text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 27, 2003
|Filing date
|Apr 9, 1999
|Priority date
|Apr 9, 1999
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Marc R. Simon, Francois Lhomme, Christophe Leligne
|Original Assignee
|Delphi Automotive Systems
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Referenced by (60), Classifications (21), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to system for remotely controlling access to motor vehicles, and more particularly to wireless remote control systems that can be used to unlock vehicle doors, start the engine and operate other functions on the vehicle.
Automobiles have used keys which mechanically operate locks to limit access to the vehicle and starting the engine to only authorized persons. More recently remote keyless entry (RKE) systems have been provided that use a small radio frequency (RF) transmitter, often having the shape of a key ring fob, to access the vehicle. This RF transmitter has a number of push button switches allowing the driver to control different functions of the vehicle, such as lock and unlock the doors, arm a security system or open the trunk. These transmitters also have been proposed to control starting the vehicle engine. When a given push button switch is operated, the transmitter sends an RF signal which carries a digital numerical code and a designation of the function to be performed. A receiver in the vehicle receives the transmitter signal, verifies that the numerical code designates an authorized transmitter for that particular vehicle and if so, signals the vehicle control circuits to perform the prescribed function.
Although the digital numerical code makes it extremely difficult for unauthorized persons to gain access to the motor vehicle, concern has been expressed that someone with a radio receiver and a digital signal analyzer could eavesdrop on the radio transmissions and obtain the security numbers. Particular brands of vehicles use a specific single radio frequency. Thus a thief could "stake out" a valuable vehicle to await the return of the driver and learn the transmission necessary to operate the vehicle. Those security numbers then could be utilized to steal that vehicle at a later point in time. Thus, as the technology available to thieves advances, so too must the signal processing employed by the RKE system. Therefore, there exists a need for a more secure radio frequency system that allows keyless entry.
Bidirectional radio frequency communication has been used for some time in cordless telephones. The term "cordless telephone" as used in the telecommunication industry, means a telephone comprising a base station and a hand-held transceiver unit. The base station is connected by wires to a terrestrial telephone line serving the owner's premises. A hand-held transceiver carried by the user communicates by radio frequency signals with the single base station that is up to approximately 300 meters away.
The Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) protocol was developed in the mid-1980's as a pan-European standard for cordless telephones and has been adapted for use outside the European Union. The DECT standard protocol has been used for simultaneous bidirectional communication between a base station and a hand-held transceiver of cordless telephones. This standard utilizes ten frequencies for communication. The exchange of signals over each frequency is divided into frames 10 each having twenty-four slots as shown in FIG. 1. The twelve slots in the first half 14 of each frame are used for communication from a hand-held transceiver to the associated base station, while the twelve slots in the second frame half 16 are used for communication from the base station and the hand-held transceiver.
When a user desires to use activates the cordless telephone to make an outgoing call, the hand-held transceiver searches for a frequency that has a matching slots in each frame half which are not being used by another cordless telephone system. This is accomplished by the hand-held transceiver listening for digital signals being sent in each slot of the frame at each of the assigned frequencies. When a vacant pair of slots, such as 18 and 19, is found, the hand-held transceiver sends a message initiation signal on the selected frequency during slot 18 in the first half of a message frame.
While the hand-held transceiver is performing these functions, the base station is scanning the ten frequencies and listening during each of the twelve slots in the first half 14 of the message frames at each frequency. When the base station hears a message initiation signal that is addressed to it, i.e. containing the proper identification data, the base station sends a response to the transceiver in the associated slot 19 in the second half of a frame at the same frequency and bidirectional communication is established. A reverse procedure occurs when the base station receives an incoming call via the terrestrial telephone line.
A general object of the present invention is to provide a remote keyless vehicle entry system which does not require manual activation by the user.
Another object is to provide secure mechanism for enabling a driver to start a motor vehicle without a conventional key.
A further aspect of the present invention is to provide a mechanism for automatically locking the doors upon the driver exiting the motor vehicle.
Still another aspect of the present system allows the vehicle doors and trunk to be unlocked and locked.
These and other objectives are satisfied by a passive keyless access system having a remote control adapted to be carried by the driver. Access to the vehicle is controlled by the remote control transmitting a signal from outside the vehicle to a control circuit on the vehicle. The control circuit measures the strength of the signal and activates a first function of the vehicle when the strength exceeds a first predefined threshold. Thereafter when the strength exceeds a second predefined threshold, the control circuit activates a second vehicle function. For example, the first function can be unlocking a vehicle door and the second function can be enabling the engine to be started. In that example, the first predefined threshold is greater than the second predefined threshold.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, transmission of the signals utilizes the Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) protocol. As an optional feature the control circuit can activate a third function of the vehicle when the signal strength drops below a third predefined threshold, the control circuit activates a second function of the vehicle, such as locking the doors as the driver has left the vehicle.
FIG. 1 depicts a message frame of the Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) wireless telephone protocol;
FIG. 2 is a pictorial diagram of a remote keyless entry (RKE) system for a motor vehicle;
FIG. 3 is a block schematic diagram of the remote keyless entry system;
FIG. 4 is a flowchart of the passive entry and starting operations of a control circuit in the motor vehicle; and
FIG. 5 is a flowchart of operation of a hand-held remote control.
With initial reference to FIG. 2, a keyless motor vehicle control system 20 comprises a driver's remote control 21, which preferably has the form of a key ring fob carried by a driver, and a control circuit 22 located in the motor vehicle 23. As will be described, the remote control 21 exchanges a radio frequency signals with the control circuit 22, which responds by activating designated functions of the motor vehicle 23.
As shown in detail in FIG. 3, the control circuit 22 in the motor vehicle includes a microcomputer 24 with an internal microprocessor, memory in which the control program and data are stored, and input/output circuits. A standard clock circuit 26 supplies timing pulses to the microcomputer 24. The service technician is able to place the microcomputer into different functional modes by operating a plurality of manual input switches 27 and 28. Alternatively the configuration of the control circuit 22 can be defined by downloading data via the radio frequency link.
The control circuit 22 operates several functions on the motor vehicle, such as locking and unlocking the doors, unlatching the trunk lid, and starting the engine, for example. For that functionality, the microcomputer 24 is interfaced to the corresponding actuating devices on the motor vehicle 23. In some cases, the various functions are controlled by an another computer in the motor vehicle to which microcomputer 24 sends operating commands via a parallel communication bus 36. In other motor vehicles, microcomputer 24 has individual output lines 30 connected directly to the control devices for the respective functions being operated. Specifically, separate wires may be coupled to actuators which lock and unlock the doors, unlatch the trunk lid and start the engine.
A serial output port 32 and a serial input port 34 of the microcomputer 24 are connected to a first radio frequency transceiver 35 which utilizes the Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) standard. In a general sense, the first radio frequency transceiver 35 modulates a standard RF frequency carrier with the serial digital data received from output port 32 and transmits that modulated radio frequency signal via an antenna 37. The first transceiver 35 also receives and demodulates radio frequency signals received by the antenna 37 to recover serial digital data carried by that signal. The recovered data is sent to the microcomputer input port 34. A meter 39 is connected to the first transceiver 35 to measure the strength of the received radio frequency signal and provide an indication of that signal strength to microcomputer 24 via another input port 33. Alternatively the circuitry in the remote control 21 also may have a signal strength meter for the radio frequency signal that it receives.
The first transceiver 35 of the control circuit 22 is designed to communicate with a second radio frequency transceiver 40 and antenna 42 both located within the remote control 21. As will be described, both transceivers 40 and 35 are designed to utilize the DECT protocol and are similar to devices found in cordless telephones. The second transceiver 40 has a receiver section which demodulates the received radio frequency signal to recover digital data carried by that signal and the recovered data is sent in a serial format to an input register 44. The input register 44 converts the serial data stream from the second transceiver 40 into a parallel format which is read by a controller 46. The controller 46 may be a hardwired device that sequentially performs the remote control procedure to be described or a programmable device which executes a software program to implement that procedure. The controller 46 of the remote control 21 is connected to an electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) 48 which stores data to be transmitted to the motor vehicle control circuit 22 when the remote control 21 is interrogated.
