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Rates of sexual assault of college students are higher than the national rates. Colleges are uniquely positioned to offer preventive education and support services to a high-risk group. This qualitative study examines students' perceptions of sexual violence resources and services. Seventy-eight female and male students, between 18–24 years old, belonging to various demographic groups participated in one-to-one, walking interviews on five diverse Midwest 2- and 4-year postsecondary campuses. Findings suggest that students are concerned with safety, students want more education regarding sexual violence, and they value services that offer protection from incidents of sexual violence on campus. Participants expressed mixed reactions to prevention education that combined sexual violence prevention with alcohol and drug use. Students shared positive views of the security measures on campus. They emphasized the importance of using varied mechanisms for sexual violence-related resource messaging and advised moving away from the pamphlet towards posters and online resources. Recommendations are offered to strengthen existing resources, such as prevention education and post-assault interventions including Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) services, and to minimize barriers to access of sexual violence resources.
In the unique social context of a college setting, students strive to increase their knowledge and obtain credentials that will effectively position them as future workforce members. The pursuit of education is only one common attribute of college students. Primarily between 18 and 24 years of age, undergraduate college students are also characterized by qualities of late adolescence, including high levels of peer group affiliation, challenging the status quo, exploring their world via experimentation and, at times, risk-taking behaviors (Arnett, 2000; Barry, Madsen, Nelson, Carroll & Badger, 2009; ACHA, 2010).
A college campus provides opportunity to create life-long relationships, although for some students it also presents risky and at times dangerous situations. In a survey of 13,700 students at the University of Minnesota, 15.9% reported experiencing a sexual assault within their lifetime (Boynton Health Service, 2010). Sexual violence is a critical, relatively common occurrence (Krebs, Lindquist, Warner, Fisher & Martin, 2009) that can yield long-lasting ramifications for the victim (Kaltman, Krupnick, Stockton, Hooper, & Green, 2005), yet sexual assault frequently goes unreported. In the same University of Minnesota study, only one-third (32.3%) of the college students who experienced sexual assault reported the incident to any official at all, including the police (Boynton Health Service, 2010), which is a rate consistent with documented trends (Amar & Gennaro, 2005; Fisher et al., 2003; Rennison, 2002). Those who reported the assault most often did so to a health care provider (27.5%), a police officer (21.4%), or a campus hall director, community advisor, or sexual violence officer/security officer (7.1%) (Boynton Health Service, 2010). It is possible students' perceptions of the college environment, and specifically resources available for post-sexual assault care, directly influence decisions whether to report the incident and to whom to make the report. Certainly a supportive environment can encourage early help-seeking and reporting following a sexual assault (Clements & Ogle, 2009).
Researchers have documented a variety of individual, interpersonal, and socio-cultural factors associated with post-assault help-seeking behaviors and perceptions (Amar, 2008; Amar, Bess, & Stockbridge, 2010; Fisher, Daigle, Cullen, & Turner, 2003). The college environment, specifically the presence or absence of sexual violence awareness campaigns and resources, is the context in which a student who has experienced sexual violence will determine initially whether and how s/he will report or seek care. To our knowledge male and female students' perceptions of environmental (e.g. college) sexual violence-related resources remain unexamined. This is important because willingness to seek care might be enhanced or hindered by perceptions about the accessibility, availability and awareness of resources on campus (Banyard et al., 2007; Walsh, Banyard, Moynihan, Ward, & Cohn, 2010), or by the perception of support or shaming by healthcare professionals (Hanson, 2010; Messman-Moore, Coates, Gaffey, & Johnson, 2008; Nasta et al., 2005). In the absence of inter-personal or socio-cultural barriers to help-seeking, negative perception of college environment and available resources might be the deciding obstacle to seeking care.
The extent to which a college environment is conducive to reporting sexual violence incidents, and seeking follow-up care, could influence short- and long-term recovery for a student victim. In addition to the well-documented psychological consequences of silently and independently surviving sexual violence (Avant, Swopes, Davis, & Elhai, 2010; Danielson et al., 2010), a student victim might choose to leave college and forego educational pursuits (Grossman, Haney, Edwards, Alessi, Ardon, & Howell, 2009) thereby impacting future career opportunities, goal-setting, and one's sense of accomplishment (Stepakoff, 1998; Tschumper, Narring, Meier, & Michaud, 1998).
