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Equities First Holdings – Offering Low-Interest Rates On Non-Purpose Loans With Flexible Payment Terms
Equities First Holdings is one of the most prominent names in the corporate and alternative financing space in Australia and offers a comprehensive range of financial services to high net-worth individuals and small to medium-sized enterprises. Equities First Holdings started its operations in the year 2002, and since then has finances hundreds of small to medium-sized businesses, as well as high-net-worth individuals, get the non-purpose loan they need, quickly and with flexible payment terms. The professional manner in which the company handles each and every business inquiry has helped the firm service hundreds of clients till date and has also helped the firm double in size regarding workforce since its inception.
Equities First Holdings has network globally with offices in Singapore, Australia, the United Kingdom, the United States, Thailand, and China. The businesses are always in need of liquidity to expand and grow, and with Equities First Holdings' easy and quick offering of non-purpose loans, the small to medium sized businesses can now get the cash flow they need to materialize those ambitious business projects to carry forward the growth momentum. The non-purpose loans provided by Equities First Holdings are instead of the securities, which are taken by the firm as collateral. It helps the borrower as well as the lender with protecting their assets. Equities at LinkedIn .
The clientele of Equities First Holdings includes private firms, financial organizations, high net-worth individuals, asset management companies, publicly owned companies, and more. Getting conventional high-value loans is difficult, time-consuming, and most of all, very expensive. However, the non-purpose loan offered by Equities First Holdings, come with easy repayment options and at a far lower interest rates than the conventional loans. It is what makes it a popular choice among the enterprises as well as the high-net-worth individuals. These loans are necessary for smooth business operations and to put in effect ambitious growth and expansion strategies in practice.
http://finance.yahoo.com/news/global-lender-equities-first-holdings-124500530.html for more .
EOS Is Making Lip Balm Fun
In 2010 a new kind of lip balm hit the shelves. Outselling Chapstick and Blistex, coming in second only to Burt's Bees. Bright orbs of deliciously scented lip balm made women across the globe go nuts. It wasn't long before these trendy new accessories were popping up in celebrity handbags and music videos. No longer are we stuck with sticks of tasteless wax that get instantly lost in our purses. EOS has turned a dull moment of necessary self-maintenance into something enjoyable.
Instead of humdrum traditional flavors like mint and cherry, EOS has created unique, organic flavors like Honeysuckle Honeydew, Passion Fruit, and Pomegranate Rasberry, check walmart.ca for more. Their Visibly Soft Line is designed to make your lips softer and more kissable and comes in Blackberry Nectar, Vanilla Mint, and deliciously creamy Coconut Milk. They even have an active line with SPF 15 or 30 in energizing flavors of Grapefruit and Lemon Twist.
Get excited to see more news here on https://evolutionofsmooth.com/.
All of these awesome flavors are put into a round container that engages all five of your senses every time you pop it out of your purse. From the fun orb shape that feels good in your hand and is easy to find in the dark abyss of an overstuffed handbag to the bright colors all the way down to clicking noise the ball makes when you open and close it. EOS is making lip balm fun for the first time. Jump to this page.
Click here for more details, https://evolutionofsmooth.ca/lip-balm.html.
Beneful: Wholesome Ingredients for Your Dog!
Per serving of Beneful dog treats, they typically have as low as 4 calories or as high as 97.6. The product with the lowest calorie count on the Beneful website, beneful.com is Beneful Incredibites: Meaty Minis. They are made with chicken being the first ingredient, corn gluten meal, wheat flour, among other nutritional ingredients. The treat with the highest calorie count are the Healthy Smile Dental Twists (Large), designed to help reduce plaque and tartar buildup in larger dogs.
Coupons for Beneful dog treats can be found at: https://www.beneful.com/coupons/ "where you can save $3 on your next Beneful dry food recipe with real meat being the #1 ingredient!" The highest rated dog treat product on the website are the "Baked Delights Snackers," they have a total of 53 reviews, an average of about 4.8 stars. They are described as a super-savory, super snackable, oven baked treats with a soft center and made with peanut butter and cheese flavors. And they only have 23.8 calories per piece! For puppies, it is recommended to give them something a little softer until they reach maturity. Costumers would recommend the tender beef Break-N-Bites!
Beneful treats are also great for senior dogs, especially the dental treats, which have been proven to help fight tartar buildup. Tartar and bacterial buildup in the mouth is a huge factor for tooth decay and bad breath! The most highly recommended flavor of dog treat is either chicken or beef, both are pretty well tied. The most popular treat on the site are the Break-N-Bites Crunchy: Chicken. They are new and highly rated by customers. Overall, all treats seem to be made with wholesome ingredients that any dog would love!
Making Money With The Traveling Vineyard Is Easy And Fun
There are many direct selling companies out there that sell products in the skincare, healthcare and technology sector. The Traveling Vineyard is a direct selling company that sells a different product category, wines. Making money by working for the direct selling company, The Traveling Vineyard can be fun and profitable for you for several reasons.
The first reason, making money is easy with The Traveling Vineyard because wine is considered to be in a niche market. There are many people who enjoy wines out there. You already have an established customer base that is in place. Another advantage to salesman or direct sellers at The Traveling Vineyard is that wine is a product that is consumed and needs to be replenished. Reorders are placed constantly, and the salesman for the company can easily earn commissions with minimal effort simply when customers reorder their favorite stock of wine or try new wines through them. This fact, makes it easy to earn commissions, sometimes with little to no work required.
Another advantage to selling wines directly to people, is that you get to try wines along with your customers. As a direct seller for The Traveling Vineyard, you will give customers the opportunity to sample wines for free and at the same time, sample the wines yourself. This is a perk of working for The Traveling Vineyard. Drinking wine with people is part of your job and you can actually make money by doing this!
It is very easy to get started as a wine guide or salesman for The Traveling Vineyard. All you need is to pay upfront for a startup kit which costs a few hundred dollars. You won't ever have to keep any stock of wine at hand. A guide just markets the wine and is provided with new samples to give to customers to try out. Risk and cost is minimal when you work as a wine guide but the potential for commissions is very high.
Eric Lefkofsky And His Philanthropy
Eric Lefkofsky is highly engaged in philanthropy. He has been funding in the areas of education, human rights, in addition to health care, medical research as well as arts and culture. He is the co-founder of Groupon. Besides, he is the founder of Lightbank venture capital firm too. His net worth is estimated to be $1.65 billion.
The Lefkofsky Family Foundation was formed by Eric Lefkofsky and his wife in 2006. This is a charitable trust which supports charitable, scientific, as well as educational organizations all around the world. This Foundation is advancing initiatives as well as research to enhance human life quality.
The foundation's grants are focused on key areas that include education, human rights, besides art, culture and medical research. The largest donations from the Foundation in the field of arts and culture are in the hometown of Lefkofsky, Chicago.
Eric Lefkofsky started his career at the University of Michigan. He used to sell carpets here as a freshman. After completing his law school, Eric Lefkofsky and his business partner, Bradley Keywell, borrowed money in order to buy Brandon Apparel. This was in 1994. The company did not do well, and it failed. In 1999, Eric Lefkofsky and Keywell came together once again and found an Internet company, This was called Starbelly. It was specializing in promotional products. They sold this company for $240 million. This was just before the burst of the dot-com bubble. Lefkofsky Twitter .
This way Eric Lefkofsky continued to create, buy, and sell one company after another. This eventually led to the creation of Groupon.
The Lefkofskys like to give back to their hometown. Besides, they are funding various other education initiatives too. They are supporting young children in particular. They are giving to charter schools as well as for after-school programs that are organized for disadvantaged youth, in addition to scholarship programs. They are also supporting those organizations which are developing tools for teachers as well as administrators. This includes the group called New Leaders and Educators for Excellence.
http://lefkofskyfoundation.com for more.
Goetti Continues To Improve
In the air conditioning field, there are a lot of different companies all vying for the same jobs. This is why it is very competitive, and the companies need to be on the ball in order to take the lead if they want to. Goetti has been in the lead because they have decided to take over smaller companies to add to theirs. They have recently added two companies to theirs, and they are going to add more in the future.
The two companies that they just added are Paradise Air and Las Vegas Air. Both of these companies dealt with the residential sector, and now they will be able to also do commercial work. This will be very profitable for all that involved in the mergers. Everyone is very happy about the results that shall be coming since Goetti has taken on 20 new employees. This gives them more hands when it comes to taking on jobs that are in the field.
Goetti was founded by the two brothers in the family over 70 years ago, and they built a great air conditioning company over the years. They are also in the HVAC and plumbing business. Their employees are trained professionals whom are dedicated to their field, and they use their experience and expertise to complete extensively, difficult jobs.