A clock circuit 52 also provides timing signals for the remote control 21. A plurality of user operable switches 54 are connected to different input lines to the controller 46 in order for the driver to select the specific functions to be performed on the motor vehicle. For example, a separate switch can be provided for the functions of unlocking and locking the doors, unlatching the trunk lid, and starting the engine.
The remote control 21 also includes an encryptor 50 connected to the controller 46 to encrypt a remote control security number for transmission to the control circuit 22. The encryptor 50 utilizes a secret-key cryptography algorithm to encrypt data for sending to the control circuit. For example, the algorithm specifies a sequence of a plurality of logical operations which are performed on a known seed number and a challenge number received from the control circuit to produce a resultant number for transmission by the remote control. Several suitable cryptography algorithms are described by Mehrdad Foroozesh in an article entitled "Protecting Your Data With Cryptography," UNIX Review, November 1996, volume 14, number 12, page 55(6), which description is incorporated herein by reference. Such encryption techniques and algorithms are commonly used to encrypt computer data being transmitted over common carriers. It should be understood that other encryption techniques may be used.
Digital output data is sent by the controller 46 in parallel form to a parallel-in/serial-out output register 56. The serial data from the output register 56 is applied to the input of a transmitter section in the second transceiver 40 which modulates a radio frequency signal which that data. The resultant RF signal is sent via the antenna 42 to the control circuit 22 in motor vehicle. The signal transmitted by the second transceiver 40 has a range of about 300 meters. The components of the remote control preferably are powered by a battery (not shown).
When the driver desires the vehicle perform a given function the corresponding switch 54 can be operated on the remote control 21. This results in the controller 46 sending a signal to the control circuit 22 which designates the selected function. This communication process is similar to that used in previous remote controls for motor vehicles, except that it employs the DECT protocol. The designation of the selected function is stored in a table within the EEPROM 48 and the functions associated with each switch 54 are programmable via the RF link provided by second transceiver 40.
In addition, the present keyless motor vehicle control system 20 has a passive mode of operation in which the driver does not have to operate a switch 54 on the remote control 21. Instead, a predefined sequence of functions is performed by the driver merely approaching the motor vehicle 23.
With reference to FIGS. 3 and 4, the motor vehicle control circuit 22 in the passive mode periodically, every six seconds for example, emits an interrogation signal at steps 60 and 62. The interrogation signal contains a unique identification code for that particular motor vehicle and is transmitted sequentially on all ten of the DECT frequencies. This process begins by scanning each of the ten DECT frequencies. If the control circuit 22 does not hear a message frame on a given frequency, then it forms a new message frame and selects an arbitrary pair of time slots to use. If a particular frequency already is carrying DECT messages, the control circuit 22 listens during the message frames for an available pair of frame slots, one that does not already contain message data. If none is found, the control circuit 22 selects the next DECT frequency. When an available pair of time slots, such as the third time slots 18 and 19 in each half of the message frame shown in FIG. 1, is found, the control circuit 22 transmits the interrogation signal in the time slot 19 during the second half 16 of the message frame.
The microcomputer 24 determines at step 64 whether a reply signal has been received and if so, whether the reply signal contains an authorized remote control identification number. If either is not the case, the program execution returns to step 60 to delay before sending the interrogation signal again at step 62.
While this is occurring, the remote control 21, at step 90 of FIG. 5, listens on a single DECT frequency for a interrogation signal which contains the proper motor vehicle identification code. Alternatively, the interrogation signal could be sent on a single one of the DECT frequencies by the control circuit 22 and the remote control 21 could scan all of the DECT frequencies listening for that signal. However, with this latter approach the remote control 21 consumes more power which drains its battery faster.
When the driver is within transmission range, for example approximately 300 meters of the motor vehicle 23, the remote control 21 receives interrogation signal and at step 92 determines whether that signal contains the identification code for the motor vehicle that the remote control is to operate. If that is the case, the remote control 21 responds with a predefined reply signal at step 94. The reply signal, is sent at the same frequency as the interrogation signal and during a slot in the second half of the message frame that corresponds to the slot of the first frame half that contained the interrogation signal. That reply contains a unique identification number assigned to the remote control and stored in its EEPROM 48. The reply data is sent via output register 56 to the second transceiver 40 from which it is transmitted to the control circuit 22 in the adjacent motor vehicle. As noted previously, any of several well known data encryption algorithms may be employed to exchange data between the control circuit 22 and the remote control 21 for greater security.
Upon receiving a valid reply signal at step 64 in FIG. 4, the microcomputer 24 in the control circuit 22 advances to steps 66 and 68 at which another interrogation signal begins to be transmitted at shorter intervals, every 60 milliseconds for example. The remote control 21 continues to send a reply signal upon each receipt of this interrogation signal.
At this juncture, the microcomputer 24 determines at step 70 whether a reply signal has been received and if so, whether it contains an authorized remote control identification number. If either is not the case, the program execution returns to step 60 at the beginning of the passive mode. However, when a valid reply signal is received by the control circuit 22 at step 70, the procedure advances to step 72. The microcomputer 24 now examines the input from meter 39 to determine whether the strength of the received reply signal exceeds a predefined first threshold level X, as occurs when the remote control 21 is within a meter of the motor vehicle, for example. If the signal strength is below this first threshold, i.e. the driver is too far from the motor vehicle, the program returns via step 84 to step 66. Alternatively the measurement of the signal strength could be performed at the remote control 21 with an indication of that signal strength being transmitted to the control circuit 22. In yet another variation, both the remote control 21 and the control circuit 22 could measure the strength of their respectively received signals with the control circuit 22 comparing the measurements to determine the proximity of the remote control.
When the signal strength exceeds this first threshold X, microcomputer 24 at step 74 checks whether a flag, designated START FLAG, has been set previously. When the START FLAG has not been set, the doors of the motor vehicle are unlocked at step 76 and the START FLAG then is set at step 78, before the process returns to step 66. If the START FLAG is found set at step 74, the procedure advances to step 80 where the microcomputer 24 examines the input from meter 39 to determine whether the strength of the received reply signal exceeds a predefined second threshold level Y. The strength of the reply signal will exceed the second threshold level Y when the remote control 21 is inside the motor vehicle. In that case, the microcomputer 24 enables the starting circuit of the motor vehicle 23 so that the driver may start the engine by activating a manual switch on the dashboard. Thus the driver with the proper remote control 21 for the motor vehicle may start the engine without using a key. The procedure then returns to step 60. If the signal strength is found to be below threshold Y at step 80, i.e. the driver is not inside the motor vehicle, the program returns to step 66 without enabling the starting circuit.
After the starting circuit has been enabled, the keyless control system 20 continues to exchange interrogation and reply signals between the control circuit 22 and the remote control 21. While the driver is within the motor vehicle, the strength of the reply signal will exceed the first threshold level X at step 72 causing the program execution pass through steps 74, 80 and 82 and return to step 66. Eventually the driver will manually turn-off the engine and exit the motor vehicle 23. As the driver walks away from the vehicle, the signal strength drops below the first threshold level X. When this occurs, the procedure branches to step 84 where the START FLAG is found to be set. As a result, the START FLAG will be reset at step 86 before the doors are locked at step 88. Then the program returns to step 60 to await the driver again approaching the motor vehicle for reentry.