Consistent with national public health priorities as identified in Healthy People 2020 (Department of Health and Human Services, 2010), reduction and prevention of sexual violence experienced by college students is critical. To accomplish national improvements among young adults, who experience disproportionate rates of sexual violence, will require careful attention toward college environments because these are the primary contexts in which violence occurs and care is sought.
An ecological model (Bronfenbrenner, 1979) facilitates examination of contextual factors unique to sexual violence prevention for college students. Specifically, the college environment is one of the primary micro-systems surrounding students during their years of study. This college setting can be a source of risk, protection, or both. Risks might include interpersonal and environmental exposures (i.e., substance use in a dorm, limited light posts) and protections can similarly exist at an interpersonal or environmental level within the micro-system (i.e., resident hall advisor, adequate security personnel, sexual violence prevention campaigns). Certainly, individual and socio-cultural level factors contribute significantly to one's sense of vulnerability in addition to one's willingness to seek help following an incident, as has been well described (Amar et al., 2010; Ashley & Foshee, 2005; Bauer, Rodriguez, Quiroga, & Flores-Ortiz, 2000). To our knowledge there has not been a study examining the college micro-system specifically with respect to college students' perceptions of sexual violence prevention resources. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to describe male and female students' perceptions of their college's sexual violence prevention resources and efforts.
Because sexual violence can be experienced by anyone, and subsequently any college student could someday be in need of accessing sexual violence resources either for themselves or on behalf of another, it is important to gain understanding from a general college student population, including males and females, rather than solely seeking perceptions of those who have previously experienced sexual violence (Porter & McQuiller-Williams, 2011). Therefore, the aim of this study is to gain a broad understanding regarding college campus sexual violence resources that will yield unique insights colleges can use to inform the development of strategic interventions that minimize barriers and enhance access to sexual violence resources.
This study used a go-along interview qualitative design. Go-along interviews offer a unique opportunity to gain first-hand contextualized insights (Carpiano, 2009; Jones, 2008; Kusenbach, 2003). During a go-along interview, the participant physically and virtually leads the interviewer on a tour as the interview occurs.
The participating institutions represented the diversity of post-secondary education options in one Midwestern state, including metropolitan and non-metropolitan two-year and four-year institutions that were both public and private. Each participant guided the interviewer through a walking and online virtual tour of campus sexual health resources. Only one participant was reluctant to walk through campus, for an undisclosed reason, so his interview was conducted in a private office.
The target population for this study was undergraduate male and female college students aged 18 to 24. Between 12 and 18 participants were recruited from each of 5 colleges, reflecting diverse characteristics (e.g., ethnicity, extracurricular involvement). To be eligible for participation, students must not have been employed by, nor volunteered for, campus health services; this criterion enabled us to obtain perspectives from typical students rather than those with exceptional insights into college health services. Participants did not need to have any prior experience using college sexual health services, nor any knowledge specific to sexual health or sexual health resources. All study procedures were conducted after receiving approval from all relevant institutional review boards.
Student recruitment occurred in a high-traffic area on each campus, using purposive and snowball sampling strategies. A wait-list approach was used to ensure approximately 50% female participants and diversity of ethnicity as well as year in school (Porter & McQuiller-Williams, 2011). Interested students were screened by the study staff for eligibility and scheduled for an interview. Participants completed the consent process at the time of the interview, filled out a demographic form, and received a $50 retail store gift card as a token of appreciation.
Three researchers conducted the walk-along interviews, including a professor and two graduate assistants. Each graduate assistant received instruction on conducting the go-along interviews and shadowed on at least one interview. Interviews took place on weekdays when existing campus health service offices were open during spring, summer, and fall semesters in 2010. The interviews lasted an average of 48 minutes (ranging 24–88 minutes).
A semi-structured interview guide was used, which included an introductory warm-up question and four content questions regarding sexual health resources available on or near campus (see Figure 1); the questions did not pertain specifically to sexual violence (Author et al, under review a). Sexual violence-related resources, or the lack thereof, were one of the most commonly identified resources, mentioned by 60% of the participants (Author et al, under review b); the present study reports on those comments and perspectives.
