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You are a fan of pacific sims ? Come to discover the best forums pacific sims on the internet and share your experience with a community fan of pacific sims . You can also build a forum pacific sims and create your online discussion.
A Sims Role Play
#sims, role, play, index, indexsims, indexsims3, simsroleplay, roleplay, indexroleplay, sims3roleplay
Simmer's Garden - A Simming BBS forum with an inspirational touch catering to The Sims PC games.
simmer's, garden, #sims, simming, faith, game, inspirational
Free forum : This a place where art meets sims. Where you express yourself without limitations. Without fear. At Simmerty Design, everything is possible.
simmetry, design, modeling, #sims, express, limitations, place, simming, custom, content, graphics, competitions, fashion, unique
Make My Sims Real is a sims forum, that aims to provide you with the best simming-community experience. Here you can find well-organised and high quality custom content, useful guides and tutorials.
#sims, forum, downloads, custom, content, make, real, tutorials
Forum for the Northwest Players. Northwest Gamers. Free forum, pacific, northwest, nw, pmc
Let your quill run until it's empty! Every writer, Role Player, Sims fan, Poet or just the forum lover is welcome here!
kingdom, quills, your, quill, until, it's, empty!, every, writer, role, player, #sims, poet, just, forum, lover, welcome, here!
A Sims 2 forum!
beckylynn's, #sims, forum!
An Information Archive for The Sims 3
tutorials, resources, information, archive, #sims
A Sims 3 Role playing Stable & Kennel
Creative Sims 3 Forum.
simagination, creative, #sims, forum
This Forum is Sims3 related.
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Free forum : Bass Fishing Club Sports and Recreation.
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PSP'ing for fun and friends.
#pacific, reflection, psp'ing, friends
Sims and Skins : Koda Factory : skins for several racing simulations
Dedicated to all tank nuts
armored, simulations, panzer, tanks, self, propelled, guns, multiplayer, tank, tiger, tvst, panzersim, mechanised, simulation
A Pc Mod Team. HomecoolMods. homecoolmods, gta, the movies, sims, forum
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A role playing site for writers, sims lovers and video game lovers. Share your imagination here!
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The USBBC is a club that lets bully breed breeders of the Sims gather and show, sell, and breed their dogs as a community.
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The CCCA conducts Car Club Challenge races at Pacific Raceways and Bremerton Raceway during the regular racing season.
club, challenge, association, ccca, conducts, races, #pacific, raceways, bremerton, raceway, during, regular, racing, season
Mod site for the sims
manipulator, site, #sims
Sims3 Creative forum, Sims3 Forum, Unbound, Sims3 Unbound, Sims3 Poses, Sims3 CC, Sims3 Modeling, Sims3 Competitions, Sims3 Tutorials, Editing Tutorials
creative, forum, sims3, unbound, #sims, forums, gaming, game, modeling, competitions, legacies, stories, elite, modeli


text: Plot: The world constitutes of five elements: gold, wood, water, fire and earth. In the wizard world of Magic to Win, the story also revolves around the "Five Element Wizardry", portraying a story that surpasses our imagination. Hong Sum-Kwai (Raymond Wong), a university professor, is also the wizard of water of "Five Elements Wizardry". Although he uses magic spells in his daily life, his superpower remains a secret. By accident, his power is transmitted to his student, Macy, (Karena) and finds herself entangled in the power struggle of the 5 elements. Genre: Fantasy IMDB rating: 5.2/10 from 92 users Directed by: Wilson Yip Starring: Chun Wu, Bak-Ming Wong and Jacky Wu Release Name: Magic.To.Win.2011.DVDRip.XviD-CoWRY Size: 700 MiB Video: XviD | 624x256 | 828 Kbps Audio: Catonese | MP3 | 128 Kbps Runtime: 100 mins Information: Code: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2072164/ Download: Code: Extabit: http://extabit.com/file/28dqccc19pzrx/cowry-mtwin.avi Enjoy!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- Cases
- Investigations
Extended Stay Residency Litigation -- Soroka v. Extended Stay, Inc. et al.
Court: United States District Court of Eastern District of California
Case No.: 1:10-AT-00869
Wexler Wallace filed a class action complaint alleging that Extended Stay Hotels sought to avoid the landlord-tenant laws of California by requiring long term residents to sign new "leases" 29 days and 20 hours into their tenancy. By doing this, Extended Stay Hotels prevented its long term residents from obtaining the rights tenants have under California law, rights which would vest after a 30-day tenancy.
The Plaintiff had lived at Extended Stay for over 5 years and was subjected to dozens of lockouts without being offered the protections of California Law. In addition to damages, the suit sought relief on behalf of a putative class of long-term residents who were subject to repeated and unlawful lockouts by Extended Stay after failing to pay rent or re-register under the lodging agreement.
After the U.S. District Court denied the defendants' motion to dismiss, the case settled.


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Get News Alerts:
Adult Industry News
LELO Launches Couples' Pleasure Sets
Tue, Nov 06 2012 02:30pm PST
Swedish designer brand LELO has announced the launch of the Dare Me and Indulge Me Pleasure Sets, available from Nov. 6 in retail stores worldwide.
The Screaming O Unveils Stuffed Holiday Stocking
Tue, Nov 06 2012 02:00pm PST
The Screaming O's new Holiday Stocking offers a collection of the company's most popular products.
Girlfriends Films, Viv Thomas Release 'Tides of Lust'
Tue, Nov 06 2012 12:30pm PST
Girlfriends Films has released Viv Thomas' "Tides of Lust," an all-girl sun-and-fun gonzo shot on the beaches of Algarve, Potugal.
Vantage, Manville Release Gay 'Batman & Robin' Parody
Tue, Nov 06 2012 12:00pm PST
Vantage Distribution has released Manville Entertainment's "Batman and Robin: An All-Male XXX Parody."
Slate.com: If Measure B Passes, Will Porn Fail to Arouse?
Tue, Nov 06 2012 11:15am PST
An admittedly unscientific survey done by a Slate.com blogger asked porn stars and civilians alike if consumers would still watch porn that required performers to wear condoms if the Measure B initiative passes in Los Angeles County.
ExoClickMobile Inks Exclusive Ad Deal With DrTuber, Nuvid
Tue, Nov 06 2012 10:15am PST
Mobile adult advertising network ExoClickMobile has inked an exclusive agreement with DrTuber.com and Nuvid.com to manage all of their mobile inventory.
CCBill Rolls Outs Discounts for North American Market
Tue, Nov 06 2012 09:15am PST
CCBill announced today a discount initiative to help new North American merchants get started with payment processing.
Nalpac Releases 2012 Winter Catalog
Tue, Nov 06 2012 08:15am PST
Adult toy distributor Nalpac today announced the release of its 2012 Winter Catalog, arriving in stores this week.
pjur CEO Delivers Sexual Counseling Seminar at Moscow EroExpo
Tue, Nov 06 2012 07:00am PST
pjur Group CEO and founder Alexander Giebel addressed more than 60 participants in a seminar on how intimate products are made and should be used at the recent EroExpo in Moscow.
N.Y. Times Reports on Porn Performer Safety, Measure B
Mon, Nov 05 2012 05:45pm PST
NYTimes.com takes a look at the adult industry's performer-testing practices in a porn-positive piece.
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Serie A
Serie B
Champ Lg
Euro 2016
Live Scores
Watch Live
Juventus, Milan target French midfielder
Angers midfielder Sofiane Boufal is a target for both Juventus and Milan, according to the player's agent.
Onazi 'couldn't turn down Liverpool'
Lazio midfielder Ogenyi Onazi admits that he 'could not say no' to Liverpool if the English side were to make an offer.
Paulinho in Inter sights
Tottenham Hotspur midfielder Paulinho is reportedly a target for Inter in the January transfer window.
Report: Cagliari approach Zenga
There are reports that Cagliari have offered Walter Zenga an 18-month contract to take over as Coach, following the sacking of Zdenek Zeman.
Rolando top Juventus target?
Porto defender Rolando is reportedly Juventus' primary target in the January transfer window, with Andrea Barzagli still out.
Januzaj given ok for Inter move?
Manchester United midfielder Adnan Januzaj could be set for a loan move Inter, if reports in Italy are to be believed.
Balotelli set for Inter return?
Reports in the British Press are linking Mario Balotelli with a return to Inter, with Saido Berahino replacing him at Liverpool.
Fiorentina consider Vazquez?
Fiorentina could look to Palermo striker Franco Vazquez to solve their attacking injury crisis, according to reports.
'Strootman not going to United'
Roma President James Pallotta has ruled out the possibility of Kevin Strootman moving to Manchester United.
'No contact for Torres but…'
The Spanish striker is on loan at San Siro from the English Premier League side, with the deal agreed to span two years.
Roma stadium 'good for city'
Roma President James Pallotta insists the club's new stadium will be a boost for the entire city, not just his club.
Milan, Inter vie for Cerci?
Milan and Inter are reportedly locked in a transfer battle for Atletico Madrid's Alessio Cerci.
Roma in pole for Neto?
Roma are in pole position to secure the signature of Fiorentina's Neto, according to reports today.
Official: Cagliari sack Zeman
Zdenek Zeman has been relieved of his duties as Cagliari Coach, the club has confirmed.
'Mancini important for Inter'
Fredy Guarin discusses Roberto Mancini's impact at Inter, saying the Coach gives the players 'so much confidence'.
Torres return 'would be wonderful'
Atletico Madrid's German Burgos admits that a return to the club for Milan's Fernando Torres would be 'wonderful'.
Garcia praises Roma fans
Roma Coach Rudi Garcia has praised Giallorossi fans, and discusses his man-management style.
Conte furious over League schedule
Italy CT Antonio Conte is said to be furious after being given just 19 days to prepare his Azzurri side for Euro 2016.
Torres set for Atleti return?
Fernando Torres is reportedly set for a return to Atletico Madrid in January, as Milan look to offload the misfiring forward.
De Laurentiis: 'Calcio the winner'
Napoli President Aurelio De Laurentiis believes Italian football was the real winner in last night's Supercoppa win over Juventus.
Today's headlines:
What the papers say...
