text:
Member Ideas
- AAA Community
- On The Road
- Car Care
- Auto News
- Automotive Questions
- Road Trips
- Drive the Discussion
- Travel Ideas
- Vacations
- Travel Questions
- Planning and Recommendations
- Florida Trip Ideas
- Europe Trip Ideas
- #AAATravels
- Alaska Trip Ideas
- Diamond Spotlight
- Caribbean Trip Ideas
- Mediterranean Sea Trip Ideas
- Off We Go
- Life Matters
- Life Matters Questions
- Money
- Safety
- Community
- Insurance
- Member Stories
- Travel Insurance
- Local Happenings
- Illinois
- Florida
- Georgia
- Michigan
- Minnesota-Iowa
- Nebraska
- North Dakota
- Tennessee
- Wisconsin
- Other Areas
- Indiana
- Sweepstakes
- Our Current Sweepstakes
- Previous/Expired Contests
- List of Winners
- Suggestion Box
- Posting directions for Suggestion Box
- Member Ideas
- Collapse View
- Expand View
- Mark all as New
- Mark all as Read
- Float this item to the top
- Subscribe
- Bookmark
- Subscribe to RSS Feed
- Invite a Friend
Allow Service Call Quota Sharing When Not PresentStatus: Under Consideration
We have been AAA members for 20+ years and our parents have been members for 50 years and we LOVE AAA. One thing that I would like to see is ability to share service call quotas amongst ourselves, even if the other card member isn't present. I understand the policy of having a card member present at the call (preventing use by non-members), but if we're all on the same account, paying with the same card, wouldn't it make sense to allow me to share my unused quota with, say, my daughter, whose car is more prone to needing service calls? To insist on me being present when her car needs a jump or tow, seems a bit rigid and not very AAA like, in my opinion. I think reasonable folks would agree. I propose a policy change. Thanks so much for your consideration!
Listing hotels by major road locationStatus: Acknowledged
Basic membership mileageStatus: Acknowledged
With more travel and fewer service stations, theallowed towing mileage needs
to be increasesd without fee increase. 5 miles in most cases is not enough.
How about 15 miles?
Branch Office needed in South GeorgiaStatus: Acknowledged
I would like to see a branch AAA office open in south Georgia. Valdosta or Tifton are prime locations. How about one in Thomasville and Valdosta. I live in Adel, GA and my closest branch office is or Tallahassee or Macon. I phoned AAA recently for Georgia Aquarium tickets, not enough time for mail receipt and those tickets are not an email option, AAA agent suggested I drive to Tallahassee, HA HA. LOL Drive south 1 & 1/2 hours to pick up a $6.00 discount then drive north 3 & 1/2 hours to Atlanta. I guess I'll drive out of my way to Atlanta office and then to Aquarium.
Suggestion as to car rental partnership for member discountsStatus: Acknowledged
I'm just thinking about picking my jaw up off the floor here shortly as it fell there upon seeing the prices & "discounts" we are offered via Hertz for car rental. The price I was quoted with the AAA member discount was TWICE as much as other car rental agencies WITHOUT getting a discount. Does this make any sense to anyone because, for the life of me, I cannot find the logic. I have had great customer service from at least 3 other rental agencies in the past so I'm really not willing to hear that its the service. Even if it were, I would take a 50% cost reduction in exchange for no one smiling at me or buttering me up at all. The cars they rent are the same cars, no better, no worse. So, I give - what is it that makes them worth TWICE the cost? Furthermore, can AAA not partner with a more reasonably priced rental agency for us??
HeadlightsStatus: Acknowledged
It would be very inexpensive for automobile manufacturers to add a relay to the Windshield Wipers so that they would automatically turn on the headlights when it is raining. Even though it is a law in many states and is also a very big safety factor there are still too many people who disregard it. It would be a safety feature just like seat belts which were only an option many years ago...Thank You, Steven Cina
Bicycle Roadside AssistanceStatus: Acknowledged
Please consider offering your services for bicycles! I would feel so much more confident going on long trips if I knew I had you to rescue me. Just think how getting behind green transit would help your PR!
Thanks for all the help over the years!
-Chantelle Rytter
AAA credit cardsStatus: Acknowledged
AAA is one of the premier travel services, perhaps the largest and best known. AAA also stresses and excells at service to members. It would seem, therefore, that a credit card bearing the AAA logo would emphasize features with the traveller in mind. However, at least on my card, there is a 2% foreign transaction fee. This adds up pretty fast and is not on all credit cards. AAA should look to an agreement eliminating foreign transaction fees and making sure that their sponsored cards are geared as much as possible to the traveller/consumer. Thank you.
Lodging OptionsStatus: Acknowledged
It seems like all of the lodging listed in Going Places focuses on Hotels. Every once in a great while a Bed and Breakfast is mentioned, but not much information is given about it. I'd like to see a new column in each issue of Going Places highlighting one or two bed and breakfasts. I much prefer to stay at a B&B than a hotel. Maybe even a discount could be offered for those that mention to the hosts that they saw it in Going Places! Maybe there could be a contest in each issue to win two nights at the featured B&B.
Where I have TravelledStatus: Acknowledged
Have an App on the website that allows each user to input which destinations he or she has been to and for what purpose (business, pleasure, family, etc) Then use that information to improve that user's interest profile when they make use of the Suggested trips application from the website.
Discount tickets for attractions by mailStatus: Already Exists
The nearest office to me is more than 40 miles one way so it is not worth a discount of 3 or 4 dollars off an admission ticket to travel that far. Why do I have to go to the office? Can't they mail it to me?
Billing for DuesStatus: Already Exists
Have the membership renewal in 2 or 3 payments.....Why? For me I am due in January I also have car plates, taxes and a few other things to pay and on a fixed income it is a challenge to get everything paid......
Website Listing of restaurants providing discounts to members, sorted by geographical areaStatus: Already Exists
It would be great if members could check the AAA website to determine which restaurants offer discounts in their geographical area.
I get much lower car rental prices through Priceline name...Status: Acknowledged
I get much lower car rental prices through Priceline name your own price. Why cant AAA negotiate better deals.
Can you check my battery?Status: Already Exists
I think my battery is starting to go. I think it would be a great idea if AAA offered free battery testing....
I work for a company headquartered in Tampa Florida as a...Status: Acknowledged
I work for a company headquartered in Tampa Florida as a Solar R & D Engineer. The company is DCA Systems, Inc. (dba) DCAirSolar Systems. We are expanding our domestic facility solar enterprises to that of transportation. We are developing a Solar System which will power Automobiles, Trucks, Light Rail Trains, Planes and Ships saving up to 70% in fuel costs. We are soliciting AAA to become involved by partnering with us in this endeavor. A first step is to acknowledge the need for such a venture and assist us in obtaining a source car from the Tampa Bay area for our research. We have contacted Toyota in Japan and they seem interested in joining us but we would like to start our R & D program in the Grand Old USA. See our web site at: www.dcasystems.com for more information. Reply to: A. David Coles, President and VP R & D, DCAirSolar Systems: firstname.lastname@example.com
Best Regards
Non-emergency transportation ServicesStatus: Acknowledged
AAA should have a membership for non-drivers that has either a pre-determined number of incidents or allows the member to choose how many they want. Could even cover special needs like a wheelchair or scooter.
Tow my boatStatus: Acknowledged
Wouldn't it be great if AAA could tow my boat when I run out of gas or have engine problems on the water. That way AAA could rescue me on both land and sea. It would also keep me from having multiple membership plans.
Hotel Safety & HygieneStatus: New Idea
There has been a fair number of articles in the news paper regarding "bed bugs," at hotels. As this is a serious concern that faces travelers, I think it would be good of AAA to do an article in the travel magazine about prevention and treatment strategies for travelers. Like most infectious things, when most of the people practice prevention strategies the spreading of the infectious agent is reduced. Knowledge is the key.
Trash Mail Sent under AAA Auspices(sp?)Status: New Idea
Is there any way to stop the "special" offers from AAA associates/advertisers/sponsors or what ever that come without any external markings that would indicate that they are just trash or spam? Almost all are totally useless and are marked Critical, Open Immediately, Deadline. My God I must get a tree's worth each year. How about stopping it?
Do you have an idea for new or better products and services? How can we serve you better? You've come to the right place! Here's what you can do:
>Read first to see what's already been posted. If there's a similar idea, you can discuss it to enhance it and vote it up!
>Share your ideas. Got an idea? We want to hear it no matter how big, small or wild it may be. Why keep it to yourself?
>Vote for ideas. See an idea you like? Give kudos for it by clicking on the UP ARROW icon. Email your friends to give it kudos. These ideas bubble up to the top. Which do you like best?
Let's keep the conversation going! We will be providing challenges to brainstorm, while monitoring popular ideas and actionable suggestions AAA Community member come up with. Come back often to see new ideas and changes to the Suggestion Box as this features grows. Let's make something happen.
- jbcaldwell on: AAA appears to be finding a way to Rip-off it's cu...
- StephenW on: Submitt a Member Story
Healthy food options & Eco-touris
- ROBROOKE2013 on: AAA Internet Service Bad Experience
- cdesvoignes on: Member Benefits
- StephenW on: Corporate Account
- StephenW on: Need Windows Phone App
- patnmike510 on: PayPal
- StephenW on: Designated driver
- StephenW on: AAA need to implement a contest for inventors with...
- Hotel Safety & Hygiene
Trash Mail Sent under AAA Auspices(s
- Magellen GPS Purchasing Resources
- AAA appears to be finding a way to Rip-off it's cu...
- Provide correct online reference when listing in A...
- Still No Blackberry App!
- Need more drivers on-call for assistance
- Offer EV Charging at AAA Offices
- Submitt a Member Story
Branch Offices
Financial Services
Member Benefits
Partner Savings
Roadside Assistance
- New Idea (36)
- Acknowledged (59)
- Already Exists (10)
- Duplicate (0)
- Needs Clarification (1)
- Under Consideration (4)
- Accepted (1)
- Maybe Later (0)
- Not Likely (0)
- In Progress (0)
- Implemented (1)


text:
Now in its third year, Ceramics Expo has become the annual focal point for the North American ceramic community and all the user industries that rely on ceramic technologies.
The massively expanded event stands as a showcase for all the latest start materials, industrial equipment, technical ceramic components, processing expertise, analysis and testing devices, thermal technologies and precision finishing systems that keep this sector at the forefront of manufacturing advances.
Click here to find out more.
No comments

