dual-paste injectable brushite cements.
Legrand, A P; Sfihi, H; Lequeux, N; Lemaître, J
The composition and evolution of a brushite-type calcium phosphate cement was investigated by Solid-State NMR and X-ray during the setting process. The cement is obtained by mixing beta-tricalcium phosphate [Ca(3)(PO(4))(2), beta-TCP] and monocalcium phosphate monohydrate [Ca(H(2)PO(4))(2).H(2)O, MCPM] in presence of water, with formation of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate or brushite [CaHPO(2).2H(2)O, DCPD]. Analysis of the initial beta-TCP paste has shown the presence of beta-calcium pyrophosphate [Ca(2)P(2)O(7), beta-CPy] and that of the initial MCPM a mixture of MCPM and dicalcium phosphate [CaHPO(4), DCP]. Follow-up of the chemical composition by (31)P Solid-State NMR enables to show that the chemical setting process appeared to reach an end after 20 min. The constant composition observed at the end of the process was similarly determined.
Application of X-ray Computed Tomography in Characterization Microstrueture Changes of Cement Pastes in Carbonation Process
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
HAN Jiande; SUN Wei; PAN Ganghua; WANG Caihui; RONG Hui
The microstructure characteristics and meso-defect volume changes of hardened cement paste before and after carbonation were investigated by three-dimensional (3D) X-ray computed tomography (XCT),where three types water-to-cement ratio of 0.53,0.35 and 0.23 were considered.The high-resolution 3D images of microstructure and filtered defects were reconstructed by an XCT VG Studio MAX 2.0 software.The mesodefect volume fractions and size distribution were analyzed based on 3D images through add-on modules of 3D defect analysis.The 3D meso-defects volume fractions before carbonation were 0.79%,0.38% and 0.05%corresponding to w/c ratio=0.53,0.35 and 0.23,respectively.The 3D meso-defects volume fractions after carbonation were 2.44%,0.91% and 0.14% corresponding to w/c ratio=0.53,0.35 and 0.23,respectively.The experimental results suggest that 3D meso-defects volume fractions after carbonation for above three w/c ratio increased significantly.At the same time,meso-cracks distribution of the carbonation shrinkage and gray values changes of the different w/c ratio and carbonation reactions were also investigated.
水泥浆体体系ζ-电位探究%Study on ζ-potential of Cement Paste System
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
张翠; 王智; 王林龙; 张磊
The paper determined ζ-potential of cement paste system systematic using electrophoresis method,researched the effect of five controllable factors on ζ-potential of cement paste system,The results illustrates:hydration time and admixtures have little influence on ζ-potential of cement paste; low water/cement ratio,the concentration of ion electrolyte is high in cement paste; Polycarboxylate superplasticizer could enhance ζ-Potential of cement paste effectively,however,the impact of ζ-potential naphthalene superplasticizer is stronger than that of Polycarboxylate superplasticizer; certain amount of sulfate could improve the ζ-potential on the cement particles with addition of Polycarboxylate superplasticizer.So the increase of the electrostatic repulsion contributes to the dispersion ability and fluidity.It had high reference value in dielectric properties and rheological properties of cement paste,and cement dispersion ability with superplasticizer in theory.%本文通过电泳法系统测定了水泥浆体体系的ζ-电位,研究了实际工程应用中,对水泥浆体性质影响较大、实际可控的五个因素对水泥浆体ζ-电位的影响规律.研究证明:水化时间,掺合料对水泥浆体的ζ-电位影响不大;低水灰比时,水泥浆体中电解质离子浓度较高;聚羧酸减水剂能有效提高水泥颗粒表面ζ-电位,但聚羧酸减水剂对ζ-电位的影响不如萘系减水剂的大;适量硫酸盐可提高掺聚羧酸减水剂的水泥浆体ζ-电位,增加水泥颗粒间静电斥力,对水泥浆体的分散性和流动性有利.实验结论对研究水泥浆体的介电性质、流变性能及水泥与减水剂的分散性具有较高的理论参考价值.
Diffusion and sorption on hardened cement pastes - experiments and modelling results
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Jakob, A.; Sarott, F.-A.; Spieler, P.
Large parts of repositories for low and intermediate level radioactive waste consist of cementitious materials. Radionuclides are transported by diffusion in the cement matrix or, in case of fractured or highly permeable cement, by advection and dispersion. In this work we aim at a mechanistic understanding of diffusion processes of some reactive tracers. On the laboratory scale, ten through-diffusion experiments were performed to study these processes for Cl{sup -}, I{sup -}, Cs{sup +} and Ni{sup 2+} ions in a Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement (SRPC) equilibrated with an artificial pore water. Some of the experiments continued up to nearly three years with daily measurements. In all the experiments, a cement disk initially saturated with an artificial pore water was exposed on one side to a highly diluted solution containing the species of interest. On the second side, a near-zero concentration boundary was maintained to drive through-diffusion of the tracer. The changes of concentrations on both sides of the samples were monitored, allowing careful mass balances. From these data, values of the diffusive flux and the mass of tracer taken up by the cementitious material were determined as a function of time. In the subsequent modelling, the time histories of these tracer breakthroughs were fitted using five different models. The simplest model neglects all retarding mechanisms except pure diffusion. More complex models either account for instantaneous equilibrium sorption in form of linear or non-linear (Freundlich) sorption or for first-order sorption kinetics where the forward reaction may be linear or non-linear according to the Freundlich isotherm, while the back-reaction is linear. Hence, the analysis allows the extraction of the diffusion coefficient and parameter values for the sorption isotherm or rate-constants for sorption and desorption. The fits to the experimental data were carried out by an automated Marquardt-Levenberg procedure yielding error
Diffusion and sorption on hardened cement pastes - experiments and modelling results
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Large parts of repositories for low and intermediate level radioactive waste consist of cementitious materials. Radionuclides are transported by diffusion in the cement matrix or, in case of fractured or highly permeable cement, by advection and dispersion. In this work we aim at a mechanistic understanding of diffusion processes of some reactive tracers. On the laboratory scale, ten through-diffusion experiments were performed to study these processes for Cl-, I-, Cs+ and Ni2+ ions in a Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement (SRPC) equilibrated with an artificial pore water. Some of the experiments continued up to nearly three years with daily measurements. In all the experiments, a cement disk initially saturated with an artificial pore water was exposed on one side to a highly diluted solution containing the species of interest. On the second side, a near-zero concentration boundary was maintained to drive through-diffusion of the tracer. The changes of concentrations on both sides of the samples were monitored, allowing careful mass balances. From these data, values of the diffusive flux and the mass of tracer taken up by the cementitious material were determined as a function of time. In the subsequent modelling, the time histories of these tracer breakthroughs were fitted using five different models. The simplest model neglects all retarding mechanisms except pure diffusion. More complex models either account for instantaneous equilibrium sorption in form of linear or non-linear (Freundlich) sorption or for first-order sorption kinetics where the forward reaction may be linear or non-linear according to the Freundlich isotherm, while the back-reaction is linear. Hence, the analysis allows the extraction of the diffusion coefficient and parameter values for the sorption isotherm or rate-constants for sorption and desorption. The fits to the experimental data were carried out by an automated Marquardt-Levenberg procedure yielding error estimates of the fit
Preparation and characterization of injectable calcium phosphate cement paste modified by polyethylene glycol-6000
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
An ICPC with high structure recoverability and paste stability was successfully developed directly incorporating PEG-6000 into the liquid phase of CPC. The rheological behavior of ICPC was investigated with rheometric scientific ARES902-30004 controlled strain rheometer. Novel approaches of flow rate, shear thinning index (SI), shear stress slowdown (Δτ) and thixotropy loop area have been applied to assess the injectability and structure recoverability of the ICPC paste. The addition of PEG-6000 to ICPC resulted in a thixotrophic structure with shortened setting time, slightly increased viscosity, larger thixotropic hysteresis loop area and lower Δτ, with the improvement largely dependent on the PEG-6000 content. With acceptable injectability and shortened setting time, ICPC (1%) showed the lowest Δτ and the highest SI, endowing the paste good structure recoverability and paste stability. The ICPC (1%) was bioactive and facilitated cell attachment and proliferation. The optimized ICPC (1%) paste with a relatively good structure stability and paste stability may serve as a good candidate for tooth root-canal fillings and percutaneous vertebroplasty in microinvasive surgery.
Preparation and characterization of injectable calcium phosphate cement paste modified by polyethylene glycol-6000
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Chen Fangping, E-mail: email@example.com [The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237 (China); Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237 (China); Liu Changsheng, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237 (China); Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237 (China); Wei Jie [State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237 (China); Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237 (China); Chen Xiao; Zhao Zhen; Gao Yanli [Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237 (China)
An ICPC with high structure recoverability and paste stability was successfully developed directly incorporating PEG-6000 into the liquid phase of CPC. The rheological behavior of ICPC was investigated with rheometric scientific ARES902-30004 controlled strain rheometer. Novel approaches of flow rate, shear thinning index (SI), shear stress slowdown ({Delta}{tau}) and thixotropy loop area have been applied to assess the injectability and structure recoverability of the ICPC paste. The addition of PEG-6000 to ICPC resulted in a thixotrophic structure with shortened setting time, slightly increased viscosity, larger thixotropic hysteresis loop area and lower {Delta}{tau}, with the improvement largely dependent on the PEG-6000 content. With acceptable injectability and shortened setting time, ICPC (1%) showed the lowest {Delta}{tau} and the highest SI, endowing the paste good structure recoverability and paste stability. The ICPC (1%) was bioactive and facilitated cell attachment and proliferation. The optimized ICPC (1%) paste with a relatively good structure stability and paste stability may serve as a good candidate for tooth root-canal fillings and percutaneous vertebroplasty in microinvasive surgery.
Adsorption of cefixime from aqueous solutions using modified hardened paste of Portland cement by perlite; optimization by Taguchi method.
Rasoulifard, Mohammad Hossein; Khanmohammadi, Soghra; Heidari, Azam
In the present study, we have used a simple and cost-effective removal technique by a commercially available Fe-Al-SiO2 containing complex material (hardened paste of Portland cement (HPPC)). The adsorbing performance of HPPC and modified HPPC with perlite for removal of cefixime from aqueous solutions was investigated comparatively by using batch adsorption studies. HPPC has been selected because of the main advantages such as high efficiency, simple separation of sludge, low-cost and abundant availability. A Taguchi orthogonal array experimental design with an OA16 (4(5)) matrix was employed to optimize the affecting factors of adsorbate concentration, adsorbent dosage, type of adsorbent, contact time and pH. On the basis of equilibrium adsorption data, Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherm models were also confirmed. The results showed that HPPC and modified HPPC were both efficient adsorbents for cefixime removal.
A numerical evaluation of continuous backfilling in cemented paste backfilled stope through an application of wick drains
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Li Li; Yang Pengyu
Cemented paste backfill (CPB) is gaining popularity in many underground mines worldwide. Sufficient water is added into CPB to make a flowable material for pipe transportation. Barricades are built near the drawpoints to prevent in-rush of the fill slurry. To avoid barricade failures resulting from excessive backfill pressures, backfilling is typically performed with a plug pour followed by a final pour. The inter-val between the two pours should be shortened or removed to increase mining productivity and avoid pipe clogging. Recently, Li proposed to apply wick drains in backfilled stopes to promote drainage and consolidation. The preliminary simulations by considering an instantaneous filling indicated that the drainage of CPB can be significantly accelerated by using wick drains. Barricade was not considered. Here, some new numerical modellings are presented with more representative filling sequences, stope geometry, and different draining configurations. The results illustrate that the stope can be backfilled continuously by using wick drains.
Effect of Initial Backfill Temperature on the Deformation Behavior of Early Age Cemented Paste Backfill That Contains Sodium Silicate
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Aixiang Wu
Full Text Available Enhancing the knowledge on the deformation behavior of cemented paste backfill (CPB in terms of stress-strain relations and modulus of elasticity is significant for economic and safety reasons. In this paper, the effect of the initial backfill temperature on the CPB's stress-strain behavior and modulus of elasticity is investigated. Results show that the stress-strain relationship and the modulus of elasticity behavior of CPB are significantly affected by the curing time and initial temperature of CPB. Additionally, the relationship between the modulus of elasticity and unconfined compressive strength (UCS and the degree of hydration was evaluated and discussed. The increase of UCS and hydration degree leads to an increase in the modulus of elasticity, which is not significantly affected by the initial temperature.
Strength and durability of concrete: Effects of cement paste-aggregate interfaces. Part 2: Significance of transition zones on physical and mechanical properties of portland cement mortar; Final report
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Lee, T.F.F.; Cohen, M.D.; Chen, W.F.; Zhang, Y.
The research was based on a two-part basic research investigation studying the effects of cement paste-aggregate interfaces (or interfacial transition zones-ITZ) on strength and durability of concrete. Part 1 dealt with the theoretical study and Part 2 dealt with the experimental.
Effect of desliming of sulphide-rich mill tailings on the long-term strength of cemented paste backfill.
Ercikdi, Bayram; Baki, Hakan; İzki, Muhammet
This paper presents the effect of desliming on the short- and long-term strength, stability and rheological properties of cemented paste backfill (CPB) produced from two different mill tailings. A 28-day unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of ≥1.0 MPa and the maintenance of stability over 224 days of curing were selected as the design criteria for the evaluation of paste backfill performance. Desliming induced some changes in the physical, chemical, mineralogical and rheological properties of the tailings. CPB mixture of the deslimed tailings achieved the required consistency at a lower water to cement ratio. The short-term UCSs of CPB samples of the deslimed tailings were found to be 30-100% higher than those samples of the reference tailings at all the binder dosages and curing times. CPB samples of the deslimed tailings achieved the long-term stability at relatively low binder dosages (e.g. 5 wt% c.f. ≥6.1% for the reference tailings). It was also estimated that desliming could allow a 13.4-23.1% reduction in the binder consumption depending apparently on the inherent characteristics of the tailings. Over the curing period, generation of sulphate and acid by the oxidation of pyrite present in the tailings was also monitored to correlate with the strength losses observed in the long term. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP) analyses provided an insight into the microstructure of CPB and the formation of secondary mineral phases (i.e. gypsum) confirming the beneficial effect of desliming. These findings suggest that desliming can be suitably exploited for CPB of sulphide-rich mill tailings to improve the strength and stability particularly in the long term and to reduce binder consumption. PMID:23220652
The degree of hydration assessment of blended cement pastes by differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis. Morphological evolution of the solid phases
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Monteagudo, S.M., E-mail: email@example.com [Departamento de Ingeniería Civil: Construcción, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28040 (Spain); Moragues, A., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Departamento de Ingeniería Civil: Construcción, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28040 (Spain); Gálvez, J.C., E-mail: email@example.com [Departamento de Ingeniería Civil: Construcción, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28040 (Spain); Casati, M.J., E-mail: email@example.com [Departamento de Vehículos Aeroespaciales, Escuela de Ingeniería Aeronáutica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (Spain); Reyes, E., E-mail: email@example.com [Departamento de Ingeniería Civil: Construcción, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28040 (Spain)
Highlights: • A proposal of hydration degree calculation for blended cement pastes is presented. • The method is based both on the contributions of various authors and on DTA–TG results. • Paste and mortar specimens with BFS, FA and SF mineral admixtures were used. • The evaluation of CH gives information on hydration and pozzolanic reactions. • The assessment of α provides an insight into future strength evolution. - Abstract: The degree of hydration assessment of cement paste from differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis data has been performed by several authors that have offered a number of proposals for technical application to blended cements. In this paper, two calculation methods are studied in detail. Then, a proposal of the degree of hydration calculation for blended cements, based on the analysis of experimental results of DTA–TG, is presented. The proposed method combines the contributions of the authors and allows straightforward calculation of the degree of hydration from the experimental results. Validation of the methodology was performed by macroscopic and microstructural tests through paste and mortar specimens with blast furnace slag, flying ash and silica fume mineral admixtures bei(g)ng used. Tests of scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive analyser on paste specimens, and of mechanical strength on mortar specimens with the same percentages of substitution, were performed. They showed good agreement with the information derived from the differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis data.
Influence of Nano-SiO2 on the Consistency, Setting Time, Early-Age Strength, and Shrinkage of Composite Cement Pastes
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Yu Chen
Full Text Available The study outlined the raw materials and mix proportions to prepare composite cement pastes with the addition of silica-based micro- and nanoparticles. The effects of amorphous nano-SiO2 on the early-age properties, including the consistency, setting time, early-age strength, and chemical and autogenous shrinkages, were investigated. Under the condition of the same dosage of superplasticizer used, the consistency of cement paste with nano-SiO2 is higher than that with silica fume. Significant reductions of the initial and final setting times are observed especially for nano-SiO2 addition groups, and the time difference between the initial and final setting times goes up with the increasing proportions of nano-SiO2. The addition of nano-SiO2 is more helpful to the improvement of early-age strengths of the paste with or without fly ash admixed than silica fume additive for the same mass proportion. Both the chemical and autogenous shrinkages of cement paste develop with the increasing amount of micro- or nanolevel silica particles; however, nano-SiO2 plays a more active role than silica fume in inspiring early-age shrinkage. The physical and chemical mechanisms of nano-SiO2 in cement paste are also discussed.
The effect of pozzolan additions on the shrinkage of cement pastes and mortars during their first hours of age
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ossa, M. Mauricio
Full Text Available The traditional favour enjoyed by cement including additions and by their diverse uses in Chile calls for an extense investigation of their behaviour in order that the results may justify their utilization in specific projects. This works studies volume changes occurring in cement pastes and mortars containing pozzolan additions during their first hours of age. This investigation used cements made in the laboratory from raw materials supplied by chilean manufacturers. Two types of clinkers were used, namely; a gypsum type and a natural pozzolan type, added in proportions ranging from 0 to 30%.Tests were conducted to ascertain the shrinkage of cement pastes and mortars since the first moments following their mixing operation, employing there for moulds fitted with a special device designed and implemented at the laboratory of the IDIEM Department of Agglomerants.
The results thus gathered corroborated the fact that independently of cement characteristics, in general the deformation of pastes and mortars exhibits successive periods of first shrinkage swelling, and second shrinkage.
The first shrinkage is affected by the ambient conditions of humidity, temperature, and wind (evaporation, but also in a preponderant way by cement specific surface, which allows higher velocity in the chemical reactions occurring during that period. Moreover the compactation degree is also affecting shrinkage, here.
On the other hand, it was confirmed that with cements of like fineness, those having higher C3A contents exhibit an overall shrinkage larger than that of cements having low contents.
At last it was possible to ascertain that an increase in pozzolan contents does not affect shrinkage directly, but that its presence may eventually modify the gypsum/clinker ratio and thus give rise to changes, specially in the two States of swelling and second shrinkage.
La tradicional aceptación en Chile de los cementos con adición y su diversidad
The influence of energy mixing in pastes of Portland cement used in well cementing; Influencia da energia de mistura em pastas de cimento Portland utilizadas em cimentacao de pocos petroliferos
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Lima, Flank M.; Oliveira, Valeska G.; Martinelli, Antonio E.; Melo, Dulce M.A.; Cachina, Gustavo H.A.B. [Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN (Brazil)
Portland cement is by far the most important binding material used in oil well cementing. Its mixture process in field is one of the most important problems in well cementing practices. The objective of that process is to prepare the cement slurry with similar properties those found in preliminaries laboratory tests. That objective should be found, or else, the relevance of the calculations and tests accomplished to determine the displacement flow, friction pressure, thickening time and the fluid loss rate of cement slurry. It was verified that the mixture time increases significantly the energy of mixture of the pastes, provoking changes in the plastic viscosity, yield point and forces gel of pastes. The hydration rates of slurries were affected for the mixture conditions, causing a decrease of about 40% in thickening time. Measures of fluid loss evidenced that for larger mixture times happened a reduction of the percentile of free water of 4,2% to 0,0%, provoked by the increase of the reaction of the system. (author)
A preliminary study of the influence of ions in the pore solution of hardened cement pastes on the porosity determination by low temperature calorimetry
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Wu, Min; Johannesson, Björn; Geiker, Mette
Thermodynamic modeling was used to predict the ionic concentrations in the pore solution of cement pastes at different temperatures during a freezing and melting measurement in low temperature calorimetry (LTC) studies. By using the predicted ionic concentrations, the temperature depressions caused...... by the ions presented in the pore solution were determined. The influence of the freezing/melting point depression caused by the ions on the determined pore size distribution by LTC was demonstrated. Thermodynamic modeling using the program PHREEQC was performed on the cylinder and powder samples of cement...... pastes prepared by two types of cements, i.e., CEM 132.5 R and CEM III/B 42.5 N. Using the modeled ionic concentrations, the calculated differential pore size distributions for the studied samples with and without considering the temperature depression caused by the ions in the pore solution were...
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Harbour, J.; Edwards, T.; Williams, V.
The degree of hydration of a mixture of cementitious materials (Class F fly ash, blast furnace slag and portland cement) in highly concentrated alkaline salt solutions is enhanced by the addition of aluminate to the salt solution. This increase in the degree of hydration, as monitored with isothermal calorimetry, leads to higher values of dynamic Young's modulus and compressive strength and lower values of total porosity. This enhancement in performance properties of these cementitious waste forms by increased hydration is beneficial to the retention of the radionuclides that are also present in the salt solution. The aluminate ions in the solution act first to retard the set time of the mix but then enhance the hydration reactions following the induction period. In fact, the aluminate ions increase the degree of hydration by {approx}35% over the degree of hydration for the same mix with a lower aluminate concentration. An increase in the blast furnace slag concentration and a decrease in the water to cementitious materials ratio produced mixes with higher values of Young's modulus and lower values of total porosity. Therefore, these operational factors can be fine tuned to enhance performance properties of cementitious waste form. Empirical models for Young modulus, heat of hydration and total porosity were developed to predict the values of these properties. These linear models used only statistically significant compositional and operational factors and provided insight into those factors that control these properties.
Surface Modification of Fly Ashes with Carbide Slag and Its Effect on Compressive Strength and Autogenous Shrinkage of Blended Cement Pastes
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
HAO Chengwei; DENG Min; MO Liwu; LIU Kaiwei
Surfaces of grade Ⅲ fly ashes were modified through mixing with carbide slag and calcining at 850 ℃ for 1 h.Mineralogical compositions and surface morphology of fly ashes before and after modification were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM),respectively.Effect of surface-modified fly ashes on compressive strength and autogenous shrinkage of blended cement pastes was investigated.Microstructures of cement pastes were examined by backscattered electron (BSE) imaging and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP).The experimental results showed that β-C2S was formed on the surfaces of fly ashes after modification.Hydration of β-C2S on the surface-modified fly ashes densified interface zone and enhanced bond strength between particles of fly ashes and hydrated clinkers.In addition,surface modification of fly ashes tended to decrease total porosity and 10-50 nm pores of cement pastes.Surface modification of fly ashes increased compressive strength and reduced autogenous shrinkage of cement pastes.
基于水泥水化模拟的水泥石毛细孔结构分析%Cement Hydration Simulation Based Analysis of Capillary Pore Structure in Cement Paste
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
吴芬; 郑建军; 周欣竹
通过水泥水化模拟分析了水泥石毛细孔结构。基于水化动力学原理,模拟水泥水化全过程,将模拟所得的水化度与试验结果比较,验证了模拟方法的有效性。提出了水泥石毛细孔隙率和内表面积的数值方法,数值结果表明,孔隙率随着时间不断减小,内表面积先随着时间不断增大,到达峰值后随着时间逐渐减小,水灰比越小,出现峰值的时间越短。水化28 d 时,水灰比为0.3的水泥石毛细孔隙率和内表面积分别比水灰比为0.5的水泥石毛细孔隙率和内表面积小61%和11%。%The capillary pore structure in cement paste is analyzed through cement hydration simulation.Based on the principles of hydration kinetics,the whole process of cement hydration is simulated.The validity of the simulation method is verified by comparing the simulated degree of hydration with experimental results.A numerical method is presented for the porosity and internal surface area of capillary pores in cement paste.Numerical results show the cap-illary porosity decreases with time.The internal surface area of capillary pores first increases continuously with time and then decreases gradually with time after the peak value reached.The smaller the water/cement ratio is,the shorter the time corresponding to the peak value is.At the age of 28 days,the porosity and internal surface area of capillary pores in cement paste with a water/cement ratio of 0.3 is smaller than those with a water/cement ratio of 0.5 by 61%and 1 1%,respectively.
Forward and inverse dielectric modeling of oven-dried cement paste specimens in the frequency range of 1.02 GHz to 4.50 GHz
Owusu Twumasi, Jones; Yu, Tzuyang
The use of radar non-destructive evaluation (NDE) technique for condition assessment of deteriorated civil infrastructure systems is an effective approach for preserving the sustainability of these systems. Radar NDE utilizes the interaction between radar signals (electromagnetic waves) and construction materials for surface and subsurface sensing based on dielectric properties and geometry. In the success of radar inspection, it is imperative to develop models capable of predicting the dielectric properties of the materials under investigation. The dielectric properties (dielectric constant and loss factor) of oven-dried cement paste specimens with water-to-cement (w/c) ratios (0.35, 0.40, 0.45, 0.50, 0.55) in the frequency range of 1.02 GHz to 4.50 GHz were studied and modeled using modified Debye's models. An open-ended coaxial probe and a network analyzer were used to measure dielectric properties. Forward models are proposed and inversed for predicting the w/c ratio of a given oven-dried cement paste specimen. Modeling results agreed with the experimental data. The proposed models can be used for predicting the dielectric properties of oven-dried cement paste specimens. Also, the modeling approach can be applied to other cementitious materials (e.g., concrete) with additional modification.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
H. A. Abdel-Gawwad
Full Text Available The effect of different proportions and different reactivities of MgO on the drying shrinkage and compressive strength of alkali activated slag pastes (AAS has been investigated. The slag was activated by 6 wt.% sodium hydroxide and liquid sodium silicate at ratio of 3:3 (wt.. The different reactivities of MgOs were produced from the calcination of hydromagnesite at different temperatures (550, 1000, 1250 C. The results showed that the reactivity of magnesium oxide decreases with increasing the calcination temperature. Also, the drying shrinkage of AAS was reduced by the replacement of slag with MgOs. The highly reactive MgO accelerated the hydration of AAS at early ages. The replacement of slag with 5% MgO550 increased one day compressive strength by ~26 % while MgO1250 had little effect. A significant increase in strength was observed after 7 days in case of replacement of slag with 5 % MgO1250. The MgO reacts with slag to form hydrotalcite likephases (Ht as detected by XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, TGA/DTG analysis and SEM.
EXAFS investigation on U(VI) immobilization in hardened cement paste. Influence of experimental conditions on speciation
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Mace, N.; Wieland, E.; Daehn, R.; Tits, J. [Paul Scherrer Inst. (PSI), Villigen (Switzerland). Lab. for Waste Management; Scheinost, A.C. [Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Dresden (Germany). Inst. of Resource Ecology; Rossendorf Beamline (ROBL), Grenoble (France). ESRF
Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy has been used to investigate the coordination environment of U(VI) in cementitious materials. The EXAFS measurements were carried out on U(VI)-doped samples prepared under varying conditions, such as samples from sorption, hydration and diffusion experiments, and using different cementitious materials, such as crushed hydrated hardened cement paste (HCP) and calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H). The samples had U(VI) loadings ranging from 1700 {mu}g/g to 45000 {mu}g/g. Applying principal component analysis (PCA) on 13 EXAFS spectra (each spectra corresponding to a minimum of five different scans) of the low loading samples, one single species is obtained indicating a similar U(VI) coordination environment for both HCP and C-S-H samples. This result confirms that C-S-H phases control the uptake of U(VI) in the complex cement matrix. The coordination environment structure of this species is similar to a U(VI) surface complex or to U(VI) in uranyl silicate minerals (two axial O atoms at 1.82 {+-} 0.02 A; four equatorial O atoms at 2.25 {+-} 0.01 A; one Si atom at 3.10 {+-} 0.03 A). At high U(VI) loading, PCA revealed a second U(VI) species, with a coordination environment similar to that of U(VI) in calcium uranate (two axial O atoms at 1.94 {+-} 0.04 A; five equatorial O atoms at 2.26 {+-} 0.01 A; four Ca atoms at 3.69 {+-} 0.05 A and five U atoms at 3.85 {+-} 0.04 A). This study suggest that, at low U(VI) loading, U(VI) is bound to C-S-H phases in HCP while at high U(VI) loading, the immobilization of U(VI) in cementitious materials is mainly controlled by the precipitation of a calcium uranate-type phase. (orig.)
The influence of pluronic P123 micelles on corrosion behaviour of steel in cement extract and bulk matrix properties of cement paste
Koleva, D.A.; Denkova, A. .G.; Hu, J.; van Breugel, K.
The influence of Pluronic P123 (PEO20-PPO20-PEO70) micelles (of 10 nm size) on the corrosion behaviour of low carbon steel in cement extract (CE) was studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentio-dynamic polarisation (PDP). Additionally, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP)
Pore structure of blended cement paste by means of pressurization¿depressurization cycling mercury intrusion porosimetry
Zhang, Y.; Wu, B.; Zhou, J.; Ye, G.; Shui, Z.
Concrete containing supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) has different durability properties from that containing pure Portland cement. The durability of concrete is always associated with the properties of microstructure, especially pore structure. Pressurization–Depressurization Cycling Mer
Effect of magnesium on properties of microbial cement paste%微生物水泥净浆的自修复性能研究
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
袁晓露; 胡为民; 刘冬梅
研究了微生物矿化对水泥基材料的自修复作用,试验测定了微生物水泥净浆的裂缝自愈合、抗压强度、吸水率、孔结构等性能,并采用 X 射线衍射对矿化产物进行成分分析。结果表明,微生物的掺入使普通硅酸盐水泥净浆和硫铝酸盐水泥净浆的抗压强度增加,吸水率下降;试件裂缝处自愈合形成了一条连续、饱满的灰白色矿物填充带。矿化生成的方解石型碳酸钙和菱镁矿型碳酸镁沉淀填充于试件内部缺陷、裂缝,使水泥净浆的总孔隙率及其增长率下降,微细孔隙比例增加,促进了材料的自修复,改善了其孔结构。%Effect of microorganism mineralization on the crack filling,compressive strength,water absorption ratio and pore structure of the cement paste was researched.X - ray diffraction method was performed to analyze the components of precipitation.Results indicate that the addition of bacteria in both the sulphoaluminate cement paste and the ordinary Portland cement paste achieves the better crack filling,increased compressive strength and decreased water absorption ratio.The precipitations of both calcite and magnesite fill the pores and cracks in the cement paste,which reduces the total porosity and its growth rate,and increases the proportion of micro - pores.This makes microstructure denser and improves the self - healing performance of cement paste.
Pore structure of blended cement paste by means of pressurization¿depressurization cycling mercury intrusion porosimetry
Zhang, Y.; Wu, B.; Zhou, J.; Ye, G.; Shui, Z.
Concrete containing supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) has different durability properties from that containing pure Portland cement. The durability of concrete is always associated with the properties of microstructure, especially pore structure. Pressurization–Depressurization Cycling Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (PDC-MIP) was recently developed which can overcome the "ink bottle" effect and provide a more accurate estimation of the pore size distribution in cement-based materials...
Strength evolution and deformation behaviour of cemented paste backfill at early ages:Effect of curing stress, filling strategy and drainage
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Ghirian Alireza; Fall Mamadou⇑
In this study, a pressure cell apparatus is developed to investigate the early age evolution of the strength and deformation behaviour of cemented paste backfill (CPB) when subjected to various loading condi-tions under different curing scenarios. The different curing scenarios that are simulated include: (1) drained and undrained conditions, (2) different filling rates, (3) different filling sequences, and (4) differ-ent curing stresses. The findings show that drainage, curing stress, curing time and filling rate influence the mechanical and deformation behaviours of CPB materials. The coupled effects of consolidation, drai-nage and suction contribute to the strength development of drained CPB subjected to curing stress. On the other hand, particle rearrangement caused by the applied pressure and suction development due to self-desiccation plays a significant role in the strength gain of undrained CPB cured under stress. Furthermore, curing stress induces slightly faster rate of cement hydration, which can contribute to strength acquisition.
Influence of magnesia-to-phosphate molar ratio on microstructures, mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of magnesium potassium phosphate cement paste with large water-to-solid ratio
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
This paper describes the influence of the magnesia-to-phosphate (M/P) molar ratios ranging from 4 to 12, on the properties and microstructures of magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC) pastes with a large water-to-solid ratio (w/s) of 0.50. The setting behavior, compressive strength, tensile bonding strength and thermal conductivity of the MKPC pastes, were investigated. The results show that an increase in the M/P ratio can slow down the setting reaction, and clearly degrade the mechanical strengths, but clearly improve the thermal conductivity of MKPC pastes. Furthermore, micro-characterizations including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis, on the MKPC pastes reveal that a lower M/P ratio can facilitate better crystallization of the resultant magnesium potassium phosphate hexahydrate (MKP) and a denser microstructure. Moreover, strong linear correlations are found between the mechanical strengths and the MKP-to-space ratio, and between thermal conductivity and the volume ratio of the unreacted magnesia to the MKP. - Highlights: • Increase of M/P molar ratio causes clear mechanical degradations on MKPC pastes. • Thermal conductivity of MKPC pastes is improved with increase of M/P molar ratio. • Lower M/P ratio leads to better MKP crystallization and denser microstructure. • Strengths of MKPC pastes are linearly correlated to the MKP-to-space ratios. • Thermal conductivity is affected by the volume ratio of unreacted magnesia to MKP
Strength and Durability of Concrete: Effects of Cement Paste-Aggregate Interfaces, Part I: Theoretical Study on Influence of Interfacial Transition Zone on Properties of Concrete Materials
Zhang, Yiguo; Chen, Wai-Fah
This research was based on a two-part basic research investigation studying the effects of cement paste-aggregate interfaces (or interfacial transition zones-HZ) on strength and durability of concrete. Part I dealt with the theoretical study and Part II dealt with the experimental. Part I, the theoretical part, illustrates the effect of ITZ on the concrete properties by assuming its elastic moduli to be varied continuously in the region. A four-phase composite model is employed and three func...
Effect of an organic additive on the rheology of an aluminous cement paste and consequences on the densification of the hardened material
El Hafiane, Y.; Smith, A.; Bonnet, J. P.; Tanouti, B.
The material used in the present work is Secar 71 (Lafarge) mixed with water containing an organic additive (acetic acid noted HOAc). The rheological behavior of these pastes is studied. The best dispersion is obtained when the mass content of the additive with respect to the cement is equal to 0.5%. The microstructural characterizations of samples aged 4 days at 20° C and 95 % relative humidity reveal a significant increase in the density and a reduction in porosity for very small percentages of additive. The remarkable effect of the acetic acid on the microstructure of hardened material is correlated with its good dispersing action.
Optimization of growth medium for Sporosarcina pasteurii in bio-based cement pastes to mitigate delay in hydration kinetics.
Williams, Sarah L; Kirisits, Mary Jo; Ferron, Raissa Douglas
Microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation has been identified as a novel method to improve durability and remediate cracks in concrete. One way to introduce microorganisms to concrete is by replacing the mixing water with a bacterial culture in nutrient medium. In the literature, yeast extract often has been used as a carbon source for this application; however, severe retardation of hydration kinetics has been observed when yeast extract is added to cement. This study investigates the suitability of alternative carbon sources to replace yeast extract for microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation in cement-based materials. A combination of meat extract and sodium acetate was identified as a suitable replacement in growth medium for Sporosarcina pasteurii; this alternative growth medium reduced retardation by 75 % (as compared to yeast extract) without compromising bacterial growth, urea hydrolysis, cell zeta potential, and ability to promote calcium carbonate formation. PMID:26795346
Evaluation of pore structures and cracking in cement paste exposed to elevated temperatures by X-ray computed tomography
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Kim, Kwang Yeom, E-mail: email@example.com [Korea Institute of Construction Technology, 283 Goyangdae-ro, Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang 411-712 (Korea, Republic of); Yun, Tae Sup, E-mail: email@example.com [School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749 (Korea, Republic of); Park, Kwang Pil, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Korea Institute of Construction Technology, 283 Goyangdae-ro, Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang 411-712 (Korea, Republic of)
When cement-based materials are exposed to the high temperatures induced by fire, which can rapidly cause temperatures of over 1000 °C, the changes in pore structure and density prevail. In the present study, mortar specimens were subjected to a series of increasing temperatures to explore the temperature-dependent evolution of internal pore structure. High-performance X-ray computed tomography (CT) was used to observe the evolution of temperature-induced discontinuities at the sub-millimeter level. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to investigate the cause of physical changes in the heated mortar specimens. Results exhibit the changes in pore structure caused by elevated temperatures, and thermally induced fractures. We discuss the progressive formation of thermally induced fracture networks, which is a prerequisite for spalling failure of cement-based materials by fire, based on visual observations of the 3D internal structures revealed by X-ray CT.