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|U.S. Classification
|340/5.1, 701/2, 307/10.2, 340/10.1, 340/5.2, 340/426.1, 340/12.5, 340/13.37, 340/539.21
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 17, 1999
Owner name: EATON CORPOPRATION, OHIO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SIMON, MARC R.;LHOMME, FRANCOIS;LELIGNE, CHRISTOPHE;REEL/FRAME:010027/0951;SIGNING DATES FROM 19990511 TO 19990518
|Sep 15, 2000
Owner name: MDH COMPANY, INC., OHIO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:EATON CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:011149/0172
Effective date: 20000905
|Jan 16, 2002
Owner name: DELPHI TECHNOLOGIES, INC., MICHIGAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MDH COMPANY, INC., A CORP. DELAWARE;REEL/FRAME:012475/0170
Effective date: 20011106
|Dec 13, 2006
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|May 27, 2007
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jul 17, 2007
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20070527


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An original deep edged canvas painting of autumn flowers.I have firstly created texture on this canvas with a thick primer and then applied a wash of watercolours outlining the key colours and tones, in this art. In the art I am portraying dense florals at the base of an autumn hedgerow as summer draws to its close.There are beautiful twists and tangles within this textural artwork - an abstract of roots and stems, leaves and petals amidst the late evening glow.This heavy, deep edged canvas has been painted white at the edges for extra impact and it is ready to hang as it is, by simply resting flush against the wall on a heavy duty nail or fitting.
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The Nordstrom dirty denim range has been criticised as "a costume for wealthy people who see work as ironic - not iconic".
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Emsytech is located in Rennes, western France, and offer audio software solutions and services to customers all over the world.
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Author has written 4 stories for Inuyasha, Harry Potter, and Naruto.
Hello, I am a female with brown hair and blue eyes and im now 21 years old and I started writing here when I was eleven or twelve years old. I enjoy reading, writing, and drawing. I own one cat and one small dog and ! love them both to death.
Favorit saying: "Penguins are taking over the world! don't worry though the potatoes will save us" (yes I do infact say this to real people and not just all you fake people)
pet peeve's
when someone tells me not to do something then does it to me later
my fear's are
Im not normally one for copy and past but this one got to me.
Girl :Slow down!
Guy: No this is fun!
Girl:No its not!Please, it's way too scary!
Guy: Then tell me you love me.
Girl: I love you. Now slow down.
Guy: Now give me a big hug
She gave hime a big hug
Guy: Can you tak off my helmet and put it on yourself? It's bothering me.
In the newspaper, the next day, a motercycle crashed into a building because of break failure.
Two people were on and only one survived.
The truth was, that halfway down the road the guy realized his breaks were out and he didn't want the girl to know.
Instead, he had her hug him and tell him she loved him one last time. Then he had her put his helmet on so she would live even if it meant he would die.
If you would do the same for the person you love, copy and past this into your profile


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Record number of broadcasters to attend Chelsea v Man City
Fri 30th Jan 2015 | Television & Broadcasting
On Saturday, Stamford Bridge will play host to record number of broadcasters attending a Barclays Premier League match
The action on the pitch between Chelsea and Manchester City will be made available to Barclays Premier League fans all over the world like never before as 26 television crews cover the match in person.
NBC Sports (USA), beIN Sports (Middle East and North Africa), NowTV (Hong Kong), ESPN Brasil and Viasat Sweden will send reporters and crews to the match, as will the Premier League's Kazakhstan rights holder, KazSport, who will be making their first visit to a Barclays Premier League match.
There will be 24 international rights-holders in attendance, including Premier League Productions, in addition to UK broadcasters Sky Sports and BBC Sport.
The previous record was set at Manchester City v Manchester United on 30 April 2012 in another match between the sides placed first and second in the Barclays Premier League. Nineteen television rights-holders sent crews and commentators to that fixture.
Our partners at Premier League Productions are responsible for making sure the footage of the match is available to all of our broadcasters around the world. The match will be broadcast to 650 million homes in 175 countries.
Premier League international rights holders to attend
Premier League Productions
NC+ (Poland)
SBS Discovery (from Denmark)
NBC Sports (from USA)
BeIN Sport (Middle East)
Now TV (Hong Kong)
NTV Plus (Russia)
Sport Klub (Balkans)
Sky Deutschland (Germany)
Sportsnet (Canada)
DirecTV (South America)
NTV (Bulgaria)
Telenet (Belgium)
ESPN Brasil
Fox Sports (Italy)
TV3 (Denmark)
Viasat Sweden
TV2 (Norway)
Canal+ (France)
Fox Sports (Australia)
BETV (Belgium)
OTE (Greece)
Fox Sports (Netherlands)
Kazsport (Kazakhstan)
Posted by: Kev Howland
If you have any football business related news stories you'd like to share then please contact us – email@example.com
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Farina's Profile
My grandmother's house always smelled like fennel sausage and romano cheese. Two things were certain when we went there: she would be watching the Mass on TV, and there would be freshly baked Italian cookies under a mopina on the kitchen counter. When I was old enough to measure the flour, my Dad taught me to make pasta. He would cut the linguine with the pizza slicer and seal the ravioli with a fork. He'd carefully drop everything into the boiling water and I would watch it swirl around in the bubbles. Now my house smells like fennel and there's always a wedge of romano cheese in the refrigerator. I fold farfalle by hand and roll orecchiette with my thumb. But when my parents come for dinner, my Dad still seals the ravioli with a fork.
The name Farina means "flour." It reminds me of my days with the measuring cup.
- Female
- Joined October 10, 2011
- Farina
- New Hampshire, USA


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First Christian said farewell and thank you to the Rev. Dann Masden with a hearty country breakfast before worship Sunday morning.
The Rev. Masden is leaving First Christian for a new interim mininstry and he will be missed.
The children learned about being a player on God's team during "A Time for Young Disciples" and each received a wrist band with 3:16 to remind them of the John 3:16 scripture.
The choir provided a beautiful special led by Berna Tanksley, minister of music.
We welcome Dr. Bob Stauffer to First Christian as our new interim minister. Dr. Stauffer began his ministry in our community Monday morning this week.
We want to remind everyone of our Wednesday Night Live activities this week beginning with our meal at 5 p.m. Children/youth choir begins at 6 p.m. with a children's activity beginning at 6:30 until 7 p.m. Adult study will begin at 6 p.m. and run until 7 p.m. Adult choir rehearsal begins at 6:30 p.m.
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BY CONTINENTAL standards, corruption in British public life seems small-scale. No British prime minister has yet felt compelled to commit suicide, as in France, over allegations of financial impropriety, or been accused of heading the Mafia, as in Italy. Yet it is precisely because big corruption seems so rare here that governments lose public confidence fast, once even small breaches of propriety are revealed. The British still expect high standards.
Make no mistake, John Major's government is now vulnerable: a political mix of illegitimate children, multiple mistresses, sexual perversion, rake-offs from contracts, allegations of insider- dealing, cash-for-questions, party contributions from shady tycoons, not to mention nepotism at the highest level, will not easily be brushed aside by references to citizens' charters.
Moreover the Government has a reputation for mendacity: it has raised taxes when it promised to bring them down; it was found to be negotiating with the IRA when it said it would not; it scuttled the Disablement Bill with party amendments which it at first denied; its economic recovery, in which few people believe, is based on the failure of its membership of the ERM, while Mr Major has sacked almost every minister in whom he at one stage expressed confidence.
As an example of what could happen to his own government, Mr Major could do worse than read the history of Harold Macmillan's administration. Despite Macmillan's early prime ministerial reputation for being a political genius, before long everything started to go wrong. On top of economic difficulties, his foreign policy collapsed over Europe, and at home scandal eclipsed whatever reputation he still clung on to. Vassal and Profumo, Keeler, Ward and Rice-Davies were to play no small part in ending 13 years of Tory rule.
The very history of the Macmillan period means that voters now expect less from governments by way of moral example than 30 years ago. Yet there is a paradox at work: these lower standards have allowed so many politicians to get away with bad behaviour that Mr Major is now suffering a backlash.
Whereas in Macmillan's day, the Tories were quickly overwhelmed by two huge scandals, today the sleaze factor has built up relatively slowly. Of course, Margaret Thatcher's government was hardly immune to scandal (see right). The steady drip of alleged sexual and financial improprieties that touched trusted colleagues from Cecil Parkinson to Jeffrey Archer all contributed to waning public confidence in the government's underlying morality. John Major now has to face the fact that after 15 years of scandal saturation point may have been reached.
