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The Fens are coming back. Southern England's long-lost great wetland is to be recreated on a massive scale by several huge restoration projects which will turn farmland into watery wilderness.
The Fens are coming back. Southern England's long-lost great wetland is to be recreated on a massive scale by several huge restoration projects which will turn farmland into watery wilderness.
In terms of putting back the countryside to the way it once was, Britain has seen nothing like it. The various schemes aim to recreate a total of nearly 25,000 acres of wetland - continuous stretches of reedbeds, marsh, wet grassland and lakes - which, it is hoped, will not only be teeming with birds and mammals, wild flowers and butterflies, but will provide a much-needed amenity which people can wander through on foot, on bicycles, sometimes on horseback or even in boats.
Cambridgeshire, where most of the projects are set, is the poorest country in England for wildlife and rural recreation. It has less than half the national average of publicly accessible countryside, and the lack of it will become even more telling with the large-scale housing development now targeted at the region. Up to 200,000 new homes are expected by 2025.
The county is such a disappointment for wildlife and worthwhile country walks because it is given over to intensive agriculture, which is itself a direct result of the drainage of the Fens over the past 400 years. The peat of the drained fenland provides a very rich soil, which supports mile after mile of sugar beet, wheat and carrot fields, although as it dries out it is steadily shrinking and eroding.
The transformation has been immense. Once, the Fens covered nearly 3,000 square miles of the low-lying ground between Cambridge and the Wash, roughly bounded by Peterborough to the west and the dry Brecklands of Norfolk and Suffolk to the east. They formed a strange and impenetrable swampland which the local inhabitants, who lived by wildfowling, peat-digging and cutting reeds for thatch, learnt to walk through on stilts.
This was Britain's equivalent of the Florida Everglades, and a landscape of legends; it was from the Isle of Ely, deep in the Fens, that the mysterious figure of Hereward the Wake led his Anglo-Saxon resistance to William the Conqueror after 1066. But it began to disappear in the 17th century, when landowners brought over Dutch engineers skilled at draining large areas of marsh by cutting channels and dykes. The drainage continued steadily for two centuries and reached a peak with the draining of Whittlesey Mere near Peterborough, the largest stretch of open water in lowland England, in 1851.
More than 99 per cent of the Fens went, and a unique countryside disappeared. But what has been lost even more, conservationists now realise from the few fragments of natural fenland that remain, was a wildlife reservoir of unparalleled richness, supporting flourishing communities of specialised animals, birds, plants and insects, many of which are now rare, such as the water shrew, the bittern, the fen violet and the swallowtail butterfly.
The main restoration projects are centred on these remaining fragments, now islands of biodiversity in a sterile sea of sugar beet. Three in particular provide the focus - Wood Walton Fen, Wicken Fen, and the Ouse Washes. All have long been celebrated nature reserves, and all are now to expand.
Wood Walton Fen, in what used to be Huntingdonshire, is at the heart of the Great Fen Project, which is a partnership between English Nature (the government's wildlife advisory body); the Environment Agency; Huntingdonshire District Council and the Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, North-amptonshire and Peterborough. Managed by the trust, the project aims to restore more than 9,000 acres of fenland from arable land between Peterborough and Huntingdon.
A similar scheme is envisaged for Wicken Fen, north-east of Cambridge, which is owned and managed by the National Trust. Here, the projected expansion is even bigger, aiming to restore 10,000 acres to fenland in a south-westerly direction, almost to the boundary of Cambridge itself.
Both these undertakings will take many years, perhaps decades, to complete, because the farmland concerned will have to be freely bought on the open market. The great Fen project may be the easier one, because there are fewer than a dozen landlords owning the land, two of whom, the Crown Estate and the Mormon Church, have 60 per cent of it between them. For the expansion of Wicken Fen, the National Trust will have to deal with 120 farmers.
But farmers may be increasingly willing to sell, because the peat soil of the drained fens is steadily blowing away as it dries, and the land will become increasingly unsuitable for agriculture. The first two new areas have already been acquired by each project, and fundraising is actively under way for the millions of pounds that will be required for the rest.
One of the reasons for the scale of the two projects is that in recent years conservationists have come to realise that small nature reserves sometimes do not work well. Habitat fragmentation, as the problem is known, means that small wildlife populations become isolated and cannot replenish each other.
The attempted reintroductions of two rare and beautiful butterflies, the large copper at Wood Walton, and the swallowtail at Wicken, failed because the present reserves were not big enough to provide an adequate supply of their food plants; water dock for the large copper, and milk parsley for the swallowtail. The large copper is now extinct in Britain; the swallowtail is restricted to the Norfolk Broads.
But when the extended reserves are in place, there is a good chance both species could be introduced again successfully, said Nigel Bourne, of the charity Butterfly Conservation. "We would look on it very favourably," he said. Nick Hammond, the Wildlife Trust director, said: "Habitat fragmentation has been one of the great ecological problems of the past century, and here we have the opportunity of creating really large-scale conservation areas."
The most exciting aspect of the Great Fen Project, he added, was the idea of creating amenities for future generations. "Most of us in our private lives are not big landowners and we can't plant trees that will look magnificent in 200 years. But this is something that is going to change the face of the countryside.
"Most nature reserves you can walk across in an hour. This is going to be somewhere where you can lose yourself for a day, and still come back for more."
The third major restoration project for the Fens centres on the Ouse Washes, a pencil-shaped strip of wet grassland a mile wide and 20 miles long near Ely. Laid out in the 17th century as a winter flood reservoir, this is now one of the most important breeding sites in Britain for wading birds such as snipe, lapwing, redshank and the rare black godwit, managed by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, and powerfully protected by European Union as well as UK law.
But the Washes have been flooding in summer as well as in winter, and many nests have been destroyed. Under EU law the Government is obliged to provide alternative nesting sites, and so it is making £14m available to fund the purchase of up to 3,000 acres of farmland where once again, wetland will be recreated. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds has, in fact, recently created new fen with spectacular success at Lakenheath in Suffolk, on the Fens' eastern edge, where 350 acres of arable land has been turned into a booming wildlife reserve.
Mark Avery, the RSPB director of conservation, said: "Seven years ago, Lakenheath Fen was a carrot field growing a perfectly good crop, but now it is growing a crop of hundreds of pairs of reed warblers and sedge warblers, marsh harriers and bearded tits. That's how quickly you can do it.''
The RSPB is also restoring more fenland at Needingworth near St Ives, in co-operation with Hanson, the building materials company; in a wetland of nearly 1,800 acres it will create an 1,100-acre reedbed, which will be the biggest in Britain.Reuse content


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The Methodology And Analysis Construction Essay
Published: Last Edited:
This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers.
3.1 Introduction
The previous chapter discussed the definition of refurbishment and also the factor affecting decision making in deriving solution to obsolete building.
In this chapter, we will discuss the research methodology. A proper research methodology is important because it will enable accomplishment of objectives in this study. An appropriate research methodology application will also avoid deviation against the objectives and make sure clearer understanding on how this study is carried out.
In addition, the explanation about methods used to gather all the required data for the research will also be included in this chapter. The method is chosen and selected is based on the effectiveness and suitability of the method to generate information for this study. Besides, the accuracy and speed in getting result is also considered in selecting the best methods for this comprehensive study.
3.2 Methodology of Research
The purpose of this study is to identify the benefit of refurbishment project. The generation of this knowledge will then be used to fulfill the second objective of this study which is to investigate the effect of refurbishment project in term of building performance and rental receivable. With the knowledge obtained from the findings of both objectives, the third objective can then be fulfilled, which is to determine whether most refurbishment project succeed in enhancing the market value with the amount of cost of refurbishment.
The methodology to collect data is an important stage to ensure all the required information can be elicited from the respondents. Type of data to be collected and method on how data is to be collected will be discussed in details in here.
3.2.1 Primary data
Primary data will determine the success of the study because most of the objectives in this study rely on the primary data from various techniques as well as respondent. The two important technique used in this study to collect primary data in this survey include distribution of the questionnaire and interviews.