Today's front page headlines from the Gazzetta dello Sport, Corriere dello Sport and Tuttosport.
Buffon: 'Second is failure for Juve'
Gigi Buffon was disappointed after losing the Super Cup to Napoli on penalties. "At Juventus second place is a failure."
Rafael explains shoot-out 'dance'
Rafael explained his 'dance' on the line during Napoli's Super Cup shoot-out. "Sometimes it works, sometimes it doesn't!"
Roma win new stadium vote
Roma have received another all-clear from the local council to begin construction on their new stadium. "It's an historic day."
Benitez: 'Best game of my life!'
Rafa Benitez said Napoli's dramatic sudden death shoot-out Super Cup win over Juventus was "one of the best games of my life."
Allegri: 'Juve wasted match balls'
Max Allegri felt Juventus threw away the Italian Super Cup with Napoli. "We had three match balls and got them all wrong."
Higuain: 'Napoli can beat anyone'
Gonzalo Higuain said "if Napoli have hunger and intensity we can beat anyone" after defeating Juventus for the Super Cup.
Napoli win Super Cup shoot-out!
Gonzalo Higuain and Carlos Tevez bagged dramatic braces for 2-2, but Napoli beat Juventus on a penalty shoot-out for the Italian Super Cup.
Zeman: 'Sack? President decides'
Zdenek Zeman refused to comment on reports he'll be sacked by Cagliari. "Presidents decide, so ask him."
Bologna appoint Corvino
Serie B side Bologna have officially appointed Pantaleo Corvino as their new technical director.
Milan broker Torres-Cerci swap?
Inter confirmed their interest in Alessio Cerci, but it's reported Milan will offer Fernando Torres to Atletico Madrid in exchange.
HT: Juve pounce on Napoli error
Carlos Tevez pounced on disastrous defending to give Juventus a half-time lead in the Italian Super Cup, but Napoli hit the woodwork.
Zaza: 'Unforgettable 2014'
Sassuolo striker Simone Zaza thanked Antonio Conte for his Italy debut and has "ambition" for a big club.
Serie A bans: Milan hit hard
Serie A is closed for business until 2015, but when it resumes there will be 11 players suspended.
Perin stays 'unless right offer'
Mattia Perin's agent feels he'll stay at Genoa until the end of the season, "unless a club comes with the right offer," after Liverpool and Juventus interest.
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Future is bright for Serie A
Can Insigne join Napoli greats?
Serie A Week 33: Did You Know?
Poisoned Europa chalice
Zemanlandia lives on
Old Lady dreams of Treble
Bernardeschi better in Florence
The Comeback Killers
Win it for Gigi!
Simply Dybala
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Medications > Risedronate (Actonel) > Risedronate (Actonel) – pictopamphlet
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RISEDRONATE (Actonel) [Rizz-ed-ROW-nate]
How to use this medication
What is it
Risedronate is a medication used to treat and prevent thinning of the bones (called osteoporosis).
Take it once a day, once a week, or once a month
Risedronate can be taken once a day as a 5 mg tablet. It can also be taken ONCE A WEEK as a 35 mg tablet. It can also be taken ONCE A MONTH as a 150 mg tablet. Discuss with your doctor.
Take it sitting up in the morning
Risedronate should be taken first thing in the morning. Do not lie down after taking the medicine.
No eating or drinking
Risedronate should be taken on an empty stomach. Wait at least 1 hour before taking any other medication or eating or drinking anything.
Take it with water only
Take risedronate with a full glass of water. Do not take it with coffee, juice or tea.
What you need to do
Take calcium & vitamin D
To help build your bones you should take calcium & vitamin D while taking risedronate. Your doctor will tell you the right amount of calcium and vitamin D for you.
Don't get pregnant or breastfeed
Risedronate should not be taken during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Stop the medicine and let your doctor know if you become pregnant while taking risedronate.
Pain in the jaw
Medicines like risedronate have been associated with a very rare problem with the jaw (osteonecrosis). This problem has been seen after dental work. Let your doctor know if you develop sudden pain in the jaw.
Bone mineral density testing
Your doctor will monitor your response to risedronate by testing your BMD. This is usually done every 1 to 3 years. Talk to your doctor.
Side effects and important things to know
Nausea & diarrhea
The most common side effect of risedronate is stomach upset, pain, bloating, and nausea. Risedronate can irritate the lining of the stomach, esophagus, or intestine. This is rare. It can result in stomach pain or trouble swallowing.
When should I call my doctor
Please call if you need to stop
- If you feel sick and want to stop
- If you are concerned about any side effects
- If you want to or have already stopped the medicine
Other Reasons to Call your Doctor:
Other important information
Stopping Risedronate
You can simply stop taking risedronate. You do not need to wean off it. Please call your doctor if you stop the medication.


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Through online ordering, we connect hungry people with the best local restaurants. Explore restaurants near you to find what you love.
Order popular dishes from a variety of restaurants. Get your order delivered or pick it up.
We make ordering easy.
Own this business? Learn more about offering online ordering to your diners.
Ivy Restaurant
We make ordering easy.
Own this business? Learn more about offering online ordering to your diners.
Served with jicama slaw and apricot chili glaze
Brie encrusted with toasted almonds, served with baby greens, berries and toasted artisan bread
Served on toasted baguettes with balsamic glaze, extra virgin olive oil and fresh basil
Field greens, grain mustard aioli and capers served with parmesan flatbread
Tossed with garlic butter and cherry peppers, served with grain mustard aioli
Blackened shrimp in a black pepper cream sauce with ciabatta croutons and a crispy risotto cake
Tomatoes, fresh basil and mozzarella cheese with extra virgin olive oil and balsamic glaze.
Served with baby arugula salad and horseradish sauce
Fresh mussels, steamed with white wine and garlic shallot butter.
Served with carrots, cabbage, mixed greens, pickled ginger and hoisin vinaigrette
Mixed greens, grilled chicken, french green beans, red grapes, plum tomatoes and gorgonzola cheese and candied pecans tossed in our house vinaigrette.
Herb marinated salmon, chopped greens, feta cheese, baby lettuce, grilled asparagus and grape tomatoes with our house balsamic vinaigrette.
Choice of scallops, chicken or shrimp served on mixed field greens with oranges, blueberries and asian vinaigrette, dried bananas and toasted almonds.
Beef tenderloin with mixed greens, plum tomatoes, cucumbers and fried red onions with a pesto vinaigrette.
Fresh maine lobster, gulf shrimp, mushrooms, green onions, tomatoes, baby spinach and parmesan cheese in spicy lobster butter sauce.
Fresh butternut squash ravioli with fresh sage, gorgonzola cheese and parmesan cream sauce. Finished with white truffle oil.
Sauteed gulf shrimp with garlic butter over tri-color fettuccini, served with garlic bread.
Roasted chicken breast stuffed with smoked ham and gouda cheese over linguini.
Eight ounce angus beef patty with lettuce, tomatoes, grilled onions, cheddar cheese and house burger spread on a potato bun.
Warm sliced turkey breast with gruyere cheese, lingonberry chipotle mayo and crispy fried onions on a pretzel roll.
Tender prime rib with horseradish or BBQ sauce and provolone cheese on a ciabatta roll.
Two char-broiled four ounce petite filet mignon medallions with bernaise sauce, crispy parmesan tomatoes, mashed potatoes and seasonal vegetables.
A seventeen ounce bone-in ribeye served with a brandy peppercorn sauce, mashed potatoes and seasonal vegetables.
A fourteen ounce center cut strip steak, served with house potatoes and seasonal vegetables.
A ten ounce center cut tenderloin with herb butter, house potatoes and seasonal vegetables.
A five ounce filet with grilled jumbo shrimp, our scampi butter sauce, mashed potatoes and seasonal vegetables.
Char-grilled and brushed with hoisin marinade. Served with mashed potatoes and seasonal vegetables.
Pan seared and served with leek and fennel compote and sambuca butter.
Pan seared tilapia topped with lump crab, served with lobster butter, house potatoes and seasonal vegetables.
Pan seared scottish salmon encrusted with bread crumbs, fresh herbs and finished with citrus butter sauce. Served with house potatoes and seasonal vegetables.
Lightly breaded pan fried great lakes perch with caper butter sauce, boiled red potatoes and seasonal vegetables.
Lump crab cakes pan seared and served with citrus butter, house potatoes and seasonal vegetables.
Spicy blackened chicken breasts with polenta cakes, sauteed spinach and peach chutney.
Andouille sausage meatloaf served on brioche with crispy fried red onions and a barbecue au jus, mashed potatoes and seasonal vegetables.
New zealand lamb with a port wine demi-glace, mashed potatoes and seasonal vegetables.
Seafood stew of mussels, shrimp, lobster and fresh fish in a tomato white wine broth.
Succulent pork ribs, slow cooked to perfection and dressed with our signature BBQ sauce. Served with coleslaw and fries.
Menu for Ivy Restaurant provided by Allmenus.com
DISCLAIMER: Information shown may not reflect recent changes. Check with this restaurant for current pricing and menu information. A listing on Allmenus.com does not necessarily reflect our affiliation with or endorsement of the listed restaurant, or the listed restaurant's endorsement of Allmenus.com. Please tell us by clicking here if you know that any of the information shown is incorrect. For more information, please read our Terms and Conditions.


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Leading department store group Debenhams is to give a much needed boost to the jobs market this Christmas by offering an extra 6,500 seasonal positions, it was confirmed today.
Like for most retailers, Christmas is the most important part of the financial year for Debenhams and so additional staff members are taken on between the gift rush which begins in mid-November and the start of the sales period in January.
Retail is the biggest private sector employer in the UK with around three million people working in the industry, and with the overall national unemployment figure now hovering around eight per cent, with youth joblessness particularly high, any new vacancies are a boost to the economy.
Michael Sharp, CEO of Debenhams, said: "These jobs are sure to be welcomed by local economies during the most financially challenging part of the year.
"Approximately a quarter of staff that work with us over the festive season will stay on in permanent roles, making this a crucial period in our employment calendar."
Theses jobs will be split between every department at the retailer's 163 nationwide stores, but this latest boost in temporary positions is lower than last year when Debenhams created 9,000 extra festive roles.