The history of the Macmillan era will soon be rewritten. One young historian, Mark Deavin, is about to publish a book that will revolutionise our knowledge of his European policy (John Murray, out next year). Macmillan was obsessed by European federalism; that obsession and the ambiguities and lies to which it gave rise undermined his reputation for honesty both at home and abroad. But in the popular imagination, of course, it is the sleaze, not the wider political context, that sticks.
Major and Macmillan responded similarly to their respective scandals. First, there is the refusal to move quickly and take decisive action, the temptation to put short-term party convenience before long-term survival.
Macmillan, for example, was aware of Profumo's affair with call-girl Christine Keeler two months before Profumo's denial in Parliament. He also knew, from American FBI reports, that there was a spy in the Admiralty, yet refused to act until compelled by journalistic investigation. Ironically, too, the most potentially explosive scandals - relating to the use of Tory party finances and Macmillan's personal involvement - were those that remained best hidden from view.
Yet with his government enmeshed in all sorts of political crises - over immigration, de Gaulle's veto over Britain joining the Common Market, South Africa's withdrawal from the Commonwealth - secrets became much more difficult to keep. With the advent of commercial televison and the satirical frontal attacks from the BBC with That Was The Week That Was, government came under ever closer scrutiny. The growing feeling that Conservatism had exhausted itself meant that the government was sucked into an almost self-fulfilling prophesy of disaster.
Mr Major's government has reached a similar staging post. Indeed, he has fewer advantages than Macmillan at the equivalent time. His reputation is smaller; his party is more obviously divided; Tory rule has lasted even longer, and this time has probably been even less successful; the opinion poll ratings are worse; and the threat from Europe is taken more seriously than in 1963.
Then, the Tories almost escaped by acquiring a new leader. That strategy might work again, but the likelihood is that if things continue as they are, nobody in the party will save it. Electoral meltdown Canadian- style could even be on the cards.
The writer teaches history at the London School of Economics and is leader of the UK Independence Party.
---------------------------------------------------------------- THE THATCHER-MAJOR YEARS ---------------------------------------------------------------- MICHAEL BROWN ---------------------------------------------------------------- Post Government whip, MP for Brigg and Cleethorpes, member of the right-wing No Turning Back group.
Offence Homosexuality. In May 1994 was reported to have had a relationship with an under-age man and a Ministry of Defence civil servant. Brown was unmarried and the civil servant was a former Tory councillor. Brown said he would sue the newspaper over the under-age allegations.
Fate Immediately resigned as whip.
Timing Followed closely on the 'back to basics' campaign.
And now? Remains as MP, with constituency backing.
Damage: 1 out of 10 ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- DAVID TREDINNICK and GRAHAM RIDDICK Post Parliamentary Private Secretaries.
---------------------------------------------------------------- Offence Being willing to accept payments of pounds 1,000 each in return for tabling parliamentary questions. Trapped by a Sunday Times journalist posing as a businessman in July.
Fate Suspended from jobs as ministerial bag carriers. Case is now before Committee of Privileges, subject to a Labour walk-out over the hearing of evidence in private.
Timing Just in time to leave bad taste in mouth before summer recess.
And now? Awaiting the result of Commons hearings.
Damage: 5 out of 10 ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- MARK THATCHER Post Son of Margaret.
---------------------------------------------------------------- Offence Allegedly abusing prime ministerial name and influence. In 1984, part of a team that secured pounds 20bn contract to supply arms to Saudi Arabia. Never said how much he was paid or if his mother knew the details. She said she was 'batting for Britain' when she helped to push the order through.
Fate He remained unscathed. She retired.
Timing Many journalists continue to probe obsessively. Re- emerges - as in this month - whenever most embarrassing to Government.
And now? Unhappily married and living in Dallas.
Damage: 6 (so far) out of 10 ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- NEIL HAMILTON and TIM SMITH ---------------------------------------------------------------- Posts Minister at Department of Trade and Industry, Northern Ireland Minister.
Offence Allegedly benefiting from a relationship with Mohamed al-Fayed, the owner of Harrods, who released details of how he claimed he rewarded them for helping him in his battle with Tiny Rowland.
Fate Smith resigned, conceding payments undeclared in the register of members' interests. Hamilton has stayed, and is suing the Guardian.
Timing Same week Labour MPs resigned from the Riddick and Tredinnick committee because it was sitting in secret.
Damage: 7 (so far) out of 10 ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- CECIL PARKINSON ---------------------------------------------------------------- Post Trade and Industry Secretary, former Party Chairman, close Thatcher confidante Offence Infidelity and character weakness. In 1983 he impregnated his long-term mistress and Commons researcher, Sara Keays, allegedly promised to marry her, then changed his mind and stayed with his wife.
Fate Kept a cabinet post for a while, made a comeback in 1987, but had lost credibility, and never recovered gravitas.
Timing News of the pregnancy leaked during a Tory party conference.
Where is he now? Life peer, company directorships.
Damage to government: 6 out of 10 ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- KEITH BEST ---------------------------------------------------------------- Post MP for Anglesey, won in 1979 with biggest swing in UK.
Offence Illegal share applications: in 1984 when BT was privatised, applied for more than his share, using false names.
Fate In 1987 was given a four- month jail sentence, reduced to a pounds 4,500 fine on appeal. Suspended as a barrister until 1990. Resigned his Commons seat. Ran a legal advice centre.
Timing Offence chimed with 'loadsamoney' image of City, Tory unconcern for industry.
And now? Director of the Home Office-funded Immigrants Appeals Advisory Service. In 1992 failed to win a council seat in Lambeth.
Damage: 5 out of 10 ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- JEFFREY ARCHER ---------------------------------------------------------------- Post Deputy Tory chairman 1985-86. Party cheerleader.
Offence (i) 1986: A prostitute claimed he had been her client. He paid her pounds 2,000, sued successfully. (ii) 1994: Bought shares for a friend in Anglia Television, just ahead of takeover. DTI investigation found no grounds for prosecution.
Fate 1986: Resigned as deputy chairman. Close to rehabilitation when 1994 share deal put him back in wilderness.
Timing Shares inquiry leaked this July, hot on heels of cash- for-questions scandal No 1.
And now? Life peer (1992), millionaire from fiction sales.
Damage: 1986, 3 out of 10; 1994, 5 out of 10 ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- HARVEY PROCTOR ---------------------------------------------------------------- Position MP for Basildon 1979-83; for Billericay, 1983-87.
Offence Gross indecency. In 1987 he was found to have caned two under-age homosexual prostitutes at his flat in Fulham High Street, London. The prostitutes had sold their story to a newspaper. Bow Street Magistrates fined him pounds 1,450.
Fate He stood down as MP at the 1987 election.
Timing Was able to leave the Commons without an embarrassing by-election. Conservatives were popular at the time.
And now? Runs a shop selling shirts in Richmond, south-west London.
Damage: 2 out of 10 ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- NORMAN LAMONT ---------------------------------------------------------------- Post Chancellor of the Exchequer 1990-1993.
Offence Chaotic personal life, using public funds for legal costs. In April 1991 it was revealed that a house he owned had been let to a 'sex therapist'. In November 1992 it was found the taxpayer had picked up pounds 4,000 of the legal bill he incurred evicting the woman and handling the press. The same month, found to have been pounds 470 over his Access limit, and wrongly suspected of odd purchases of wine and cigarettes.
Fate Survived scandals, but fired for failure of the economy.
And now? Disgruntled backbench MP.
Damage: 4 out of 10 ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- DAVID MELLOR ---------------------------------------------------------------- Post National Heritage Secretary 1992, Chelsea supporter.
Offence Infidelity, poor political judgment. July 1992, press revealed intimate details of affair with Antonia de Sanchez, a little-known actress. In September 1992 it emerged that in the Gulf war build-up he accepted a free holiday with his family from Mona Bauwens, daughter of a senior PLO figure.
Timing Press had just been warned by Mellor that it was 'drinking at the last-chance saloon' and he planned a privacy law if it didn't behave.
Fate Resigned from Cabinet. And now? Highly paid columnist, sports broadcaster, MP.
Damage: 6 out of 10 ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- MICHAEL MATES ---------------------------------------------------------------- Post Northern Ireland Minister, 1992-93.