The company was founded in Arizona, and it has since moved to Las Vegas. During the year 2017, the company was voted the best HVAC company in Arizona. Goetti was very pleased with this. They look forward to a great future with more and more work as they acquire more companies.
End Citizens United Fight Against Dark Money in Politics
In March 2015, End Citizens United was formed with the agenda of reforming the campaign system. The Public Action Committee believes that the election financing system needs to be saved from billionaires who try tip off power balance in their favor. The PAC further believes that the Citizens United idea that corporations are people gave way to billionaires and special interests to affect America's elections through the use of untraceable money in the campaigns. This consequently led to accountability and lack of transparency in the elections.
Reforming Campaign Finance through Power of Many
The political action depends on donations from grassroots donors. They stood firm in showing the voters, candidates, the press, and elected official in the 2016 general elections that the grassroots had the power of fighting billionaires and preventing them from affecting the country's elections.
To achieve this agenda, End Citizens United performed under a mission of dismantling the rigged political system and combating dark money used in politics. By working towards ending Citizen United, the PAC champions believed they had the power of bringing to an end the use of unlimited and dark money employed in political campaigns.
Their strategy of achieving this agenda included electing pro-reform candidates, making the use of big money in politics a national priority, and depending on grassroots membership as a way of showing political power as compared to use of money to gain politically.
Support for the Democrats
During the 2016 general elections, End Citizens United showed a lot of support to the Democratic Party more than it did to the Republican. This support came as a result of the Democrats effort in fighting Citizens United. The PAC believed that with their leadership, they would realize their agenda of reforming the campaign finance system.
Despite several Republicans and Independent candidates being against uncontrolled spending in political campaigns, they didn't receive the support of the PAC since they stood in the way of ending Citizen United. The public action group only supports people who are for reforming the country's broken campaign finance system.
Move to Make their Agenda a Reality
When their agenda may have seemed impossible, End Citizen United had great determination in making their name a reality. Their number one agenda was to overturn the 2010's Supreme Court decision of Citizen United which saw dark money find their way into politics. When it might have seemed an impossible thing to do, the PAC managed to get over 300,000 followers within the first few months of its establishment.
Additionally, End Citizens United received a huge endorsement of the Democratic candidates which eased their mission. Unlike other PAC's that concentrate their primary focus on campaign reforms, the End Citizen United wanted more, to have the Citizens United law changed.
Norman Pattiz Achievements in the Broadcasting Industry
Beyond the Darkness, which is the new thrilling show on WWE star Chris Jericho's Podcast Network, announced Norman Pattiz as the Chief Executive Officer after the release of PodcastOne Network. The show will be presenting entertaining and enlightening conversations with world researchers, and making everything you know about ghosts, demons, ghouls, angels, mysteries, and monster encounters real.
Mr. Norman Pattiz has been the Chief Executive Chairman at PodcastOne from June 23, 2016. Mr. Pattiz became the consultant of Westwood One Inc. and served there until February 3, 1993. Norman Pattiz served as the president of Broadcast Education Association. He also served as the chairman and a member of Board of Governors of Los Alomas National Security, LLC as well as a board member of Lawrence Livermore National Security at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. On November 2000, Mr. Pattiz was appointed by Clinton and reappointed again by President Bush to serve as Broadcasting Board of Governors of the United States of America.
Mr. Pattiz worked hard and enabled the creation of Radio Sawa, the BBG's 24 hours music, news and radio information network and Alhurra Television, which is US sponsored, and Arabic-language satellite TV that channel to the entire Middle East. He has also worked as the regent of the University of California from September 2001. Mr. Norman Pattiz worked as Director of Foreign Relations of the Los Angeles sheriff's Department and served on the Region 1 Home Security Advisory Council. Mr. Norman Pattiz also worked on the Board of Annenberg school of Communication at the University of Southern California. Mr. Pattiz served as a member of California's Commission on building in the 21st century and the board for RAND's Center for Middle East public policy.
Mr. Norman pattiz 40 years' experience and his hard work have gained him access to the Americans largest provider of news, sports, entertainment talk and trafficking programming to the broadcasting industry. Under the ownership of Westwood one, he enabled the distribution NBC Radio Networks, CNN Radio, CBS News, NFL Football, NCAA Basketball and both Summer and Winter games. Pattiz's company PodcastOne became the top producer and distributor of audio-on-demand programming. After Bush had appointed him, he was able to convince and launch Americas Arabic Language Radio and television services to more than 22 countries of the Middle East and Farsi language broadcasting to Iran, which reached weekly to more than 40 million listeners. In the year 2009, Pattiz was introduced to National Radio Hall of Fame and got the Broadcasting Award from Library of American Broadcasting.
Read more: http://www.thalamus.co/blog/norm-pattiz-podcastone/
The Importance Of Comparative Law To Global Economy As Outlined By Experts Such as Sujit Choudhry
In the face of globalization, growing trade and other relationships between countries and citizens, comparative study of different legal systems has become important. Comparative law is an academic discipline that involves the description and comparison of different legal systems. Some of the existing legal systems include the civil law, Jewish law, socialist law, Hindu law, common law and the Chinese law. Comparative law can also be defined as the analysis of the similarities and differences of laws between two different countries. In addition, comparative law focuses on a foreign legal system in its own right without the intent of comparison. The field of comparative law has a long tradition in Europe. However, it is relatively new to some countries. Related post on crunchbase.com
The study of comparative law plays an important role in laying the foundation for the legal infrastructure. This strategy paves way for a common legal understanding that favors the increasing range of activities that occur between nations, organizations and citizens in the interconnected world. This study is crucial in different fields such as e-commerce where transactions occur frequently in jurisdictions that have various legal systems, through modern communication platforms. By studying legal systems of different countries, learners are able to understand the culture, political, social and economic history of a given nation. More reading here.
Sujit Choudhry is an international expert on comparative constitutional law. He is a revered professor of law at the esteemed University of California, Berkley. Sujit has served as a committed dean of UC Berkley School of Law. In addition, he has worked as the Scholl Chair in charge of the prestigious University of Toronto's Faculty of Law. In 2010, Sujit received the Trudeau Foundation Fellowship. In addition, the Southern Asian Bar Association of Toronto recognized him as the Practitioner of the Year.
Interesting Article on Sujit here.
Sujit was born in New Delhi. He is an alumnus of the University of Toronto. He enrolled in McGill University to study law. Sujit holds an LL.B from the University of Oxford. He also studied at Harvard Law School where he graduated with his LL.M. He started his career by serving as a law clerk for Chief Justice Antonio of the Supreme Court. Sujit Choudhry is affiliated with the Center for Constitutional Transitions where he serves as the founding director. In his career, Sujit has published many articles. Some of his publications include The Migration of Constitutional Ideas and Constitutional Design for Divided Societies: Integration of Accommodation. Presently, he is co-editing two articles, which are Constitution Making and The Oxford Handbook of Indian Constitutional Law. Continue reading on icon.oxfordjournals.org.
Follow Sujit on https://www.linkedin.com/in/sujit-choudhry-738656100
Equities First Alternative Lending Solutions After The 2008-2009 Financial Crisis
The 2008 financial emergency has affected many people and has now become a blazing theme and last year was not left out in America's Presidential campaigns. Over the most recent couple of months, we have seen a few noteworthy financial firms taken by other financial organizations, while others receiving governmental bailouts. So what brought about the financial emergency of 2008? This is really the ideal tempest that has continued to brew over the recent years before reaching to its breaking point. That has resulted to many banks tightening their lending terms hence leaving small enterprises without other options apart from seeking for other sources of funding. Equities First Holdings option lending solutions have come at the proper time when small businesses are facing a wide variety of financial challenges. By using stock as collateral, business owners have been able to secure immediate and affordable loans to finance their businesses. Read More Here .
The current market shakiness was brought on by many variables, among the key ones is the dramatic shift in the capacity to make new credit extensions, which carried away the stream of cash and impeded new financial development including selling and buying of assets. This hurt people, organizations, and financial establishments hard, and numerous financial foundations were left holding contract resources that had dropped steeply in value and weren't gaining the measure of cash expected to pay for hanging loans. That dried their reserve cash and limited their credit and capacity to offer new loans. Today, many startups cannot rely on traditional lending services, let they go back to the ground. For people or businesses in need of working capital, Equities First Holdings provides margin loans and stock-based loans that are termed as the best alternative as indicated by the company's CEO Al Christy. The loans comes with various benefits and of late, they have become common to many companies and individuals.EFH LinkedIn .
http://www.equityfirstusa.com for more.