Around 30 per cent of those who worked as a seasonal employee at the company for Christmas 2010 will be offered work again, meaning only approximately 4,500 position will be open to the general public.
Minister for Employment in the coalition government Chris Grayling has backed the scheme however and has pointed to its ability to help ease youth unemployment, which in September alone grew by an extra 78,000 to total 973,000 nationally.
Grayling commented: "These roles offer invaluable retail experience for first-jobbers whilst giving those with families the flexible working hours they need.
"We are committed to injecting new life into the economy and this is a great example of how major players in the private sector are playing a key role in that."


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We rescue homeless animals - and find them loving families and furever homes.
Pawsitive Match saves dogs and cats facing life-threatening circumstances in Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Many animals in our program come from shelters that have no choice but to euthanize due to over-crowding or because they are shutting down, as well as stray animals that have no home. We also help save animals in local rural areas and on a case by case basis, we may assist with owner surrenders. In many cases we are the only hope these cats and dogs have, as many shelters come to us when they are out of options.
News & Events
April Newsletter
Click here to read the April Newsletter Read More
2018 Calendar Contest On Now!
Enter for your chance to have your dog or cat featured in our 2018 Calendar! Read More
Calgary Marathon Charity Challenge
Are you a marathon runner or walker? Run for us on May 28th and help save a life! Read More


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Sir William Spring, 1st Baronet
Sir William Spring, 1st Baronet (1613 – 17 December 1654) was an English Parliamentarian politician and a member of the Spring family of Pakenham, Suffolk.
William was the son of Sir William Spring (died 1637). Like his father, he was educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge. The only surviving son, he inherited the family lands from his father, including Pakenham Hall and Cockfield Hall.[1] He lived for many years at Newe House, Pakenham, which he purchased from Sir Robert Bright.
Spring was knighted by Charles I and served as High Sheriff of Suffolk in 1641. During the Stour Valley anti-popery riots of August 1642, Sir William was ordered by Parliament to search Hengrave Hall, the house of his cousin, Lady Penelope Darcy, where it was thought arms for a Catholic insurrection were being stored.[2] He was created a baronet, of Pakenham in the Baronetage of England, on 11 August 1642 by Charles I. This was despite Spring being widely known as a committed Parliamentarian who openly opposed the king's policies.
Throughout the Civil War Spring travelled the eastern counties of England, helping to recruit soldiers to the Parliamentarian army and maintain Parliament's control of East Anglia. Although there is no evidence that Sir William engaged in armed combat on behalf of the cause of Parliament, he was a prominent member of the Bury St. Edmunds Committee of the Eastern Association, which recruited men for Cromwell's Ironsides. He was in regular correspondence with Oliver Cromwell, who notably wrote to Spring regarding the Good Old Cause. In summer 1643, Spring refused to recognise a troop of Ironsides raised by Captain Raphe Margery, as Spring deemed Margery, who was not from a gentry family, to be too low-born to lead men into battle.[3] Cromwell intervened, telling Spring that he did not care which social class his soldiers came from, as long as they believed in Parliament's cause. In September 1643, Cromwell wrote to Spring, saying: I had rather have a plain russet-coated captain that knows what he fights for, and loves what he knows, than that which you call a gentleman and is nothing else.[4] He was a staunch friend of Sir Nicholas Barnardiston of Kedington, a notable advocate of the Puritan cause, upon whose death he wrote an acrostic elegy.[5] Spring was elected in 1645 as a recruiter for the Long Parliament for Bury St Edmunds, and sat from 1646 to 1648, when he was secluded by Pride's Purge.[6] Spring sat in the First Protectorate Parliament for Suffolk in 1654 and died at the end of that year. He was buried on 19 December;[7] his eldest son William succeeded him.
William married Elizabeth L'Estrange, the daughter of Sir Hamon L'Estrange, with whom he had six children:[8]
- Sir William Spring, 2nd Baronet (1642–1684), married first Mary, daughter of Dudley North, 4th Baron North (no issue) and married second Sarah, daughter of Sir Robert Cordell, 1st Baronet of Melford Hall, Suffolk, with whom he had three children.
- Thomas Spring, died unmarried in 1677, Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.
- John Spring, died young
- Elizabeth Spring, died unmarried
- Catherine Spring, married (1st) Capt. Laurence, (2nd) John Palgrave
- Dorothy Spring (1648–1714/5), married Sir Christopher Calthorpe in 1664
|Ancestors of Sir William Spring, 1st Baronet
- ^ Babington, Churchill (1886). "Materials for a History of Cockfield". Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and Natural History. 5: 238. Retrieved 12 March 2008.
- ^ J. Gage, The History and Antiquities of Hengrave, in Suffolk (J. Carpenter, 1822), 220.
- ^ J. and R. Lock, Captain Raphe Margery, A Suffolk Ironside http://suffolkinstitute.pdfsrv.co.uk/customers/Suffolk%20Institute/2014/01/10/Volume%20XXXVI%20Part%203%20(1987)_Captain%20Raphe%20Margery%20a%20Suffolk%20Ironside%20J%20Lock%20R%20Lock_207%20to%20218.pdf (Accessed 7 March 2014)
- ^ B. Worden, The English Civil Wars:1640-1660 (Phoinix Press, 2009), 55.
- ^ http://www.pakenham-village.co.uk/History/HistoryOfNetherHallbk/histNetherHallpage06.html
- ^ Brunton, Douglas; Pennington, Donald H. (1954). Members of the Long Parliament. Allen & Unwin. pp. 71, 109. ISBN 0-208-00686-9.
- ^ (suffolk) Parish Pakenham, Eng; Crisp, Frederick Arthur (1888). The Parish Registers of Pakenham, Suffolk. p. 63. Retrieved 12 March 2008.
- ^ Burke, Bernard (1844). A genealogical and heraldic history of the extinct and dormant baronetcies of England, Ireland and Scotland. p. 501. ISBN 0-8063-0739-0. Retrieved 12 March 2008.
- Leigh Rayment's list of baronets [self-published source][better source needed]
- Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs [self-published source][better source needed]
|Political offices
|Preceded by
Sir Simonds d'Ewes
|High Sheriff of Suffolk
|Succeeded by
Sir William Castleton
|Baronetage of England
|New creation
(of Pakenham)
|Succeeded by
Sir William Spring
|Parliament of the United Kingdom
|Preceded by
Sir Thomas Jermyn
|Member of Parliament for Bury St Edmunds
|Succeeded by
Samuel Moody
|Preceded by
Jacob Caley
|Member of Parliament for Suffolk
|Succeeded by
Sir Thomas Barnardiston


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The Last Picture Show - the Finale
It is IMPORTANT that you read our article explaining the end of us administrating this site (rutgers.theinsiders.com).
The Last Picture Show - the Finale
Court Club Meeting
The Final Court Club meeting of the year will take place at 7PM on Monday, June 16, 2003, at the Hale Center. Rutgers Men's Coach, Gary Waters, will be there to wrap up the past season and give you an eye to the coming year. Be sure to be a past of the team behind the team, THE RUTGERS COURT CLUB.
Clinics and Camps
Welcome to Jersey Kicking, your source for quality kicking, punting, snapping and holding instruction! Our #1 goal at Jersey Kicking is to give every athlete a sound understanding of key kicking, punting, snapping or holding principles. We accomplish this by breaking down each step required for a successful kick, punt, snap or hold. Then, with the help of our professional staff, you will build your own individualized technique to maximize your ability.
Jersey Kicking
Some of the 2003 graduating Scarlet Knights
Graduation 2003
Rutgers University senior Nate Jones (Scotch Plains, NJ) has earned Preseason All-America honors (third team) from Athlon Sports. Jones was also rated the eighth-best kick returner in the nation by The Sporting News. Jones received the honors in the football yearbooks of the respective publications.
Nate Jones Named Preseason All-American By Athlon Sports
Women's Basketball
Men's Basketball
Knights in the Pros
Rutgers University men's lacrosse coach Jim Stagnitta has been named Division I National Coach of the Year, the United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association announced during its annual All-American banquet June 6. This is the second posteseason award garnered by Stagnitta, who also was named ECAC Coach of the Year on May 9.
Rutgers' Stagnitta named national Coach of the Year
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Around Big East
Governor Mark Warner and the presidents of five Big East schools called for mediation Tuesday as a way to thwart ACC expansion. Their wishes alone won't get NCAA President Myles Brand involved, though.
The ACC has been talking with Big East members Miami, Boston College and Syracuse about coming aboard, prompting a lawsuit last week by Virginia Tech and four other Big East schools. Warner suggested a different approach.
Warner makes case for ACC-Big East mediation
Virginia athletic director Craig Littlepage said Tuesday night that he was unaware of any major snags that might prevent the ACC from extending invitations to Miami, Syracuse and Boston College.
"I'm hopeful," Littlepage said. "I would say 'optimistic' is a little too strong a word."
Littlepage participated in a conference call Tuesday afternoon in which he described ACC athletic directors as united in favor of expansion.
Presidents meet but don't vote ACC invitations yet to be extended
Miami athletic director Paul Dee said yesterday that the school's possible move to the Atlantic Coast Conference could be delayed by a lawsuit filed by five Big East schools.
But Dee said Miami's plans haven't been derailed by the suit filed a day earlier. It accuses Miami, Boston College and the ACC of concocting a scheme to destroy the Big East with the departure of the two schools.
"Derail's not the term, maybe tapping on the brakes," Dee said. "The train's not off the track but it's slowing down."
Big East lawsuit expected to slow ACC expansion plans
Rumors run rampant, but one thing remains certain: The University of Miami still can call the Big East home -- at least for another day.
After convening by telephone for about two hours late Tuesday afternoon, the Atlantic Coast Conference's nine school presidents will continue their discussions by phone later today.
It is unknown whether the presidents of Duke, Wake Forest, North Carolina, North Carolina State, Florida State, Georgia Tech, Clemson, Maryland and Virginia will cast three separate votes today to invite Big East schools Miami, Boston College and Syracuse into the ACC.