The go-along interviews were audio-recorded with a lapel microphone attached to the participant. Upon completion of each interview the interviewer verified the complete recording and saved the audio file to a secure server. The audio files were transcribed by professional transcriptionists and verified by study staff by simultaneously listening to and reading the interview. ATLAS.ti software (Muhr, 2010) was used to organize the transcripts and facilitate the coding process.
Text from each interview was carefully read through multiple times by the research team. Initial thematic codes were generated for a codebook based on the primary study aims; a quasi-inductive coding process was used so that new ideas could be descriptively represented by codes (Saldaña, 2009). Two graduate students, led by the qualitative co-investigator, independently coded the text. The first few coded interviews were carefully examined and discussed among the research team to ensure agreement in the codes used to describe text.
All codes with potential content addressing sexual violence prevention were included in this analysis. From these codes, 252 quotes from 60 participants were obtained. In addition, all interview text was examined for possible sexual violence prevention content that was not originally coded.
Descriptive categories were created to organize the codes. For example, an identified resource might be a "Safe Walk Home" program, where a member of the security personnel will meet a student to walk them to a dorm from the library late at night; the text would be coded as 'resource: safe escort service' to designate the specific descriptive code for a sexual violence prevention resource identified by the student, and the category of the resource. Simultaneous coding facilitated identifying multiple codes or ideas within one section of text, enabling thorough representation of the interview text (Saldaña, 2009).
Two participants who provided consent to be contacted at a later date independently reviewed the summary of sexual violence data presented in this manuscript; member checks are important mechanisms for ensuring that data are being presented in a representative manner (Sandelowski, 1993), which both participants confirmed.
The final sample, 78 participants including thirty-eight women (49%) and forty men (51%), was comprised of 32 students from two-year institutions (41%) and 46 students from four-year institutions (59%). The average age of participants was 20 years (range 18–24). Fifty-two (67%) participants identified as white and twenty-six (33%) as individuals of color, including self-identified multi-racial and Hispanic students. Participants represented a broad range of student characteristics and communities, including dorm residents, commuters, transfer students, first year and advanced students, the gay-lesbian-bisexual-transgender (GLBT) community, the Greek community, the military, athletes, pregnant and/or parenting students, those who identified themselves as sexually active, and those who identified themselves as having never been sexually active.
Our coding and reflective, iterative analysis process yielded six themes regarding sexual violence prevention on campus: 1) sexual assaults on campus, 2) sexual violence culture on campus, 3) sexual violence matters to us, 4) substance use and sexual violence go hand in hand, 5) provide us with security, and 6) educate us about sexual violence (see Figure 2). These themes are described in detail below, with supportive participant quotes (represented by pseudonyms).
Participants from every campus expressed concerns regarding sexual violence and incidents that occurred on or near campus. Elaine, a student who appeared well informed about sexual violence resources and what to do if something happened, shared a specific incident involving her friend:
Last fall I had a friend finally admit to me, she had been really upset for a while and I just asked her what was going on. It was not a usual thing for her. She did finally say somebody attacked her and raped her. She was a virgin. The first thing I thought of was, 'have you told anybody yet?' She hadn't. I knew that she hadn't had a rape kit done. I knew that she hadn't gone to a doctor at all. The next thing that came to mind was just her mental health, her emotional health, as well as pregnancy and STDs. Obviously she doesn't have birth control or anything. I did ask her if she wanted me to help her with those things…she really didn't want to talk to anybody, but she did have issues sleeping. She was super afraid to go home at night.
In addition to Elaine, two other students mentioned SANE services as a post-assault resource, and something victims should seek out.
Andrea indicated that her campus was safe, compared to other campuses, despite sharing two vivid sexual violence incidents:
…one of my friends…said that he gave her some candy and started trying to take off her clothes. That would definitely be a problem, but I think it more has to do with if you are drinking than anything else. I heard stories too of last year, or I don't know which year it was, a girl was out jogging and some guy came out. It was dark, late at night, and she had her headphones in and couldn't hear. Some guy came up behind her, hit her upside the head with a bat and raped her.