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Supersized Earth
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UKMA launches Measurement Units Style Guide
In an attempt to bring about some improvement in the sloppy and inconsistent way in which metric units are often written, the UK Metric Association has today (5 July 2012) published a "Measurement Units Style Guide". Aimed at anybody who … Continue reading
The link between measurement skills and numeracy
Poor numeracy is blighting Britain's economic performance and ruining lives, says a new charity launched to champion better maths skills. Likes(0)Dislikes(0)
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Speed, momentum and resistance
Which is preferable: a swift metric transition or a leisurely one? UKMA would have preferred the former. Successive UK governments have opted for the latter, believing that it carries less risk to their popularity. Ronnie Cohen assesses progress. Likes(0)Dislikes(0)
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The BBC explains its position on measurement units
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ASDA downsizes strawberries – brilliant publicity stunt
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Hi, I am Welles Tan, welcome to my blog. I had been a caricaturist for events and parties since 1990. Shadow cutting, also called Silhouette Cutting, Portrait Silhouette Cutting, or Profile Cutting. It is an art that using scissors to cut out a shape of a person's side profile using dark color paper. Usually people will frame it like a photo, put on the desk as a decoration for memories. For more about my services, please take a view at : www.wellestan.com
Tuesday, November 18, 2008
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Athens Ledra Marriott boasts a rooftop pool and bar with stunning views over the Acropolis. All historic sites can be accessed by using the shuttle service provided by the Marriott.
The elegant and spacious rooms have modern amenities and luxurious bedding. They are equipped with a mini bar, safety box and air conditioning.
Zephyros Restaurant offers Mediterranean or Greek cuisine, while Kona Kai serves Polynesian cuisine and fresh sushi. The lounge bar is the perfect spot for a drink.
The gym can be accessed 24 hours a day. There is a full business service available, along with function rooms for various events, from business meetings to family weddings.
A car rental service is also available for you to easily explore the surrounding areas of Athens. Free Wi-Fi is available in the lobby area, at the lounge bar and at Zephyros Restaurant.


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Aside from our GPS routing us through the hood and backstreets to get there, this hotel had big fluffy inviting beds; nice rooms; a nice pool and Jacuzzi; and an awesome hot breakfast!!!! We blasted the AC and slept like rocks. It was a COZY...More
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God's Lovely Dwelling Place
The Bible speaks often of the beauty of God and the loveliness of His dwelling place. Though it is hard for us to fathom now, our Creator is more beautiful than anything we can imagine. The most beautiful of His ...Read More
No Human Being
Remember that though you are a new creation in Christ (2 Cor. 5:17), no longer bound by the power of sin, you will still struggle with it. Perhaps you can avoid speaking an unkind word, but how long can you ...Read More
The Wisdom of Job
Wise people maintain the distinction between Creator and creature, recognizing that there are some matters where God has chosen to remain silent. They respect the Lord's decision and do not try to speak where He has not spoken. They trust ...Read More
The Mosaic Covenant
By revealing His law to Israel after redeeming the nation from Egypt, our Creator establishes the basic principle of sanctification. Strictly speaking, we do not make ourselves holy. First, God saves us from sin and sets us apart as His ...Read More
The Word of God in the Words of Men
John Calvin is known for his statement that God speaks to us in "baby talk," explaining things to us on our level so that we will know and love Him. God has not told us everything, but what He has ...Read More
A Faultless Covenant
It is tempting to think that old covenant saints found the life of faith much easier to live than we do. However, as we have seen, the days of prophets and kings had only an incomplete and provisional revelation. If ...Read More
Job's Repentance and Restoration
Sometimes restoration comes to us in this lifetime, but sometimes it awaits the age to come. In truth, all of God's faithful servants will be finally vindicated and restored, and that is what we all long for with great hope. ...Read More
Rejoicing with Others
Dr. R.C. Sproul writes in his commentary Romans, "There are no politics of envy in the kingdom of God." It is unnatural for our sinful flesh to rejoice when others receive blessings that we do not receive or when ...Read More
Upholding the Truth
John Calvin comments on the supporting function of the church of God: "Is not the Church the mother of all believers? Does she not regenerate them by the word of God, educate and nourish them through their whole life, strengthen, ...Read More
Earning an Honest Living
Scripture permits us to enjoy the material blessings that God provides, but it never tells us to hoard the fruits of our labor. Christians are to be the most generous of people, using their financial blessings to help those who ...Read More


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It is the soothing thing about history that it does repeat itself.
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The sportsman battalion's recruit who wrecked the zeppelin and won the V.C. Follow his lead and join the sportsman's battalion
1915] | 1 photomechanical print (poster)
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Will they never come?
1914. | 1 photomechanical print (poster)
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The Mora Council of the Knights of Columbus, Council 9889, would like to thank the following businesses for their contributions; they made our yearly celebration a success.
The luncheon was held on Dec. 20 at the St. Gertrude Parish Hall in Mora. The whole community was invited to join us. Our council served 250-plus meals.
Contributors were The Bank of Las Vegas, Community First Bank, Salman Ranch, Robert Serna, Ralph Anderson, Nelson Funeral Home, and Russell's Super Market.
Thank you all for your generosity.
Joseph F. Pacheco
Mora County
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Front Bulkhead (Right) by Team Durango
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From among the sandy beaches and lazy palms of sunny Laie, Hawaii, J.L. Lavea said goodbye to his family and took a leap of faith. He followed his aunt and uncle, Sina and Vai Notoa, to Orem, Utah where he chose to walk an uncertain path in hopes of a brighter future.
"It was really hard for me to leave my family," Lavea said as he recalled the day he said goodbye. "It was hard to say goodbye to my home back in Laie and come to a new place I didn't really know much about. I took a leap of faith. It's not easy leaving my family, but still I felt it was the right thing to do to help me get to where I needed to be."
J.L. left his mother, Mele, and father, Joe, who currently reside in Laie, Hawai'i to live in Utah near Orem High School. The Notoa family took in J.L. as one of their own in an effort to give their nephew a greater opportunity.
"I came to Utah to stay with my aunt Sina and uncle Vai so I could play football against different talent and get exposure," said Lavea. "I'm really grateful for them. My aunt and uncle make sure I stay on track and have really looked out after me from day one. I'm grateful for them because they provide me a place to stay, feed me, and it's like I'm still back home in Hawai'i. I'm really grateful for them for all they do for me. Without them I don't think what has happened to me would have happened so quickly."
What J.L. is referring to is a life-changing experience that recently occurred. Following an Orem football game, Lavea was informed that he had received an offer from BYU via their director of recruiting operations Tevita Ofahengaue. The news came as a shock for young J.L.
"I'm just so grateful and thankful for the offer, and I'm still in shock that I was offered this early by BYU," said Lavea. "I was really shocked when I heard that I got offered. It really surprised me! I didn't really know what to think and was really grateful for the offer. I'm just grateful all the hard work and the sacrifices everyone made in my life [having] paid off for me. I knew that if I kept working hard something good would happen. I have a lot of people to thank for getting me to where I am today."
Looking back, Lavea's list of gratitude is as long as the Ko'olau Mountain range, which nearly extends the length of Oahu. He thanked his parents for allowing him to leave to Utah for an opportunity, and he thanked his aunt Sina and uncle Vai Notoa for taking care of him while in Utah. With a gratitude that never ceases, Lavea also went back to thank his first coaches who first taught him the fundamentals of the game of football. Fundamentals that grew into a love for the game first taught to him back on the spotted grassy fields of Laie Park.
"When I was in D2 my coach was Luka Matagi and Aisa Wiley who taught me how to play football," recalled Lavea. "They really helped me and pushed me to be the best I could be. They taught me a lot and from there everything just kind of grew for me. I'm grateful for all my coaches back at Laie Park. I don't think if I didn't have them to help me at an early age I wouldn't be here now."
When Lavea first learned of his BYU offer, his excitement and gratitude for all involved immediately tempered as thoughts of love for his mother and father back home in Laie filled his heart.
"I was so excited and this was one of the reasons why I came here to Utah," said Lavea. "When I called and told them that I got an offer from BYU they were so excited! It let them know that I didn't just come here to play around. My mom was so happy and excited! They were so grateful."
Only a high school freshman, Lavea, who comes in at around 6-0, 210-pounds, plays middle linebacker for Orem High School's varsity team where the coaching baton has been handed off. While Orem High School has struggled overall this season, Lavea is personally in good hands. He is currently being coached by former BYU middle linebacker great Uani 'Unga, who played for the NFL's New York Giants, and former New York Jets and Houston Texans lineman Tevita Finau.
"I just need to continue working hard and not let things distract me from reaching my goals," said Lavea. "BYU is my first offer and it's so humbling for me to know they think I'm good enough to play for them. I just have to keep working hard to show them that I'm worthy of the offer when I graduate from high school.
