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Renew your subscription to Inside Mortgage Trends
Renew your subscription to continue the benefits! This unique biweekly publication focuses exclusively on the dynamics of the mortgage market and improving your bottom line: earning profits in the mortgage business. Subscribers gain insight into operational efficiencies, emerging risks, management issues and other profit drivers. Features data and stories on key trends such as loan performance, housing markets, investors and the credit guarantors. Inside Mortgage Trends is published 25 times a year.
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Research Reports:
With the spring homebuying season in full swing, what percentage of your March 2017 application volume has been for purchase loans?
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Most Popular Stories
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- Short Takes: More GSE Reform Plans / Fannie-Freddie Speculators May Make Out After All / Ocwen Gets a Break / Hey Ben, Call Your Friends in the White House and Tell Them / This HUD Job About to be Filled?
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Crazy for Love Or Because of It
At 75, the Spanish filmmaker Vicente Aranda has seen Spanish cinema evolve from one of the world's most heavily censored and repressed, under the Franco regime, to what is now perhaps the world's most sexually frank and unfettered, as reflected in the work of filmmakers like Pedro Almodóvar and Julio Medem.
''It isn't just the cinema that has changed,'' Mr. Aranda said, speaking through an interpreter from his office in Madrid. ''From the Reformation on, Spain has been one of the most liberal countries in the world. Don't forget that Spain had the vote for women before England and France. It's what happened in Spain between 1936 and 1939 that provoked a very severe, very cruel reaction. But when that reaction gave way, it left a very open, very permissive society.''
Mr. Aranda's new film, set in the late 15th century and called ''Mad Love'' on these shores but named after its heroine, ''Juana la Loca,'' in its native land, is a historical drama that combines sex and politics in a distinctively Spanish way. Obsessively in love with her husband, the archduke of Austria, Queen Juana de Castilla succumbs to mad fits of jealousy when she discovers his infidelity -- fits that the archduke and his political allies point to as proof of madness in a plot to have her dethroned.
''It all comes down to one basic question: is Juana crazy or is she not?'' Mr. Aranda said. ''But even at the end of the film, you don't have a response to that question. You're left in the middle.''Continue reading the main story
His film, which opens today in Manhattan (review, Page 18), stays very close to the historical facts, Mr. Aranda said. ''I'm trying to return to the customs of my tribe, to show what passion was like, what madness was like, even what the food was like in that distant century.''
Of course, Juana's political enemies thought she was crazy. But the people understood that she was a passionate, emotional woman, and her nickname, ''la loca,'' was also a sympathetic one. She didn't understand the responsibilities she had as a queen, and she was always placing her emotions first.
Mr. Aranda, who discovered and nurtured the actress Victoria Abril, may have another find with Pilar López de Ayala, who plays Juana (called Joan in the film). ''Victoria Abril was 16 when I found her,'' Mr. Aranda said, ''so I was able to witness the evolution of her talent. But from the first moment, I knew that Pilar was an incredible talent, with an incredible intuition. All through the filming, she sat in a corner by herself, thinking and planning. And even six months after we'd finished filming, Pilar was still involved in her character, still attached to Juana.''
New Subtitles
Linda Hoaglund describes her work as ''serving as a cultural bridge between Japan and the English-speaking world.''
''My real goal is to try to persuade Americans that Japanese are just as complex and intelligent and artistically creative as Westerners,'' she said. ''Because you can only be as intelligent as your translator.''
Ms. Hoaglund, the daughter of a Lutheran missionary, grew up in a small Japanese village. She comes by her Japanese as naturally as any outsider could and has spent much of her adult life deepening her knowledge of a language that is often described as the world's most difficult. Most recently she has applied her knowledge to the creation of new subtitles for the print of Akira Kurosawa's 1954 adventure film, ''The Seven Samurai,'' which opens today at Film Forum in the South Village.
When the previous subtitles were written, Ms. Hoaglund explained over an iced coffee in a Manhattan cafe, ''Japan and the U.S. were in a different relationship, Japan having just lost a war. In general, the Japanese gentlemen who translated them, under contract to the studios, had perhaps lived abroad for a year, probably spoke British English, and they wanted to present a proper Japan. You can immediately tell that they don't have a native grasp of the language. And I don't believe that you can subtitle unless you are a native speaker of the language you are subtitling into.''
As an example of her work, Ms. Hoaglund cited her rendering of the expository title that opens ''The Seven Samurai'': ''During the civil wars, an endless cycle of conflict left the country overrun with bandits. Peaceable folk lived in terror of the thunder of approaching hooves.''
''The beauty of that moment is that at the second the text disappears, what do you hear but the thunder of approaching hooves,'' Ms. Hoaglund said. ''Kurosawa left nothing to chance. But the original subtitle said something like 'The farmers lived in fear.' My personal reaction was that the thunder is suddenly more thunderous because it's a more visceral evocation. The sound means something.''
Emphasizing Absences
There is no more intriguing representative of the paradox of the Hollywood auteur -- the director who made personal films within an impersonal system -- than Jacques Tourneur (1904-1977). The touch he brought to a career's worth of horror films (''Cat People,'' 1942), westerns (''Canyon Passage,'' 1946) and films noirs (''Out of the Past,'' 1947) is as unmistakable as it is elusive, a matter of atmosphere, insinuation, unexpected emphasis on absences rather than presences, as Chris Fujiwara wrote in his excellent critical study, ''Jacques Tourneur: The Cinema of Nightfall.''
New York filmgoers will have an opportunity to explore the Tourneur mystery over the next two weeks as the Walter Reade Theater at Lincoln Center presents a series of his films, including those mentioned above.