UM's future remains in limbo
Amid a legal challenge from the outside and doubts about expansion expressed by two of its schools, the Atlantic Coast Conference reached no conclusion Tuesday on whether to add Miami (Fla.), Syracuse and Boston College as members.
Presidents of the ACC's nine universities are expected to resume deliberations and possibly vote today, though commissioner John Swofford stressed "there is no definitive timetable."
The CEOs met via teleconference for two hours Tuesday, joined at one point by the presidents of Miami, Syracuse and BC. Swofford termed the discussions "constructive."
ACC still trying to find solution in expansion talks
The nine presidents of the Atlantic Coast Conference discussed adding Syracuse, Miami and Boston College without a decision during a two-hour conference call on Tuesday. Another conference call among the ACC presidents is scheduled today at 6 p.m.
ACC delays decision on expanding
The nine Atlantic Coast Conference presidents held a two-hour conference call on Tuesday to discuss expansion, but the issue never reached a vote, increasing speculation that the addition of Miami, Boston College and Syracuse might be in some trouble.
"The ACC Council of Presidents had a constructive call that was an integral part of the on-going process," Commissioner John Swofford said. "No conclusions were reached, nor were any intended to be reached. There will be further discussions."
No vote on ACC expansion
Presidents of the five Big East Conference schools who sued the University of Miami, Boston College and the Atlantic Coast Conference supported a call by Virginia Gov. Mark Warner to have the NCAA or an outside party mediate the dispute between the two conferences.
The presidents -- Pitt Chancellor Mark Nordenberg, Rutgers' Dick McCormick, Connecticut's Phil Austin, Virginia Tech's Charles Steger and West Virginia's David Hardesty -- issued a statement that embraced Warner's call for mediation and urged university leaders from across the country to come together to talk about "establishing such ways to resolve disputes between athletic conferences."
Big East seeking mediator; ACC expansion vote put off
If you see a well-dressed man in his 50s, a bit on the short side, walking along Forbes Avenue in Oakland and wearing a signboard that reads, "Save The Big East," well, that's Mark Nordenberg, the chancellor of the University of Pittsburgh.
To which we would say: More power to him.
Nordenberg and presidents of four other football-playing Big East universities refuse to fade away. They refuse to do the gentlemanly thing and fall on their swords. They refuse to let a good conference die. They're fighting as well as they know how to save the Big East from a possibly destructive raid by the Atlantic Coast Conference.
Big East's lawsuit achieves first goal
When the presidents of five Big East schools - Pitt, West Virginia, Virginia Tech, Rutgers and UConn - filed a multi-million dollar lawsuit against Miami, Boston College and the Atlantic Coast Conference last weekend, it was considered nothing more than sabre rattling on Tobacco Road.
But Gov. Mark Warner of Virginia may have gotten the ACC's attention yesterday when he called for the NCAA or some other group, perhaps Congress, to step in and mediate the planned defection of Miami, BC and Syracuse to the ACC. The suit contends the defections would ruin the Big East.
Va. governor calls for ACC mediation
The Big East remained intact for another day yesterday, but that might not be the case after the nine Atlantic Coast Conference presidents hold a second straight teleconference call tonight.
A two-hour conference call yesterday involving all of the ACC presidents and their counterparts from Miami, Boston College and Syracuse -- the three Big East schools targeted for expansion -- didn't produce a vote on whether to extend invitations to the trio, but did address growing concerns about the situation.
No vote, ACC mulls expansion concerns
New York Gov. George Pataki has become a backer of Syracuse's sports teams, but he is no fan of having the university leave the Big East Conference and join the ACC. "I'm very concerned about it," Pataki said Tuesday. "We were all enormously excited and proud when Syracuse won the NCAA basketball championship and now it seems as though many of the Big East teams, including the New York teams, might be left behind if the ACC is successful."
New York governor no fan of Syracuse leaving Big East
Women's Basketball
Around the nation
University of Washington head football coach Rick Neuheisel has reportedly been fired after twice participating in an NCAA tournament gambling pool, something strictly forbidden for college athletes and staffers.
The Seattle Post-Intelligencer reported that Neuheisel was informed by Washington athletic director Barbara Hedges of the firing on Tuesday morning.
Washington cans Neuheisel over pool winnings
Interesting Article
Here we go again...
As turmoil within the Big East Conference erupts into a legal brawl, the battle lines are being drawn in a renewed debate over athletics at Rutgers.
Advocates of Division 1-A sports contend Rutgers' football program has been maligned by critics who have long opposed the university's involvement in the Big East.
However, the university spends less money on football and basketball than on Olympic sports - which include tennis, fencing, track and lacrosse - claimed Ronald Giaconia, chairman of the board of governors' Athletics Committee and a leader of the Scarlet R Club, which raises funds for Rutgers athletics.
What's the value of Rutgers athletics?
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Forbes: firstname.lastname@example.com
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text:
Information Effects Associated with Debt-for-Equity and Equity-for-Debt Exchange Offers
This study investigates the information effect caused by a firm's change in capital structure via debt-for-equity and equity-for-debt exchange offers. The evidence suggests that the former transactions lead to abnormal stock price increases, while the latter lead to abnormal stock price decreases. In addition, findings based on analysis of bond returns and cross-sectional regressions do not lend support to the wealth transfer and tax effect hypotheses, but they are consistent with the information effect hypothesis. Copyright 1989 by American Finance Association.
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Volume (Year): 44 (1989)
Issue (Month): 2 (June)
Pages: 451-468
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Wells Earns State Baseball Honor
Alabama Baseball Coach Jim Wells will be joined by Randy Putnam (Wallace State-Hanceville), Ron Nelson (Central Phenix City High School) and Rick Patterson (Hueytown High School) as this year's inductees into the AlaBCA Hall of Fame. The group will be formally recognized at the annual awards banquet at the Birmingham Marriott on Friday.
Wells will also receive the ALABCA Division I Coach of the Year Award after leading the Crimson Tide to a 35-28 record and the school's 19th NCAA Regional appearance last season. He was also the organization's Coach of the Year in 1997, 1999, 2002 and 2006.
"This is a tremendous honor for me," Wells said. "To me, it's more about the players, coaches and people associated with your program. I am humbled by this honor and very appreciative."
Wells was named UA's head coach on June 4, 1994, and quickly revived a program that had become the doormat of SEC baseball. Wells inherited a team that won four SEC games in 1994 and one season later led the Crimson Tide to an SEC Tournament Championship and was one game from playing in the 1995 College World Series.
He has compiled a 588-300 (.662) record since his arrival in Tuscaloosa. Alabama has made three College World Series (1996, 1997 and 1999) appearances, won two SEC (1996 and 2006) championships and seven SEC Tournament (1995, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2002 and 2003) titles. The Crimson Tide has also played in 11 NCAA Regionals – winning four – and two NCAA Super Regionals. Overall, Wells is 782-389 (.668) in 19 years at the Division I level.
In addition, Wells has seen 10 former UA players play Major League Baseball, including three first-time MLB players in 2008. The list includes Tim Young, Dustan Mohr, Lance Cormier, Paul Phillips, Andy Phillips, Taylor Tankersley, Jeremy Brown, David Robertson, Tommy Hunter and Wade LeBlanc.
Wells is sharing the platform this weekend with former Alabama baseball letterman Jerry Belk, the recipient of 2009 AlaBCA Distinguished Service Award. Belk is the former director of the Tuscaloosa County Parks and Recreation Center and has served as head coach at several Tuscaloosa high schools. He was also the head coach for the Tuscaloosa Post 34 team that captured the 1968 American Legion National Championship.
Belk played third base for Coach Tilden "Happy" Campbell and earned three letters from 1952-54. He was a career .300 (65 for 217) hitter with 42 RBI in 55 games. He hit .366 (15 for 41) as a senior in 1954 with a team-high six doubles. He led UA with 31 hits and two triples in 1952 and paced the club in at-bats (77) and RBI (12) in 1953. A standout defensive third baseman, Belk compiled a .956 career fielding mark at the hot corner and made only 10 errors in 228 chances.
The AlaBCA Hall of Fame is the second honor for the Crimson Tide head coach. He was inducted into the Northwestern State Hall of Fame in 2004 and his jersey No. 17 was also retired by his alma mater.
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Looking Back At Players' ThoughtsJK Scott may have an expanded role as kicker
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2204 Karns Place Raleigh NC
$339,900 + $65 HOA/mo
4,356 sqft lot
$152 per sqft
2004 build
- on site
House Contingent
$65 HOA/mo.
We will be in touch soon to confirm your appointment. Questions? Call 1-800-241-3327 or contact us.
Immaculate and move-in ready! Fresh paint and new carpet! Inviting rocking chair front porch. Bright & open floor plan w/2 story family room, hardwoods, crown molding & wainscoting. Formal dining room. Cook's kitchen has granite, breakfast bar & nook, tile back splash, stainless appliances& 42" cabinets . Huge master suite w/tray ceiling, fan, walk-in closet, and spa bath. Large secondary bedrooms. Screened porch. 2 car garage. Walk to all amenities including clubhouse, pool, tennis & Greenway trails. Schedule a Private ShowingListing courtesy of TMLS / Spencer Properties
Requested late on Saturday, saw houses on Sunday. Can't beat it!