The campus culture with regards to sexual violence was discussed by many students and reflected diversity of perspectives. For example, for some students, the campus culture had to do with organizational openness in terms of addressing the topic of sexual violence; for others, the culture was about the climate, feeling safe. And for yet others, the culture included students' behaviors in terms of reporting or not reporting an incident. In response to a hypothetical question about seeking care for a friend, Ibrahim summarized his sense of the campus culture with respect to sexual violence:
The culture about that [sexual assault] here is a lot less open than regular sexual health stuff. There have been a good number of instances where people I know have thought that it's happened, but have been too afraid to report it.
Conner described a campus-sponsored educational offering in which the speaker countered the culture of blaming sexual violence victims by challenging students to reflect on how cultural views on men and women get perpetuated and need to be stopped, such as in the example of athleticism where males are praised for their skills while females are often recognized for other attributes first (e.g., physical appearance). Regarding the event, he said:
It is well done and it doesn't really have the statistics around rape, as much as it highlights the environment that we encourage by making jokes about women athletes and how our society promotes this culture. If a girl is raped, what do we say about her? We say, 'where was she?' Our immediate reaction isn't even sympathy. The immediate reaction is what was she doing when she got raped? Was she wearing skimpy clothes down a dark alley? Did she go to a party and get too drunk? She kind of asked for it, didn't she? We are already justifying the guy after he violated the girl.
Another element of campus culture arose in comments about the physical size of the school, and the student body. Marlin felt his campus offered a safe physical atmosphere:
It feels safe around here because of the people. Just because nobody goes out of their way to make you feel uncomfortable. Everybody just does their own thing. We are a smaller school, so you do see a lot of familiar faces. You build trust with a lot of different people that you might not actually hang out with but you see them enough…
When asked to identify the most important sexual health resources a college can have, over half the students identified sexual violence resources as a priority. Connor stated, "they need some type of response to sexual violence." Peter affirmed, "I guess the STD testing [as first priority], and then I'd go with sexual assault and rape." On this particular campus, a large public institution, attention toward and prioritization of rape-related resources appeared to be in part related to three rape incidents that had received media attention in the weeks preceding the interviews. Seth shared,
…especially the rape thing, because a month ago we had three girls raped in the [fraternity house part of campus], so if you had resources for students who happen to get sexually assaulted that would be nice because they're kind of hidden around here.
Substance use was described by numerous participants as they discussed aspects of sexual violence on campus. Georgina linked alcohol and sexual activity together when she identified what she thought was the biggest sexual health issue faced by students, "probably sex under the influence would be a big one." Trevor, a military student, recommended action to prevent alcohol-facilitated sexual assaults, "Maybe someone should get out there and explain to students about alcohol-related issues and drinking, so problems like what happened on [campus name] wouldn't ever happen here." Georgina pointed out a campus effort to bring attention to this issue, "I've seen posters around that say, 'no means no, and if there is alcohol involved yes means no too.' Stuff like that. They focus on when alcohol is involved." She felt the college was sending a clear message regarding sexual health and alcohol use, "I definitely remember in freshman orientation talking about the alcohol and they hope that we don't drink and then have sex."
At another institution, Katrina described a campus-sponsored event in which sexual violence was "touched on" in the context of substance use,
It [sexual violence] was touched on because I did go to one of the [event name] that was about alcoholism and drugs, and they touched on, then there's rape. It was almost a direct result, where it should be its own entity, instead of…It was almost like, 'OK, you drink, you're going to get raped.' It's like, I don't really agree with that. I walk home from my clinicals and I live in a very rough neighborhood, so it could happen to me in my whites. That would really, really suck, but I wasn't drinking and I wasn't being dumb and I wasn't wearing provocative clothing, just all this… That's where a lot of people get that stigma…Not that anything on this topic is warm and fuzzy, but it should be discussed outside of drinking and drugs.
Although alcohol use was the most commonly reported substance by participants from numerous campuses, the mention of 'roofies' or drugs facilitating sexual assault only occurred among participants from one campus. Charity described what happened to her,
I know there are a lot of party houses that you're supposed to avoid because they roofie people. I got roofied last year; thank God my [female] friends took care of me. It [being roofied] was by my own [male] friends, so I just don't go out. Obviously, he [was] my friend so I'm going to trust him, but I ended up in the hospital. They said, 'there's no alcohol in your system; it's just [rohynpnol] so I owed them three thousand dollars. Now I don't go to parties anymore.