Offence Relationship with allegedly fraudulent businessman. In June 1993 it emerged that Mates had lobbied the Attorney General on behalf of Asil Nadir, awaiting charges in connection with his failed Polly Peck empire. Before Nadir jumped pounds 3.5m bail, Mates had given him a watch inscribed 'Don't let the buggers get you down.'
Fate Resigned, insisting he had behaved properly throughout. This was accepted by the Prime Minister and Attorney General.
Timing Linked Tories with every subsequent Nadir story.
And now? Backbench MP.
Damage: 4 out of 10 ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- TIM YEO ---------------------------------------------------------------- Post Environment Minister 1993-94.
Offence Infidelity, carelessness with contraception. Married with children, he had affair with Julia Stent, a solicitor and Hackney councillor. In July 1993 she gave birth to their child, but kept identity of father secret. Story broke in December, and after a month of media pressure he resigned. A week later said he had also fathered a child as a student.
Fate Still an MP, but earned strong disapproval from his constituency.
Timing Scandal broke two months after John Major's 'back to basics' speech.
Damage: 3 out of 10 ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- LORD CAITHNESS ---------------------------------------------------------------- Post Junior Transport Minister, 1992-94.
Offence Infidelity. His wife shot herself in January. Had not hidden the key to the gun cupboard despite repeated earlier suicide threats by his wife. His friends blamed financial worries, her parents said he had been having an affair with Jan Fitzalan Howard.
Fate He resigned the day the news broke.
Timing One of six minor scandals in the same month.
And now? Hereditary peer, subsisting on Lords attendance allowance.
Pictured signing on at Jobcentre, and shopping with Ms Fitzalan Howard.
Damage: 3 out of 10 ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- THE MACMILLAN YEARS ---------------------------------------------------------------- IAN HARVEY ---------------------------------------------------------------- Post Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Supply. Tory MP Harrow East since 1950.
Offence Caught 'misbehaving' with Guardsman in St James's Park. Each pleaded guilty. Fined pounds 5 with costs.
Fate Resigned office, seat and membership Carlton, Junior Carlton.
Timing Less than a year before general election.
And now? Died 1987, after rebuilding career as author and PR man. Came out as a President, Conservative Group for Homosexual Equality.
Damage to government: 6 out of 10 ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- ANTHONY COURTNEY ---------------------------------------------------------------- Post Successor to Harvey as Harrow East MP from 1959. Senior intelligence officer.
Offence Sleeping with female interpreter during visit to Moscow in 1961. Rumours that his anti-Soviet stance was a cover for his position as Soviet agent. In 1965 pictures of the Moscow tryst sent to the News of the World.
Fate Defeated in the 1966 general election.
Timing Rumours fed suspicion that any Tory MP could be a sex-mad Soviet agent.
And now? Died 1988. Was managing director, New English Typewriting School.
Damage: 7 out of 10 ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- SIR IAN HOROBIN ---------------------------------------------------------------- Post Macmillan was intending to make this popular and distinguished Second World War hero a life Peer.
Offence Horobin and young boyfriend charged with several counts of indecency and assault in May 1962.
Fate Four years' imprisonment. End of life's work as warden of residential club for deprived boys he had refounded in 1923 and where he had subsequently lived. Timing Tories already unpopular.
And now? Died in 1976, having devoted final years to publishing his poems.
Damage: 7 out of 10 ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- THOMAS GALBRAITH ---------------------------------------------------------------- Post Under-Secretary of State at Scottish Office from 1959. Formerly Civil Lord at the Admiralty.
Offence November 1962, too close a social relationship with young homosexual Soviet spy, civil servant Willaim Vassall. Vassall had been Galbraith's assistant private secretary at the Admiralty.
Fate Resigned.
Timing Further undermined Tory credibility. Calls for Lord Carrington, first Lord of the Admiralty, to resign.
And now? As Baron Strathclyde, Under-Secretary at Department of Environment.
Damage: 8-plus out of 10 ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- CHARLES FLETCHER-COOKE ---------------------------------------------------------------- Post Under-Secretary of State at Home Office 1961- 1963. Tory MP since 1951.
Offence Shared home with Anthony Turner, boy criminal, February 1963.
Turner arrested for driving Fletcher- Cooke's car without insurance or licence.
Fate Denied impropriety but admitted 'error of judgement'. Resigned in order to take legal action.
Timing Unfortunate, but almost ignored as Profumo scandal broke.
And now Retired. Knighted 1981.
Damage: 6 out of 10 ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- JOHN PROFUMO Post Secretary of State for War.
---------------------------------------------------------------- Offence Lying to the Commons and Harold Macmillan about his role in the century's biggest upper-class sex and spies scandal. He had slept with Christine Keeler, who was involved with Eugene Ivanov, assistant Soviet naval attache; the relationship had developed at Lord Astor's Cliveden estate.
Timing The last straw.
Fate Profumo resigned from post and House.
And now? Devoted to social work. CBE 1975. Widely respected for dignity with which he has rebuilt his life.
Damage: 10 out of 10 After this incredible yarn, the public would believe anything. Rumours abounded that ministers and High Court judges had been involved in orgies. Lord Denning, Master of the Rolls, was required to examine the affair. His bestselling report rehearsed the tales in order to deny them. But the government's credibility had been damaged beyond repair.
Harold Wilson's election victory the following year now seems inevitable.
In the 'Macmillan Years' feature published on 22 October we recalled the resignation of Thomas Galbraith in November 1962 following controversy about his friendship with William Vassal. We incorrectly reported that Thomas Galbraith is now Baron Strathclyde, Under-Secretary at the Department of the Environment. In fact Baron Strathclyde is the son of the late Thomas Galbraith and is presently Government Chief Whip in the House of Lords. We also accept that Thomas Galbraith was not charged with any offence and indeed was subsequently exonerated by the Radcliffe Commission.
(Photographs omitted)
- More about:
- Jeffrey Archer
- Morality
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Disclaimer. I do not own Twilight or any of these characters. No copyright infringement is intended
We never broke physical contact as I led her inside and to the lounge, our fingers intertwined. Once in the lounge we sat on the couch together. I looked at her like I was seeing her for the first time.
"So, are you going to tell me?" She asked.
"Jessica had her part to play in what happened to me, to us. She played right into Tanya and James' hands without realizing what she was getting into. Of course, Jessica set up a little slide show at the dance and took great delight in lighting the fuse and watching it blow up. She made my life hell, and now because of what she see's when she looks at me, she wants me to be her latest plaything. Well, I don't want to be that. Like I said earlier, it's not her I want, it's you." I took a deep breath, knowing that I was faced with telling her about Tanya and I. The one dirty little secret I was so desperate to forget.
"What's wrong? There's something I know it." She asked her eyes searching my face, I could feel the panic beginning to rise deep inside. Bella's eyes went wide with shock, she got to her feet and glared at me."You've fucked her haven't you? Oh my god, I can't believe I fell for all this bullshit about how much you still love me, when you… you!" She began to pace, her hands grasping at her hair.
"Bella, no! Please believe me I haven't slept with her, I promise." I was on my feet standing before her, praying what I said was enough for her to believe me.
"But have you wanted to." She whispered. It was more like a statement than a question.
"I never wanted her not like that, not in the way she thinks I do. It's hard to explain."
"Try." Her voice had a hard edge to it.
I took a deep breath, "It would have been so easy with her, but it wouldn't have been right. I'm not going to lie to you, I could so easily have slept with her, to make her want me even more, but I didn't. That's the truth Bella."
She sat down on the couch, her face in her hands. " I feel sick."
I crouched down in front of her. "Bella, I haven't done anything like that with her. I promise you. I might have led her on, made her believe I wanted it, but I couldn't do it."
She looked me in the face once again, her voice shaky. "You promise me? If you are lying to me, then we are over for good. Understand?"
I nodded. "The most we did was kiss, she did try to take it further and yes, I was tempted, lost in the moment but I didn't follow it through." I hoped this wouldn't make her change her mind.