– Alex, Estately Client
Style: Craftsman
Exterior Finish: HrdBoard/Masonite
Exterior Features: Covered Porch, Gutters, Insulated Glass, Insulated Windows, Porch, Screen Porch, Tennis Court/Priv. Com, Walking Trails, Warranty Program, Neighborhood Playground
Type: Detached
Roof: 25 Year Warranty, Shingle
Attic Description: Pull Down
Foundation: Crawl Space
Design: 2 Story
Builder Name: Preservation Homes
Year Built: 2004
Accessibility: Main Floor Laundry
Entrance Hall Level: Main
Dining Room Level: Main
Family Room Level: Main
Kitchen Level: Main
Breakfast Room Level: Main
Living Area Below Grade: 0 Sqft
Total Living Area: 2,235 Sqft
Other Area Above Grade: 0 Sqft
Other Area Below Grade: 0 Sqft
Total Other Area: 0 Sqft
Fireplaces: 1
Flooring: Carpet, Ceramic, Hardwood, Tile Floor
Fireplace: Gas Logs, Gas Starter, In Family Room
Breakfast Room, Separate Dining Room
Other Rooms: Entry Foyer, Family Room, Utility Room
Features: 9 Ft Ceiling, Cable TV Available, Ceiling Fan, Granite Counter Tops, Pantry, Smoke Alarm, Tray Ceiling, Walk in Closet
Entrance Hall: 15x6
Dining Room: 14x11
Family Room: 16x12
Kitchen: 12x12
Breakfast Room: 10x9
Bedroom 3: 12x12
Bedroom 4: 14x13
Master Bedroom: 17x15
Utility Room: 7x5
Bedroom 2: 12x11
Screened Porch: 13x10
Porch: 29x9
Garage: 22x19
Price Per SqFt: $152.08
HOA Fees Include: Clubhouse, HO Association, Maint Com. Area, Pool, Tennis
Total HOA Dues: $65
HOA 1 Fee Paid: Monthly
HUD Compliant Sr Housing: No
HOA 1 Mgmt: PPM
County: Wake
Inside City: Yes
Property Description: Single Family
Lot Number: 1153
Zoning: R-4
Acres: 0.1
Lot Dimensions: 40x110x40x110
Pool: Swim Pool/Priv. Com
Acres: 0-.25 Acres
Master Bedroom 1st Floor: No
Bedrooms: 4
Bedroom 2 Level: Second
Bedroom 3 Level: Second
Bedroom 4 Level: Second
Master: Second
Half Baths: 1
Full Baths: 2
Total Baths: 3
Features: Ceramic Bath Wall, Garden Tub, Tub/ Sep Shower, Tub/Shower
Asking Price: $339,900
Status: Contingent
Virtual Tour
Days on Market: 37
A/C: Central Air, Dual Zone A/C
Heating: Dual Zone Heat, Forced Air, Heat Pump
Fuel Heat: Natural Gas
Water Heater: Gas
Water/Sewer: City Sewer, City Water
Cooktop ��� Electric, Dishwasher, Disposal, Elec. Dryer HU, Electric Range, Garage Opener, Ice Maker Connection, Microwave, Self Clean Oven
Washer Dryer Location: 1st Floor, Utility Room WD
Elementary School: Wake - Abbotts Creek
Elementary School 2: Wake - Durant Road
Middle School: Wake - Wakefield
Middle School 2: Wake - Durant
High School: Wake - Wakefield
Subdivision: Bedford
Garage: 2
Attached, DW/Concrete, Entry/Rear, Garage
Provided by local transit authorities.
Provided by WalkScore™ Inc.
Provided by BroadbandNow®
Estimate provided by Clearly Energy
|% Change
|Apr 21, 2017
|Sold Subject To Contingencies
|Apr 6, 2017
|Price Changed
|Mar 15, 2017
|Listed / Active
Wakefield High School
Public 9-12
Neuse Christian Academy
Private K-12
All Saints Academy
Private K-8
Neuse Christian Academy
Private K-12
* GreatSchools scores are based on a scale from 1 to 10, where 10 is above average.
The school service areas are not definitive and should only be used as guidance. GreatSchools Ratings provided by www.greatschools.org
The details on 2204 Karns Place: This house located in North Raleigh, Raleigh, NC 27614 is currently for sale for $339,900. 2204 Karns Place is a 2,235 square foot house with 4 beds and 2.5 baths that has been on Estately for 44 days. 2204 Karns Place is in the North Raleigh neighborhood of Raleigh and has a WalkScore™ of 32, making it car-dependent. This house is in the attendance area of Wakefield Middle School, Wakefield High School, and Abbot's Creek Elementary School.
Listing Courtesy of: TMLS and Spencer Properties.
Listing provided courtesy of Triangle MLS, Inc. of NC, Interent Data Exchange Database. © 2017 Triangle MLS, Inc. of NC.
All information provided is deemed reliable but is not guaranteed and should be independently verified. Triangle MLS, Inc of NC, Estately and their affiliates provide the MLS and all content therein "AS IS" and without any warranty, express or implied. The information included in this listing is provided exclusively for consumers' personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing. The information on each listing is furnished by the owner and deemed reliable to the best of his/her knowledge, but should be verified by the purchaser.Triangle MLS, Inc. of NC and Estately assume no responsibility for typographical errors, misprints or misinformation. This property is offered without respect to any protected classes in accordance with the law.
Copyright © 2017 Estately, Inc. Data displayed here has not been verified by Estately.


text: Wondering if anyone on the board could help me with some info regarding entitlements to awards during WWII. Friends of mine are trying to trace the service record of their father, who served in 2/7 Survey Battery RAA between June 1942 and September 1946. This apparently included active service in New Guinea, staging through Darwin. What they are puzzled about, is this: they have a photo of the old Digger in uniform, with the following ribbons on display:1939-45 Star; Pacific Star; War Medal 1939-45; Defence Medal 1939-45; Australian Service Medal 1939-45. When they requested copies of his medals from Canberra, they received only the Pacific Star, War Medal 1939-45, and ASM 1939-45. No '39-45 Star or Defence Medal. Given that his service seems to entitle him to both these awards (Darwin was an administrative area under air attack from 19 Feb 42, meeting the criteria for the Defence Medal), they wonder why these entitlements were overlooked. Or have the criteria for the awards changed? Grateful for any advice on offer. Cheers, Cliff


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An Lanntair
An Lanntair (Scottish Gaelic pronunciation: [əˈl̪ˠãũn̪ˠt̪ɛɾʲ]; English approximation ən-LOWN-der) is an arts centre in the town of Stornoway in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. The centre is home to a cinema, and art gallery. Previously located in the Town Hall, in September 2005 An Lanntair moved to its current new building overlooking the harbour. This building features a 50-seater restaurant, art gallery, shop, and auditorium seating over two hundred. The auditorium houses the first cinema in Stornoway since 1995.
An Lanntair is the principal venue for arts and entertainment events in Stornoway and regularly hosts performances by musicians as well as plays, talks, and films. It is a key venue for the annual Hebridean Celtic Festival, and has hosted events for the Royal National Mòd in 2005 and 2011.
Its name is Gaelic for the lantern.
The Arts and entertainment[edit]
- Exhibitions
- Live events
- Cinema
- Workshops and education
- Shop
- Conferences
Food Facilities[edit]
- Restaurant
- Café bar
- Special Functions
External links[edit]
Coordinates: 58°12′30″N 6°23′18″W / 58.20833°N 6.38833°W
|This article about a Scottish building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
|This article about an organisation in Scotland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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- Buildings and structures in Lewis
- Arts centres in Scotland
- Tourist attractions in the Outer Hebrides
- Cinemas in Scotland
- 2005 establishments in Scotland
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- Stornoway
- Scottish building and structure stubs
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text:
Utforsk lignende emner
Practically Living: Advent Wreath Tradition with Reflection and Prayer Guide
Kristín Vald: Advent candles
DIY Christ Centered Advent Calendar – Kemley Design More
on each day of december leading up to christmas write down something your grateful for and put them in a jar.
Resources to keep the Advent season super-duper simple, yet still separated from the season of Christmas.
Kristín Vald: Aðventukrans / Advent Candles
Advent is coming! Check out our whole library of free printable ornaments, cards, gift tags, gifts boxes, Sticky Notes for Your Soul, Advent Calendars and more — our gift to you for The Greatest Christmas!
I love this Advent Nature Table walk. The wisemen move forward one rock each day.
24 Kerze bis Weihnachten
Celebrate a Catholic Advent!


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Increased urinary concentrations of pentacarboxyl-, precopro- and copro-porphyrins have been associated with prolonged mercury (Hg) exposure in adults, and comparable increases have been attributed to Hg exposure in children with autism (AU).
This study was designed to measure and compare urinary porphyrin concentrations in neurotypical (NT) children and same-age children with autism, and to examine the association between porphyrin levels and past or current Hg exposure in children with autism.
This exploratory study enrolled 278 children 2–12 years of age. We evaluated three groups: AU, pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), and NT. Mothers/caregivers provided information at enrollment regarding medical, dental, and dietary exposures. Urine samples from all children were acquired for analyses of porphyrin, creatinine, and Hg. Differences between groups for mean porphyrin and Hg levels were evaluated. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine whether porphyrin levels were associated with increased risk of autism.
Mean urinary porphyrin concentrations are naturally high in young children and decline by as much as 2.5-fold between 2 and 12 years of age. Elevated copro- (p < 0.009), hexacarboxyl- (p < 0.01) and pentacarboxyl- (p < 0.001) porphyrin concentrations were significantly associated with AU but not with PDD-NOS. No differences were found between NT and AU in urinary Hg levels or in past Hg exposure as determined by fish consumption, number of dental amalgam fillings, or vaccines received.
These findings identify disordered porphyrin metabolism as a salient characteristic of autism. Hg exposures were comparable between diagnostic groups, and a porphyrin pattern consistent with that seen in Hg-exposed adults was not apparent.
Porphyrins are formed as intermediates in the biosynthesis of heme, a process that proceeds in essentially all eukaryotic tissues. In humans and other mammals, porphyrins with 8,7,6,5, and 4 carboxyl groups are commonly formed in excess of that required for heme biosynthesis and are excreted in the urine in a well-established pattern (Bowers et al. 1992; Woods et al. 1993). In previous studies we described specific changes in the urinary porphyrin excretion pattern (porphyrin profile) associated with prolonged exposure to mercury (Hg) in either organic or elemental forms (Pingree et al. 2001a; Woods et al. 1991, 1993). These changes are characterized by dose- and time-related increases in urinary concentrations of pentacarboxyl (5-carboxyl) and copro- (4-carboxyl) porphyrins and also by the appearance of precoproporphyrin, an atypical porphyrin [molecular weight (mw) = 668] that elutes on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) prior to coproporphyrin (mw = 655) (Woods et al. 1991). The potential utility of these porphyrin changes as a biomarker of Hg exposure and body burden in adults with occupational exposure to elemental mercury (Hg0) has been described (Bowers et al. 1992; Gonzalez-Ramirez et al. 1995; Woods 1995; Woods et al. 1993)
Autism (AU), or autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), represents a serious neurodevelopmental disorder that afflicts as many as 1 in 110 children in the United States (Rice 2009). Although genetic factors likely play a principal role in the etiology of autism, a number of studies suggest that environmental exposures, occurring especially at critical periods of neurological development, may trigger events etiologic in AU/ASD among some children. In this respect, several reports (Kern et al. 2007; Mutter et al. 2005; Windham et al. 2006) have implicated prenatal and/or postnatal Hg exposure as associated with autism, in terms of frequency of exposure as well as total body burden. Notably, important mechanistic and toxicokinetic distinctions between different forms of Hg (Burbacher et al. 2005) or in child-specific factors (Faustman et al. 2000) that might affect susceptibility to Hg in autism remain to be fully considered in studies of this association. Nonetheless, some of the neuropsychiatric disturbances associated particularly with Hg0 exposure, such as cognition and communication deficits, sensory dysfunction, and impaired motor coordination, are notably similar to those observed in autism and ASD (Echeverria et al. 1998; Kolevzon et al. 2007).