Tourneur's most famous quote could almost be a Zen koan: ''I always did what I wanted. I never turned down a script.''
''I think it has to do with experience,'' Mr. Fujiwara said by way of explication, speaking from his home in Boston. ''It has to do with being open to the possibilities that any kind of subject matter, any kind of script, and any kind of production circumstances -- from a very lavish production like 'Canyon Passage' to a very impoverished one like 'The Fearmakers' -- could offer. He thought of the art of film direction as a very complex response to all different kinds of material. He thought that if he restricted himself to a certain kind of story, he would limit his range.
''Tourneur is the director who says, 'You don't know, and you don't need to know.' It's better not to know because once you give up the need to know, the need to control things, you open yourself up to a dimension of freedom. You open yourself up emotionally.''
The series begins today with two of Tourneur's enigmatic horror movies: ''Curse of the Demon'' (1957) at 1, 4:30 and 8 p.m. and ''I Walked With a Zombie'' (1943) at 3, 6:30 and 10 p.m. Information: (212) 496-3809.Continue reading the main story

subset: commoncrawl


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Rhonda Bassett-Spiers
Ms. Bassett-Spiers has 25 years' experience in Silicon Valley technology companies. Most recently, Rhonda was the Executive Vice President of US Payments for Fundtech, where she helped to transform and grow the business, as well as orchestrate the D+H acquisition in 2015. Prior to this, Rhonda was the Chief Operating Officer (COO) at CashEdge, where she led the efforts to triple revenue in four years, as well as launch a number of product innovations in the payments industry. Earlier in her career, Rhonda was the COO of Control 4, the Chief Information Officer (CIO) at BEA Systems, and held a number of roles in supply chain, manufacturing and software development at Hewlett-Packard Company. Rhonda was also a board director of BigFix, an endpoint and security management company, where she provided strategic oversight to quadruple revenue in five years, and helped to orchestrate the IBM acquisition in 2009. Rhonda holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Management Information Systems from the University of San Francisco and completed the Executive MBA program at Duke University Fuqua School of Business.
Marie-France Nelson
Chief Financial Officer
Ms. Nelson is a 25-year veteran of the high tech industry, having held executive roles in finance, operations and general management. Prior to joining iTradeNetwork, she was co-founder of the SaaS firm, Lextine Software, where she led multi-functional, global teams from software development through subsequent revenue growth. Beyond Lextine Software, she held executive positions at Ditech Networks, Redback Networks, E*TRADE Group, and Raychem Corporation. She holds a Bachelor of Science Degree in Finance from California State University, San Jose.
Tim Simmons
Chief Technology Officer
Mr. Simmons serves as the Chief Technology Officer for iTradeNetwork, where he guides the vision, technology strategy and roadmap of the company. He brings two decades of experience as a technical product leader in enterprise software and software-as-a-service (SaaS) businesses, holds multiple patents in the areas of information security and mobility, and has a strong record of launching new, innovative solutions. Previously, Mr. Simmons spent 12 years at Citrix Systems and other fast-growing cloud companies in Silicon Valley, where he developed a passion for solving important problems through strong , collaborative partnerships with customers and industry leaders.
Mark Gordon
Senior Vice President of
Sales and Marketing
Mr. Gordon is Senior Vice President of Sales & Marketing for iTradeNetwork, where over the past 7 years he has led the OMS Business Unit, Professional Services, and Sales organizations for the Company. He is a 25-year veteran of the technology industry, with extensive senior executive leadership experience in general and strategic management, supply chain and sales. Prior to joining iTradeNetwork in 2009, he pursued an entrepreneurial opportunity as co-founder of a solar start-up, co-managed merchant banking and Venture Capital relationships for Banc of America Securities and has led numerous technology teams to success, including at the Read-Rite Corporation, which he helped grow to revenues exceeding $1 Billion and a successful IPO. Mr. Gordon holds his Bachelor's Degree in Economics from The University of California, Los Angeles.
Bob Godfrey
Vice President of Sales & Marketing Europe
Mr. Godfrey is Vice President of Sales & Marketing for iTradeNetwork in Europe and is responsible for developing and executing the strategy to grow the business in the region. He joined the Company in 2015 and prior to this has held several executive leadership positions in the software industry with Companies including Manugistics, i2, Wesupply and E2open. He has a Bachelor's Degree in Engineering from Loughborough University of Technology.


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The wedding reception location
This is the most common location for an engagement shoot and frankly speaking, also the most practical one. The fact that you have already booked this for your big day will mean that you will have all of the right things going for you already. There is a pretty big chance that you will not be charged anything extra for this either. You will most likely be given a sense of priority all throughout the time that you are getting things worked out when it all comes down to it. However, as with all of the other things that require reservations at some point, you need to make sure that you are able to go ahead and coordinate this accordingly with the people that you are working with. Talk to your wedding venue owners and managers about this because this can really work out well for you and for what you are trying to pull off at the end of the day. This is also a pretty good way for you to have your photographer go ahead and acclimate to the setup of the wedding venue. This way, the photographer doesn't have to schedule an ocular visit of the venue all on his own.
Significant place
Somewhere that has particular meaning and significance to you and to your partner. The story is always different depending on the couple. What may turn out to be important for you and for your partner may not be as important to another couple and that's alright. The differences in your preferences will turn out to really work best for you and for the engagement shoot that you are planning out for you and for the partner that you are trying to work out in the end of it all. Go for places that have visual appeal at some point or so. Make sure that there are some things that hold a certain wow factor and impact. Although this may seem like a bit of a stretch at first, trying to list down the places and trying to categorize them based on what means the most to you, it is an effort that will be well worth the time that you are putting into it. you don't have to be extravagant with something like this. For as long as you have something that means a lot to you and to your special other, then it should be a venue good enough to check out for an engagement shoot.