Her eyes searched mine, looking for anything that would tell her I was lying. When she seemed to be satisfied, she spoke once again.
"Okay. Thank you for being so honest with me. Now let's make her pay." There was a slight smile on her lips before she leaned forward and kissed me. There was nothing gentle about it, the kiss was full of passion and need. I had missed this, missed her and I wasn't going to lose her again.
We pulled apart, both breathless and wanting more, but knowing it was too soon for anything else.
"Bella, you know that I will have to continue seeing Jessica, pretend to be interested in her don't you?"
She simply nodded, so I continued. "But it's you that I want, you that I always want." I kissed her, enjoying the feel once again.
"I know. But there is no-one saying I have to be happy about it. How I'll resist the urge to pull her fake hair out of her head is beyond me, seeing her put those skanky paws on you." I could hear the jealousy as it tinged her words, and it caused me to stifle a laugh. Bella punched my chest lightly. "What's so funny?"
"It's strange, thinking someone likes me enough to get jealous." I laughed, as I still remembered the time when no-one looked at me twice.
"Well, just don't forget who saw you first." Bella teased before her expression turned serious. "There is something else we need to talk about."
"Okay, what is it?" I asked.
She let out a deep sigh. "The night of the dance, when you went to the beach… I…You…"
I placed my hand on hers a small gesture to let her know that it was okay. "You mean when I almost killed myself? Yeah, not one of my better moments I must admit." I allowed myself a breath before I continued. "I have no idea what I was thinking, or doing that night. I just wanted to make it all stop. I felt like I had lost everything and there was no way out. I don't think I meant to go that far, it just kinda happened."
She had tears in her eyes, but I had to say it. "You were there for me, you found me and stayed with me at the hospital." I whispered.
Bella nodded. "I didn't know where else to go, I knew you were hurt by what I did, but there was no way I could leave. I wasn't sure you would want me there and Rose's reaction when she saw me, I just had to get away."
I reached over and wiped away the tears that were falling down her cheeks. "I know, I could feel you there, with me. It sounds strange I know, but just knowing you were there was enough." She smiled at me and it gave me a huge boost. "I'm sorry if I said things that hurt you, I lashed out when I shouldn't have done."
Bella leaned forward and placed her index finger on my lips, silencing me. "Ssh, it's okay." Before she removed it and replaced it with her lips. The kiss itself was chaste while holding the promise of more, but now wasn't the time or place for anything more and instinctively, we both knew it.
We spent the next hour running through the details of what I had planned for Jessica, we both agreed she would never see it coming until it was too late. Just as she destroyed our lives at the winter formal, we would have our revenge. Prom could not come quickly enough.
Bella was just leaving and we were sharing a goodbye kiss in the doorway when I heard the sound of a car pulling into the drive. Glancing out, I saw my parents car pulling in, followed by Emmett.
"Shit! My folks are home. They will see you, and I really don't know how to explain you being here." I began to panic.
Bella smiled. "No better time than now to practice our hatred for each other." She pushed me away from her, marching outside and began to raise her voice as the sound of car doors slamming signalled our time was about to run out.
"I really don't care anymore Edward, you hear me? I only came here to tell you to get your bitch to back off."
I was staring at her with a shocked expression on my face, her back was to my parents. She wiggled her eyebrows at me, a smile lighting up her face as a silent challenge for me to make this real.
"Bella, I don't control Jessica, what she does is her own business and none of mine." I replied.
"Well, you need to put her on a leash, cause I am warning you, she needs to stay away from me." If I hadn't known better, I would've believed the anger behind her words.
"Yeah? Well, if you want to talk about training pets, have a word with Jacob, cause your new boyfriend did this." I motioned to my bruised face. "All because of you, our friendship is over. You have driven that wedge firmly between us. But then again, maybe he likes my cast offs."
Bella's face sparked with what looked to genuine anger, and behind her I saw my mom standing with a shocked look on her face. Then, Bella's right hand was raised, poised to make contact with my already damaged face. Suddenly she was gone, and I was looking at my father's angry face.
"Edward Anthony Cullen! Go and wait in my office. Now!" He barked. I nodded, knowing he would not take any defiance from me.
Emmett was glaring at me, he had Bella in his arms and it sounded like she was crying. I turned on my heel, pleased in a strange way, knowing that our exchange was believable enough given their reactions so far.
I heard my mom apologizing to Bella, as I walked away, only when I was sure no one was paying me any attention, did I allow myself a small smile.
Sitting in my father's office, I waited for him to come in and tell me how disappointed he was with me, to lecture me on being respectful. Instead, I was shocked when he walked in and told me to go to my room. When I got there, I grabbed my cellphone and looked at the messages that were waiting for me.
Did they believe you? Hope I made it convincing enough. B x
Tell me you're, not in trouble are you?
Love you. B x
The last message brought a smile to my face, seeing the words in front of me was more than enough for me.
I dialled her number, needing to know what happened after I went inside. She picked up on the first ring.
"You waiting for me to call?" I teased.
"Knew you couldn't resist. So, what happened? Did you folks go mad?" She asked.
"Not yet, I'm in my room. What happened to you after I left?"
"Oh, you know. Emmett was ready to come in there after you, I think they bought it. I just feel bad lying to them, they were all so nice to me."
I opened my mouth to reply, but my bedroom door was flung open and bounced off the wall, leaving Emmett standing in the doorway an angry look on his face.
I whispered into the phone. "Look, I gotta go. Speak to you later." With that, I ended the call, never once taking my eyes of Emmett.
"Oh, sorry Edward. I hope I wasn't interrupting anything too important, but I'm sure Jessica can find a shiny object to amuse her until you call her back. " The sarcasm dripped from his voice.
It was on the tip of my tongue to tell him it wasn't Jessica, but I didn't.
"What do you want Em?" I sighed.
He simply shrugged his shoulders at me. "Oh, I don't know, part of me wonders why Bella was here earlier, I'm not sure that I bought that whole charade when we pulled up."
My blood ran cold. "What do you mean charade? She nearly hit me or did you forget that."
Emmett pursed his lips and nodded. "Oh yeah, but she didn't." A silence fell between us as he watched me, looking for a reaction I guessed. "Bella seemed quite upset I must admit, but I am not sure what she was even doing here. I mean, you two aren't together, it's over. You're seeing Jessica and then out of the blue, Bella turns up on the doorstep, shouting and screaming at you."
"She was pissed about Jessica, told me to keep her away from her." I attempted to cover, but the look on Emmett's face told me he didn't believe what I was telling him. "Did you want something else, or are you just gonna stand in the doorway all night?"
He laughed while shaking his head at me, then he stepped aside to reveal my mom standing there.
She fixed me with a stare. "Is that the truth? What you just told Emmett?"
I hated lying to her, but knew there was no other way so to avoid answering I nodded. She let out a sigh and came over to sit down on my bed. "I know you think I was harsh earlier, and maybe I was, but I won't change my mind about Jessica. I don't like her, and I don't approve of you two dating. But, if she makes you happy after everything that's happened then I will be civil to her at the very least." She let out a deep sigh. "Your happiness is all that's important. Just know that both your father and I love you very much."
I smiled at her, causing her to smile back at me before she leaned in, ruffling my hair and placing a kiss on my head.
"Bella seemed upset earlier, I'm only sorry things didn't work out between the two of you and you felt you had to keep so many secrets. At least now everything is out in the open. Dinner will be ready soon." With that, she left me alone.
Guilt flooded through me, yet again I was keeping secrets and lying to those closest to me once again, Picking up my cell phone from where I had dropped it, I opened it up and scrolled through, my finger hovering over Bella's number. I just couldn't bring myself to dial it, not just yet. I made my way downstairs to help with whatever I could towards dinner, it seemed like the least that I could do. Only when I got to the bottom of the stairs, I heard my parents talking in hushed tones in the kitchen, so I did what any teenager would do. I eavesdropped.
"I know Carlisle, but what can I do? She isn't good for him, but if I push it too hard it will only send him further into her arms."