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Japan Said to Plan Talks With South Korea on Joint LNG PurchasesShigeru Sato and Yuji Okada
Japan's trade ministry is set to invite South Korea to discuss joint purchases of liquefied natural gas as the world's two biggest buyers seek to cut fuel import costs, according to two government officials with knowledge of the plans.
The ministry wants to meet for talks before September, according to the Japanese officials who asked not to be identified because the information isn't public. Shinichi Kihara, the director of the ministry's international affairs division, will announce the plan in a speech in Houston today, the people said. A trade ministry spokesman in Tokyo and Sim Sung Tae, an official at South Korea's Ministry of Knowledge Economy in Gwacheon declined to comment.
Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe is under pressure to narrow last year's record trade deficit of 6.9 trillion yen ($74 billion) that was spurred by imports of LNG after nuclear power plants were shut nationwide following the March 2011 earthquake. The country paid 6 trillion yen for a record 87.3 million metric tons of the fuel in 2012, customs data show.
This would be the third round of LNG purchase talks between Japan and South Korea that began in November 2011, according to a document on the trade ministry's website. The second meeting between the countries that account for 50 percent of global LNG imports was held in May 2012.
Kihara will announce plans to diversify LNG import sources and tap new areas of supply such as North America and Mozambique at the IHS CERAWeek conference in Houston attended by executives from producers including Exxon Mobil Corp., BP Plc and Saudi Arabian Oil Co., according to a draft copy of his presentation obtained by Bloomberg News.
Kihara will also mention plans to hold the second international LNG conference in Tokyo in the autumn of this year, according to the draft of the presentation. He will also refer to the Abe administration's intention to restart nuclear reactors as soon as safety is reassured.
ConocoPhillips Chief Executive Officer Ryan Lance, General Motors CEO Daniel Akerson and Saudi Aramco President Khalid al-Falih are among participants at the Houston conference, according to the event website.


text:
This is my new discussion feature-type post where I answer your questions! What do you want to know about me? What bookish things do you want to know my opinion on? What are some things outside of reading and blogging that you want my thoughts on? Ask me anything! (Questions may be submitted in comments on the latest Q&A Discussion post.)
What Are Your Reading Habits?
Asked by
Leigh @ Little Book Star
There's one big reading habit that comes to mind and I feel like it's kind of an odd one (but I recently found out one of my best friends does the same thing, so I know I'm not alone in this).
When I read, I usually don't just follow the words with my eyes. I usually use my hands too. With my Kindle, I run a finger down the side of the screen (but not on it--that can throw me off from my spot quite a bit if I did that) as I get further down the page. With print books, I take my bookmark or a piece of paper and line it up underneath the sentence I'm on and move it down as I go from line to line. I think I do this mostly when I'm reading quicker than usual (either because I want to get through the book faster or because the story is fast paced), but it could be more often than I realize. I may do it because I want something else to do while reading other than lie there and move my eyes along the sentences.
What else? Hmm...oh! I tend to stop reading in the midst of chapter or during a scene when I take breaks. Is that odd too? A lot of people seem to like to finish the chapter before taking a break from a book, but while I would prefer to do that, I usually end up stopping in the middle of a scene.
(In fact, I'm in the middle of a scene in Blue Lily, Lily Blue as I'm clicking publish on this post.)
(In fact, I'm in the middle of a scene in Blue Lily, Lily Blue as I'm clicking publish on this post.)
And that's it, I believe.
Your turn! What are your reading habits? Do you think mine are odd?
If you have any questions for me to write future Q&A Discussions on, please include them in with your comment! It can be about pretty much anything (even if it isn't book related)!


text:
English Teachers Wanted (Peru)Iteach Peru Published: October 17, 2015
Iteach Peru is seeking English teachers for long-term, one-on-one and small-group classes.
We offer very competitive hourly rates and good working conditions.
Note that teacher applicants should be able to stay six months in town at the least.
We request college degree and teaching experience.
Materials needed to Apply
Please forward your resume with a cover letter and recent photo to email@example.com
EFLSensei.com is not responsible for the accuracy of job descriptions and has no influence over the recruitment process or outcome of job applications. Applicants are advised to research employers fully prior to accepting employment.


text:
Login or Register
To diversify and maintain a steady cash flow and profit, our five-person company, which has been doing custom home building and renovations for 18 years, develops and maintains business relationships with architects, interior designers, and other professionals. But for the past five years, about 15% of our annual revenue ó and perhaps an additional 15% in repeat business ó comes from our relationship with a local retailer owned by a national home improvement company for which we install kitchens.
Read more


text:
Mobile App
- News byStream
Assam Don Bosco University Conducts Workshop on 'Healing our Planet'
The Department of Psychology and Counselling, Assam Don Bosco University organized a one-day international workshop on 'Healing our Planet: Eco-sensitivity and Remediation' in collaboration with Sri Ramanuja Mission Trust on 24th April 2016 (Sunday) in the Azara campus.
Eminent speakers from India, USA , Cambodia presided the workshop which started at 10: 00 a.m and was concluded at 5 p.m with a peace march in the atrium of the college which symbolically represented a prayer for protecting mother earth.
Addressing the participants, Professor S.A.R.P.V Chaturvedi, Founder and Managing Trustee of SRMT, Chennai said, "Over-exploitation of natural resources by mankind is creating changes in climate, vegetation worldwide" and "the department of Psychology and Counselling needs to provide "Eco-counselling" to the people as the emphasis on counselling revolves around 3Cs – Comforting, Convincing and Converting the person " He also suggested that workshops should be organized to cultivate eco-consciousness among the general public".
Ms. Cynthia Carvajal, Founder, Ocean Lifeline, Texas, USA spoke about how our actions directly or indirectly affect the ocean life. Speaking on coral crisis she said, "75% of the world's coral reefs are in danger. The coral reefs are threatened by local and global impacts including climate change, dynamite fishing, pollution, and overfishing. Regardless of where we live our actions impact the oceans."
Ms. Sotheavy Srey, Director, The Alliance for Conflict Transformation spoke on how the youth has a pivotal role to play in creating an eco-sensitive world around us which will contribute in protecting our planet from destruction.
Other speakers include Mr. Salili Gewali, writer of the book "Great Minds in India", Author, Researcher, Journalist and Publisher, Shillong and Mr. Ram Prasad Upadhyaya, Teacher and Editor, Shillong.
A total of 100 participants, from graduates to research scholars in various disciplines like Nursing, Sociology, Psychology and Education took part in the workshop. Participants of the workshop represented various reputed institutes of Guwahati such as Gauhati University, Cotton College State University, Assam State University (Silchar), Dispur Nursing College, Karmashree Hiteshwar Saikia College, Pandu College, Nonoi College (Nagaon), Tolaram Bafna Hospital and Assam Don Bosco University.
(With inputs from University Website)
Source: Darshana Brahma, City Journalist, Guwahati, CollegeDekho
Latest News
The organising body has announced the JEE Mains 2017 cut-off required for JEE Advanced 2017. The result of JEE Mains ...
Have you been worrying about your JEE Mains score and wondering whether you will get a college or not? Now is the time ...
WBUT Announces Even Semester Examination DatesMay 19, 2016 07:36 AM
Dr. Ambedkar Law University's 8th ConvocationMarch 29, 2016 04:35 PM
Eenadu and MVR College Conducts Mock EAMCETApril 06, 2016 04:40 AM
Soft Skills and Language Skills are a Key to SuccessMarch 30, 2016 03:28 PM
JEE Advanced Results 2016: Aman Bansal from Jaipur Emerges TopperJune 12, 2016 03:59 PM
NIOS April Exam 2017: Online & Offline Fee Payment ScheduleDecember 09, 2016 03:02 PM
Karnataka: Govt. to Distribute Free Laptops to SC/ST StudentsNovember 03, 2016 03:17 PM
Symbiosis SET 2017 Notification OutJanuary 05, 2017 03:36 PM
MCI Derecognises 32 Medical Colleges in India, 4,000 Students in LurchJanuary 31, 2017 07:06 PM
XAT 2017 Result Announced; Check Your XAT Score Card Now!January 25, 2017 01:42 PM


text:
Advanced Search
11.20.2006—T.H.E. Journal will host another in its series of Webinars covering technology in K-12 education. The latest event to be announced, "Implementing a Secure 1:1 Network," will be held Nov. 30 at 11 a.m. PST. Registration is free. (See link below.)
During the last decade, the Internet has become a valuable educational tool for K-12 school districts across the country. One district in particular, Irving ISD, in Texas, has developed a comprehensive 1:1 laptop program for every high school student. But with that implementation came some critical decisions as well as challenges.
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by DeepNines Technologies, will examine why Irving ISD decided to move to a 1:1 model, how they set up their network and the security issues they encountered in implementation.
A stellar panel, featuring Alice Owen and Darrell Vaughn of Irving ISD, and moderated by Geoff Fletcher, Editorial Director, T.H.E. Journal, will offer lively discussion on best practices, advice on how to keep students safe and focused on learning in the 1:1 environment, and Q & A.
More info:
About the author: Dave Nagel is the executive editor for 1105 Media's educational technology online publications and electronic newsletters. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Have any additional questions? Want to share your story? Want to pass along a news tip? Contact Dave Nagel, executive editor, at email@example.com.
About the Author
David Nagel is editorial director, education for 1105 Media's Public Sector Media Group and editor-in-chief of THE Journal. A 22-year publishing veteran, Nagel has led or contributed to dozens of technology, art and business publications.
He can be reached at email@example.com. You can also connect with him on LinkedIn at or follow him on Twitter at @THEJournalDave (K-12) or @CampusTechDave (higher education).
Sign up for our newsletter.
I agree to this site's Privacy Policy.
All Webcasts
For the last six years, Minooka School District had a hardware controller-based Aironet infrastructure, causing several performance and management challenges as network demand increased. To combat these challenges, Minooka started looking for a simple cloud-controlled solution. Read this case study to learn why they chose Ruckus Cloud Wi-Fi to achieve faster connectivity and easier management.
Read more...
All Whitepapers


text:
A vicious disturbance happened in the 2-Dimensional World and numerous comic characters go to this present reality, in this manner bringing about bedlam. Is it true that you are the divinely selected individual that can spare the world from turmoil?
Enterprises of Heroes is a 2D Card RPG which concentrates on investigating and mining. You will probably shape an intense group of up to 20 saints to go through the distinctive difficulties on the guide, at long last conveying the Dimension Book back to its unique place and spare the 2D World from defilement.
Notwithstanding adventuring, Mining is another exceptional gameplay. You can get extraordinary minerals through burrowing, and the metals are vital for saints' development. As you burrow further, you'll likewise meet abnormal state BOSS and get uncommon minerals.
I just received my vip membership now. Imcusing the hack of other games thanks.
Probably the only working hack site.
do i need to finish the verification ? or just wait to load?
Hmmm this amuse me so much because its fucking working
can someone teach me how to use this thing.
I am wondering about me quiting but u save me. Hehe i hope i wont get ban thanks.
I tried almost all of the hacking site but this is the only one working thanks.