In selecting samples of the study, respondents are selected by eliminating those owners who had done any form of refurbishment on the buildings for the past 10 years. This is because the data that will be collected might not be very accurate and biased. Thus, the samples to be selected are owners who are mostly going to be engaged in the refurbishment or redevelopment in the future. Then, 50 own are selected base on the several criteria such as office with low occupancy rate (lower than 85%), short economic life span and others. But, the response rate is rather low, whereby only 13 questionnaires is emailed back
As for questionnaire 2, the respondents are building managers who has been very active. The target group is those who have been involved with management of office building in the Golden Triangle. Since the target group is very big in number, they are selected randomly.
Questionnaire distribution
Questionnaire is one of the most widely used data collection method in conducting a survey. In this study, the questionnaire is used for descriptive and analytical survey in order to find out the factors that bring about the improvement on building and factors affecting decision-making regarding process rectifying building obsolescence. The questionnaire is distributed randomly to the owner of office building located in Central Business District of Kuala Lumpur especially office building along Jalan Tun Perak and areas around it.
The questionnaire 1 will be distributed to the respondent via email found on the homepage of the organization. The purpose of distributing this questionnaire is to collect information from the respondent about the refurbishment project and furthermore to ask the opinion regarding factors that contribute to the decision-making on method to rectify obsolescence of buildings. The distribution of questionnaire also hopes to collect views of owners on the factor that encourages refurbishment and redevelopment of office building. A total of 18 question will be asked in the questionnaire 1.
On the other hand, questionnaire 2 will be distributed to building manager who has been very active in the market. The purpose of conducting the second questionnaire is to determine the view of building manager regarding the factors that contribute to the decision-making on method of rectifying obsolete building. The opinion of building manager is very important because as professional, they are obliged to take care of their client interest. Thus, they will gives the most reasonable answer. There is a total of 16 question in questionnaire 2.
3.2.2 Secondary data
Secondary data will be obtained from the books that comprise journal, reference books, conference papers, newspaper articles, articles in the internet and other sources. Besides, other sources like reports and newspaper articles are also used to confirm the basic information of refurbishment undertook by case study predetermined.
Literature review plays an important role in explore what is already exists in the area of stipulated study. The review forms the foundation for the research proper. The result of others research is vital to give a clear view on the subject matter of study to be conducted.
Various means of gathering relevant information were also available, example using websites and journal that have been published in newspapers. Among the information searched in this study are with regard to refurbishment project undergone in Malaysia, particularly in Golden Triangle. Other relevant information such as the cost of refurbishment project and others are can also be found in major newspaper.
3.3 Questionnaire Design
The questions were developed after the literature review has been completed. The basis of the questions was the findings made in the literature review. In general, the questionnaire takes the form of multiple-choice question. Multiple-choice question is more advantageous in time and money saving. By restricting the answer set, it is easier to calculate percentages and other hard statistical data over the whole group or over any subgroup of participants. Multiple choice questions can also make it easier to track opinion over time by administering the same questionnaire to different but similar sampling groups at regular intervals. It allows the researcher to filter out useless or extreme answers that might occur in an interview.
But, at the same time, some questions are structure questions which include recommendation or clarification from tenants is also needed. This is to make sure recommendation from respondents is also heard.
In the questionnaire, the questions asked are of a mixture of multiple-choice questions, and rating questions. The multiple-choice questions provide a range of likely answers that are required for the data analysis. These types of questions are formulated to ease the respondents in answering the questions, as they only need to choose the most relevant answers from the list of probable answers provided. In addition, the responses can be easily classified, making analysis very straightforward. The multiple-choice questions are also less time consuming, as all the respondents are contractors who might not willing to spend much time on answering questionnaires.
Likert scale is chosen for rating questions for the respondent to indicate their degree of agreement to a specific fact or opinion, by marking a 5-point Likert scale ranging from Not Agree to Extremely Agree as shown in Figure 5.1. A Likert scale is a type of psychometric response scale used in questionnaires, and it is most widely used scale in survey research. The Likert scale is also called the summative scale, as the result of a questionnaire is often achieved by summing numerical assignments to the responses given (Wikiwpedia.com)
In this survey, a 5-point Likert scale is provided to should ask for an agreement or disagreement of respondent towards a statement. A 5- point liker scale is advocated so that respondents can have a "neutral" middle point and not "forced" to make decision. Hopefully, this can increases rate of responses
1-Strongly disagree; 2- Disagree; 3- Neutral; 4- Agree; 5-Strongly agree
3.4 Structure of Questionnaire 1
Basically, the questionnaire will be distributed to the building owners. It was divided into three sections. Section A is the part where demographic data is gathered while Section B is for obtaining the data which describes importance of refurbishment and redevelopment and their respective advantage. Section C deals with the factors affecting decision-making in rectifying dilapidated office buildings. Last part is just conclusion. A total of 12 questions were set in the questionnaire.
Section A: Demographic Data
This part is designed to obtain background information of the owners. The basic questions include how long the organization had owned the building and others information like the condition of the building. Such information is relevant as they provide basic information on the building in the perspectives of owners.
3.4.2 Section B: Importance of refurbishment and redevelopment and their respective advantage
The second part of the questionnaire is formed to gather information on the importance of refurbishment and refurbishment and their respective advantages. Factor to refurbish or redevelop office building in Golden Triangle is determined. The advantage of refurbishment over redevelopment and vice versa is also discussed here.
3.4.3 Section C: Factor influencing decision-making of refurbishment and redevelopment
Factor affecting decision-making of refurbishment and redevelopment is determined in section C. In this section, factor that will influence owners' decision-making is identified and investigated.
3.5 Structure of Questionnaire 2
Basically, the questionnaire will be distributed to the building manager. It was divided into three sections. Section A is the part where demographic data is gathered while Section B is for obtaining the data which describes importance of refurbishment and redevelopment and their respective advantage. Section C deals with the factors affecting decision-making to rectify dilapidated office buildings. Last part is just conclusion. A total of 19 questions were set in the questionnaire.
3.5.1 Section A: Demographic Data
This part is designed to obtain background information of the building manager. The basic questions include how long he had been in the property management and others information like the refurbishment projects in Golden Triangle of Kuala Lumpur. Such information is relevant as they provide basic information on the building in the perspectives of building manager.
3.4.2 Section B: Importance of refurbishment and redevelopment and their respective advantage
The second part of the questionnaire is formed to gather information on the importance of refurbishment and refurbishment and their respective advantages. Factor to refurbish or redevelop office building in Golden Triangle is determined. The advantage of refurbishment over redevelopment and vice versa is also discussed here.
3.4.3 Section C: Factor influencing decision-making of refurbishment and redevelopment
Factor affecting decision-making of refurbishment and redevelopment is determined in section C. In this section, factor that will influence building managers' decision-making of refurbishment and redevelopment is identified and investigated.
4.5.4 Relevance of information
The information such as factor that bring about refurbishment and redevelopment of office building is important to tell the benefit of refurbishment project to the owner. This is to determine whether owner get higher rental with higher occupancy status. If he does, then he gets immediate benefit from the refurbishment project.
Such information is also important to identify the factor refurbishment ors project is justified by the increase in property market value. A simple calculation which shows market value of building before and after the refurbishment project is done. Then, the difference in market value is compared with the cost of refurbishment projects. If the cost is lower than the difference in market value, it means that the refurbishment project is viable and give owner greater return in long run.
4.6 Tools and method for data analysis
After the questionnaires have been returned via e-mail, the process of analyzing data can be initiated. Analyzing data from survey is a method to looks for the relationship between the results of the respondent, and compare them. All the result collected will be translated into different form, such as chart, pie, tables and other format. Later, a summary regarding result of the questionnaire will also be discussed.
4.6.1 Tools for analysis
Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 15 are widely used tool to analyse data. In this study, the two software were also used . Microsoft Excel is used to simple data analysis like creating table and charts in a proper manner
The SPSS Version 17 is a product widely used for the analytical process planning, data collection, data management and data collection. Besides, the programs are also used to creates charts, table, diagrams, and links two variables to show the differences or similarities between the data. After data is insert, it will be analyzed and presented in table or other forms. Explanations and justification is also made for the result of the data. Once the process is finished, conclusion can be drawn up to summarize the analysed question.