The actual church that you are planning to get married in. this is not all that common but this is still an option that you can go ahead and review when you are looking for venues to hold your engagement shoot in when you come to think about it. Make sure that you have a pretty good grasp of where the church will be and try to see if you will be able to schedule a shoot there, maybe a day or two before the actual day of the wedding. Engagement shoots are meant to be teasers for the wedding so on second thought, you might need to schedule this well in advance while you are at it.
Looking for a wedding photographer from Seattle? Go visit catiecoyle.com to find excellent wedding photographers worth hiring for your big day.


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This IPitch guest article was kindly provided by Lucy Adams. Lucy is an outsourcer from https://bestessay4u.co.uk/. She's a generalist who never refuses writing on fresh and interesting topics. Feel free to share your ideas with the diligent blogger. Blog posts are free, so don't miss a brilliant chance to add something valuable to your website at no cost.
We live in a constantly evolving environment. Although changes are natural, their speed is now too fast. The decade of the XVIII century and decade of the XXI are completely different in terms of technology development and adaptation to these innovations. Finally, only by constantly improving your technologies, approaches, and marketing strategies you can survive in the harsh business world.
Many businessmen instinctively feel their companies need changes, but they don't know from where to start. And how to understand that the team successfully adopted the change? How can you be sure that the innovation that seemed to be a win-win won't ruin your business right away?
John Kotter, a Professor of Leadership, has developed an 8-step change model. According to Kotter, it will allow every business owner find the right approach to the team and make the changes permanent.
1. Create an urgent need
No change will take place until you realize that you need it. The awareness of the urgent need will greatly increase motivation and inspiration of people involved in the process.
First of all, create a list of the necessary changes, and implement them one by one. Carry out the following work:
· Identify potential threats and develop all possible scenarios. Even a simple change can lead to unexpected results.
· Explore all the possibilities and resources that can help you in achieving the goal.
· Start a discussion with the team and encourage them to ask questions and express opinions.
· Ask your loyal customers to support you by providing feedback.
Kotter claims that the first step brings about 75% of success.
2. Create a coalition
You have to convince as many people as possible that the changes are necessary, as well as that these changes will bring some benefit to each member of your team.
People tend to resist changes, but if you point out to exceptional prospects and real benefits, most likely, you'll be able to dispel all the hesitations and fears.
Note that you should lead the team, not just give orders – that's how you can achieve the best results!
· Identify those who are also leaders and can help you.
· Identify all interested in changes. Ask these people for emotional help.
· Identify those who are resistant to changes and determine why they are unhappy.
Your main task is to unobtrusively convince your staff that they do need these changes.
3. Visualise changes
Not all people can boast of creative thinking, so you gave to demonstrate them the image of the future that awaits them. When people understand what you want to achieve, they show much better performance.
· Define the value of change and make sure each of your employees appreciates it.
· Come up with a short, one or two sentences in length message that conveys the main principle of your innovative idea. During the changes implementation, you'll need to speak a lot, but make sure this core message is in the people's hearts.
· Develop a strategy to achieve your goal.
· Ensure that each member of your team can describe "the desired future" in one minute.
· Build your speech not only on logics but also emotions.
4. Speak and think about what you want to achieve
After clearly presented the future of the company, start thinking about it, and hold discussions with your subordinates. Be flexible because someone can offer you a more efficient way to achieve the goal. If the whole team tries to give you advice, everything goes smoothly!
One big change involves several smaller ones. Discuss every step, even the most insignificant, with your team.
· Talk about the company's future and the changes you want to achieve as much as possible.
· Pay attention to all the concerns of your subordinates and dispel their fears.
· Bring your ideas to life by all means. Almost any action has to be subordinated to your dream.
5. Remove obstacles
What if some people are resistant to changes? What if you haven't got the expected results?
Well, the only way out is to find out obstacles and remove them. When people see how well you cope with the problems, they will begin to trust you and follow you.
· Hire people who know how to convince and enthuse.
· Encourage and reward people for success. However, don't limit yourself with only financial rewards.
· Make sure that the descriptions of vacancies fit the future job.
· Identify people who prevent change and talk to them. Don't fire them at once – if you can convince them, they will become the most loyal employees.
· Once the obstacle appears, immediately remove it.
6. Achieve short-term wins
Nothing motivates better than success. Let your team feel the smell of victory! A global change may take several months or even years, so you should celebrate smaller ones to avoid negative thoughts and mental fatigue.
· Cope up with a few unmistakable projects that you can easily implement.
· Do not spend a lot of money at an early stage. First, make sure that you have a coherent team.
· Thank and reward the workers who help in achieving short-term wins.
7. Develop the change
Unlike short-term wins, big lasting change requires a lot of work. Running a single product is good, but the launch of ten products is even better!
Remember the most important rule: you either evolve or degrade.
· Analyze what you did/do right and wrong.
· Think about what you need to improve.
· Think of new, fresh ideas.
8. Turn the change into a rule
Make every effort to ensure that the change is seen in every aspect of the work of your company. Changes need to be tangible rather than exist only in the minds of your people.
Take your time! A set of changes will become your new corporate culture, and people will take it much easier.
· Talk about the progress with your staff, accounting the people's interests.
· When recruiting staff, inform future candidates about these requirements and observe the reaction.
· Go to the end and don't give up. You'll need more discipline and willpower than physical efforts.
It is difficult to change yourself, but when it comes to the whole company, things get much more complicated. Be ready to work a lot, but don't rush to implement changes before your team is mentally prepared. Good luck is your business endeavors!