text:
Who's Lovin' You
366pages onAdd New Page
this wiki
this wiki
The Jackson 5 songs in the albums, Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 and Greatest Hits. This song was released in October 7, 1969 and was recorded in Hitsville USA (Studio A) in 1969. This song was produced by Bobby Taylor and Michael Jackson was the lead singer with his brothers being the background vocals.[1]
- When I had you
- I treated you bad and wrong, my dear
- And, girl, since, since you went away
- Don't you know I sit around
- With my head hangin' down
- And I wonder who's lovin' you
- I should have never ever made you cry
- And, girl, since, since you've been gone
- Don't you know I sit around
- With my head hangin' down
- And I wonder who's lovin' you
- Life without love
- It's all so lonely
- I don't think, I don't think
- I'm gonna make it
- All my life, all my life, yeah
- Belongs to you all, lady
- Come on and take it, girl
- Come on and take it
- Because all, all I can do, all I can do
- Since you've been gone is cry
- Ad libs
In Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5
This song is the 2nd song on Side B of this album.[3]
In Greatest Hits
This song is the 8th song in this album.[4]


text:
IBM United States
Software Announcement 202-265
October 8, 2002
IBM General Parallel File System for AIX 5L V2.1 Provides Global-Shared UNIX File System for the Cluster 1600, SP, and IBM pSeries Servers
At a Glance
IBM General Parallel File System (GPFS) V2 for AIX 5L offers:
For ordering, contact:
Your IBM representative, an IBM Business Partner, or IBM Americas Call Centers at 800-IBM-CALL (Reference: RE001).
General Parallel File System (GPFS) for AIX® 5L V2.1, a shared file system for serial and parallel applications, provides a single global file system for multiple nodes or servers, and is ideal for high-performance parallel file transfer and parallel I/O to single or multiple files.
In this new version of GPFS for AIX 5L:
GPFS allows users shared access to files that may span multiple disk drives on multiple nodes. It offers many of the standard UNIX® file system interfaces allowing most applications to execute without modification or recompiling. UNIX file system utilities are also supported by GPFS. You can continue to use the UNIX commands you have always used for ordinary file operations with unique commands only for administering the GPFS file system.
GPFS provides file system services to parallel and serial applications. It allows parallel applications simultaneous access to the same files, or different files, from any node in the GPFS nodeset while managing a high level of control over all file system operations. A nodeset is a group of nodes that all run the same level of GPFS and operate on the same file system.
Using GPFS to store and retrieve your files can improve system performance by:
GPFS uses a sophisticated token-management system to provide data consistency while allowing simultaneous shared read and write access, with multiple independent paths to the same file by the same name from anywhere in the system. Even when nodes are down or hardware resource demands are high, GPFS can find an available path to the file system data.
GPFS is a logging file system that creates separate logs for each node. These logs record the allocation and modification of metadata aiding in fast recovery and the restoration of data consistency in the event of node failure. GPFS failover support allows you to organize your hardware into a number of failure groups to minimize single points of failure.
With GPFS, your system resources are not frozen. You can add or delete
disks while the file system is mounted. After GPFS has been configured
for your system, depending on your applications, hardware, and workload,
you can reconfigure GPFS to increase throughput. GPFS capacity can grow
as your hardware expands without jeopardizing your data.
Accessibility by People with Disabilities
The operation-by-keyboard-alone feature supports use by people with disabilities.
Product Positioning
GPFS is particularly appropriate in an environment where the aggregate peak need for data exceeds the capability of a distributed file system server. Key strengths of GPFS are its superior scalability and performance, its ability to support extremely large files, and its failure recovery.
For scientific and technical computing usage, GPFS provides a single global file system for multiple nodes and is ideal for high-performance parallel file transfer and parallel I/O to single or multiple files.
For business intelligence usage, GPFS provides parallel enablement for applications such as SAS, improves performance of database loading utilities, and supports parallel operation of online analysis processing using tools not enabled for parallel use.
For server consolidation use, GPFS provides a fast single global I/O file system for applications sharing data within the cluster. GPFS for AIX is complemented by GPFS for Linux, which is targeted for customers who require a robust scalable file system on an Intel®-based server platform.
Reference Information
Offering Information
Product information is available through Offering Information (OITOOL) at:
No hardcopy publications are shipped with this program.
The following publications are available on the Web only:
These displayable manuals are viewable in HTML and PDF formats from:
The Publications Notification System (PNS) is available by order number/product number. If you currently subscribe to PNS, you will receive notifications automatically by e-mail. If you wish to subscribe, visit:
The IBM Publications Center Portal:
The Publications Center is a worldwide central repository for IBM product publications and marketing material with a catalog of 70,000 items. Extensive search facilities are provided, as well as payment options via credit card. Furthermore, a large number of publications are available online in various file formats, which can currently be downloaded free of charge.
Note: PNS subscribers most often order their publications via the Publication Center.
Technical Information
Hardware Requirements
Cluster Environment
SP Environment
Additional hardware is required to operate in a switch environment:
Additional hardware is required to operate in a direct-attached disk environment:
Note: Refer to the following GPFS FAQ for the latest information on supported disks:
Software Requirements
Compatibility: To use 64-bit versions of the GPFS program interfaces created in an AIX V4.3 environment, you must recompile your code for use in an AIX 5L environment. All other applications that executed on the previous release of GPFS will execute on this new level of GPFS.
Limitations: File systems created for an AIX cluster may not be used in a PSSP environment.
If you use PSSP security, all of the nodes in the nodeset must use the 32-bit version of the AIX kernel. If any node in a GPFS nodeset is running the 64-bit version of the kernel, PSSP security may not be used.
GPFS V2.1 use of LAPI for daemon communications (token management, etc.)
is not supported at this time.
A GPFS file system may only be accessed from a single nodeset.
32-bit and 64-bit applications may coexist within a GPFS nodeset; however, PSSP security may not be used.
It is not possible for different levels of GPFS to coexist in the same nodeset. However, it is possible to run multiple nodesets at different levels of GPFS.
In order to use LAPI as the communication protocol, all nodes in the GPFS
nodeset must use LAPI. There is no coexistence between LAPI and TCP/IP.
Planning Information
When planning your migration to GPFS V2.1, all nodes within a GPFS nodeset must be upgraded to GPFS V2.1 at the same time. If a system is going to have some GPFS nodesets with GPFS V2.1 installed and other nodesets with lower levels of GPFS installed, the Control Workstation (CWS) must have GPFS V2.1 installed.
Packaging: GPFS V2.1 is packaged on one CD-ROM that includes:
Security, Auditability, and Control
GPFS for AIX 5L uses the security and auditability features of the AIX 5L for POWER V5.1 operating system.
The customer is responsible for evaluation, selection, and implementation of security features, administrative procedures, and appropriate controls in application systems and communication facilities.
Ordering Information
GPFS for AIX 5L, V2.1 has one charge unit based on installations. One-time charge (OTC) feature numbers are available in variable order quantities based on the number of physical installations of the product such as nodes in the RS/6000 SP system, the number of servers in the cluster, or the number of logical partitions (LPARs) that will be running GPFS. When adding a GPFS license to your SP or cluster, order using the tier equal to the total quantity in the cluster.
Upgrades may be acquired via the IBM Software Maintenance program up to the current level of use authorized for the qualifying programs.
New users of GPFS V2.1 should specify program number 5765-F64 and the feature number equal to the total number of desired licenses to be installed times the quantity of installs. For example, if ordering for 12 GPFS installations, order the feature number for 11 to 50 Installs with a quantity equal to 12.
Existing GPFS users adding licenses to your cluster, use the tier that reflects the total quantity of GPFS installs in your cluster.
Charge units for SP-based products are based on nodes. Charge units for servers are based on the number of physical installations of the product (for example, installation on a cluster or LPAR partition).
Program Feature Number Description Number OTC Medium Medium 1 to 5 Installs 5765-F64 0001 5809 CD-ROM 6 to 10 Installs 0002 11 to 50 Installs 0003 51 or More Installs 0004
Ordering Information for IBM Software Maintenance: A customer ordering a new license for GPFS for AIX 5L LP, program number 5765-F64, must include a one-year (5771-GPF) or a three-year (5773-GPF) maintenance order to be entitled to future version or release updates of the licensed program. Not only will customers be entitled to future version or release updates, this offering includes a year of voice support at no additional cost. Customers entering a one-year or three-year Software Maintenance offering for GPFS, should specify 5771-GPF or 5773-GPF. After selecting the one-year or three-year option, customers should add the applicable billing features with a quantity equal to the number of licenses in the contract.
Existing Customers of GPFS: Customers with the current level of GPFS for AIX (5765-B95), who are interested in IBM Software Maintenance should select the appropriate feature from the table below.
Customers who have GPFS V1 will be able to process an after license or a renewal order via the configurator. For Software Maintenance upgrades, the configurator will not recognize versions of GPFS earlier than V1.3. Customers with versions of GPFS earlier than V1.3 without Software Maintenance who wish to utilize the after license option for GPFS V2.1 need to contact Pre Sales Support.
Customers who have purchased GPFS V1.5 (5765-B95) including maintenance (5771-GPF or 5773-GPF) and who have current maintenance coverage are entitled to receive GPFS V2.1 at no charge.
Eligible customers should add the applicable media (supply) feature number from the table below to their existing record.
New Licensees of GPFS: The software license for new customers of GPFS for AIX 5L V2.1 (5765-F64) will include Software Maintenance for one year. Customers should then select the one-year or three-year program number, the appropriate feature number, and desired quantity to extend coverage for their software licenses.
For new licenses:
OTC One-Year Software Maintenance (5771-GPF)
Feature Number Maintenance Current Registration Renewal After-License Licensee Program Name (No Charge) Billing Billing Supply GPFS (5765-B95) 5809 GPFS (5765-F64) 5819 Installs 1 to 5 0026 0030 0034 6 to 10 0027 0031 0035 11 to 50 0028 0032 0036 51 or More 0029 0033 0037
OTC Three-Year Software Maintenance (5773-GPF)
Feature Number Maintenance Current Registration Renewal After-License Licensee Program Name (No Charge) Billing Billing Supply GPFS (5765-B95) 5809 GPFS (5765-F64) 5819 Installs 1 to 5 00251 0029 0033 6 to 10 00261 0030 0034 11 to 50 00271 0031 0035 51 or More 00281 0032 0036
Customization Options for 5765-F64: Select the appropriate feature numbers to customize your order with delivery options desired. These features can be specified on the initial or MES orders.
Feature Description Number Initial Shipments Serial number only (suppresses shipment 3444 of media and documentation) Ship media only (suppresses initial 3470 shipment of documentation) Expedite Shipments Local IBM office expedite 3445 (for IBM use only)
Terms and Conditions
Licensing: IBM International Program License Agreement. Proofs of Entitlement are required for all authorized use.
This software license includes Software Maintenance, previously referred to as Software Subscription and Technical Support.
The following agreements apply for maintenance and do not require customer signatures:
Money-Back Guarantee: If for any reason you are dissatisfied with the Program, return it within 30 days from the invoice date, to the party (either IBM or its reseller) from whom you acquired it, for a refund. This applies only to your first acquisition of the Program.
Copy and Use on Home/Portable Computer: No
Volume Orders (IVO): Yes, contact your IBM representative.
Passport Advantage Applies: No
The following agreements apply for maintenance and do not require customer signatures:
Software Maintenance Applies: Yes
IBM Software Maintenance is a one-year or three-year contract offering that enables customers to maintain software product version and release currency, with voice support during normal business hours included at no additional charge for the first year, for selected AIX and UNIX®-based software products at a predetermined cost. One year of Software Maintenance is included in the price of the original license. For products participating in IBM Software Maintenance, customers can receive all software product version and release upgrades and voice support, announced during the contract period. If customers allow either the one-year or three-year software maintenance offering to expire without renewal, there will be a "Maintenance-after-license" option to enable reinstatement in the Software Maintenance offering, on a product by product basis.
The following is general information regarding the Software Maintenance offering being announced:
Definition of Software Upgrade: An upgrade is either a new version (3.x.x to 4.x.x) or a new release (x.3.x to x.4.x) of an IBM program announced as eligible for which a customer enrolled under the IBM Software Maintenance. Software Maintenance entitles customers to future upgrades from only the latest announced version or release of an available eligible product.
Upgrades do not include programs sold separately from the enrolled program, but enhance the performance of that program, or are considered add-ons or utilities. Programs that perform the same functions as the enrolled program but are installed on a non-AIX platform are not considered upgrades.
Note: Software preventative-maintenance releases x.x.1 to x.x.2 (modification level changes, updates, or refreshes) are released under the one-year or three-year maintenance program numbers but only when a supply feature has been announced. Supply features are only announced under the one-year and three-year options when there is an announced version/release change against the original program product. No-charge preventative maintenance releases should be obtained by Software Maintenance customers in the same manner as non-Software Maintenance customers.
Example: Product A is offered under IBM Software Maintenance and three months later program fixes are incorporated into the program package. This is considered an update that would not be obtained under the one-year or three-year maintenance program numbers under the IBM Software Maintenance offering. Using the same example above, three months after the program fixes were incorporated into the program package, IBM announces a new version of product A. At that time, a supply feature is announced for product A under the one-year and three-year maintenance program numbers. This allows customers who are entitled by purchase or when the first year of maintenance is included with the license, of either the one-year or three-year maintenance offering for product A to order the upgrade under the one-year or three-year offering.
IBM may announce a product that can be substituted for an enrolled product. This product is neither a new version, a new release, nor a preventative maintenance release of that enrolled product. In most cases, this product has a different architecture, more function, and a higher license charge than the enrolled product. IBM may provide those customers enrolled in the IBM Software Maintenance offering access to this product at a discounted rate. The terms of this transaction will be included in the new product announcement.
Note: IBM will not offer stand-alone upgrades as a standard product offering. Stand-alone upgrades to this product/release, and its future versions and releases, will be considered only on a special request basis by IBM.
Contract Duration: The IBM Software Maintenance contracts are on a product by product basis and are offered for one or three years. One year of Software Maintenance is included with the purchase of a new license for the product. The three-year prepay option covers two additional years of coverage since the first year is included in the product license. The three-year prepay option can be purchased at the same time a license for an eligible product is purchased. Refunds do not apply if cancellation occurs during the one- or three-year contract period. Customers are not required to renew under either the one-year or three-year offering when the contract expires but will need to use the Maintenance-after-license option should they let the contract expire and want to acquire a new version or release of an eligible product. If the one-year or three-year contracts are not renewed, the one- or three-year contracts will be removed from IBM administrative systems. Contract transfers within an enterprise are allowed.
Payment Options: Customers enroll in the plan at a reduced "initial" price at the same time a new license for an eligible program product is purchased. Customers can also enroll in the plan after purchase of a new license for an eligible program product but must purchase the "Maintenance-after-license" option.
Software Maintenance Prices: The IBM Software Maintenance program prices are based on the published price of the software program at the time of the contract preparation.
Notification of Upgrade Availability and Ordering: The Software Maintenance component of the Web server where customers may register for e-mail notifications when Software Maintenance products are upgraded can be found at:
IBM Operational Support Services Support Line: No
Other Support: IBM SW Maintenance
AIX/UNIX Upgrade Protection Applies: No
Entitled Upgrade for Current AIX/UNIX Upgrade Protection Licensees: No
iSeries Software Subscription Applies: No
Educational Allowance Available: Yes, 15% education allowance applies to qualified education institution customers.
Order Now
Use Priority/Reference Code: RE001 Phone: 800-IBM-CALL Fax: 800-2IBM-FAX Internet: email@example.com Mail: IBM Atlanta Sales Center Dept. RE001 P.O. Box 2690 Atlanta, GA 30301-2690
You can also contact your local IBM Business Partner or IBM representative. To identify them, call 800-IBM-4YOU.
Note: Shipments will begin after the planned availability date.