The effects of the mechanical–chemical stabilization process for municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash on the chemical reactions in cement paste
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Highlights: ► Milling extracted MSWI fly ash. ► Increasing specific surface area, destruction of the crystalline texture, and increasing the amount of amorphous materials. ► Increasing heavy metal stability. ► Inducing pozzolanic reactions and increasing the early and later strength of the cement paste. - Abstract: A water extraction process can remove the soluble salts present in municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash, which will help to increase the stability of the synthetic materials produced from the MSWI fly ash. A milling process can be used to stabilize the heavy metals found in the extracted MSWI fly ash (EA) leading to the formation of a non-hazardous material. This milled extracted MSWI fly ash (MEA) was added to an ordinary Portland cement (OPC) paste to induce pozzolanic reactions. The experimental parameters included the milling time (96 h), water to binder ratios (0.38, 0.45, and 0.55), and curing time (1, 3, 7 and 28 days). The analysis procedures included inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES), BET, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging. The results of the analyses indicate that the milling process helped to stabilize the heavy metals in the MEA, with an increase in the specific surface area of about 50 times over that of OPC. The addition of the MEA to the OPC paste decreased the amount of Ca(OH)2 and led to the generation of calcium–silicate–hydrates (C–S–H) which in turned increased the amount of gel pores and middle sized pores in the cement. Furthermore, a comparison shows an increase in the early and later strength over that of OPC paste without the addition of the milled extracted ash. In other words, the milling process could stabilize the heavy metals in the MEA and had an activating effect on the MEA, allowing it to partly substitute OPC in OPC paste
Fly and bottom ashes from biomass combustion as cement replacing components in mortars production: rheological behaviour of the pastes and materials compression strength.
Maschio, Stefano; Tonello, Gabriele; Piani, Luciano; Furlani, Erika
In the present research mortar pastes obtained by replacing a commercial cement with the equivalent mass of 5, 10, 20 and 30 wt.% of fly ash or bottom ash from fir chips combustion, were prepared and rheologically characterized. It was observed that the presence of ash modifies their rheological behaviour with respect to the reference blend due to the presence, in the ashes, of KCl and K2SO4 which cause precipitation of gypsum and portlandite during the first hydration stages of the pastes. Hydrated materials containing 5 wt.% of ash display compression strength and absorption at 28 d of same magnitude as the reference composition; conversely, progressive increase of ash cause a continuous decline of materials performances. Conversely, samples tested after 180 d display a marked decline of compression strength, as a consequence of potassium elution and consequent alkali-silica reaction against materials under curing.
Effect of Curing Regime on Degree of Al3+Substituting for Si4+in C-S-H Gels of Hardened Portland Cement Pastes
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
HU Chenguang; HU Shuguang; DING Qingjun; FENG Xiaoxin; HUANG Xiulin
The effect of curing regime on degree of Al3+substituting for Si4+(Al/Si ratio) in C-S-H gels of hardened Portland cement pastes was investigated by 29Si magic angel spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with deconvolution technique. The curing regimes included the constant temperature (20, 40, 60 and 80℃) and variable temperature (simulated internal temperature of mass concrete with 60℃peak). The results indicate that constant temperature of 20℃is beneficial to substitution of Al3+for Si4+, and Al/Si ratio changes to be steady after 180 d. The increase of Al/Si ratio at 40℃is less than that at 20℃for 28 d. The other three regimes of high temperature increase Al/Si ratio only before 3 d, on the contrary to that from 3 to 28 d. However, the 20℃curing stage from 28 to 180 d at variable temperature regime, is beneficial to the increase of Al/Si ratio which is still lower than that at constant temperature regime of 20℃for the same age. A nonlinear relation exists between the Al/Si ratio and temperature variation or mean chain length (MCL) of C-S-H gels, furthermore, the amount of Al3+which can occupy the bridging tetrahedra sites in C-S-H structure is insufficient in hardened Portland cement pastes.
The effects of the mechanical-chemical stabilization process for municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash on the chemical reactions in cement paste.
Chen, Cheng-Gang; Sun, Chang-Jung; Gau, Sue-Huai; Wu, Ching-Wei; Chen, Yu-Lun
A water extraction process can remove the soluble salts present in municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash, which will help to increase the stability of the synthetic materials produced from the MSWI fly ash. A milling process can be used to stabilize the heavy metals found in the extracted MSWI fly ash (EA) leading to the formation of a non-hazardous material. This milled extracted MSWI fly ash (MEA) was added to an ordinary Portland cement (OPC) paste to induce pozzolanic reactions. The experimental parameters included the milling time (96h), water to binder ratios (0.38, 0.45, and 0.55), and curing time (1, 3, 7 and 28 days). The analysis procedures included inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES), BET, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging. The results of the analyses indicate that the milling process helped to stabilize the heavy metals in the MEA, with an increase in the specific surface area of about 50times over that of OPC. The addition of the MEA to the OPC paste decreased the amount of Ca(OH)2 and led to the generation of calcium-silicate-hydrates (C-S-H) which in turned increased the amount of gel pores and middle sized pores in the cement. Furthermore, a comparison shows an increase in the early and later strength over that of OPC paste without the addition of the milled extracted ash. In other words, the milling process could stabilize the heavy metals in the MEA and had an activating effect on the MEA, allowing it to partly substitute OPC in OPC paste. PMID:23375995
Experiment on Improving Anti-carbonation Property of High-addition Fly Ash Hardened Cement Paste%改善大掺量粉煤灰水泥石抗碳化性能的试验
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Three methods,including high temperature curing,the grinding of fly ash and addition of alkali in cement paste,are adopted to improve anti-carbonation property of high-addition fly ash hardened cement paste.Then,the carbonate quantitative analysis is used to test the anti-car-bonation property of high-addition fly ash hardened cement paste.The results show that the high temperature curing and the grinding of fly ash can well improve anti-carbonation property of high-addition fly ash hardened cement paste,however,the addition of alkali in cement paste has a very poor effect.%采取高温养护、粉煤灰磨细和水泥石内部补足碱3种方法,对大掺量粉煤灰水泥石的抗碳化性能进行改善,利用碳酸盐定量分析法对改善后水泥石的抗碳化性能进行测试,结果表明:高温养护和粉煤灰的磨细对大掺量粉煤灰水泥石的抗碳化性能有较好的改善效果;补足碱对大掺量粉煤灰水泥石抗碳化性能的改善作用不大。
SEM Analysis of the Interfacial Transition Zone between Cement-Glass Powder Paste and Aggregate of Mortar under Microwave Curing
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Yaning Kong
Full Text Available In order to investigate the effects of microwave curing on the microstructure of the interfacial transition zone of mortar prepared with a composite binder containing glass powder and to explain the mechanism of microwave curing on the improvement of compressive strength, in this study, the compressive strength of mortar under microwave curing was compared against mortar cured using (a normal curing at 20 ± 1 °C with relative humidity (RH > 90%; (b steam curing at 40 °C for 10 h; and (c steam curing at 80 °C for 4 h. The microstructure of the interfacial transition zone of mortar under the four curing regimes was analyzed by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM. The results showed that the improvement of the compressive strength of mortar under microwave curing can be attributed to the amelioration of the microstructure of the interfacial transition zone. The hydration degree of cement is accelerated by the thermal effect of microwave curing and Na+ partially dissolved from the fine glass powder to form more reticular calcium silicate hydrate, which connects the aggregate, calcium hydroxide, and non-hydrated cement and glass powder into a denser integral structure. In addition, a more stable triangular structure of calcium hydroxide contributes to the improvement of compressive strength.
Structure and dynamics of confined H2O and D2O in cement paste matrix studied by quasielastic and inelastic neutron scattering
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Understanding the state of hydration water in cements, the dynamics of water confined in nanopore structures, and the two-step dynamic process similar to the one in glasses and known as β- and α-relaxation is a topic of high fundamental interest in condensed matter physics. Aside from being theoretically challenging, it also has a broad range of applications. The results of a scientific research conducted in the frame of an international cooperation at the European Union Center of Excellence (CEX-IDRANAP) of IFIN-HH are given in this paper. Quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) and inelastic neutron scattering (INS) are very powerful tools for studying the dynamics and structure of condensed matter from simple liquids to the very exciting phenomena related to the supercooled state, nanostructure and fractal nucleation. QENS and INS experiments on hydrated cement pastes after a long aging time were performed using the TOF spectrometer DIN 2PI at IBR-2 reactor, JINR Dubna. Our experimental results confirmed the conclusions of the recent theoretical and MD simulation papers on the existence of supercooled water confined in the matrix structure of cement. A wave vector transfer Q dependence of the dynamic structure factor S(Q, ε) at constant energy transfer ε = ℎω revealed a nanometric structure where the water molecules were trapped in the nanoporous matrix. The water dynamics resembled the relaxing cage model. In the short term, the orientation of the water molecule considered was fixed by H-bonds (H-B) to its neighbors and the molecule performed harmonic oscillation around H-B. In the longer term, the bonds broke, the trap began to relax, and the molecule was able to reorient losing memory of its initial orientation. The relaxation dynamics suggested the existence of a fractal process. (authors)
Experimental plans method to formulate a self-compacting cement paste: Eksperimentalno načrtovana metoda za določitev samozgoščujoče cementne malte:
Belas, Nadia; Bouhamou, Nasr-Eddine; Mebrouki, Abdelkader
This paper presents a self-compacting cement-paste formulation using Algerian local materials (a binary cement consisting of natural pozzolana and limestone fillers). In this study, simple laboratory instruments were used, i.e., a mini-slump for spreading out diameters and a Marsh cone for flow-times measurements. A wide variation of combinations was used as preliminary tests to select pastes with acceptable properties and the use of the mixture-plans method has shown that it is possible to d...
非离子纤维素醚改性水泥浆的孔结构%Pore Structure of Cement Pastes Modified by Non-ionic Cellulose Ethers
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
欧志华; 马保国; 蹇守卫
The effect of non-ionic cellulose ethers(NCE) with different molecular structure on pore structure of cement pastes was investigated by apparent density test, visual observation, optical microscope and SEM. The results indicate that the addition of NCE results in higher porosity in cement pastes. The porosity in cement pastes modified by hydroxyethyl cellulose ethers(HEC) is lower than that in cement pastes modified by hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ethers(HPMC) and methyl cellulose ethers(MC) when their viscosity is close to each other. If HPMC with close substituent group content(by mass) is added, the lower the viscosity/relative molecular mass of HPMC, the lower the porosity of the cement pastes. The addition of NCE reduces the surface tension of liquid in cement pastes and leads to form bubble more easily. The ability of cement pastes to stabilize bubbles is enhanced by the addition of NCE because NCE molecules are adsorbed on the gas-liquid interface of bubbles orientationally and the viscosity of cement paste is increased.%通过表现密度测试及宏观、微观孔结构观察,研究不同分子结构非离子纤维素醚对水泥浆孔结构的影响.结果表明,非离子纤维素醚会导致水泥浆孔隙率增加;非离子纤维素醚改性水泥浆黏度相近时,羟乙基纤维素醚(HEC)改性水泥浆的孔隙率比羟丙基甲基纤维素醚(HPMC)和甲基纤维素醚(MC)改性水泥浆小;基团含量相似的HPMC纤维素醚,黏度/相对分子质量越低,其改性水泥浆孔隙率越小.非离子纤维素醚掺入水泥浆后,降低了液相表面张力,使得水泥浆容易形成气泡;非离子纤维素醚分子定向吸附在气泡气-液界面,同时还增加了水泥浆液相黏度,使得水泥浆稳定气泡的能力增强.
Role of aluminous component of fly ash on the durability of Portland cement-fly ash pastes in marine environment
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The durability, of mixtures of two kinds of Spanish fly ashes from coal combustion (ASTM class F) with 0, 15 and 35% replacement of Portland cement by fly ash, in a simulated marine environment (Na2SO4+NaCl solution of equivalent concentration to that of sea water: 0.03 and 0.45 M for sulphate and chloride, respectively), has been studied for a period of 90 days. The resistance of the different mixtures to the attack was evaluated by means of the Koch-Steinegger test. The results showed that all the mixtures were resistant, in spite of the great amount of Al2O3 content of the fly ash. The diffusion of SO42-, Na+ and Cl- ions through the pore solution activated the pozzolanic reactivity of the fly ashes causing the corresponding microstructure changes, which were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As a result, the flexural strength of the mixtures increased, principally for the fly ash of a lower particle size and 35% of addition
Effect of Fly Ash and Silica Fume on Hydration Rate of Cement Pastes and Strength of Mortars
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
LIU Jun; ZHANG Yun; LIU Runqing; ZHANG Bing
The effect of fly ash and silica fume on hydration rate and strength of cement in the early stage was studied. Contrast test was applied to the complex cementitious system to investigate the hydration rate. Combined with mechanical strength, the influence of fly ash and silica fume during the hydration process of complex binder was researched. The peak of the rate of hydration heat evolution and the mechanical strength decreased as the ratio of fly ash increased, however, as the ratio of silica fume increased, the peak of the rate of hydration heat evolution and the mechanical strength increased obviously. When the ratios of fly ash and silica fume are 10%and 5%, the peak of the rate of hydration heat evolution is the highest. At the same time 7 days of flexural and compressive strength are the highest as 8.89 MPa and 46.52 MPa, respectively. Fly ash and silica fume are the main factors affecting the hydration rate and the mechanical property.
Strength and durability of concrete: Effects of cement paste-aggregate interfaces. Part 1: Theoretical study on influence of interfacial transition zone on properties of concrete materials; Final report
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Zhang, Y.; Chen, W.F.
This research was based on a two-part basic research investigation studying the effects of cement paste-aggregate interfaces (or interfacial transition zones-ITZ) on strength and durability of concrete. Part 1 dealt with the theoretical study and Part 2 dealt with the experimental.
Diffusion of Tritiated Water (HTO) and {sup 22}Na{sup +}-Ions through Non-Degraded Hardened Cement Pastes - II. Modelling Results
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Jakob, A
In this report, the procedure and the results of an inverse modelling study on the through-diffusion of tritiated water (HTO) and {sup 2}2Na{sup +}-ions are presented using high-porous hardened cement pastes with a water/cement ratio of 1.3 in the first stage of the cement degradation. For the analysis two alternative models were applied: 1) a diffusion model where a possible sorption of the tracer was entirely neglected, and 2) a diffusion model with linear sorption. The analysis of the through-diffusion phase allowed extracting values for the effective diffusion coefficient (D{sub e}) and the rock-capacity factor ({alpha}). Both models could fit the breakthrough curves equally well, and also mass-balance considerations did not allow to clearly preferring one of the two competing models to the other. But blind-predictions for tracer out-diffusion using the best-fit parameter values deduced from analysing the former through-diffusion phase gave a clear indication that linear sorption had to be included in the diffusion model. The extracted K{sub d} values for HTO are in excellent agreement with values from batch sorption experiments and are of the order of 0.8. 10{sup -3} m{sup 3}/kg. Those for {sup 2}2Na{sup +} are of the order of 1.0. 10{sup -3} m{sup 3}/kg and are by a factor of two larger than values from batch sorption experiments. The values for the effective diffusion coefficients for HTO are of the order of (2-3).10{sup -1}0 m{sup 2}/s, and those for sodium are roughly by a factor of two smaller than values for HTO. On the one hand, the observed tracer uptake could only partially be addressed to isotope exchange; the most obvious process which could account for the remaining part of the uptaken tracer mass is diffusion into a second type of porosity, the dead-end pores. On the other hand, the results and conclusions drawn are encouraging for future investigations; therefore no major deficiency concerning the applied equipment and the modelling methodology
Equivalence between electrical measurements and X ray diffraction in the formation of crystalline phases of cement paste; Equivalencia entre medidas electricas y difraccion de rayos X en la formacion de fases cristalinas de pastas de cemento
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Menendez, E.; Frutos, J. de
In this paper a comparative study of the hydration process in a very early age, first 20 hours, between a conventional cement paste and its equivalent with a replacement of slag of about 12%, is done. The study was undertaken through semiadibatic calorimetry, electrical impedance spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. It shows that using electrical impedance spectroscopy we can determine the state of crystallization of the cement with and without additions, thereby determining the time at which the different processes are initiated in the hydration. (Author) 31 refs.
Influence of latex on the hydration products and microstructure of oil well cement pastes%胶乳对油井水泥水化产物和硬化浆体微结构的影响
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
刘仍光; 周仕明; 陶谦; 阎培渝; 丁士东
利用XRD和SEM⁃EDS对胶乳油井水泥水化产物及硬化浆体微结构进行了研究。结果表明胶乳并没有改变油井水泥水化产物的种类;微观形貌显示,胶乳的掺入使得水化产物表面形成一层绒状的物质结构,堆积紧密的六方叠片状的Ca( OH)2晶体形貌变得松散薄片状分布。%The microstructure and hydration products of latex oil well cement pastes were investigated by means of XRD and SEM⁃EDS. The results show that adding latex doesn' t change the type of hydration products of oil well cement. The morphology shows that a layer of fluffy material is formed on the surface of hydration products due to the incorporation of latex. The calcium hydroxide crystal, which is hexagonal plate⁃like and accumulates tightly in hardened neat cement paste, becomes looser and laminar in the hardened latex oil well cement paste.
掺黏度改性剂与减水剂水泥浆的zeta电位研究%Study on Zeta Potential of Cement Pastes with Viscosity Modifying Admixtures and Superplasticizers
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
钟世云; 李晋梅; 韩冬冬; 倪坤
采用zeta(ξ)电位仪研究了黏度改性剂(VMA)、减水剂单掺以及VMA与减水剂复掺对水泥浆ξ电位的影响.结果表明:由于水泥粒子吸附VMA或减水剂分子,因此单掺VMA或减水剂水泥浆ξ电位降低.VMA与聚羧酸系减水剂(PC)同掺水泥浆表现出来的主要是水泥粒子吸附PC分子后的ξ电位特性;VMA与萘系减水剂(NF)同掺水泥浆ξ电位绝对值比单掺NF水泥浆低.无论是滴加PC到掺VMA水泥浆中还是滴加VMA到掺PC水泥浆中,水泥浆ξ电位都有所提高;VMA的加入使得掺NF水泥浆的ξ电位升高,但仍低于两者同掺水泥浆的ξ电位;在掺VMA水泥浆中,当NF滴加量达到一定值时,水泥浆ξ电位绝对值甚至高于两者同掺水泥浆ξ电位绝对值.%The influence of viscosity modifying admixturesC VMA) and superplasticizers and mixing of these two agents on zeta(ζ) potential of cement pastes(fresh) were analyzed using the ZetaProbe instrument. The experimental results show that since cement grains adsorb VMA or superplasticizer molecules, the ζ potential of cement pastes with VMA or superplasticizer decreases. The ζ potential of cement pastes with both VMA and polycarboxylic superplasticizer (PC) shows that cement grains primarily adsorb PC molecules, whereas the absolute value of ζ potential of cement pastes with both VMA and naphthalene formaldehyde condensate superplasticizer(NF) is lower than that with only NF. To add PC into cement pastes with VMA or to add VMA into cement pastes with PC will result in the ζ potential increase. The ζ potential of cement pastes with NF increases from —8 mV to —3 mV as VMA is added in. However, it is still lower than that with both VMA and NF. The f potential of cement pastes with VMA decreases as NF is added in, and the ζ potential absolute value is higher than that with both VMA and NF when the use level of NF increases to a certain value.
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
李永鑫; 陈益民
采用压汞法研究了钢渣、矿渣、粉煤灰单掺或复掺对水泥硬化浆体孔结构的影响.同时还研究了掺合料单掺或复掺对水泥砂浆抗压强度的影响.结果表明:掺合料单掺或复掺对早期水泥硬化浆体的孔结构有一定的劣化作用;水化后期,矿渣与钢渣均明显降低了水泥硬化浆体的孔隙率,矿渣与粉煤灰均明显降低了水泥硬化浆体的中值孔径并改善了水泥石的孔径分布,掺合料复掺对改善水泥硬化浆体的孔结构有积极作用,尤其是掺合料三元复合可取得最佳的效果.3种掺合料降低水泥硬化浆体孔隙率能力的大小顺序为:矿渣>钢渣>粉煤灰.3种掺合料降低水泥硬化浆体孔径并改善孔径分布能力的大小顺序为:矿渣>粉煤灰>钢渣.掺合料降低了水泥砂浆早期的抗压强度,却增加了水泥砂浆90 d的抗压强度.掺合料的活性大小顺序为:矿渣>钢渣>粉煤灰.%The influence of singly and compositely adding steel slag, blast furnace slag and fly ash on the pore structure of handened cement paste was studied using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). Furthermore, their influence on the compressive strength of cement mortar was also investigated. The results show that the pore structure of cement paste become worse at early ages by singly or compositely adding any of the mineral admixtures. At later ages, adding either blast furnace slag or steel slag remarkably reduces the porosity of cement paste, while either blast furnace slag or fly ash remarkably reduces median pore diameter and improves pore size distribution. The most reduction in the porosity of cement paste is observed for the cement with blast furnace slag, while the cement with steel slag less, and the cement with fly ash the least. The biggest improvement on pore structure is observed for the cement with blast furnace slag, while the cement with fly ash smaller, and the cement with steel slag the smallest. Pore structure
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
杨文萃; 葛勇; 袁杰; 张宝生
采用压汞法研究了水灰比为0.3和0.5的掺加无机盐外加剂[CaCl2,Na2SO4,NaNO2和Ca(NO3)2]水泥石在3 d和28d时的孔结构,并测试化学结合水含量.结果表明:CaCl2,Na2SO4 NaNO2能促进水泥水化:CaCl2促进水泥水化作用最为明显,并可降低水泥石大孔和毛细孔孔隙率;Na2SO4增大了大孔孔隙率;NaNO2能显著减小28d时毛细孔连通孔径和毛细孔孔隙率;Ca(NO3)2在前3d对水泥水化没有明显的作用,在3d时水泥石中大孔和毛细孔孔隙率以及毛细孔连通孔径增大.%The pore structures of cement paste with a water-cement ratio of 0.3 and 0.5 in mass, containing inorganic salts admixture (CaCl2, Na2SO4, NaNO2 and Ca(NO3)2) were studied by mercury intrusion porosimetry at 3 d and 28 d. The hydration degree of ce-ment pastes was also analyzed. The results show that CaCl2, Na2SO4 and NaNO2 can improve the hydration of cement. The accelerat-ing effect of CaCl2 is dominant, compared to the other salts. CaCl2 can also reduce the porosity of the coarse pores and capillary pores of the pastes, and Na2SO4 can increase the porosity of the coarse pores in cement pastes. The throat size of an interconnected capillary net-work and the porosity of the capillary pores in pastes with NaNO2 at 28 d decrease. Ca(NO3)2 does not improve the cement hydration during 3 d, but it can increase the porosity of the coarse pores or the capillary pores as well as the throat size in the paste at 3 d.
偏高岭土对硅酸盐水泥浆体干燥收缩行为的影响及机理%Effect of Metakaolin on Drying Shrinkage Behaviour of Portland Cement Pastes and its Mechanism
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
罗旌旺; 卢都友; 许涛; 许仲梓
In order to explore the mechanism of the effect of the metakaolin (MK) effect on the drying shrinkage of cementitious ma- terials, the drying shrinkage and mass loss of blended Portland cement pastes with various MK contents (0, 5%, 10%, 15%) and different maturities (precured in water for 3 d and 28 d, respectively), were investigated by drying at 20 ℃ and 55% relative humidity. The composition and microstructure of cement pastes were determined by thermal analysis and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The results show that the effect of MK on the drying shrinkage of cement pastes is closely related to the MK content and maturity of the pastes. The late-age drying shrinkage of cement pastes with different maturities decreased with the increase of MK contents. However, the effect on the early age drying shrinkage depended on the maturity of paste. The MK increased slightly the early age drying shrinkage of the paste pre-cured for 3 d, and decreased the early age shrinkage of the paste pre-cured for 28 d. The drying shrinkage of cement paste was proportional to its mass loss and the mechanism of water loss and its relation with the drying shrinkage varied. The decrease of drying shrinkage of blended cement paste with the MK was due to the result of less and slower evaporation of water in the MK blended cement paste with low porosity and refined pores structure by the micro-filler effect, nuclear effect and/or pozzolanic reaction of the MK.%为探究偏高岭土(metakaolin,MK)影响水泥基材料干燥收缩(干缩)机理,研究了不同MK掺量(0、5%、10%、15%)、不同成熟度(水中分别预养护3d和28d)硅酸盐水泥浆体在20℃、55%相对湿度下的干缩和质量损失行为,并采用综合热分析和压汞法研究了不同成熟度水泥浆体的组成和微观结构。结果表明:MK对浆体干燥收缩行为的影响与掺量和浆体成熟度密切相关;MK使不同成熟度水泥浆体长期(28
The interaction of pH, pore solution composition and solid phase composition of carbonated blast furnace slag cement paste activated with aqueous sodium monofluorophosphate
Kempl, J.; Copuroglu, O.
Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) is a waste product of industrial steel production and a common additive in the cement industry in Northern European countries. However, cementitious materials made from slag-rich cement, particularly CEM III /B, are very susceptible to carbonation. Recent investigations have
Crystallographic characterization of cement pastes hydrated with NaCl; Caracterizacao cristalografica de pastas de cimento hidratadas com NaCl
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Melo, Carina Gabriela de Melo e; Martinelli, Antonio Eduardo; Melo, Dulce Maria Araujo; Melo, Marcus Antonio de Freitas; Melo, Vitor Rodrigo de Melo e [Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN (Brazil)
One of the major current challenges faced by oil companies is the exploration of pre salt basins. Salt layers deposited upon the evaporation of ocean water and continental separation are mainly formed by NaCl and isolate immense oil reservoirs. The mechanical stability and zonal isolation of oil wells that run through salt layers must be fulfilled by cement sheaths saturated with NaCl to assure chemical compatibility between cement and salt layer. The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of NaCl addition on the hydration of oil well cement slurries as well as identifying the nature of crystalline phases present in the hardened cement. To that end, cement slurries containing NaCl were mixed, hardened and characterized by X-ray diffraction. The results revealed that the presence of NaCl affects the formation of hydration products by the presence of Friedel's salt. The intensity of the corresponding peaks increase as the contents of NaCl in the slurry increase. High concentrations of NaCl in Portland slurries increase the setting time of cement and the presence of Friedel's salt decreases the strength of the hardened cement. (author)
Mechanism of fly ash in suppressing efflorescence of hardened cement paste%粉煤灰对硬化水泥浆泛霜的抑制作用
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
贺素仁; 詹炳根; 周安; 周万良
文章通过对硬化水泥浆泛霜的组成、泛霜数量以及孔结构的测试分析,研究了不同掺量的粉煤灰对硬化水泥浆体泛霜的影响.采用X射线衍射方法分析泛霜的组分;采用图像分析法分析了水泥浆的泛霜数量;用氮吸附法对硬化浆体的孔结构进行测试分析.结果表明,粉煤灰可有效抑制但不能消除泛霜;粉煤灰的火山灰效应和微集料效应的共同作用降低了孔溶液碱度、细化了结构孔径,有效地抑制了泛霜.%The influence of fly ash with various additions on the efflorescence of hardened cement paste(HCP) is investigated by means of the analysis of the quantity and mineral constituent of efflorescence and the pore structure of HCP. The mineral constituent and quantity of efflorescence are investigated by X-ray diffraction method and image analysis method respectively. The pore structure of HCP is tested by nitrogen adsorption method. The results show that the fly ash suppresses the efflorescence effectively but not completely. The interaction of pozzolanic effect and micro filling effect of fly ash decreases the alkali level of pore solution, refines the pore structure, and consequently suppresses the efflorescence.
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
China aims to streamline the crowded cement industry Policymakers are looking to build a concrete wall around the cement-making industry as they seek to solidify the fluid cement market and cut excessive production.
Influence of Cellulose Ethers on Hydration Products of Portland Cement
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
MA Baoguo; OU Zhihua; JIAN Shouwei; XU Rulin
Cellulose ethers are widely used to mortar formulations, and it is significant to understand the interaction between cellulose ethers and cement pastes. FT-IR spectra, thermal analysis and SEM are used to investigate hydration products in the cement pastes modified by HEMC and HPMC in this article. The results show that the hydration products in modified cement pastes were finally identical with those in the unmodified cement paste, but the major hydration products, such as CH (calcium hydroxide), ettringite and C-S-H, appeared later in the modified cement pastes than in the unmodified cement paste. The cellulose ethers decrease the outer products and increase inner products of C-S-H gels. Compared to unmodified cement pastes, no new products are found in the modified cement pastes in the present experiment. The HEMC and HPMC investigation shows almost the same influence on the hydration products of Portland cement.
Effect of metakaolin on drying shrinkage behaviour of cement pastes%偏高岭土对硅酸盐水泥浆体干燥收缩的影响
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
罗旌旺; 卢都友; 许涛
为探究偏高岭土(MK)影响水泥基材料干燥收缩机制,研究不同MK掺量、不同成熟度硅酸盐水泥浆体在20℃、55%湿度下的干燥收缩和质量损失,并采用压汞法(MIP)研究不同成熟度水泥浆体的孔结构.结果表明:MK对浆体干燥收缩行为的影响与掺量和浆体成熟度密切相关;虽然MK使不同成熟度水泥浆体长期(28 d以上)干缩均减小,掺量越大,干缩越小,但对早期干缩的影响则存在差异.MK使预养护3d的浆体早期干缩略有增大,而预养护28d则相反.MK对浆体的干燥收缩与质量损失的影响有明显的一致对应关系,浆体质量损失越大,则收缩越明显.MK通过微填充效应、晶核效应和火山灰效应使不同成熟度浆体孔隙率下降、孔径细化,导致浆体在干燥条件下蒸发失水减少、过程减缓,从而减小浆体干燥收缩.%For exploring the mechanism of the effect of metakaolin ( MK) on drying shrinkage of eementi-tous materials, the drying shrinkage and weight loss of blended cement pastes with various replacement levels of MK and different maturities, were studied by being dried at 20 ℃ ,55% RH. The pore structure of cement pastes was measured by mercury intrusion porosimetry ( MIP). Results showed that the effect of MK on drying shrinkage of cement pastes was closely related to the MK content and maturity of cement paste. The long-term drying shrinkage of cement pastes with different maturities decreased with the increasing MK contents. The early age drying shrinkage of the paste pre-cured increased with MK for 3 d, while the early age shrinkage of the paste procured decreased for 28 d. The effect of MK on the mass loss of paste agreed well with its effect on drying shrinkage, the higher the mass loss, the larger the shrinkage. The decrease of drying shrinkage of blended cement paste with MK was due to the less and slower e-vaporation of water in the paste with lower porosity and refined pore structure
粉煤灰表面改性及其对水泥浆体强度和自收缩的影响%Surface Modification of Fly Ashes and Its Effect on Strength and Autogenous Shrinkage of Cement Pastes
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
郝成伟; 邓敏; 莫立武; 刘开伟
研究了白云石对Ⅲ级粉煤灰表面改性,并测定了掺改性粉煤灰水泥浆体的自收缩和抗压强度.利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜和能谱分析等测试方法对经950℃煅烧1 h后改性粉煤灰的物相结构和化学组成进行了表征,通过背散射扫描电镜观察和压汞试验研究了掺改性粉煤灰水泥浆体的微观结构.结果表明:改性粉煤灰颗粒表面生成了具有水化活性的β-C2S,其水化产生C-S-H凝胶,明显改善水泥浆体中粉煤灰颗粒与水泥基体的界面,降低水泥浆体孔隙率,提高改性粉煤灰水泥浆体的早期强度.白云石分解的MgO水化产生膨胀,补偿水泥浆体自收缩.%The surface of Grade Ⅲ fly ash particles was modified via addition of dolomite and calcination at 950 ℃ for 1 h. The microstructure, mineral phase and chemical compositions of the modified fly ash were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer. In addition, the effect of modified fly ash on the autogenous shrinkage and compressive strength of cement pastes was invesfgated, and the microstructure of cement pastes was determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry and back scattered electron microscope. The results show that the β-C2S phases were formed on the surface of fly ash particles after the surface modification. Due to the hydration of β-C2S, the porosity of cement pastes with the modified fly ashes was decreased, and the early strength of fly ash cement pastes was increased. The hydration of MgO due to the decomposition of dolomite can generate the expansion, leading to the compensation of the autogenous shrinkage of cement paste.
Study on molasses in retarding and water reducing properties of cement pastes%甘蔗糖蜜对水泥缓凝和减水的性能研究
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
刘金芝; 冉千平; 张建纲; 江姜
Molasses is not only retarding but also water reducing on cement paste. Colloidal component and Non -colloidal component of molasses were separated by alcohol coagulation method. This paper explains the reasons of property of retardation and water reduction of molasses on cement paste by way of cement hydration heat, surface tension and adsorption performance. All studies show that colloidal component Qf molasses is mainly for dispersion and that Non-colloidal component is mainly for retardation.%甘蔗废糖蜜对水泥同时具有缓凝和减水作用.采用酒精凝聚法分离废糖蜜得到胶体和非胶体组份:从水泥水化热、表面张力以及吸附性能阐述了其对水泥减水和缓凝的原因.结果表明,糖蜜中的胶体组份主要起分散作用,而非胶体组份主要起缓凝作用.
Effect of Pulverized Fuel Ashes on Autogenous Shrinkage and Compressive Strength of Cement Pastes%粉煤灰对水泥浆体自收缩和抗压强度的影响
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
郝成伟; 邓敏; 莫立武; 刘开伟
Autogenous shrinkage of cement pastes with different contents of pulverized fuel ashes(PFA) and different water-to-binder ratio were measured by a shrinkage test device. Compressive strength of sealed cement paste were also measured. The influence of PFA on the pore structures and micrograph of hydration products were investigated through mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) , on which the influence mechanism was analyzed. Experimental results demonstrated that autogenous shrinkage of cement pastes decreased with the increased contents of PFA at early age (before 7 d) , this may be ascribed to inhibition of PFA on the shrinkage. After 7 d, however, both autogenous shrinkage, and compressive strength of cement pastes increased. This may be attributed to decrease of pore radius and densification of cement hydration products due to the pozzolanic reaction of fly ash.%设计组装了水泥浆体自收缩测量装置,进行了不同粉煤灰掺量和水胶比的水泥浆体自收缩和抗压强度测试,采用压汞测孔仪(MIP)、扫描电镜(SEM)等测试技术研究了粉煤灰对水泥浆体孔结构、产物形貌等微观结构的影响,并对其影响机理进行了分析.结果表明:粉煤灰能够有效抑制水泥浆体的早期自收缩,在7d前,其自收缩随着粉煤灰掺量的增加而减小;与纯硅酸盐水泥浆体相比,粉煤灰水泥浆体7d后的抗压强度增幅较大,但自收缩增长速率也趋于增大;火山灰反应引起的孔径细化、水化产物结构致密是粉煤灰影响水泥浆体自收缩和抗压强度的根本原因.
偏高岭土对水泥净浆火山灰效应强度贡献率的影响%Influence of Metakaolin on Strength Contribution Rate of Pozzolanic Effect in Cement Paste
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
郭磊; 曲烈; 杨久俊; 郭君华
根据蒲心诚教授提出的偏高岭土火山灰效应定量分析方法,进行了偏高岭土对水泥净浆(以下简称净浆)火山灰效应强度贡献率(以下简称强度贡献率)的影响研究.结果表明:随着偏高岭土掺量的增加,其净浆强度贡献率增加;随着养护龄期的增加,其净浆强度贡献率呈现先减少后增加的趋势,且7d时出现最低值;3、28d时小粒径偏高岭土(2.5和3.75μm)的净浆强度贡献率明显高于7d时的值,这说明偏高岭土火山灰效应主要是发生在早期(3d)和后期(28d);而大粒径偏高岭土和补充激发剂则有利于提高其中期(7d)净浆强度.%By using the quantitative analysis method of metakaolin pozzolanic effect proposed by Professor Pu Xincheng, the authors of this paper conducted a research on the influence of metakaolin on the strength contribution rate of pozzolanic effect in cement paste. The results show that, the strength contribution rate of pozzolanic effect on cement paste increases as the amount of metakaolin increases; the strength contribution rate of pozzolanic effect on cement paste decreases and then increases with the increase of the curing age, and its lowest value occurs during 7days; with smaller particle metakaolin (2.5 and 3.75 μm), the strength contribution rate of pozzolanic effect on cement paste during 3 days is obviously higher than during 7 days. This shows that in paste there is the higher physical filling and pozzolanic effect contributed by metakaolin during early aging(3 days); but the larger particle metakaolin and supplement of calcium and aluminum source may improve the medium-term(7days) strength of the paste.