In this context, Nataf et al. (2006) reported that a majority of > 100 French children with clinically confirmed autism displayed a urinary porphyrin excretion pattern comparable with that which we have observed in adult subjects with occupational Hg0 exposure and, moreover, that elevated porphyrin levels in these autistic children declined after chelation treatment, also comparable with that seen in occupationally exposed adults (Gonzalez-Ramirez et al. 1995; Woods et al. 1993). Similar findings have been reported among autistic children in the United States (Geier and Geier 2007) and Australia (Austin and Shandley 2008). Although Hg levels or exposure histories of the children involved in those studies were not reported, the precise change in the porphyrin excretion pattern that we observed in association with occupational Hg0 exposure in adult subjects implies that exposure to Hg may underlie this response among at least a subset children with autism. A principal concern with respect to these findings, however, is that urinary porphyrin levels in autistic children were commonly evaluated in relation to porphyrin concentrations for older control children or adults, which potentially could be misleading in light of finding that urinary porphyrin concentrations vary substantially with age among children and adolescents (Woods et al. 2009b). Moreover, no reference ranges for all typically excreted porphyrins for children < 8 years of age are currently available. Of additional concern is the common attribution in those studies of elevated porphyrins levels observed among autistic children to increased metal body burden when, in fact, direct measures of metal exposure were not reported.
We undertook the present exploratory study to address several issues associated with the use of urinary porphyrin changes as a diagnostic biomarker of Hg exposure among children and, in particular, those with autism. As the first objective, we measured urinary porphyrin concentrations for neurotypical (NT) children between 2 and 12 years of age against which porphyrin levels in same-age autistic children could be compared. Additionally, we sought to determine if differences in urinary porphyrin levels existed between NT and autistic children of the same age and, if so, if they were consistent with recent Hg exposure as assessed by urinary Hg levels and/or past Hg exposure determined from information acquired online at the time of registration.
The principal source of subjects for this study was approximately 600 families with autistic children who subscribe to the informational services of the Autism Research Institute (ARI), Lacey, Washington (USA). We recruited a convenience sample of subjects [NT, AU, and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) children, ages 2–12 years] into the study via a flyer and sent instructions by the study coordinator at the ARI to all subscribing ARI families, informing them about the study and inviting them to participate. The flyer directed interested parents/caregivers to respond by e-mail or telephone regarding their interest in participating. The study coordinator then contacted interested parents to describe the study and obtain consent. Consenting participants were asked to complete an online enrollment form and to provide a urine sample from the child/children in their families. The estimated participation rate for the ARI was 37%.
The online enrollment form contained detailed questions pertaining to the child's diagnosis, including diagnostic criteria, diagnosing facility, name of diagnosing clinician, month/year of diagnosis, and diagnostic procedure(s) used. Additional questions were asked regarding dietary practices, drug exposures including chelation history, dental amalgam history, and child's inoculation history. The number of vaccinations was collected as a potential source of Hg exposure; a distinction was made between total vaccinations and vaccinations prior to the year 2002 when thimerosal, a preservative containing an organomercurial moiety, was eliminated from many vaccines. In addition, to estimate maternal exposures to Hg during the 9 months of the index pregnancy, a count of dental amalgam tooth fillings (a potential source of Hg0 exposure) and an estimate of fish meals per week (a potential source of methylmercury exposure) for the mother were obtained for this time period.
Urine samples were collected in the home, transferred to the ARI by hand, and assigned a coded identification (ID) number by the ARI. They were then sent to the University of Washington for analysis, identified only by ID number, age, sex, and diagnosis. Data derived from these studies were evaluated in relation to the diagnostic information provided online to establish mean porphyrin levels for NT children and to determine the association of urinary porphyrin concentrations with autism or related neurobehavioral disorders.
To augment the number of subjects for whom porphyrin comparisons could be made, we analyzed porphyrin concentrations in urine samples acquired from an additional 41 subjects recruited through the Center for Autism and Related Disorders (CARD) in Tarzana, California, and 24 subjects, also through the CARD, from the Rimland Center for Integrative Medicine in Lynchburg, Virginia. CARD subjects were restricted to 2- to 12-year-old NT or AU males who had never undergone chelation treatment and were without amalgam dental fillings. CARD subjects were recruited prior to the initiation of the ARI study and hence did not complete the online enrollment questionnaire used by ARI participants. The estimated participation rate for the CARD was 31%.
Methods of subject recruitment as well as timing and manner of urine collection and processing were comparable between the CARD and ARI cohorts, and preliminary analyses of mean urinary porphyrin and Hg levels by subject source indicated no significant differences within age groupings. Therefore, data from both sources were pooled for porphyrin and Hg analyses. Overall, we enrolled 278 children in the study. After 55 children who had been previously chelated were excluded, 197 children were eligible for analysis. Final statistical models were performed using males only and included 59 NT, 59 AU, and 15 PDD-NOS subjects.
The study protocol was approved by the institutional review boards at the University of Washington and the CARD. Human subjects approval of the ARI was conferred via an individual investigator agreement between the study coordinator at the ARI and the University of Washington. All parents/caretakers gave written consent for themselves and their children prior to enrollment in the study.
For children enrolled through the ARI, diagnosis of autism or other neurodevelopmental disorder was performed by established autism diagnostic and treatment centers that included the University of Washington Autism Center, the Seattle Children's Autism Center [formerly the Autism Spectrum Treatment and Research Center (ASTAR)], and other pediatric neurology clinics throughout the Pacific Northwest. The diagnosis of AU, PDD-NOS, or other disorder at these centers was made using a multidisciplinary approach that combines a clinical evaluation using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) (American Psychiatric Association 2000) criteria, along with a psychological evaluation using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) (Lord et al. 2000), and other established diagnostic procedures such as the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (Lord et al. 1994) or the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (Schopler et al. 1993). Verification of AU status by further psychological testing of children enrolled through the ARI was not feasible in this study. However, comparison of dates of AU diagnosis revealed that > 90% of subjects had been diagnosed since 2003, that is, within the immediate 5-year period since inception of this study, supporting continuity in the methods and procedures used and, therefore, homogeneity in the AU diagnosis. These observations further serve to verify the distinction between diagnoses of AU and other neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly PDD-NOS, as the same testing procedures and treatment centers were employed to diagnose PDD-NOS, most also occurring since 2003. No subjects were diagnosed before 2001.
For subjects enrolled through the CARD, all diagnosed children were fully evaluated by a trained psychologist and met the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (World Health Organization 1975) and DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association 2000) criteria for autism. All diagnoses were verified by obtaining copies of the diagnoses and subsequently validated by additional evaluations at the CARD using the ADOS and other diagnostic procedures cited above.
Participants recruited through the ARI were invited to enroll children with a previous diagnosis of autism or other neurodevelopmental disorder as well as their typically developing siblings. Children whose parents responded "No" to the question "Is this child diagnosed with any neurodevelopmental disorder?" were designated NT. However, verification of NT status through further psychological testing of children enrolled through this process was not conducted. NT subjects enrolled through the CARD were children of CARD employees, all of whom were trained observers and aware of their children's development. In this respect, all children designated as NT met all developmental milestones, had no symptoms of ASD, ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), or (other) learning disabilities, and were seen to be performing successfully in school or preschool with normal peer play. Opportunities for misclassification, therefore, were minimal. The possibility exists that siblings may differ from unrelated controls from the same source population in their genetic contribution to specific inherited disorders such as those affecting porphyrin metabolism. We note in this regard that genetic variation in porphyrin metabolism, particularly that affecting urinary porphyrin excretion, is exceedingly rare especially within the U.S. population, affecting, in the case of the most prevalent form, < 1 in 100,000 individuals (0.001%) (Health Grades, Inc. 2010). Although the absence of differences in genetic variance in related and unrelated NT subjects in this study was not verified, it is unlikely that siblings and unrelated controls differed significantly in this respect.
Urine samples (~ 50 mL, first or second morning voids when possible) were collected by parents/caregivers in clean glass containers and then transferred to Nalgene Nunc 60-mL, wide-mouth polyethylene bottles with screw-on lids (Item 2106–0002; Fisher Scientific, Seattle, WA). Samples were delivered frozen to the ARI, where they were logged, assigned an ID number, and shipped in batch in frozen ice packs by overnight express service to the University of Washington. A comparable protocol was followed by the CARD. For analyses, a 10-mL aliquot was removed and acidified with 1 N HCl for Hg analysis by continuous-flow, cold-vapor spectrofluorometry (Pingree et al. 2001b). Porphyrins were quantified in the remaining unacidified portion of the urine sample by HPLC-spectrofluorometric analysis, as previously described (Bowers et al. 1992; Woods et al. 1991). Urinary creatinine concentrations were also measured in unacidified urine using a standard colorimetric procedure (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA). Urinary porphyrin concentrations were first creatinine adjusted (nanomoles per gram) and then transformed using the natural logarithm because of the wide variation and skewed distribution. Hg values below the detection limit (LOD) (0.02 μg/L) were assigned .