text:
Distribution of Brugia malayi larvae and DNA in vector and non-vector mosquitoes: implications for molecular diagnostics
© Erickson et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2009
Received: 23 October 2009
Accepted: 17 November 2009
Published: 17 November 2009
The purpose of this study was to extend prior studies of molecular detection of Brugia malayi DNA in vector (Aedes aegypti- Liverpool) and non-vector (Culex pipiens) mosquitoes at different times after ingestion of infected blood.
Parasite DNA was detected over a two week time course in 96% of pooled thoraces of vector mosquitoes. In contrast, parasite DNA was detected in only 24% of thorax pools from non-vectors; parasite DNA was detected in 56% of midgut pools and 47% of abdomen pools from non-vectors. Parasite DNA was detected in vectors in the head immediately after the blood meal and after 14 days. Parasite DNA was also detected in feces and excreta of the vector and non-vector mosquitoes which could potentially confound results obtained with field samples. However, co-housing experiments failed to demonstrate transfer of parasite DNA from infected to non-infected mosquitoes. Parasites were also visualized in mosquito tissues by immunohistololgy using an antibody to the recombinant filarial antigen Bm14. Parasite larvae were detected consistently after mf ingestion in Ae. aegypti- Liverpool. Infectious L3s were seen in the head, thorax and abdomen of vector mosquitoes 14 days after Mf ingestion. In contrast, parasites were only detected by histology shortly after the blood meal in Cx. pipiens, and these were not labeled by the antibody.
This study provides new information on the distribution of filarial parasites and parasite DNA in vector and non-vector mosquitoes. This information should be useful for those involved in designing and interpreting molecular xenomonitoring studies.
Human lymphatic filiarasis (LF) is caused by the mosquito-borne filarial nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and B. timori. These parasites are currently targeted for elimination by the Global Program for the Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF), and workers in this program have reported both achievements and future challenges to eliminating parasite transmission in endemic areas [1–3]. One important component of the elimination program is the ability to estimate infection prevalence and transmission rates, especially during mass drug administration (MDA), in order to accurately evaluate the progress towards the goal of LF transmission interruption [4]. Molecular detection assays provide sensitive and specific tools for identifying and distinguishing parasites in host populations. Molecular techniques commonly used to study LF infection, or exposure, in humans include the detection of parasite DNA, circulating filarial antigen, and filarial antibodies in blood samples [5]. Molecular techniques also have been applied to the detection of filarial worms in mosquitoes, and these primarily target parasite DNA [6–9].
The detection of parasite DNA in mosquito samples is a valuable tool for molecular xenomonitoring (MX), but this does not differentiate parasite developmental stages or distinguish whether the DNA is from living or dead parasites [10–12]. Recently, RNA-based assays have been developed to detect B. malayi and W. bancrofti in mosquitoes [13, 14], including the distinction of B. malayi infected (a constitutive parasite transcript) and infective mosquitoes (a L3-specific transcript) [14]. However, RNA-based detection assays have not yet been tested in the field or incorporated into LF surveillance programs. Vector-parasite interactions influence the applicability and interpretation of molecular detection assays used in vector surveillance studies. There are several factors that should be carefully considered when using molecular techniques to investigate parasites within the mosquito intermediate host, including the (1) various life cycle stages and their tissue locations, (2) likelihood of parasite development to the infective stage, i.e., vector competence, and (3) limitations of the particular detection assay, i.e., ability to distinguish infection stages and living from dead parasites. The separation of mosquitoes into body regions has been used to circumvent the inability of some assays to distinguish infective-stage parasites. For example, Anopheles spp. have been divided into two body regions (head/thorax and abdomen) to provide better estimates of mosquitoes infected with Plasmodium sporozoites and/or pre-sporozoite stages [15–17] and the heads of blackflies have been removed (by mass dissection techniques) for the restricted, head-only, PCR assays targeting Onchocerca DNA, which is more likely to provide a better estimate of infective-stage parasites because other developmental stages generally reside outside of the head [18, 19].
The studies conducted herein follow our previous work, which demonstrated that DNA-based diagnostics are unable to distinguish the developmental stage of LF parasites or whether parasites are living or dead in the mosquito [10]. Despite these limitations, there are benefits to using DNA-based assays over dissection to assess the persistence of filariasis in populations. Because filarial DNA is detectible for two weeks or longer following a microfilaremic blood meal in both vector and non-vector mosquitoes, all anthropophilic mosquitoes can be included in the screening of mosquitoes for parasite DNA to provide MX data [10]. Herein, we have further examined the persistence of filarial parasites and parasite DNA in mosquitoes; we used a combination of mosquito dissection, immunohistology and PCR assays to determine the location(s) of filarial worms and DNA in mosquitoes that are susceptible or refractory to filarial parasite development. These studies allowed us to assess the potential value of tissue specific assays (e.g., mosquito heads only) to estimate the prevalence of infective-stage larvae in mosquitoes; we also investigated the issue of direct mosquito to mosquito transfer of parasite DNA that could confound MX studies.
Development of B. malayi in Ae. aegypti and Cx. pipiens
Distribution of B. malayi larvae in vector and non-vector mosquitoes as assessed by dissection.
Time post ingestion
Number of parasites recovereda
Total wormsa
Percentage of mosquitoes harboring parasites
Ae. aegypti-LVP
2 h
93% (6.2 ± 6.1)b
7 d
73% (5.9 ± 5.9)
14 d
59 (20)
80% (3.9 ± 3.2)
Cx. pipiens
2 h
93% (7.5 ± 7.1)
7 d
13% (2.0 ± 1.4)
14 d
0 (10)
B. malayi DNA detection in pooled mosquito body regions
B. malayi DNA detection in individual mosquito body regions
Detection of parasite DNA in mosquito excreta and feces
Parasite DNA contamination of B. malayi positive and negative mosquitoes
In order to test the possibility that infected mosquitoes contaminate uninfected mosquitoes while they are together in the same trap or sampling tube, we housed uninfected Ae. aegypti-LVP together with Cx. pipiens that had fed on a microfilaremic gerbil. After 7 days, mosquitoes were collected and pooled by species. None of the 17 Ae. aegypti-LVP pools (with 10 mosquitoes per pool) were positive by real-time PCR. In contrast, 17 of the 21 Cx. pipiens pools (with 5 mosquitoes each) were positive. Most of these samples had relatively high Ct values indicating small amounts of B. malayi DNA, but 5 pools had higher Ct values ranging between 29 and 35. Although B. malayi DNA can be detected in feces of infected mosquitoes, feces did not cause false positive DNA signals from uninfected mosquitoes after co-housing.
Detection of Bm14 in mosquito-stage parasites by immunohistology
The application of molecular assays to detect parasites within vectors is influenced by the vector-parasite interaction. In these studies, we analyzed the detection of filarial worms in susceptible and refractory mosquitoes by targeting parasite DNA or protein in molecular assays. The three mosquito strains examined have very different interactions with B. malayi that were documented in our previous paper on detection of parasite DNA from living and dead parasites within mosquitoes [10]. The follow-up studies discussed herein were designed to investigate: (1) the mosquito body region(s) containing the persistently detected parasite DNA within Cx. pipiens (in this mosquito species mf are seldom able to migrate out of the midgut lumen), and (2) the detection of parasite proteins as larvae develop in susceptible and refractory mosquitoes.
Separation of mosquitoes into body regions (head, thorax, abdomen, and midgut) prior to PCR assays provided further details on the location of detectible parasite DNA within mosquitoes. In both vector Ae. aegypti-LVP and non-vector Cx. pipiens, the head region had the lowest parasite DNA detection rates (43 and 17% respectively) when all time points are considered. However, there was a striking difference at 14 days when nearly 100% of pools of Ae. aegypti-LVP heads and very few pools of Cx. pipiens heads contained parasite DNA. This finding correlates well with infectivity rates at that time point. Although DNA detection in mosquito heads might provide a better estimate of infectivity rates than DNA detection in whole mosquitoes (Fig. 2), we do not advocate separating heads for this purpose in field studies, because false positive and false negative infectivity signals are likely to be high with this approach. Because PCR can detect DNA from live or dead parasites from any developmental stage, heads could be falsely positive (without L3s being present) because of remnants of ingested mf (especially in mosquitoes with armed cibarial and/or pharyngeal pumps). Heads could provide a false negative infectivity signal when mosquitoes contain L3s in other body parts. Our results and prior studies [20] have shown that L3s are not restricted to the head.
B. malayi DNA also was not restricted to the midgut in Cx. pipiens. Although most mf do not leave the Cx. pipiens midgut lumen, mf are sometimes detected outside of the midgut by dissection (Table 1 and Erickson and Christensen, unpublished data). Although these few mf that do penetrate the midgut epithelium could be the source of parasite DNA outside of the Cx. pipiens midgut, an alternative explanation was also examined. In compatible vectors, the majority of mf penetrate the midgut epithelium very quickly (within 1.5 h) after ingestion [21], and those that are unable to penetrate remain within the midgut lumen and are destined for digestion and/or defecation. This is in agreement with our observation that at 2 h PI almost 50% of mf were recovered from the thorax. In parasite-vector pairs that limit or prevent mf penetration of the mosquito midgut (e.g., Brugia--Cx. pipiens and certain Wuchereria--Culex spp. interactions) [22–25], parasite material is likely to be shed in mosquito feces. To test the hypothesis that DNA detected outside of the midgut is due to parasite DNA on exterior mosquito surfaces, excreta and feces from Ae. aegypti and Cx. pipiens were examined for parasite DNA. B. malayi DNA was detected in voided materials of both species, but significantly more Cx. pipiens had detectible parasite DNA in their excreta and feces following a microfilaremic blood meal (Fig 3). Although external contamination could cause false positive PCR results, our mosquito co-housing results suggest that cross-contamination is probably uncommon.