Method for analysis
SPSS provides a wide variety oftest and analysis to enable the researcher to analyze and obtain any required information. Therefore, it is vital to decide a proper and accurate method in the analysis. Several types of methods were selected and applied in the analysis of the entire questionnaire.

subset: commoncrawl


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- Home
- About Us
- Calendars
- Contact Us
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- Our Schools
- Resources & Links
- School Board
- Staff Resources
May - Board Brief
Chair Becky Kindle called the regular meeting of the MCSD Board of Directors to order on Monday, May 9, 2016, at Riverside Jr/Sr High School in Boardman, OR.
MCEA – None; OSEA – Katie Goad
Consent Agenda
The consent agenda was approved with the removal of Policy IL which was tabled for further review.
- Approved minutes of the regular meeting of April 11, 2016;
- Approved Financial Report, Enrollment Report, Employment Action including rehiring of classified/confidential, extra-duty coaching and extra-duty non-coaching staffs;
- 1st Reading of Rescinded, New or Revised Policies: EFA, GBEC, KGB;
- Adoption of Rescinded, New or Revised Policies: GCDA/GDDA;
- Adoption of New, Revised or Rescinded AR's: None;
- Revised Budget Calendar
- 2016/17 Substitute Teacher Pay - $197.38 per day
- Mid-Columbia Bus Transportation Services Agreement
- ODE Nutrition Services Review
Superintendent's Report
- School Security Forum – Stuart Roberts, Pendleton Police Chief has scheduled a School Security Forum for August 4th in Pendleton with districts in our area invited to attend. The purpose is to create a security plan, using the I Love U Guys as the basis, that is similar in all schools in the region. Mr. Dirksen will be attending and would like 1 to 2 board members to attend as well.
- ODE Nutrition Services – Mr. Dirksen congratulated Autumn Morgan, Kim Carlson, Deb Campbell, Rita Britt, Misty Bellamy, Shannon Severns, Nancy Rodriguez and Kim Putman for an outstanding job related to the recent audit. The district received a positive review from ODE for following federal and state guidelines.
- Mid-Columbia Bus – The district extended the Transportation Services Agreement with Midco for 4 years. The renewal comes with a commitment from Midco to provide some new busses. The district has contracted with Midco for over 10 years.
- Budget Committee Meeting – Mr. Dirksen reminded the board of the upcoming budget meeting.
- Teacher Appreciation Week – Teacher Appreciation Week was last week. Mr. Dirksen expressed his appreciation to our teachers for all they do.
- Crystal Apple Awards – The Crystal Apple Awards banquet will be May 17th in Pendleton. Award winners from Morrow County are: Pat King, Teacher at RJSHS; Brenda Kittelson, Teacher at ACH; Jody Marston, Department Secretary at RJSHS; and Barbara Phillips, Head Secretary at IES.
- OSBA Summer Board Conference – The OSBA Summer Board Conference will be held in Bend July 15-17, 2016.
- Oregon Rising – OSBA, COSA and OEA are working together and have created the Oregon Rising survey. The purpose of the survey is to find out what Oregonians want Oregon schools to look like. A link to the survey can be found on the district and all school websites. All stakeholders are encouraged to take the survey. The survey is open until the middle of June.
Unfinished Business:
- None
New Business:
- Board Meeting Calendar 2016/17 – The board approved the 2016/17 calendar.
- Resolution #2015-16-09 – PACE Form of Joinder to Trust Agreement – The board approved the resolution.
- OSBA Summer Board Conference – Board members are encouraged to attend the summer conference.
- Budget Committee Meeting – HES May 10, 2016
- Crystal Apple Awards – Pendleton Red Lion May 17, 2016
- Seniors Last Day May 26, 2016
- Memorial Day Holiday May, 30, 2016
- Graduations June 4, 2016 – Riverside 10:00am, Irrigon 12:00pm, Heppner 2:00pm
- Students Last Day June 9, 2016
- OSBA Summer Board Conference (Bend) July 15-17, 2016
- Next Board Meeting – Heppner Elementary School June 13, 2016
Board representatives at graduation: Riverside – Mary Killion, Irrigon – Thad Killingbeck, Heppner – Brian Kollman


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- Worldwide Rank #63,506,473
- Follower/Following Ratio 0.16
- Daily New Followers 0
فرفشة ووناسة Twitter Stats
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45th Annual Meeting
November 30 – December 2, 2017
Diplomat Resort & Spa
Hollywood, Florida
Registration opens June 1st, 2017.
Abstract Submission Now Open
Abstract submission is now open for the CSRS 2017 Annual Meeting. The submission deadline is May 2, 11:59 pm central. Please read the instructions and guidelines before submitting.
For the online submission site, click here.
- President Darrel S. Brodke, MD
- Annual Program Chair Louis G. Jenis, MD
- Local Host Frank J. Eismont, MD
Program Committee
Disclosure Website
Nitin N. Bhatia, MD
Erica F. Bisson, MD
Ezequiel Cassinelli, MD
Clinton J. Devin, MD
Mitchell B. Harris, MD
Serena S. Hu, MD
Brian K. Kwon, MD, PhD
Sheeraz A. Qureshi, MD, MBA
Lee H. Riley, III, MD
P. Bradley Segebarth, MD
Justin Smith, MD, PhD
Leo Spector, MD
Brian W. Su, MD
Clifford B. Tribus, MD
Jean-Paul Wolinsky, MD
Christopher P. Ames, MD
W. Ryan Spiker, MD
Addisu Mesfin, MD
Jacob M. Buchowski, MD
Darrel S. Brodke, MD (ex officio)
Michael D. Daubs, MD (ex officio)
Alpesh A. Patel, MD (ex officio)
Program Objectives:
- Discuss new developments and techniques.
- Present the results of current cervical spine research data.
- Foster research concerning the diagnosis and treatment of cervical spine injury and disease.
Who should attend:
The 2017 Annual Meeting is intended for practicing physicians, residents and fellows, both orthopaedic and neurosurgeons who have an interest in cervical spine disorders.
Registration information:
Online registration opens June 1st, 2017.
Annual Meeting, November 30 – December 2, 2017
Included continental breakfasts, lunch, morning and afternoon breaks, and CME credit.
Active Member (dues must be paid before registering): $100.00
Senior, Corresponding or European Members: $700.00
Non-Members: $1,100.00
Resident/Fellow, Allied Health: $450.00*
*Letter from Chief of Service or copy of ID required to obtain discounted fee.
Spouse/Guest Registration – $100.00
Includes: Breakfast Thurs – Sat & Thurs evening reception.
Other Education Opportunities:
Instructional Course, November 29
Included continental breakfast, lunch, morning and afternoon breaks, and CME credit.
Active, Senior, Corresponding or European Members: $400.00
Non-Members: $450.00
Resident/Fellow, Allied Health: $350.00*
*Letter from Chief of Service or copy of ID required to obtain discounted fee.
The Diplomat Beach Resort
3555 S. Ocean Drive, Hollywood, Florida
Phone: (954) 602-6000
The Diplomat Beach Resort is accepting hotel reservations for the CSRS 2017 Annual Meeting. The CSRS negotiated rate for single/double rooms over the meeting dates is $249 plus tax. This group rate is available November 23 through December 5, 2017. The hotel cut-off date for CSRS blocked rooms is November 3, 2017.
Please note that is not uncommon for the housing block to fill prior to the stated cut-off date. Early reservations are encouraged. Should the room block become full before, or after November 3, reservations will be accepted on a space and rate availability basis.
Please do not book though an outside agency. CSRS has not contracted with any housing bureau or company for room reservations. Notify us if you are contacted by an independent group or groups for housing.
The Diplomat Resort & Spa was voted a Top Florida Resort by Conde Nast Traveler readers in 2016. The resort, which recently received a $100 million transformation, is tucked into a barrier island between the Atlantic Ocean and the Intracoastal Waterway in the heart of South Florida.
Hotel Reservations
Travel Infomation:
Air Travel
Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International
The distance between the Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International airport and the Diplomat Resort is 7.8 miles. Travel time between the destinations is approximately 15 minutes depending on traffic.