Statistical analyses were conducted using PASW Statistics 17.0 (formerly SPSS) (Chicago, IL). Descriptive assessments first eliminated statistical outliers (values ≥ 3 SD in both directions) and then used cross-tabulations and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedures to compare nonchelated children from the three confirmed diagnostic groups [AU (n = 64), PDD-NOS (n = 19), and NT (n = 114)] with regard to sex, age, potential sources of Hg exposure, and mean (± SD) urinary Hg and porphyrin levels. The small number of five females in the AU group precluded subsequent statistical analyses for each sex. Thus, we examined potential determinants of diagnostic status among only the 133 male children (59 AU, 15 PDD-NOS, and 59 NT).
In males, logistic regression models that controlled for age initially tested potential associations between diagnosis and sources of exposure to Hg from the number of dental amalgam tooth fillings in the child and the mother, the number of vaccines that the child was reported to have received, the number of fish meals per month, and urinary Hg concentrations. The mean (± SD) of each porphyrin was also stratified by diagnosis, age, and sex, where an ANOVA F-test was applied separately for each sex to identify statistically significant differences between diagnostic groups.
Logistic regression analyses were also used to evaluate potential associations among males between porphyrins and the risk of having a diagnosis of AU or PDD-NOS, using NT as controls. Statistical measures included regression coefficients, their SDs, and estimates of the strength of association expressed as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each porphyrin model. A statistically significant association was accepted if p < 0.05. Apart from the expected effect of age and age-squared, which were retained in final models, the only covariate that approached statistical significance was a restricted diet (p < 0.065). This variable was more reasonably attributed to response to diagnosis rather than to etiology or causal association and therefore was not retained in the analyses. The analyses also evaluated the combination of the three lesser carboxyl porphyrins (hexa-, penta-, and copro-) for potential association with AU or PDD-NOS. Urinary porphyrin concentrations corrected for creatinine (nanomoles per gram), along with the natural logs of these values, were tested in the analyses.
Table 1 describes the demographic distributions for the study population by diagnosis category. Among all children enrolled, 278 had urinary measures of porphyrins and Hg. Among these subjects, 117 were determined to have NT development, 100 met the criteria for AU, and 27 were determined to have PDD-NOS. An additional 34 had other neurodevelopmental diagnoses that included Rett syndrome (n = 1), Asperger's syndrome (n = 4), attention deficit hypersensitivity disorder (ADD/ADHD) (n = 12), sensory integration disorder (n = 5), and language and speech delay (n = 3). Fifty-five subjects had undergone chelation therapy, including 3 NT, 36 AU, 8 PDD-NOS, and 8 other. Only the 197 children who had not been chelated and who had diagnoses of NT, AU, or PDD-NOS were included in further analyses, depicted in Table 2. Only five AU and four PDD-NOS cases were girls, consistent with the much lower frequency of autism and related disorders among females. Therefore, although female subjects are included in descriptive analyses of porphyrin levels (Table 3), they were not included in the logistic regression analyses. Thus, logistic regression analyses (Table 4) were conducted among the group of 133 male children that included 59 AU, 15 PDD-NOS, and 59 NT.
As noted in Table 2, age distributions by diagnosis were similar among male subjects. In addition, most covariates were not statistically different between diagnostic groups. In particular, mean urinary past Hg levels, whether unadjusted (micrograms per liter) or adjusted for creatinine (micrograms per gram), were not significantly different between groups. This was also true for the potential sources of Hg exposure, including the mean number of amalgam fillings (both currently in the child or in the mother over the course of pregnancy) and the mean sum of vaccines administered to the child in total, or before 2002.
The distribution of six urinary porphyrins is presented in Table 3 and Figures 1 and and2.2. Table 3 presents the mean (± SD) creatinine-adjusted porphyrin concentrations by sex for all nonchelated NT and AU subjects. Values were stratified by 2-year age groups between 2 and 12 years of age. Figures 1 and and22 show the variation in these porphyrin levels by age for males only.
Average concentrations of most porphyrins were elevated in two NT male subjects < 2 years of age compared with older NT males (Table 3). No AU children < 2 years of age were included in the study. Among males in the 2- to 12-year age groups, the mean concentrations of hexacarboxyl- (p < 0.01), pentacarboxyl- (p < 0.001), and copro- (p < 0.009) porphyrins were significantly higher among AU compared with NT groups based on ANOVA F-test values, whereas the heptacarboxyl porphyrin was more of borderline significance (p < 0.06). Uro- and precoproporphyrins did not differ significantly between AU and NT groups.
We observed substantial variation in creatinine-adjusted urinary porphyrin levels among AU males as well as decreasing concentrations of heptacarboxyl-, hexacarboxyl-, pentacarboxyl-, and coproporphyrins with increasing age among NT males (Figure 1). Scatterplots with simple linear regression fit lines show inverse associations between age and porphyrins among NT males, while also demonstrating that this pattern is disrupted among those with AU (Figure 2).
Logistic regression models of age-adjusted associations between porphyrin levels and AU, AU plus PDD-NOS, and PDD-NOS alone (all vs. NT) in males indicated significant associations of hexacarboxyl-, pentacarboxyl-, and coproporphyrins with AU (Table 4). A one-unit increase in the natural log of the creatinine-adjusted value for coproporphyrin is associated with a 2-fold risk for AU (OR = 2.03; 95% CI, 1.15–3.57). Similar associations were observed with pentacarboxyl porphyrin (OR = 2.36; 95% CI, 1.3–4.07) and with hexacarboxyl-, pentacarboxyl-, and coproporphyrins combined (OR = 2.38; 95% CI, 1.42–3.97). In contrast, porphyrin levels did not differ between PDD-NOS and NT males in this study; consequently, combining PDD-NOS and AU subjects weakened associations. Thus, this analysis seems to indicate that AU is a distinct entity from PDD-NOS in terms of being associated with altered porphyrin excretion. Alternatively, too few PDD-NOS subjects were available to this exploratory study to demonstrate an association with PDD-NOS as a less markedly affected portion of the autistic spectrum. Further studies involving greater numbers of subjects with PDD-NOS as well as other recognized disorders of the autistic spectrum are required to determine the extent to which the strength of the association varies with the degree of ASD. Urinary Hg and other Hg-related measures were not significantly associated with AU based on logistic models with and without adjustment for porphyrins (data not shown).
We describe here mean urinary porphyrin concentrations for children in the age range of 2–12 years who participated in the present study. Of particular note is the observation that younger children have inherently higher porphyrin concentrations, particularly of uro-, hepta-, and coproporphyrins, which decline by as much as 2.5 times over the 2- to 12-year age range. Also of interest is the finding that precoproporphyrin, an atypical porphyrin previously identified only in adult humans and animals with prolonged exposure to Hg or Hg compounds, is present in substantial concentrations in urine of younger children. This is a novel and unexpected finding in light of previous observations from studies in animals (Woods et al. 1991) showing that precoproporphyrin is formed as a consequence of Hg inhibition of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in the kidney during prolonged exposure, producing excess pentacarboxylporphyrinogen, which then competes with coproporphyrinogen as a substrate for coproporphyrinogen oxidase as the basis of precoproporphyrin formation (Woods et al. 2005). The etiology of this atypical porphyrin in the urine of young children in the presumed absence of prolonged Hg exposure as observed here remains unknown. One possible explanation may be the consequence of accelerated hepatic heme biosynthesis that occurs during the period of perinatal development (Woods 1976). In this respect, formation of precoproporphyrin would be consistent with the observation that the specific activity of hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in perinatal rat liver greatly exceeds that of the adult (Woods and Kardish 1983), likely generating comparably greater amounts of pentacarboxylporphyrinogen to compete with coproporphyrinogen as a substrate for coproporphyrinogen oxidase, as proposed in the etiology of precoproporphyrin in the presence of Hg exposure in adults (Woods et al. 2005). Further research is required to confirm this prospect.
Our findings suggest that mean concentrations of uro- and precoproporphyrins are comparable between NT and AU children of the same age ranges. In contrast, the concentrations of all remaining porphyrins, particularly hexacarboxyl-, pentacarboxyl-, and coproporphyrins, were significantly higher in AU children than NT children, especially in older age groups. Several possibilities might account for these differences. Of initial concern, Hg exposure appears unlikely to play a role in this effect, because no significant differences were observed between NT and AU subjects for indices of past exposure to Hg from dental or medical sources, as reported by parents/caregivers. Additionally, urinary Hg concentrations, measures of recent Hg exposure, were very low among all subjects in this study (Table 2), and no significant differences between diagnostic groups were observed. As noted recently (Woods et al. 2009a), incipient although statistically nonsignificant changes in urinary porphyrin concentrations were seen among children with urinary Hg concentrations derived from prolonged dental amalgam Hg exposure on the order of 3.2 μg/g creatinine. This is nearly 10 times the mean urinary Hg concentration observed among children in this study. Similar findings describing very low blood Hg levels and insignificant differences between NT and AU children have recently been reported (Hertz-Picciotto et al. 2010). These observations do not preclude a possible role of Hg exposure from sources not measured or validated in the present study, especially during the perinatal period, in the etiology of autism or related neurodevelopmental disorders in some children, particularly in relation to genetic variation that may predispose to increased risk of the neurotoxic effects of Hg as Hg0 as reported in adults (Echeverria et al. 2005, 2006, 2010; Heyer et al. 2009). Our findings indicate instead that porphyrin metabolism, particularly in preadolescent children, may be too disordered or differently regulated to permit detection of the Hg-mediated changes in urinary porphyrin excretion apparent in adult subjects. Further studies using a substantially larger population, such as the National Children's Study now in progress (National Children's Study 2010), are required to resolve this question.