Ibrahim, a student from the same campus, commented on roofies and rumors, There's huge rumors around [campus name] about roofies being used. It kind of goes away and resurges every few months. That one, as far as I know, is just hearsay, nothing substantial to it because of the amount of alcohol availability.
Although it was very rare, two students did speak about personal responsibility regarding prevention of sexual violence through responsible choices about alcohol, with a blaming tone to their voices. Dominique said, "Well, you've probably heard about all the rapes on campus. I don't think it's…I mean if you're smart, you won't be in that situation, but it happens to anybody…" Theresa shared,
I feel like some people here, if they feel they aren't safe, then they should work on that. If they feel like they can't take care of themselves, they shouldn't put themselves in situations where they can get taken advantage of.
Students spoke of a range of existing and desired resources on campus they felt could help minimize occurrences of sexual violence or expedite response when an event happened. These included physical campus resources, such as safety lights and call boxes/buttons that could be used to solicit help, human campus resources such as security officer presence and availability of walking escort services, and transportation resources not necessarily operated by the campus but available on campus, including a safe bus or taxi and availability of rental bikes.
Call boxes were identified as the primary mechanisms for seeking assistance from the security office on one campus; Leora commented, "I don't know how you'd reach them unless you did [use] the call box." At another campus, Hannes described an emergency station near a bus station as being in an ideal location from his perspective,
This is where people may feel threatened, and this is also where you push for help. What will happen is the lights will go off, and it will make a big sound, and help will rush here as fast as humanly possible. And again, it's things like that that people feel a bit safer on campus, with things like these.
Although many students mentioned these security posts and call lights, it was not uncommon for them to have difficulty being able to locate one on campus during the interview. Eva referred to call boxes when she responded to a question about feeling sexually safe on campus and shared,
…if it happened to a friend I'd just say call 911 as soon as possible, or press the button and once in a while you'll see those emergency, like, boxes around. Gosh, I can't even remember if there's any on campus, but I know I've seen them other places.
Andrea had a recommendation to improve this, "As far as I know, there are not very many [security posts]. Maybe that is one thing; they could have some more put in. I know this one. I don't know where another one is."
Overwhelmingly, students had positive things to say regarding their knowledge of and interactions with security officers on campus. Edwin stated,
Security does a great job. The president of the university does a great job. She lets everyone know that it's safe to be here…it's safe to look over your shoulder, because we have these people looking out for you. If you ever feel scared and lonely, go to someone, here are the available resources. If you haven't noticed, there are these blue poles on campus. If you press one of those…security will make sure you have an escort to where you need to go.
The expected speed at which security officers would arrive after the blue button was pushed ranged from "within 15 seconds" to "in whatever time they can get there."
Some students were unsure of the services security officers provide, as demonstrated in Paulo's response to a question about what the officers do, "Technically, I have no clue…they just drive around, give people parking tickets…I think that's about it. I've got a couple myself." On another campus Kim indicated she would go to security if there were a sexual violence incident but primarily associated security with citations, "They're always walking around, or patrolling the parking lot. I got a warning citation for parking on the line, so I know they're there."
Other students were familiar with the role of some security officers as escorts. Hannes described his perspective of their activities, "they also have several people wearing the coats, having the walkie talkies, having tazers, walking around, just making sure nothing bad is happening around campus, maintaining order." Leora shared,
They have a 24-hour escort service. You just call them…I've never used it. I've heard there's good and bad reviews on it. I've heard some people say that they use it all the time. I've heard some people say that like, the people seem to be crabby when they came to pick them up, but I'm sure that varies, by like different nights, and what's going on.
On some campuses, the security offices were located in places many students were unfamiliar with or unsure of how to find; on others, the offices were easily located by most students. For example, two students at the same college immediately pointed out where security could be found, "at the information desk" (Danson and Lukas). On one campus, the security office was in a female-only dorm building, limiting immediate access to only those students with keys to enter that specific dorm; Topher commented, "I'm a little bit stoked [agitated] about the fact that security is housed in a building that isn't accessible to half of the student body." For Eva, she viewed the physical police station on campus as a resource, "there's also a police station really close by, so you know if I do have the opportunity, I will walk as close to that as possible…that makes me feel a little more secure."