石墨烯对水泥净浆力学性能及微观结构的影响%Effect of graphene on mechanical properties and microstructure of cement paste
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
曹明莉; 张会霞; 张聪
为改善石墨烯纳米材料疏水性,采用硝酸氧化和超声波法制备石墨烯分散悬浮液,考察石墨烯质量分数对水泥净浆力学性能及其微观结构的影响,探讨石墨烯的增强增韧作用机制,结果表明,水泥基复合材料的抗压、抗折强度随着石墨烯质量分数的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,且最佳质量分数为水泥质量的0.02 %.通过SEM和FT-IR对硬化水泥石的结构进行表征,发现石墨烯能够促进水泥水化产物的生长,改变水化晶体的形状、尺寸,使其有形成完整、簇状的趋势,但并未与水泥发生化学反应,改变其生成物类型.%Graphene suspension was prepared by nitric acid oxidation and ultrasonic to improve the hydrophobicity. Graphene suspension was added to cement to produce cement-graphene composite. The effect of graphene on mechanical properties and microstructure of cement paste was studied. In addition, the toughing mechanism of grapheme was also discussed, which provide theoretical and practical foundation for the study of graphene cement-based composite materials. With the increase of graphene content, the compressive and flexural strength of cement-based composite increased firstly then decreased, and the optimal additive amount is 0. 02 wt%. The results from structural analysis of set cement by SEM and FT-IR indicated that graphene can promote the growth of the hydration products, change the shape and size of hydration crystal, but did not change its type through reacting with cement and graphene.
软水溶蚀环境中水泥-矿渣复合胶凝材料的浆体结构变化%Microstructural Variation of Hardened Cement-slag Pastes Leached by Soft Water
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
刘仍光; 张波; 阎培渝
利用压汞、X 射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和热重等方法研究了水泥-矿渣复合胶凝材料硬化浆体遭受软水溶蚀后的孔隙结构、水化产物、浆体形貌以及Ca(OH)2含量的变化,并研究了软水溶蚀作用下水泥-矿渣复合胶凝材料硬化浆体的微观结构变化规律。结果表明:水泥-矿渣复合胶凝材料硬化浆体经长期软水溶蚀作用后,浆体中的Ca(OH)2含量充足,C-S-H凝胶的Ca/Si比稍有降低,但没有分解的迹象;水泥-矿渣复合胶凝材料硬化浆体的孔隙率比纯水泥试样的低,浆体微观结构致密;矿渣掺量在70%以内的水泥-矿渣复合胶凝材料均表现出良好的抗溶蚀性能。%The pore structure, hydration products, microtopography and Ca(OH)2 content of hardened cement-slag complex binder pastes leached by soft water were investigated by means of mercury intrusion porosimetry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron mi-croscopy and thermogravimetry, respectively. The effect of soft water leaching on the microstructure of binder paste was discussed. The results show that the Ca(OH)2 content in pastes is abundant, and the Ca/Si ratio of C-S-H gel slightly decreases. But there is not the decomposition sign of C-S-H gel after prolonged leaching of soft water. The porosity of cement-slag complex binder pastes is lower, and their microstructure is more compact than that of pure cement paste, resulting in that the cement-slag complex binder con-taining slag of <70% has a good leaching resistance.
Effect of Ba2+on microstructure of C-S-H in portland cement pastes at variable temperature regime%变温下 Ba2+对水泥浆体C-S-H微结构的影响
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
沈凡; 胡晨光; 赵明宇
为从分子尺度优化C-S-H微结构提供理论依据,采用模拟大体积混凝土内部变温历程的养护制度,运用29 Si魔角旋转核磁共振(29 Si MAS NMR)结合去卷积技术,研究了变温条件下Ba(OH)2掺量为1.0%时对水泥浆体C-S-H微结构的影响规律。结果表明:在变温条件下掺加Ba(OH)2提高了水泥浆体中硅酸盐矿物水化程度,尤其在水化早期(3 d)时硅酸盐矿物水化程度增幅较大,进而使C-S-H结构中硅氧四面体二聚体数量增加,导致其C-S-H平均分子链长(MCL)显著低于纯水泥浆体,避免了纯水泥浆体在降温阶段出现C-S-H的MCL降低的现象。同时,掺加Ba(OH)2进一步降低了水泥浆体在变温过程下C-S-H中Al3+取代Si4+的程度。%In order to provide the theoretical basis for optimizing the microstructure of C -S -H at molecular scale,by simulating the variable temperature process in the interior of mass concrete and using the 29 Si Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (MAS NMR)combined with deconvolution technique,effect of 1.0% Ba(OH)2 on C-S-H microstructure in Portland cement pastes at variable temperature regime was in-vestigated.The results show that the hydration of silicate minerals in cement pastes is improved by mixing the Ba(OH)2 at variable temperature regime,especially at the early stage hydration(3 d).The amount of silicate tetrahedra dimers is increased,leading to the mean chain length (MCL)of C -S -H in cement pastes with Ba(OH)2 lower than that in pure cement pastes,avoiding the phenomenon of C-S-H MCL reduction in pure cement pastes at the cooling stage.Meanwhile,the degree of Al3+substituting for Si4+is further decreased by adding to Ba(OH)2 in cement pastes at variable temperature regime.
Effect of Adding Time of Water Reducing Agent on the Rheologic Properties of Fresh Cement Pastes%减水剂的加入时间对新拌水泥浆体流变性能的影响
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
曹强; 朱斌
研究了三聚氰胺甲醛磺酸盐(MFS)减水剂的掺加时间对普通硅酸盐水泥浆体在初始120 min的水化时间内流变性能的影响,研究中MFS的后掺时间为0 min、5 min、10 min、15 min、20 min和25 min。检测了在不同减切速率(3~147 s-1)下水泥浆体水化30 min和120 min时的剪切应力和表观粘度。测定了水化120 min后的水泥浆体的Ca2+浓度和化学结合水。结果表明:推迟减水剂的后掺时间降低了水泥浆体在120 min内的屈服应力和表观粘度,减水剂MFS的最佳后掺时间为10~15 min。%The influence of the time addition of melamine formaldehyde sulfonate(MFS) water reducing agent on the rheological properties of ordinary portland cement pastes through the first 120 min of hydration was investigated.The admixture addition was delayed by 0,5,10,15,20,and 25 min.Shear stress and apparent viscosity of the cement pastes were determined at different shear rates(3~147 s-1) and hydration times of 30 and 120 min.The concentration of Ca2+ and the combined water content of the cement pastes were determined after 120 min.The results showed that an increase in the addition time of the admixture reduced the yield stress and the plastic viscosity of the cement pastes at the early ages(120 min).The optimum delaying time of MFS addition was found to be 10~15 min.
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
方永浩; 毛哲军; 王成; 朱琦
The performance of alkali-activated phosphor slag-fly ash cement with different phosphor slag/fly ash proportions was studied, and the pore and microstructure of the hardened pastes were analyzed by mercury intrusion porosimetry and scanning electron microscope. The results show that alkali-activated phosphor slag cement has normal setting performance, which is different from that of alkali-activated blast furnace slag cement. The compressive strengths of the cement at 3 d and 28 d reach as high as 30.9 MPa and 98.8 MPa, respectively, and the flexural strengths are lower compared with ordinary portland cement. Adding 0-30% (in mass)fly ash into the alkali-phosphor slag system will slightly increase the setting time, however it will reduce the compressive strength,and improve the flexural strength. The corrosion resistance and freeze/thaw resistance of alkali-activated cement are much better, and the drying shrinkage rate is much greater than ordinary portland cement. Substituting phosphor slag partly with fly ash reduces the drying shrinkage to some extent. The hardened alkali-activated phosphor slag-fly ash cement paste is very dense due to very low porosity and a small mean pore diameter.%为充分利用磷渣和粉煤灰两种工业废渣生产高性能胶凝材料,研究了不同磷渣/粉煤灰配合比的碱-磷渣-粉煤灰胶凝材料性能,并用扫描电子显微镜和压汞仪分析了硬化浆体的细观结构和孔结构.结果表明:碱-磷渣-粉煤灰胶凝材料的凝结时间正常,在粉煤灰掺量为0~30 %(质量分数)范围内,随粉煤灰的掺量的增加,碱-磷渣-粉煤灰胶凝材料的凝结时间略有延长.与普通硅酸盐水泥相比,碱-磷渣胶凝材料的抗压强度较高,其3d和28d抗压强度分别可达到30.9MPa和98.8MPa,但其抗折强度相对较低.掺加粉煤灰后碱胶凝材料的抗压强度降低,而抗折强度提高.碱-磷渣-粉煤灰胶凝材料的耐蚀性和抗冻性能均显著优于硅酸盐水�
三乙醇胺对水化过程中水泥浆体液相离子浓度的影响%Influence of Triethanolamine on Elemental Concentrations in Aqueous Phase of Hydrating Cement Pastes
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
孔祥明; 路振宝; 闫娟; 刘辉; 王栋民
采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP–OES)测定水化过程中水泥浆体液相中元素组成,研究三乙醇胺(triethanolamine,TEA)对水泥浆体液相中离子浓度的影响。结果表明:TEA的加入明显提高了水化过程中水泥浆体液相中的Fe、Ca和 Al的浓度,同时提高了S、Si和OH–的浓度。另外,水化热测试表明:0.1%掺量的TEA提高了水泥第一个水化放热峰,延长了水泥水化诱导期。采用总有机碳测试法跟踪测试TEA加入到水泥浆体后,在浆体液相中的浓度变化,结果发现:TEA的消耗主要发生在水泥水化加速期,表明TEA通过化学反应或物理吸附进入了水泥水化产物中。将TEA加入到饱和Ca(OH)2溶液及含有Ca(OH)2沉淀的饱和Ca(OH)2溶液中,对溶液电导率的测试证实了TEA可以和钙离子形成络合物的推测。%The influence of triethanolamine (TEA) on the elemental concentrations in the aqueous phase of hydrating cement pastes was investigated via inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP–OES). The results show that the TEA increases the concentrations of Fe, Ca, and Al, as well as those of S, Si, and OH–in the aqueous phase of the fresh pastes. The isothermal calo-rimetry experiment indicates that the TEA addition of 0.1%increases the first peak of cement hydration and extends the induction period. The total organic carbon (TOC) results show that the TEA in the aqueous phase of the hydrating cement pastes is rapidly con-sumed in the acceleration period of cement hydration, suggesting that TEA could be incorporated into the hydration products via ei-ther chemical reaction or physical adsorption. The measurement of conductivity of saturated Ca(OH)2 solution confirms the formation of the complex between the TEA and calcium ions.
Evolución de la Porosidad de Pastas de Cemento Portland por la Incorporación de una Puzolana Natural Evolution of Porosity in Portland Cement Pastes by addition of Natural Pozzolan
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
J.L. Fernández
Full Text Available Se ha determinado la evolución que se produce en la porosidad de las pastas elaboradas con cemento Portland para uso general (CPN IRAM 50000, al incorporarle una puzolana natural de la región, en distintas proporciones y en función del tiempo de curado. El ensayo de porosidad se realiza según Norma API-RP-40, basada en la ley de Boyle, por la cual se determina el volumen de los vacíos de las pastas. Este se determina por diferencia entre el volumen total del gas a una presión P1 de 6.9.10(5 Pa y el volumen calibrado de una celda donde se encuentra la muestra a presión atmosférica P0. Posteriormente, se ingresa en la curva de calibración del porosímetro y se obtienen los volúmenes de sólido de las mezclas. Como conclusión se demuestra que la porosidad de las pastas disminuye con el aumento de la cantidad de cemento reemplazado y del tiempo de curadoA determination was made of the evolution of porosity in Portland cement pastes for general usage (CPN IRAM 50000 by incorporating different proportions of natural pozzolan from the region, and as a function of curing time. The API-RP-40 norm based on Boyle´s law was used to measure the porosity, determining the paste effective void volume. This is done by calculating the difference between the total gas space at a pressure P1 of 6,9 .10(5 Pa and the calibrated volume of the cell at atmospheric pressure P0. Then the paste volume was obtained by porosimeter calibration curves. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the porosity of pastes decreases as a function of the amount of cement replaced and time of cure
Laboratory studies on the longevity of cement grouts
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
This paper describes laboratory studies of the longevity of cement-based grouts being carried out as part of the International Stripa Project Phase III. The longevity properties determined for a reference grout (90% Sulphate Resistant Portland Cement, 10% silica fume, 0.4< water/cement<0.6 and superplasticizer) are compared with those of a slag cement grout. Laboratory tests have been carried out to determine the following: the mechanistic function of superplasticizer in fresh cement pastes; the leachability of the sorbed superplasticizer and its location in the structure of hardened cement paste; and the general leaching properties of selected cement-based grouts
Preliminary investigation of the effect of air-pollution-control residue from waste incineration on the properties of cement paste and mortar
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Geiker, Mette Rica; Kjeldsen, Ane Mette; Galluci, Emmanuel;
For preliminary assessment of the engineering properties of concrete with air-pollution-control residue from waste incineration (APC) the possible reactivity of APC and the effect of APC on cement hydration were investigated by isothermal calorimetry, chemical shrinkage (pychnometry), thermal...... analysis (TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, compressive strength development was measured and impregnated plane sections were prepared. The APC was from a Danish wet process plant. Although the APC contained high amounts of chloride (approx. 10%) and heavy...
差示扫描量热分析测定外掺氧化镁水泥浆体中的氢氧化镁%Determination of Magnesium Hydroxide in Cement Paste Added with Magnesia by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
陈福松; 徐玲玲
This paper introduces the differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) incremental method which is used to determine magnesium hydroxide in cement paste added with magnesia and on this basis, proposes the once-incement method used to determine magnesium hydroxide also. Besides the paper evaluates the accuracy of these two methods by recovery rate. The result shows that the recovery rate of magnesium hydroxide in cement paste added with magnesia is more than 98.5% by DSC incremental method and more than 97.5% by once-incement method. Though the DSC incremental method has high accuracy in determination of magnesium hydroxide in cement paste added with magnesia and the once-incement method is slightly lower in accuracy, the once-incement method is superior to the DSC incremental method in simplified operation and can be used to determine magnesium hydroxide also.%本文介绍了一种利用差示扫描量热分析(DSC)测定外掺氧化镁水泥浆体中氢氧化镁(Mg(OH))的方法-DSC增量法,在DSC增量法基础上提出采用一次增量测定水泥浆体中Mg(OH),并用回收率评价了这两种方法的准确性.结果表明:DSC增量法测定水泥浆体中Mg(OH)的回收率大于98.5%,此法准确度较高,测定外掺氧化镁水泥浆体中Mg(OH)是可行的;一次增量法测定Mg(OH)的回收率为97.5%以上,准确度较DSC增量法略低,但此法操作简单,也可对水泥浆体中Mg(OH)进行定量测定.
The suitability of a supersulfated cement for nuclear waste immobilisation
Collier, N. C.; Milestone, N. B.; Gordon, L. E.; Ko, S.-C.
Composite cements based on ordinary Portland cement are used in the UK as immobilisation matrices for low and intermediate level nuclear wastes. However, the high pore solution pH causes corrosion of some metallic wastes and undesirable expansive reactions, which has led to alternative cementing systems being examined. We have investigated the physical, chemical and microstructural properties of a supersulfated cement in order to determine its applicability for use in nuclear waste encapsulation. The hardened supersulfated cement paste appeared to have properties desirable for use in producing encapsulation matrices, but the high powder specific surface resulted in a matrix with high porosity. Ettringite and calcium silicate hydrate were the main phases formed in the hardened cement paste and anhydrite was present in excess. The maximum rate of heat output during hydration of the supersulfated cement paste was slightly higher than that of a 9:1 blastfurnace slag:ordinary Portland cement paste commonly used by the UK nuclear waste processing industry, although the total heat output of the supersulfated cement paste was lower. The pH was also significantly lower in the supersulfated cement paste. Aluminium hydroxide was formed on the surface of aluminium metal encapsulated in the cement paste and ettringite was detected between the aluminium hydroxide and the hardened cement paste.
The suitability of a supersulfated cement for nuclear waste immobilisation
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Collier, N.C., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Immobilisation Science Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD (United Kingdom); Milestone, N.B. [Immobilisation Science Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD (United Kingdom); Callaghan Innovation, 69 Gracefield Road, PO Box 31310, Lower Hutt 5040 (New Zealand); Gordon, L.E. [Immobilisation Science Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD (United Kingdom); Geopolymer and Minerals Processing Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 (Australia); Ko, S.-C. [Holcim Technology Ltd, Hagenholzstrasse 85, CH-8050 Zurich (Switzerland)
Highlights: • We investigate a supersulfated cement for use as a nuclear waste encapsulant. • High powder fineness requires a high water content to satisfy flow requirements. • Heat generation during hydration is similar to a control cement paste. • Typical hydration products are formed resulting in a high potential for waste ion immobilisation. • Paste pH and aluminium corrosion is less than in a control cement paste. - Abstract: Composite cements based on ordinary Portland cement are used in the UK as immobilisation matrices for low and intermediate level nuclear wastes. However, the high pore solution pH causes corrosion of some metallic wastes and undesirable expansive reactions, which has led to alternative cementing systems being examined. We have investigated the physical, chemical and microstructural properties of a supersulfated cement in order to determine its applicability for use in nuclear waste encapsulation. The hardened supersulfated cement paste appeared to have properties desirable for use in producing encapsulation matrices, but the high powder specific surface resulted in a matrix with high porosity. Ettringite and calcium silicate hydrate were the main phases formed in the hardened cement paste and anhydrite was present in excess. The maximum rate of heat output during hydration of the supersulfated cement paste was slightly higher than that of a 9:1 blastfurnace slag:ordinary Portland cement paste commonly used by the UK nuclear waste processing industry, although the total heat output of the supersulfated cement paste was lower. The pH was also significantly lower in the supersulfated cement paste. Aluminium hydroxide was formed on the surface of aluminium metal encapsulated in the cement paste and ettringite was detected between the aluminium hydroxide and the hardened cement paste.
Sustainable Development of the Cement Industry and Blended Cements to Meet Ecological Challenges
Konstantin Sobolev
The world production of cement has greatly increased in the past 10 years. This trend is the most significant factor affecting technological development and the updating of manufacturing facilities in the cement industry. Existing technology for the production of cement clinker is ecologically damaging; it consumes much energy and natural resources and also emits pollutants. A new approach to the production of blended or high-volume mineral additive (HVMA) cement helps to improve its ecologi...
Nediljka Gaurina-Međimurec; Davorin Matanović; Gracijan Krklec
During a well cementing special place belongs to the cement slurry design. To ensure the best quality of cementing, a thorough understanding of well parameters is essential, as well as behaviour of cement slurry (especially at high temperatures) and application of proven cementing techniques. Many cement jobs fail because of bad job planning. Well cementing without regarding what should be accomplished, can lead to well problems (channels in the cement, unwanted water, gas or fluid production...
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Fred Sabins
The objective of this project is to develop an improved ultra-lightweight cement using ultra-lightweight hollow glass spheres (ULHS). Work reported herein addresses tasks performed in the fourth quarter as well as the other three quarters of the past year. The subjects that were covered in previous reports and that are also discussed in this report include: Analysis of field laboratory data of active cement applications from three oil-well service companies; Preliminary findings from a literature review focusing on problems associated with ultra-lightweight cements; Summary of pertinent information from Russian ultra-lightweight cement literature review; and Comparison of compressive strengths of ULHS systems using ultrasonic and crush methods Results reported from the fourth quarter include laboratory testing of ULHS systems along with other lightweight cement systems--foamed and sodium silicate slurries. These comparison studies were completed for two different densities (10.0 and 11.5 lb/gal) and three different field application scenarios. Additional testing included the mechanical properties of ULHS systems and other lightweight systems. Studies were also performed to examine the effect that circulation by centrifugal pump during mixing has on breakage of ULHS.
A new quantification method based on SEM-EDS to assess fly ash composition and study the reaction of its individual components in hydrating cement paste
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Durdziński, Paweł T., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Laboratory of Construction Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne (Switzerland); Dunant, Cyrille F. [Laboratory of Construction Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne (Switzerland); Haha, Mohsen Ben [HeidelbergCement Technology Center GmbH (HeidelbergCement AG), Rohrbacher Str. 95, 69181 Leimen (Germany); Scrivener, Karen L. [Laboratory of Construction Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne (Switzerland)
Calcareous fly ashes are high-potential reactive residues for blended cements, but their qualification and use in concrete are hindered by heterogeneity and variability. Current characterization often fails to identify the dominant, most reactive, amorphous fraction of the ashes. We developed an approach to characterize ashes using electron microscopy. EDS element composition of millions of points is plotted in a ternary frequency plot. A visual analysis reveals number and ranges of chemical composition of populations: silicate, calcium-silicate, aluminosilicate, and calcium-rich aluminosilicate. We quantified these populations in four ashes and followed their hydration in two Portland-ash systems. One ash reacted at a moderate rate: it was composed of 70 vol.% of aluminosilicates and calcium-silicates and reached 60% reaction at 90 days. The other reacted faster, reaching 60% at 28 days due to 55 vol.% of calcium-rich aluminosilicates, but further reaction was slower and 15 vol.% of phases, the silica-rich ones, did not react.
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Telschow, Samira; Jappe Frandsen, Flemming; Theisen, Kirsten;
Cement production has been subject to several technological changes, each of which requires detailed knowledge about the high multiplicity of processes, especially the high temperature process involved in the rotary kiln. This article gives an introduction to the topic of cement, including......−liquid reactions are discussed, as are the influences of particles sizes on clinker phase formation. Furthermore, a mechanism for clinker phase formation in an industrial rotary kiln reactor is outlined....
Early stage hydration law of cement pastes under the coupling effect" of cellulose ether and expanded perlite%纤维素醚-膨胀珍珠岩耦合作用下水泥浆体早期水化规律
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
苏雷; 马保国; 蹇守卫; 赵志广; 刘敏
Early hydration law of cement pastes modified with hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ether and expanded perlite and their mechanism in cement pastes were studied by hydration exothermic rate, XRD, FT-IR, DTG and Ca(OH)2 content. The results show that hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ether can significantly reduce the peak of hydration exothermic rate of cement paste in early stage. Hydration induction period and acceleration period of cement pastes were delayed. It had little retarding influence on middle and late period hydration of cement paste. The peak hydration exothermic rate of cement pastes modified with expanded perlite was decreased. The effect was worse than the hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose. Expanded perlite had no retarding effects on cement hydration. It had obvious coupling effect under combined action of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ether and expanded perlite. Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ether and expanded perlite can significantly reduce the content of Ca(OH)2 after 12h hydration. The content of Ca(OH)2 in cement pastes respectively decreased by 43.6% and 9.1% than blank samples. After 24 and 72h hydration, the trendy of decreasing of Ca (OH)2 content in cement paste became very slow with both hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ether and expanded perlite mixing.%利用水化放热速率、XRD、FT-IR、DTG和Ca(OH)2含量测试手段,研究了羟丙基甲基纤维素醚和膨胀珍珠岩两种保水因子单掺和耦合作用条件下水泥浆体的早期水化规律及二者的作用机理。结果表明羟丙基甲基纤维素醚能够显著降低水泥浆体早期水化放热速率峰值,且能延缓诱导期和加速期出现的时间,对水泥浆体中后期水化没有明显的延缓效应。膨胀珍珠岩可以降低早期水化放热速率峰值,效果较羟丙基甲基纤维素醚差,但对水泥水化无延缓效应。当二者耦合作用时,具有显著的叠加效应。水化12h时,羟丙基甲基纤维素醚和膨�
Relationship Between Electrical Property and Microstructure of Mineral Admixtures-Cement Paste%矿物掺和料-水泥浆体电学特性与其微结构的关系
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
李化建; 万广培; 谢永江; 黄佳木
The electrical properties of fly ash ,slag and limestone powder-cement paste were studied by the methods of Cyclic Voltammetry and AC Impedance Spectroscopy .The results of electrical test were fitted by equivalent circuit . The correlations between electrical parameters of paste and unevaporable water content ,pore structure by mercury porosimetry were compared .The results show that there is a positive relation between the unevaporable water content and the electrical resistivity of paste .If the unevaporable water content is higher ,the hydration degree is higher and the electrical resistivity of paste is higher .The electrical resistivity of paste is increased with fly ash and slag ,and it is unaffected with limestone powder of 5% dosage .The resistance Rs of pore solution of paste is increased with the prolongation of hydration ,and the changes of resistance Rs and the electrical resistivity are unanimous .The resistance Rp and electrical capacitance C of gel are related to C -S-H content ,and there is a negative relation between the resistance Rp and electrical capacitance C of gel . The complexity of pore structure of paste is increased with the prolongation of hydration . T he constant phase angle exponent P by AC Impedance Spectroscopy is decreased and the value of fractal dimension by mercury porosimetry is increased .%采用循环伏安法和交流阻抗法系统研究了粉煤灰、矿渣粉和石灰石粉水泥浆体的电学特性,通过等效电路对电学测试结果进行拟合,并将拟合所得浆体电学参数与浆体化学结合水和压汞所测孔结构之间的相关性进行比较。结果表明:浆体的化学结合水与其电阻率具有较好的正相关性,即化学结合水越多,水化程度越大,浆体电阻率越高;粉煤灰和矿渣粉可以提高浆体电阻率,而石灰石粉在5%掺量下对浆体电阻率无影响;随着水化龄期的延长,浆体孔溶液电阻增大,其变化规律与浆体电�
Influence of Calcium Sulfate State and Fineness of Cement on Hydration of Portland Cements Using Electrical Measurement
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
WEI Xiaosheng; LI Zongjin; XIAO Lianzhen; THONG Wangfai
The influence of calcium sulfate state and fineness of cement on hydration of Portland cement was studied using electrical resistivity measurement. The bulk resistivity curve of the paste from the abnormal cement mainly with hemihydrate had a characteristic abnormal peak and rapid increase in early period. The resistivity measurement technique can be used to discriminate abnormal setting. For normal cement with gypsum, the increase in fineness of the Portland cement decreases the minimum resistivity due to a higher ionic concentration and increases the 24 hour resistivity due to a reduction in macroscopic pore size. Thesetting time, compressive strength, pore structure of pastes made from different cements were carried out to compare the influence of water to cement ratio, calcium sulfate state and fineness. It is found that the electrical and mechanical properties are strongly affected by the initial porosity, the presence of hemihydrate or gypsum, and the fineness of cement.
Improvement of Cement Strength by Induction Method
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
YANG Li-yuan; LIN Zong-shou
The induction method of improving the strength of Portland cement by adding fine slag powder,high aluminate component and hydrated paste was investigated through determining the physical properties,hydration heat and pore size distribution,and its mechanism was discussed.The experimental results reveal that a certain content of high aluminate component,fine slag powder and hydrated paste can improve remarkably the strength of Portland cement.
A new geopolymeric binder from hydrated-carbonated cement
Paya Bernabeu, Jorge Juan; Borrachero Rosado, María Victoria; Monzó Balbuena, José Mª; Soriano Martinez, Lourdes; Mitsuuchi Tashima, Mauro
This paper evaluates the use of hydrated Portland cement as the raw material in the production of geopolymers. The silicon and aluminium oxides needed for the geopolymerization process were produced by the carbonation of hydrated Portland cement, which transforms CSH and CAH (Portland cement hydrates) into silica and alumina gels. Hydrated-carbonated Portland cement was alkali activated with a NaOH/waterglass solution. Pastes and mortars were prepared, and micro-structural and mechanical prop...
Alkali segregation in Portland cement pastes
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Triviño, F.
Full Text Available Not availableEn el presente trabajo se pone de manifiesto experimentalmente la formación y presencia de aphthitalita -sulfato doble de potasio y sodio en la relación S04K2/S04Na2 = 3/1 en las pastas puras de cemento portland, desde el comienzo del fraguado de las mismas. Se estudia el mecanismo de la citada formación, íntimamente relacionada con el proceso general de formación de eflorescencias salinas, a base de una emigración de sulfatos alcalinos hacia las partes externas de las pastas, en virtud de fenómenos de exudación equivalentes a arrastres capilares. Se sintetiza y aísla la aphthitalita por dos procedimientos y se obtiene su difractograma.de rayos· X, a efectos de su identificación y de la confirmación de los resultados experimentales obtenidos, así como de la interpretación de los mismos.
Microstructure Analysis of Heated Portland Cement Paste
Zhang, Q.; Ye, G.
When a concrete structure is exposed to high temperature, the mechanical damage and chemical transformation take place simultaneously, which will change the microstructure of material. On the other hand, the mechanical properties and transport properties depend on the development of microstructure o
Pore structure in blended cement pastes
Canut, Mariana Moreira Cavalcanti; Geiker, Mette Rica
Alternative mineralske bindere (SCMs), fx slagge og flyveaske, bliver i stigende grad brugt til delvis erstatning af portlandcement. Dette både for at forbedre betonens ingeniørmæssige egenskaber og for at mindske den miljømæssige belastning. Forbedring af den hærdnede betonens egenskaber forklares ved en mere gunstig porestruktur af cementpastaen. Mikrostrukturen af cementpastaen er bl.a. bestemt af de fysiske og kemiske egenskaber af binderne og hærdeforholdene (fugt og temperatur).Denne af...
Rheological Properties of Cemented Tailing Backfill and the Construction of a Prediction Model
Liu Lang; KI-IL Song; Dezheng Lao; Tae-Hyuk Kwon
Workability is a key performance criterion for mining cemented tailing backfill, which should be defined in terms of rheological parameters such as yield stress and plastic viscosity. Cemented tailing backfill is basically composed of mill tailings, Portland cement, or blended cement with supplementary cement material (fly ash and blast furnace slag) and water, among others, and it is important to characterize relationships between paste components and rheological properties to optimize the w...
Serviceability and Reinforcement of Low Content Whisker in Portland Cement
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
CAO Mingli; WEI Jianqiang; WANG Lijiu
In order to explore the serviceability and reinforcement of CaCO3 whisker in portland cement matrix,the durability of CaCO3 whisker and effect of low whisker content(0%-4.0%)on the working performance and mechanical properties of portland cement were investigated.The experimental results show that CaCO3 whiskers have a good stability and serviceability in cement,and should not significantly alter the rheological properties of the cement paste.The flexural and compressive strength of portland cement reinforced by CaCO3 whiskers was increased by 33.3% and 12.83%,respectively.
Development of Clinical Cement of Nanoapatite and Polyamide Composite
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
A new type of inorganicorganic biomimetic bone cement consisting of nanohydroxyapatite and polyamide 66 composite was investigated. This cement can be handled as paste and easily shaped into any contour. Nanoapatite and polyamide composite cement has a reasonable setting time, excellent washout resistance, high mechanical strength and bioactivity, and it is easily handled and shaped, which can be developed as a clinical cement. It can be predicted that nanoapatite/polymer composite cement would be a new trend of biomedical material, showing a promising prospect.
Hydration of Portoguese cements, measurement and modelling of chemical shrinkage
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Maia, Lino; Geiker, Mette Rica; Figueiras, Joaquim A.
Development of cement hydration was studied by measuring the chemical shrinkage of pastes. Five types of Portuguese Portland cement were used in cement pastes with . Chemical shrinkage was measured by gravimetry and dilatometry. In gravimeters results were recorded automatically during at least...... seven days, dilatometers were manually recorded during at least 56 days. The dispersion model was applied to fit chemical shrinkage results and to estimate the maximum (or ultimate) value for calculation of degree of hydration. Except for a pure Portland cement best fits were obtained by the general...
有机酸对钢筋腐蚀和水泥浆体性能的影响%Influence of organic acids on the corrosion performance of reinforcement and material properties of cement paste
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
朱洋洋; 吴喜涛; 胡捷
为了揭示有机酸粪污废水对钢筋混凝土构筑物材料性能和耐久性的影响,本文采用电化学方法和扫描电镜研究了浸没在含有不同体积分数有机酸的模拟混凝土孔溶液中的钢筋的电化学行为和表面形态,并采用X射线衍射仪和体视显微镜研究了模拟有机酸溶液对水泥净浆水化产物和微观结构的影响。研究结果表明:在模拟孔溶液中,不同体积分数的有机酸均能诱发钢筋腐蚀,经有机酸侵蚀后的钢筋腐蚀电位负移、腐蚀电流升高、腐蚀速度加快;且当模拟溶液中的有机酸体积分数越大时,钢筋的腐蚀速度越快。同时,X RD和表面分析试验结果表明,经有机酸侵蚀的水泥净浆基体,其中的氢氧化钙、硅酸二钙、钙矾石等组分被有机酸溶解,表面出现裂缝、分层和剥落,抗压强度下降。%In order to elucidate the influence of organic acids on the material properties and durability of reinforced concrete ,elec‐trochemical methods and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the electrochemical behavior and surface morphol‐ogy of reinforcement immersed in simulated pore solutions containing organic acids with different volume fractions .X‐ray diffrac‐tion and stereo microscope were used to evaluate the influence of organic acids on the hydration products and microstructure of ce‐ment paste .The results indicate that the corrosion potential of the reinforcement is negatively shifted and corrosion current densi‐ty is significantly increased ,and corrosion rate is accelerated in the presence of organic acids .Further more ,a higher corrosion rate is related to a higher concentration of organic acids .Meanwhile ,the component such as Ca(OH)2 ,dicalcium silicate and en‐ttringite in cement paste is dissolved after erosion by organic acids ,leading to the cracking ,layering and spalling on the surfaces , and a decrease of compressive strength .
Dermatoses in cement workers in southern Taiwan.
Guo, Y L; Wang, B J; Yeh, K C; Wang, J C; Kao, H H; Wang, M T; Shih, H C; Chen, C J
Construction workers are known to have occupational dermatoses. The prevalence of such dermatoses was unknown in Taiwanese construction workers. The objective of this study was to determine the work exposure, prevalence of skin manifestations, and sensitivity to common contact allergens in cement workers of southern Taiwan. A total of 1147 current regular cement workers were telephone-interviewed about skin problems during the past 12 months, work exposure, and personal protection. Among those interviewed, 166 were examined and patch tested with common contact allergens. A high % of cement workers reported skin problems in the past 12 months. More men (13.9%) reported skin problems possibly related to work than women (5.4%). Prevalence was associated with lower use of gloves, duration of work as cement worker, and more time in jobs involving direct manual handling of cement, especially tiling. A high % of dermatitis was noted in the 166 workers examined, which correlated with reported skin problems. On patch testing, construction workers had a high frequency of sensitivity to chromate. Sensitivity to chromate or cobalt was associated with reported skin problems, or dorsal hand dermatitis on examination. These workers' dermatitis was under-diagnosed and inadequately managed. It is concluded that cement workers in southern Taiwan had a high prevalence of skin problems related to cement use. Protective measures, work practice, and physician education should be improved to prevent or manage such problems.
Effect of mixing water magnetic activation cycle on cement stone structure
Kugaevskaya, S. A.; Abzaev, Yu A.; Safronov, V. N.; Sarkisov, Yu S.; Gorlenko, N. P.; Ermilova, T. A.
The paper presents results of investigations of hydration processes and structure formation of the cement paste matrix mixed with water activated by magneto static field using water treatment cycle technology. It is shown that crystallization of phases occurs in the cement-water system at different rates, and phase redistribution in the structure of the cement paste matrix is described before and after magnetic activation of mixing water. Also, modeling of the cement-water system and calculations of amorphous and crystalline phases using the Rietveld refinement method before and after magnetic activation show that strength properties of the cement paste matrix depend not only on quantitative but also qualitative relationship between phases.
Slagment Cement Improve the Cement Resistance Toward Acids Attack During Acidizing Treatment
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Nik Khairul Irfan Bin Nik Ab. Lah.
Full Text Available Acidizing treatment in past experience shows several zonal isolation problems after the treatment. This study presents the effect of the acid treatment toward class G cement and slagment cement as the improvement method to improve the cement resistance toward the acid. Lab experiments were conducted by immerge the respective cement cubes into 12% HCl/3% HF solution for 40 min before several analysis were conducted. Based on the result, the mass loss and compressive strength loss of the cement cubes decrease as the curing temperature and pressure increase due to more evenly distributed cement chemical composition crystal in high curing condition as shown in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM analysis. From X-Ray Diffraction (XRD and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF analysis, only the first layer of the cement cubes shows chemical component change due to the reaction between the acid. This study found that, replacing class G cement to slagment cement can reduce the mass loss and compressive strength loss up to 72% and 82%, respectively.
Neutron Scattering Studies of Cement
Allen, Andrew
Despite more than a century of research, basic questions remain regarding both the internal structure and the role of water in Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete, the world's most widely used manufactured material. Most such questions concern the primary hydration product and strength-building phase of OPC paste, the calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel. When cement and water are mixed, this phase precipitates as clusters of nanoscale (nearly amorphous) colloidal particles with an associated water-filled inter-particle pore system. Most attempts to characterize the C-S-H gel and the behavior of the associated water involve drying or other processes that, themselves, change the bound water content within and around the gel. Neutron scattering methods do not suffer from this disadvantage. Furthermore, the neutron isotope effect and the neutron's sensitivity to molecular motion have enabled considerable progress to be made in recent years by: (i) determining the C-S-H composition, density and gel structure in small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) H/D contrast variation studies; (ii) elucidating the changing state of water within cement as hydration progresses using quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS); and (iii) measuring the production and consumption of nanoscale calcium hydroxide (CH), a by-product of cement hydration that co-exists with the C-S-H gel, using inelastic neutron scattering (INS). These experiments have provided new insights into the physics and chemistry of cement hydration, and have implications for the design of new concretes with pozzolanic cement additions that are intended to address environmental concerns and sustainability issues.