However, to prevent cross-contamination, the following steps are recommended for processing wild-caught mosquitoes: (1) Immediately kill mosquitoes to limit mosquito-mosquito contact, especially if blood engorged mosquitoes are present; (2) When killing mosquitoes, avoid methods of slow death in which the mosquito host is killed and parasites are not, because it is possible for L3s to escape the body of living, dead, and dying mosquitoes, especially if mosquitoes come in contact with aqueous fluids [26–28]; (3) Pool mosquitoes as soon as possible after collection; (4) When sorting mosquitoes into pools, tools such as forceps and brushes should not pierce the mosquito body; and (5) Mosquito sampling should be restricted to whole females (head, thorax and abdomen intact). This will reduce error that could be introduced by testing random body parts from unidentified individuals.
Immunohistochemistry provides an alternative approach to detecting and studying parasite migration and development in mosquitoes; several studies have used this approach with antibodies to Plasmodium circumsporozoite protein (CSP) [16, 29–31]. Most immunodiagnostic research on filariasis has focused on the parasite stages that occur within the vertebrate host [32, 33], and this work has produced sensitive and specific diagnostic tests for Bancroftian and brugian filariasis [5, 34, 35]. In contrast, few studies have examined antigen detection as a method for identifying and distinguishing LF parasites in mosquitoes. A monoclonal antibody raised against B. malayi L3s (NEB-D1E5) is specific to a B. malayi L3 surface antigen and distinguishes B. malayi L3s from infective-stage larvae of other filarial worms apart from B. timori [36, 37]. In the current study, antibodies to recombinant B. malayi antigen Bm14 [38, 39] were used to detect this protein in filarial larvae in mosquitoes. Bm14 was detected in mf and all other developmental stages of parasites in the competent vector, Ae. aegypti-LVP. In contrast, the protein was not detected in parasites present in non-vector Cx. pipiens (harboring mf in the midgut), or Ae. aegypti-RKF (harboring parasites that developmentally arrest as L1s which then die within mosquito muscle cells). These results suggest that Bm14 may be a specific biomarker for viable filarial parasites in mosquitoes.
Improved methods are needed for assessing changes in mosquito infection and infectivity rates in the context of LF control/elimination programs. As infection rates in humans and vectors decrease following MDA, increased numbers of mosquitoes must be tested to accurately estimate parasite prevalence [40]. This makes dissection impractical, and favors use of molecular detection assays with pooled mosquitoes. This study provides new information on the persistence of filarial worm DNA in non-vectors that has practical implications for MX studies regarding methods for processing field-caught mosquitoes and for interpreting MX data. Additional studies are needed to determine whether the presence of Bm14 antigen is a reliable marker for viable filarial worms in pooled mosquito samples. Although this study focused on B. malayi, the findings may be of interest to scientists and programs that use molecular techniques to detect other pathogens (helminths, viruses, or protozoa) in vectors.
Materials and methods
Mosquito maintenance and parasite exposures
Mosquitoes used for these studies were obtained from colonies of Aedes aegypti (black-eyed, Liverpool strain; LVP), Ae. aegypti (Rockefeller strain; RKF) and Culex pipiens pipiens ( Iowa strain) maintained at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, as previously described [21, 41]. These mosquitoes differ in their vector competence for B. malayi. Ae. aegypti-LVP support the development of B. malayi from mf to L3s, but parasites do not develop in Cx. pipiens, because mf do not penetrate the midgut epithelium. In Ae. aegypti-RKF, mf penetrate the mosquito midgut and migrate into thoracic muscles where they fail to develop to L2s. This mosquito strain was only used for comparison in the immunohistology experiments. Four- to seven-day-old mosquitoes were sucrose starved ~14 h prior to blood feeding. Mosquitoes were exposed to B. malayi by blood feeding on microfilaremic cat blood in a water-jacketed membrane feeder fitted with a parafilm membrane [42]. Mosquitoes also were blood fed on uninfected gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) to serve as parasite-negative, blood-fed controls. Engorged mosquitoes were sorted and maintained in the laboratory.
Laboratory animals were handled according to guidelines approved by the Animal Care Committee at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The mf densities of B. malayi-infected cat blood obtained from the NIAID Filariasis Research Reagent Repository Center http://www.filariasiscenter.org used in these studies ranged from 24-191 mf/20 μl blood.
Mosquito dissection
Five mosquitoes were dissected at 2 hr, 7 d, and 14 d post ingestion of microfilaremic blood (PI) to estimate the mean intensity of infection, and to record the stage of B. malayi development. Individual mosquitoes were separated into head, thorax, midgut, and abdomen, and each body region was teased apart and individually examined for parasites by microscopy as previously described [10].
Ae. aegypti-LVP and Cx. pipiens were separated into body regions (head, thorax, midgut, and abdomen) and placed, separately or in pools of four, into 2.0 ml microcentrifuge tubes for parasite DNA detection. To create a pooled sample, four mosquitoes were separated into body regions, and the body regions were combined by type into tubes. For example, four mosquitoes were used to produce one pool of four heads, one pool of four thoraces, one pool of four abdomens, and one pool of four midguts. Five pooled samples were prepared at 2 h, 1, 3, 7, and 14 d PI; thus, a total of 20 mosquitoes were collected at each time point for pooled samples. In addition to creating pooled samples, individual mosquitoes were dissected into body regions as described above and then placed individually into tubes. Five individuals were dissected at each time point to create twenty samples: five tubes contained individual heads, five contained a single thorax, five contained an abdomen, and five contained a midgut. These samples were screened for B. malayi DNA to compare detection results between individuals and pooled samples. All samples were cataloged to track a given body region back to the particular mosquito or pool of mosquitoes, allowing the assay results from each body region to be combined into results for the 'whole mosquito.' For example, if at least one of the body region samples was positive; then the 'whole mosquito' was considered positive and only if all body regions tested negative; then the 'whole mosquito' was considered negative.
Collection of excreta and feces from individual mosquitoes
To examine possible sources of parasite DNA contamination, mosquitoes were individually housed to collect material voided by excretion (excreta processed from Malphigian tubules) and defecation (feces containing undigested material from the midgut) [43]. Immediately following blood engorgement, mosquitoes were individually housed in 2.0 ml microcentrifuge tubes. Mosquitoes were maintained for up to 4 DPI by providing 10% sucrose solution in drops on the mesh-screen top fitted on each tube. At 24 h intervals, mosquitoes and their voided matter were collected for DNA extraction. First, the mosquito was removed from the collection tube, transferred to a clean microcentrifuge tube and flash frozen in dry ice. Then, the collection tube containing the excreta and/or feces was labeled and also frozen. All samples were stored at -80°C until DNA extraction. Five mosquitoes of each species were collected at 2 h and 1-4 d PI, and voided material was sampled at 1-4 DPI. In addition, the appearance of a blood bolus was recorded for each mosquito to provide data on the presence or absence of blood meal remnants within the mosquito midgut. Mosquitoes that blood fed on uninfected gerbils also were housed individually and sampled at each time point for negative controls.
Co-housing studies to determine whether B. malayi DNA is transferred from infected to uninfected mosquitoes
Uninfected Ae aegypti were housed together with B. malayi-infected Cx. pipiens that had fed on two B. malayi-infected gerbils with microfilaremias of 68 and 146 mf/20 μl blood. Engorged Cx. pipiens were sorted from non-blood fed mosquitoes, and the engorged mosquitoes were mixed with non-blood fed Ae. aegypti. Four cartons were studied with each containing ~60 uninfected Ae. aegypti and ~40 B. malayi-infected Cx. pipiens. At 7 DPI, mosquitoes were collected for qPCR detection of parasite DNA. Cold anesthetized mosquitoes were sorted by species and placed in pools of five individuals for Cx. pipiens and pools of ten individuals for Ae. aegypti. Mosquitoes were flash frozen on dry ice and stored at -80°C.
DNA extraction and detection
Genomic DNA from pooled mosquitoes or body parts was extracted using a commercial column method as described previously [10]. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed using an MGB probe to detect a 120 bp fragment of the Brugia Hha I repeat [44]. In all real-time PCR assays, water was used as no-template negative control; DNA extracted from a pool of non-infected mosquitoes acted as extraction negative control, and 100 pg of DNA isolated from adult B. malayi was used as positive control.
Five mosquitoes of each species were collected at 2 h, 1, 3, 7, and 14 d PI (i.e., the same time points as DNA detection assays) and stored in 80% ethanol at room temperature until embedding. Mosquitoes were embedded in paraffin, and B. malayi larvae were stained using the alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase method as described previously [45]. A polyclonal mouse antibody raised against recombinant Bm14 protein was used as the primary antibody for these studies [38].
Statistical Analysis
Data were graphed and analyzed with GraphPad Prism 5.0 http://www.graphpad.com. Fisher's exact tests, with two-tailed P-values, were used to compare parasite development and DNA detection between Ae. aegypti-LVP and Cx. pipiens. Pearson correlation tests were used to test for trends in parasite DNA detection over time. Statistical results were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05.
List of abbreviations
L2, L3: first- to third-stage larva
post ingestion of microfilaremic blood
days post ingestion of microfilaremic blood
molecular xenomonitoring.
We thank the NIAID/NIH Filariasis Research Reagent Repository Center (FR3) for supplying Brugia malayi -infected cat blood. This research was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health grants AI 007414-17 (graduate fellowship to SM Erickson), AI-19769 (BM Christensen), AI-065715 (GJ Weil), and by a Grant from The Barnes Jewish Hospital Foundation (GJ Weil).
Authors' Affiliations
- WHO: Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2007, 82: 361-380.Google Scholar