"I have to stay focused with my grades and uncle Vai and aunt Sina keep me in line with that. I just have to keep working hard so I can be worthy of BYU's offer that was given to me. Now I have to keep my grades straight and keep working hard in the classroom so I can show the coaches that I'm worthy of the scholarship they've offered me."
"I just want to thank the BYU coaches for believing in me and giving me the opportunity," Lavea said. "This really is a dream come true for me and I'm grateful all the sacrifice and hard work paid off. I couldn't be more excited about my offer from BYU!"


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The Maharashtra government will request the civil aviation ministry to ease rules for the Dharavi revamp project.
At present, many locations in Dharavi fall in the funnel zone (aircraft take-off and landing path), as a result of which there are height restrictions. This is affecting the viability of the Dharavi redevelopment scheme.
According to chief minister Devendra Fadnavis, though the final tender is ready, there are some issues that need to be addressed. "There are height restrictions, which are creating a viability problem. Though Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) could be given to the builders, viability still remains an issue," said Fadnavis. He said various options were presented before him in the presentation given by the Dharavi Redevelopment Authority (DRA). "We will ask the civil aviation ministry whether they can ease restrictions for the project," he said.
DRA has come up with a comprehensive plan, which includes floating global tenders and sets a time frame for the redevelopment of India's largest slum. The plan includes global tenders for the four sectors that will be redeveloped, a seven-year deadline to rehabilitate all slum-dwellers, and issuing work orders within 90 days of tendering the bids.
However, the plan seems to have been kept on hold as the state government does not want any problems to crop up.
The Dharavi residents, meanwhile expressed disappointment with the turn of events. "What kind of planning has the DRP done from the past 11 years?" asked Baburao Mane, president, Dharavi Bachao Andolan. "We have not been able to undertake redevelopment from the last 11 years and Dharavi residents continue to languish in slums," he said.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 25, 2003
|Filing date
|Jun 28, 2001
|Priority date
|Jun 30, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Aiguo Xie, Peter A. Beerel
|Original Assignee
|University Of Southern California
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (2), Non-Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (3), Classifications (5), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims priority from co-pending provisional patent application 60/215,407, filed Jun. 30, 2000 by the inventors hereof, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
This invention was made with Government support under a grant identified by Award Number CCR-981264, awarded by the National Science Foundation. The Government has certain rights in this invention.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to automated, formal verification techniques for logical systems such as digital circuits or communication protocol systems. More specifically, the invention relates to algorithms for such formal verification which are based on applications of graph theory.
2. Description of the Problem
Asynchronous circuits and systems are becoming an increasingly important alternative to synchronous systems. The formal verification of these circuits and systems, however, has been given somewhat less attention than their synchronous counterparts. In addition, many aggressively designed synchronous circuits rely on two-sided timing assumptions which are difficult to verify. Formal verification is often accomplished using graph theory and analysis. A logical system can assume any of a fixed set of states. These states, and their relationship to one another, can be represented by a directed graph (digraph). Such a digraph is commonly called a state transition graph (STG).
For computer analysis, a digraph such as an STG can be represented using an explicit data structure such as an adjacency list or an adjacency matrix. The decomposition of the digraph can be done in linear time using a depth-first search. However, in many real applications, the size of the digraph can be too large for explicit algorithms to be practical. One promising alternative is to use an implicit data structure to represent the digraph, for example, a binary decision diagram (BDD). Binary decision diagrams are described in an article by R. E. Bryant, "Graph-Based Algorithm for Boolean Function Manipulation," IEEE Transactions on Computers, August 1986, which is incorporated herein by reference. Using a BDD, a digraph can be decomposed by finding all strongly connected components (SCC's) in the reachable state space of a finite state machine that characterizes the logical system being analyzed. Computerized algorithms that decompose a digraph in this way compute the transitive closure of the state transition relation of the machine and then compute all SCC's simultaneously. In practice, despite the advantages of an implicit data structure such a BDD, computing the transitive closure is very computationally expensive in both processor time and memory, resulting in large amounts of money and time being spent on formal verification.
The present invention provides for efficient, cost-effective formal verification of logical circuits and systems using an implicit enumeration of strongly connected components that is much less computationally expensive than other known methods. Using the method of the invention, a digraph is recursively partitioned and decomposed using reachability analysis. The algorithm of the invention can be applied to partitions or legal blocks of the circuit or system being analyzed so that each one can be verified separately and hierarchically. Non-trivial, strongly connected components derived through the use of the invention can be compared to expected behavior of a circuit or system. Alternatively, the invention can be applied to detect so-called "bad cycles" which are encountered in many formal verification problems.
According to the present invention, a design is verified by first deriving a state transition graph (STG) for the design. If the logical system which is sought to be verified is large and complex, the system is partitioned into smaller logical blocks, partitions, or designs, and the algorithm is executed against each one. In any case a state transition graph for the design is recursively decomposed to determine all nontrivial strongly connected components of the STG. Each strongly connected component (SCC) represents an infinite behavior of the design. Each infinite behavior can be compared to an expected behavior in order to validate the design. This comparison can be made manually, or by a computer implemented comparison algorithm. In one embodiment, the algorithm of the invention recursively decomposes the STG by determining a backward set for each node in the STG, and finding non-trivial SCC's in the backward set. It is also possible to use forward sets, or a combination of forward and backward sets.
In another embodiment of the invention, formal verification may be extended by determining if any non-trivial SCC derived as described above represents a bad cycle indicating a problem with a design. This determination is made by finding out if a non-trivial SCC is not in any cycle set. In another embodiment, the determination is made by finding out if an SCC intersects compliment sets of all cycle sets. Either bad cycle algorithm can stop and prompt an operator or designer upon finding the first bad cycle. Alternatively, an algorithm may find all bad cycles and present these to the designer.
In example embodiments of the invention, computer software is used to implement many aspects of the invention. The software can be stored on a medium. The medium can be magnetic, such as a diskette, tape, or fixed disk, or optical, such as a CD-ROM or DVD-ROM. The software can also be stored in a semiconductor device. Additionally, the software can be supplied via the Internet or some other type of network. A workstation or computer system that typically runs the software includes a plurality of input/output devices and a processor. The software in combination with the computer system and any peripheral hardware forms the means to execute the method of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a logic diagram of an example digital circuit with which the present invention can be used. FIG. 1 is divided into FIGS. 1A and 1B for convenience.
FIG. 2 is a state table for the circuit of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a digraph for the circuit of FIG. 1, shown being decomposed according to the invention. FIG. 3 is divided into FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C for convenience.
FIG. 4 shows a pseudo-code listing for the top-level algorithm of the present invention.
FIG. 5 shows a flow chart illustrating the method according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 6 is a pseudo-code listing of a subroutine for computing predecessors with finite maximum distance as used with the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a pseudo-code listing of a subroutine that performs recursive decomposition of a backward set according to the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a flow chart, which illustrates recursively decomposing a state transition graph according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9 further illustrates further detail of recursively decomposing a state transition graph according to the present invention. FIG. 9 is divided into FIGS. 9A and 9B for convenience.
FIG. 10 is a flow chart, which illustrates the application of the algorithm of the present invention to bad cycle detection.
FIG. 11 shows a functional block diagram of a computer system which implements the present invention.
The present invention is useful in the formal verification of any design of a logical system that can be described with reference to a number of states. The invention is useful, for example, in formal verification of synchronous and asynchronous digital circuits. It should be noted that while the invention is useful in the verification of digital circuits of these types, it can find equally good application in other problems, for example, the analysis of a communication protocol in which various states of an encoding algorithm depend on other states. The algorithm of the invention is used to verify a logical design which may be a portion of a larger logical system, or may be stand alone. With complex circuits or systems, it is most useful to partition the circuit or system into legal blocks and then use a symbolic partial order approach to generate specifications for each block. Each block then represents a design which can be verified separately.
FIG. 1 illustrates an example digital circuit, the operation of which can be verified through use of the invention. A portion of the circuit is shown in FIG. 1A, and another portion of the circuit is shown in FIG. 1B. The circuit of FIG. 1 has three state variables S[0], S[1], and S[2]. The circuit of FIG. 1 also has two primary inputs, pi[0] and pi[1]. OR gates 101, 102, and 103 drive flip-flops 104, 105, and 106, respectively. Note that the flip-flops in the circuit of FIG. 1 provide both a state variable and its inverted version. The inverted version of a state variable is annotated with an lowercase "b". For purposes of this example, it is assumed that the environment in which the circuit is used provides both primary inputs and their inverted versions. The inverted versions of the primary inputs are designated pib[0] and pib[1]. The only other components in this particular circuit are AND gates. Gates 107, 108, 109, 100, 111, and 112 are three-input AND gates. Gates 113, 114, 115, 116, and 117 are two-input AND gates.