Antanas Kaziliunas
The article continues the research of input reduction of phosphogypsum preparation for the production of building materials. Desiccated apatite (2.18 % P2O5 in gypsum) makes the least changes in the properties of Portland cement: it prolongs the cement setting times and reduces the compressive strength about 10 %. The apatite formation in the pastes of soluble orthophosphate-cement occurs during the formation of X-ray amorphous colloidal calcium orthophosphate hydrate, which prolo...
Dry-grinded ultrafine cements hydration. physicochemical and microstructural characterization
Foteini Kontoleontos; Petros Tsakiridis; Apostolos Marinos; Nikolaos Katsiotis; Vasileios Kaloidas; Margarita Katsioti
The aim of the present research work was the evaluation of the physicochemical and microstructural properties of two ultrafine cements, produced by dry grinding of a commercial CEM I 42.5N cement. The effect of grinding on particle size distribution was determined by laser scattering analyzer. All cements were tested for initial and final setting times, consistency of standard paste, soundness, flow of normal mortar and compressive strengths after 1, 2, 7 and 28 days. The effect of the finene...
... petroleum material that hardens when it cools. Asphalt cement poisoning occurs when someone swallows asphalt. If hot ... found in: Road paving materials Roofing materials Tile cements Asphalt may also be used for other purposes.
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
This paper proposed a new generation of high performance composite cement which is designed according to the optimization of composition and structure of cement paste and is manufactured by blending the different components with special composite techniques. Each of these components has its different special property, and should be compatible with each other and match each other, and the properties of them are complementary mutually. At present, such kind of high performance composite cement can be manufactured with high reactivity cement clinker, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, high grade fly ash, silica fume etc.
Mesoscale texture of cement hydrates.
Ioannidou, Katerina; Krakowiak, Konrad J; Bauchy, Mathieu; Hoover, Christian G; Masoero, Enrico; Yip, Sidney; Ulm, Franz-Josef; Levitz, Pierre; Pellenq, Roland J-M; Del Gado, Emanuela
Strength and other mechanical properties of cement and concrete rely upon the formation of calcium-silicate-hydrates (C-S-H) during cement hydration. Controlling structure and properties of the C-S-H phase is a challenge, due to the complexity of this hydration product and of the mechanisms that drive its precipitation from the ionic solution upon dissolution of cement grains in water. Departing from traditional models mostly focused on length scales above the micrometer, recent research addressed the molecular structure of C-S-H. However, small-angle neutron scattering, electron-microscopy imaging, and nanoindentation experiments suggest that its mesoscale organization, extending over hundreds of nanometers, may be more important. Here we unveil the C-S-H mesoscale texture, a crucial step to connect the fundamental scales to the macroscale of engineering properties. We use simulations that combine information of the nanoscale building units of C-S-H and their effective interactions, obtained from atomistic simulations and experiments, into a statistical physics framework for aggregating nanoparticles. We compute small-angle scattering intensities, pore size distributions, specific surface area, local densities, indentation modulus, and hardness of the material, providing quantitative understanding of different experimental investigations. Our results provide insight into how the heterogeneities developed during the early stages of hydration persist in the structure of C-S-H and impact the mechanical performance of the hardened cement paste. Unraveling such links in cement hydrates can be groundbreaking and controlling them can be the key to smarter mix designs of cementitious materials. PMID:26858450
Bayartsetseg, E.; Lkhagvajargal, G.; Batgerel, D.; Sarangerel, D.; Ochirkhuyag, B
Effects of zeolites in various natural deposits as replacement cementing material on mechanical performance of Portland cement were studied. The blended cement pastes with zeolites were cured at room temperature in air for various durations (1, 7 and 28 days). Mechanical performance of the blended cement samples such as setting time, volume of water, compressive strength, normal consistency and freeze-thaw resistance of the mortar are determined. The optimal substitution ratio was 20 wt. % of...
Injectable Premixed Cement of Nanoapatite and Polyamide Composite
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
A new type of injectable premixed bone cement consisting of nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA) and polyamide 66(PA66) composite is investigated. This cement can be handled as paste and easily shaped, which can set in air, in physiological saline solution and in blood. The setting time, injectability and compressive strength of the cement largely depend on the ratio of liquid to powder (L/P). Moreover, the content of n-HA in composite also affects the compressive strength and injectability of the cement. The premixed composite cement can remain stable in the package for a long period and harden only after delivery to the defects site. The results suggest that injectable premixed cement has a reasonable setting time, reasonable viscosity for injecting, excellent washout resistance and high mechanical strength, which can be developed for root canal filling, sealing and various bone defects augmentation.
Glass powder blended cement hydration modelling
Saeed, Huda
The use of waste materials in construction is among the most attractive options to consume these materials without affecting the environment. Glass is among these types of potential waste materials. In this research, waste glass in powder form, i.e. glass powder (GP) is examined for potential use in enhancing the characteristics of concrete on the basis that it is a pozzolanic material. The experimental and the theoretical components of the work are carried out primarily to prove that glass powder belongs to the "family" of the pozzolanic materials. The chemical and physical properties of the hydrated activated glass powder and the hydrated glass powder cement on the microstructure level have been studied experimentally and theoretically. The work presented in this thesis consists of two main phases. The first phase contains experimental investigations of the reaction of glass powder with calcium hydroxide (CH) and water. In addition, it includes experiments that are aimed at determining the consumption of water and CH with time. The reactivity, degree of hydration, and nature of the pore solution of the glass powder-blended cement pastes and the effect of adding different ratios of glass powder on cement hydration is also investigated. The experiments proved that glass powder has a pozzolanic effect on cement hydration; hence it enhances the chemical and physical properties of cement paste. Based on the experimental test results, it is recommended to use a glass powder-to-cement ratio (GP/C) of 10% as an optimum ratio to achieve the best hydration and best properties of the paste. Two different chemical formulas for the produced GP C-S-H gel due to the pure GP and GP-CH pozzolanic reaction hydration are proposed. For the pure GP hydration, the produced GP C-S-H gel has a calcium-to-silica ratio (C/S) of 0.164, water-to-silica ratio (H/S) of 1.3 and sodium/silica ratio (N/S) of 0.18. However, for the GP-CH hydration, the produced GP C-S-H gel has a C/S ratio of 1
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The objective of this project is to develop an improved ultra-lightweight cement using ultra-lightweight hollow glass spheres (ULHS). Work reported herein addresses Task 1: Assess Ultra-Lightweight Cementing Issues, Task 2: Review Russian Ultra-Lightweight Cement Literature, Task 3: Test Ultra-Lightweight Cements, and Task 8: Develop Field ULHS Cement Blending and Mixing Techniques. Results reported this quarter include: preliminary findings from a literature review focusing on problems associated with ultra-lightweight cements; summary of pertinent information from Russian ultra-lightweight cement literature review; laboratory tests comparing ULHS slurries to foamed slurries and sodium silicate slurries for two different applications; and initial laboratory studies with ULHS in preparation for a field job
Experimental evaluation of cement materials for solidifying sodium nitrate
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Low-level liquid waste containing sodium nitrate is planned to be transformed to salt block by evaporation with sodium borate in the Low-level Waste Treatment Facility (LWTF), then salt block will be stored temporally. It should be important to investigate the method how to treat these liquid waste suitable to final disposal criteria that will be settled in future. Cement solidification is one of promising candidates because it has been achieved as the solidification material for the shallow land disposal. The research was conducted to evaluate applicability of various cement materials to solidification of sodium nitrate. The following cements were tested. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Portland Blast-furnace Slag Cement; C type (PBFSC). Alkali Activated Slag Cement (AASC, supplied by JGC). The test results are as follows; (1) AASC is characterized by a high sodium nitrate loading (-70 wt%) compared with other types of cement material. High fluidity of the cement paste, high strength after solidification, and minimization of free water on the cement paste are achieved under all test conditions. (2) OOPC and PBFSC produced free water on the cement paste in the early days and delayed the hardening period. 3 or more days are required to harden evan with 30 wt% content of sodium nitrate. (3) Though PBFSC contains blast furnace slag similar to AASC, there is no advantage prior to OPC. To design an ideal cement conditioning system for sodium nitrate liquid waste in the LWTF, the further studies are necessary such as the simulated waste test, Kd test, pilot test, and layout design. (author)
Assessment of cement durability in repository environment
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The present research aimed at investigating the durability of cement paste under nuclear waste repository conditions using accelerated tests. Cement paste samples are examined after being exposed to the environmental conditions that are expected to prevail in the repository environment and the results are compared with those obtained with unexposed specimens or specimens exposed to reference conditions. The following exposure conditions were selected: a) Immersion in salt solution, distilled water, or kept in dry storage; b) Room temperature (20 C. degrees) or high temperature (60 C. degrees); c) Immersion time of 30 days or 60 days (not for dry storage); d) Irradiation to a dose of (400 kGy) or background radiation (0 kGy). After exposure to the stressing conditions, the effects of each factor on the cement paste samples were observed by changes in their characteristics. Compressive strength tests were performed on all samples and some of them were investigated in terms of changes in mineralogy by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). With the results obtained so far it was possible to point out the following conclusions. First, after a period of immersion in water, cement paste samples further hydrated and presented higher mechanical resistance, as expected. Secondly, dry storage did not allow a complete hydration as a consequence of pore water evaporation. High temperatures intensified this process and led to the ettringite decomposition to meta-ettringite. Thirdly, higher temperature accelerated hydration kinetics and promoted higher mechanical resistance in samples kept under immersion. Fourthly, the irradiation dose applied was unable to change the mineralogy of cement paste samples and fifthly, no statistically significant differences were observed between 30 or 60 days exposure time, for the test conditions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The objective of this project is to develop an improved ultra-lightweigh cement using ultralight hollow glass spheres (ULHS). Work reported herein addresses Task 1: Assess Ultra-Lightweight Cementing Problems, Task 2: Review Russian Ultra-Lightweight Cement Literature, and Task 3: Test Ultra-Lightweight Cements. Results reported this quarter include a review and summary surface pipe and intermediate casing cementing conditions historically encountered in the US and establishment of average design conditions for ULHS cements. Russian literature concerning development and use of ultra-lightweight cements employing either nitrogen or ULHS was reviewed, and a summary is presented. Quality control testing of materials used to formulate ULHS cements in the laboratory was conducted to establish baseline material performance standards. A testing protocol was developed employing standard procedures as well as procedures tailored to evaluate ULHS. This protocol is presented and discussed. finally, results of initial testing of ULHS cements is presented along with analysis to establish cement performance design criteria to be used during the remainder of the project
Kekuatan perlekatan geser semen ionomer kaca terhadap dentin dan NiCr alloy (Shear bond strenght of glass ionomer cement in dentin and NiCr alloy
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Mira Leonita
Full Text Available Glass ionomer cements were used broadly in restorative dentistry. That's why researchers always try to invent new form of glass ionomer cement. The newest invention was the paste-paste formulation. Shear bond strenght of powder-liquid glass ionomer cement and paste-paste glass ionomer cement in dentin and NiCr alloy was tested to 4 groups of samples. Each group consisted contain 6 samples that were shaped into cylinder with 4 mm of diameter and 5 mm of height. Group A was dentin with powder-liquid glass ionomer cement, group B was dentin with paste-paste glass ionomer cement, group C was alloy with powder-liquid glass ionomer cement, and group D was alloy with paste-paste glass ionomer cement. Each sample in each group was tested with Autograph. The datas were analyzed statistically using T-test with level of signficance 0.05. The result showed that powder-liquid glass ionomer cement shear bond strenght was 211 N and paste-paste glass ionomer cement was 166.92 N. That showed that powder-liquid glass ionomer cement had a better shear bond strenght.
Influence of soluble salt chloride on rheological performance of cement paste containing PC with different molecular structure%可溶性氯盐对掺不同结构聚羧酸减水剂水泥浆体流变性的影响
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
熊卫锋; 杨晓峰; 段文锋; 王栋民; 左彦峰
Polycaiboxylate comb-like copolymer (PC) hag been widely used to prepare high-fluidity and self-compaction concrete under low water/cement ratio on account of exceptional dispersion capability and less slump loss. However, due to big variation of the raw material sources in China, big slump loss and pump blockage problem frequently occur during using of polycarboxylate water-reducer. In this article, polycarxylate water-reducer with different molecular structure was synthesized in the laboratory. Effect of soluble salt chloride on rheologicaL performance of PC with different molecular structure was researched. The result showed that influence of salt chloride having sodium ion and calcium ion on shear stress and apparent viscosity of cement paste was similar. But shear stress and apparent viscosity of cement paste increased remarkably,when aluminum chloride was added.%聚羧酸梳型共聚物(PC)具有良好的分散能力和流动度保持能力,因此被广泛应用于低水灰比条件下配制大流动度、自密实混凝土.但由于我国混凝土用原材料地域差别大,在聚羧酸减水剂的使用过程中经常会出现坍落度损失大、堵泵等问题.在实验室合成具有不同分子结构的聚羧酸梳型共聚物,较为系统地研究了可溶性氯盐对掺不同分子结构聚羧酸减水剂水泥浆体流变性的影响.试验研究表明,含有一价钠离子和二价钙离子的氯盐对体系剪切应力和表观黏度的影响大致相同,而三价铝离子氯盐的加入则会显著增大体系在相同剪切速率下的剪切应力和表观黏度.
Chemical and Physical Reactions of Wellbore Cement under CO2 Storage Conditions: Effects of Cement Additives
Kutchko, B. G.; Strazisar, B. R.; Huerta, N.; Lowry, G. V.; Dzombak, D. A.; Thaulow, N.
Sequestration of CO2 into geologic formations requires long-term storage and low leakage rates to be effective. Active and abandoned wells in candidate storage formations must be evaluated as potential leakage points. Wellbore integrity is an important part of an overall integrated assessment program being developed at NETL to assess potential risks at CO2 storage sites. Such a program is needed for ongoing policy and regulatory decisions for geologic carbon sequestration. The permeability and integrity of the cement in the well is a primary factor affecting its ability to prevent leakage. Cement must be able to maintain low permeability over lengthy exposure to reservoir conditions in a CO2 injection and storage scenario. Although it is known that cement may be altered by exposure to CO2, the results of ongoing research indicate that cement curing conditions, fluid properties, and cement additives play a significant role in the rate of alteration and reaction. The objective of this study is to improve understanding of the factors affecting wellbore cement integrity for large-scale geologic carbon sequestration projects. Due to the high frequency use of additives (pozzolan) in wellbore cement, it is also essential to understand the reaction of these cement-pozzolan systems upon exposure to CO2 under sequestration conditions (15.5 MPa and 50°C). Laboratory experiments were performed to determine the physical and chemical changes, as well as the rate of alteration of commonly used pozzolan-cement systems under simulated sequestration reservoir conditions, including both supercritical CO2 and CO2-saturated brine. The rate of alteration of the cement-pozzolan systems is considerably faster than with neat cement. However, the alteration of physical properties is much less significant with the pozzolanic blends. Permeability of a carbonated pozzolanic cement paste remains sufficiently small to block significant vertical migration of CO2 in a wellbore. All of the
Study on the hardening mechanism of cement asphalt binder
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
The hydration and hardening mechanism of cement asphalt binder(CAB) was studied.The early hydration process,hydration products and paste microstructure of CAB made by Portland cement and anionic asphalt emulsion were investigated by calorimetry,X-ray diffraction,and environmental scanning electron microscopy.The early hydration process of CAB can be characterized as 5 stages similar to those of Portland cement.There is no chemical reaction detected between cement and asphalt,hence no new hydration products other than those of Portland cement are produced.The hardening of CAB begins with the hydration of cement.When the hydration of cement comes into the acceleration period and its exothermic rate comes to the maximum,the coalescence of asphalt particles in asphalt emulsion is triggered.In the hardened system of CAB,it was found that the hydration products of cement form the skeleton and are covered by the continuous asphalt film.They formed an interpenetrating network system.The emulsifiers in the asphalt emulsion may retard the hydration process of cement.
Evolution of the hydration in cements with additions
Bonavetti, V. L.; Rahhal, V. F.; Irassar, E. F.
In this paper, the hydration mechanism of portland cement pastes with limestone, quartz and natural pozzolan (80/20 weight) was analized. The techniques used were nonevaporable water content, pozzolanic activity and X-ray diffraction. Results show that filler effect increases initially the amount of hydration products in all pastes. For limestone pastes, the dilution effect is significant at long time, for quartz and pozzolan pastes the dilution effect was lower due to the contribution of the...
The Hydration of Blended Cement at Low W/B Ratio
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
HU Shu-guang; LU Lin-nu; HE Yong-jia; LI Yue; DING Qing-jun
The hydration process, hydration product and hydration heat of blended cement paste mixed with mineral admixture and expansive agent at low W/B ratio are studied by XRD , thermo analysis , and calorimetry instrument, and they were compared with those of pure cement paste. The results show that pure cement and blended cement at low W/B ratio have the same types of hydration products, but their respective amounts of hydration products of various blended cements at same ages and the vatiation law of the amount of same hydration products with ages are different; Tim joint effect of tumefaction of gel-ettringite due to water absorption and the expansive pressure on the pore and riff caused by the crystalloid ettringite is the impetus of the volume expansion of cement paste , and the former effect is much greater than the latter one .
Applications of Moessbauer spectroscopy in cement studies
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
In the last two decades Moessbauer spectrometer has been employed to investigate cement and its clinker. In this work some of these investigations are exhibited briefly hoping that this would facilitate further investigations. It has already been seen that Moessbauer spectroscopy gives good information about some vague points which were present before using this technique as a tool in cement studies such as clinker formation, iron solubility, the iron states in the different phases of clinker as well as the effect of hydration at different times on the states of iron cement pastes, methods for the quality control of the manufactured clinker, the evaluation of the degree of hydration and the compressive strength have been assessed. A concept about the Moessbauer spectroscopy is presented. (author)
Tympanoplasty with ionomeric cement
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Kjeldsen, A D; Grøntved, A M
of > 10 dB, in 4 there was a slight improvement and in 2 a decline. The difference was not statistically significant. Hearing improvement using ionomeric cement in type II tympanoplasty was satisfactory. Reconstruction of the ossicular chain with ionomeric cement is recommended, as the procedure is easy...
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Fred Sabins
The objective of this project is to develop an improved ultra-lightweight cement using ultra-lightweight hollow glass spheres (ULHS). This report includes results from laboratory testing of ULHS systems along with other lightweight cement systems: foamed and sodium silicate slurries. Comparison studies of the three cement systems examined several properties: tensile strength, Young's modulus, water permeability, and shear bond. Testing was also done to determine the effect that temperature cycling has on the shear bond properties of the cement systems. In addition, analysis was carried out to examine alkali silica reactivity of slurries containing ULHS. Data is also presented from a study investigating the effects of mixing and pump circulation on breakage of ULHS. Information is also presented about the field application of ULHS in cementing a 7-in. intermediate casing in south Texas.
Preferential adsorption of polycarboxylate superplasticizers on cement and silica fume in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC)
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Schroefl, Ch.; Gruber, M.; Plank, J., E-mail: email@example.com
UHPC is fluidized particularly well when a blend of MPEG- and APEG-type PCEs is applied. Here, the mechanism for this behavior was investigated. Testing individual cement and micro silica pastes revealed that the MPEG-PCE disperses cement better than silica whereas the APEG-PCE fluidizes silica particularly well. This behavior is explained by preferential adsorption of APEG-PCE on silica while MPEG-PCEs exhibit a more balanced affinity to both cement and silica. Adsorption data obtained from individual cement and micro silica pastes were compared with those found for the fully formulated UHPC containing a cement/silica blend. In the UHPC formulation, both PCEs still exhibit preferential and selective adsorption similar as was observed for individual cement and silica pastes. Preferential adsorption of PCEs is explained by their different stereochemistry whereby the carboxylate groups have to match with the steric position of calcium ions/atoms situated at the surfaces of cement hydrates or silica.
Bleeding and Filtration of Cement-Based Grout
Draganovic, Almir
Grouting is a common method of sealing rock around tunnels to reduce or stop water inflow. Successful grouting significantly minimizes the maintenance cost and safety of the tunnel. Some questions about bleeding and penetrability of the grouts have to be examined more closely to carry out a successful grouting. Bleeding of cement-based grout is a complex problem. Measuring methods used today originate from the measuring of the bleeding of cement pastes used in ordinary building industry. Whet...
Pore Distribution and Water Uptake in a Cenosphere–Cement
Baroniņš, J; Sētiņa, J; Šahmenko, G; Lagzdiņa, S; Šiškins, A
Alumina silicate cenospheres (CS) is a significant waste material from power plants that use a coal. Use CS as Portland cement replacement material gives opportunity to control physical and mechanical properties and makes a product lighter and more cost-effective. In the frame of this study, Portland cement paste samples were produced by adding CS in the concentration range from 0 to 40 volume %. Water uptake of hardened samples was checked and pore ...
Notes on hydrated cement fractals investigated by SANS
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Ficker, T [Faculty of Civil Engineering, Physics Department, Technical University, Zizkova 17, CZ-602 00 Brno (Czech Republic); Len, A [Budapest Neutron Centre, Konkoly Thege 29-33, H-1525 Budapest (Hungary); Nemec, P [Faculty of Civil Engineering, Physics Department, Technical University, Zizkova 17, CZ-602 00 Brno (Czech Republic)
Hydrated cement pastes with different water-to-cement ratios have been investigated by the small-angle scattering neutron technique. Special attention has been paid to the fractal nanostructure of the calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H solid gel) and its basic building particles, i.e. nanometric globules. The inner stability of these particles has been tested and shown to be sufficiently persistent to withstand all spatial regroupings of the overall nanostructure caused by variations of w/c ratios.
Porosity Parameters Of Cement Stone Containing Chemical Admixtures Of Different Purpose
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Lukas Venčkauskas
Full Text Available The conducted research has established a complex influenceand the impact of separate chemical admixtures of differentpurpose on the parameters of the porosity of hardened cementpaste such as open and closed porosity, the average size of poresand the rates of pore inequality. According to the parametersof the porosity of hardened cement paste, on the basis of A. E.Sheikin's methodology, the number of freezing-thawing cycleswas predicted. This research used plasticizing, viscosity modifyingand antifoaming admixtures. It has been found that, when theamount of plasticizing admixture in cement paste (W/C–0.45 isconstant and makes 1.1% of the cement mass, and the amountof viscosity modifying and antifoaming the admixture increasesfrom 0.1 to 0.6% and from 0.05 to 0.3% respectively, the openporosity of hardened cement paste varies between 30.21% and31.06%, while closed porosity varies between 5.39% and 6.22%.When the amount of the plasticizing admixture in cement paste(W/C–0.45 exceeds 1.1% of the cement mass, the open porosityof hardened cement paste increases by 1.4 times and closedporosity decreases by 2.5 times. While adding 0.1% of the viscositymodifying admixture to cement paste, the open porosityof hardened cement paste is increased by 1.5 times and closedporosity decreases by 2.4 times. The amount of 0.05% of thecement mass of the antifoaming admixture results in the increasedopen porosity of hardened cement paste by 1.5 times and reducedclosed porosity by 3.5 times.
Biocompatibility of alendronate-loaded acrylic cement for vertebroplasty
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
T Calvo-Fernández
Full Text Available This paper reports a biological evaluation of a non-resorbable acrylic cement loaded with alendronate for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. The cement formulation was based on polymethyl methacrylate and acrylic monomers; one of these had covalently linked vitamin E residues. The same cement in the absence of alendronate was used as a control. The setting of the charged cement presented a maximum polymerization temperature of 44ºC, a setting time of 24 min, a residual monomer content lower than 3 wt.%, a compressive strength of 99±10 MPa and an elastic modulus of 1.2±0.2 GPa. Cytotoxicity studies using human osteoblast cultures revealed that the leachable substances of the alendronate loaded cement collected between 1 and 7 days decreased cell viability to values lower than 80%. However, morphological changes and cellular damage in cells produced by the extracts decreased with the leak time. Cell adhesion and growth on charged cement was significantly lower than on the control. Implantation of the cement paste in the intra-femoral cavity of rabbits showed that initially the osteogenic activity was evident for the cement charged with alendronate, and the osteosynthesis process took place mainly in the trabeculae and was manifested by the presence of a non-mineralised osseous spicule. The interface between material and adjacent bone tissue was initially characterized by a variable fibrous response that in many cases it appeared reduced to thin connective tissue after a 24-week-period.
Effect of Superplasticizers on the Early Age Hydration of Sulfoaluminate Cement
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
YUAN Xiaohui; CHEN Wei; YANG Mo
The effects of two types of superplasticizers on the properties of CSA cement pastes during early hydration were studied. The influences of two types of superplasticizers on the properties of cement pastes, including the normal consistency, setting time, fluidity, and compressive strength, were investigated by using various methods. The hydration products of the cement pastes cured for 1 day and 3 days were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the PCE type superplasticizer retards the early age hydration while the FDN type superplasticizer accelerates the early age hydration of the CSA cement. Both types of superplasticizers have no influence on the further hydration of CSA cement, confirmed by the calorimeter tests as well. The ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements were used to probe the influence of two types of superplasticizers on the hydration of CSA cement pastes at a high water-cement ratio (0.45). The results show that the PCE type superplasticizer retards the early age hydration of the CSA cement while the FDN type superplasticizer has little influence on the early age hydration of the CSA cement.
Rice-husk ash paste and concrete: Some aspects of hydration and the microstructure of the interfacial zone between the aggregate and paste
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Zhang, M.H.; Lastra, R.; Malhotra, V.M. [CANMET, Ottawa, Ontario (Canada). Natural Resources Canada
This paper presents an experimental study on the effects of the incorporation of rice-husk ash (RHA) in cement paste and concrete on the hydration and the microstructure of the interfacial zone between the aggregate and paste. The influence on the compressive strength of concrete is discussed, and the results are compared with those obtained with the control portland cement concrete and concrete incorporating silica fume. As for ordinary portland cement paste, it was found that calcium hydroxide and calcium silicate hydrates [C-S-H] were the major hydration and reaction products for the HA paste. Because of the pozzolanic reaction, the paste incorporating RHA had lower Ca(OH){sub 2} content than the control portland cement paste. The incorporation of the RHA in concrete reduced its porosity and the Ca(OH){sub 2} amount in the interfacial zone; the width of the interfacial zone between the aggregate and the cement paste was also reduced compared with the control portland cement composite. However, the porosity in the interfacial zone of the rice-husk ash composite was higher than that of the silica fume composite. The incorporation of the RHA in the cement paste did not increase its compressive strength compared with that of the control. The higher compressive strength of the RHA concrete compared with that of the control is due probably to the reduced porosity, reduced Ca(OH){sub 2}, and reduced width of the interfacial zone between the paste and the aggregate.
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Fred Sabins
The objective of this project is to develop an improved ultra-lightweight cement using ultra-lightweight hollow glass spheres (ULHS). This report discusses testing that was performed for analyzing the alkali-silica reactivity of ULHS in cement slurries. DOE joined the Materials Management Service (MMS)-sponsored joint industry project ''Long-Term Integrity of Deepwater Cement under Stress/Compaction Conditions.'' Results of the project contained in two progress reports are also presented in this report.
Kaplan, Hasan; Hanifi BİNİCİ
Cement, one of the basic material of construction engineering, has an important place in view of strength and cost of structures. Cement consumption is increasing parallel to development of building construction sector. For cement producers, minimal cost is desired by using new and economical material sources. On the other hand, the controllers and contractors need cheaper, safer and higher strength materials. From this respect cement industry tends to use cement with pozzolan. In Türkiye, ce...
Durabilité de pâtes de ciments contenant du laitier d'El Hadjar conservées dans des milieux agressifs et à des températures de climat chaud Durability of cement pastes containing slag of El Hajar preserved in aggressive environments and at temperatures of hot climate
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Clastres P.
Full Text Available En vue d'améliorer la durabilité des bétons durcis, notamment vis à vis des eaux agressives telles que eau de mer, eaux sulfatées, …et dans le cas d'une température de conservation de climat chaud (20 à 40 °C, nous proposons d'utiliser des ciments contenant 20 % (CPJ, CEM II B ou 50 % (CHF, CEM III A de laitier granulé moulu de haut fourneau d'El Hadjar. Les essais sont réalisés sur pâte pure afin de mieux suivre parallèlement l'évolution minéralogique des mélanges durcis par analyse au moyen de la diffraction des rayons X. Les indicateurs de durabilités choisis et suivis de 1 jour à 1 an sont les variations dimensionnelles et les résistances mécaniques en compression simple. Le pH des solutions, liés notamment à la fréquence de renouvellement des bains, apparaît comme un paramètre important d'agressivité. Les résultats obtenus permettent notamment de mettre en évidence l'effet bénéfique sur la durabilité aux sulfates d'un ajout aux ciments de laitier granulé ainsi qu'une certaine agressivité pour ces mêmes ciments d'une conservation en eau de mer à 20°C. Une température de climat chaud (40°C ne modifie pas fondamentalement ces résultats. To improve the durability of hardened concrete, especially against aggressive water such as sea water, sulphated, … and in the case of a conservation temperature of hot climate (20 to 40°C we propose the use of cements containing 20% (CPJ CEM II B or 50% (CHF, CEM III A granulated blast furnace slag of El Hajar. The tests are performed on cement paste in order to better follow parallely the mineralogical evolution of mixtures cured by analysis of X-ray diffraction. The Indicators of sustainability selected and followed from 1 day to 1 year, are the dimensional variation and the compressive strength simple. The pH of the solutions, especially related to the renewal frequency of the baths, appears as an important parameter of aggressiveness. The
粉煤灰水泥浆体的电阻率与化学收缩及自收缩的相互关系%Relations among electrical resistivity,chemical shrinkage and autogenous shrinkage of fly ash cement pastes
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
左义兵; 魏小胜
为研究粉煤灰的硅酸盐水泥浆体的电阻率、化学收缩及自收缩的变化规律,定量描述水泥基材水化过程中自收缩和未充水毛细孔体积在化学收缩中所占的比例变化,测定了不同水胶比和粉煤灰掺量的早龄期水泥基浆体的电阻率、化学收缩和自收缩。结果表明:水泥基浆体在硬化减速期的电阻率随时间对数的曲线斜率 K 和浆体3 d 抗压强度成线性关系,并进一步论证了 K 值对水泥浆体结构密实速度的物理意义及其推测强度的应用价值;浆体的化学收缩和自收缩分别随水胶比升高或粉煤灰掺量增大而降低。浆体在24 h 后的单位体积化学收缩和30 h 后的自收缩随电阻率的发展均表现出线性关系。定量地提出了终凝后自收缩变化量与终凝后线性化学收缩变化量的比例参数γ的概念,较小的γ值表明:与未充水毛细孔相比,自收缩的比例很小;同一样品的比例参数γ表现出随水化时间逐渐减小。%The relationship among the electrical resistivity,chemical shrinkage and autogenous shrinkage is investigated.To quantitatively understand the volume proportions of autogenous shrinkage and volume of empty cavities to chemical shrinkage during the hydration of cementitious materials, the electrical resistivity,chemical shrinkage and autogenous shrinkage are measured for cement pastes with different water to binder ratios and fly ash replacements of cement by weight.A linear equation is established between electrical resistivity and time in logarithmic scale during decelerating period,in which the slope K has a linear relationship with compressive strength at 3 d.The chemical shrinkage and autogenous shrinkage of the pastes decrease with the increasing water-binder ratio or fly ash replacement.The proposed proportionγ,defined as the ratio of the autogenous shrinkage change to the linear chemical shrinkage change after final set
A rapid cyclic voltammetric method for studying cement factors affecting the corrosion of reinforced concrete
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Foulkes, F.R.; McGrath, P. (Univ. of Toronto, Ontario (Canada))
A rapid cyclic voltammetric method for studying the influence of cement factors on the corrosion of embedded iron and steel in hardened cement paste is described. The technique employs a cement electrode'' consisting of an iron or steel wire embedded in a miniature cylinder of hardened cement paste. The rapid cyclic voltammetric method is fast, reproducible, and provides information on the corrosiveness of the pore solution environment surrounding the embedded metal. The usefulness of the method is demonstrated by showing how it can be used to evaluate the threshold chloride content of hardened ordinary portland cement paste at which corrosion begins and by using it to evaluate the relative efficacy of several admixed corrosion inhibitors.
Optimization of the Content of Tricalcium Silicate of High Cementing Clinker
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
CHEN Lin; SHEN Xiaodong; MA Suhua; HUANG Yeping; ZHONG Baiqian
Optimization of the content of tricalcium silicate (C3S) of high cementing clinker was investigated. The content of free-CaO(f-CaO), mineral composite, the content of C3S in the clinker and the hydration product were analyzed by chemical analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD). "K Value" method of QXRD was selected as a quantitative analysis way to measure the content of C3S, and the strength of cement paste was determined. The results show that at a water cement ratio of 0.29, the strength of cement paste with 73% C3S can be up to 97.5 MPa at 28 days age. The strength at 28 d of cement with 73% C3S is 16% higher than that with 78% C3S at water requirement for normal consistency. The relationship between the strength of high cementing Portland cement and the content of C3S in the clinker is nonlinear. According to the strength of cement paste, the optimal content of C3S in cement clinker is around 73% in this paper.
Advanced cement solidification technique for spent resins
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
In the past 40 years, the nuclear facilities of China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) produced an amount of radioactive organic resins, a kind of problematic stream in nuclear industry. As these facilities were stepping into decommissioning, the treatment of the spent organic resins was put on the agenda. The various routes for spent resin treatment such as incineration, advanced oxidation, cement immobilization, etc, were considered. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages when applied in the treatment of spent resins. Since the quantities of the spent organic resins were relatively small and an experience with variety of cementation processes existed in CIAE, predominately for immobilization of the evaporated concentrates, the option of direct encapsulation of the spent organic resins into cementitious materials was adopted in 2003, as a preferred method from the point of view of saving the on the cost of the disposal. In order to realize the end goal, the main work consisted of: the survey of the source terms; cementitious material formula investigation; and the process development. This work, which was undertaken in the following years, is addressed as follows. Source terms of the spent resins in CIAE were to be made clear firstly. The results showed that a total of 24-29 m3 of spent resins was generated and accumulated in the past 40 years. Spent resin arose from two research reactors (heavy water reactor and light water reactor), and from the waste management plant. The amount of the spent resins from the heavy water reactor was 1m3 or so, but its radioactive concentration was high to ∼108-∼109Bq/m3. Two kinds of cements, ASC and OPC cement were selected next, as the solidifying matrix to be investigated. A mixture surface response approach was employed to design experiment and interpret data. In comparison, ASC was superior to OPC cement and it displayed preferable performances to encapsulate spent resins. The optimum formulation is:1) resin
Long-term Performance of Moderate Heat Portland Cement with Double-expansive Sources
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
YE Qing; CHEN Huxing; KONG Deyu; WANG Shangxian; LOU Zonghan
The long-term performance of moderate heat Portland cement with double-expansive sources (DE cement) in the system of high MgO clinker and gypsum was studied by XRD, SEM/EDAX and test methods for strength and expansion of cement. Results indicate that the periclase particle, whose size was 5-7.5 μm in DE cement clinker containing 4.8 % MgO, existed individually. The periclase hydration in hardened DE cement paste started at about 60 days and completed up to 2 000 days, and ettringite in the paste was stable from 3 days to 2 000 days. Under the conditions of 4.5%-5.0 % MgO in clinker and 2.8%-3.4 %SO3 in cement,ettringite expansion and brucite expansion in DE cement paste had a continuity, entirety and stability. At the ages of 90, 365, 730 and 2 000 days the expansion of the paste reached 0.07%-0.11%, 0.16%-0.21%, 0.21%-0.27% and 0.29%-0.38 %, respectively. The results suggest that by using this cement in mass concrete it may compensate its temperature shrinkage and autogenous shrinkage to some extent.
Mitigating the effects of system resolution on computer simulation of Portland cement hydration
Chen, W.; Brouwers, H.J.H.
CEMHYD3D is an advanced, three-dimensional computer model for simulating the hydration processes of cement, in which the microstructure of the hydrating cement paste is represented by digitized particles in a cubic domain. However, the system resolution (which is determined by the voxel size) has a
Comparison of observed and simulated cement microstructure using spatial correlation functions
Igarashi, S.; Chen, W.; Brouwers, H.J.H.