- Michael E, Malecela MN, Zervos M, Kazura JW: Global eradication of lymphatic filariasis: the value of chronic disease control in parasite elimination programmes. PLoS ONE. 2008, 3: e2936-10.1371/journal.pone.0002936.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kyelem D, Biswas G, Bockarie MJ, Bradley MH, El-Setouhy M, Fischer PU, Henderson RH, Kazura JW, Lammie PJ, Njenga SM, Ottesen EA, Ramaiah KD, Richards FO, Weil GJ, Williams SA: Determinants of success in national programs to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: a perspective identifying essential elements and research needs. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008, 79: 480-484.PubMed CentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ramzy RM, El Setouhy M, Helmy H, Ahmed ES, Abd Elaziz KM, Farid HA, Shannon WD, Weil GJ: Effect of yearly mass drug administration with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole on bancroftian filariasis in Egypt: a comprehensive assessment. Lancet. 2006, 367: 992-999. 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68426-2.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Weil GJ, Ramzy RM: Diagnostic tools for filariasis elimination programs. Trends Parasitol. 2007, 23: 78-82. 10.1016/j.pt.2006.12.001.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bockarie MJ, Fischer P, Williams SA, Zimmerman PA, Griffin L, Alpers MP, Kazura JW: Application of a polymerase chain reaction-ELISA to detect Wuchereria bancrofti in pools of wild-caught Anopheles punctulatus in a filariasis control area in Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2000, 62: 363-367.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Pedersen EM, Stolk WA, Laney SJ, Michael E: The role of monitoring mosquito infection in the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis. Trends Parasitol. 2009, 25: 319-327. 10.1016/j.pt.2009.03.013.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hoti SL, Vasuki V, Lizotte MW, Patra KP, Ravi G, Vanamail P, Manonmani A, Sabesan S, Krishnamoorthy K, Williams SA: Detection of Brugia malayi in laboratory and wild-caught Mansonioides mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) using Hha I PCR assay. Bull Entomol Res. 2001, 91: 87-92.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Fischer P, Wibowo H, Pischke S, Ruckert P, Liebau E, Ismid IS, Supali T: PCR-based detection and identification of the filarial parasite Brugia timori from Alor Island, Indonesia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2002, 96: 809-821. 10.1179/000349802125002239.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Fischer P, Erickson SM, Fischer K, Fuchs JF, Rao RU, Christensen BM, Weil GJ: Persistence of Brugia malayi DNA in vector and non-vector mosquitoes: implications for xenomonitoring and transmission monitoring of lymphatic filariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007, 76: 502-507.PubMed CentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Williams SA, Laney SJ, Bierwert LA, Saunders LJ, Boakye DA, Fischer P, Goodman D, Helmy H, Hoti SL, Vasuki V, Lammie PJ, Plichart C, Ramzy RM, Ottesen EA: Development and standardization of a rapid, PCR-based method for the detection of Wuchereria bancrofti in mosquitoes, for xenomonitoring the human prevalence of bancroftian filariasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2002, 96 (Suppl 2): S41-46. 10.1179/000349802125002356.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Farid HA, Morsy ZS, Helmy H, Ramzy RM, El Setouhy M, Weil GJ: A critical appraisal of molecular xenomonitoring as a tool for assessing progress toward elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007, 77: 593-600.PubMed CentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Vasuki V, Hoti SL, Patra KP: RT-PCR assay for the detection of infective (L3) larvae of lymphatic filarial parasite, Wuchereria bancrofti, in vector mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. J Vector Borne Dis. 2008, 45: 207-216.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Laney SJ, Buttaro CJ, Visconti S, Pilotte N, Ramzy RM, Weil GJ, Williams SA: A Reverse Transcriptase-PCR Assay for Detecting Filarial Infective Larvae in Mosquitoes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2008, 2: e251-10.1371/journal.pntd.0000251.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lombardi S, Esposito F, Zavala F, Lamizana L, Rossi P, Sabatinelli G, Nussenzweig RS, Coluzzi M: Detection and anatomical localization of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein and sporozoites in the afrotropical malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.l. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1987, 37: 491-494.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Beier MS, Schwartz IK, Beier JC, Perkins PV, Onyango F, Koros JK, Campbell GH, Andrysiak PM, Brandling-Bennett AD: Identification of malaria species by ELISA in sporozoite and oocyst infected Anopheles from western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1988, 39: 323-327.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- da Rocha JA, de Oliveira SB, Povoa MM, Moreira LA, Krettli AU: Malaria vectors in areas of Plasmodium falciparum epidemic transmission in the Amazon region, Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008, 78: 872-877.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Yameogo L, Toe L, Hougard JM, Boatin BA, Unnasch TR: Pool screen polymerase chain reaction for estimating the prevalence of Onchocerca volvulus infection in Simulium damnosum sensu lato: results of a field trial in an area subject to successful vector control. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999, 60: 124-128.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Rodriguez-Perez MA, Katholi CR, Hassan HK, Unnasch TR: Large-scale entomologic assessment of Onchocerca volvulus transmission by poolscreen PCR in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006, 74: 1026-1033.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Paily KP, Hoti SL, Manonmani AM, Balaraman K: Longevity and migration of Wuchereria bancrofti infective larvae and their distribution pattern in relation to the resting and feeding behaviour of the vector mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1995, 89: 39-47.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Christensen BM, Sutherland DR: Brugia pahangi: Exsheathment and midgut penetration in Aedes aegypti. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 1984, 103: 423-433. 10.2307/3226478.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Obiamiwe BA: The fate of ingested Brugia pahangi microfilariae in susceptible and refractory strains of Culex pipiens and Aedes aegypti. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1977, 71: 375-377.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Omar MS, Zielke E: Abortive development of Wuchereria bancrofti in a West African strain of Culex pipiens fatigans. Tropenmed Parasitol. 1978, 29: 364-370.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Zielke E, Kuhlow F: On the inheritance of susceptibility for infection with Wuchereria bancrofti in Culex pipiens fatigans. Tropenmed Parasitol. 1977, 28: 68-70.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lowichik A, Lowrie RC: Uptake and development of Wuchereria bancrofti in Aedes aegypti and Haitian Culex quinquefasciatus that were fed on a monkey with low-density microfilaremia. Trop Med Parasitol. 1988, 39: 227-229.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gwadz RW, Chernin E: Escape of infective larvae of Brugia pahangi from Aedes aegypti into water. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1973, 67: 814-818. 10.1016/0035-9203(73)90009-6.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bosworth W, Sullivan JJ, Chernin E: Infective larvae of Brugia: escape from mosquitoes into water and subsequent oral infectivity in jirds. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1976, 25: 700-703.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Zielke E: On the escape of infective filarial larvae from the mosquitoes. Tropenmed Parasitol. 1977, 28: 461-466.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Zavala F, Gwadz RW, Collins FH, Nussenzweig RS, Nussenzweig V: Monoclonal antibodies to circumsporozoite proteins identify the species of malaria parasite in infected mosquitoes. Nature. 1982, 299: 737-738. 10.1038/299737a0.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Esposito F, Lombardi S, Toure YT, Zavala F, Coluzzi M: Field observations on the use of anti-sporozoite monoclonal antibodies for determination of infection rates in malaria vectors. Parassitologia. 1986, 28: 69-77.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ryan JR, Dave K, Collins KM, Hochberg L, Sattabongkot J, Coleman RE, Dunton RF, Bangs MJ, Mbogo CM, Cooper RD, Schoeler GB, Rubio-Palis Y, Magris M, Romer LI, Padilla N, Quakyi IA, Bigoga J, Leke RG, Akinpelu O, Evans B, Walsey M, Patterson P, Wirtz RA, Chan AS: Extensive multiple test centre evaluation of the VecTest malaria antigen panel assay. Med Vet Entomol. 2002, 16: 321-327. 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2002.00368.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Nanduri J, Kazura JW: Clinical and laboratory aspects of filariasis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1989, 2: 39-50.PubMed CentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Harnett W, Bradley JE, Garate T: Molecular and immunodiagnosis of human filarial nematode infections. Parasitology. 1998, 117 (Suppl): S59-71.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Weil GJ, Lammie PJ, Weiss N: The ICT Filariasis Test: A rapid-format antigen test for diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. Parasitol Today. 1997, 13: 401-404. 10.1016/S0169-4758(97)01130-7.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Jamail M, Andrew K, Junaidi D, Krishnan AK, Faizal M, Rahmah N: Field validation of sensitivity and specificity of rapid test for detection of Brugia malayi infection. Trop Med Int Health. 2005, 10: 99-104. 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01334.x.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Carlow CK, Franke ED, Lowrie RC, Partono F, Philipp M: Monoclonal antibody to a unique surface epitope of the human filaria Brugia malayi identifies infective larvae in mosquito vectors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987, 84: 6914-6918. 10.1073/pnas.84.19.6914.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Carlow CK, Perrone J, Spielman A, Philipp M: A developmentally regulated surface epitope expressed by the infective larva of Brugia malayi which is rapidly lost after infection. Molecular paradigms for eradicating helminthic parasites. Edited by: MacInnis AJ. 1987, New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc, 301-310.Google Scholar
- Chandrashekar R, Curtis KC, Ramzy RM, Liftis F, Li BW, Weil GJ: Molecular cloning of Brugia malayi antigens for diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1994, 64: 261-271. 10.1016/0166-6851(94)00035-2.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lammie PJ, Weil G, Noordin R, Kaliraj P, Steel C, Goodman D, Lakshmikanthan VB, Ottesen E: Recombinant antigen-based antibody assays for the diagnosis and surveillance of lymphatic filariasis - a multicenter trial. Filaria J. 2004, 3: 9-10.1186/1475-2883-3-9.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Katholi CR, Unnasch TR: Important experimental parameters for determining infection rates in arthropod vectors using pool screening approaches. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006, 74: 779-785.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bartholomay LC, Farid HA, Ramzy RM, Christensen BM: Culex pipiens pipiens: characterization of immune peptides and the influence of immune activation on development of Wuchereria bancrofti. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2003, 130: 43-50. 10.1016/S0166-6851(03)00143-9.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Rutledge LC, Ward RA, Gould DJ: Studies on the feeding response of mosquitoes to nutritive solutions in a new membrane feeder. Mosquito News. 1964, 24: 407-419.Google Scholar
- Clements AN: The biology of mosquitoes. 1992, New York: Chapman & Hall, 1Google Scholar
- Rao RU, Weil GJ, Fischer K, Supali T, Fischer P: Detection of Brugia parasite DNA in human blood by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 2006, 44: 3887-3893. 10.1128/JCM.00969-06.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Rao RU, Huang Y, Fischer K, Fischer PU, Weil GJ: Brugia malayi: Effects of nitazoxanide and tizoxanide on adult worms and microfilariae of filarial nematodes. Exp Parasitol. 2009, 121: 38-45. 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.09.020.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.