FIG. 2 illustrates a state labeling table for the circuit of FIG. 1. On the left side of the table, are three columns, one for each of the three state bits. The right side of the table contains a label for each state which the three bits may represent. Part (a) of FIG. 3 illustrates a state transition graph (STG) which uses the labeling of the state labeling table of FIG. 2. FIG. 3 is divided into FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C to illustrate various aspects of the invention, as described below. This STG describes the state space of the circuit of FIG. 1 under the usual assumption that the primary inputs are non-deterministic and can be obtained using any of many different known techniques. Formal analysis of an STG like that shown in FIG. 3 provides useful information to a circuit designer. First, the possible infinite behaviors that the circuit can exhibit are described by all of the strongly connected components (SCC's) in the STG. Secondly, formal analysis of the STG can determine whether the circuit satisfies a given allowed behavior.
An STG, like that shown in FIG. 3A, is a particular type of directed graph or "digraph." As such, the STG contains nodes and directed edges. In this particular example, the nodes represent states of the circuit of FIG. 1 and the edges represent possible state transitions. A digraph may be partitioned into backward sets (or differences of backward sets) of some of its nodes, and then strongly connected components of the graph can be restricted to each of the partitions. This technique leads to a "divide and conquer" strategy. Because a digraph and its transpose have the same set of strongly connected components, the above strategy may also be carried out in terms of forward sets. Partitioning is also possible by interleaving the computation of backward sets and forward sets. For purposes of this example, the algorithm of the invention will be explained based on a backward set partitioning scheme. It should be noted that the principles of the invention can be applied using decomposition with forward sets, or the interleaving of forward and backward sets as described above.
The method of the present invention can be implemented in a general purpose computer system with any computer programming language. In one embodiment, the algorithm uses a set of subroutines. These subroutines use an efficient data structure called a binary decision diagram (BDD) to efficiently represent sets of states. BDD's can be thought of as implicit representations of sets of nodes or edges of a directed graph. BDD's are well known and there are many commonly available computer program packages that implement graphics functions using various subroutines that work with BDD's. One such package is described in, Breton et al., "VIS: A System for Verification and Synthesis," Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer-Aided Verification, pages 428-32, 1996, which is incorporated herein by reference. In one embodiment of the invention, specific subroutines used in the verification process are described below:
INTERSECTION (a, b), denoted for brevity ab: This subroutine takes two arguments a and b that are BDD's, each of which can be considered a set, and returns one result which is the intersection of the two sets.
UNION (a, b), denoted for brevity ab: This subroutine takes two arguments a and b that are BDD's, each of which can be considered a set, and returns one result which is the union of the two sets.
random_take (V′), a function that randomly picks a node from the set, V′ also easily implemented using commonly available BDD software sub-routines.
backward_set (v,V′,N) returns the backward set of v restricted to set V′ of the directed graph represented by N. Recall that the backward set is defined as the subset of nodes in the graph G=(V,E) that can reach v. Mathematically this can be defined as the set {u ε V|u v}. As an example, in the directed graph for the circuit of FIG. 1, shown in FIG. 3, B(3)={1,2,3,5,6}, B(4)={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}. There are many efficient ways of implementing this function using basic BDD sub-routines available in commonly available BDD software packages such as vis-1.3.
forward_set (v V′N ) of a node v ε V is the set of nodes reachable from v. Recall from that the forward defined as the set of nodes in the graph G=(V,E) that can be reached from v. Mathematically this can be defined as the set {u ε V|v u}. As an example, in the directed graph shown in FIG. 3, F(3)={3,4,8}. Again, there are many ways of implementing this function efficiently using basic BDD sub-routines available in commonly available BDD software packages such as vis-1.3.
Inequality check: A≠B, this function takes two BDD's and returns TRUE if the sets they implicitly represent are not identical and FALSE if the two sets are identical.
Complementation, denoted {overscore (A)}: this function takes a BDD, A, and returns its complement, that is, it returns all nodes that are not in the argument A.
Immediate predecessors (IP), pre(S): this function returns the immediate predecessors of a set of nodes S and is easily implemented using basic BDD operations using the digraph representation N.
Representations of the top level algorithm that can be programmed in any language to perform the verification described herein are shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. FIG. 4 illustrates the algorithm in printed pseudo-code. To solve a specific problem the user must call this algorithm, SCC_DECOMP(N, V), where N is the BDD representation of the edges in the graph G=(V, E). The algorithm reports all the non-trivial strongly connected components in the graph before terminating. In the pseudo-code of FIG. 4, a left-going arrow refers to the assignment of the result of the function clause on the right of the left-going arrow to the variable on the left of the left-going arrow. Notice that the algorithm is a recursive algorithm in that it calls itself. Also notice that in any one line of the algorithm in FIG. 4, the use of multiple functions may be referred to in the order of functions that should be applied follows the standard rules of mathematics.
FIG. 5 illustrates the algorithm in a flow chart fashion. In FIG. 5, more specific reference is made to solving a verification problem in a practical logic system. At step 501, in many cases, a particular block or partition of a system or logic circuit is selected on which to execute the algorithm of the invention. At step 502, a state transition graph (STG) for the selected block or logic circuit is derived. The graph is recursively decomposed at step 503 to determine all non-trivial strongly connected components in the graph. Once all of the SCC's have been found, infinite behavior represented by each SCC can be compared to the expected behavior of the system to validate the design. The comparison, shown in step 504, can be handled in a number of ways. In the simplest embodiment, the comparison is simply done manually based on the results of the decomposition of the state transition graph into SCC's. Alternatively, a program for comparing the behavior represented by the SCC's to specific behavior represented in another data structure and producing a result for display to an operator can be used. At step 505, a determination is made as to whether there are additional blocks of the circuit or system to be verified. If so, the process repeats. If not, the execution of the method ends at step 506.
A core procedure of the algorithm, SCC_DECOMP_RECUR(v,B(v),N), recursively decomposes, B(v) into SCC's and a set of non-SCC nodes. As an optimization, the procedure SCC_DECOMP_RECUR() uses a sub-routine that computes predecessors with finite maximum distance, also referred to as "FMD predecessors." A node u is an FMD predecessor of node v if any path from u to v has finite length. That is to say, any path from u to v must not pass any SCC. A necessary condition for this is that u must be a non-SCC node. The set of FMD predecessors of a set of nodes W, denoted by FMD_PRED(W), is defined to be the FMD predecessors of all nodes in W. FIG. 6 gives an implicit algorithm that iteratively computes the set FMD_PRED(W) restricted to a set U given the digraph representation N. FIG. 7 illustrates a psuedo-code example of the SCC_DECOMP_RECUR() algorithm.
For the circuit in FIG. 1, in one embodiment of the invention, the above-defined algorithms identify the SCC's in its STG using the following steps. The STG in FIG. 3A from the circuit shown in FIG. 1. SCC_DECOMP_RECUR(3, B(s), N) is called on a random state, e.g., state 3, highlighted in the STG as shown in FIG. 3B. The call to SCC_DECOMP_RECUR(3, B(3), N) first computes F(3) restricted to B(3) by computing forward_set(3, B(3), N), and reports the result F(3)∩B(3)={3} to be an SCC. Next, the algorithm computes FMD_PRED({3}, {1,2,5,6}, N)={1,2}, as described below, which is reported to be a set of non-SCC nodes, and the IP set is computed to be {5,6}.
Now consider the computation of FMD_PRED({3}) restricted to the set U={1,2,5,6} in more detail. Initially, bound is initialized to U and front is initialized to {3}. In the iteration of the while loop, front is updated to be the set of node that can immediately reach {3} but no node in U, i.e., front is set to be {2}. Notice that node 2 is an FMD predecessor of node 3. Moreover, notice that node 6 is not in this set because although it can immediately reach node 3 it can also reach itself which is in U. After removing front from bound and adding front to the set of FMD predecessors pred, a second iteration is initiated. In this iteration, front is updated to be {1} because node 1 is the only node that can both immediately reach {2} (the previously computed front), but reach no other node in bound. In particular, node 5 is excluded from front because it can reach node 6 in bound. After again updating the variables, the third iteration finds no node that can reach {1}, which terminates the algorithm, yielding the final set of FMD predecessors to be {1,2}.
At this point, the procedure has reduced the problem to decomposing the digraph in FIG. 3C. Suppose node 6 is picked from the IP set, the procedure calls SCC_DECOMP_RECUR(6,B(6),1) which, in this case, leaves no nodes to be decomposed when it returns. The result is the identification of the three strongly connected components, {3}, {6}, and {4,8}, each describing some possible infinite behavior of the circuit. This infinite behavior of the circuit will involve repeated visits to states in set {3}, set {6} or set {4,8}. The designer can compare this behavior to that which he/she expects to validate his/her design.
FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate further detail of the method of the invention in flow chart form. FIGS. 8 and 9 essentially break down the flow chart of FIG. 5 into greater detail. FIG. 8 illustrates the recursive decomposition of an STG to determine all non-trivial strongly connected components. Input 801 is of the STG for the selected block, logic circuit, or partition to be verified. At step 802 a node is selected at random from the input STG. At step 803, the backward set for the selected node is computed. At step 804, all SCC's in the computed backward set are derived using the previously discussed decomposition procedure, SCC_DECOMP_RECUR(). Once this process is complete, the selected node and the backward set are removed from the STG at step 805. At step 806 a determination is made as to whether there are additional states left in the STG. If additional states need to be decomposed to find additional SCC's, processing returns to step 802 and a node is selected at random. Note that if only one node is left there is no selection needed at step 802. At step 806, if all nodes have been processed, processing stops at 807, since all nontrivial SCC's have been found.
FIG. 9 is a detailed flow chart illustrating how the SCC's are derived from the backward set using the decomposition algorithm. FIG. 9 is divided into FIGS. 9A and 9B for convenience. Input 901, consisting of the node being analyzed, its backward set, and the state transition graph, is received at step 902, where the forward set of the node restricted to the given backward set is computed. At step 903 a determination is made as to whether the computed forward set is empty. If so, the node is reported to be non-SCC at 904. If the forward set is not empty at step 903, it is reported to be a non-trivial SCC at step 905. In any case, a set R is defined to be the backward set with the computed node and forward set removed at step 906. At step 907 the fixed minimum distance predecessors of the union of the forward set and the selected node are computed using the FMD_PRED() algorithm. These are reported as non-SCC and removed from the set R. At step 908, a pre-image of the computed FMD predecessors is unioned with the computed forward set and the selected node. At step 909 initial predecessors of the set R are defined to be the computed pre-image restricted to the set R. At step 910 a determination is made as to whether the set R is empty. If so, the routine ends at 913. If not, processing continues at point B, 914 of FIG. 9B. At 915 a node is selected at random from the given initial predecessor set of the set R. This selection uses the set R, its initial predecessor set, and the STG. At step 917 the backward set of the selected node is computed. At step 918 all SCC's in the computed backward set are recursively found using the SCC decomposition algorithm, SCC_DECOMP_RECUR(). Finally, at step 919 the node is removed from the backward set, set R, and the initial predecessor (IP) set, and processing returns to point A, 912 in FIG. 9A at step 920 of FIG. 9B.
Note that the algorithm of the invention is described in terms of binary decision diagrams (BDD's) because such diagrams are an efficient means of representing sets of nodes. The invention, however, simply requires some means of representing these sets. The basic operations as described in the previous discussion and the accompanying flow charts carry out the invention the same way regardless of how the state transition graphs are represented. Also note that the procedure to find finite maximum distance predecessors is an optimization for the invention. Alternatives to this procedure are feasible and can enable the invention equally well.
FIG. 10 is a flow chart that illustrates how to apply the invention more directly to automated verification of logical systems such as digital circuits. FIG. 10 describes the application of the algorithm of the invention to the "bad cycle detection problem." The bad cycle detection problem is encountered in many formal verification tasks and is stated as follows. Given a set of state sets, called cycle sets, if one can determine that there is any reachable cycle of states that is not contained in at least one cycle set, such a cycle is called a bad cycle. Such a cycle reflects a cyclic behavior that is unexpected and/or unwanted. States in any bad cycle are referred to as bad states.
For the circuit depicted in FIG. 1, if the given cycle sets are {{4,8}}, the circuit has two bad states, i.e., state 3 and 6. This means that the designer expected infinite behavior to be restricted to states 4 and 8 but did not expect infinite behavior to include states 3 or 6, identifying some problem with the circuit. However, if the given cycle sets are {{4,8}, {4}, {6}}, the circuit has no bad state, since all infinite behaviors that the circuit can exhibit are properly specified by the designer.
This embodiment of our invention involves first, finding all SCC's (exactly), and then, verifying whether each SCC is contained in at least one cycle set. In particular, there exists a bad cycle if and only if there exists an SCC that is not contained in at least one cycle set. The key intuition behind this fact is that if an SCC exists that is not contained in at least one cycle set, then the SCC itself forms at least one (possibly non-simple) cycle that is not covered by any cycle set.
FIG. 10 illustrates two variances of a method applying the present invention to the bad cycle detection problem in the context of analyzing a system such as a digital circuit. In either case the STG for the selected block or circuit to be verified is derived at step 1001. The STG is recursively decomposed to determine all non-trivial strongly connected components at step 1002. At this point, the results are used to determine bad cycles. At step 1003, one SCC is selected. A determination is made as to whether the SCC represents a bad cycle at step 1004. In one version of the method, if the answer is yes, bad cycle detection is reported at step 1005. This ends the execution of the algorithm at 1007, if the user simply wants to be notified of the first bad cycle detection. If the user would rather have a report of all bad cycles found in the circuit or system being verified, processing after bad cycle detection of step 1005 returns to step 1003 and another SCC is selected for verification. In this later case, processing does not end until it is determined at step 1006 that there are no more SCC's to be tested.
With respect to step 1004 of FIG. 10, there are two ways to determine if an SCC represents a bad cycle. As previously mentioned, if there is any reachable cycle of states that is not contained in at least one cycle set, that cycle is bad. Therefore, to determine if an SCC represents a bad cycle, an algorithm which is implementing the invention would simply check cycle sets to determine if the SCC is present. Once the SCC was determined to be in a cycle set, the SCC could be assumed not to represent a bad cycle. If all cycle sets are checked and the SCC is not present in any of them, the SCC represents a bad cycle. Alternatively, a cycle is bad if and only if it intersects with the compliments of all cycle sets, since this would mean it is not contained in any cycle set. Thus, an alternative way to determine whether an SCC represents a bad cycle is to identify all SCC's that intersect with the compliment of the first cycle set. If an SCC does not intersect with the compliment of the first cycle set, the SCC does not represent a bad cycle. However, if it does intersect with the compliment of the first cycle set, it is then checked against the compliments of all other sets. If the SCC intersects with the compliments of all sets, it forms a bad (possibly non-simple) cycle. If no strongly connected components intersect with the compliments of all sets, no bad cycle exists. Heuristics can be used to guide the choice of the first cycle set to improve the run time in the case where bad cycle determination is based on determining intersection with the compliments of cycle sets.
As previously discussed, in one embodiment, the invention in implemented through software operating on a programmable computer system such as a personal computer or workstation. FIG. 11 illustrates further detail of a computer system that is implementing the invention in this way. System bus 1101 interconnects the major components. The system is controlled by microprocessor 1102, which serves as the central processing unit (CPU) for the system. System memory 1105 is typically divided into multiple types of memory or memory areas such as read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM) and others. The system memory may also contain a basic input/output system (BIOS). A plurality of general input/output (I/O) adapters or devices, 1106, are present. Only two are shown for clarity. These connect to various devices including a fixed disk drive, 1107, a diskette drive, 1108, and a display, 1109. Computer program instructions for implementing the functions of the invention are stored on the fixed disk, 1107, and are partially loaded into memory, 1105 and executed by microprocessor 1102. The system optionally includes another I/O device, a network adapter or modem, shown at 1103 for connection to a network, 1104. It should be noted that the system of FIG. 11 is meant as an illustrative example only. Numerous types of general purpose computer systems are available and can be used. Available systems include those that run operating systems such as Windows™ by Microsoft and various versions of Unix.
Elements of the invention may be embodied in hardware and/or software as computer program code (including firmware, resident software, microcode, etc.). Furthermore, the invention may take the form of a computer program product on a computer-usable or computer-readable storage medium having computer-usable or computer-readable program code embodied in the medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system such as that shown in FIG. 11. Such mediums are illustrated graphically in FIG. 11 to represent, for example, the diskette drive. A computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be any medium that can contain, store, communicate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system. The computer-usable or computer-readable medium, for example, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system. Note that the computer-usable or computer-readable medium could even be paper or another suitable medium upon which a program is printed.