The microstructure of cement pastes, as revealed by SEM-BSE image analysis, was compared with a simulated structure generated by the University of Twente version of the CEMHYD3D hydration simulation model. The spatial array of unhydrated cement particles was simulated by the model. However, spatial
Influence of CG With High Content of Metallic Particles as a Cement Admixture on Cement Strength
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
WAN Hui-wen; LIN Zong-shou; ZHAO Qian; HUANG Yun
Copper gangue (CG), containing a large amount of water with grain sizes of 0.037 to 0.10mm,is an inactive industrial waste generated from copper refineries. When it is dried and used as a cement admixture, the influence of the presence of finely dispersed metallic particles in CG on the microstructure and compressive strength of cement paste has been studied.The results show that the higher the replacement of CG is,the lower the compressive strength of cement mortar is.However,the long-term strength of the specimens with 10% CG,especially after being cured for 3 months,approached to that of the plain mortar.Its mechanism was studied by an electron probe X-ray microanalyzer (EPXMA).The results indicate that a small quantity of Fe(OH)3·nH2O slowly formed from Fe2O3 in the presence of Ca(OH)2, free CaO and MgO of the clinker also slowly hydrated and formed Ca(OH)2 and Mg(OH)2 respectively,so the hardened cement paste became more compact.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Danute Vaiciukyniene
Full Text Available Zeolites are commonly used in the fluid catalytic cracking process. Zeolite polluted with oil products and became waste after some time used. The quantity of this waste inevitably rises by expanding rapidly oil industry. The composition of these catalysts depends on the manufacturer and on the process that is going to be used. The main factors retarding hydration process of cement systems and modifying them strength are organic compounds impurities in the waste FCC catalyst. The present paper shows the results of using purified waste FCC catalyst (pFCC from Lithuania oil refinery, as Portland cement replacement material. For this purpose, the purification of waste FCC catalyst (FCC samples was treated with hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 is one of the most powerful oxidizers known. By acting of waste with H2O2 it can eliminate the aforementioned waste deficiency, and the obtained product becomes one of the most promising ingredients, in new advanced building materials. Hardened cement paste samples with FCC or pFCC were formed. It was observed that the pFCC blended cements developed higher strength, after 28 days, compared to the samples with FCC or reference samples. Typical content of Portland cement substituting does not exceed 30 % of mass of Portland cement in samples. Reducing the consumption of Portland cement with utilizing waste materials is preferred for reasons of environmental protection.
Performance of bioactive PMMA-based bone cement under load-bearing conditions: an in vivo evaluation and FE simulation.
Fottner, Andreas; Nies, Berthold; Kitanovic, Denis; Steinbrück, Arnd; Mayer-Wagner, Susanne; Schröder, Christian; Heinemann, Sascha; Pohl, Ulrich; Jansson, Volkmar
In the past, bioactive bone cement was investigated in order to improve the durability of cemented arthroplasties by strengthening the bone-cement interface. As direct bone-cement bonding may theoretically lead to higher stresses within the cement, the question arises, whether polymethylmethacrylate features suitable mechanical properties to withstand altered stress conditions? To answer this question, in vivo experiments and finite element simulations were conducted. Twelve rabbits were divided into two groups examining either bioactive polymethylmethacrylate-based cement with unchanged mechanical properties or commercially available polymethylmethacrylate cement. The cements were tested under load-bearing conditions over a period of 7 months, using a spacer prosthesis cemented into the femur. For the finite element analyses, boundary conditions of the rabbit femur were simulated and analyses were performed with respect to different loading scenarios. Calculations of equivalent stress distributions within the cements were applied, with a completely bonded cement surface for the bioactive cement and with a continuously interfering fibrous tissue layer for the reference cement. The bioactive cement revealed good in vivo bioactivity. In the bioactive cement group two failures (33 %), with complete break-out of the prosthesis occurred, while none in the reference group. Finite element analyses of simulated bioactive cement fixation showed an increase in maximal equivalent stress by 49.2 to 109.4 % compared to the simulation of reference cement. The two failures as well as an increase in calculated equivalent stress highlight the importance of fatigue properties of polymethylmethacrylate in general and especially when developing bioactive cements designated for load-bearing conditions. PMID:27530301
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Based on research for the History of Marine Animal Populations project, Oceans Past examines the complex relationship our forebears had with the sea and the animals that inhabit it. It presents eleven studies ranging from fisheries and invasive species to offshore technology and the study of marine...... environmental history, bringing together the perspectives of historians and marine scientists to enhance understanding of ocean management of the past, present and future. In doing so, it also highlights the influence that changes in marine ecosystems have upon the politics, welfare and culture of human...
The effect of temperature rise on microstructural properties of cement-based materials: correlation of experimental data and a simulation approach
Susanto, A.; Koleva, D.A.; Van Breugel, K.
This work reports on the influence of stray current flow on temperature rise in hardening cement-based materials and consequently altered cement hydration. To simulate stray current, different levels of electrical current were applied to cement paste and mortar specimens immediately after casting. I
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Milan Drabik
Full Text Available Essential focus of the study has been to acquire thermoanalytical events, incl. enthalpies of decompositions - ΔH, of technological materials based on two types of Portland cements. The values of thermoanalytical events and also ΔH of probes of technological compositions, if related with the data of a choice of minerals of calcium-silicate-sulfate-aluminate hydrates, served as a valued input for the assessment of phases present and phase changes due to the topical hydraulic processes. The results indicate mainly the effects of "standard humidity" or "wet storage" of the entire hydration/hydraulic treatment, but also the presence of cement residues alongside calcium-silicate-sulfate-aluminate hydrates (during the tested period of treatment. "A diluting" effect of unhydrated cement residues upon the values of decomposition enthalpies in the studied multiphase system is postulated and discussed
[Evaluation of the histocompatibility of endodontic cement in subcutaneous connective tissue using three methods].
Ferraz, S L; Birman, E G; Antoniazzi, J H; Magalhães, J
It was employed three methods to evaluate the histocompatibility of a root canal filling cement, as the N-Rickert paste: implantation of round glass cover slips, polyethylene tubes and pellets of the cement. The results demonstrated qualitative and quantitative differences among the methods utilized indicating as a good toll the use of glass cover slips covered by the cement, since they provide good conditions of work, major areas of study, as also facilities in obtaining the specimens for study. The pellets didn't simulate the clinical conditions of the cement and the very small areas of study of the polyethylene tubes don't give definitive conclusions. PMID:2135431
Reducing cement's CO2 footprint
van Oss, Hendrik G.
The manufacturing process for Portland cement causes high levels of greenhouse gas emissions. However, environmental impacts can be reduced by using more energy-efficient kilns and replacing fossil energy with alternative fuels. Although carbon capture and new cements with less CO2 emission are still in the experimental phase, all these innovations can help develop a cleaner cement industry.
Cement Mason's Curriculum. Instructional Units.
Hendirx, Laborn J.; Patton, Bob
To assist cement mason instructors in providing comprehensive instruction to their students, this curriculum guide treats both the skills and information necessary for cement masons in commercial and industrial construction. Ten sections are included, as follow: related information, covering orientation, safety, the history of cement, and applying…
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Lund, Joachim
as well as in the public sphere. Most of the extensive job creating measures he carried out as a minister for public works necessarily involved the use of great amounts of cement – the primary produce of F.L. Smidth & Co. Gunnar Larsen thus became an easy target for Communist propaganda, picturing him...... of the Soviet Union (including an F.L. Smidth & Co. cement plant in former Estonia). He spent the last 15 months of the occupation in Sweden and was arrested after having returned to Copenhagen in May, 1945. Although a Copenhagen city court prison sentence for economic collaboration was reversed, he had...
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
To support its roadmap work focusing on key technologies for emissions reductions, the International Energy Agency (IEA) also investigated one particular industry: cement. Cement production includes technologies that are both specific to this industry and those that are shared with other industries (e.g., grinding, fuel preparation, combustion, crushing, transport). An industry specific roadmap provides an effective mechanism to bring together several technology options. It outlines the potential for technological advancement for emissions reductions in one industry, as well as potential cross-industry collaboration.
Cementing a wellbore using cementing material encapsulated in a shell
Aines, Roger D.; Bourcier, William L.; Duoss, Eric B.; Spadaccini, Christopher M.; Cowan, Kenneth Michael
A system for cementing a wellbore penetrating an earth formation into which a pipe extends. A cement material is positioned in the space between the wellbore and the pipe by circulated capsules containing the cement material through the pipe into the space between the wellbore and the pipe. The capsules contain the cementing material encapsulated in a shell. The capsules are added to a fluid and the fluid with capsules is circulated through the pipe into the space between the wellbore and the pipe. The shell is breached once the capsules contain the cementing material are in position in the space between the wellbore and the pipe.
The mechanical effect of the existing cement mantle on the in-cement femoral revision.
LENUS (Irish Health Repository)
Keeling, Parnell
Cement-in-cement revision hip arthroplasty is an increasingly popular technique to replace a loose femoral stem which retains much of the original cement mantle. However, some concern exists regarding the retention of the existing fatigued and aged cement in such cement-in-cement revisions. This study investigates whether leaving an existing fatigued and aged cement mantle degrades the mechanical performance of a cement-in-cement revision construct.
A micromechanical four-phase model to predict the compressive failure surface of cement concrete
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
A. Caporale,
Full Text Available In this work, a micromechanical model is used in order to predict the failure surface of cement concrete subject to multi-axial compression. In the adopted model, the concrete material is schematised as a composite with the following constituents: coarse aggregate (gravel, fine aggregate (sand and cement paste. The cement paste contains some voids which grow during the loading process. In fact, the non-linear behavior of the concrete is attributed to the creation of cracks in the cement paste; the effect of the cracks is taken into account by introducing equivalent voids (inclusions with zero stiffness in the cement paste. The three types of inclusions (namely gravel, sand and voids have different scales, so that the overall behavior of the concrete is obtained by the composition of three different homogenizations; in the sense that the concrete is regarded as the homogenized material of the two-phase composite constituted of the gravel and the mortar; in turn, the mortar is the homogenized material of the two-phase composite constituted of the sand inclusions and a (porous cement paste matrix; finally, the (porous cement paste is the homogenized material of the two-phase composite constituted of voids and the pure paste. The pure paste represents the cement paste before the loading process, so that it does not contain voids or other defects due to the loading process. The abovementioned three homogenizations are realized with the predictive scheme of Mori-Tanaka in conjunction with the Eshelby method. The adopted model can be considered an attempt to find micromechanical tools able to capture peculiar aspects of the cement concrete in load cases of uni-axial and multi-axial compression. Attributing the non-linear behavior of concrete to the creation of equivalent voids in the cement paste provides correspondence with many phenomenological aspects of concrete behavior. Trying to improve this correspondence, the influence of the parameters of the
Influence of frost damage and sample preconditioning on the porosity characterization of cement based materials using low temperature calorimetry
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Wu, Min; Fridh, Katja; Johannesson, Björn;
Low temperature calorimetry (LTC) can be used to study the meso-porosity of cement based materials. The influence of frost damage on the meso-porosity determination by LTC was explored on a model material MCM-41 and two cement pastes by conducting repeated cycles of freezing and melting measureme......Low temperature calorimetry (LTC) can be used to study the meso-porosity of cement based materials. The influence of frost damage on the meso-porosity determination by LTC was explored on a model material MCM-41 and two cement pastes by conducting repeated cycles of freezing and melting...
Physicochemical changes of cements by ground water corrosion in radioactive waste storage; Evolucion fisicoquimica de los cementos por corrosion de aguas subterraneas en un almacen de desechos radioactivos
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Contreras R, A.; Badillo A, V. E.; Robles P, E. F. [ININ, Carretera Mexico-Toluca s/n, 52750 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico); Nava E, N. [Instituto Mexicano del Petroleo, Eje Central Lazaro Cardenas No. 152, Col. San Bartolo Atepehuacan, 07730 Mexico D. F. (Mexico)], e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Knowing that the behavior of cementations materials based on known hydraulic cement binder is determined essentially by the physical and chemical transformation of cement paste (water + cement) that is, the present study is essentially about the cement paste evolution in contact with aqueous solutions since one of principal risks in systems security are the ground and surface waters, which contribute to alteration of various barriers and represent the main route of radionuclides transport. In this research, cements were hydrated with different relations cement-aqueous solution to different times. The pastes were analyzed by different solid observation techniques XRD and Moessbauer with the purpose of identify phases that form when are in contact with aqueous solutions of similar composition to ground water. The results show a definitive influence of chemical nature of aqueous solution as it encourages the formation of new phases like hydrated calcium silicates, which are the main phases responsible of radionuclides retention in a radioactive waste storage. (Author)
Sustainable Nanopozzolan Modified Cement: Characterizations and Morphology of Calcium Silicate Hydrate during Hydration
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
N. Mohamed Sutan
Full Text Available There are environmental and sustainable benefits of partially replacing cement with industrial by-products or synthetic materials in cement based products. Since microstructural behaviours of cement based products are the crucial parameters that govern their sustainability and durability, this study investigates the microstructural comparison between two different types of cement replacements as nanopozzolan modified cement (NPMC in cement based product by focusing on the evidence of pozzolanic reactivity in corroboration with physical and mechanical properties. Characterization and morphology techniques using X-ray diffraction (XRD, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM were carried out to assess the pozzolanic reactivity of cement paste modified with the combination of nano- and micro silica as NPMC in comparison to unmodified cement paste (UCP of 0.5 water to cement ratio (w/c. Results were then substantiated with compressive strength (CS results as mechanical property. Results of this study showed clear evidence of pozzolanicity for all samples with varying reactivity with NPMC being the most reactive.
The influence of clay additives in Portland cement on the compressive strength of the cement stone
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
A.R. Gaifullin
Full Text Available The introduction of mineral additives to binders, especially to Portland cement, is one of the promising trends for solving the resource and energy saving problems, as well as problems of environmental protection during production and application. Expanding the supplementary cementitious materials resource base can be achieved through the use of natural pozzolans and thermally activated polymineral clays(commonly known as glinites in Russia. One type of glinite is metakaolin, which is obtained by calcination of kaolin clays. Metakaolin is widely and effectively used as a pozzolanic additive due to its beneficial effect on the physical and mechanical properties of Portland cement-based materials. The obstacle to its wide production and use are the limited deposits of pure kaolin clays in many countries, including the Russian Federation. In this respect, the studies of pozzolanic activity of the most common mineral clays and their use in some countries have significantly advanced. Similar studies were widely performed in the 1940s in USSR. It seems reasonable to renew this trend to provide a scientific base for the production of local pozzolans made of clays commonly used in different regions. Comparative studies of the effect of 5 clays differing in mineral and chemical composition, calcination temperature and specific surface area, and high-quality metakaolin, on the strength of hardened Portland cement paste have been performed. It has been established that introducing 5…10 % of composite clays calcined at 400…8000 C° and milled to a specific surface area of 290…800 m2/kg into Portland cement enhanced the strength of the hardened cement paste considerably better than the introduction of metakaolin with a specific surface area of 1200 m2/kg. The findings of the study suggest that many kinds of commonly used polymineral clays have a specific calcination temperature and dispersity, which results in a higher pozzolanic activity compared with
Smit JRK; Coenen PWHG; Matthijsen AJCM; LAE; TAUW
This document on cement production has been published within the SPIN project. In this project information has been collected on industrial plants or industrial processes to afford support to governmental policy on emission reduction. This document contains information on the processes, emission sou
Osteotransductive bone cements.
Driessens, F C; Planell, J A; Boltong, M G; Khairoun, I; Ginebra, M P
Calcium phosphate bone cements (CPBCs) are osteotransductive, i.e. after implantation in bone they are transformed into new bone tissue. Furthermore, due to the fact that they are mouldable, their osteointegration is immediate. Their chemistry has been established previously. Some CPBCs contain amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and set by a sol-gel transition. The others are crystalline and can give as the reaction product dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD), calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA), carbonated apatite (CA) or hydroxyapatite (HA). Mixed-type gypsum-DCPD cements are also described. In vivo rates of osteotransduction vary as follows: gypsum-DCPD > DCPD > CDHA approximately CA > HA. The osteotransduction of CDHA-type cements may be increased by adding dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCP) and/or CaCO3 to the cement powder. CPBCs can be used for healing of bone defects, bone augmentation and bone reconstruction. Incorporation of drugs like antibiotics and bone morphogenetic protein is envisaged. Load-bearing applications are allowed for CHDA-type, CA-type and HA-type CPBCs as they have a higher compressive strength than human trabecular bone (10 MPa).
Relaxation study of cement based grouting material using nuclear magnetic resonance
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Li Xianzhong; Lin Baiquan; Zhai Cheng; Ni Guanhua; Li Ziwen
Aiming at actual condition of poor effect of hole sealing for the reason of poor cement paste fluidity in the process of coal mine gas drainage,by adding a water reducing agent,cement paste for hole sealing was produced.The changes of initial distribution,weighted average values and total relaxation signal intensity of transverse relaxation time (T2) of water in pure cement paste and water reducing agent added cement paste were studied with low field proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).The results show that there are four peaks in T2 distribution curves of cement paste:the first peak is related to the bound water in flocculation,the second and the third peaks are related to the water in flocculation,water reducing agent makes it extending towards the long relaxation time,increasing its liquidity,and the fourth peak is related to the free water.By using weighted average values of T2 and total relaxation signal intensity,hydration process of cement pastes could be roughly divided into four stages:the initial period,reaction period,accelerated period and steady period.By analyzing the periods,it makes sure that the grouting process should be completed in the reaction period in the site,and the drainage process should be started in the steady period.The results have great guiding significance to the hole sealing and methane drainage.
Relaxation study of cement based grouting material using nuclear magnetic resonance
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Li; Xianzhong; Lin; Baiquan; Zhai; Cheng; Ni; Guanhua; Li; Ziwen
Aiming at actual condition of poor effect of hole sealing for the reason of poor cement paste fluidity in the process of coal mine gas drainage,by adding a water reducing agent,cement paste for hole sealing was produced.The changes of initial distribution,weighted average values and total relaxation signal intensity of transverse relaxation time(T 2) of water in pure cement paste and water reducing agent added cement paste were studied with low field proton nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR).The results show that there are four peaks in T2 distribution curves of cement paste:the first peak is related to the bound water in flocculation,the second and the third peaks are related to the water in flocculation,water reducing agent makes it extending towards the long relaxation time,increasing its liquidity,and the fourth peak is related to the free water.By using weighted average values of T2 and total relaxation signal intensity,hydration process of cement pastes could be roughly divided into four stages:the initial period,reaction period,accelerated period and steady period.By analyzing the periods,it makes sure that the grouting process should be completed in the reaction period in the site,and the drainage process should be started in the steady period.The results have great guiding significance to the hole sealing and methane drainage.
A comprehensive model to describe radiolytic processes in cement medium
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Bouniol, P.; Bjergbakke, Erling
Basic mechanisms controlling the radiolysis in cementitious matrices are reviewed in the specific context of the gamma irradiation, in closed system without upper vapour space, at 25 degrees C, with a pore solution representative of a Portland cement paste. A general survey of data corresponding...
Advantages of using glycolic acid as a retardant in a brushite forming cement.
Mariño, Faleh Tamimi; Torres, Jesús; Hamdan, Mohammad; Rodríguez, Carmen Rueda; Cabarcos, Enrique López
In this study we have compared the effect of using acetic, glycolic, and citric acids on the brushite cement setting reaction and the properties of the resultant cement. The cement solid phase was made by mixing beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP), monocalcium dihydrogen phosphate anhydrate (MCPA), and sodium pyrophosphate, whereas the cement liquid phase consisted of aqueous solutions of carboxy acids at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 3.5M. Cements were prepared by mixing the solid phase with the liquid phase to form a workable paste. The cement setting time was longer for glycolic and citric acids. The best mechanical properties in dry environments were obtained using glycolic and citric acid liquid phases. In a wet environment at 37 degrees C, the cement set with glycolic acid was the strongest one. Brushite cement diametral tensile strength seems to be affected by the calcium-carboxyl phase produced in the setting reaction. The acceptable setting time and mechanical properties of cements set in glycolic acid solutions are attributed to the additional hydrophilic groups in the carboxylic acid and the low solubility in water of the calcium salt produced in the reaction. Moreover, at high concentrations, carboxylic acids add chemically to the cement matrix becoming reactants themselves.
The Hydration Characteristics and Expansion Machanism of Expansive Cement at Low W/B Ratio
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
LU Lin-nu; HE Yong-jia; LI Yue; DING Qing-jun; HU Shu-guang
The hydration characteristics and expansion impetus of three kinds of cement paste under freeand confined-curing conditions were investigated, which were respectively mixed with three different kinds of expansive agent at low W/ B ratio. The results show that the hydration products of pure cement paste and paste mixed with expansive agent are same, but the amount of hydration products , un-hydrated C3 S and C2 S are obviously different at the same hydration age. At 3 d age, the amount of CH in pure cement paste is less than that of paste mixed with expaasive agent, but it is reverse when at 28d age. The amount of AFt at 3d and 28d age in pure cement paste is less than those of paste mixed with expansive agent. Regardless of under free- or confined-curing condition, the amount of ettringite produced varies little since 3 d age. The joint effect of the tumefaction of gel-ettringite due to water absorption and the expansive pressure on the pore caased by the crystalloid ettringite is the cause of the volume expansion of cement paste, and the former effect is much greater than the latter .
Utilization of municipal sewage sludge as additives for the production of eco-cement
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Highlights: ► The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and scanning electron micrograph (SEM) indicated that the major components in the eco-cement clinkers were similar to those in ordinary Portland cement. ► Though the C2S phase formation increased with the increase of sewage sludge contents. ► All the eco-cement pastes had a longer initial setting time and final setting time than those of plain cement paste, which increased as the sewage sludge contents in raw meal increased. ► All the eco-cement pastes had lower early flexural strengths and it increased with the increase of sewage sludge contents increased, while the compressive strengths decreased slightly. ► However, it had no significant effect on all the strengths at later ages. - Abstract: The effects of using dried sewage sludge as additive on cement property in the process of clinker burning were investigated in this paper. The eco-cement samples were prepared by adding 0.50–15.0% of dried sewage sludge to unit raw meal, and then the mixtures were burned at 1450 °C for 2 h. The results indicated that the major components in the eco-cement clinkers were similar to those in ordinary Portland cement. Although the C2S phase formation increased with the increase of sewage sludge content, it was also found that the microstructure of the mixture containing 15.0% sewage sludge in raw meal was significantly different and that a larger amount of pores were distributed in the clinker. Moreover, all the eco-cement pastes had a longer initial setting time and final setting time than those of plain cement paste, which increased as the sewage sludge content in the raw meal increased. All the eco-cement pastes had lower early flexural strengths, which increased as the sewage sludge content increased, while the compressive strengths decreased slightly. However, this had no significant effect on all the strengths at later stages. Furthermore, the leaching concentrations of all the types of eco-cement
Active iron-rich belite sulfoaluminate cements: clinkering and hydration.
Cuberos, Antonio J M; De la Torre, Angeles G; Alvarez-Pinazo, G; Martín-Sedeño, M Carmen; Schollbach, Katrin; Pöllmann, Herbert; Aranda, Miguel A G
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is an environmentally contentious material, as for every ton of OPC produced, on average, 0.97 tons of CO2 are released. Conversely, belite sulfoaluminate (BSA) cements are promising eco-friendly building materials, as their production may deplete CO2 emissions up to 35% (compared to OPC). However, the hydration rate of belite is slow. Here, we report the clinkering of iron-rich BSA materials, their activation with B2O3, and establishing a methodology to measure their improved reactivities. Nonactivated BSA clinker contained only beta belite phase, 52 wt %. Meanwhile, BSA clinkers activated with 1 and 2 wt % of B2O3 contained 28 wt % of beta and 25 wt % of alpha'H; and 54 wt % of alpha'H phase, respectively. Therefore, activation of BSA has been proved as alpha'H-belite is stabilized. The hydration of the cements has been studied by laboratory and synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (using Rietveld method and chemical constraints), calorimetry, and environmental scanning electron microscopy. Cement pastes have different hydration rates. For nonactivated BSA cement, 20 and 48% of the belite reacted after one and three months, respectively. Conversely, 37-49% after one month and 52-62% after three months of overall belite reactivities have been measured for BSA cements activated with B2O3. PMID:20701316
The effect of cement creep and cement fatigue damage on the micromechanics of the cement-bone interface.
Waanders, D.; Janssen, D.; Mann, K.A.; Verdonschot, N.J.J.
The cement-bone interface provides fixation for the cement mantle within the bone. The cement-bone interface is affected by fatigue loading in terms of fatigue damage or microcracks and creep, both mostly in the cement. This study investigates how fatigue damage and cement creep separately affect th
Dry-grinded ultrafine cements hydration. physicochemical and microstructural characterization
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Foteini Kontoleontos
Full Text Available The aim of the present research work was the evaluation of the physicochemical and microstructural properties of two ultrafine cements, produced by dry grinding of a commercial CEM I 42.5N cement. The effect of grinding on particle size distribution was determined by laser scattering analyzer. All cements were tested for initial and final setting times, consistency of standard paste, soundness, flow of normal mortar and compressive strengths after 1, 2, 7 and 28 days. The effect of the fineness on the heat of hydration was also investigated. The hydration products were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis and by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, at 1, 2, 7 and 28 days. The microstructure of the hardened cement pastes and their morphological characteristics were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Porosity and pore size distribution were evaluated by mercury intrusion porosimetry. The effects of greater fineness on compressive strengths were evident principally at early ages. After the first 24 hours of hydration, the compressive strength of the finest cements was about 3 times higher (over 48 MPa than the corresponding of CEM I 42.5N (15.1 MPa.
Behavior of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the porosity and microstructure of cement-based materials
Nochaiya, Thanongsak; Chaipanich, Arnon
The porosity and microstructure of a Portland cement-multi-walled carbon nanotube composite were investigated. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), up to 1 wt.% of cement, synthesized by infusion chemical vapor deposition, and Portland cement type I (PC) were used to produce pastes with a water to cement ratio of 0.5. Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize Portland cement-CNTs systems. MIP analysis of the results indicates that total porosity of the mixes with CNTs was found to decrease with increasing CNTs content. Moreover, an important effect of additional CNTs was a reduction in the number of mesopores, while SEM technique showed dispersion of CNTs between the hydration phases of Portland cement pastes.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Hasan KAPLAN
Full Text Available Cement, one of the basic material of construction engineering, has an important place in view of strength and cost of structures. Cement consumption is increasing parallel to development of building construction sector. For cement producers, minimal cost is desired by using new and economical material sources. On the other hand, the controllers and contractors need cheaper, safer and higher strength materials. From this respect cement industry tends to use cement with pozzolan. In Türkiye, cement with pozzolan is produced by adding the pozzolan, which has a large reservoir in the country, in cement in sertain amount. However this type of cement is consumed in the construction sector, sortage of scientific investigation and speculative news on the subject.are worried the users and producers. In this paper, prior to an experimental study on the cements having pozzolan additive, historical development of pozzolan, reservoir of Turkiye, and comparison with portland cement is carried out. Advantages and disadvantages of pozzolan are also discussed in some points.
Mineral resource of the month: hydraulic cement
van Oss, Hendrik G.
Hydraulic cements are the binders in concrete and most mortars and stuccos. Concrete, particularly the reinforced variety, is the most versatile of all construction materials, and most of the hydraulic cement produced worldwide is portland cement or similar cements that have portland cement as a basis, such as blended cements and masonry cements. Cement typically makes up less than 15 percent of the concrete mix; most of the rest is aggregates. Not counting the weight of reinforcing media, 1 ton of cement will typically yield about 8 tons of concrete.
Early Age Compressive Strength of Pastes by Electrical Resistivity Method and Maturity Method
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
XIAO Lianzhen; WEI Xiaosheng
The compressive strength development of Portland cement pastes was investigated by the electrical resistivity method and the maturity method.The experiments were carried out on the cement pastes with different water-cement ratios at different curing temperatures.The results show that the application of the maturity method has limitation to obtain the strength.It is found that both of the compressive strength and the electrical resistivity follow hyperbolic trend for all the mixes.The hyperbolic equation of each mix is obtained to estimate the ultimate resistivity value which can probably be reached.The relationship between electrical resistivity and compressive strength of the cement pastes is established based on the test results and interpreted by the empirical Archie equation and a strength-porosity equation.The relationship between the electrical resistivity after temperature correction and the compressive strength was linear and independent of curing temperature and water-cement ratio.
Biological effects: asbestos-cement manufacturing.
Weill, H
Fourteen cohorts of asbestos-cement workers have been studied. These studies have demonstrated exposure-response relationships for lung cancer, mesothelioma and asbestosis. For lung cancer, relatively consistent results have been observed, with risk two-fold or less in 13 of the 14 cohorts. Among New Orleans workers, excess risk was restricted to those with X-ray evidence of asbestosis. Workers employed at least 21 years but without X-ray abnormalities, experienced no elevated risk, while those with small opacities (1/0 or higher) had substantially elevated risk (SMR > 400). Exposures in these two groups had been similar. These results suggest that asbestosis may be a necessary precursor for asbestos-induced lung cancer; if so, then the no-threshold model for lung cancer risk is inappropriate since there is general agreement that very low exposures will not result in radiologically detectable lung fibrosis. Further data on this potential link are needed. As in other industries, mesothelioma risk was strongly related to amphibole exposure, especially to crocidolite in asbestos-cement pipe manufacture. A cluster of cases has recently been reported in a family amosite-cement business. Among New Orleans workers, risk of asbestosis was related to cumulative exposure but there was little evidence of risk below 30 f ml-1-years. Progression of asbestosis in these workers was slow, related to past cumulative exposure and not related to lung function decline. Asbestosis risk is therefore not likely to develop in workers under current controlled exposure conditions. PMID:7978975
A novel cement-based hybrid material
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are known to possess exceptional tensile strength, elastic modulus and electrical and thermal conductivity. They are promising candidates for the next-generation high-performance structural and multi-functional composite materials. However, one of the largest obstacles to creating strong, electrically or thermally conductive CNT/CNF composites is the difficulty of getting a good dispersion of the carbon nanomaterials in a matrix. Typically, time-consuming steps of purification and functionalization of the carbon nanomaterial are required. We propose a new approach to grow CNTs/CNFs directly on the surface of matrix particles. As the matrix we selected cement, the most important construction material. We synthesized in a simple one-step process a novel cement hybrid material (CHM), wherein CNTs and CNFs are attached to the cement particles. The CHM has been proven to increase 2 times the compressive strength and 40 times the electrical conductivity of the hardened paste, i.e. concrete without sand.
Galvanic corrosion of Mg-Zr fuel cladding and steel immobilized in Portland cement and geopolymer at early ages
Rooses, Adrien; Lambertin, David; Chartier, David; Frizon, Fabien
Galvanic corrosion behaviour of Mg-Zr alloy fuel cladding and steel has been studied in Ordinary Portland cement and Na-geopolymer. Portland cements implied the worse magnesium corrosion performances due to the negative effects of cement hydrates, grinding agents and gypsum on the galvanic corrosion. Galvanic corrosion in Na-geopolymer paste remains very low. Silicates and fluoride from the geopolymer activation solution significantly improve the corrosion resistance of the magnesium alloy while coupling with a cathode.
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Nisbet, M.A.
This paper describes the cement and concrete industry, and provides data on energy use and carbon dioxide emissions. The potential impact of an energy tax on the industry is briefly assessed. Opportunities identified for reducing carbon dioxide emissions include improved energy efficiency, alternative fuels, and alternative materials. The key factor in determining CO{sub 2} emissions is the level of domestic production. The projected improvement in energy efficiency and the relatively slow growth in domestic shipments indicate that CO{sub 2} emissions in 2000 should be about 5% above the 1990 target. However, due to the cyclical nature of cement demand, emissions will probably be above target levels during peak demand and below target levels during demand troughs. 7 figs., 2 tabs.
Performance of Cement Containing Laterite as Supplementary Cementing Material
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Abbas Bukhari, Z. S.
Full Text Available The utilization of different industrial waste, by-products or other materials such as ground granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume, fly ash, limestone, and kiln dust, etc. as supplemen- tary cementing materials has received considerable attention in recent years. A study has been conducted to look into the performance of laterite as Supplementary Cementing Materials (SCM. The study focuses on compressive strength performance of blended cement containing different percentage of laterite. The cement is replaced accordingly with percentage of 2 %, 5 %, 7 % and 10 % by weight. In addition, the effect of use of three chemically different laterites have been studied on physical performance of cement as in setting time, Le-Chatlier expansion, loss on ignition, insoluble residue, free lime and specifically compressive strength of cement cubes tested at the age of 3, 7, and 28 days. The results show that the strength of cement blended with laterite as SCM is enhanced. Key words: Portland cement, supplementary cementing materials (SCM, laterite, compressive strength KUI – 6/2013 Received January 4, 2012 Accepted February 11, 2013
Role of different superplasticizers on hydrated lime pastes and mortars
Alvarez, J. I.; Fernandez, J M; Sirera, R. (Rafael); Perez-Nicolas, M. (María); Navarro-Blasco, I. (Íñigo); Duran, A
The behaviour of different superplasticizers admixtures was assessed for hydrated lime pastes and mortars. Sometimes, air lime pastes and mortars were modified with two supplementary cementing materials (SCMs), namely nanosilica (NS) and metakaolin (MK). Two different polycarboxylate ethers, a lignosulfonate and a naphthalene condensed sulfonate superplasticizer were added to lime pastes and mortars and their effects on fresh-state properties as well as on the mechanical strengths were evalua...
Tympanoplasty with ionomeric cement.
Kjeldsen, A D; Grøntved, A M
Patients with isolated erosion of the long incus process suffer from severe hearing loss caused by lack of continuity of the ossicular chain. This study is a retrospective evaluation of the hearing results using two different surgical procedures. Since January 1993, 12 consecutive patients with isolated erosion of the long incus process have been treated with a new surgical technique in which the ossicular chain was rebuilt with ionomeric cement. The results in hearing performance (mean pure-tone average (PTA) 0.5, 1 and 2 kHz) were evaluated pre- and post-surgery, and compared to those in a group of 20 historical controls who underwent surgery in 1991 and 1992 using incus autograft interposition. Among the 12 index patients, 7 (58%) achieved improvement in PTA of > 10 dB, in 3 there was no difference and in 2 a slight decline. Among the 20 controls, 14 (70%) achieved improvement in PTA of > 10 dB, in 4 there was a slight improvement and in 2 a decline. The difference was not statistically significant. Hearing improvement using ionomeric cement in type II tympanoplasty was satisfactory. Reconstruction of the ossicular chain with ionomeric cement is recommended, as the procedure is easy to perform, presents less risk of damage to the stapes and cochlea, requires less extensive surgery and does not exclude other surgical methods in cases of reoperation. PMID:10909000
Elastoplastic cup model for cement-based materials
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Yan ZHANG
Full Text Available Based on experimental data obtained from triaxial tests and a hydrostatic test, a cup model was formulated. Two plastic mechanisms, respectively a deviatoric shearing and a pore collapse, are taken into account. This model also considers the influence of confining pressure. In this paper, the calibration of the model is detailed and numerical simulations of the main mechanical behavior of cement paste over a large range of stress are described, showing good agreement with experimental results. The case study shows that this cup model has extensive applicability for cement-based materials and other quasi-brittle and high-porosity materials in a complex stress state.
Influence of nano-dispersive modified additive on cement activity
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Sazonova, Natalya, E-mail: email@example.com; Badenikov, Artem, E-mail: email@example.com; Ivanova, Elizaveta, E-mail: email@example.com [Angarsk State Technical University, 60, Tchaykovsky St., 665835, Angarsk (Russian Federation); Skripnikova, Nelli, E-mail: email@example.com [Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, 2, Solyanaya Sq., 634003, Tomsk (Russian Federation)
In the work the influence of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) on the cement activity and the processes of structure formation of the hardened cement paste in different periods of hydration are studied. The changes in the kinetic curves of the sample strength growth modified with SWCNT in amount of 0.01 and 0.0005 % are stipulated by the results of differential scanning colorimetry, scanning electronic and ionic microscopy, X-ray-phase analysis. It was found that the nano-modified additive may increase in the axis compressive strength of the system by 1.4–6.3 fold relatively to the reference samples and may reach 179.6 MPa. It may intensify the hydration process of calcium silicates as well as influence on the matrix of hardened cement paste. The studies are conducted on the structural changes in the hardened cement paste, the time periods of increase and decrease of the compressive strength of the samples, the amount of the calcium hydroxide and tobermorite-like gel as well as the degree of hydration C{sub 3}S and β-C{sub 2}S.