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Verified business This listing has been claimed by the business owner. If you want to claim it, click here
Contact: Show Number
Servicing this area
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I recommend these guys. They are friendly and
efficient. They go the extra mile for their
customers and have great prices
Awesome service here. No hard sell. You get to see the options and prices laid out simply, from cheap to top of the line. No hidden costs. Great follow up services,some free and the rest at very good prices. Highly recommended.
Steve and his team are very professional, they give great service with a smile, tidy work shop they even balance and rotate your tyres for free. I highly recommend Steve's and his team.
Really impressed with the tidy workshop and customer lounge. Staff us your name which makes it more personal. The best thing though after buying your tyres, the service doesn't stop there. They will check, balance and rotate the tyres for free so you get the best possible wear and mileage and safety out of these. Also free puncture repair. Thank you for the great services!
I purchased a set of tyres for my 4 x 4 from Steve Tyres Services. I have had my tyres rotated and wheel alignment checked every 10,000 kilometres. All free of charge. What a great way to keep in touch with your customers. Also does free puncture repair. Steve and his staff are very friendly and accommodating, I highly recommend them and see no need to see any one else about tyres.
Really professional and friendly team. Steve's gave us excellent advice on tyre choice. We ended up with far better quality tyres with a longer life, without extra cost. The free rotation service is an extra bonus. A really nice change engaging with such a respectful and honest team.
Took my work vehicle in for an alignment as the front tires weren't wearing evenly. Great service - rotated and balanced them as well to maximise the life of them too. They were upfront about the need for this even though it was a small extra cost - unlike another company that was selling vouchers cheaper but for just the alignment (then stung you when you got there with the extra). They'll even fix your wheelbarrow or ride-on tire! Will definitely be going back to see Steve when I need new tires.
Steve and his team provide great service and they have the knowledge to provide you with the best tyre for your car.
Highly recommend these guys as they also set you up with a great tyre plan to guarantee the tyres.
Steve and his team where very friendly and helpful. Called in off the street and left with two quailty tyres and some great advice. highly recommend Steves Tyres
Steve's team are fantastic. They were extremely helpful and they are really passionate about what they do. They gave really good advice on tyre wear and tear, and have offered to keep an eye on things and keep in touch. Now I don't need to worry about my family's safety, as we will get the reminders. I loved that they gave us multiple options and they guarantee the tyres. Keep up the great work!
Cant fault the service. Was not made to feel stupid because I am a woman. Definitely recommend Steve and his staff. ....... AAA*......I will be back....
Awesome, fast, reliable service. Didn't feel like I got ripped off either. Just love that it is also NZ and locally owned. Love putting my money back into good kiwi owned businesses!! Keep up the excellent service! Highly recommended :)
Another tyre company told me I needed two new tyres so I went in to Steve's Tyres. He told me my tyres were safe and fine for another six months. Thanks for being honest. Great service and integrity.
Servicing: New Zealand


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White Collar/ Master's Boxing show in London, England
March 31, 2017
All Female Clinic
April 13-15, 2017
Gleason's Gym will host the seventh annual All Female Clinic and a boxing show.
If you are interested please contact Bruce Silverglade at (718) 797-2872or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
The boxing show will be at Gleason's Gym on April 15
Personal Trainers Certification Clinic
May 4-7, 2017
Personal Trainers-Get your Boxing Certification and earn more money. Tell your friends and co-workers. Spread the word.
Sign up now for this clinic.
This clinic is not for USABoxing Certification. It is not for USABoxing trainers and is not recognized by USABoxing.
If you are interested contact Bruce Silverglade at Gleason's Gym. The telephone number is: 718 797 2872 and the email address is email@example.com.
Gleason's Fundrasier Show
May 10, 2017
BB Kings Times Square NYC
Fighters 4 Life is a 501C3 nonprofit organization that raises money by hosting amateur boxing shows.
Our Ninth Charity Boxing Show, The Night of Charity Boxing, will take place on Wednesday May 10th 2017 at BB Kings 42nd Street.
We are looking for interesting, exciting participants that are up for the physical challenge of a lifetime.
June 15-17, 2017
15th Annual Gleason's Fantasy Camp
August 10 through 13, 2017


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 9, 2005
|Filing date
|Jul 17, 2001
|Priority date
|Jul 17, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Henri Hinc, Jean-Paul Meraldi, Antoine Verdis, Fernand Genoud
|Original Assignee
|Conception Et Developpement Michelin S.A.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (47), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (8), Classifications (16), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to the manufacture of a long elongate composite element, comprising long reinforcement fibers, embedded in a matrix of cured resin.
It is becoming more and more common to use composite materials for manufacturing structural components or load-bearing components or reinforcement elements, owing to the ever better performance which may be achieved with composite materials. Composite materials often allow considerable weight savings to be made while achieving equivalent mechanical performance. Moreover, in applications where the composite material is subject to considerable stress, it is very important to be able to benefit fully from the reinforcing action of the fibers. This requires absolute mastery of the manufacture of composite elements.
The role of the resin is to connect the fibers firmly to one another and to transmit stresses to the fibers. It is very important for the fibers to be totally impregnated and distributed homogeneously and in accordance with the desired level of reinforcement over the entire cross section of the composite element.
One of the known methods of manufacturing composite components with good mechanical qualities is known as "pultrusion". This entails continuously unwinding the reinforcing fibers and dipping them in a resin bath to ensure that the fibers are impregnated with the resin. Then, all the fibers and impregnating resin are drawn through a heated die, in order to effect at least partial polymerization of the resin. In this way, it is possible continuously to draw products with a cross section dictated by the shape of the die. Unfortunately, pultrusion does not readily lend itself to high speed operation, as impregnation tends to be slow and difficult. Furthermore, the kinetics of the heat transfer phenomenon considerably limits the rate of manufacture.