Miami International Airport
The distance between the Miami International Airport and the Diplomat Resort is 22 miles. Travel time between the destinations is approximately 30 minutes depending on traffic.


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Disclaimer: I do not own Harry Potter or the characters therein. This is written strictly for fun and in no way for profit. This disclaimer applies to all chapters of this story.
Alternate History
Chapter One
It was a bright fall day near the beginning of term, summer's last breath, and she could not stand to grade one single essay more at the moment. Contrary to popular belief, one's faculty for enjoying a beautiful day did not automatically shrivel up into a raisin-sized lump lodged in the lizard brain at the age of fifty. At least hers hadn't, so far. So Minerva set the fourth year homework aside and left by the back door of her office, descending the twisting private stair that led (most of the time) to the tower's exit. Perhaps she had overestimated her enjoyment faculty's un-shriveled state, for she felt a pang of the incongruous half-hearted guilt of playing hooky as she opened the door to the grounds. She sniffed to herself. Really, Minerva. At the fifty-six, one is perfectly entitled to some fresh air. A turn about the grounds will do you good.
It would be a short turn in any case – though the air was still warm, dusk was closing fast, dyeing all the shadows deeper and casting the few faint shafts of light remaining orange. The Whomping Willow, ahead and to her left, was limned in silhouette by the glow, its spindly branches like finger bones grasping at the sky. The sun would be completely gone within the half hour – she'd already seen Remus off to the Shrieking Shack some while ago. The poor boy didn't like to take chances. Not that she blamed him in the slightest.
She struck off toward the lake at a brisk pace. Perhaps if she were lucky, the exercise might fortify her enough to finish grading those essays. When she had reached the point at which her shoes began to squelch mutinously, she turned to to parallel the shore. Once, she thought she caught a glimpse of the squid, but he was less active at night. (When asked whether the squid slept at night, Hagrid had posited that it did no such thing but instead went down "to th' deeps, like" to hunt. It had given rise to much unsettling speculation among the students about what the squid could possibly be hunting.)
She had made perhaps a quarter of a circuit of the lake engrossed in thoughts about the upcoming sixth year projects and the first year lesson plans before she nearly tripped over a rock in the dark and abruptly realized that the sun had set some minutes ago. Chagrined at having lost track of the time, she turned on her heel and headed briskly back, feeling much more equal to the task ahead of her.
The only warning was a sudden, rapid thudding of footsteps to her right, alarmingly close at hand. She had gotten as far as a half turn and hand set on her wand to neutralize whatever student mischief might be afoot when something shot blindly through the hedge and crashed heavily into her side. "Shite," muttered a breathless, faintly hysterical-sounding voice somewhere slightly below the level of her shoulder. In the brief confusion that followed, Minerva managed to land a firm grip on the miscreant's collar. "Young man, I very much hope you have a good explanation forthcoming." There was no immediate response, just another series of ragged, wheezing breaths. Minerva hissed between her teeth and frog-marched him over to the square of light shed by a high-up castle window.
Upon getting a good look at her assailant, she became immediately concerned. "Mr. Snape? Whatever is the matter?" Pale and breathing hard, his dark eyes were ringed in white, like a horse about to bolt. She knew Snape as a quiet, studious Slytherin in her fifth-year Transfiguration class, best recognized within Gryffindor as the Potter gang's favored target. He'd always seemed a steady sort, not readily panicked. Indeed, after years of association with the Marauders, his ability not to panic had to be nothing short of iron-clad.
Snape said nothing, but his eyes darted to a point over her shoulder, and she heard the approach of another series of footfalls.
"Damnit, Prongs, now we've lost him. He's going to rat on us the moment he finds a prof."
"Shut up, Padfoot. I can't believe you did that."
"What? It was just a prank. And you should have seen his face when he came running out of there..." The speaker's voice degenerated into snorting laughter, and she felt Snape tense up.
"He could have been killed! What the hell were you planning on saying to Remus in the morning? 'Sorry, I let you eat Snivellus?'"
Minerva felt the blood drain from her face and stepped hastily forward.
"Mr. Black and Mr. Potter. I might have known." The shadows froze and pivoted toward her, revealing the horror-struck faces of Gryffindor's finest. "I believe a trip to the Headmaster's office is in order. This instant, Mr. Black. Get moving."
Listening to Albus' shamelessly ill-conceived judgement of the trio left Minerva no less furious. She had had to bite her tongue at several points to keep from openly disputing the Headmaster's judgement in front of the students. She was aware of Albus' fondness for Potter and Company and his well-founded concerns regarding Black's background and home life. She had no little share of fondness for Potter and Company and concern for Black herself. But she found herself utterly appalled at Albus' lack of consideration for Snape, and she was resolved that she would have words with the Headmaster at the earliest possible opportunity.
She eyed the trio of sullen teenagers who had followed her out of the office. For now, she would fix what she could.
"Mr. Black and Mr. Potter, I am extremely disappointed. It has been years since I was so ashamed of my House. Fifty points from Gryffindor, Mr. Black. You are both banned from all Quidditch practice and matches, effective immediately. If I catch either of you so much as out past curfew this year, you will be extremely sorry for it. Is that clear?"
"Yes Professor."
"It had better be. Dismissed."
She waited until the two were safely past a corner and out of earshot before addressing Snape, using the brief pause to covertly look him over. He was presently staring fixedly after Black and Potter, lips pressed whitely together. The panicky expression he'd worn before had given way to a focused, tightly controlled mien Minerva judged to be the edge of a dangerous temper. Though he seemed much more in command of himself, he was still worryingly pale, and bore the hint of what might be a shocky tremor.
"Mr. Snape."
He seemed to snap out of whatever vengeful reverie he'd been engaged in and turned to face her.
"It seems I owe you an apology – both personally and on behalf of my House. A prank of that nature should never have occurred. The fact that it did speaks of a serious lack of respect on the part Messrs. Potter and Black and of a lack of vigilance on the part of their professors."
Snape blinked and she thought she caught a brief, subtle startled expression cross his face. It faded quickly from view, but she had the sense that she was receiving his full attention.
"You have my word that those boys, and particularly Mr. Black, will be under close scrutiny from now on, and that further infarctions will be punished severely."
Snape was still regarding her with that serious, wary expression, and on impulse she inserted an addendum to her speech.
"Mr. Snape, if you have any further difficulties this year, of any sort, related to them or not, you are always welcome to talk to me. My office hours are posted on my door and in the Transfiguration classroom, but if I'm not teaching I'm usually in."
That gained her a much plainer look of surprise. She doubted Snape would take advantage of her offer – four school years of keeping to oneself and suffering in silence didn't just up and die – but hopefully it at least gave him an emergency escape of sorts. The thought coiled in the back of her mind that the dangerous political tensions of the past few years had escalated badly this summer, and that Slytherin House might shortly become uncomfortable for a half-blood like Snape.
She cleared her throat and returned to the original course of her speech. "Now, off with you to the infirmary. Madam Pomfrey will likely want you to stay the night for observation. You are, of course, excused from classes tomorrow."
Snape nodded. "Yes, Professor." A second of hesitation. "Thank you."
AN: Hope you enjoyed reading this as much as I did writing it. I've always liked mentor stories, and this seemed like a different take.
This story is currently looking for a beta reader, mostly for characterization/plothole-checking and to prevent me from getting too verbose. If you're interested, please drop me a line.
Thanks for reading!


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DrumView Woods & Finishes
The drum has historically been a coveted instrument of pleasure and ceremony. I am intrigued by the tendency in a piece of this mass to "check" or crack toward the heart as it dries.The check is an anticipated release of tension, which interrupts the rhythm of the natural timeline. This elemental form exudes empowerment and innocence.
Dimensions: 22-24 diam" x 15″H
Materials: Western Red Cedar
Finishes: Hardwax Oil


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MAC Cockiness & Pisces Persuasion Superslick Eyeliners
MAC Cockiness Superslick Eyeliner
MAC Cockiness Superslick Eyeliner ($20.50 for 0.06 fl. oz.) is described as a "shimmery rose gold [with a Frost finish]." It's more like a brightened, medium copper with barely-there pink, gold, and copper shimmer. I tried to look at it several different lighting situations to see if it turned more rose gold, but it always looked rather coppery. It had mostly opaque color coverage and seemed quite pigmented in a single stroke. There are actually not that bad coppery eyeliners–this post compares a few here but none really compare favorably. MAC Rich Ground (P, $16.00) is much darker and browner. Giorgio Armani Copper (05) is lighter. See comparison swatches.