We have described herein specific embodiments of an invention. One of ordinary skill in the computing arts and in verification based on graph theory will quickly recognize that the invention has other applications in other environments. In fact, many embodiments and implementations are possible. The following claims are in no way intended to limit the scope of the invention to the specific embodiments described above.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 29, 1995
|Mar 24, 1998
|Nec Usa, Inc.
|Method for synthesizing a sequential circuit
|Jun 30, 1997
|Nov 2, 1999
|Sun Microsystems, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for profile-based code placement using a minimum cut set of the control flow graph
|Aho, A., et al., The Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1974.
|Brayton, R., et al., "VIS: A System for Verification and Synthesis," Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Aided Verification, pp. 428-432, 1996.
|Bryant, R., "Graph-Based Algorithms for Boolean Function Manipulation," IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. C35 No. 8, Aug. 1996.
|Burch, J., et al., "Symbolic Model Checking for Sequential Circuit Verification," IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 401-424, Apr. 1994.
|Hachtel, G., et al., "Markovian Analysis of Large Finite State Machines," IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems,-vol. 15, No. 12, pp. 1479-1493, Dec. 1996.
|Hardin, R. et al., "A New Heuristic for Bad Cycle Detection Using BDDs," Proceedings of the International Workshop on Computer Aided Verification, pp. 268-278, 1974.
|Hasteer, G., et al., "An Implicit Algorithm for Finding Steady States and its Application to FSM Verification," Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference, pp. 611-614, 1998.
|Qadeer, S., et al., "Latch Redundancy Removal Without Global Reset," Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD), Oct., 1996.
|Singhal, V., "Design Replacements for Sequential Circuits," PhD Thesis, University of California at Berkeley, 1996.
|Xie, A., et al., "Efficient State Classification of Finite-State Markov Chains," IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, vol. 17., No. 12, pp. 1334-1339, Dec. 1998.
|Xie, A., et al., "Implicit Enumeration of Strongly Connected Components and an Application to Formal Verification," Proc. Of the International Conference on Computer Aided Verification, Nov., 1999.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 29, 2001
|Feb 10, 2004
|Synplicity, Inc.
|Methods and apparatuses for checking equivalence of circuits
|Feb 23, 2006
|Apr 15, 2008
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Verification of the design of an integrated circuit background
|Feb 23, 2006
|Sep 20, 2007
|Jesse Ethan Craig
|Verification of the design of an integrated circuit background
|U.S. Classification
|716/106, 716/102
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 8, 2002
Owner name: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF, CALIFORNIA
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text:
Univar Product Code: 623843
Package Information: 10 x 1 OZ BT/BOX
Unit of Measure: BOX
Manufacturer: Central Garden & Pet Co
Gentrol® IGR Concentrate translocates from treated areas to locations that are typically difficult to treat. It can move deep into wall cavities, cracks and crevices, reaching the pests that other treatments miss. (S)-Hydroprene, the active ingredient, prevents pest larvae and nymphs from progressing to the adult stage either causing sterility of adults or preventing the emergence of insects from the pupal stage often resulting in death, preventing future infestations. Whether it's used for fogging agent or general surface spray, the long-term control of Gentrol IGR Concentrate is ideal for these sites: - Warehouses, hotels, motels, dormitories - Food Handling Establishments - Schools - Hospitals - Nursing Homes - Aircraft, Ships, Trains, Trucks - See the Gentrol IGR Concentrate label for a complete list of application sites
Three Ways to OrderBuy Now
|Active Ingredient:
(S)-Hydroprene 9%
|Univar Product Code:
|Central Garden & Pet Co
|Package information:
|10 x 1 OZ BT/BOX
|Unit of Measure:
|Target Pests:
|Approved Sites:
View More Central Garden & Pet Co Products
Please contact your local Univar ProCenter for availability. Not all products are available everywhere or registered in every state. Always read and follow label directions and precautions for use.


text:
Distance Between Woodward, OK and McAlester, OK
How many miles? 276 Miles or 444 Km
How much does it take? 4 hours 16 mins
|Travel With
|Mile Distance
|Km Distance
|276 Mi
|444 Km
|4 hours 16 mins
|229 Mi
|368 Km
|59 mins
Distance, Gas Consumption and Emission Notes
Distance from Woodward, OK to McAlester, OK is 276Miles or 444 Km. You can get this distance about 4 hours 16 mins. If you want to planning travel with plane for 229 Miles or 368 Km, You can get this distance about 59 mins .
A car with an average MPG will needs 12.78 gallons of gas to get the route between these points.
The estimated cost of gas to get between Woodward, OK and McAlester, OK is $29.01.
During the route, an average car will release 250.39 pounds of CO2 to the atmosphere. Your carbon footprint is 0.91 pounds of CO2 per mile.
* Average US MPG used for calculations is 21.6 MPG.
* Average US gas price used for calculation is 2.27 per gallon.
Most Searched About Woodward, OK
|Woodward, OK to Liberal, KS
|117 Miles
|Woodward, OK to Weatherford, OK
|86 Miles
|Woodward, OK to Wheeler, TX
|108 Miles
Most Searched About McAlester, OK
|McAlester, OK to Van Buren, AR
|114 Miles
|Mcalester, OK to Lafayette, LA
|453 Miles
|McAlester, OK to Edmond, OK
|143 Miles


text:
|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Rick Winscot <rick.wins...@gmail.com>
|Re: OSGi bundle Plugin registry system
|Wed, 18 Jan 2012 20:42:37 GMT
What is a registry system good for? Consider this... an application has loaded two modules and a request is made via reflection for class "Foo" ( think 'Class.forName()' in Java ). Module A: contains class Foo package plugins { public class Foo() { public function get bar1():String { return "bar1"; } } } Module B: contains class Foo package plugins { public class Foo() { public function get bar2():String { return "bar2"; } } } Which gets loaded? Which one gets executed when instantiated? In Flash / Flex this is going to be a problem... if each of these modules is part of a 'bundle' the problem is solved. -- Rick Winscot On Wednesday, January 18, 2012 at 12:39 PM, Web DoubleFx wrote: > > I used to build multi-modules applications using parsley, I won't describe here what each module stands for but shortly, my shell loads my main module which loads my modular workspaces, I can even split my workspaces in components, I've librayries, one of them serves interfaces, an other one domain objects, etc.., because I use parsley, all the instanciation process is DI, the communication is also managed thru parsley. > I mean, I can do the same thing than Gavity does without all xml files it requires for example. > Then, maybe I missed something you can explained to me, what is the point here ? > Frédéric Thomas > >
|View raw message


text:
Definition of zootechny
1 : the scientific art of maintaining and improving animals under domestication including breeding, genetics, nutrition, and housing : the technology of animal husbandry
2 : methods and devices for capturing and utilizing animals especially as employed by nonliterate people
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Recent Posts
OT's with Apps Pages
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- Google Quick Tip – Voice Typing in Google Slides! otswithapps.com/2017/03/19/goo… https://t.co/bCK1mdRXkF 1 month ago
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OTs with AppsAAC Accessibility accessories Activities of Daily Living Android App Review App Review sites apps apps for fine motor Apps for OT apps for visual perception assessment app Autism cases Cause and Effect cleaner for iPad Communication data collection Drawing Early Childhood Echo Pen education Ergonomics fine motor Fine motor apps Free apps Games Geriatrics Google Handwriting iADL iOS accessibility iPad iPad accessories iPad apps iPhone iPod iPod/iPad Management iPod apps Keyboarding keyguards for iPad Learning Disability Low Vision/ Blindness math Medical Memory Mental Health Mobility Impaired Note taking occupational therapy Organization OT Apps photo editing pre-writing Puzzles Reading Rehabilitation Self-regulation Self Care Sensory Apps Social Skills special education special needs students spelling story telling Stylus Text to Speech visual communication Visual motor apps Visual Perception Voice Recognition Voice recording Word Prediction Work Flow Writing
Category Archives: Augmentative Communication
iPhone Case System with Swappable Modules – An Option for AAC Users?
Otterbox cases have been the mobile device case choice for most of our clients mobile device recommendations. Otterbox cases provide a protection, good quality yet remain somewhat slim. Of course their is never a one size fits all for our clients pending their needs, however … Continue reading
iPhone 6 Armband for One Handed Access
A client recently evaluated for his assistive technology needs required access to an AAC app to augment his communication using one hand and arm due to motor impairment of his non-dominant arm. The client has gross movements of their non-dominant hand and … Continue reading
Tech Toolbox™
Thanks to the The Assistive Technology Daily blog for offers the latest tech resources for individuals with disability. One of their recent posts features The Arc's Tech Toolbox™ , an online resource to find, share, rate and review technology for … Continue reading
Proloquo2Go and Proloquo4 Text – 50% off
For OT's who are involved with assistive technology service, two popular AAC apps from AssistiveWare, Proloquo2Go and Proloquo4Text are on sale for Autism Acceptance Month (limited time – April 2, 3, 4, 2016) at 50% off, a significant savings! Proloquo2Go app (iPad, … Continue reading
Flip Writer AAC – Available Again and Free!