Another known possibility consists in disposing the reinforcement fibers as desired in a mold, producing a vacuum and finally impregnating the fibers with the resin. The vacuum allows very effective impregnation. This method lends itself well to the manufacture of components of moderate finite dimensions, as a mold is used which corresponds to the shape and dimensions of the manufactured component. However, when it comes to the continuous manufacture of long components, it is not easy to impregnate the fibers correctly. And the more it is wished to accelerate production rates, the more difficult it becomes to ensure perfect impregnation of the fibers with the resin.
Furthermore, the increasing commercial popularity of composite materials also depends on their cost price. It is therefore very important to be able to propose technological means capable of high manufacturing rates under the most competitive economic conditions possible.
One object of the invention is to achieve the fullest possible impregnation of the fibers in a manner which is compatible with very high manufacturing rates. Another object is to arrive at this result in a manner which is compatible with continuous manufacture.
A process for the continuous preparation of a long elongate composite element, containing reinforcement fibers embedded in a matrix based on a composition comprising a curable resin. The reinforcement fibers are formed into an arrangement which is conveyed so as to subject it, successively and in a feed direction, to the following, operations: degassing the arrangement of fibers by the action of a vacuum in a first processing chamber; impregnating said arrangement of fibers with said composition in a second processing chamber separate from said first processing chamber, to obtain a pre-preg containing the fibers and the composition while keeping said arrangement substantially out of contact with the atmosphere; passing said pre-preg through a die having a cross section of predetermined area and shape, to provide said pre-preg with a predetermined shape; and downstream of the die, stabilizing the shape of the pre-preg by at least partial polymerization of the pre-preg resin.
It should be noted that the fibers are called "long" because the length is not limited by constraints resulting from the production process, which latter may be described as continuous. According to a significant aspect of the present invention and in contrast to conventional pultrusion, the sizing die does not play any role in polymerization of the resin.
Preferably, the stabilization stage continues until said composition forms a solid medium (stage known as the gelling stage or therebeyond), so that the product is sufficiently cohesive to be capable of subsequent handling, for example to be capable of undergoing other treatments or of being used as an intermediate product incorporated into an end product, with the mechanical stresses which that entails, without the risk of "wringing" of the fibers, during which the amount of resin in the preform would diminish in an uncontrolled manner. The aim of stabilization is thus preferably to achieve a minimum level of polymerization allowing the prevention of any outflow of resin upon subsequent treatment thereof (in effect, treatment of the composite or of the item into which it is incorporated) under the action of heat, or even of pressure. The aim of stabilization is also preferably to achieve a minimum level of polymerization allowing the stabilized pre-preg to be provided with resistance to buckling of its fibers under subsequent bending stress.
Said composition advantageously comprises a resin curable by ionizing radiation and the stabilization stage is performed by means of a suitable treatment, for example by ionizing radiation. As suitable ionizing radiation, it is proposed to use ultraviolet-visible radiation in the spectrum ranging from 300 nm to 450 nm or a beam of accelerated electrons. Initiating polymerization by ionizing radiation not only allows the achievement of a stabilized impregnated state but also allows the process of polymerization to be stopped by ceasing emission of said radiation. In effect, the aim of stabilization is also not to exceed a maximum level of polymerization, allowing subsequent adhesion of the stabilized pre-preg, for example to itself or to rubber.
It is possible to select a composition comprising a resin curable by a peroxide, the stabilization stage being performed by means of a heat supply, for example by the action of microwaves. It is also possible to select a composition comprising a resin curable by ionizing radiation, stabilization stage polymerization being initiated and controlled by means of an ionizing treatment. The latter variant is of more particular relevance, since it opens up the way to various methods of liquefying the resin, so as to facilitate impregnation of the arrangement of fibers.
Thus, according to another aspect, the invention proposes a process for the continuous preparation of a long elongate composite element comprising reinforcement fibers embedded in a matrix based on a composition comprising a resin curable by ionizing radiation, comprising the following stages:
It is of course also possible to improve the efficacy of the impregnation by degassing the arrangement of fibers prior to impregnation by the action of a vacuum.
As suitable ionizing radiation, it is proposed to use radiation in the spectrum ranging from 300 nm to 450 nm designated hereinafter, as is conventional, as the ultraviolet-visible spectrum. It should be noted in passing that the degree of desired polymerization is achieved for example by adjusting the time of exposure to the ultraviolet-visible radiation (conveying speed, length of polymerization device).
In a particular embodiment, it is proposed experimentally to control the degree of polymerization by means of an analysis of the Shore D hardness of the composition. The Shore hardness values given below are measured using a Shore D hardness tester as described by French standard NF T 46-052. If the aim is to achieve Shore D hardness values of the order of 90 to 95 for the final composite, exposure to ionizing radiation is preferably stopped for example once the Shore D hardness of the stabilized pre-preg composition is greater than 45 and before the Shore D hardness of the stabilized pre-preg composition exceeds 65. More generally, it is proposed that the stage of exposure to ionizing radiation be stopped once the index D comprising the Shore D hardness of the stabilized pre-preg composition divided by the Shore D hardness of the final composite composition has reached a value of the order of 0.5 and before said index D has reached a value of the order of 0.7.
It is also possible experimentally to control the degree of polymerization by means of an analysis of the glass transition temperature Tg of the composition. A rule of good practice is proposed, according to which, on the basis of the index T=Tgf−Tgpr, with Tgpr being the glass transition temperature of the stabilized pre-preg composition and Tgf being the glass transition temperature of the final composite composition, exposure to ionizing radiation is stopped once the index T has fallen below 120� C. and before said index T has fallen below 30� C. For example, where the glass transition temperature Tg of the final composite composition is of the order of 160� C., exposure to ionizing radiation is stopped once the glass transition temperature Tg of the stabilized pre-preg composition has reached a value of the order of 40� C. and before the glass transition temperature Tg of the stabilized pre-preg composition has reached a value of the order of 130� C.