MAC Pisces Persuasion Superslick Eyeliner ($20.50 for 0.06 fl. oz.) is described as a "shimmery white [with a Frost finish]." It's a milky white with neutral to slightly cool undertones and a white shimmer. This one was a little more translucent; it applied evenly but the milky white wasn't fully opaque in one go. I think this might be better layered over something else. I couldn't think of a dupe for this; I only could think of two eyeliners that were white but both were totally matte.
Neither of these eyeliners are going to be going anywhere once they've dried down and set. They were easy to remove with a cleansing oil (I used shu's), but I would opt for whatever your go-to remover is for anything super long-wearing or hard to remove, because a lot of lightweight makeup removers will struggle to remove these. They are definitely waterproof and smudge-proof once dried. The consistency, however, is watery initially, and because I applied to my lower lash line, I noticed that the first go-round, Pisces Persuasion actually pooled downward as it was setting–so just be careful where and how you apply it.
The MAC x RiRi Hearts MAC Holiday Collection launches in December. I don't have a specific date yet, and as soon as I do, you'll see me update the collection's official information post. Your best bet is to catch me on Twitter or Facebook, as I usually make a mention on social media first 🙂
Limited Edition
Limited Edition


text:
(this is his dominant personality type)
(he also shows elements of this type)
guy next door, looking for girl next door with a bit of flair, who loves affection.
He has a broad overview of reality and likes to tackle large, complex issues and weigh all the variables involved.
He seeks an authentic connection with just about everyone you meet, and you want to have in-depth discussions with friends and colleagues about ideas and feelings.
He likes those who can focus on their goals – individuals who complement his restless soul-searching.
A few excerpts from his personality test:
- I tend to be cautious, but not fearful
- Taking care of my possessions is a high priority for me
- I am very sensitive to people's feelings and needs
His 11 interests
in his own words...
Get me out of the house and on with life!!! I want the storybook love story, and all of joys that come with it. I am an honest down to earth guy who loves being with that speacial someone. I like to do things on my days off, but not all the time, I can enjoy a realxing day at home too. I am very giving and believe in taking relationships slow... It is the only way they will work. Looking for Honest, caring, affectionate, not afraid to talk about your feelings, very open like a book. I want someone that wants me to give them everything and make them happy, and for them to do the same for me. Family is very important too. I am the typical guy next door and looking for the same. I don't want a girl that plays games. I would love for a fist date to be like day long. Start at the beach or deep sea fishing and then go out for dinner with a tan and that sun-kissed look :) And finish the night with dancing or a laid back dart or pool game. I love to be out of the house. I am tired of living my life and going out alone.. come and save me :) I am looking for a genuine smile with a warm heart, and an affectionate soul. If you are the type of woman who likes a laid back guy who can get along with anyone and has a lot to offer to a relationship, please write me. If however, you are not looking for something special, please pass me up. Life is short, friends are important and partners are rare and special.
About him:
Living situation:
- Live alone
- Live with pets
Religious affiliation:
- Spiritual but not religious
Relationship history:
- Single (never been married)
- $50,001 to $100,000
Eye color:
- Hazel
Hair color:
- Dark brown
Ethnic background:
- White/Caucasian
What he's looking for:
Age Range:
- 25 - 37
relationship history:
- Any
- Any
Ethnic background:
- Asian
- White/Caucasian
- Other
Religious affiliation:
- Any
- Some college
- Associates / Technical degree
- Bachelors degree
- Graduate or professional degree
- PhD / Post Doctoral


text:
2013 90 min
Drama, Horror, Mystery, Thriller, Uncategorized
Evan Goldman, Jimmy Scanlon
Christian Goodwin, Don Tempesta, Jimmy Scanlon, Michelle Romano
10 wins & 2 nominations.
USA, Bulgaria
After a fatal accident occurs, Nathan Perry is assigned to the Milwood facility for young adults. During his time at Milwood, Nathan becomes a victim of unforeseen terror and unusual behavior.
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Rent increase consultation for 2017/18
Jan 27, 2017
Proposed rent increase
A message from the Chairman - David McMillan
Members of DGHP's Board of Management are currently considering a rent increase of 3.75% for 2017/18. As previously agreed, this is based on the September RPI figure of 2% (which is published in October) plus 1.75%.
This works out at approximately £2.65 per week, on average, for 2017/18. We realise that any increase in rents will affect tenants' finances. However, our costs are also rising and DGHP's Business Plan is based on our rents going up by RPI plus 1.75% each year.
It's important to note that our rents remain among the lowest in the country and we are always doing our very best to keep them as low as possible.
Why does there need to be a rent increase?
As previously agreed with tenants, DGHP needs to increase rents by RPI plus 1.75% in order to continue to meet our promises made to our tenants and we remain committed to that. We have made a number of savings this year as a result of our organisational restructure, however, the financial impact of those won't be felt until at least 2018.Therefore, if we are to continue to maintain all of the current services we deliver, the rent would have to go up by more than 3.75% (it would need to go up a further 0.25%).
We don't want to do this so to keep it at 3.75% (RPI of 2% plus 1.75%) some decisions need to be made on cost savings.
What will the money from the rent increase be used for?
The money from the rent increase goes directly back into services delivered to our tenants. We have achieved the Scottish Housing Quality Standard (SHQS) but we need to make sure we maintain our properties to this standard. It is also vital that our business plan remains viable.To be absolutely clear, the money will not be going on staff salary increases - our staff have only received salary increases in line with local government guidance that we have followed since stock transfer.
A number of savings had been made following last year's rent increase consultation,as a result of the choices you made, which included - a reduction in attendance at conferences for staff, Board and DMC members; a reduction in advertising costs; reduced support for charitable ventures; reducing our tenant conference to every three years; a review of our staff car allowance and the progression of issuing our AGM papers electronically.
In addition, further savings have been identified by our Executive ManagementTeam - and supported by our tenant members on our District Management Committees (DMCs).
A saving of almost £50,000 has been identified as a result of a reduction in costs associated with the end of Right to Buy (RTB). Also we have saved around £20,000 on reducing some office costs and health and safety costs.The remaining potential savings are set out in consultation document you received or on the online survey here.
We want you to go through the list and tell us the ones you want us to prioritise this year to help keep the rents at an increase of 3.75%. DGHP is always looking at value for moneyand if you'd like to know more about how DGHP provides you with cost effective services, click here.
What is the proposed rent increasefigure of 3.75% based on?
This is based on the Retail Price Index (RPI) figure for September (published in October) of 2% plus 1.75% - working out at 3.75% - an average of £2.65 per week. Our Board must ensure that, through our Business Plan, we can continue to carry out the promises we made to you during the consultation on the Scottish Housing QualityStandard (SHQS). We will continue to invest in your homes, deliver excellent customer service to you as well as ensuring your homes are managed and maintained to a high standard and kept in good repair throughout the year.
Each year, DGHP spends the rent income on delivering services to our 10,300 tenants –services that you have told us you want.The money is spent on carrying out repairs and improvements to your homes. You have told us, through numerous tenant satisfaction surveys, that you are happy with the services DGHP provides to you as a landlord, including our flexible, 24/7 responsive repairs service; our tenant participation activities; home improvements and our dedicated Customer Service Centre.
Following the Board's decision at the end of February, you will be notified of any changes to your rent in early March. Any rent increase will come into effect on Monday April 3, 2017.
The consultation is available to complete here.
Information to help you understand the changes is available here.