Flip Writer AAC app is a communication tool for individuals with hearing and speech disorder who benefit from text based information for the iPhone and iPad. The app also features high quality text to speech, providing a voice to those with a speech … Continue reading
Posted in Accessibility, Activities of Daily Living, Apps for OT's, Apps for PT's, Apps for Special Needs, Assistive Technology, Augmentative Communication, Communicaton, Deaf and Hard of Hearing, iPad, iPhone, iPod, Occupational Therapy, Text to Speech, Writing Tagged AAC, Communication, Text based communication, Text to Speech Leave a comment
Text to Speech Apps for OT's with Mobile Devices
OT's work in many different settings and the tools we use continue to be more mobile in nature. When speaking of use of mobile device use of OT's, a poll in 2014 by AOTA¹ found more than half of the OT practitioners surveyed use … Continue reading
Posted in Accessibility, Activities of Daily Living, Android, Apps for OT's, Apps for PT's, Apps for Special Needs, Assistive Technology, Augmentative Communication, Communicaton, iOS, iPad, iPhone, iPod, Occupational Therapy, Physical Disability Tool, Rehabilitation, Text to Speech, Writing Tagged Accessibility, Android, Communication, iPad, occupational therapy, OT Apps, Writing Leave a comment
Apps Gone Free !
Here are a few more apps gone free (not sure for how long) that might be useful in your OT mTool Kit. I have not had an opportunity to try them out but they look worthy, plus they are FREE… urTalker Lite … Continue reading


text:
Product Manager
Marketing | Redwood City, CA | Full Time
Turn delivers real-time insights that transform the way leading advertising agencies and marketers make decisions. Our cloud applications and Internet-scale architecture work together to provide a complete picture of customers, execute cross-channel campaigns, and connect with a worldwide ecosystem of over 100 partners. Turn is headquartered in Silicon Valley with offices in Amsterdam, Charlotte, Chicago, Dallas, London, Los Angeles, New York, Paris, and San Francisco. Company revenue has more than doubled every year of Turn's existence. For more information, visit turn.com or follow @turnplatform.
As a member of the Product Management team, this person will be responsible for the design, workflow and usability of new features within Turn's data and media management platform. This is a highly interactive role, requiring the Product Manager to work closely with external clients and internal subject matter experts for requirements gathering and PRD authoring, an interface designer for developing the information architecture and wireframe prototypes for new system interfaces, software engineering during the development of technical specifications, and the Marketing and Sales organizations in the creation of appropriate product marketing and user training materials.
Required Skills
- 2-3 years of Product Management experience in the online advertising industry
- User interface design experience including functional requirements gathering, user analysis, information architecture, prototyping and usability testing
- Experience authoring MRDs and PRDs for business software delivered in a hosted service environment
- Exceptional written, verbal communications and presentation skills
Preferred Skills
- Prior Product Management experience in an Agile development environment
- Aptitude for working with internal and external stakeholders to define requirements and quantify market opportunities, then driving them to realization
- Strong organizational skills, with the ability to manage different groups and personalities to achieve consensus
- Attention to detail, while having comfort with ambiguity
- Experience and/or strong desire to work in a fast moving entrepreneurial environment
Required Education
- MBA or BS in analytic or engineering-related field preferred
We are an Equal Opportunity Employer. No phone calls and no agencies, please.


text:
Our legacy of more than a century of award winning work means nothing unless we perform for you. We take advantage of both web and sheet-fed press technologies enabling us to offer a wide variety of paper stocks, finishes, sizes and formats.
Our multi color sheetfed presses range in size from 12" X 18" to 28" X 40". The web department provides presses in the 22.75" X 36" format and from 8 to 14 units in each line. With both in-line and off-line folding, cutting and binding capabilities, we can complete your project in the most efficient, cost effective manner.


text:
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Area's Collegians Well into Spring While Fields Back Home Soak
iBerkshires.com Sports
02:23AM / Friday, April 07, 2017
While Berkshire County high school student-athletes spin their wheels in the gym and watch the rescheduled and postponed game count grow, area alumnae are well into their spring seasons, most of which started on spring break trips to warmer climes.
The Wesleyan University men's lacrosse team started its season with a one-goal loss at Bates up in Maine back in early March but went on to play four games in Florida on its way to an 8-1 record.
Hank Barrett
, a graduate of Mount Greylock, has appeared in three of them. The 13th-ranked Cardinals extended an eight-game winning streak with Wednesday's 17-13 win over No. 11 Amherst and hosts Williams on Saturday afternoon.
For the 5-4 Ephs,
Matt Hogan
(Mount Greylock) has appeared in seven games. Williams also features rookie
Parker Langenback
of Williamstown.
Oberlin College freshman
Cal Filson
(Mount Greylock) has started nine games and appeared in all 10 for his squad, which is 4-6. Filson has a 14.8 goals against average and a .402 save percentage for the Yeomen.
Kevin Donati
(Pittsfield) is hitting .290 with a .435 slugging percentage in 20 starts for the 9-11 University at Albany baseball team. Donati leads the Great Danes with five stolen bases in eight attempts and has a fielding percentage of .923 at shortstop.
Matt Koperniak
(Hoosac Valley) is hitting .304 with three doubles and a triple for Trinity College, which is 9-8 to open the season.
One of several local products on the MCLA baseball team, Wahconah grad
Joe DiMassimo
is second on the Trailblazers in hits with 10 and third in batting average, hitting .370, in nine games for the 4-6 squad. DiMassimo also leads MCLA in RBIs with eight.
Lenox graduate
Dillon Benham
is hitting .313 with a team-best 12 RBIs for the Castleton State baseball team. Mount Greylock's
Ryan Wadsworth
also plays for the Spartans, who are 7-3.
Hoosac Valley's
Tanner Bird
is back on the mound this spring for New Hampshire's Franklin Pierce College as a graduate student. He has appeared in six games with four starts so far for the 13-8 Ravens, compiling an earned run average of 3.51.
At Vassar College, Monument Mountain graduate
Bobby Kinne
is hitting .292 with a .417 slugging percentage in 14 games for the 5-9 Brewers.
Mass Maritime junior
Justin Nichols
(Hoosac Valley) has appeared in six games this spring, posting a 3.24 ERA.
Junior attack
Aleah Sangiovanni
(Pittsfield) has five goals and an assist for the MCLA women's lacrosse team, which is off to a 3-4 start this spring.
On Monday, the Trailblazers go to Bennington, Vt., to take on Southern Vermont, where Hoosac Valley graduate
Emily Lesure
has a team-leading 24 goals and 29 points this season for the 4-1 Mountaineers.
Mount Greylock grad
Lucy Barrett
made the transition from the championship season in women's basketball to the lacrosse field, where she has four goals and three assists for the Westfield State Owls this spring. Westfield is 6-3 this season.
Madeline Roulier
(Pittsfield) has 12 of her team's 15 goals through four games as a senior at Daniel Webster College.
Maddie Rorke
(Mount Greylock) has appeared in two games so far for the Babson women's lacrosse team, which is off to a 4-4 start and takes a two-game winning streak into Saturday's NEWMAC game at Wheaton.
University of North Carolina-Greensboro junior
Alicia Bazonski
(Mount Everett) is 13-9 in the circle this spring with a 3.71 ERA. Her Spartans are 20-14.
Pittsfield High grad and Rensselaer Polytechnic freshman
Allie Hunt
has appeared in nine games with seven starts for the 10-4 Engineers. The highlight of her young career came in a win against Rutgers-Newark last month when she went 2-for-2 with her first career double.
At Becker College, senior
Ashley Ciepela
(Hoosac Valley) has a team-leading 10 RBIs and and a .286 batting average for the 4-8 Hawks.
Gabby Lavinio
(Wahconah) leads the Western New England softball team with 12 RBIs and is hitting .372 to start her senior season. She also is tied for the team-high in doubles with five for a WNE team that is off to a 12-2 start.
At Regis College,
Alexa Nejaime
is batting .316 with a pair doubles while backstopping the Pride to a 2-6 start.
If you know a local high school graduate who should be featured in an upcoming edition of College Collage, please email email@example.com.
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Berkshires Beat: Humane Race Kicks Off Spring
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Timothy olyphant
Utforsk lignende emner
Timothy Olyphant, Justified
Timothy Olyphant as Raylan in fx's justified ❤
tim olyphant - swimmer shoulders and arms Just keep swimming...
Whew...feel a hot flash coming on!
I love him. Badass. See: Justified, The Crazies, I Am Number Four...
Fritz...Catch and Release
Timothy Olyphant--fell head over heels for him in Catch and Release, and again as US Marshall Raylan Givens in Justified
Timothy Olyphant in the Grinder
Been watching this show called Justified and Timothy Olyphant plays Deputy U.S. Marshal Raylan Givens. Goddamn I find him sexy! When I look at pics of this actor not so much; but when he is as Givens I just melt... Yum! #sexycowboy #cowboy
character timothy olyphant justified - Google Search More