The stabilization stage is preferably performed in an inert atmosphere. Afterwards, various options are possible. It is possible to envisage continuing the stabilization stage until the resin is completely polymerized. After the stabilization stage, it is also possible to subject the stabilized pre-preg to heat treatment, during which the temperature thereof is raised, preferably to a temperature higher than the final glass transition temperature Tg of the composition. By way of example, a suitable treatment temperature is of the order of 150� C. at least. The final properties of the material are not due solely or even principally to stabilization. They are also to a considerable extent the result of the additional heat treatment.
Due to the fact that control of the degree of polymerization, during the initiation stage of polymerization of the resin, is not performed thermally, it is possible to adjust the viscosity of the composition during the stage of fiber impregnation by a moderate increase in the temperature of said composition. For example, it is possible to raise the temperature to approximately 80� C., without any substantial effect on the stability of the resin. This allows much better impregnation of the fibers. There is thus available an impregnation phase control parameter which is independent of the parameters of the subsequent stages of the process.
As far as suitable resins are concerned, it should be mentioned by way of example that the resin may be selected from the group comprising vinyl ester resins and unsaturated polyester resins, or indeed be an epoxy resin.
As far as the reinforcement fibers are concerned, it should be mentioned that these may be selected from among organic fibers, such as high-tenacity polyacrylic fibers or oxidized polyacrylonitrile fibers, high-tenacity polyvinyl alcohol fibers, aromatic polyamide fibers or polyamide-imide fibers or polyimide fibers, chlorofibers, high-tenacity polyester fibers or aromatic polyester fibers, high-tenacity polyethylene fibers, high-tenacity polypropylene fibers, cellulose or rayon or high-tenacity viscose fibers, polyphenylene benzobisoxazole fibers or polyethylene naphthenate fibers, or they may be selected from among inorganic fibers such as glass fibers, carbon fibers, silica fibers or ceramic (alumina, aluminosilicate, borosilicoaluminate) fibers. The process preferably uses unidirectional fibers parallel to said at least one preferential reinforcement direction, disposed substantially in parallel during impregnation with said composition.
The composition preferably comprises a polymerization photoinitiator and the radiation is within the ultraviolet-visible spectrum. In this case, a glass fiber is preferably used. Partial polymerization of the composition is performed by exposure for a suitable period to ultraviolet-visible radiation (Philips UV tube TLK 40W/03). The pre-preg has proven to be sufficiently radiation-transparent for polymerization to be thoroughly homogeneous.
As a variant of or in addition to that which has been stated above in relation to the viscosity of the composition, it is also possible to adjust said viscosity by a monomer copolymerizable with the resin added to the composition and of which the proportion may be varied. For example, the monomer whose proportion may be varied is styrene. A suitable photoinitiator is the oxide of bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phenyl phosphine (photoinitiator Irgacure 819).
According to another particular aspect, the invention relates to a process of firmly connecting a composite material to rubber. To this end, a layer of resorcinol/formaldehyde latex (RFL) adhesive is preferably applied to the surface of the elongate composite element. In a particular application, said layer of RFL adhesive may be dried without reaching a temperature above 100� C., that is to say without high temperature heat treatment, before it receives said layer of rubber. During final molding, for example after incorporation of the elongate composite element into a rubber matrix as a reinforcement, a good connection is achieved between the elongate composite element and the rubber. The use of a non-polymerized RFL adhesive renders it unnecessary to have recourse to special elastomers for adhesion of the rubber to the composite material.
The invention also proposes an installation for manufacturing an elongate composite element in undefined lengths but of predetermined final cross section, said composite element containing reinforcement fibers forming a predetermined total fiber cross section smaller than said final cross section, said fibers being embedded in a matrix based on a composition containing a curable resin, the installation comprising:
The invention allows effective and continuous impregnation of the arrangement of fibers, in particular by prior vacuum treatment. Previously, use of a vacuum created tightness problems, such that it was used in practice only for the manufacture of components by means of a mold, that is to say one after the other and not continuously. Vacuum treatment was typically performed by means of a sealed chamber, into which the group of fibers to be impregnated had been previously introduced.
The use of rigid-walled tubing, for both the inlet orifice into the vacuum chamber and the outlet orifice from the vacuum chamber and for transfer from the vacuum chamber to the impregnation chamber, has proved compatible with high rates of passage of the fibers through the orifices without fiber breakage while allowing satisfactory levels of tightness. It is sufficient, if necessary experimentally, to determine the largest passage cross section, taking into account the total cross section of the fibers to be treated, which still allows sufficient tightness to be achieved, taking account of the speed of feed of the fibers and the length of the tubing. A large length promotes tightness.
Advantageously, at least one of the tubings has a cross section which does not increase, but rather preferably converges, as it travels from the inlet orifice towards the downstream orifice. This offers a good compromise between minimum friction of the fibers against the walls and good tightness. Of course, the tightness of the tubing in question is only relative. From the perspective of dynamic operation, this means that the leakage of air towards the vacuum chamber is low relative to the air evacuation capacity of the vacuum pump used. In practice, resin leakage towards the vacuum chamber is zero, given the viscosity of the resin, the pressure differential between the vacuum chamber and the impregnation chamber, the cross section and length of the passage between the vacuum chamber and the impregnation chamber and given the rate of feed of the fibers, which creates the effect of the resin returning towards the impregnation chamber.