Influence of nano-dispersive modified additive on cement activity
Sazonova, Natalya; Badenikov, Artem; Skripnikova, Nelli; Ivanova, Elizaveta
In the work the influence of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) on the cement activity and the processes of structure formation of the hardened cement paste in different periods of hydration are studied. The changes in the kinetic curves of the sample strength growth modified with SWCNT in amount of 0.01 and 0.0005 % are stipulated by the results of differential scanning colorimetry, scanning electronic and ionic microscopy, X-ray-phase analysis. It was found that the nano-modified additive may increase in the axis compressive strength of the system by 1.4-6.3 fold relatively to the reference samples and may reach 179.6 MPa. It may intensify the hydration process of calcium silicates as well as influence on the matrix of hardened cement paste. The studies are conducted on the structural changes in the hardened cement paste, the time periods of increase and decrease of the compressive strength of the samples, the amount of the calcium hydroxide and tobermorite-like gel as well as the degree of hydration C3S and β-C2S.
Structure, properties and animal study of a calcium phosphate/calcium sulfate composite cement.
Chen, Wei-Luen; Chen, Chang-Keng; Lee, Jing-Wei; Lee, Yu-Ling; Ju, Chien-Ping; Lin, Jiin-Huey Chern
In-vitro and in-vivo studies have been conducted on an in-house-developed tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP)/dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA)/calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH)-derived composite cement. Unlike most commercial calcium-based cement pastes, the investigated cement paste can be directly injected into water and harden without dispersion. The viability value of cells incubated with a conditioned medium of cement extraction is >90% that of Al2O3 control and >80% that of blank medium. Histological examination reveals excellent bonding between host bone and cement without interposition of fibrous tissues. At 12 weeks-post implantation, significant remodeling activities are found and a new bone network is developed within the femoral defect. The 26-week samples show that the newly formed bone becomes more mature, while the interface between residual cement and the new bone appears less identifiable. Image analysis indicates that the resorption rate of the present cement is much higher than that of TTCP or TTCP/DCPA-derived cement under similar implantation conditions.
Clean Development Mechanism: Laterite as Supplementary Cementing Material (SCM
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Syed Zaighum Abbass
Full Text Available Carbon dioxide (CO2 a major Green House Gas (GHG in the atmosphere, is believed to be largely responsible for global climate change through industrial emissions. The level of CO2 concentration has exponentially increased from about 280 ppm at the start of the industrial revolution to about 380 ppm to date. Although Kyoto protocol has bound industrialized nations to reduce green house gas emissions by 5.2% below 1990 levels around year 2008-2012, but violation continues. The cement industry is one of the major emitter of green house gases, particularly CO2 due to its energy intensive production process. It is estimated that approximately 1 tone of CO2 is released during the manufacturing of each tone of Portland cement. Most of CO2 emissions originate from burning fossil fuels and de-carbonization of limestone in a cement plant. During past several decades, the use of by-product materials in concrete, either as components of blended cements or as admixtures, has increased significantly. In this study, another alternate Supplementary Cementing Material (SCM, Laterite has been used with the objectives: to evaluate the performance of cement containing different percentages of laterite (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 %; to identify the optimum replacement percentage; and to investigate the effects of different concentrations of laterite on various properties of cement. For that purpose, laterite was tested: before blending (for elemental and mineralogical composition by using XRF, SEM and XRD: after blending (Elemental analysis using XRF, fineness test by using Blaine's air permeability test and for particle size % on 45, 90 and 200 µ sieve, respectively; and after hydration (for mineralogical analysis using SEM. Furthermore, physical tests of manufactured cement, i.e., water consistency, setting time, Le-Chatlier-expansion and compressive strength were also evaluated and compared with limestone and fly-ash cement blends. The results show that with the
[Haemotoxicity of dental luting cements].
Anders, A; Welker, D
A glass ionomer luting cement (AquaCem) shows a relatively low haemolytic activity in comparison with two zinc phosphate cements. Especially the initial irritation by this cement is smaller. Although it is possible that AquaCem particularly, in unfavourable cases, may damage the pulpa dentin system; this is due to the slowly decrease of the haemolytic activity with increasing of the probes. We found that Adhesor showed in dependence of the batches a varying quality. PMID:2626769
Cement penetration after patella venting.
Jones, Christopher W; Lam, Li-On; Butler, Adam; Wood, David J; Walsh, William R
There is a high rate of patellofemoral complications following total knee arthroplasty. Optimization of the cement-bone interface by venting and suction of the tibial plateau has been shown to improve cement penetration. Our study was designed to investigate if venting the patella prior to cementing improved cement penetration. Ten paired cadaver patellae were allocated prior to resurfacing to be vented or non-vented. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by DEXA scanning. In vented specimens, a 1.6 mm Kirschner wire was used to breach the anterior cortex at the center. Specimens were resurfaced with standard Profix instrumentation and Versabond bone cement (Smith and Nephew PLC, UK). Cement penetration was assessed from Faxitron and sectioned images by a digital image software package (ImageJ V1.38, NIH, USA). Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to assess the difference in cement penetration between groups. The relationship between BMD and cement penetration was analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient. There was a strong negative correlation between peak BMD and cement penetration when analyzed independent of experimental grouping (r(2)=-0.812, p=0.004). Wilcoxon rank sum testing demonstrated no significant difference (rank sum statistic W=27, p=0.579) in cement penetration between vented (10.53%+/-4.66; mean+/-std dev) and non-vented patellae (11.51%+/-6.23; mean+/-std dev). Venting the patella using a Kirschner wire does not have a significant effect on the amount of cement penetration achieved in vitro using Profix instrumentation and Versabond cement. PMID:19010682
Properties and Acceleration Mechanism of Cement Mortar Added with Low Alkaline Liquid State Setting Accelerator
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
PAN Zhihua; WANG Xuebing; LIU Weiqing
Low alkaline liquid state setting accelerator(LSA) for Portland cement was prepared in laboratory from aqueous solution of several inorganic sulfate salts and some organic chemical substances. Properties of cement with addition of LSA relating to its setting time and strength development as well as its resistance to sulfate attack for short and long term exposure were experimentally examined. The experimental results showed that 5%-7%addition of LSA significantly accelerated the initial and final setting of Portland cement in the presence or absence of the blending of mineral admixtures, the initial and final setting time being less than 3 min and 6 min respectively. Meanwhile, the early 1 day curing age compressive strength increased remarkably by 20%, while the late 28th day curing age compressive strength remained almost unchanged as compared with that of the reference accelerator free cement mortar specimen. Furthermore, mortar specimens of cement added with LSA and exposed to 5%Na2SO4 solution showed their excellent resistance to sulfate attack, with their short and long term curing age resistance coefficient to sulfate attack being around 1.04 to 1.17, all larger than 1.0. XRD analysis on hardened cement paste specimens at very early curing ages of several minutes disclosed the existence of more ettringite in specimens added with LSA than that of the reference specimens, meanwhile SEM observation also revealed the existence of well crystallized ettringite at very early hydration stage, suggesting that the accelerated setting of Portland cement can be attributed to the early and rapid formation of ettringite over the whole cement paste matrix due to the introduction of LSA. MIP measurement revealed that hardened cement paste specimens with the addition of LSA presented less medium diameter pores, more proportion of small pores and less proportion of large capillary pores, which is in a very good coincidence with the improvement of strength development of
Setting temperature evolution of nitrate radwaste immobilized in ordinary portland cement
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Materials based on hydraulic cements such as ordinary Portland cement (OPC) have many applications in the radioactive waste disposal field. Cement hydration process is an exothermic reaction and can cause a considerable temperature rise in the cemented waste form. Specially when large blocks of waste forms are produced it is necessary to have some information about the temperature build up which occurs inside the mass, because this effect may have some influences on the ultimate properties of the hardened cement paste. This temperature rise cause expansion while the cement paste is hardening. When the cooling process takes place, to the surrounding temperature, crackings and contractions may then occur. Whether cracking arise it depends both on the magnitude of the temperature induced stress and on the capacity of the mixture to accommodate the strain. This paper compares the temperature growth in pastes into two different geometries: one uses a waste container with 3.8 dm3 (one US gallon) capacity placed inside a 0.21 m3 (55 gallons) concrete lined drum, which acts as a radiation shielding, and the other the same container placed in ambient at room temperature. Correlations between the time of temperature occurrence, maximum temperature, the water to cement ratio and salt content were observed
铝酸三钙的含量对含石灰石粉水泥浆体碳硫硅酸钙形成的影响%Effect of Tricalcium Aluminate Content on Thaumasite Formation of Cement-limestone Powder Pastes
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
李相国; 何超; 罗忠涛; 马保国; 田振; 谭洪波
通过X 射线衍射分析、扫描电子显微镜、Fourier变换红外光谱分析及激光Raman光谱分析等技术,研究了C3A和C3S的比例对掺30%石灰石粉水泥浆体经5% MgSO4溶液侵蚀后碳硫硅酸钙形成的影响及机理。结果表明:C3A的存在及相对含量并不是碳硫硅酸钙形成的必备条件,硫酸盐、碳酸盐会与水泥水化产物CSH凝胶直接发生反应,导致水泥水化产物CSH凝胶解体,生成无任何胶结性的碳硫硅酸钙,无需或者只需少许铝相参与反应,而且掺少量或不掺铝相的腐蚀试样中主要含有碳硫硅酸钙、钙矾石和石膏。%The effect of aluminum-bearing phase content on the thaumasite formation of cement pastes containing limestone powder was investigated. The specimens were the mixture of different ratios of tricalcium aluminate to tricalcium silicate with limestone powder of 30% and cured in 5% MgSO4 solution. The formation of thaumasite was analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, laser-Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The results show that the C3A con-tent is not one of the necessary conditions for the thaumasite formation. The thaumasite formation is the direct result from calcium silicate hydrate reacting with appropriate carbonate, sulfate, Ca2+ ions and excess water. Moreover, the deteriorated products in specimen with a little or no aluminum mainly contain thaumasite, ettringite and gypsum.
Influence of Plasticizer Amount on Rheological and Hydration Properties of CEM II Type Portland Cements
Šeputytė-Juciké, J.; Pundienė, I.; Kičaitė, A.; Pranckevičienė, J.
The article analyzes the effect of plasticizer (based on polycarboxilates) amount (0.3 - 1.2% wt. of cement) on the rheological and hydration properties of two Portland cements pastes: CEM II/A-S 42.5N and CEM II/A-LL 42.5N. Increase of plasticizer amount reduces viscosity of CEM II/A-LL 42.5N cement paste from 3 to 12 times, where viscosity of CEM II/A-S 42.5N cement paste reduces from 5 to 20 times. The optimum plasticizer dose (0.3%) in case of CEM II/A-S 42.5N and (1.2%) in case of CEM II/A-LL 42.5N was established. Calorimetry studies have shown that plasticizer reduces the wetting heat release rate in CEM II/A-LL 42.5N cement twice and in CEM II/A-S 42.5N cement - by 25%. Plasticizer prolongs the maximum heat release rate time by 16 h in CEM II/A-LL 42.5N samples and reduces heat release rate by 19%. In CEM II/A-S 42.5N cement samples plasticizer prolongs maximum heat release rate time by 14.5 h and increases heat release rate by 15%. The goal of this study is to analyze the effect of the dosage of the most widely used plasticizer on solubility characteristics, rheological and hydration properties of two cements CEM II/A-S 42.5N and CEM II/A-LL 42.5N to establish the optimum dose of plasticizer in cements pastes.
A modified cementing technique using BoneSource to augment fixation of the acetabulum in a sheep model.
Timperley, A.J.; Nusem, I.; Wilson, K.; Whitehouse, S.L.; Buma, P.; Crawford, R.W.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Our aim was to assess in an animal model whether the use of HA paste at the cement-bone interface in the acetabulum improves fixation. We examined, in sheep, the effect of interposing a layer of hydroxyapatite cement around the periphery of a polyethylene socket prior to fixi
Characteristics and properties of oil-well cements auditioned with blast furnace slag; Cementos petroleros con adicion de escoria de horno alto. Caracteristicas y propiedades
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Sanchez, R.; Palacios, M.; Puertas, F.
The present paper addresses the alkali activation of Portland cements containing blast furnace slag (20 and 30% by cement weight) with a view to the possible use of these materials in oil well construction. The hydration studies conducted showed that in cement/slag blends, the sodium silicate activator partially inhibited the dissolution of the silicate phases in the Portland cement, retarding cement hydration and reducing the precipitation of reaction products. Due to such partial inhibition, the cement/slag blends had significantly lower mechanical strength than Portland cements hydrated with water. {sup 2}9Si and {sup 2}7Al MAS NMR and BSE/EDX studies, in turn, showed that the CSH gel forming in the alkali-activated cement/slag pastes contained Al in tetrahedral positions and low Ca/Si ratios. (Author) 29 refs.
Respiratory Health among Cement Workers in Ethiopia
Zeleke, Zeyede K.
Background: Little is known on dust exposure and respiratory health among cement cleaners. There are only a few follow-up studies on respiratory health among cement factory workers and also studies on acute effects of cement dust exposure are limited in numbers. Objective: This study aimed at assessing cement dust exposure and adverse respiratory health effects among Ethiopian cement production workers, with particular focus on cement cleaners. Method: The first paper was...
Role of Substrate on Quartz Cementation in Quartz Aggregates
Farver, J. R.; Winslow, D.; Onasch, C.
Quartz cementation in quartz aggregates has been experimentally investigated. The starting material was disaggregated detrital quartz grains from the well-sorted, mature St. Peter Sandstone. The 'as-is' grains have patches of iron oxide coatings and some have euhedral overgrowths that contain iron oxide dust rims. In addition a set of experiments was run using grains that were cleaned by soaking in sodium hydrosulfite and sodium bisulfate solutions to remove exposed iron oxide coatings. Experimental charges consisted of amorphous silica powder (≈30 mg) to provide a source of silica for the quartz cement, AlCl3 powder (≈3 mg) to provide a tracer for Cathodoluminescence (CL) identification of cement formed during the experiment, 25 wt% NaCl brine solution (≈25 mg) to increase the silica solubility and to better mimic oil field brines, and the natural quartz grains (100-130 mg). The charges were weld-sealed in Au capsules and run in cold-seal pressure vessels at 250°C to 450°C at 150 MPa confining pressure for up to 8 weeks. After the experiments, the samples were vacuum impregnated with a low viscosity epoxy containing a blue dye. After curing, the sample charge was sawn in half along its long axis and one half was polished (to 1 micron diamond paste) for analysis. The nature and amount of quartz cement in the samples were determined by a combination of CL, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Photomosaics of the samples were created and the amount of cement, porosity, and average grain sizes were determined by point-counting. The cement formed during the experiment was easily recognized from the quartz grains (and previous overgrowths) by the difference in luminescence. The results indicate the amorphous silica powder provides a ready source for silica for quartz cementation due to its greater solubility than the quartz. The cementation rates are rapid (>14% cement formed in 2 weeks at 450°C and >7% in 8 weeks at 250°C). Compared to
Thermal Shock-resistant Cement
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Sugama T.; Pyatina, T.; Gill, S.
We studied the effectiveness of sodium silicate-activated Class F fly ash in improving the thermal shock resistance and in extending the onset of hydration of Secar #80 refractory cement. When the dry mix cement, consisting of Secar #80, Class F fly ash, and sodium silicate, came in contact with water, NaOH derived from the dissolution of sodium silicate preferentially reacted with Class F fly ash, rather than the #80, to dissociate silicate anions from Class F fly ash. Then, these dissociated silicate ions delayed significantly the hydration of #80 possessing a rapid setting behavior. We undertook a multiple heating -water cooling quenching-cycle test to evaluate the cement's resistance to thermal shock. In one cycle, we heated the 200 and #61616;C-autoclaved cement at 500 and #61616;C for 24 hours, and then the heated cement was rapidly immersed in water at 25 and #61616;C. This cycle was repeated five times. The phase composition of the autoclaved #80/Class F fly ash blend cements comprised four crystalline hydration products, boehmite, katoite, hydrogrossular, and hydroxysodalite, responsible for strengthening cement. After a test of 5-cycle heat-water quenching, we observed three crystalline phase-transformations in this autoclaved cement: boehmite and #61614; and #61543;-Al2O3, katoite and #61614; calcite, and hydroxysodalite and #61614; carbonated sodalite. Among those, the hydroxysodalite and #61614; carbonated sodalite transformation not only played a pivotal role in densifying the cementitious structure and in sustaining the original compressive strength developed after autoclaving, but also offered an improved resistance of the #80 cement to thermal shock. In contrast, autoclaved Class G well cement with and without Class F fly ash and quartz flour failed this cycle test, generating multiple cracks in the cement. The major reason for such impairment was the hydration of lime derived from the dehydroxylation of portlandite formed in the autoclaved
Degree of Hydration of OPC and OPC/Fly ash Paste Samples Conditioned at Different Relative Humidity
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Nasir Shafiq
Full Text Available Degree of hydration of cement paste controls many properties of hardened concrete and/or mortar such as compressive strength. During the drying process, the degree and the rate of hydration of cement paste in concrete/mortar samples are significantly affected by the ambient relative humidity of the exposure conditions. There are various parameters such as the amount of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH2 in the paste, quantity of the chemically bound water, specific gravity of the paste, fraction of un-hydrated cement, liberated heat of hydration and strength of the hydrated cement may be used to determine the degree of hydration of the cement paste. This paper presents the results of the experimental investigation for the determination of the degree of hydration of 100% cement paste and fly ash blended cement pastes. After 28 days moist curing, the samples were conditioned in 100%, 75%, 65%, 40% and 12% relative humidity. Conditioning of samples in different relative humidity had significant effects on the compressive strength of the mortar samples and the degree of hydration of the paste samples. Conditioning of samples in 100% RH resulted in higher compressive strength and the degree of hydration. Because of the 28 days moist curing and 12 weeks moisture conditioning in different RH, fly ash based samples showed better compressive strength than the OPC samples.
Chemistry of glass-ionomer cements: a review.
Nicholson, J W
Studies of the setting of glass-ionomer cements have been carried out for over twenty years, and there is now a considerable body of information concerning the steps that lead to the conversion of a freshly mixed cement paste into a solid, durable dental restorative. This paper reviews these studies, paying particular attention to more recent work. The conclusion is that glass-ionomers consist of interpenetrating networks of inorganic and organic components forming a matrix in which particles of unreacted glass are embedded. However, there remain uncertainties over aspects of the setting chemistry, for example over the role of (+)-tartaric acid in the setting reaction, and over the nature of the fluoride species which form during the reaction. The chemistry of resin-modified glass-ionomers is also discussed and shown to be more complex than that of the simple cements. The presence of the resin component slows down the ionic cure reaction of the conventional cement, and leads to both a significant exotherm and a set material capable of absorbing water reversibly. The paper concludes that the microstructure of the set cement depends completely on chemical composition and the kinetics of the setting process, and that an understanding of the setting chemistry of these materials is thus important for optimal clinical use.
Multi-scale simulation for homogenization of cement media
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
To solve diffusion problems on cement media, two scales must be taken into account: a fine scale, which describes the micrometers wide microstructures present in the media, and a work scale, which is usually a few meters long. Direct numerical simulations are almost impossible because of the huge computational resources (memory, CPU time) required to assess both scales at the same time. To overcome this problem, we present in this thesis multi-scale resolution methods using both Finite Volumes and Finite Elements, along with their efficient implementations. More precisely, we developed a multi-scale simulation tool which uses the SALOME platform to mesh domains and post-process data, and the parallel calculation code MPCube to solve problems. This SALOME/MPCube tool can solve automatically and efficiently multi-scale simulations. Parallel structure of computer clusters can be use to dispatch the more time-consuming tasks. We optimized most functions to account for cement media specificities. We presents numerical experiments on various cement media samples, e.g. mortar and cement paste. From these results, we manage to compute a numerical effective diffusivity of our cement media and to reconstruct a fine scale solution. (author)
Magnesium oxychloride cement concrete
Indian Academy of Sciences (India)
A K Misra; Renu Mathur
The scope of magnesium oxychloride (MOC) cement in concrete works has been evaluated. MOC cement concrete compositions of varying strengths having good placing and finishing characteristics were prepared and investigated for their compressive and flexural strengths, -values, abrasion resistance etc. The durability of MOC concrete compositions against extreme environmental conditions viz. heating–cooling, freezing–thawing, wetting–drying and penetration and deposition of salts etc were investigated. The results reveal that MOC concrete has high compressive strength associated with high flexural strength and the ratio of compressive to flexural strength varies between 6 and 8. The elastic moduli of the compositions studied are found to be 23–85 GPa and the abrasion losses between 0.11 and 0.20%. While alternate heating–cooling cycles have no adverse effect on MOC concrete, it can be made durable against freezing–thawing and the excessive exposure to water and salt attack by replacing 10% magnesium chloride solution by magnesium sulphate solution of the same concentration.
Radon exhalation of hardening concrete: monitoring cement hydration and prediction of radon concentration in construction site
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Kovler, Konstantin [National Building Research Institute, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000 (Israel)]. E-mail: email@example.com
The unique properties of radon as a noble gas are used for monitoring cement hydration and microstructural transformations in cementitious system. It is found that the radon concentration curve for hydrating cement paste enclosed in the chamber increases from zero (more accurately - background) concentrations, similar to unhydrated cement. However, radon concentrations developed within 3 days in the test chamber containing cement paste were {approx}20 times higher than those of unhydrated cement. This fact proves the importance of microstructural transformations taking place in the process of cement hydration, in comparison with cement grain, which is a time-stable material. It is concluded that monitoring cement hydration by means of radon exhalation method makes it possible to distinguish between three main stages, which are readily seen in the time dependence of radon concentration: stage I (dormant period), stage II (setting and intensive microstructural transformations) and stage III (densification of the structure and drying). The information presented improves our understanding of the main physical mechanisms resulting in the characteristic behavior of radon exhalation in the course of cement hydration. The maximum value of radon exhalation rate observed, when cement sets, can reach 0.6 mBq kg{sup -1} s{sup -1} and sometimes exceeds 1.0 mBq kg{sup -1} s{sup -1}. These values exceed significantly to those known before for cementitious materials. At the same time, the minimum ventilation rate accepted in the design practice (0.5 h{sup -1}), guarantees that the concentrations in most of the cases will not exceed the action level and that they are not of any radiological concern for construction workers employed in concreting in closed spaces.
Study of belite calcium sulfo-aluminate cement potential for zinc conditioning: From hydration to durability
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Calcium silicate cements are widely used for low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste conditioning. However, wastes produced by nuclear activities are very diverse and some of their components may chemically react with cement phases. For instance, ashes resulting from the incineration of technological wastes including neoprene and polyvinylchloride may contain substantial amounts of soluble zinc chloride. This compound is known to strongly delay or inhibit Portland cement setting. One approach to limit adverse cement-waste interactions is to select a binder showing a better compatibility with the waste while keeping cement matrix advantages (low cost, simple process, hydration with water provided by the waste...). This work thus investigates the potential of calcium sulfo-aluminate cement for zinc Zn(II) immobilization. Four aspects were considered: hydration (kinetics and products formed), properties of hydrated binders, mechanisms of zinc retention and durability of the cement pastes (based on leaching experiments and modelling). The influence of three main parameters was assessed: the gypsum content of the cement, the concentration of ZnCl2 and the thermal evolution at early age. It follows that materials based on a calcium sulfo-aluminate cement containing 20% gypsum are interesting candidates for zinc Zn(II) stabilization/solidification: there is no delay in hydration, mineralogy of the hydrated phases is slightly dependent on thermal history, mechanical strength is high, dimensional changes are limited and zinc Zn(II) is well immobilized, even if the cement paste is leached by pure water during a long period (90 d). (author)
Strength development, hydration reaction and pore structure of autoclaved slag cement with added silica fume
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Xi, Y. [China Building Materials Academy, Beijing (China); Siemer, D.D. [LITCO, Idaho Falls, ID (United States); Scheetz, B.E. [Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States). Materials Research Lab.
Under continuous hydrothermal treatment the strength of portland cement paste decreases with curing time and the pore structure coarsens. It was found in this study that the compressive strength of slag cement paste containing 67.5 wt.% ggbfs also decreases with time after 24 hour hydrothermal processing, but with a small addition of silica fume to the slag cement, the cement strength increases and the pore structure densifies when processed under comparable conditions. Based on observations XRD and SEM, these changes are attributed to: (1) changes in the hydration reactions and products by highly reactive silica fume, such that amorphous products dominate and the strength reducing phase {alpha}-C{sub 2}SH does not form; (2) slower hydration of slag, partially caused by the decreased pH of the pore solution, favors the formation of a dense pore structure; and (3) the space filling properties of the micro particles of silica fume.
53rd Cement Technical Conference. Cement hydration 3; Dai 53 kai semento gijutsu taikai. Semento no suiwa 3
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Hanehara, Shunsuke [Taiheiyo Cement Corp., Tokyo (Japan)
Osawa et al. reported the quantitative reaction rate of fly ash in cement paste by using the unreacted quartz quantitative method using hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate in regard of the fly ash reaction rate in the fly ash cement hydration. Miyahara et al examined the influence of potassium chloride on the hydration speed of 4 type clinker minerals in regard of the cement hydration in addition of potassium chloride. Morioka et al examined the influence of various expansion materials on C{sub 3}A hydration and reported that a reason to delay the C{sub 3}A hydration in the CSA and quartz system expansion materials was high mole ratio of SO{sub 3}/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}. Tsuyumoto et al examined the noncontacting monitoring in the hardening process of the cement- admixture ingredient- water system by means of the quasi-elasticity laser scattering method. Nakada et al examined the measurement of cement hydration rate in combination of the selective dissolution method and the X-ray powder diffraction. (NEDO)
Application of Bacillus subtilis 168 as a multifunctional agent for improvement of the durability of cement mortar.
Park, Sung-Jin; Park, Jong-Myong; Kim, Wha-Jung; Ghim, Sa-Youl
Microbiological calcium carbonate precipitation (MCCP) has been investigated for its ability to improve the durability of cement mortar. However, very few strains have been applied to crack remediation and strengthening of cementitious materials. In this study, we report the biodeposition of Bacillus subtilis 168 and its ability to enhance the durability of cement material. B. subtilis 168 was applied to the surface of cement specimens. The results showed a new layer of deposited organic-inorganic composites on the surface of the cement paste. In addition, the water permeability of the cement paste treated with B. subtilis 168 was lower than that of non-treated specimens. Furthermore, artificial cracks in the cement paste were completely remediated by the biodeposition of B. subtilis 168. The compressive strength of cement mortar treated with B. subtilis 168 increased by about 19.5% when compared with samples completed with only B4 medium. Taken together, these findings suggest that the biodeposition of B. subtilis 168 could be used as a sealing and coating agent to improve the strength and water resistance of concrete. This is the first paper to report the application of Bacillus subtilis 168 for its ability to improve the durability of cement mortar through calcium carbonate precipitation.
Damping Property of a Cement-Based Material Containing Carbon Nanotube
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Wei-Wen Li
Full Text Available This study aimed to explore the damping property of a cement-based material with carbon nanotube (CNT. In the study, the cement composites with different contents of CNT (0 wt%, 0.033 wt%, 0.066 wt%, and 0.1 wt% were investigated. Logarithmic Decrement method and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA method were utilized to study the damping property of CNT/cement composite. The influences of CNT on pore size distribution and microstructure of composite were analyzed by Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM, respectively. The experimental results showed that CNT/cement composite presented higher flexural strength index than that of a pure cement paste. Additional CNT could improve the vibration-reduction capacity of cement paste. Furthermore, the experiments proved that CNT could bridge adjacent hydration products and support load transfer within cement matrix, which contributed to the energy dissipation during the loading process.
Blended Cements Produced With Synthetic Zeolite Made from Industrial By-Product
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Vitoldas Vaitkevičius
Full Text Available Zeolites are appropriate supplementary cementitious materials in cement and concrete industry. In the present work synthetic zeolites was used like supplementary material in hardened cement paste and some properties as well as its influence on Portland cement hydration was determinate. X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electronic microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy were used as investigation methods. The compressive strength of hardened cement paste was measured at day 3, 28 and 60. The instrumental analysis showed that zeolite A(Na dominates and unreacted Al(OH3 remains in investigated synthetics zeolites, made from thermal and mechanical treated AlF3 production waste. The Chapelle test showed that both zeolites have good pozzolanic properties. The samples compressive strength remained close to the control samples compressive strength, reducing the amount of Portland cement, i.e., changing it by zeolite. After 60 days, the compressive strength was the best in the samples where 5% of Portland cement was replaced by the 2-zeolite. The compressive strength of the samples increased by 9 % compared with control samples. This research provides a real opportunity to save cement thus disposing the waste.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.21.1.5635
The effects of utilizing silica fume in Portland Cement Pervious Concrete
Mann, Daniel Allen
Silica fume has long been used as a supplementary cementing material to provide a high density, high strength, and durable building material. Silica fume has a particle size a fraction of any conventional cement, which allows it to increase concrete strength by decreasing the porosity especially near the aggregates surface. Because Portland Cement Pervious Concrete (PCPC) has a smaller bond area between aggregate and paste, silica fume has significant impacts on the properties of the PCPC. The research in this paper studies the workability of a cement paste containing silica fume in addition to analyzing the results of testing on Portland Cement Pervious Concrete mixtures that also contained silica fume. Testing conducted included a study of the effects of silica fume on cement's rheological properties at various dosage rates ranging from zero to ten percent by mass. It was determined that silica fume has negligible effects on the viscosity of cement paste until a dosage rate of five percent, at which point the viscosity increases rapidly. In addition to the rheological testing of the cement paste, trials were also conducted on the pervious concrete samples. Sample groups included mixes with river gravel and chipped limestone as aggregate, washed and unwashed, and two different void contents. Workability tests showed that mixtures containing a silica fume dosage rate of 5 percent or less had comparable or slightly improved workability when compared to control groups. Workability was found to decrease at a 7 percent dosage rate. Samples were tested for compressive strength at 7 and 28 days and splitting tensile strength at 28 days. It was found in most sample groups, strength increased with dosage rates of 3 to 5 percent but often decreased when the dosage reached 7 percent. Abrasion testing showed that both samples containing washed aggregate and samples containing silica fume exhibited a reduced mass loss.
Influence of liquid phase on physical properties of the new triphasic bone cement
A. Ślósarczyk; N. Osypanka; J. Czechowska; Z. Paszkiewicz; A. Zima
Purpose: The aim of this work was to develop a new bone cement based on hydroxyapatite (HAp), βTCP and calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH) and to determine the influence of a liquid phase, used for cement pastes preparation, on physical properties of the final implant material.Design/methodology/approach: The powder phase consisting of CSH (60 wt.%) and HAp+ βTCP (40 wt.%) was applied. Composite samples were prepared using distilled water, chitosan and methylcellulose solutions as the liquid ph...
Failure of cemented granular materials under simple compression - Experiments and numerical simulations
Delenne, Jean-Yves; Topin, Vincent; Radjai, Farhang
We investigate the strength and failure properties of a model cemented granular material under simple compressive deformation. The particles are LECA beads coated by a controlled volume fraction of silicone. The beads are mixed with a joint seal paste (the matrix) and moulded to obtain dense cemented granular samples of cylindrical shape. Several samples are prepared for different volume fractions of the matrix, controlling the porosity, and silicone coating upon which depends the effective p...
The effects of citric acid on the hydration of calcium phosphate cement
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
DAI Hong-lian; YAN Yu-hua; WANG You-fa; LI Shi-pu
@@ INTRODUCTION Calcium phosphate cements (CPC) overcome the practical disadvantages of blocks or granulesl can be handled as a paste and sit in situ. Their structure and composition close to that of HAP make them biocompatible materials. 2 The conventional calcium phosphate cement had some problems such as long setting time (30~60 min) and low compressive strength, etc. In our system, an α-TCP/TTCP powder mixture was mixed with water containing citric acid to control the setting time and compressive strength. In this paper, the effects of various concentration citric acid solutions on the properties of the cement are reported.
Mössbauer, XRD, and Complex Thermal Analysis of the Hydration of Cement with Fly Ash
Vili Lilkov; Ognyan Petrov; Yana Tzvetanova; Plamen Savov; Milen Kadiyski
Hydration of cement with and without fly ash is studied with Mössbauer spectroscopy, XRD, and thermal analysis. Iron in cement is present as Fe3+-ions and occupies two octahedral positions, with close isomer shifts and quadrupole splittings. Iron in fly ash is present as Fe2+ and Fe3+, and the Mössbauer spectra display three doublets—two for Fe3+ in octahedral coordination and one for Fe2+. A third doublet was registered in the hydrating plain cement pastes after the 5th day, due to Fe3+ in t...
The Rheological Properties of Ultra-fine High Performance Grouting Cement
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
The material properties of surface and powder, rheological property and mineral composition were investigated by means of SEM, XRD, Malvern laser granulometer and rotary viscometer.The influence of admixture on ultra-fine cement rheological properties and its mechanism were studied in material theories.The results show that the ultra-fine fly ash has a higher zeta potential, and improves flowability of ultra-fine cement paste,decreases flowability loss as time prolonging,improves compatibility between superplasticizers and cement because of the electrostatic repulsion, ball bearing effect, filling and dispersing effect of admixtures and delay-releasing effect of superplasticizers.
Stabilization of ZnCl2-containing wastes using calcium sulfoaluminate cement: cement hydration, strength development and volume stability.
Berger, Stéphane; Cau Dit Coumes, Céline; Le Bescop, Patrick; Damidot, Denis
The potential of calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement was investigated to solidify and stabilize wastes containing large amounts of soluble zinc chloride (a strong inhibitor of Portland cement hydration). Hydration of pastes and mortars prepared with a 0.5 mol/L ZnCl(2) mixing solution was characterized over one year as a function of the gypsum content of the binder and the thermal history of the material. Blending the CSA clinker with 20% gypsum enabled its rapid hydration, with only very small delay compared with a reference prepared with pure water. It also improved the compressive strength of the hardened material and significantly reduced its expansion under wet curing. Moreover, the hydrates assemblage was less affected by a thermal treatment at early age simulating the temperature rise and fall occurring in a large-volume drum of cemented waste. Fully hydrated materials contained ettringite, amorphous aluminum hydroxide, strätlingite, together with AFm phases (Kuzel's salt associated with monosulfoaluminate or Friedel's salt depending on the gypsum content of the binder), and possibly C-(A)-S-H. Zinc was readily insolubilized and could not be detected in the pore solution extracted from cement pastes. PMID:21889260
Use of ancient copper slags in Portland cement and alkali activated cement matrices.
Nazer, Amin; Payá, Jordi; Borrachero, María Victoria; Monzó, José
Some Chilean copper slag dumps from the nineteenth century still remain, without a proposed use that encourages recycling and reduces environmental impact. In this paper, the copper slag abandoned in landfills is proposed as a new building material. The slags studied were taken from Playa Negra and Púquios dumps, both located in the region of Atacama in northern Chile. Pozzolanic activity in lime and Portland cement systems, as well as the alkali activation in pastes with copper slag cured at different temperatures, was studied. The reactivity of the slag was measured using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrical conductivity and pH in aqueous suspension and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Furthermore, copper slag-Portland cement mortars with the substitution of 25% (by weight) of cement by copper slag and alkali-activated slag mortars cured at 20 and 65 °C were made, to determine the compressive strength. The results indicate that the ancient copper slags studied have interesting binding properties for the construction sector.
21 CFR 888.4200 - Cement dispenser.
... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Cement dispenser. 888.4200 Section 888.4200 Food... DEVICES ORTHOPEDIC DEVICES Surgical Devices § 888.4200 Cement dispenser. (a) Identification. A cement dispenser is a nonpowered syringe-like device intended for use in placing bone cement (§ 888.3027)...
Rate of CO2 attack on hydrated Class H well cement under geologic sequestration conditions.
Kutchko, Barbara G; Strazisar, Brian R; Lowry, Gregory V; Dzombak, David A; Thaulow, Niels
Experiments were conducted to study the degradation of hardened cement paste due to exposure to CO2 and brine under geologic sequestration conditions (T = 50 degrees C and 30.3 MPa). The goal was to determine the rate of reaction of hydrated cement exposed to supercritical CO2 and to CO2-saturated brine to assess the potential impact of degradation in existing wells on CO2 storage integrity. Two different forms of chemical alteration were observed. The supercritical CO2 alteration of cement was similar in process to cement in contact with atmospheric CO2 (ordinary carbonation), while alteration of cement exposed to CO2-saturated brine was typical of acid attack on cement. Extrapolation of the hydrated cement alteration rate measured for 1 year indicates a penetration depth range of 1.00 +/- 0.07 mm for the CO2-saturated brine and 1.68 +/- 0.24 mm for the supercritical CO2 after 30 years. These penetration depths are consistent with observations of field samples from an enhanced oil recovery site after 30 years of exposure to CO2-saturated brine under similar temperature and pressure conditions. These results suggest that significant degradation due to matrix diffusion of CO2 in intact Class H neat hydrated cement is unlikely on time scales of decades. PMID:18767693
Study of the action of phosphate ions contained in the mixing water on the hydration of a Portland cement
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Cementation is considered as the most attractive solution for the conditioning of low and intermediate radioactive wastes. The species contained in these wastes can strongly influence the reactivity of the cement pastes, it is in particular the case of the ortho-phosphate ions which are found in the evaporation concentrates. The aim of our work was to determine the influence of these ions on the hydration and the rheological properties of the cement pastes at early age as well as the mechanical and physical properties on the hardened material. (author)
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Full Text Available The optimal temperature transformation of kaolin sand to metakaolin sand (MKS resulting in complete conversion of kaolinite to pozzolanic active metakaolinite (MK is 650°C in the time of 1 hour. To obtain information on mechanism of pozzolanic reaction in studied binary system, the cement pastes with two MKS at substitution level of Ordinary Portland cement (OPC with MKS by 10, 20 and 40 wt. % corresponding to 3.6 - 16.0 % MK content in pastes, were tested. Pozzolanic reaction of MK with hydrating OPC was clearly confirmed mainly by XRD and thermal analyses. This process accompanied with gradual reduction of Ca(OH2 content was the most intense in pastes with the highest MK contents (14.4 and 16.0 %. The decrease of micropore and total pore volume until MK content in paste of 7.2 % is measure of pore structure improvement specified as pore structure refinement. Until MK content of 8.0 % in paste, micropores portion with pore radius less than 10 nm rises and pore radius in the range between 10 and 100 nm declines. Resulted compressive strengths of related cement pastes with various MK content were comparable with strengths of pastes without MK. The obtained results confirmed that MKS can be used as promising additive in OPC to form prospective blended cements.