"Of course you're right, but we also can't encourage the relationship. He needs time to be a teenager, hang out with his friends." My father sounded as if he was trying to placate my mom, but it was no use.
"You think I could risk losing him? It would break me if anything happened to him, you know that."
"I know, I was there, remember? I stayed at your side every single day at the hospital, it was me that held you when you cried yourself to sleep at night. If anything were to happen to him, it would break me too. We have to be strong for our son, we need to show him love, show him we are here from him. I worry we might not have been doing that lately. He has to know that he is the most important thing to us."
"He should know this already." She countered.
"But I don't think he does. This whole situation, it's been a mess. I might be a doctor, but I have no idea how to be around him, how to fix my own son and that scares me. I feel lost Esme, and I don't know what to do for the best."
The emotion made his voice crack. It was strange to hear him speak so openly and honestly, but I guessed there were no secrets between my parents, only a deep bond secured by the years of love they shared. One day I hoped to experience this.
As I lurked outside the kitchen, I leaned against the wall, screwing my eyes closed as I took in everything I'd heard. My parents words hit home. Mom was willing to put her personal feelings for Jessica aside and make an effort for my sake. I was important to them, I mattered. Today had been such a turning point for me, all this coupled with the fact that Bella loved me. It was like a dream, one I didn't want to wake from for fear of it not being real. Slowly I opened my eyes and found nothing had changed. Maybe now Karma was smiling on me.
Authors Note:
Dedicated to Laters Baby – HAPPY BIRTHDAY HUNNY! I know how much you love this story.
Pre-read by ETPhone home.
Thanks to everyone who read and reviewed the last chapter, I can't tell you how stunned I was by the reviews.


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Marijuana Crackdown in California: U.S. Department of Justice Says it's Not President Obama's Fault
As we've noted, marijuana advocates are mad at President Obama.
An Occidental College-educated lefty, Obama's supposed to be one of them. But when his U.S. Department of Justice cracked down on pot dispensaries in California, essentially saying that all weed shops are illegal on a federal level, the green vote seemed to unite against our Commander-in-Chief. He became the man.
Huffington Post has been all over the story and this week indicates that ...
... Obama had nothing to do with the attorneys' crackdown.
Lauren Horwood, a spokeswoman for the DOJ, appeared to take pains in distancing the prez from the decision to go after dispensaries in California:
... We didn't have direct talks with [U.S. Attorney General and Obama appointee] Eric Holder -- not that we wouldn't, he's been out and visited -- but just the way the Department of Justice works, he's not that hands-on on these kinds of details.
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As California NORML chief Dale Gieringer told us recently:
We view the crackdown as a betrayal of Obama's campaign pledge that 'I'm not going to be using Justice Department resources to try to circumvent state laws on this issue.'
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NEWS IS NOT: The really significant events that happened in a given span of time – problem is that news is just a media text and works with conventions; it adheres to realism conventions and these influence how we understand the news. NEWS IS: A set of stories based on events deemed important to report over a given span of time. People in news business decide what news is. What drives decisions? if it bleeds it leads – airplanes versus cars. Selection process is very important. News is a representation of what is important for you to know Local news teams and the News you need to know – crime coverage, sports, weather, local celebrity events. The conventions themselves shape decisions about what it is that you need to know – pre-determined. Already sold as "What You Need To Know" News is a manufactured product Like a fictional text – editors, writers, actors – just like fiction. MAIN POINT: Rather than news gathering, it is more accurate to speak of news-making.
(MAJOR) NEWS SOURCES 1. "The wire" (AP & Reuters) 2. News Conferences and Press Releases 3. The competition (other news media) 4. The beat 5. Reporter initiative/ investigative research
The medium through which you get news matters.
CHARACTERISTICS OF NEWS Print news (and most internet news) Menu-like – choice Time-flexible – you can read it when you want Customized address – different section for different people Easily archived – and easily searched – indices of stories. Internet publications are different in this respect given the relatively recent emergence of Internet news publications, as well as the limited archives that many websites maintain Provides stable and easily referenced record. Papers of record (i.e. New York Times) create the 'official story' Broadcast news Sequential – news, weather, sports Time-fixed – happens at particular time of day Universal address – same news for everyone Fleeting – if you don't record it, it's gone Provides sense of immediacy The medium through which you get news matters.
News is often presented as fact when it is not. Reporters only quote/cite important people – and report those citations as truth. Uses same conventions as realism Many of the common criticisms of news that we are used to hearing are erroneous -Such as reporters being liberal An understanding of the process of news-making will help clarify why stories turn out the way they do. -If you understand how news is made then you have insight into how its not a mirror of reality but a manufactured product News and information are often thought to be the backbone of American Democracy. The news media fuel political education and participation -If we see this as the role of news then news should provide MOBILIZING INFORMATION that tells us about an event before it happens so that we can get involved. Instead, news treat politics more like a spectator sport. Thus…there's a problem when we look at the distribution of news coverage…
CONVENTIONS OF NEWS Narrative -Reporting follows a story format, it not just randomly assembled -narrative instructs you about how to feel, and it fulfills expectations Objectivity -A style of writing or set of procedures to be followed. It is the standard of professionalism for journalists. -As a convention, objectivity is to truth what realism is to reality: it bears no direct and necessary relationship (an objective story does not necessarily have to be true). Genre Conventions -With respect to TV broadcast news, footage is often cut with reference to existing genres of entertainment media The (intentional or unintentional) use of Chomsky & Herman's 5 Filters
NARRATIVE IN NEWS News stories are stories Narrative Frame – the mood and style of narrative (suspense, comedic, tragic, excitement and fear) Plot – what actually happens (always highly selective b/c you can't report on everything that happens) Characters – each character has a role (good, bad, concerned citizen, etc.)
Earliest news broadcasts were offered as a "public service" in part to justify the ability for stations to secure licenses through the FCC. Early news advertised the "liveness" of television, especially through remote cameras. TV comes into home as part of a broader (1950s) cultural fascination with new technologies, and the news emphasizes this weather gadgets and helicopters. Audiences were already familiar with the format of news from radio, but the image component added a 2nd dimension to news experience, i.e. radio with pictures. The Kennedy-Nixon debates in the 60s were the first held on TV and as such they really demonstrated how the medium could be used (and how public images could be framed in the process). Over the course of TV history, news became a major source of advertiser revenue because of broad audience demographics. News serves up audience to advertisers. News expands from 15 to 30 minutes during the Vietnam war.
(Most Americans get news from TV but don't necessarily know more about issues) 1. It is primarily a source of information for its audience Socially-based scheduling. Dinnertime and bedtime are not good times to retain info, and thus low information retention rate among audience members. Predictable coverage. Local news starts with death, then weather, sports, etc. Infotainment. News is provided by networks whose goal is to entertain not impart information TV news viewers can see events as they actually unfold "Live" editing techniques . News sold as live. Selective use of feeds Familiar conventions – same as TV fiction (Rapping article – sitcoms) Time compression and fabricated "on-scene" reporting. Example: White House lawn at 11:00 but nothing's going on "on scene" A whole day goes by in 30 minutes.
The Conservative Critique – what conservatives say about newspapers The Liberal Critique – what liberals say about newspapers Both want to answer the question: What's wrong with the news? They are seen as 'opposing' critiques, but both share a number of common assumptions: 1. Newspapers basically "work" -Most of the time people thinking newspapers encourage people to be good political and active citizens -Assume that people are getting the news they need to be politically active 2. Their primary purpose is public service and political education -Profit is the bottom line for news and media organization, therefore headlines are meant to attract viewers rather than create more engaged citizens -As an advertising-supported format, it's primary purpose is to sell audiences to advertisers. 3. News is a real thing you can "go out there and get" -News is largely obtained from the 'wire', not from beat reporters & investigative journalism -Also obtained from pre-digested content, already in the form of a story: PR -Made versus gotten news: News is not a thing but a process of crafting and making 4. Reporter interpretation is an obstacle to effective news-making -Subjectivity vs. objectivity -Reporter's interpretation in narrative is very important (ex: choices of quotes) 5. Myth of competition -Relative lack of diverse news media ownership and competition -Also, it's wrongly assumed that quality is assured by quantity of competing newspapers.