text: Comments2 Heeeeey. Im the new girl Ken the human May 10, 2012 User blog:Ken the human Hi everyone! I'm ken the human. I'm new to day wiki and I need someone to show me the ropes! Retrieved from "http://adventuretime.wikia.com/wiki/User_blog:Ken_the_human/Heeeeey._Im_the_new_girl?oldid=212117" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Category: Blog posts


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The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is at an impasse. While it is said that existing policies are not tenable, all recent reform plans have been condemned as unacceptable. However, a "bond scheme", as part of reform that pays more attention to society's aspirations for the environment and rural development, offers a way forward. This book demystifies the bond scheme proposal and explores concerns expressed by farmers and policy makers. Written by economists, a political scientist and a practising politician, it offers rare insights into EU farm policy.
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The CPPIB Risk Return Accountability Framework
A Realistic Approach to National Pension Fund Management
Three principals of 1997 Reforms
Intergenerational fairness Higher rates now, lower rates in the future Fully fund future benefit improvements Affordability Legislated rate should not exceed 9.9% (hopefully) Reduced future CPP benefits Capital market returns help lower future rates Sustainability Mid-course plan design adjustments, if required Self-correcting "fail-safe" adjustment if political process stalls
Charting the Path to Sustainability
Partially funded, legislated rate of 9.9%. 1997 reforms
Managing the Contribution Rate
Agree on the mechanism to change the contribution rate before you need it Have independent monitoring of the contribution rate Have independent means of changing the contribution rate
The CPP restructuring of 1997
Increase contribution rate to build up surpluses Reduce costs by both reducing benefits and by investing surpluses in risky assets Created default mechanism to make any necessary changes to the contribution rate
The CPPIB mission Maximizing returns without undue risk of loss,
having regard to the factors that may affect the funding of the CPP
Managing your objectives
Know your objective Remove influences and constraints that may compromise meeting your objectives Align your organization with your objective. Make it easy for stakeholders to assess performance
Investment earnings are needed to meet future liabilities
CPPIB Investment Strategy
Take Advantage of CPPIB's Unique Situation Capture Attractive Sources of Alpha Increasing Value Add Build a Better Beta Portfolio Choose CPP Reference Portfolio Estimate Net Liabilities
Model dynamics make a difference
State variables (eg inflation) Security prices Fund wealth Portfolio returns = set of portfolio weights Net contributions Market volatility
Estimating optimal financing
Formulate the stochastic dynamic control problem (Hamilton Jacobi Bellman) Portfolio weights are the control variable Minimize the probability of failing to fulfill the pension promise at some time in the future
The optimal portfolio strategy
The optimal strategy minimizes the probability of restructuring the fund in the future The optimal portfolio is a combination of mutual funds A risk free fund The optimal growth portfolio A mutual fund for each state variable The optimal portfolio strategy specifies security weights conditional on fund wealth, time and the value of the state variables
Fund wealth affects portfolio allocation …
… And the probability of restructuring.
Summary Optimal financing requires Alignment
a clear statement of objectives Align governance and organization with fund objectives The CPPIB is developing innovative models to inform its investment decisions. Align financing strategies with these objectives Default mechanism to make any needed contribution rate changes Optimal financing aligned with Stewards risk and return expectations
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Posted 767 days ago by Super Admin / Tags: ethnicity, China / 0 Comments
Ethnicity in China addresses this important question: Are Western criticisms of China's nationality policy valid?China's nationality policy is a key topic in the study of ethnicity in the People's Republic of China since it determines who ethnic minorities are and how they are governed. This book shows that China's nationality policy is based on the Confucian concept of cultural community, which plays down ethnicity and encourages acculturation and ultimate assimilation of minority nationalities into the majority Han-Chinese society. This book then examines how China's nationality policy affects the areas of ethnic inequality, the preservation and contribution of the rich traditions and customs of minority cultures, and the autonomy of regions such as Tibet and Xinjiang. This book also shows how China's nationality policy influences its foreign policy towards international minority rights. Relevant Western criticisms of China's nationality policy are listed in the discussion of each of the above areas. Readers will reach their own conclusions on whether Western criticisms of China's nationality policy are valid after reading this book.Xiaowei Zang is Chair Professor of Social Sciences at the City University of Hong Kong. His book Ethnicity in China was published by Polity in February 2015
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|« Angelina Jolie buying an island shaped like Ethiopia
|Is Ethiopia's economic growth just a veneer? »
31 comments
ኣረ፡ የወገን፡ ያለህ፣ ኣረ፡ የኣበሻ፡ ያለህ፡ ኣረ፡ የኢትዮጵያዉያን፡ ያለህ፡
የትግሬ፡ ባንዳዎች፡ ቀስ፡ በቀስ፡ ገለዉ፡ ሊጨርሱን፡ ነዉና፡ ኣንድ፡ በኣንድ፡ ከማለቃችን፡ በፊት፡ እኛም፡ እየገደልናቸዉ፡ እንሙት፡ እባካችሁ።
I am convinced beyond a shadow of a doubt that these bombings are strictly political. I refuse to blame Muslim extremists because when they strike they strike with fatal vengence and these bombings are not producing the type of devastation extremists are known for. I definitely do not believe it is the opposition groups because Meles has too many eyes and ears watching wherever we go.If he knew any opposition with explosives, he would have arrested them by now. Eritreans definitely could not have done this, unless they beloNg to EPRDF ARMY.
Everyone that has at least an elementary education…let's face facts.Meles and his regime are using these systematic bombings to create chaos among different groups and at the same time….bolster sympathy from the West by parading ETHIOPIA as a country that is being raped within by opposition terrorists. Nice try Meles, but your human rights policies suck and there is nothing you can do to make people see it as otherwise.
To All EPRDF dogs
Now you can rejoice. Your dream has come to pass. The country is on the verge of chaos. An imminent civil unrest is looming becuase of your arrogance and ignorance. No one doubts, though, in the final analysis, you are the losers and we are comforted by it. May God bring you to your senses!
Head it goes agian, this is Woyanes, one of conspiracy to interupt peacfull Ethiopian.
This people are planing to destroy this country, Whats going on, what the world is saying this, WOYANE IS SAHBIA, SHABIA is anti-Ethopians, both are the same. Who trys to kill and destroy Ethiopia
I'm in Addis and there was a city-wide inspection since yesterday night. FP officers, having blocked roads, were going over into every single car, checking body and checking for an ID Card. The same drama continued today. But today's target were only pedestrians. From what I have learned, the reason why the gov't is making this drama, is to show that there is an insurgence for the three US Senators who came to Addis recently, to talk with Meles. And of course, today's blasts were also part of the government's drama so that the West to believe and to side with the gov't. It's just an elementary thing to know!! Poor Mele!!
The TPLF's ugly face by the name of Bereket Simon said it all when he remarked that they were ready to kill many and make Rwanda look like a child's play. That speaks for itself.
All this is about is trying to convince the US they are fighting terrorism in the horn of Africa. In the process they are willing to kill and massacre their own people. The sad part is this fire they started will be out or control before they know it and will destroy them and could destroy our country irreparably. They will do any thing to stay in power. They are willing to start a religious war to get military support from the US. My fellow Ethiopians, there is a prediction in Fetehanegest (if I am not mistaken) that some day there will be religious conflict in Ethiopia instigated by someone. That some one is this Kehade parasite Melese with no doubt.
All EPRDF supporters you must like what you see know your beloved government is doing know. The country was quiet with no trouble until 3 months ago. If Eritrea wants to do it they could have done it during the war with Ethiopia. If the Muslims want they could have done it a long time ago. For this groups the timing do not make sense. The only one the timing is perfect is for EPRDF.
If you want your country to be destroyed and disintegrated then continue supporting this kehadi gov because you are not Ethiopians. We Ethiopians will do what ever it takes to save our country like our forefathers did.
I fill so ''SAD''!!! Last time i said some thing .Let me make it stronger .Where ever they blow up the city or countery side…they are ''CANCER''…Until it reach's to remove the cancer ,it can spoil part of it .Before it gets wide…it should be cut it off .
The same thing ,there is no the so called ethnic leaders showed up in the hall world like the son of Zenawi .Until he removed or jailed ,he's gone spoil the countery like we hear to day .Open your eyes my honest ''TIGRAY'' people !!! I know ,it takes time to remove the ''CANCER'' .