Two examples of implementation of the process according to the invention will now be described with reference to the attached drawings, which illustrate schematically various variant embodiments of a treatment installation according to the invention.
The invention lends itself to a wide range of shapes for the cross section of the composite material produced, comprising suitable fibers embedded in the selected resin.
For example, the composite material exits in the form of a filament P4 of round cross section of any size, drawn by a winding device comprising a roller 140 and a receiving reel 141. The traction exerted by the roller 140 is what allows feed of the fibers in parallel along the installation.
Another possible function of the inlet tubing 112 is to prepare the arrangement of fibers in accordance with the shape of the composite to be manufactured. For example, a hollow needle 112A (of circular cross section, see FIG. 2), is used.
It is desirable for the size of the cross section of the tubing not to be determined independently of the length of the tubing. The greater is the length of the inlet tubing l1, the easier it is to ensure dynamic vacuum tightness. In practice, sufficient tightness is deemed to have been reached when the leakage rate of the air which, in spite of everything, may pass from the atmosphere towards the inside of the vacuum chamber is very much less than the capacity of the vacuum pump. The greater is the length of the inlet tubing, the more tolerable is a large minimum inlet tubing cross section relative to the cross section of the fibers unwound through the installation.
As explained above with regard to the inlet tubing, the transfer tubing may also be a hollow needle of circular cross section (see 119A in FIG. 2).
This is followed by the impregnation chamber 120, which, in the example described here, is a tight enclosure supplied with resin via an external tank 121 by means of a pipe. A metering pump 123 is preferably inserted into said pipe. It is thus possible to know very precisely the amount of impregnation resin used. The tight impregnation chamber 120 is totally filled with resin. The fibers pass from the vacuum chamber to the impregnation chamber via the transfer tubing 119 of the length l2. The arrangement of fibers P2 advancing through the inside of the transfer tubing 119 has undergone vacuum treatment. The arrangement of fibers is thus in a state in which its propensity to absorb resin is very considerable.
The role of the transfer tubing 119 is also to ensure tightness between the vacuum and the resin filling the impregnation chamber. As far as the transfer tubing is concerned, it has been noted it is sufficient for the length l2 to be more than 40 times the minimum dimension d2 of the minimum cross section, with a tubing cross section of the order of twice the combined cross section of the fibers to be impregnated.
Downstream of the impregnation chamber is a sizing die 129. The role of the sizing die is to shape the pre-preg P3 before polymerization of the resin is begun. In addition to shaping, it is suitable for ensuring considerable dimensional precision of the end product. For example, the sizing die is of circular cross section (see 129A in FIG. 2), the length l3 of the die being more than 50 times the smallest dimension d3 of the minimum cross section.
The sizing die 129 or 129B may play a part in metering of the proportion of fiber relative to resin. The proportion of fiber relative to resin depends on the minimum passage cross section through the sizing die relative to the total cross section of the fibers being unwound in parallel through the installation. It will be seen that it is also possible to control metering by means of a positive displacement pump.
The pre-preg sizing die 129 or 129B is followed by a stabilization chamber 130. The impregnating resin is relatively fluid at ambient temperature and has no mechanical stability of its own. It is therefore necessary to convert it into the solid phase, so as to be able to handle the elongate composite element, if only for storage. Polymerization of the resin may be initiated by one of the known methods, for example thermal initiation, or, as in this example of implementation, by ionizing radiation, for example ultraviolet radiation.
Thus, the stabilization chamber of the installation comprises a device allowing exposure of the composition containing said fibers to ionizing radiation, to initiate polymerization of the resin and obtain a stabilized pre-preg in which said composition is substantially in the solid phase.
Said stabilization chamber advantageously comprises a tight tube 132, which comprises a wall which is at least partially transparent to said ionizing radiation. The pre-preg stabilization stage proceeds when the pre-preg P3 is completely out of contact with any support (see FIG. 3). A radiation source is disposed outside the tight tube 132, in such a way as to be able to expose said composition of the pre-preg P3 to UV radiation in the absence of oxygen. Irradiation tubes 131, for example Philips TLK 40W/03 UV tubes which provide radiation in the ultraviolet-visible spectrum, are shown positioned around the tight tube 132.
The installation is very well suited to high treatment rates. The higher is the rate, the more expedient it is for the length of the various treatment zones, i.e. the length LV of the vacuum chamber 110, the length LI of the impregnation chamber 120 and the length LS of the stabilization chamber to be considerable.
The inlet tubing also has the function of ensuring initial shaping of the composite to be produced. It has also to distribute as homogeneously as possible the entirety of the fibers over the entirety of the passage cross section provided by the inlet tubing. It is proposed to ensure homogeneous distribution by multiplying the number of guides within the inlet tubing. For example, the latter is formed by an arrangement of hollow needles 212B, of circular cross section and disposed in parallel (see FIG. 6).
In the second variant, the pre-preg stabilization stage proceeds when the pre-preg is in constant contact with a support (without relative slip). The fibers P1 are introduced into the vacuum chamber 210 via rigid-walled inlet tubing 212. The vacuum chamber is connected to a vacuum pump (not shown). Apart from the stabilization chamber, the installation is very similar and there is therefore no point in going over these aspects in detail again.
The stabilization chamber 230 comprises a mobile rim 232, at the periphery of which there is formed a support surface 233 (see
The above-described installations offer the possibility of manufacturing long reinforcements of any cross section, either in the finished composite state (complete polymerization of the resin) or in the stabilized pre-preg state (i.e. polymerization of the resin is not complete but has proceeded to a sufficient degree for at least the outer surfaces of the product to be in the solid phase, making handling of the product possible to a reasonable degree without destroying it). It is possible to produce tapes of rectangular cross section, as explained above. It is also possible to produce filaments, for example of round cross section, which may for example serve as monofilament-type reinforcements for rubber tires.