Cements in Radioactive Waste Disposal
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The use of cement and concrete to immobilise radioactive waste is complicated by the wide- ranging nature of inorganic cementing agents available as well as the range of service environments in which cement is used and the different functions expected of cement. For example, Portland cement based concretes are widely used as structural materials for construction of vaults and tunnels. These constructions may experience a long pre-closure performance lifetime during which they are required to protect against collapse and ingress of water: strength and impermeability are key desirable characteristics. On the other hand, cement and concrete may be used to form backfills, ranging in permeability. Permeable formulations allow gas readily to escape, while impermeable barriers retard radionuclide transport and reduce access of ground water to the waste. A key feature of cements is that, while fresh, they pass through a fluid phase and can be formed into any shape desired or used to infiltrate other materials thereby enclosing them into a sealed matrix. Thereafter, setting and hardening is automatic and irreversible. Where concrete is used to form structural elements, it is also natural to use cement in other applications as it minimises potential for materials incompatibility. Thus cement- mainly Portland cement- has been widely used as an encapsulant for storage, transport and as a radiation shield for active wastes. Also, to form and stabilise structures such as vaults and silos. Relative to other potential matrices, cement also has a chemical immobilisation potential, reacting with and binding with many radionuclides. The chemical potential of cements is essentially sacrificial, thus limiting their performance lifetime. However performance may also be required in the civil engineering sense, where strength is important, so many factors, including a geochemical description of service conditions, may require to be assessed in order to predict performance lifetime. The
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The performance of cement-based matrices intended for radwaste immobilization is assessed. The long-term performance of the matrix is characterized by thermodynamic evaluation of experimental data. The results are presented in a general form, amenable to a range of specific formulations. The interaction of specific radwaste components with cements has been studied, using Iodine as an example. It occurs as both I- and IO3- species, but these differ sharply in sorption characteristics. The effect of ionizing radiation of the pH and Eh of cement matrices is reported. (author)
Multi-scale Modeling of the Effective Chloride lon Diffusion Coefficient in Cement-based Composite Materials
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
SUN Guowen; SUN Wei; ZHANG Yunsheng; LIU Zhiyong
N-layered spherical inclusions model was used to calculate the effective diffusion coefficient of chloride ion in cement-based materials by using multi-scale method and then to investigate the relationship between the diffusivity and the microstructure of cement-basted materials where the microstructure included the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between the aggregates and the bulk cement pastes as well as the microstructure of the bulk cement paste itself.For the convenience of applications,the mortar and concrete were considered as a four-phase spherical model,consisting of cement continuous phase,dispersed aggregates phase,interface transition zone and their homogenized effective medium phase.A general effective medium equation was estabhshed to calculate the diffusion coefficient of the hardened cement paste by considering the microstructure.During calculation,the tortuosity (n) and eonstrictivity factors (Ds/D0) of pore in the hardened pastes are n≈3.2,Ds/D0=1.0× 10-4 respectively from the test data.The calculated results using the n-layered spherical inclusions model are in good agreement with the experimental results; The effective diffusion coefficient of ITZ is 12 times that of the bulk cement for mortar and 17 times for concrete due to the difference between particle size distribution and the volume fraction of aggregates in mortar and concrete.
Recycling of textile wastes in fibre-cement composites
H. Monteiro; Caldeira, F.; Pinto, J; Varum, H.
Changing wastes into raw materials is one of the most favoured options for waste management, as it diverts wastes from landfill and saves resources. Fibres, either vegetable (cellulosic) or synthetic, may be added to cement pastes in order improve the properties of concrete or mortar by reinforcement. At the same time, if our source of fibres is wastes, then such processes make ways for recycling. In this work we studied the compatibility of residues from the nonwoven textile indu...
Hydration studies of calcium sulfoaluminate cements blended with fly ash
Garcia-Maté, Marta; De la Torre, Angeles G; León-Reina, Laura; Aranda, Miguel A. G.; Santacruz, Isabel
The main objective of this work is to study the hydration and properties of calciumsulfoaluminate cement pastes blended with fly ash (FA) and the corresponding mortars at different hydration ages. Laboratory X-ray powder diffraction, rheological studies, thermal analysis, porosimetry and compressive strength measurements were performed. The analysis of the diffraction data by Rietveld method allowed quantifying crystalline phases and overall amorphous contents. The studied paramet...
The influence of cementation on liquefaction resistance of sands
Iwabuchi, Jotaro
Cohesionless sands are known to be susceptible to failure by liquefaction when they are saturated and subjected to earthquake shaking. Considerable study has been directed towards this subject over the past 20 years in recognition of the possibility of large-scale property damage or loss of life due to this type of failure. Recent evidence has shown that small degrees of cementation in a sand significantly reduce the likelihood of liquefication. However, the work to date has been ...
Elastoplastic cup model for cement-based materials
Zhang, Yan; Shao, Jian-Fu
Based on experimental data obtained from triaxial tests and a hydrostatic test, a cup model was formulated. Two plastic mechanisms, respectively a deviatoric shearing and a pore collapse, are taken into account. This model also considers the influence of confining pressure. In this paper, the calibration of the model is detailed and numerical simulations of the main mechanical behavior of cement paste over a large range of stress are described, showing good agreement with experimental results...
Cement mixtures containing copper tailings as an additive: durability properties
Obinna Onuaguluchi; Özgur Eren
The effects of copper tailings as an additive, on some durability properties of cement mixtures were investigated. In each mixture, copper tailings addition levels by mass were 0%, 5% and 10%. Compared to the control samples, copper tailings blended pastes showed superior performance against autoclave expansion while insignificant decreases in sulfate resistance of mortars were observed. Copper tailings increased the water absorption and total permeable voids of concretes slightly. However, t...
Cementing porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns.
Vadachkoria, D
The clinical success of fixed prosthodontic restorations can be complex and involve multifaceted procedures. Preparation design, oral hygiene/micro flora, mechanical forces, and restorative materials are only a few of the factors which contribute to overall success. One key factor to success is choosing the proper cement. Popular use of cements for PFM crowns has shifted from zinc phosphate and glass ionomer cements to resin-reinforced glass ionomer, or RRGI, cements. This change has been rapid and profound. Dental cements have always been less than ideal materials, but this is shift to the relatively new RRGI category justified. Resin-reinforced glass ionomer (RRGI) cements appear to be better than zinc phosphate and glass ionomer cements when placing porcelain-to-metal crowns. RRGI cements, such as RelyX Luting, Fuji Plus and Vitremer Luting Cement, satisfy more of the ideal characteristics of PFM cementation than any other previous cement. Expansion of all three cements has not caused any apparent problems with the cements when used with PFM or metal crowns, but these cements, however, should be avoided when cementing all-ceramic crowns. PMID:20090144
Beneficial use of a cell coupling rheometry, conductimetry, and calorimetry to investigate the early age hydration of calcium sulfo-aluminate cement
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A specific cell was designed to monitor simultaneously the evolution of the viscoelastic properties, electrical conductivity, and temperature of a cement paste with ongoing hydration. Hydration of calcium sulfo-aluminate cement by demineralized water or by a borated solution was then investigated as an example. Borate anions acted as set retarders but to a smaller extent than with ordinary Portland cement. The delay in cement hydration resulted from the precipitation of an amorphous or poorly crystallized calcium borate, which also caused a rapid stiffening (and thus a loss of workability) of the paste after mixing. The gypsum content of the CSA cement was shown to play a key role in the control of the cement reactivity. (authors)
Rheology of cement mixtures with dolomite filler
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Martínez de la Cuesta, P. J.
Full Text Available This experimental program has studied the behavior of fresh paste made up from cements mixed with dolomite filler. Through prior experiments the starting point is obtained for the designs 22 and 23 factorials. With these designs the governing equations are established that influence the specific surface of the filler, the filler percentage and the ratio water/(cement + filler, used as objective functions: test probe penetration, flow on table and shear stress in viscometer.
Also the type of rheological conduct is determined and the influence over initial and final setting is observed.
Este programa experimental estudia el comportamiento de las pastas frescas fabricadas a partir de cementos mezclados con filler dolomítico. En los experimentos previos se obtiene el punto central para los diseños 22 y 23 factoriales. Con estos diseños se establecen las ecuaciones que rigen la influencia de la superficie específica del filler, el porcentaje de filler y la relación agua/(cemento + filler, utilizando como funciones objetivos la penetración de sonda, la mesa de sacudidas y la tensión de corte en el viscosímetro. También se determina el tipo de conducta reológica y la influencia sobre el principio y fin de fraguado.
Assessment of Natural Radioactivity Levels of Cements and Cement Composites in the Slovak Republic
Adriana Eštoková; Lenka Palaščáková
The radionuclide activities of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K and radiological parameters (radium equivalent activity, gamma and alpha indices, the absorbed gamma dose rate and external and internal hazard indices) of cements and cement composites commonly used in the Slovak Republic have been studied in this paper. The cement samples of 8 types of cements from Slovak cement plants and five types of composites made from cement type CEM I were analyzed in the experiment. The radionuclide activities in t...
Assessment of the compatibility of wood and plastic with cement for their recycling in cement composites
Andrade, André De; Caldeira, Fernando
The compatibility between maritime pine wood and cement, and between plastic (LDPE) and cement, was assessed for the recycling of wood and plastic in cement composites. Temperature vs. time profiles of cement setting were registered and compatibility indices were calculated. Results indicate that recycling of plastics in plastic-cement composites does not pose any questions regarding chemical compatibility. However, maritime pine hinders cement setting in some extent. So, in or...
Properties of Cement Based Materials Containing Copper Tailings
Onuaguluchi, Obinna
ABSTRACT: Increasing demands for copper and copper allied products have made the processing of low grade ores with high volume waste output unavoidable. Presently, billions of tons of copper tailings can be found in major copper producing countries. This study explored the possibility of using these copper tailings either as a cement replacement or additive material in pastes, mortars and concretes of 0.65, 0.57 and 0.50 w/b ratios. Fresh properties of mixtures such as paste consistencies an...
Manufacture and properties of fluoride cement
Malata-Chirwa, Charles David
This research work aimed at characterising composition, hydration and physical properties of fluoride cement, by studying samples of the cement obtained from Malawi, and comparing them to ordinary Portland cement. By confirming the suitable characteristics of fluoride cement through this work, the results of the research work provide a good basis for the wider adoption of fluoride cement as an alternative to ordinary Portland cement, especially in developing economies. Numerous accounts have been cited regarding the production and use of fluoride cement. Since there have not been conclusive agreement as to its properties, this study was limited to the theories of successful incorporation of fluoride compounds in the manufacture of fluoride cement. Hence, the properties and characteristics reported in this study relate to the cement currently manufactured in Malawi, and, on a comparative basis only, to that manufactured in other parts of the world. Samples of the fluoride cement used in the study were obtained by synthetic manufacture of the cement using common raw materials for the manufacture of fluoride cement that is limestone, silica sand, and fluorspar. These samples were subjected to several comparative tests used to characterise cements including examination under x-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscopy and tests for setting time and compressive strength. Under similar laboratory conditions, it was possible to prove that fluoride cement hardens more rapidly than ordinary Portland cement. Also observed during the experimental work is that fluoride cement develops higher compressive strengths than ordinary Portland cement. The hardening and setting times are significantly different between the two cements. Also the nature of the hydration products, that is the microstructural development is significantly different in the two cements. The differences brought about between the two cements are because of the presence of fluorine during the clinkering
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Savage, David; Benbow, Steven [Quintessa Ltd., Henley-on-Thames (United Kingdom)
The development of low-pH cements for use in geological repositories for radioactive waste stems from concerns over the potential for deleterious effects upon the host rock and other EBS materials (notably bentonite) under the hyperalkaline conditions (pH > 12) of cement pore fluids. Low pH cement (also known as low heat cement) was developed by the cement industry for use where large masses of cement (e.g. dams) could cause problems regarding heat generated during curing. In low pH cements, the amount of cement is reduced by substitution of materials such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, silica fume, and/or non-pozzolanic silica flour. SKB and Posiva have ruled out the use of blast furnace slag and fly-ash and are focusing on silica fume as a blending agent. Currently, no preferred composition has been identified by these agencies. SKB and Posiva have defined a pH limit {<=} 11 for cement grout leachates. To attain this pH, blending agents must comprise at least 50 wt % of dry materials. Because low pH cement has little, or no free portlandite, the cement consists predominantly of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) gel with a Ca/Si ratio {<=} 0.8. Although there are potential implications for the performance of the spent fuel and cladding due to the presence of hyperalkaline fluids from cement, the principal focus for safety assessment lies with the behaviour of bentonite. There are a number of potential constraints on the interaction of hyperalkaline cement pore fluids with bentonite, including mass balance, thermodynamic issues, mass transport, and kinetics, but none of these is likely to be limiting if conventional OPC cements are employed in repository construction. Nevertheless: Low-pH cements may supply approximately 50 % less hydroxyl ions than conventional OPC for a given volume of cement, but mass balance constraints are complicated by the uncertainty concerning the type of secondary minerals produced during cement-bentonite interaction. The change of aqueous
Influence of additives for concrete on the containment of radio-elements and strength under radiation of 'cement' matrices
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
In order to improve the durability of cement-based materials used for the storage of radioactive wastes, fluidizers are generally introduced into these materials during their preparation. Thus, Naphtalene Sulfonate Formaldehyde (NSF) and Melamine Sulfonate Formaldehyde (MSF) are used as fluidizers in concrete which therefore presents good rheological properties when fresh, and a high compactness when hardened. This research study aims at investigating what happens to the fluidizer in a hardened cement paste, how this fluidizer affects the durability (mechanical strength, porosity, apparent diffusion coefficient) of a cement paste in absence of irradiation, what is the behaviour of these organic compounds under irradiation (reticulation or degradation, nature of radiolysis gases), how these organic compounds affects the durability (dimension, porosity, mechanical strength) of a cement paste under cobalt 60 gamma radiation, and how apparent solubilities of the different isotopes vary in cement water in presence of these organic compounds
Physico-mechanical and physico-chemical properties of synthesized cement based on plasma- and wet technologies
Sazonova, Natalya; Skripnikova, Nelli
In this work we studied the influence of plasma-chemical technology of cement clinker synthesis under conditions of high-concentrated heat streams on the properties of cement on fixing such factors as raw-material type (chemical and mineralogical composition), fraction composition, homogenization and module characters of the raw-material mixture. In this connection the sludge of the cement plant in town Angarsk, based on which the cement clinker synthesis using the wet- and plasma-chemical technologies was performed, was used in the studies. The results of chemical X-ray-phase analysis, petrography of cement clinkers, differential scanning colorimetry of hardened cement paste are represented in this work. The analysis of building-technical properties of inorganic viscous substances was performed. It was found that in using the identical raw-material mixture the cement produced with temperature higher by 1650 °C than the traditional one may indicate the higher activity. The hardened cement paste compressive strength at the age of 28 days was higher than the strength of the reference samples by 40.8-41.4 %.
Mechanical Behaviour of Composite Bioactive Bone Cements Consisting of Two Different Types of Surface Treated Hydroxyapatite as Filler
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Bioactive bone cements based on a paste-paste system for orthopaedic applications were developed consisting of hydroxyapatite ( HA ) filler particles in a methacrylate matrix comprising urethane dimethacrylate(UDMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate ( TEGDMA ). To improve the interface between inorganic filler and orgaric matrix the HA particles were subjected to two different surface treatment methods, using polyacrylic acid ( PAA ) and γ- methacryloxy propyl trimethoxy silane (γMPS). The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of surface treatment and the inclusion of multifunctional methacrylates on the mechanical properties,namely 3-point flexural strength (FS) and fracture toughness of the cements and the effect of ageing in simulated body fluid. Comparing the mechanical properties of the two cements, the γMPS-HA cement showed that the fracture toughness of the experimental bone cements were significantly greater (p< 0.001) compared to that of the PMMA cement, whereas PAA-HA containing cement had strength values around 20% lower. Interestingly, PAA was found to be more effective in improving the interface as the PAA treated HA cement ( UTHAPPA ) maintained its strength on immersion in SBF , suggesting that PAA provided a coupling, which was less sensitive to moisture,a similar trend was also observed with the inclusion of the carboxyl containing multifunctional methacrylates.
Early-age hydration and volume change of calcium sulfoaluminate cement-based binders
Chaunsali, Piyush
-based binders without taking into account the viscoelastic effects. For the first time, model based on poromechanics was used to calculate the macroscopic tensile stress that develops in CSA cement-based binders due to crystallization of ettringite. The models enabled a reasonable prediction of tensile stress due to crystallization of ettringite including the failure of an OPC-CSA binder which had high CSA cement content. Elastic strain based on crystallization stress was calculated and compared with the observed strain. A mismatch between observed and calculated elastic strain indicated the presence of early-age creep. Lastly, the application of CSA cement in concretes is discussed to link the paste and concrete behavior.
Cementation of Loose Sand Particles based on Bio-cement
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
RONG Hui; QIAN Chunxiang
Loose sand particles could be cemented to sandstone by bio-cement (microbial induced magnesium carbonate). The bio-sandstone was firstly prepared, and then the compressive strength and the porosity of the sandstone cemented by microbial induced magnesium carbonate were tested to characterize the cementation effectiveness. In addition, the formed mineral composition and the microstructure of bio-sandstone were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The experimental results show that the feasibility of binding loose sand particles using microbial induced magnesium carbonate precipitation is available and the acquired compressive strength of bio-sandstone can be excellent at certain ages. Moreover, the compressive strength and the porosity could be improved with the increase of microbial induced magnesium carbonate content. XRD results indicate that the morphology of magnesium carbonate induced by microbe appears as needles and SEM results show that the cementation of loose sand particles to sandstone mainly relies on the microbial induced formation of magnesium carbonate precipitation around individual particles and at particle-particle contacts.
21 CFR 888.3027 - Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement.
... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement. 888... Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement. (a) Identification. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement is a device...: Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) Bone Cement."...
Using of borosilicate glass waste as a cement additive
Han, Weiwei; Sun, Tao; Li, Xinping; Sun, Mian; Lu, Yani
Borosilicate glass waste is investigated as a cement additive in this paper to improve the properties of cement and concrete, such as setting time, compressive strength and radiation shielding. The results demonstrate that borosilicate glass is an effective additive, which not only improves the radiation shielding properties of cement paste, but also shows the irradiation effect on the mechanical and optical properties: borosilicate glass can increase the compressive strength and at the same time it makes a minor impact on the setting time and main mineralogical compositions of hydrated cement mixtures; and when the natural river sand in the mortar is replaced by borosilicate glass sand (in amounts from 0% to 22.2%), the compressive strength and the linear attenuation coefficient firstly increase and then decrease. When the glass waste content is 14.8%, the compressive strength is 43.2 MPa after 28 d and the linear attenuation coefficient is 0.2457 cm-1 after 28 d, which is beneficial for the preparation of radiation shielding concrete with high performances.
Application of antifungal CFB to increase the durability of cement mortar.
Park, Jong-Myong; Park, Sung-Jin; Kim, Wha-Jung; Ghim, Sa-Youl
Antifungal cement mortar or microbiological calcium carbonate precipitation on cement surface has been investigated as functional concrete research. However, these research concepts have never been fused with each other. In this study, we introduced the antifungal calciteforming bacteria (CFB) Bacillus aryabhattai KNUC205, isolated from an urban tunnel (Daegu, South Korea). The major fungal deteriogens in urban tunnel, Cladosporium sphaerospermum KNUC253, was used as a sensitive fungal strain. B. aryabhattai KNUC205 showed CaCO3 precipitation on B4 medium. Cracked cement mortar pastes were made and neutralized by modified methods. Subsequently, the mixture of B. aryabhattai KNUC205, conidiospore of C. sphaerospermum KNUC253, and B4 agar was applied to cement cracks and incubated at 18 degrees C for 16 days. B. aryabhattai KNUC205 showed fungal growth inhibition against C. sphaerospermum. Furthermore, B. aryabhattai KNUC205 showed crack remediation ability and water permeability reduction of cement mortar pastes. Taken together, these results suggest that the CaCO3 precipitation and antifungal properties of B. aryabhattai KNUC205 could be used as an effective sealing or coating material that can also prevent deteriorative fungal growth. This study is the first application and evaluation research that incorporates calcite formation with antifungal capabilities of microorganisms for an environment-friendly and more effective protection of cement materials. In this research, the conception of microbial construction materials was expanded.
Development of Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design for Tropical Climate Using Cement-Treated Base Layer
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
O. S. Aderinola
Full Text Available A mechanistic-empirical pavement design method is developed characterising cement-treated base layers for pavement design in Nigeria or other similar tropical and subtropical countries. Asphalt Concrete surface, Subbase and Aggregate base were characterised based on back calculation data from Claros et al (1986 while cement-treated base layer was based on modulus tests that had been conducted by past researchers. Failure criteria for the Asphalt Concrete fatigue failure and the subgrade rutting failure were based on those by Claros and Ijeh (1987 for Nigerian pavements. Cracking criterion used for the cement-treated layer was that developed by Otee et al. (1982. The comparison between the Soil-Cement and Aggregate base showed that at a low Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL (0.5 million repetitions was considered, the use of Aggregate base was better than Soil-Cement base. That for Aggregate base and Cement-Treated Gravel Base showed that the Cement-Treated Gravel Base was better than the Aggregate base at high ESAL (2.5 million repetitions was considered
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Full Text Available This study investigated the influence of natural pozzolana - opoka additive on the hydration of C4AF rich cement and the effects of chloride ions on the hydrates formed. In the samples, 25 % (by weight of the sintered C4AF rich cement and OPC was replaced with pozzolana. The mixtures were hardened for 28 days in water, soaked in a saturated NaCl solution for 3 months at 20°C. It was estimated that under normal conditions, pozzolana additive accelerates the hydration of calcium silicates and initiates the formation of CO32- - AFm in the Brownmillerite rich cement. However, the hydration of Brownmillerite cement with opoka additive is still slower to compare with hydration of Portland cement. Also, opoka decreases total porosity and threshold pore diameter of Brownmillerite cement paste after two days of hydration. After 28 days of hydration threshold pore diameter became smaller even to compare with threshold pore diameter of Portland cement. Opoka additive promotes the formation of Friedel's salt in Brownmillerite samples treated in saturated NaCl solution, because CO32-–AFm affected by saturated NaCl solution become unstable and takes part in reactions producing Friedel's salt.
Study of P-350 cement setting kinetic by nuclear magnetic resonance
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Duque Fernández, Gabriel L.
Full Text Available A kinetic study of cement setting process is presented in this paper A new method which allows the microscopic research of the evolution of the cement hydration applied to the study of three P-350 cuban cements is used. The initial and final values of the specific surfaces of the hydration products and cement were obtained, and the different periods of the hydration process of cement pastes were characterized. The influence of the cement phase composition on the surface development of the hydrated cement stone is discussed.
En el presente trabajo se presenta el estudio de la cinética del proceso de fraguado del cemento empleando un método novedoso que permite investigar microscópicamente la evolución de la hidratación del cemento, el cual fue aplicado al estudio de tres cementos cubanos P-350. Se obtuvieron los valores iniciales y finales de las superficies específicas de los productos de hidratación y del cemento. Se caracterizaron los diferentes períodos del proceso de hidratación de las pastas de cemento. Se muestra la influencia de la composición fásica del cemento sobre el desarrollo superficial de la pasta hidratada.
Reinforcing graphene oxide/cement composite with NH$_2$ functionalizing group
Indian Academy of Sciences (India)
In this study, pure and NH$_2$-functionalized graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets have been added to the cement mortar with different weight percents (0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25 wt%). In addition, the effects of functionalizing GO on the microstructure and mechanical properties (flexural/compressive strengths) of cement composite have been investigated for the first time. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that GO filledthe pores and well dispersed in concrete matrix, whereas exceeding GO additive from 0.10 wt% caused the formation of agglomerates and microcracks. In addition, mercury intrusion porosimetry confirmed the significant effects of GO and functionalizing groups on filling the pores. NH2-functionalizing helped to improve the cohesion between GO nanosheets and cement composite. Compressive strengths increased from 39 MPa for the sample without GO to54.23 MPa for the cement composites containing 0.10 wt% of NH$_2$-functionalized GO. Moreover, the flexural strength increased to 23.4 and 38.4% by compositing the cement paste with 0.10 wt% of pure and NH$_2$-functionalized GO, compared to the sample without GO, respectively. It was shown that functionalizing considerably enhanced the mechanical properties of GO/cement composite due to the interfacial strength between calcium silicatehydrates (C-S-H) gel and functionalized GO nanosheets as observed in SEM images. The morphological results were in good agreement with the trend obtained in mechanical properties of GO/cement composites.
Processing of Sugarcane Bagasse ash and Reactivity of Ash-blended Cement Mortar
Ajay, Goyal; Hattori, Kunio; Ogata, Hidehiko; Ashraf, Muhammad
Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), a sugar-mill waste, has the potential of a partial cement replacement material if processed and obtained under controlled conditions. This paper discusses the reactivity of SCBA obtained by control burning of sugarcane bagasse procured from Punjab province of India. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were employed to ascertain the amorphousness and morphology of the minerals ash particles. Destructive and non-destructive tests were conducted on SCBA-blended mortar specimens. Ash-blended cement paste specimens were analyzed by XRD, thermal analysis, and SEM methods to evaluate the hydration reaction of SCBA with cement. Results showed that the SCBA processed at 600°C for 5 hours was reactive as ash-blended mortar specimens with up to 15% substitution of cement gave better strength than control specimens.
Analysis of the Damping Behavior and Microstructure of Cement Matrix with Silane-treated Silica Fume
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
OU Jinping; LIU Tiejun; LI Jiahe
The surface treatment of silica fume with silane coupling agent prior to incorporation in a cement mortar resulted in composites exhibiting increases in loss tangent by 5%-200% and storage modulus by 10%-20%, relative to the value obtained by using as-received silica fume. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images indicate that there is a morphological difference in the cement paste with treated and as-received silica fume. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (IR) spectrum analyses and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) have provided evidence to understand the reaction mechanism between treated silica fume and the hydrate product of cement. This has led to the establishment of an initial microscopic model describing the damping behavior of cement matrix.
Properties and interfacial microstructure of cement-based materials with composite micro-grains
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
FENG Qi; BA Heng-jing; LIU Jun-zhe
Silica fume, fly ash and nano-fiber mineral materials (NR powder) are employed to incorporate into cement-based materials. According to the grain grading mathematical model of cement-based materials, two packing systems, namely, spherical grading system and nano-fiber reinforced system were designed. Properties and interfacial microstructure of the two systems were studied according to secondary interface theory. It was shown that nano-fiber mineral materials can improve the grain grading of the admixture, increase the density of the system, improve the microstructure of the interface and the hardened paste, and enhance the uniformity of cement-based materials mixed with composite micro-grains and greatly increase their wearable rigidity and flexure strength. In this paper, two kinds of interface models, including spherical grain model and nano-fiber reinforced interface model of the cement-based materials mixed with composite micro-grains, were brought forward.
A modified PMMA cement (Sub-cement) for accelerated fatigue testing of cemented implant constructs using cadaveric bone.
Race, Amos; Miller, Mark A; Mann, Kenneth A
Pre-clinical screening of cemented implant systems could be improved by modeling the longer-term response of the implant/cement/bone construct to cyclic loading. We formulated bone cement with degraded fatigue fracture properties (Sub-cement) such that long-term fatigue could be simulated in short-term cadaver tests. Sub-cement was made by adding a chain-transfer agent to standard polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement. This reduced the molecular weight of the inter-bead matrix without changing reaction-rate or handling characteristics. Static mechanical properties were approximately equivalent to normal cement. Over a physiologically reasonable range of stress-intensity factor, fatigue crack propagation rates for Sub-cement were higher by a factor of 25+/-19. When tested in a simplified 2 1/2-D physical model of a stem-cement-bone system, crack growth from the stem was accelerated by a factor of 100. Sub-cement accelerated both crack initiation and growth rate. Sub-cement is now being evaluated in full stem/cement/femur models. PMID:18774136
Seating load parameters impact on dental ceramic reinforcement conferred by cementation with resin-cements.
LENUS (Irish Health Repository)
Addison, Owen
Cementation of all-ceramic restorations with resin-cements has been demonstrated to reduce the incidence of fracture in service. The aim was to investigate the influence of loading force and loading duration applied during cementation on the reinforcement conferred by a resin-cement on a leucite reinforced glass-ceramic.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jaroslav Topič
Full Text Available Polymers are used for modification of the cement-based composites and others building materials since the thirties of 20th century. Based on the conclusions of recent studies, it is assumed that even water soluble polymers could be used as an admixture for such modification. Currently, there exist and are exploited several possibilities for polymer modification of mortars, wood-based products or bituminous asphalts. Various options differ in the way of modification, which can be basically applied to the entire volume or just a surface, but also in the form of the polymer used – either in the form of solution or fibers. The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of volume modification by the water soluble polymers, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, on the properties of cement paste and find an optimum additive. It turned out that the addition of PVA solution into fresh cement paste results in an increase of porosity and therefore a stiffness and compressive strength reduction. On the other hand, the bending strength of PVA-rich specimens was significantly higher and their water absorption decreased, which may consequently result in enhanced frost resistance.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Heikal M.
Full Text Available This paper aims to study the characteristics of ternary blended system, namely granulated blast-furnace slag (WCS, from iron steel company and Homra (GCB from Misr Brick (Helwan, Egypt and silica fume (SF at 30 mass % pozzolanas and 70 mass % OPC. The required water of standard consistency and setting times were measured as well as physico-chemical and mechanical characteristics of the hardened cement pastes were investigated. Some selected cement pastes were tested by TGA, DTA and FT-IR techniques to investigate the variation of hydrated products of blended cements. The pozzolanic activity of SF is higher than GCB and WCS. The higher activity of SF is mainly due to its higher surface area than the other two pozzolanic materials. On the other side, GCB is more pozzolanic than WCS due to GCB containing crystalline silica quartz in addition to an amorphous phase. The silica quartz acts as nucleating agents which accelerate the rate of hydration in addition to its amorphous phase, which can react with liberating Ca(OH2 forming additional hydration products.
Preparation of fluoride substituted apatite cements as the building blocks for tooth enamel restoration
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Fluoride substituted apatite cement (fs-AC) was synthesized by using the cement powders of tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) and sodium fluoride (NaF), and the cement powders were mixed with diluted phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as cement liquid to form fs-AC paste. The fs-AC paste could be directly filled into the carious cavities to repair damaged dental enamel. The results indicated that the fs-AC paste was changed into fluorapatite crystals with the atom molar ratio for calcium to phosphorus of 1.66 and the F ion amount of 3 wt% after self-hardening for 2 days. The solubility of fs-AC in Tris-HCl solution (pH 6) was slightly lower than hydroxyapatite cement (HAC) that was similar to the apatite in enamel, indicating the fs-AC was much insensitive to the weakly acidic solution than the apatite in enamel. The fs-AC was tightly combined with the enamel surface because of the chemical reaction between the fs-AC and the apatite in enamel after the caries cavities was filled with fs-AC. The extracts of fs-AC caused no cytotoxicity on L929 cells, which satisfied the relevant criterion on dental biomaterials, revealing good cytocompatibility. The fs-AC had potential prospect for the reconstitution of carious lesion of dental enamel.
Preparation of fluoride substituted apatite cements as the building blocks for tooth enamel restoration
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Wei Jie [Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Inter-disciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871 (China); Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237 (China); Wang Jiecheng; Liu Xiaochen [Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Inter-disciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871 (China); Ma Jian [Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072 (China); Liu Changsheng [Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237 (China); Fang Jing, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Inter-disciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871 (China); Wei Shicheng, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Inter-disciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871 (China) and School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081 (China)
Fluoride substituted apatite cement (fs-AC) was synthesized by using the cement powders of tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) and sodium fluoride (NaF), and the cement powders were mixed with diluted phosphoric acid (H{sub 3}PO{sub 4}) as cement liquid to form fs-AC paste. The fs-AC paste could be directly filled into the carious cavities to repair damaged dental enamel. The results indicated that the fs-AC paste was changed into fluorapatite crystals with the atom molar ratio for calcium to phosphorus of 1.66 and the F ion amount of 3 wt% after self-hardening for 2 days. The solubility of fs-AC in Tris-HCl solution (pH 6) was slightly lower than hydroxyapatite cement (HAC) that was similar to the apatite in enamel, indicating the fs-AC was much insensitive to the weakly acidic solution than the apatite in enamel. The fs-AC was tightly combined with the enamel surface because of the chemical reaction between the fs-AC and the apatite in enamel after the caries cavities was filled with fs-AC. The extracts of fs-AC caused no cytotoxicity on L929 cells, which satisfied the relevant criterion on dental biomaterials, revealing good cytocompatibility. The fs-AC had potential prospect for the reconstitution of carious lesion of dental enamel.
Influence of calcium sulfoaluminate cement on the pullout performance of reinforcing fibers: An evaluation of the micro-mechanical behavior
Jewell, Robert Benjamin
The objective of this research was to determine the influence of calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement on reinforcing fibers by evaluating the fiber pullout behavior, and bonding characteristics, of a single fiber embedded in a cementitious paste matrix. Four types of fibers commonly used in industry were evaluated: 1) Polyvinyl alcohol; 2) Polypropylene; 3) Coated Steel; and 4) Plain Steel. Upward trends in energy costs and potential greenhouse gas regulations favor an increased use of construction materials that require lower energy and lower CO2 emissions to fabricate, such as CSA cement, as opposed to the production of ordinary portland cement (OPC), which is more energy intensive and produces more CO2 emissions. However, widespread use of CSA cement requires a more in-depth understanding of the engineering characteristics that govern its performance, including interaction with reinforcing fibers. The overarching objective of this research was to provide the engineering base needed for the utilization of reinforcing fibers in CSA cement-based construction materials. The aims of the research were (1) to develop an ettringite-rich calcium sulfoaluminate cement, and (2) evaluate the pullout characteristics of reinforcing fibers embedded in a CSA-cement matrix. Key elements of the strategy included (1) Compare the performance of a laboratory-fabricated CSA cement to a commercial CSA cement and OPC, (2) Evaluate the peak load, and toughness of reinforcing fibers in CSA cement and OPC, (3) Evaluate the debonding-energy density and multiple-cracking behavior of fibers in CSA cement and OPC, and (4) Evaluate the shear bond strength of reinforcing fibers in CSA cement and OPC. Based on the findings of this PhD dissertation, calcium sulfoaluminate cement has a significant influence on the characteristics and behavior of embedded reinforcing fibers. An important factor contributing to the bond strength between fiber and matrix was the ability to transfer interfacial
Cement radwaste solidification studies third annual report
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
This report summarises cement radwaste studies carried out at AEE Winfrith during 1981 on the encapsulation of medium and low active waste in cement. During the year more emphasis has been placed on the work which is directly related to the solidification of SGHWR active sludge. Information has been obtained on the properties of 220 dm3 drums of cemented waste. The use of cement grouts for the encapsulation of solid items has also been investigated during 1981. (U.K.)
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
The Portland cement is equivalently substituted by slag micropowders with various specific areas. The workability,activity and acid-corrosion resistance of the slag-substituted cements are investigated,the activation of gypsum is discussed,also the porosity and pore distribution of mortars of the slag micropowders cement are determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry.
21 CFR 872.3275 - Dental cement.
... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Dental cement. 872.3275 Section 872.3275 Food and... DENTAL DEVICES Prosthetic Devices § 872.3275 Dental cement. (a) Zinc oxide-eugenol—(1) Identification... filling or as a base cement to affix a temporary tooth filling, to affix dental devices such as crowns...