It is typical… One says Embuaaaa, the next guy will say definitely Embuaaa. You guys disgust me. You are not even a little smart to be creative enough to put your points across. Innocent people died!! Some gutless Nincompoop thinks it is worth to kill innocents here and there to make this gov't look unstable. And the best you guys come up with is the government itself? Is this one of the great strategy by the politically savvy members of the diaspora?
Embuaaa. You guys disgust me, you are not even a little smart to be creative enough to put your points across. People died!! Some gutless Nincompoop thinks it is worth to kill innocents here and there to make this gov't look unstable. And the best you guys come up with is the government itself? Is this one of the great strategy by the politically savy members of the diaspora?
The bombing is by Ethiopian
government using it as an excuse to keep the opposition leaders in preson that's all !!!
Before they try to kill people on the street using their power, when the world community avoid them off totally, they start killing in clandestine form; what kind of bandit government is?
One time they blame on OLF and another time on Eretria government. dear Ethiopians let us suspect and be alert that the attempt is only a deception pretending to be enemies each other just only to put Ethiopia into serious and complicated problem by give away the power to each other ,working together or find ways to hide criminals from justice.
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Chapter 16 The Sails
One hears of extraordinarily expensive sails being "designed by computer" and constructed from the latest "high tech" materials. Our look at the flow of air over model sails shows that, at the time of writing this book, the accurate prediction of the flow by computation must be impossible on cost grounds alone. This is not unusual in engineering and engineering designers do the best they can in the prevailing circumstances and let the design proceed by creating the best possible theory and then making, trying and improving. It has proved to be very successful [1]. For sails this involves a two-fold attack. The first requirement is the evolution of a good shape and the second the evolution of a method of manufacture that makes the desired shape possible. Of course the use of a computer will help enormously in handling the geometry of the sail just as it can be used to produce shadows for a hull once a shape has been chosen. It can also be used to facilitate the lay of monofilaments radiating from the corners to carry the loads through the sails. The makers of sails for models could emulate the makers of full sized sails but this is a road that no one has yet followed. Instead we work with materials that are manufactured for other purposes and do the best we can.
The design of sails for model yachts
The preceding chapters have all been necessary to bring us to the point where we can consider how we might design our sails. The first thing to recognise is that it is no use having good ideas on the shape of sails if these shapes cannot be realised in practice. It follows that we must be clear about our constraints. A sail is simply a piece of fabric or film that is attached to a sailing rig at three points, the head, the tack and the clew and, usually along one edge, the luff. Normally the sail is stretched between the head and tack by the uphaul and downhaul. The foot of the sail is allowed to bow to form a curve the shape of which we measure as the camber. No matter how much we tighten the sail between the head and the clew the sail will always twist under load. We have seen that the standing rigging is not ideal but it is all that is available to use and we must accept it.
We need now to gather the other factors that affect the design and then look at the outcome. One might start by asking what we can actually design. We can find out by looking at jigs for building sails. Picture 16-1 shows a partly-built jig for building a fore sail for an A boat. The jig is made on a board by setting up sides to the shapes of the luff, the leech and the foot and fitting shaped profiles between them to support a ply lining. Pictures 16-2 and 16-3 show a completed jig for making the main sail for a Metre boat. Clearly no attempt is made to incorporate a twist.
Before jigs like this can be made we must know the plan of the sail, including the luff, and be able to draw the profiles of the sail. The jig for the Metre boat is typical. In the pictures the black lines mark the seams between the four panels which will be used. The lower panels are 6², 5², and 5² wide. The other lines show the profile of the single panel that forms the upper part of the sail. The camber at the foot is 8%, at 6² it is 10%, at 11² it is 11% and from 16² is 12%. Throughout, the maximum offset in the profile is at about 40% of the chord. Others may not agree with this design but that is not the point of showing the picture. The important piece of information from this jig is that, at the joint between the first two panels, where the change is greatest, the curvature needed to match the edge of one piece of the ply lining to the straight edge of the next is only about 1/16². This is very small and tells us that attempts at making concave sails will require careful work and the outcome may not be all we hope for when the sail stretches under load. Furthermore, if the pieces are joined with the popular double-sided sticky tape then any prolonged load on a seam will cause the tape to slip and, with such a tiny curvature in the joint, we really cannot afford any slip at all. If the joint is reinforced with stitching it will slip until the stitching is tight and still go out of shape. If the sail is rolled for storage it might as well have been flat to start with because it will end up flat. Indeed if no way can be found to solve the storage problem then the sail need not be shaped.
This all means that an important constraint is the storage of the sails[2] that, if it cannot be met, means that we may as well make one-piece sails. One is forced to think of leaving the rig under tension (not the sails) and, for instance, suspending the mast horizontally to keep the sail in shape. Fortunately aluminium and carbon do not take a permanent set just because they have been under load for a long time.
It is also important to check the constraints imposed by the class. For instance, the class rules for Metre boats precludes any sophisticated sail design by limiting the number of joints and preventing these joints from being placed where they might affect the "belly" of the sail.
All this tells us that we only have control over the sail plan, the profiles and the shape of the luff for main sails.[3] Most of the other refinements reflect our eternal optimism.
The sail plan.
The first decision to be taken is how to share the area available between the two sails. We have no choice for Metre boats but there is a limited choice for Marbleheads and A boats and a free choice for 36 inch boats. We know that it is the fore sail that is mainly responsible for the drive when the yacht is beating to windward and so it makes sense to have as large a fore sail as is practicable. There are constraints. For a Marblehead the distance from the deck to the upper mast attachment is limited to 80% of the total height. The distance from the mast to the stem is usually about 22² but, for a normal rig, room is needed for the counterweight and this sets a practical limit to the length of the foot of the fore sail. There is ample room for a swing rig because the area of the fore sail is limited by the need to ensure that the total force exerted on the sails by the wind acts behind the mast. This gives a lower value for the area of the fore sail of a swing rig than one might wish to have.[4] Similar restrictions apply to A boats. The sails also have to fit into the spaces in the rig and allow room for bowsies etcetera to function to set the sail. These requirements lead to shaping of the sail plan at the head and foot. Where rules permit sails may be extended beyond the basic triangle by the addition of a roach[5] supported by battens.
We have seen that the mast may be bent by adjustment of the back stay and the fore stay and that this gives us a mechanism by which the profile over the middle part of the sail can be altered. If we are to use this facility the luff of the sail must be cut to a suitable curve and this can be built into the jig. In all probability this is the single most important variable in our design.
The profiles
We have seen in the Hele-Shaw pictures that sails must have camber and that camber needs to suit an angle of attack of about 30°. This is not just a matter of letting the luff angle be 30°. We need to look at the Hele-Shaw pictures as well. These suggest that the air can make rapid changes in direction to get under and over the mast and on to the sail so that the luff angle may need to be several degrees less than the angle of attack. Many skippers claim that the shape should have its maximum offset at a point nearer to the mast than would be the case for a circular arc. Not having prolonged access to a lake which has unobstructed flow of wind over it I cannot check this but it may well be correct and it would fit in with the flow patterns from the Hele-Shaw rig. There are other claims that the camber should be reduced in high winds and increased in calm conditions. This may also be correct but I cannot check it or find any basic explanation to support it. Generally starting with a sail camber of about 10% looks to be about right but if a profile with its maximum offset at, say 40%, is to be used the camber might need to be reduced.
We have also seen from open field tests that the flow of air over the concave side is more or less horizontal over the top two thirds of the sail but flows down obliquely near the foot to get under the sail. We might like to attempt to reduce this by letting the camber be 12% at say the one third point and then reduce the camber progressively towards the foot.[6] Then the sail curves from head to foot as well as luff to leech. The sail will be hollow[7].
We still have to recognise that the very small curvatures needed between the panels of a sail to give it "belly" show us that only a tiny stretch in the completed sail can have a considerable effect on its shape. It may well be impossible to retain the designed shape under load[8]. In truth, as we cannot with certainty make any special shape, we may as well make a jig with profiles other than arcs of circle, provide in the jig for a progressive change of camber, use mast bending for the final adjustment and accept that there will be an element of chance in the outcome. Of course experience in sail making will reduce the effect of chance.