Another factor that may account for the differences in urinary porphyrin levels between AU and NT children is mitochondrial dysfunction, a disorder commonly associated with autism (Correia et al. 2006; Oliveira et al. 2005; Pons et al. 2004). Of particular interest in this respect is the prospect of deficient mitochondrial porphyrin uptake mediated by the recently identified mammalian mitochondrial porphyrin transporter Abcb6 (Krishnamurthy et al. 2006). Abcb6, one of several identified ATP-binding cassette transporters, is located in the outer mitochondrial membrane and has a particularly high affinity for coproporphyrinogen III. Defects in Abcb6 gene expression or in Abcb6 activity could predispose to impaired mitochondrial porphyrin uptake, leading to cellular accumulation and aberrant porphyrin metabolism and excretion. Similarly, defects in the mitochondrial transmembrane domain that mediates the binding of porphyrins with the Abcb6 transporter could restrict normal porphyrin metabolism, contributing to the disordered porphyrin excretion observed (Krishnamurthy et al. 2006, 2007). Although the association of Abcb6 with autism has yet to be investigated, numerous validated missense mutations of the Abcb6 gene have been reported (National Center for Biotechnology Information 2010).
Finally, although genetic susceptibility studies were not included as part of the present investigation, previous studies identified a polymorphism in the gene encoding corproporphyrinogen oxidase (CPOX, EC 22.214.171.124) (Li and Woods 2009; Woods et al. 2005) that may predispose to impaired heme biosynthesis and subsequent heme-dependent neurological functions (Chernova et al. 2006; Echeverria et al. 2006). Genotyping studies of 100 DNA samples from autistic children acquired through the University of Washington Autism Center revealed more than double the expected frequency of the homozygous variant of this polymorphism (CPOX4) (rs1131857). An intriguing notion rests on the possibility that mitochondrial respiratory chain disorder associated with CPOX4, which itself is linked to the mitochondrial inner membrane (Grandchamp et al. 1978), could account for exaggerated porphyrin excretion as observed here among at least a subgroup of those with autism. Future studies involving a larger cohort of subjects are required to confirm these findings and to define the genetic and/or metabolic factors associated with altered porphyrin excretion in autism.
A principal limitation of this exploratory study is the relatively small population of NT and AU subjects among whom we sought to define and differentiate excretion levels of metabolites (urinary porphyrins) that can exhibit substantial intraindividual (e.g., diurnal) and interindividual variability, especially in children. Despite this shortcoming, the findings demonstrate significant differences both with age among NT and between NT and AU of the same age, suggesting disordered porphyrin excretion as a metabolic characteristic among at least some AU subjects. Although these findings must be confirmed through larger studies, these preliminary observations provide a context for better understanding and interpreting altered porphyrin excretion among children with AU/ASD.
An additional limitation is potential misclassification of case (AU) or control (NT) status for subjects enrolled through the ARI. We view the possibility of AU misclassification as unlikely, however, because of the multidisciplinary evaluation protocol employed by the neurodevelopmental diagnostic and treatment centers from which subjects were recruited. We note also likely continuity in the diagnostic procedures employed for most subjects enrolled in the study, supporting homogeneity in the AU, PDD-NOS, and NT diagnoses. Nonetheless, our inability to confirm each diagnosis by outside review of subjects' records is a potential limitation of the present exploratory investigation. Future studies in which subjects are identified through established registries such as the Autism Treatment Network (2010) or that developed by the CHARGE study (Hertz-Picciotto et al. 2006) will minimize prospects of this concern.
Although we made direct measurements of urinary Hg levels as indices of recent Hg exposure, there was the potential for measurement error based on participants' recall of past Hg exposures from dietary, medical, and dental sources, which could not be fully validated in this study. Such exposures may be of concern in relation to perinatal events that can be accurately assessed only in the context of a prospective study design. Moreover, potential exposures to Hg from other environmental or occupational sources were not assessed and therefore could not be controlled in the present analysis. Thus, although we found few significant differences between AU and NT in reported measures of past Hg exposure, the possibility of exposure misclassification remains a limitation of this study.
Principal strengths of this study were the availability of urine samples for porphyrin and Hg analyses from all study participants and our established capabilities for accurately measuring and interpreting these constituents in the context of this study. Notably, the urinary porphyrin levels reported herein among NT children ≥ 8 years of age are comparable with normative values recently described for children and adolescents of the same ages who were participants in a large clinical trial (Woods et al. 2009b), supporting the generalizability of these findings. The urinary Hg levels measured in this study were also comparable with those reported for a nationally representative sample of children 6–11 years of age acquired as part of the 2003–2004 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [geometric mean = 0.245; 95% CI, 0.213–0.304) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2007). Finally, despite the small number of cases, the results were consistent across age groups with significant differences in porphyrin levels between the diagnostic groups, suggesting that further consideration of this observation may be warranted.
Mean urinary porphyrin concentrations are inherently high in young children compared with those in adults and decline by as much as 2.5 times between ages 2 and 12 years. Coproporphyrin and heptacarboxyl-, hexacarboxyl-, and pentacarboxylporphyrins were generally elevated among autistic children compared with NT children of the same age. Elevated porphyrin levels among AU children were not associated with measures of past or current Hg exposure, and a porphyrin pattern consistent with that seen in adults with prolonged Hg exposure was not apparent. These findings suggest that disordered porphyrin metabolism may be a salient characteristic of autism and encourage further investigation of genetic, metabolic, and/or environmental factors that may explain this association.
Certain drugs that are sometimes administered to autistic children as mood stabilizers or antidepressants, such as valproic acid (depakote, convulex) and risperidone (risperdal), may affect prophyrin metabolism. Participants in this study were selected from among subjects who did not receive such drugs. It is very unlikely, therefore, that such medications contributed to the disordered porphyrin metabolism observed among autistic children.
Partial funding for this research was provided by Center Grant P30ES07033 to the University of Washington from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. Additional funding was provided by the Autism Research Institute and by the Wallace Research Foundation.
We acknowledge the parents, caregivers, children, and staff of the Autism Research Institute, the Center for Autism and Related Disorders, The Rimland Center for Integrative Medicine, and other organizations whose participation made this study possible. We thank D. Danis for assisting in the CARD urine sample collection and N. Woods (Department of Family and Child Nursing, University of Washington) for insightful discussions and direction in the presentation of this manuscript.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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A few days ago the Communications Minister Mitch Fifield called for expressions of interest from private companies for the emergency triple-zero call service.
The Communications Minister hopes that a new tender will help Australia's emergency system keep up with the technological changes that services around the world have already undertaken. The government would also be seeking a separate tender for emergency calls from mobile phones as now two-thirds of triple-zero calls come from mobile.
This announcement has made many worried that such necessary services could be moved out of the country for cost cutting reasons. Today the Communications Union has pleaded with the government that if they are going to proceed down this path that they at least rule out the service leaving our shores.
Communications Union National President Shane Murphy said in a statement "This is an essential service that helps to save Australian lives every day, but there seems to be a lack of clear direction from (Prime Minister Malcolm) Turnbull with regard to the process and policy intentions".
Shane questioned the government's move asking, "Are they simply looking to cut costs by shipping Australian jobs offshore at the expense of a skilled, qualified workforce providing an efficient essential service?" He concluded by condemning the government saying "If this tender is simply about savings costs by sending Australian jobs overseas, the government should be ashamed of itself."
What do you think about this change? Is the potential of moving the service overseas going to put Australian's at risk? Is it time for a complete overhaul of the system even if that means taking it out of Australia?
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You have got to be joking. It is bad enough now when you press 1 for English with other businesses and you still can't understand them. The last thing we need when we are ringing for an emergency is someone who can't understand you and you can't understand them. We are stressed enough having to use the emergency services without having to deal with a person who doesn't have a clue what you are talking about.
This is more of "Jobs and Growth" Malcolm Turnball style. He just didn't promise that it would happen in Australia. This Government is so determined to cut services and allowances. They really need to take a step back and look at what they are doing. This has disaster written all over it if it moves offshore.
Well I know in some countries where it could potentially be off-shored to the locals don't bother calling the emergency number.. they call the local police station as it will sometimes be answered and then sometimes they will help…
But seriously it is Jobs (for overseas) and Growth (for the top tier of Australia).
Over the past few weeks I've had to deal with a number of companies who have outsourced their call centres to the Phillipines and India. Every time, I have had to ask for a supervisor as they have to follow a script and talk right over me. I can't begin to imagine how i would be if this were to happen during an emergency!!!!!!
PM Turnbull and Mr Morrison are two deadly Politicians……….We need our triple 000 emergency service and if they sell to a private company????………(BE like Telstra with overseas staff)……. and it will be a deadly combination if this Liberal Government goes ahead…….very deadly idea…………….Leave our 000 service alone and the jobs to stay in our country……
Its Just like Mike Baird who wants to sell our Public Hospitals to a Private organization ……..Than many Australians will have no Public Hospitals to go to………….Stay alert guys as no one will look after the Battlers of our country ……We need to take a firm stand and get rid of this Liberal Lying lot of Politicians.
I went to a seniors forum when Scott Morrison was in charge of social services. he was the rudest man I have ever known, he spoke to those pensioners as if they were dirt !! Told them they should be getting their money spent instead of trying to save it for the children's ineritance!
He was even saying to them Well you have at least $250.000.00 in the bank so you should be using it and not asking the Government for money !!! Rude ! Rude ! Rude !!!
Well if they were not on your case…. WE ALL KNOW what you would have been doing, now don't we, just like everything else LMP does, but guess what? the unions are wise to your spin doctors!
Does this tender requirement expire after a set period of time, as in will it ALWAYS be a requirement to be in Australia, with Australian PR or Citizens, none of this BS FTA agreement slave labour… please I am interested to have it in writing.
How can we believe you . It is not the Union doing the scare mongering it is the likes of you as a Minister that does . You people tell that many lies people don't believe you anymore . Just remember one thing you and your mates at the next election are your seats safe is what you should be asking yourself !!!!!!!!!!
Well, well. The LNP just keeps making stupid decisions, time and time again. It started with Tony Abbott, and grows worse with Malcolm Turnbull.
Why is it this poor excuse for a political party (well, two actually) wants to tear down every fabric of our society. Other countries are returning to well run, state owned institutions, that provide essential services. Including America.
Turnbull is nothing more than a puppet of the coalitions right wing, who has abandoned his own beliefs. Something a politician should never, ever do, at any cost. If he is told to by the powers that be in his party, then the right thing to do is resign.
He, of course won't do that, because he covets the glory of being PM far too much. The fact remains though, he has become an empty shell, too scared to move in his own right.