Colin referred to safe bus transportation in his recommendation that during orientation week the campus should encourage students to be safe,
just say if you're alone take the safe bus, and if you're not, just always walk home with at least one person….I don't know how many girls I see walking home alone [from the bars], and I just wish people would tell them not to do that.
On another campus, Theresa described the availability but inaccessibility of a campus-sponsored transportation service, "have you heard of the [bus service name]? The bus that drives around and picks people up. It's like within a mile on campus. That line is always busy. Every time I've tried to call it, I've never gotten through."
Students readily provided recommendations for ways to be educated about sexual violence prevention and the available resources on campus. Existing educational programming and products were identified across all campuses with students' opinions ranging from appreciating some of the events to preferring alternative resources. Commonly described events in which sexual violence was addressed included orientation and sponsored lectures or workshops. Available ongoing resources on campus included print materials located in a variety of places on campus, and some online tools. Campus staff members, including residence assistants and health service providers, were also identified as resources for education about sexual violence.
Programs that are offered as part of orientation were described as ideal mechanisms for educating students about sexual violence and prevention. Trevor shared, "The most effective way is through the orientation program, and that's actually where I've been. We did a class…about the legal aspects of sexual awareness and sexual assault."
Another student, Tyler, shared about a unique event on his campus to raise awareness:
Tyler: The other day they rang bells on campus like every five minutes, for like raising sexual awareness about sexual abuse or something like that… Interviewer: Why did they ring bells every five minutes?
Tyler: I guess like a woman gets sexually abused every five minutes.
At one campus a student identified a crisis line service that is available to students twenty-four hours a day. Dao-Ming shared,
[That] is a center that has a crisis line if you have a rape, a relationship issue, any sexual issue…I personally have used the crisis line once…they were very helpful in getting back to me. It's 24 hours and immediately when you call them, they will answer the phone right away and help you…it's free.
Other students identified groups on campus or near campus that routinely offer sexual violence education and outreach to students, bringing in speakers, organizing awareness campaigns, and facilitating formation of active student groups to provide peer education. Students recommended campus-wide events to raise awareness, similar to other campaigns they have experienced to reduce waste, for example.
Brochures were identified as sources of information regarding sexual assault, although most students admitted that while they have seen the brochures all around campus, they have not read one. Jacob read aloud the brochure topics, "Sexually transmitted infections, date rape equals not good, emergency contraceptive pills for females…sexual assault stuff, just a bunch of sexual offense services, that's important."
When asked if he had read a brochure, Jacob replied, "Um, no. I have not" but then indicated he felt others do read them,
Sometimes, I mean, if they have questions about it…I think some of them are like, you know, date rape, I don't think many people just read that because I think people don't think it's going to happen. So they just kind of ignore it.
To address lack of use, some students suggested ways to make the information more appealing to students. Colin shared, "Honestly, I think making them funny not necessarily a joke because it's not a joke, but maybe having some anecdotes in there."
In contrast, students felt posters were readily accessible and students got very clear messages about sexual violence through them. Preferred locations for sexual violence-related posters include bathroom stalls, bulletin boards, and dormitories. For example, Joy shared,
But a lot of time when I'm on campus, you'll see posters like this one that is just talking about it and how no means no…
Interviewer: Do you feel it's a message that everybody gets?
Joy: I think it's very, very clear! From the first moment when you first come on campus. It is very clear. It's very, very clear. In every hall on every floor you see those posters about how everything in the situation may say 'yes', but if the person says 'no' that means no.
Students used computers to access online resources during the go-along interviews. Specific to sexual violence prevention, the students most commonly located the safety and security links as well as the links identifying health services on campus. Forest shared what he would do in an urgent hypothetical situation following sexual violence toward himself or a friend, "I would probably find them [phone numbers] online and then pursue whatever option from there."