The main sail
Once sail plans have been chosen the sails can be considered independently. Let us start with the main sail.
Before we can design this sail we have to decide just what it is that we are trying to do. We have seen that, at best, the wind we sail in will veer quite quickly through perhaps 10° in either direction and back again. These changes are too rapid for a control response and so, for preference the sails should cope with this without a loss of drive. We also know that the flow over the lower part of the sail is obliquely downwards and the pressure over the middle part of the sails would increase if this downward flow could be suppressed. We know that, for the main sail, the camber over the middle section can be increased as the sail swings out by suitably shaping the mast and luff but we do not know with any certainty that this is an advantage.
In my view the first thing to settle is the connection between the mast and the luff of the sail. We have two ways of dealing with the rapid wind shifts inherent in the air flow. They are the twist in the sail and the shape of the leading edge of the sail. The twist presents no special problem and is probably unavoidable with the arrangements that we must work with. The leading edge is another matter. All the experience of aeroplanes tells us that sharp leading edges are not desirable. Several people died to show us that wings with sharp leading edges suffer sudden and large changes in flow pattern (catastrophic switches in fact) at certain angles of attack. Aerofoils with round leading edges do not behave in this way and a great deal of attention has been paid to the profile of the first 10-20% of aerofoil sections. As always a compromise emerges between having a section with a large nose radius with a somewhat lower efficiency but very forgiving characteristics and sections with a small nose radius with higher efficiency and less forgiving behaviour. With a model sail we start off with an unavoidable and large radius, the mast. We must see how to use it for the best.
We could start by deciding what would be desirable. We know that sails can have attached flow over the convex side of the sail and we want to do nothing to disturb it Given the fact that we must end up with a single membrane it is a matter of how to blend the mast and the sail. We can do it either by shaping the mast or by shaping the sail, (using a pocket luff.). Figure 16-4a shows a practical cross-section for a mast and 16-4b a shape for a pocket luff. The mast could be grooved to accept the sail and the pocket luff simply fits round the mast. From the standpoint of fluid flow these are good shapes for our purpose. However there are snags with both. The shaped mast is useless if it does not rotate to maintain its alignment with the sail. For the mast to rotate we have to accept mechanical complexity, which can be overcome, but only at the expense of the facility to bend the mast. The pocket luff must slide round the mast if this profile is to be achieved at all points of sailing. This means that there is a friction force to interfere with the set of the sail on the mast. Further, no matter how the luff is cut, it cannot fit properly at all positions on the mast because, as we have seen, the mast will bend under the essential force in the fore stay. The result will be unwanted creases. The pocket luff is probably not an option for the main sail. We must either use a rotating mast or look to other systems
For preference the system should keep the leading edge of the sail radial to the mast. Our choice is now between a fixed grooved mast that could be round or profiled, a jackline or mast rings. Only the mast rings can satisfy our requirements. However the usual methods of using loops of fishing cord or wire rings hooked together at the ends are not really good enough because there is so little control of either the gap between the luff and the mast or of the position of the sail relative to the mast. The use of cord involves unnecessary friction. (The cord round a mast is just like a rope round a capstan which only works because of the friction.) The simple metal ring slides easily but tends to hang obliquely on the mast under its own weight. We can achieve this, solve the friction problem and get rid of the tendency to hang by spending a little more time on the rings. The best solution I can come up with is in Picture 16-5. The ring is made from soft brass wire of 0.024² diameter and, in order to make a joint, at one end five turns of the wire are wound round a drill of 0.025² diameter.[9] The other end can then be threaded through these turns to form the equivalent of a tie-wrap. Eventually it can be secured by soldering. Figure 16-6 shows how it is fitted through an extra hole cut in the tape reinforcement of the luff. Once it has been shaped and fitted, polyester sewing thread can be used to bind it through the eyelet. It is easy to get a good sliding fit on the mast and the gap can be very small[10]. The ring is always at right angles to the luff as a result of the binding. The result is a fair approximation to the arrangement in picture 16-4a.
The use of mast rings of any sort permits us to design main sails to make use of mast bending to alter the shape. This requires some way of deciding how much initial bend we need. The basic idea is to provide the sail with a curved luff and some shape which is thought to be desirable. When the curved luff is attached to the mast the back stay can be tightened to make the mast match the designed shape of the sail and then it will have the designed profile. From this condition the camber will decrease if the mast is bent more and increase if the mast is allowed to straighten. We need to have an idea of the movement required to change the camber. Graph 16-7 is for a circular arc[11] and for a 10² chord. It shows the relationship between the camber expressed as a percentage and the movement of the clew to produce it in inches from the zero camber position. The movement will be proportional to the chord. At half way up the main sail for a metre boat the chord of the sail has a chord of just over 10² and for this profile we can use the graph directly. This shows that a movement of the clew of about 0.2² will change the camber from 8% to 12%. If we started with a bend in the mast of about 0.5² with the luff of the sail cut to match an increase in mast bend will reduce the camber and permit an increase in fore stay tension for heavy weather and vice versa.
So how should we draw the profiles? The most simple way is to use two arcs of circles which join tangentially as in Figure 16-8 which is drawn to scale for a profile of 10% camber with the maximum offset at 40% of the chord. It is helpful to know the radii and these are given in Graph 16-9 for a range of cambers for the same profile and for a 10² chord. For other chord lengths increase the radii in proportion.
The fore sail.
It is evident that for a model yacht the fore sail provides most of the drive when the yacht is beating. We must consider how to design it to maximise the drive that it generates.
We do not have as much control over the shape of the fore sail as we have over the main sail simply because, when it is mounted, its luff must be straight. It follows that if we want to the camber to change from foot to head we must do it by cutting the luff of the sail to a curve. On the face of it this seems to be straightforward but there are other considerations.
Somehow we must make it insensitive to the veering of the wind. Our consideration of the main sail tells us that we really need a rounded luff that will be less sensitive to the small and rapid wind shifts that are inherent in the wind. Even the rules for metre boat do not currently preclude the use of a pocket luff. A pocket luff over say a length of spiral cable tie fitted over the fore stay would give a sail which had a rounded luff and could be rolled. This adds a complexity which makes the manufacture of the pocket luff more difficult but, if the luff can be made, the seams can be placed to give the desired shape although with only two seams permitted on the fore sail of a metre boat the scope there is not great.
Where greater freedom is given the fore sail can be quite complex with shaping to reduce the downward flow and shaping to place the maximum offset nearer to the luff. A sail with say 5% camber at the foot changing progressively to 12% at about one third and then back to 10% for the upper part of the sail looks to be a good starting point.
[1] The gas turbine engine is a classic example of the application of this process. The range of size that now exists is quite astonishing as is the efficiency achieved by the large ones.
[2] This appears to be a serious problem for the users of high tech sails for full sized yachts. They have little choice but to fold them.
[3] The fore stay is always straight and even if the luff is cut to a curve we have no further control over its shape.
[4] This apparent disadvantage is offset by the better performance down wind where both sails are certain to be presented to the wind which is not the case for a conventional rig. It would still be better if we could increase the area of the fore sail.
[5] The roach is an area of sail which would be free to flutter unless it is supported by battens which extend well inside the basic triangle for support and then across the roach. Wind surfing sails are fully battened from luff to leech.
[6] On some full sized yachts the foot of the main sail has no camber.
[7] We might fit the foot of the sail with an end plate as is done in some aeronautical applications or with an inflated foot as in full sized sailing. We are not allowed an inflated end plate on models but flat booms are permitted and it may be that a boom mounted flat ways would be more effective in directing the flow than the frequently-seen boom on edge.
[8] On ocean racers the sails are made in jigs and mono-filaments are laid to a predetermined pattern and bonded to give a sail which will not undergo a serious change in shape under load.
[9] This is not the sort of thing that everyone will want to do but it only requires some ingenuity as the wire winds easily.
[10] The rig which is shown in Chapter 11 was originally fitted with rings which were designed to preserve the flow over the convex side of the sail by letting the sail set tangentially to the mast. When tested most of the tell tales near to the luff went through the gap and stayed there. This did not happen with the new rings.
[11] The movement is too small to justify calculating it for other likely profiles.


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