The above-described installations allow very fast rates of manufacture, while attaining and maintaining relatively high levels of vacuum in the vacuum chamber, guaranteeing very good impregnation of the fibers by the resin. This is achieved with a negligible fiber breakage rate. The cross sections of the inlet and transfer tubing are all substantially larger than the total cross section of the fibers. There is very little friction between the fibers and the walls but, despite that, sufficient tightness is achieved between the atmosphere and the various chambers and between the chambers themselves. Changing the dimensions and/or cross sections of the products produced is very simple, as it is merely necessary to replace the inlet and transfer tubing and the sizing die. These elements have thus been designed so as to be easily exchanged.
The process according to the invention allows treatment conditions to be maintained from inlet of the fibers until the pre-preg is produced, without either the fibers or the assembly formed by the fibers and the impregnation composition coming into contact with the ambient atmosphere until the pre-preg has become sufficiently stable. For example, one or more enclosures allow said arrangement to be kept isolated from the atmosphere, dynamically speaking. This allows the treatment parameters to be maintained in a controlled manner. Furthermore, the use of separate treatment enclosures for degassing and impregnation, if both operations are provided, has the advantage of allowing mutually independent control of said operations.
Finally, there are several simple ways of influencing the proportion of fibers relative to the resin. The role of substantially determining the final shape of the elongate composite element is preferably reserved for the passage cross section. Although the passage cross section is not unrelated to the proportion of fibers, influencing the proportion of fibers relative to the resin is preferably achieved using a positive displacement metering pump. By varying the rate of resin injection into the impregnation chamber, it is possible, at a constant conveying speed for the fibers unwound in parallel, to vary somewhat the proportion of resin relative to the fibers by forcing the resin to exit to a greater or lesser extent via the sizing die. The invention provides the possibility of manufacturing a composite or stabilized pre-preg in very small cross sections, virtually without lower limit.
The surface area of the combined cross section of the fibers of said arrangement is preferably less than 80% of the surface area of the cross section of said die, in order not to crush the fibers and in order to treat correctly the assembly comprising the fibers and the impregnating resin. The proposed process in particular allows preparation of a pre-preg in which the surface area of the combined cross section of the fibers of said arrangement and the surface area of the resin cross section are substantially the same. The installation according to the invention is preferably such that the surface area of the cross section of the inlet tubing and the surface area of the cross section of the sizing die differ advantageously by less than 20%.
All conventional reinforcement fibers may be used in such an installation, in particular glass or carbon fibers. In the example described, glass fibers are used. Of course, the resin used may also comprise a certain number of additives, which may or may not participate in the gelling and polymerization reactions, such as thermoplastic resins, plasticizers, anti-shrinkage agents, internal mold release agents, colorants etc. This elongate composite element manufacturing process allows the achievement of very high fiber contents by volume, of up to 50%.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
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|Jun 23, 1970
|Fiverel Co
|Reinforced tire
|Dec 29, 1969
|Sep 28, 1971
|Owens Corning Fiberglass Corp
|Rubber structures containing glass
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|Marzocchi Alfred
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|Burlington Industries Inc
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|Ppg Industries Inc
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|The United States Of America As Represented By The National Aeronautics And Space Administration
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|Ciba-Geigy Corporation
|Method for making reinforced composites
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|Dunlop Limited
|Reinforcement for elastomeric articles
|Jan 26, 1979
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|Imperial Chemical Industries Limited
|Shaped polymeric articles made by two-stage photopolymerization
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|Celanese Corporation
|Process for bonding polyester reinforcement elements to rubber
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|The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company
|Woven wire fabric and a tire having a tread reinforcing ply made thereof
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|General Dynamics Corporation, Space Systems Division
|Continuous processing/in-situ curing of incrementally applied resin matrix composite materials
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|Production of photopolymerized polyester high index ophthalmic lenses
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|Band element and method for building same for a run flat banded tire
|Nov 20, 1998
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|Title not available
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|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 28, 2007
|Sep 14, 2010
|United States Gypsum Company
|Embedment device for fiber reinforced structural cementitious panel production
|Jun 29, 2007
|Apr 24, 2012
|United States Gypsum Company
|Method for smoothing cementitious slurry in the production of structural cementitious panels
|Dec 13, 2007
|Oct 2, 2012
|Michelin Recherche Et Technique S.A.
|Method and device for the manufacture of a composite ring
|Mar 14, 2007
|Dec 31, 2013
|Masanori Kubota
|Multifunctional composites
|Mar 28, 2007
|Oct 2, 2008
|United States Gypsum Company
|Embedment device for fiber reinforced structural cementitious panel production
|Jun 29, 2007
|Jan 1, 2009
|United States Gypsum Company
|Method for smoothing cementitious slurry in the production of structural cementitious panels
|Dec 13, 2007
|Jul 22, 2010
|Michelin Recherche Et Technique S.A.
|Method and Device for the Manufacture of a Composite Ring
|Sep 5, 2011
|Mar 15, 2012
|Societe De Technologie Michelin
|Multi-stage non-pneumatic resilient wheel
|U.S. Classification
|264/102, 264/347, 264/271.1, 264/172.11
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 15, 2002
Owner name: CONCEPTION ET DEVELOPPEMENT MICHELIN S.A., SWITZER
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:HINC, HENRI;MERALDI, JEAN-PAUL;VIRDIS, ANTOINE;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:012600/0857;SIGNING DATES FROM 20011112 TO 20011119
|Feb 5, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 31, 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jan 31, 2017
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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