Another student searched online through numerous links that took him to different branches of the campus before he eventually found the resources addressing sexual violence. Bill shared, "this process right here is a little more complicated than I expected it to be. It doesn't seem to me like there is a direct link. That was extremely not quite as user friendly as I thought it would be." On a different campus the process was relatively smooth; Charity said, "I'd go on-line. It's right on the second page of the [campus name] website. Anybody outside the school could even find it. It's really easy." Some campus websites had specific sexual violence links, making the online search efficient; Leora shared,
yeah, sexual violence, is a specific link. Click on that and then you have 'immediate assistance' and 'ongoing support', different phone numbers and offices you might need. Most of them are not on campus.
Another student, Moriah, identified an online magazine put out by health services that occasionally includes content on sexual violence, "there's different things…'New programs to prevent sexual assault'…you just scroll right over and this lady is talking."
Residence assistants were identified as people students felt comfortable going to with questions related to sexual violence. Charity explained, "if you tell anything to an R.A. that you want to tell security, like if you're too shy…they'll go to them for you. They're like your big sister or big brother and they'll deal with it for you." Another student, Colin, said, "I think if younger people taught us about this stuff, like maybe RA's and hall directors instead of older doctors or therapists, I think it would get across more."
Some, but not all, students described professors as resources; Trevor shared, "the biggest resource of how to know about these programs that are coming up is actual teachers telling you in class saying, 'hey, here's this speaker coming in'." In one case, Peggy shared, "They went over sexual harassment; it was in the syllabus."
Staff in wellness centers or health clinics on campus were also identified as sexual violence resources to access when students had questions or concerns. Charity said, "…just go to the Wellness Center and they can help you." Georgina shared, "I think that you could probably talk to someone at Health Services or maybe one of the counselors on campus."
The purpose of this research was to describe male and female students' perceptions of their college's sexual violence prevention resources and efforts.
Students readily articulated concerns about sexual violence on campus, and perceptions about the relationship between sexual violence and substance use. This relationship, particularly for college students, has been substantiated in the literature (Palmer, McMahon, Rounsaville, & Ball, 2010; McCauley, Calhoun, & Gidycz, 2010), with some reporting that nearly three out of four victims were under the influence when they were assaulted (Mohler-Kuo, Dowdall, Koss, & Wechsler, 2004). Unintended drug use, including drug-facilitated sexual assault, was mentioned primarily by students on one campus where there has been increasing attention on use of 'roofies.' Lawyer, Resnick, Bakanic, Burkett, and Kilpatrick, (2010) have confirmed this relationship, stating, "drug-related sexual assaults on college campuses are more frequent than are forcible assaults and are most frequently preceded by voluntary alcohol consumption" (p. 453). Substance use, whether voluntary or forced, should be a primary target in any campus strategy to reduce sexual violence.
Although students perceived sexual violence as a problem on their campus, they also felt positive about the resources and services available to them. Students did not have difficulty identifying at least one available resource, although for those attending two-year schools in particular, there were generally fewer resources to describe. Indeed, a smaller proportion of students from the 2-year campuses mentioned sexual violence (53% compared with 92%); this could also be explained, however, by increased attention toward sexual violence on the 4- year campuses because of recent incidents that were reported in the media around the time interviews were conducted.
Males and females equally identified and criticized existing resources and programs, with females more likely to share personal experiences of sexual violence among their peers and males more often discussing male-focused educational events and some of their perceived myths surrounding sexual violence.
Students identified an array of campus-wide resources for sexual violence. Their appreciation of specific campus strategies such as using bathroom stalls to educate about sexual violence resources supported existing evidence; Konradi & DeBruin (2003) have shown that this strategy yields statistically significant increases in students' understanding of sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE) services specifically, and their inclination to encourage peers who have been assaulted to be seen by a SANE. Technologically innovative approaches to educating and reaching college students that were not mentioned widely but are worth considering in forensic nurse practice efforts include use of Facebook pages, text messaging, and Twitter or similar social media (California Family Health Council, 2011; Coker, 2011; RapedAtTufts, 2011; Sexual Violence Center, 2011).