text:
Three highly regarded food retailing executives comprise the inaugural SN Hall of Fame, envisioned as an annual celebration of the leaders who have helped shape the industry.
Charles C. Butt, chairman and chief executive officer, H.E. Butt Co.; Jim Sinegal, president and CEO, Costco Wholesale Corp.; and
Register to view the full article
Already a member? Log in.


text: Click to viewMaybe you've had a snootful of Apple TV, but here's a comparison with a twist: We're going to compare Apples and oranges, pitting Apple TV against the TiVo Series3 HD Digital Media Recorder. From the outset, realize that the Apple TV is not a personal video recorder, and can hardly compete against the mighty TiVo Series3 HD on that playing field. For instance, you're going to have an awfully difficult time watching something like the Super Bowl in HD on the Apple TV.


text:
Gallery Set Of Two Cream Vintage Metal Heart Mirrors
The Metal Heart Rustic Mirrors by Gallery are beautiful accent mirrors with decorative hangers and fixings
These charming mirrors can be used as a set or individually and will add a decorative feature to any room
The Metal Heart Rustic Mirrors by Gallery are designed and manufactured to a very high standard
Pack contains two mirrors
Colour: cream
Dimensions of largest mirror: 20 x 20 inches
Dimensions of smallest mirror: 18 x 16 inches
Composition: metal, glass
Care: wipe clean with cloth. Do not use abrasive cleaners
Please note, non faulty returns will incur a collection fee from the supplier.
Goods should be returned in their original packaging.
UK Mainland delivery only
ID no: 15391688
Delivery Information
You can confirm when we expect to deliver this product at checkout. Our delivery times vary depending on whether we have stock available for immediate shipment from our warehouse. All the stock in the "Outlet" section of our warehouse is available for immediate dispatch, as are many of our "Banner Sales" by individual brand.
In some cases, we work to get the best price on stock for you by only ordering your goods from our brand supplier when our sale closes. That's why you will see that some sales can take a few weeks for delivery. For the combination of quality and price, we hope you'll agree that it's worth the wait.
Where you order goods with a different delivery promise for different items in the same order, we will split the order into two or more deliveries to make sure we get each item to you as quickly as possible. Plus however big or small your order, you'll only pay one delivery charge of £5.95 in the UK, or £7.95 in the Republic of Ireland and the Channel Islands.


text:
Opened in 2002, this luxury hotel comprises a total of 246 rooms spread between a main building and a neighbouring building. Altogether the building comprises 4 floors. A lobby awaits guests with a reception and two panoramic lifts. Dining and drinking options include a variety of bars, a caf�, a patisserie and an � la carte restaurant with a non-smoking area. Furthermore, there is a public Internet terminal, a number of small shops, a nightclub and a hotel photographer available. Business guests may like to make use of the conference rooms. Room and medical services are also included amongst the hotel facilities. A kids' club for those aged from 4 to 12 years of age is also available.
This modern hotel is situated directly on the shingle beach. This hotel is located just 200 m from the town centre of Kemer, which may therefore be easily reached on foot. The hotel is situated close to countless shopping venues, bars and nightclubs (50 m). A variety of restaurants are a stone's throw away (100 m) and Antalya Airport is located around 50 km from this hotel.
The comfortable rooms come with an en suite bathroom with a hairdryer. Further fittings include a minibar, a direct dial telephone, satellite/cable TV with a music channel, carpeting, hire safe, central heating and air conditioning (centrally regulated). Some rooms additionally feature a balcony.
In the outdoor complex is a swimming pool with a children's pool as well as a sun terrace with sun loungers, parasols and cushions free of charge. It is possible to make use of the indoor swimming pool, massage services and spa treatments. Sports enthusiasts may like to play table tennis, billiards, bocce, and darts or participate in aerobics sessions or work out in the hotel's fitness studio. A seasonal entertainment programme provides variation for guests.
American Express, MasterCard and VISA are accepted as methods of payment.
Room Facilities:
Direct dial telephone
Satellite cable TV
Double bed
Central airconditioned
Central heating
Wheelchair accessible
Disabled bathroom


text:
After nearly three years as general secretary of the Transport and General Workers' Union, he is consistently opposed by the remnants of the right-wing caucus in the union which fought against his election, and he is now increasingly alienated by his left-wing backers.
According to his more cynical detractors, the recent Morris speech in which he declared his backing for a strong commitment to public ownership was an attempt to rehabilitate himself with the Left. There could well be more of the same from Mr Morris in the run-up to the special Labour conference on Clause IV on 29 April.
He is likely to need the support of the union's dominant left-wing machine if he is to secure re-election in a poll due next year. Prospective leaders of the T&G have always required the backing of "fixers", of either right or left, who organise the electoral campaign and canvass on the candidate's behalf.
Others believe that his seemingly fundamentalist statement in support of Clause IV was more cock-up than conspiracy. Perhaps its portrayal was simply the product of a journalist looking for a "line".
It is understood that Mr Morris has personally assured the Labour leader on several occasions in recent months of his desire to refrain from rocking the boat. The support of the T&G, which will command about 12 per cent of the votes at the conference, would do wonders for the pro-Blair voting arithmetic.
Having received the private assurances from Mr Morris, the Labour leader was taken aback when the union man issued what seemed to be an extremely unhelpful declaration.
The cock-up theorists believe that even Mr Morris might have also been genuinely surprised by the reaction to his remarks. Closer examination of the full text of the Morris statement shows that it could be interpreted as a magisterial peroration, rather than a fundamentalist rant.
The T&G leader himself insists that the speech simply set out his union's present position. The issue is under review through a branch consultation process.
There is little doubt, however, that Mr Morris will need to mend his fences with his former supporters if he is to be assured of re-election.
He started his period of office by tackling the union's financial problems and won considerable respect as a consequence. Since then, though, he has angered much of his 200-strong officer corps through failing allegedly to give them a strong lead, demoralised many of the support staff - who went on strike last year - and disappointed the left-wing caucus by flirting with political "fads" such as Clintonism.
In the union itself, therefore, his support is at a low ebb. Among the members it may be a different story as, certainly for black workers, he has become something of an icon.
Can the left abandon the 57-year-old man who is probably the most prominent black leader in Britain today? If they do, who could they back? These questions are exercising the minds of the left, but they are not easily answered.
- More about:
- Evelyn Waugh
- Mathematics
- RMT (trade Union)
- Trade Unions