1. Presentation of conflicting possibilities – stories often written with 2 sides but there are always more than two sides. Also, each side not necessarily treated in the same way or given equal attention. 2. Judicious use of quotation marks – reporter finds experts to validate information (also called sourcing) – but experts are not always objective or bipartisan 3. Structuring information in an appropriate sequence – INVERTED PYRAMID – Fact checking is not necessary, rather what is important is whether sources are quoted accurately. -Appropriate sequencing makes editor's job easier and saves time. MAIN POINT: Objectivity allows reporter or journalist to maintain a professional distance from the story
1. Political distance – By being objective, the newsperson is never seen as partisan. Hence, we are supposed to trust them. 2. Expertise – Reporters have special training and skills that are specific to the trade. 3. Factuality – Reporter only has to quote people accurately; it is not always necessary to check facts. 4. Rules replace ethics MAIN POINTS: Objectivity is impossible because all statements of fact imply a value statement. One cannot remove oneself from the process. It is impossible to write without a point-of-view AND We wrongly assume that without objective reporting democracy will collapse. Other countries papers are overtly interpretive and it even worked in our own past. People may be capable of evaluating different interpretations.
Fallacious notion that news media is inherently liberal. Reporters are generally liberal on social issues and conservative on economic issues; the same is true with print and editorial policies. BUT… Journalism is stridently CENTRIST in its orientation. For example, journalists try to remain aloof when something bad comes out about a political candidate, they rarely criticize politicians for "lying," etc. The critique of journalism as liberal masks the fact that news media are primarily owned by millionaires with conservative political agendas. More broadly, news has very specific ideological assumptions that shape the ways in which stories are told…or whether they are told at all (see chap 5 on news & ideology). For example: war, economics, environmentalism, and the so-called 'war on terror' are all covered in ways that severally limit the range of debate.
The dominant model of free speech: A person speaking in public and giving handbills to passers-by is exercising free speech. A person needs protection from government intervention -Role of government in free speech is just not arresting people for saying stuff -Their role is to more or less stay out of issues concerning free speech. An economic free market produces a free market of ideas No concern over private restraints on free expression Freedom of the press is available to those who can afford to own media outlets No worries about the free market, only worries about government. Mass mediated communication is identical to person on a soapbox
Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman argue that the Hyde Park model is BAD because it is an inaccurate model of free speech. In fact, they argue that mass media functions much like a propaganda system, inasmuch as there are filters that prevent genuine free speech. They are: Size and Ownership of the Mass Media -News media are BIG corporations with a strong profit imperative, as well as formal & informal social networks connecting them to other big corporations -International trade: policies must be favorable with vested interest in federal media policy 2. Advertising -If your news doesn't bring in a large commodity audience that is a problem because broadcasters make $ via indirect payment -Advertisers have political positions and this influences the news -Buying mood stories – shows that don't threaten your worldview Sources -Reporters have deadlines and therefore, must find ways to make their jobs easier (PR and news releases) -People with official positions are more likely to be quoted – credibility is instant -If you alienate your source they won't talk to you 4. Flak -Direct responses from people in positions of authority and businesses who complain about reporters and stories NOT from individuals calling or writing letters. Flak is organized and institutional. 5. Ideological Premises of the system -If a position is caste in a certain light we can ignore it. -If there is a connection made to socialism and communism, for example, it renders ideas and positions as invalid, and therefore eliminated from public debate. MAIN POINT: These help filter out certain things/ideas from getting into the news. They are large-scale structural factors – not attributable to individual journalists. It's a sifting process.
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What does Social Media teach professionals who have to start from nothing?
There are specific methodologies that have been developed wherein unorganized workers can master manifestation, by creating a framework about their schedules, and their spiritual inclinations.
If there are many spiritual preferences that people will have they will encourage rituals, and they would show that it does not matter if you are in a new city, and a new country–you need to be connected with the Gods that have been kind to you.
We are always getting smaller, or bigger.
We are always in different levels of emotion.
We are always in a level of momentum.
We are always thinking about being visible in a world, where everybody is really looking at becoming invisible.
We are always thinking of living despite regrets.
We are always aware that Brexit movement is just as important as EU's stance on the real economic reasons for Brexit.
We are aware that Yahoo earnings tumbled, and that did not stop Marissa Mayer from believing in how Yahoo could resurge from it's down.
We are aware that if we think of our image, and our identity as a physical active body, wanting to run, and interact with a young child to help them know the world better, it might be counter intuitive that the young child would also love that energy, and like to behave in that way.
We have to really think that emotions help us in regulating our body fluids, and seeing that we drink enough water to stay healthy, and active.
Brands that help the planet, have an enormous appeal, as they offer an emotional sensation that drugs don't.
ASEA has been shown in studies to increase the cellular production, bioavailability and utilization of: (1) glutathione, (2) superoxide dismutase (SOD) and (3) catalase by over five times. These are all antioxidant enzymes produced naturally within the body. Studies have shown that as we age the cells produce less and less of these important enzymes, which can lead to many of the health challenges people experience as they age.
The significance of increasing glutathione is that glutathione is a superb chelator of mercury. Also in this protocol ischlorella, which is another superb chelator of mercury.
Researchers have shown that ASEA CAN increase the cells' own production and utilization of these three super-antioxidant enzymes by at least 500%. ASEA is an all natural product native to the body. In other words, everything inside the bottle of ASEA is already found inside of your body and in your cells.
If ASEA is going to be successful at treating an emotional suppression, this should be evident within 90 days after building-upto the standard dose of between 16 and 24 TABLEspoons a day of ASEA (this is between 8 and 12 ounces).
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At the beginning of this year I came across an article in the Miami Herald describing a "Hike to the Big Trees" in the Big Cypress National Preserve. This ranger-guided trip is offered by the National Park Service only a few times a year, so Charles and I rushed to get a spot on the last available trek in early March. Neither one of us had been on the southernmost section of the Florida Trail before, where the hike took place. This aspect and the possibility of seeing some of the remaining giant cypress trees that had escaped the logging period of the 1920s to the 1950s were highly intriguing to us. We gathered with 15 fellow hikers at the Oasis Visitor Center and the weather conditions turned to be out ideal for this venture. The sky remained overcast and I didn't sweat a single drop the entire day – a rare occasion in the Florida wilderness! Contrary to the temperature, the state of the trail was much more challenging.
Due to the low water levels at the end of the dry season, 80% of the 8 miles we covered that day had us trekking through ankle-deep mud. After the first mile, there were no identifiable features left visible on my boots. This was quite a different experience than the usual knee-deep water we would be sloshing through just after the rainy season. The advantage of being in muck was the great variety of wildlife tracks we encountered: everything from alligators to deer, birds, raccoons, and even bobcats. Visible fauna was largely limited to the warbler species that call the understory of the dwarf cypress forest home. When lunch time approached we had reached a slough with deeper water and an island perfectly suited for a rest in Roberts Lake Strand. From there it was only a short stretch to the stand of tall cypress. Despite the fact that the trees were definitely old growth, their stature could not rival the giants I had seen before in the Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary or even the stumps that can be found near Kirby Storter Roadside Park. The trunk bases of some of these remnant trees span up to 10 feet across.
Our way back led us to three "friendly" encounters with water moccasins – from a small juvenile to a full grown adult. We gave them a wide berth, admired their varied patterns from afar, and continued our immersion into the rich muck beneath our feet. It is amazing to me that many people pay a fortune for mud treatments in upscale spas on Miami Beach when they could have the entire experience for free just by coming to the Glades! The last mile of our challenging hike dragged on until we finally reached the Oasis where we had a chance to hose down and relax after about 7 hours on the trail.
Although we ultimately didn't get to see the giants we had hoped for, Charles and I could definitely cross hiking this section of the Florida Trail off of our respective bucket lists and were happy we had another chance to spend an amazing day in this remote wilderness that sits so close to our metropolis Miami.