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Using the conventional well cements consisting of the calcium silicate hydrates (CaO-SiO{sub 2}-H{sub 2}O system) and calcium aluminum silicate hydrates (CaO-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-SiO{sub 2}-H{sub 2}O system) for the integrity of geothermal wells, the serious concern confronting the cementing industries was their poor performance in mechanically supporting the metallic well casing pipes and in mitigating the pipe's corrosion in very harsh geothermal reservoirs. These difficulties are particularly acute in two geological regions: One is the deep hot downhole area ({approx} 1700 m depth at temperatures of {approx} 320 C) that contains hyper saline water with high concentrations of CO{sub 2} (> 40,000 ppm) in conjunction with {approx} 100 ppm H{sub 2}S at a mild acid of pH {approx} 5.0; the other is the upper well region between the well's surface and {approx} 1000 m depth at temperatures up to 200 C. The specific environment of the latter region is characterized by highly concentrated H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} (pH < 1.5) brine containing at least 5000 ppm CO{sub 2}. When these conventional cements are emplaced in these harsh environments, their major shortcoming is their susceptibility to reactions with hot CO{sub 2} and H{sub 2}SO4, thereby causing their deterioration brought about by CO{sub 2}-catalyzed carbonation and acid-initiated erosion. Such degradation not only reduced rapidly the strength of cements, lowering the mechanical support of casing pipes, but also increased the extent of permeability of the brine through the cement layer, promoting the rate of the pipe's corrosion. Severely carbonated and acid eroded cements often impaired the integrity of a well in less than one year; in the worst cases, casings have collapsed within three months, leading to the need for costly and time-consuming repairs or redrilling operations. These were the reasons why the geothermal well drilling and cementing industries were concerned about using conventional well
Microscale Investigation of Arsenic Distribution and Species in Cement Product from Cement Kiln Coprocessing Wastes
Yufei Yang; Jingchuan Xue; Qifei Huang
To improve the understanding of the immobilization mechanism and the leaching risk of Arsenic (As) in the cement product from coprocessing wastes using cement kiln, distribution and species of As in cement product were determined by microscale investigation methods, including electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. In this study, sodium arsenate crystals (Na3AsO412H2O) were mixed with cement production raw materials and calcined to produce cement clinker. Then, ...
Sealing of cracks in cement using microencapsulated sodium silicate
Giannaros, P.; Kanellopoulos, A.; Al-Tabbaa, A.
Cement-based materials possess an inherent autogenous self-healing capability allowing them to seal, and potentially heal, microcracks. This can be improved through the addition of microencapsulated healing agents for autonomic self-healing. The fundamental principle of this self-healing mechanism is that when cracks propagate in the cementitious matrix, they rupture the dispersed capsules and their content (cargo material) is released into the crack volume. Various healing agents have been explored in the literature for their efficacy to recover mechanical and durability properties in cementitious materials. In these materials, the healing agents are most commonly encapsulated in macrocontainers (e.g. glass tubes or capsules) and placed into the material. In this work, microencapsulated sodium silicate in both liquid and solid form was added to cement specimens. Sodium silicate reacts with the calcium hydroxide in hydrated cement paste to form calcium-silicate-hydrate gel that fills cracks. The effect of microcapsule addition on rheological and mechanical properties of cement is reported. It is observed that the microcapsule addition inhibits compressive strength development in cement and this is observed through a plateau in strength between 28 and 56 days. The improvement in crack-sealing for microcapsule-containing specimens is quantified through sorptivity measurements over a 28 day healing period. After just seven days, the addition of 4% microcapsules resulted in a reduction in sorptivity of up to 45% when compared to specimens without any microcapsule addition. A qualitative description of the reaction between the cargo material and the cementitious matrix is also provided using x-ray diffraction analysis.
Cement mixtures containing copper tailings as an additive: durability properties
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Obinna Onuaguluchi
Full Text Available The effects of copper tailings as an additive, on some durability properties of cement mixtures were investigated. In each mixture, copper tailings addition levels by mass were 0%, 5% and 10%. Compared to the control samples, copper tailings blended pastes showed superior performance against autoclave expansion while insignificant decreases in sulfate resistance of mortars were observed. Copper tailings increased the water absorption and total permeable voids of concretes slightly. However, the compressive and flexural strengths of blended concretes were higher than those of the control samples. Similarly, improved resistance to acid attack and chloride penetration as the copper tailings content of concretes increased were also observed. Results further showed that the ASTM C 1202 rapid chloride permeability test may not be a valid indicator of chloride migration in mixtures containing conductive copper tailings. These results suggest that copper tailings can potentially enhance the durability properties of cement based materials.
The Compatibility of Polycarboxylate-Type Superplasticizers with Cement
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
LI Chongzhi; WANG Dongmin; SONG Shaomin; CHEN Jialong
Four polycarboxylate-type (PC) superplasticizers of different functional groups were used;their dispersing and retaining behaviors were analyzed through ZETA potential measurement, mini-slump test of cement paste and performance test of concrete. The experimental results show that the dispersing and flow-retaining ability of PC was determined by two factors of anionic groups and nonionic groups: the density of anionic groups - COO- or -SOf acted on the electronic repulsive force, and the length and proportion of nonionic graft groups of PEO in PC chemical structure affected the steric effect. The compatibility between PC superplasticizers and cement mainly depended on the type of PEO groups; furthermore, adding mineral powders is good to the compatibility for high performance concretes ( HPCs ).
Impact performance of the fibre-cement composites
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The transition zone of short filament fibres randomly dispersed in a paste of ordinary portland cement is analysed. Composites of vegetable fibres (malva, sisal and coir) are compared with those containing chrysotile asbestos and polypropylene fibres. The series of composites are prepared to be tested at the ages of 7, 28, 90 and 180 days. The water-cement ratio is 0.38 and at the age of 28 days specimens with ratio of 0.30 and 0.46 are also tested. The backscattered electron image and energy dispersive spectroscopy identify the major properties of the fibre-matrix interface. The microstructural characteristics are directly associated with the toughness of the composites, once the energy dissipation at transition zone is confirmed. (author). 8 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab
Self-healing ability of fly ash-cement systems
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Pipat Termkhajornkit; Toyoharu Nawa; Yoichi Yamashiro; Toshiki Saito [Lafarge Research Centre, Quentin Fallavier (France). Reactive Components Department
Concrete is susceptible to cracking due to both autogenous and drying shrinkage. Nevertheless, most of these types of cracks occur before 28 days. Because fly ash continues to hydrate after 28 days, it is likely that hydrated products from fly ash may modify microstructure, seal these cracks, and prolong the service life. This research investigates the self-healing ability of fly ash-cement paste. Compressive strength, porosity, chloride diffusion coefficients, hydration reactions and hydrated products were studied. The research focuses on behavior after 28 days. According to the experimental results, the fly ash-cement system has the self-healing ability for cracks that occur from shrinkage. The self-healing ability increased when the fraction of fly ash increased.
Rheological Properties of Cemented Tailing Backfill and the Construction of a Prediction Model
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Liu Lang
Full Text Available Workability is a key performance criterion for mining cemented tailing backfill, which should be defined in terms of rheological parameters such as yield stress and plastic viscosity. Cemented tailing backfill is basically composed of mill tailings, Portland cement, or blended cement with supplementary cement material (fly ash and blast furnace slag and water, among others, and it is important to characterize relationships between paste components and rheological properties to optimize the workability of cemented tailing backfill. This study proposes a combined model for predicting rheological parameters of cemented tailing backfill based on a principal component analysis (PCA and a back-propagation (BP neural network. By analyzing experimental data on mix proportions and rheological parameters of cemented tailing backfill to determine the nonlinear relationships between rheological parameters (i.e., yield stress and viscosity and mix proportions (i.e., solid concentrations, the tailing/cement ratio, the specific weight, and the slump, the study constructs a prediction model. The advantages of the combined model were as follows: First, through the PCA, original multiple variables were represented by two principal components (PCs, thereby leading to a 50% decrease in input parameters in the BP neural network model, which covered 98.634% of the original data. Second, in comparison to conventional BP neural network models, the proposed model featured a simpler network architecture, a faster training speed, and more satisfactory prediction performance. According to the test results, any error between estimated and expected output values from the combined prediction model based on the PCA and the BP neural network was within 5%, reflecting a remarkable improvement over results for BP neural network models with no PCA.
Evaluation of Calcium Phosphate Cement As a Root Canal Sealer Filling Material
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Calcium phosphate cement for root end sealing was obtained by mixing α-tricalcium phosphate and additives with an aqueous solution of citric. Powder and liquid were mixed at a ratio of 1.25g/mL. The biocompatibility of this material was investigated primarily by subcutaneous implantation tests. Then calcium phosphate cement was used to fill three adult dogs' root canal, both calcium hydroxide paste and hydroxyapatite paste as control. The animals were killed at 4,12,20 weeks postoperatively respectively. The effects of different materials on the apical closure, restoration of periapical tissues and adaptability to the dentinal surface were examined by optical and electronic microscope. The observation at 20 weeks shows that the calcium phosphate cement has the potentialities of being a root canal sealer filling material available for pulpless teeth with open-apex and destructive periapical tissue.
A brief on high-volume Class F fly ash as cement replacement – A guide for Civil Engineer
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Alaa M. Rashad
Full Text Available Disposal of fly ash (FA resulting from the combustion of coal-fired electric power stations is one of the major environmental challenges. This challenge continues to increase with increasing the amount of FA and decreasing the capacity of landfill space. Therefore, studies have been carried out to re-use high-volumes of fly ash (HVFA as cement replacement in building materials. This paper presents an overview of the previous studies carried out on the use of high volume Class F FA as a partial replacement of cement in traditional paste/mortar/concrete mixtures based on Portland cement (PC. Fresh properties, mechanical properties, abrasion resistance, thermal properties, drying shrinkage, porosity, water absorption, sorptivity, chemical resistance, carbonation resistance and electrical resistivity of paste/mortar/concrete mixtures containing HVFA (⩾45% as cement replacement have been reviewed. Furthermore, additives used to improve some properties of HVFA system have been reviewed.
Mechanical behaviour of alkali-activated blast furnace slag-activated metakaolin blended pastes. Statistical study
Higuera, I.; Varga, C.; Palomo, J. G.; Gil-Maroto, A.; Vázquez, T.; Puertas, F.
The study and development of alternative, more ecoefficient binders than portland cement are attracting a good deal of scientific and technological interest. Binders obtained from the chemical interaction between calcium silico-aluminous materials and highly alkaline solutions are one of several types of such possible cements. The present paper discusses the mechanical behaviour and mineralogical composition of blended pastes made from NaOH-activated vitreous blast furnace slag and metakaolin...
Thoughts on the Current Cement Industry Development
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Gan Zhihe
According to the analysis of cement capacity andits relations with macro economy running index, the mainreasons for the present rapid development of cement capacityare the rapid development of economy and the shot up ofwhole society fixed asset investment. According to the presentspeed of economy development, cement still enjoys a po-tential increase, So here has not been an overall excessivepopularity of cement industry. The best way to prevent lowlevel repeated construction is to promote the development ofnew dry- process cement as well as try to get rid of blindness.
Effect of temporary cements on the shear bond strength of luting cements
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Marco Fiori-Júnior
Full Text Available OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate, by shear bond strength (SBS testing, the influence of different types of temporary cements on the final cementation using conventional and self-etching resin-based luting cements. Material and Methods: Forty human teeth divided in two halves were assigned to 8 groups (n=10: I and V (no temporary cementation; II and VI: Ca(OH2-based cement; III and VII: zinc oxide (ZO-based cement; IV and VIII: ZO-eugenol (ZOE-based cement. Final cementation was done with RelyX ARC cement (groups I to IV and RelyX Unicem cement (groups V to VIII. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's test at 5% significance level. RESULTS: Means were (MPa: I - 3.80 (±1.481; II - 5.24 (±2.297; III - 6.98 (±1.885; IV - 6.54 (±1.459; V - 5.22 (±2.465; VI - 4.48 (±1.705; VII - 6.29 (±2.280; VIII - 2.47 (±2.076. Comparison of the groups that had the same temporary cementation (Groups II and VI; III and VII; IV and VIII showed statistically significant difference (p0.05 for the different luting cements (RelyX TM ARC and RelyX TM Unicem. The groups that had no temporary cementation (Groups I and V did not differ significantly from each other either (p>0.05. CONCLUSION: When temporary cementation was done with ZO- or ZOE-based cements and final cementation was done with RelyX ARC, there was an increase in the SBS compared to the control. In the groups cemented with RelyX Unicem, however, the use of a ZOE-based temporary cement affected negatively the SBS of the luting agent used for final cementation.
Hydraulic activity of cement mixed with slag from vitrified solid waste incinerator fly ash.
Lin, Kae-Long; Wang, Kuen-Sheng; Tzeng, Bor-Yu; Lin, Chung-Yei
This study investigates the effects of the slag composition on the hydraulic activity in slag blended cement pastes that incorporate synthetic slag prepared by melting CaO-modified municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash. Two types of composition-modified slag were prepared for this study. First, fly ash was mixed with the modifier (CaO) at 5% and 15% (by weight) respectively, resulting in two fly ash mixtures. These mixtures were then melted at 1400 degrees C for 30 minutes and milled to produce two types of slag with different modifier contents, designated as C1-slag and C2-slag. These synthetic slags were blended with ordinary Portland cement at various weight ratios ranging from 10% to 40%. The synthetic slags presented sufficient hydraulic activity, and the heavy metal leaching concentrations all met the EPA's regulatory thresholds. The pore size distribution was determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry, and the results correlated with the compressive strength. The results also indicate that the incorporation of the 10% C1-slag tended to enhance the hydration degree of slag blended cement pastes during the early ages (3-28 days). However, at later ages, no significant difference in hydration degree was observed between ordinary Portland cement pastes and 10% C1-slag blended cement pastes. In the 10% C2-slag case, the trend was similar, but with a more limited enhancement during the early ages (3-28 days). Thus vitrified waste incinerator fly ash is a technically useful additive to cement, reducing the disposal needs for the toxic fly ash. PMID:14986718
Model of Coherent Interface Formation in Cement-Based Composites Containing Polyblend of Polyvinyl Alcohol and Methylcellulose
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
The texture of interfacial zone between cement paste and quartz in the cement-based composites containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA),methylcellulose (MC) and their polyblend in an amount of 10 wt % with respect to cement,as well as the texture of dehydrated bodies of PVA,MC,and the polyblend solutions,were investigated with SEM.The network texture of the dehydrated polyblend is confirmed by comparing the texture of dehydrated bodies of PVA and MC.The network texture has restrained the movement of polyblend molecules in the cement mortar but is helpful to forming a coherent interface between cement paste and quartz.The key factor of forming the coherent interface is not the neutralization reaction between H+ from hydrolysis of quartz and OH- from hydration of cement,but the electrostatic attraction and the chemical reaction between polar groups on the polyblend molecule and cations and anions from hydrolysis of quartz and hydration of cement,respectively.The model of the coherent interface formation is that excessive [HSiO3]- and [SiO3]2- anions are bonded with the hydrated cations such as Ca2+ and Al3+,which is confirmed by the gel containing Ca and Si on the quartz surface.
The properties of polymerizable luting cements.
Nicholson, J W; McKenzie, M A
The properties of a polyacid-modified composite resin and two resin-modified luting cements have been studied. The polyacid-modified composite resin had the slowest setting reaction and, in this respect, it did not conform to the current international standard for luting cements. The compressive strength of all of the materials was studied after varying periods of storage from 24 h to 1 year. The polyacid-modified composite resin showed a distinct dip in strength at 1 month in all of the storage media, but otherwise it showed no significant variation with either age or storage medium. The resin-modified glass-ionomers showed variation at 24 h with storage medium (deionized water, 0.9% NaCl or 20 mmol dm(-3) lactic acid), but thereafter they showed little variation, until 1 year, when Vitremer luting showed a significant decline in strength in pure water. However, at 24 h and when stored in water, all of the materials had strengths that easily exceeded the minimum requirement of the current standard (70 MPa). They all took up water on storage, with diffusion coefficients ranging from 1.32 to 17. 19x10(-7) cm2 s(-1). These values were found to depend on whether the specimens were stored in pure water or in physiological saline. However, equilibrium water contents varied only slightly between water and saline. The polyacid-modified composite resin, Dyract-Cem, took up the least water, as well as showing the smallest variation in strength with age. By contrast, it was more difficult to mix than the other materials and the high viscosity of the paste led to the formation of voids and other imperfections in the specimens. PMID:10564431
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Vázquez, T.
Full Text Available The influence of aireation on the appearance or elimination of the false setting in industrial portland cements is studied by means of infrared spectroscopy.
Se estudia por medio de la espectroscopia infrarroja la influencia de la aireación sobre la aparición o eliminación del fraguado, en cemento portland industriales.
Radon exhalation of cementitious materials made with coal fly ash: Part 1 - scientific background and testing of the cement and fly ash emanation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Increased interest in measuring radionuclides and radon concentrations in fly ash, cement and other components of building products is due to the concern of health hazards of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM). The current work focuses on studying the influence of fly ash (FA) on radon-exhalation rate (radon flux) from cementitious materials. The tests were carried out on cement paste specimens with different FA contents. The first part of the paper presents the scientific background and describes the experiments, which we designed for testing the radon emanation of the raw materials used in the preparation of the cement-FA pastes. It is found that despite the higher 226Ra content in FA (more than 3 times, compared with Portland cement) the radon emanation is significantly lower in FA (7.65% for cement vs. 0.52% only for FA)
Effect of Ground Waste Concrete Powder on Cement Properties
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Xianwei Ma
Full Text Available The paste/mortar attached to the recycled aggregate decreases the quality of the aggregate and needs to be stripped. The stripped paste/mortar is roughly 20% to 50% in waste concrete, but relevant research is very limited. In this paper, the effects of ground waste concrete (GWC powder, coming from the attached paste/mortar, on water demand for normal consistency, setting time, fluidity, and compressive strength of cement were analyzed. The results show that the 20% of GWC powder (by the mass of binder has little effect on the above properties and can prepare C20 concrete; when the sand made by waste red clay brick (WRB replaces 20% of river sand, the strength of the concrete is increased by 17% compared with that without WRB sand.
Physical and Thermodynamical Properties of Water Phases in Hardening Portland Cement Systems
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hansen, T. Bæk
The present study is devoted to the description of water phases in hardening portland cement paste systems containing a significant amount of micro-filler and having a low to moderate water/powder ratio. Emphasis has been placed on the early stages of the hardening process....
An experimental study on the recovery of the hardened cement from crushed end of life concrete
Lotfi, S.; Rem, P.C.
In the C2CA concrete recycling process, autogenous milling of the crushed End of Life (EOL) concrete is a mechanical method to remove cement paste from the surface of aggregates. During autogenous milling, the combination of shearing and compression forces, promotes selective attrition and delivers
Pressurization of bioactive bone cement in vitro.
Fujita, H; Iida, H; Kawanabe, K; Okada, Y; Oka, M; Masuda, T; Kitamura, Y; Nakamura, T
We have developed a bioactive bone cement consisting of MgO-CaO-SiO2-P2O5-CaF2 glass-ceramic powder (AW glass-ceramic powder), silica glass powder as an inorganic filler, and bisphenol-a-glycidyl methacrylate (bis-GMA) based resin as an organic matrix. The efficacy of this bioactive bone cement was investigated by evaluating its pressurization in a 5-mm hole and small pores using a simulated acetabular cavity. Two types of acetabular components were used (flanged and unflanged sockets) and a commercially available polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement (CMW 1 Radiopaque Bone Cement) was selected as a comparative control. Bioactive bone cement exerted greater intrusion volume in 5-mm holes than PMMA bone cement in both the flanged and unflanged sockets 10 minutes after pressurization (p anchor holes than PMMA bone cement.
Leaching of tritium from a cement composite
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Leaching of tritium from cement composites into an aqueous phase has been studied to evaluate the safety of incorporation of the tritiated liquid waste into cement. Leaching tests were performed by the method recommended by the International Atomic Energy Agency. The Leaching fraction was measured as functions of waste-cement ratio (Wa/C), temperature of leachant and curing time. The tritium leachability of cement in the long term test follows the order: alumina cement portland cement slag cement. The fraction of tritium leached increases with increasing Wa/C and temperature and decreasing curing period. A deionized water as a leachant gives a slightly higher leachability than synthetic sea water. The amount leached of tritium from a 200 l drum size specimen was estimated on the basis of the above results. (author)
Understanding cement mechanical behavior in SAGD wells
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Xie, J.; Zahacy, T. A. [C-FER Technologies (Canada)
In the heavy oil industry, the steam assisted gravity drainage process is often used to enhance oil recovery but it can cause cracks in the cement sheath. These cracks are the result of high steam temperatures and thermal expansion. In order to mitigate this risk, improved well designs are required. The aim of this paper is to present the mechanical behavior of the cement sheath during the heating phase. An analysis of the impact of design and operating parameters was conducted through thermal hydraulic and thermal mechanical analyses to assess cement integrity. These analyses were then performed on an example of an SAGD project in the southern part of the Athabasca oilsands region to assess the performance of the cement sheath. Results showed that potential damage to the cement can be reduced by slow heating and a lower Young's modulus cement blend. This paper makes recommendations for optimizing cement design in thermal recovery wells.
The Properties of Road Base Course Materials of Granular Soils Stabilized by AGS Granular Soil Stabilizing Cement
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
SHEN Wei-guo; ZHOU Ming-kai; ZHAO Qing-lin; WU Shao-peng
The properties of road base course materials of granular soils stabilized by AGS granular soil stabilizing cement[1]were studied.The AGS cement has an expansibility to a certain degree,so the dry shrinkage of AGS cement paste and AGS stabilized granular is much lower than that of Portland slag cement.AGS has a good suitability to granular soils.Granular soils stabilized by AGS have a much higher strength than that of soils stabilized by P S cement.The same strength can be reached with 20% reduction of cement dosage for AGS cement.And their elastic and resilient modulus are similar,but the former has a much higher tensile splitting strength,so the AGS stabilized granular has a much better anti-cracking performance than that of the P S stabilized granular.The reduced value of the strength and the density with the retard time for the granular soils stabilized by AGS is lower than that for P S cement.
Use of alternative fuels in cement manufacture. Effect on clinker and cement characteristics and properties
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Puertas, F.
Full Text Available This paper compares industrial clinker and cement produced using conventional and alternative fuels (animal meal, tyres or a mixture of the two. The results show no relevant differences in terms of mineralogical composition between the clinker manufactured with alternative fuels and the product obtained using conventional fuel. Clinker produced with alternative fuels at any one factory have a very similar or even lower content in heavy metals than the product manufactured with conventional fuel in the same plant (with the sole exception of Zn when the alternative fuel used is shredded tyres. Mineralogical and morphological analyses reveal no significant differences between the two types of products that can be attributed to the type of fuel used in their manufacture. All six types of cement studied are compliant with the existing legislation as regards both physical and chemical properties. Cement compressive strength is found to be to legal standards regardless of the type of fuel used. Finally, the rheological properties of the cement paste are observed to be unaffected by the type of fuel.
Se han estudiado clínkeres y cementos obtenidos en procesos industriales que han utilizado combustibles convencionales y combustibles alternativos (harinas cárnicas, neumáticos usados y mezclas de ambos. Los resultados obtenidos han demostrado que los clínkeres fabricados con los combustibles alternativos no presentan diferencias significativas en la composición mineralógica respecto a los obtenidos con combustibles convencionales. Los contenidos de metales pesados en los clínkeres procedentes de la misma fábrica (a excepción de los contenidos en Zn en aquéllos que utilizan neumáticos son muy similares o incluso inferiores a los fabricados con combustibles convencionales. Los análisis mineralógico y morfológico de los clínkeres no evidencian diferencias asignables al tipo de combustible utilizado. Todos los cementos estudiados cumplen
Multi-scale performance of carbon microfiber reinforced cement-based composites exposed to a decalcifying environment
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The effect of decalcification on the fiber-cement interface and, in turn, on the compressive and splitting tensile behavior of carbon microfiber (CF) reinforced cement-based composites was studied. The CFs were added to Portland cement (PC) pastes and PC pastes with 10% silica fume (SF). Exposure to ammonium nitrate solution was used to accelerate decalcification. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and derivative thermogravimetric analysis were used to investigate the microstructural and morphological alterations within the composites and at the fiber-cement interface. Results showed a strong coupling between decalcification, microstructural evolution of the composite and of the fiber-cement interface, and the composite mechanical properties. Preferential leaching around the fibers occurred in the PC composite, resulting in debonding of the fibers and a greater loss of strength. Addition of SF to the mix slowed the degradation process, stabilized the fiber-cement interface during decalcification, and reduced the loss of strength. The loss of strength in the SF composites was primarily due to the loss of cohesion of the paste and not due to debonding of the fibers as occurred for the PC composites.
Properties and durability of metakaolin blended cements
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Ezzat, El-Sayed
Full Text Available This paper evaluates the optimal calcination temperature and replacement ratio to ensure high metakaolin (MK pozzolanicity in blended cement. The MK used was prepared by firing two types of local at temperatures ranging from 700 to 850 ºC. Dry blends of ordinary Portland cement (OPC and varying proportions of MK were mixed with the amount of water required to ensure optimal consistency of the resulting pastes. The specimens were cured at 100% RH for 24 h and then immersed in water for 3, 7, 28, 90 or 180 days. At each test time, the degree of hydration and compressive strength of the hardened cement pastes were measured The findings showed that the most suitable calcination temperature to obtain metakaolin is 700 ºC, while the optimal replacement ratio ranges from 25 to 30%. DTA was used to determine the phases comprising the hydration products forming at the ages studied. Pure OPC and OPC-MK specimens were immersed in 3% NaCl and 5% MgSO4 solutions for 30, 90 and 180 days to measure their durability. The OPC-MK pastes immersed in the 3% NaCl solution were observed to be highly resistant to chloride attack.
El presente trabajo evalúa el comportamiento puzolánico de metacaolín (MK, producto de la calcinación a distintas temperaturas de dos tipos de caolín local de composiciones químicas diferentes, al incorporarse al cemento en diferentes proporciones. Se preparó un cemento adicionado mediante la mezcla en seco de cemento Portland ordinario (OPC y metacaolín (MK, a los que se añadió la cantidad óptima de agua para obtener una pasta de la consistencia deseada. Las probetas se curaron a una HR del 100% durante 24 horas, sumergiéndose posteriormente en agua durante 3, 7, 28, 90 o 180 días. A cada tiempo de ensayo se controló el grado de hidratación de las pastas endurecidas y se comprobó la resistencia a la compresión de las probetas cúbicas a las edades de curado establecidas. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la
Characterization and utilization of cement kiln dusts (CKDs) as partial replacements of Portland cement
Khanna, Om Shervan
mineralogical phases within CKDs. It was found that CKDs can contain significant amounts of amorphous material (>30%) and clinker compounds (>20%) and small amounts of slag and/or flyash (calcium langbeinite (chloride ions. The second objective was to utilize the material characterization analysis to determine the relationships among the composition properties of CKD-PC blends and their effects on fresh and hardened properties. The study found that CKDs from preheater/precalciner kilns have different effects on workability and heat evolution than CKDs from wet and long-dry kilns due to the presence of very reactive and high free lime contents (>20%). The blends with the two CKDs from preheater/precalciner plants had higher paste water demand, lower mortar flows, and higher heat generation during initial hydrolysis in comparison to all other CKD-PC blends and control cements. The hardened properties of CKD as a partial substitute of PC appear to be governed by the sulfate content of the CKD-PC blend (the form of the CKD sulfate is not significant). According to analysis of the ASTM expansion in limewater test results, the CKD-PC blend sulfate content should be less than ˜0.40% above the optimum sulfate content of the PC. It was also found that the sulfate contribution of CKD behaves similar to gypsum. Therefore, CKD-PC blends could be optimized for sulfate content by using CKD as a partial substitute of gypsum during the grinding process to control the early hydration of C3A. The wet and long-dry kiln CKDs contain significant amounts of calcium carbonate (>20%) which could also be used as partial replacement of limestone filler in PC.
[Utilizing the wastewater treatment plant sludge for the production of eco-cement].
Lin, Yi-Ming; Zhou, Shao-Qi; Zhou, De-Jun; Wu, Yan-Yu
The aim of this paper was to study the effect on cement property by using of municipal sewage as additive in the process of clinker burning. Based on the standard sample P. 042. 5 from cement plant, the properties of eco-cement samples adding municipal sewage to unit raw material by 0%, 0.50%, 1.00%, 1.50%, 2.00%, 2.50% respectively and the standard sample from the cement plant were compared. According to the analysis of X-ray diffraction, microstructure, the particles size determination material change, the setting time, specific surface area, leaching toxicity and strength of cement mortar of the cement, respectively, it showed that the strength of the productions were similar to the P. 042.5 standard sample. The metal ion concentrations of Al, Fe, Ba, Mn and Ti in clinkers and raw material decreased, the initial and setting time increased, as well as the strength of the paste within the curing time of 3 days decreased with the increase of municipal sewage ratio. However, after the curing of 7 days, the strength was similar to non-sludge-mortar or even higher.
An ultrasonic through-transmission technique for monitoring the setting of injectable calcium phosphate cement.
Rajzer, Izabella; Piekarczyk, Wojciech; Castaño, Oscar
An ultrasound through-transmission method to monitor the setting process of injectable calcium phosphate bone cements in body fluids is presented. This method can be used to determine the acoustic properties of the bone cement as it sets, which are linked to its material properties and provide some information about changes occurring within the cement. The development of the methodology of ultrasonic testing and execution of velocity measurements of the longitudinal and transverse waves using the through-transmission method made it possible to determine the material constants of samples during the setting and hardening process of an injectable cement paste in physiological fluids (i.e. the Young's modulus (E), the Poisson ratio (ν) and the shear modulus (G)), and to determine the degree of anisotropy of wave velocity in the samples. A strong advantage of the proposed method is that it is non-destructive, and the same sample can be used to monitor the whole process of the cement setting. The testing was performed on premixed and injectable calcium phosphate (CPC)/chitosan blend, where glycerol was used as a liquid phase. Comparisons between ultrasonic velocity and empirical tests such as compressive strength, porosity measurement, FTIR, SEM and XRD analysis at different days of immersion in Ringer's solutions showed that the ultrasonic velocity can be very useful to provide in situ information about changes occurring within the cement. PMID:27287094
Applied technique of the cemented fill with fly ash and fine-sands
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Traditional stabilization of backfilling material is done by using Portland cement. However, the high price of cement forced mining engineers to seek cheaper binding materials. Fly ash, which is the industrial waste from thermal power plant, possess the potential activity of jellification, and can be used in cemented fill as a partial substitute for cement to reduce the fill cost. Tests were done during the past few years in Xinqiao Pyrite Mine and Phoenix Copper Mine to determine the technology parameters and the suitable content of fly ash. Specimens with different cement/fly/ash tailings (sands) ratios were tested to obtain the strength values of the fill mass based on the analyses of both the chemical composition and physical and mechanical properties of fly ash. The compressive strength of specimens with a ratio of 1: 2: 8 (cement to fly ash to tailings)can reach 2 MPa after 90 d curing, totally meeting the requirement of artificial pillar and reducing the fill cost by 20%-30%.
Piezoresistive Response Extraction for Smart Cement-based Composites/Sensors
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
HAN Baoguo; QIAO Guofu; JIANG Haifeng
A kind of piezoresistive response extraction method for smart cement-based composites/sensors was proposed.Two kinds of typical piezoresistive cement-based composites/sensors were fabricated by respectively adding carbon nanotubes and nickel powders as conductive fillers into cement paste or cement mortar.The variation in measured electrical resistance of such cement-based composites/sensors was explored without loading and under repeated compressive loading and impulsive loading.The experimental results indicate that the measured electrical resistance of piezoresistive cement-based composites/sensors exhibits a two-stage variation trend of fast increase and steady increase with measurement time without loading,and an irreversible increase after loading.This results from polarization caused by ionic conduction in these composites/sensors.After reaching a plateau,the measured electrical resistance can be divided into an electrical resistance part and an electrical capacity part.The piezoresistive responses of electrical resistance part in measured electrical resistance to loading can be extracted by eliminating the linear electrical capacity part in measured electrical resistance.
The cement recycling of the earthquake disaster debris by Hachinohe Cement Co., Ltd
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A tremendous quantity of earthquake disaster debris and tsunami sediment was resulted by the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011. Hachinohe Cement Co., Ltd., a Sumitomo Osaka Cement subsidiary, was the first cement industry company to receive and process such waste materials outside of their usual prefecture area, while the company is performing their treatment and recycling services locally in Hachinohe City and Aomori Prefecture. This report provides an explanation about the recycling mechanism of waste materials and by-products in cement manufacturing process, and introduces an example of actual achievements for the disaster debris treatment by utilizing the cement recycling technologies at the Hachinohe Cement Plant. (author)
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Kaziliunas A.
Full Text Available Preparation of phosphogypsum to produce the binders requires a much higher input than preparation of natural gypsum stone. This makes it uncompetitive material. The investigations presented therein are meant to reduce this input by looking for the ways of rendering impurities harmless. Soluble acid orthophosphates are the main harmful impurity of phosphogypsum. The studies show that dry insoluble calcium orthophosphates hydrates (1.09 % and 2.18 % P2O5 in gypsum have little effect on W/C, setting times and soundness of Portland cement pastes. Insoluble calcium orthophosphates hydrates {CaHPO4∙2H2O, Ca8(HPO42(PO44∙5H2O and Ca9(HPO4(PO45(OH∙4H2O} formed in acidic medium (pH = 4.2 - 5.9 have been destroyed in alkaline medium and reduce standard compressive strength of cement up to 28 %. Calcium orthophosphates hydrates of hydroxyapatite group are stable in alcaline medium, while in dry state they reduce the standard compressive strength of cement until 10 %, but their suspensions prolong setting times of Portland cement as soluble orthophosphates – 2 - 3 times. Alkalis in cement increase pH of paste, but do not change the process of formation of calcium orthophosphates hydrates of hydroxyapatite group: it takes place through an intermediate phase - CaHPO4·2H2O, whose transformation into apatite lasts for 2 - 3 months.
Mössbauer, XRD, and Complex Thermal Analysis of the Hydration of Cement with Fly Ash
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Vili Lilkov
Full Text Available Hydration of cement with and without fly ash is studied with Mössbauer spectroscopy, XRD, and thermal analysis. Iron in cement is present as Fe3+-ions and occupies two octahedral positions, with close isomer shifts and quadrupole splittings. Iron in fly ash is present as Fe2+ and Fe3+, and the Mössbauer spectra display three doublets—two for Fe3+ in octahedral coordination and one for Fe2+. A third doublet was registered in the hydrating plain cement pastes after the 5th day, due to Fe3+ in tetrahedral coordination in the structure of the newly formed monosulphate aluminate. In cement pastes with fly ash, the doublet of tetrahedral iron is formed earlier because the quantity of ettringite and portlandite is low and more monosulphate crystallizes. No Fe(OH3 phase forms during hydration of C4AF. The fly ash displays pozzolanic properties, which lead to lowering of the portlandite quantity in the cement mixtures and increasing of the high temperature products.
Production of cements from Illinois coal ash. Technical report, September 1, 1995--November 30, 1995
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Wagner, J.C. [Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, IL (United States); Bhatty, J.I.; Mishulovich, A. [Construction Technology Labs., Inc., Washington, DC (United States)
The objective of this program is to convert Illinois coal combustion residues, such as fly ash, bottom ash, and boiler slag, into novel cementitious materials for use in the construction industry. Currently only about 30% of the 5 million tons of these coal combustion residues generated in Illinois each year are utilized, mainly as aggregate. These residues are composed largely Of SiO{sub 2}, Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}, MgO, and CaO, which are also the major components of cement. The process being developed in this program will use the residues directly in the manufacture of cement products. Therefore, a much larger amount of residues can be utilized. To achieve the above objective, in the first phase (current year) samples of coal combustion residues will be blended and mixed, as needed, with a lime or cement kiln dust (CKD) to adjust the CaO composition. Six mixtures will be melted in a laboratory-scale furnace at CTL. The resulting products will then be tested for cementitious properties. Two preliminary blends have been tested. One blend used fly ash with limestone, while the other used fly ash with CKD. Each blend was melted and then quenched, and the resulting product samples were ground to a specific surface area similar to portland cement. Cementitious properties of these product samples were evaluated by compression testing of 1-inch cube specimens. The specimens were formed out of cement paste where a certain percentage of the cement paste is displaced by one of the sample products. The specimens were cured for 24 hours at 55{degrees}C and 100% relative humidity. The specimens made with the product samples obtained 84 and 89% of the strength of a pure portland cement control cube. For comparison, similar (pozzolanic) materials in standard concrete practice are required to have a compressive strength of at least 75% of that of the control.