text:
That is something that I am struggling with. I tend to have a very much singular focus when I get something in my head that is some sort of goal. Obviously, that is not a super healthy thing. I need to be a well rounded adult. And the way that I tend to react to things, it might be better for me if I do not have any super solid goals or plans for the year. It will hopefully help me to focus on myself and getting "well" and getting "balanced" which is obviously what I have had a ton of issues with over the last few years.
I know that my singular focus can interfere in most ways of my life. Certainly, it can be in the way of me having solid and healthy relationships whether it is with friends or anything else.
I know that generally goals are a positive thing in life, but when they tend to completely overtake your life, that is when you have issues. And I am definitely one of those all or nothing type of people. I know that it is something that I need to really work on, so that is pretty much my ONLY resolution for 2015.
Do not set goals. Figure out what you want to do/enjoy and do it. Have fun. Work out for fun and leanness, but don't obsess about it. Enjoy.
So here is the ACTUAL planless plan.
- read books. for fun. not a certain number, but when you want to.
- run races. any distance. any times. have FUN with it.
- lift weights. I love lifting weights. so do it.
- don't freak out over a missed workout. it is ONE workout.
- play with addie. she will be 3 before i know it.
- be honest when i want to do things or NOT do things. be upfront about my feelings.
So there you have it. 6 goals that have no parameters around them.


text:
sales and marketing
Winning advice, tips and strategies for start-ups and businesses that are growing and thriving. Always fresh, actionable and informative from leading experts and thought leaders on sales, marketing, leadership, technology, hiring, and more.
Choose category or enter a keyword in the search bar above, or view all below.
How Video Content Marketing Can Help Your Business
In the past year there has been an incredible growth in the use of video content marketing in business. We've seen an increase of nearly 66% of businesses incorporating video into their marketing strategy. Videos work great because they help in delivering information quickly and in simplified format to your target audience. Plus, not only do they function as a …


text: This was a birthday treat this past Friday from my sister. I ordered the prime rib "queen cut", my sister ordered the short ribs and her friend ordered the crab cakes. For appetizers we has the duck bacon dumplings. The Prime Rib was cooked to perfection. You have to ask for horseradish sauce, my sister enjoyed her short ribs and... More


text:
Latest Freeby -
Latest Freeby -
This is the place to look for props, poses, morphs and figures, that are compatible with both DS and Poser, as well as models in .OBJ format.
Here you can find Daz Studio only Light sets, Shader Presets, utility files and anything else that is specific to Daz Studio.
This category is for Poser only freebies, lights, materials, faces and the like.
Latest Freeby -
Latest Freeby -
Free stock photos, tiling textures, brushes and all sorts of 2d resources.
Calida Productions - 3D and 2D Digital Art, Downloads and Resources for Poser, Daz Studio, Carrara and more! - Home
Daz Studio Freebies
Poser Only Freebies
Free 3D Props and Models
Free 2D Resources
Making Freeby Materials in DS
A Guide to Scaling and Tiling in DS
Using Studio 3's UberShader as a Substitute for the HSS
Fixing Skin Surface Settings in Daz Studio
Rendering an Avatar Image for Forums in Studio
Using Shaders in Daz Studio
Converting Poser Materials for Use in Daz Studio
Ambient Glow in Daz Studio
Online Store
Useful Stuff


text:
hughes family
I am new to this but i was wandering if anyone has any helpful info. on the hughes' that lived in heavner,okla. My dads name was Hartwell Lee Hughes, passed away in 1996, granparents were James and Ruby Hughes, grandmas maiden name was Stewart and was raised in Hodgen I believe, they were married @ Hodgen church in 1934, grandma passed away in May of 1989 and Grandpa in Jan. 1988. They are buried in Hontubby cemetery but noone knows where, I also had two uncles that lived their also named Tommy and Lonzo Hughes, possibly Alonzo, Lonzo passed in the early 90's... Im trying to figure out who my great grandparents r and any other info. Please help if u can, I would really apppreciate it.
More Replies:
Re: hughes family
H R Worthington 1/24/11


text:
Introduction to Permaculture
METI Permaculture Training Manual.pdf (7.861Mb) METI Permaculture Training Manual.docx (155.3Mb)
Matuaileoo Environmental Trust Incorporated (METI) in Samoa, with support from COL, has developed an introductory manual on Permaculture. This manual has been prepared as a self-instructional course for Taiala to enable them to teach people in their communities about permaculture. Taiala are front-line workers engaged in various education and development activities in support of METI's ongoing projects. Taiala (path breaker) is considered an apt Samoan translation for front-line education and sustainable development worker. The Manual provides an opportunity for Taiala to learn about and be able to teach permaculture. This manual consists of three units of study: Unit 1: Philosophy and Ethics of Permaculture // Unit 2A: Managing the Environment Naturally // Unit 2B: Managing the Environment Scientifically // Unit 3: Design and Practice // The course material is available in PDF or DOC (Microsoft Word) format.
AuthorVermeulen, Walter J
Leaupepe, Aloema
Faatauvaa, Lauano
Faasoi, Fagalima
Auvele, Supervisor
Mataafa, Anamaria
Faatauva'a, Totolua
- Livelihoods [16]
MetadataShow full item record
Related Items
Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject.
Introduction to Basic Horticulture in the Pacific Silatolu, Ateca (Commonwealth of Learning (COL), 2015-01)This unit was written for people in Samoa who want to learn more about horticulture by the National University of Samoa. It is presented according to the National Competency Standard of the Samoa Qualifications Authority ...
Introduction to Horticulture in Tuvalu Ioane, Elisaia; Faletiute, Patuki; Ioelu, Ulima; Ioapa, Patisepa; Silatolu, Ateca (Commonwealth of Learning (COL), 2017-03)This course is an introduction to basic horticulture in Tuvalu. It was originally written by the National University of Samoa and has now been contextualized for Tuvalu by local teachers. The course is intended for school ...
Imparting skill development training to the Lakadong turmeric farmers of the Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya Roy, Debjani; Kurup, Jayashree (2010-11)The present paper is the report on the Lakadong variety of turmeric which has the highest curcumin content in the world (7.4%) is native to the Lakadong area of the Jaintia Hills district of Meghalaya ( Lat 25° 10' 60N ; ...
Lifelong Learning for Livelihood Promotion: A Rural Experiment in the Madurai District of Tamil Nadu Amirtham, Thomas; Joseph, John; Kannan, M; Vivek, A; Solairajan, M (2010-11)Agriculture is the primary sector for the Indian economy. It is economically and socially vital for India as it contributes 23 per cent to GDP, feeds a billion people and employs 66 per cent of the workforce. However the ...
"Scaling up" Life Long Learning of Farmers (L3F): Expanding the horizon and empowering the communities, experiences from India Thamizoli, P; Balasubramanian, K (2013-11)The paper discusses the results and lessons learned in the mobile based Life Long Learning of Farmers (L3F) project implemented in Tamil Nadu, India. The methodology designed and plan developed to replicate/scaling up the ...


text:
Person Centered Approaches include learning about and using person centered thinking; person centered planning and reviews; one page profiles; people planning together; as well as building person centered teams, organizations, and culture.
OTAC offers a variety of trainings related to Person Centered Approaches and Practices. We can also tailor these classes to your specific needs.
Person Centered Approaches are the foundational frame of mind of looking at our world and work, in
recognizing that people are the experts in their own lives and what matters most, while others' roles involve listening and offering/providing support as directed by the person and their loved ones.
Implementing person centered approaches is a process-one of infusing and promoting person centered practices throughout our entire organizational culture: in how we treat all people, those supported/served as well as all levels of staff and management. Person centered approaches are not just about a moment in time or a specific task, but about the work and life that happens throughout the year.
Person Centered Practices involve skills and tools used in developing and implementing supports that focus on people's perspective about what matters to them, what is working, and what is not working-to make sure that people are truly listened to and are kept at the heart of all decision-making.
Person Centered Practices make a difference. Some basic evidence includes:
- The person's perspective is listened to and honored
- People and organizations are empowered to create positive change
- People have a role in planning the supports they receive and the staff that are hired
- Evidence of action in the ISP driven by the person's perspective
- Daily learning is captured to change the ISP
- Regularly look at people's lives to see what is working and what is not working
- Employees know their roles and responsibilities in supporting people
- Staff are matched with people based on skill and common interests, creating positive working and living environments as well as better supports that use power with people instead of power over them.
Person Centered Thinking is the foundation on which all person centered work – planning, facilitation, coaching, person centered teams/supervision/organizations, etc. is based. Person centered thinking skills and tools are practical and capture information that feeds into care and support planning, as well as to improve understanding, communication and relationships. In a relaxed and interactive environment, Person Centered Thinking Training participants develop and practice skills needed to support people in having more positive control over their lives.
Some of the skills and tools learned and used in Person Centered Thinking training include: One Page Profiles; Balancing Important To and For; Staff Matching; Communication charts; Learning Log – meaningful and usable documentation; Relationship Maps; What's Working/Not Working from different perspectives; Donut Sort – Clarifying Roles and Responsibilities; Good Day/Bad Day; Routines and Rituals, and more.
Examples of OTAC services in this area include
- 2-Day Person Centered Thinking Training
- Person Centered Coaches Training
- Person Centered Planning Facilitation, including PATH, MAPS, Personal Futures Plans, Essential Lifestyle Plans
Click here to learn more about training opportunities at OTAC.


text: Newly rebuilt in 2006 this open floor plan home has a 3 bedroom, 4 bathroom and a large office. Sitting on an 84ft open water lot with panoramic views towards Clearwater this home has everything that any discriminating buyer could want. The kitchen is a chefs paradise, with a gas range, top of the line appliances. The outside area is a masterpiece. Priced to sell.