Findings have implications for sexual violence prevention programs, reporting and medical/legal follow up. The students' perceptions reinforce existing SANE protocols in many states that include the routine collection of blood and urine specimens so that testing for the presence of common facilitating drugs can be conducted (SAFEta, 2011). SANE programs might benefit from outreach to and collaboration with nearby college campuses, for example maintaining a website link about local SANE services on the college health services website. Certainly, SANEs should be resources to campus staff and students, and can be available to provide sexual violence prevention education during orientation or as a guest lecturer in a course. Local hospital-based SANE programs might explore the potential for offering SANE exams on campus, particularly in collaboration with college health services and advocacy programs.
This study provides insights that can contribute to the science and practice of forensic nursing yet should be considered within the context of some limitations. First, the study purpose was to examine sexual health resources on campuses, and sexual violence comments by participants were not necessarily in response to specific questions about sexual violence. A study primarily focused on sexual violence prevention, in contrast, would have allowed for more in-depth examination of some of the issues and resources, or lack of resources, that were raised. Second, the study did not include interviewing campus staff, or objectively conducting an environmental scan specific to sexual violence resources; future research might include these other sources of information.
Forensic nurses, and those with whom they collaborate, can use this study to inform educational and outreach strategies most likely to be well received and used by college students. A population at high risk for experiencing sexual violence, college students are also in "captive audience" situations during their campus life that should be capitalized upon to educate, intervene, and ensure that adequate sexual violence resources are available.
The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research and/or authorship of this article:
This project is funded by grant R40MC17160 (M.E. Eisenberg, principal investigator) through the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Research Program, and by Building Interdisciplinary Research Careers in Women's Health Grant # K12HD055887 (N. Raymond, principal investigator) from the National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development.
Thank you to participants for sharing their perspectives, and to participating institutions for facilitating the research. Thank you to Jennifer Neville for assistance with the literature review, and to Ellen Johnson, RN, SANE-A, CEN, CPEN, the SANE Program Supervisor at Regions Hospital, for providing feedback during manuscript development. This study was funded by grant R40 MC 17160, through the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Research Program.
Carolyn M. Garcia, PhD, MPH, RN, SANE is an assistant professor at the University of Minnesota School of Nursing in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Kate E. Lechner is a graduate student at the University of Minnesota School of Public Health in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Ellen A. Frerich, MSW, MPP is a graduate student at the University of Minnesota School of Nursing in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Katherine A. Lust, PhD, MPH, RD is the Director of Research at Boynton Health Service, University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Marla E. Eisenberg, ScD, MPH is an assistant professor in the Division of Adolescent Health and Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, at the University of Minnesota Medical School in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Declaration of Conflicting Interest
The authors declared no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Cooler Master HAF 922 Mid Tower Case
Inside the CoolerMaster HAF 922 Mid Tower Case
I had to remove the door to get the interior images, so I decided now's the time to get a look at it. The 922 door panels are both painted steel with the inside exposed. The panel is folded over on the edges to add strength. You can see the bump-out and that this door is ventilated, while the rear door isn't, that being the only major difference.
Removing the door panel allows me to get this shot of the interior. There is a paper template for motherboard compatibility covering the motherboard tray, as found in most CoolerMaster cases. Most of the wiring is tied neatly together, but the "goodie box" was left to float around inside during shipping.
Moving off to the left, we get a good look at the inside of the rear of the 922. Since the Radiator can mount up top, you can see how the holes up there make logical sense for placement now. There is the 120mm 17dBA fan that is included to help exhaust the rear of the case, which is powered with a 3-pin connector. The of course the expansion slots and the PSU mounting hole finish off the tour.
On the inside of the floor CoolerMaster has added rubber coated rails to support and isolate the PSU. As I mentioned the PSU can be installed in either the fan up or fan down position, due to the venting that is also included. Next to this is the extra venting and mounting for use of additional fans if deemed necessary.
Moving further right under the pop in, pop out, tool-less 5.25" drive clips are the five internal 3.5" bays. CoolerMaster uses slide in trays that latch into place to secure the HDD's in place. These are set right up behind the front 200mm, red, LED fan that acts as the major source of cool air into the 922.
I removed the rear panel so that the motherboard tray was a bit more distinguishable without all the extra steel behind the holes. CoolerMaster includes two large wire management holes as well as an easy access hole for CPU cooler back plates. The right of the tray is open and allows wires to pop out from the back where ever they are needed. They also include eight places to pass a ties strap through for additional support for management of the wires.
Looking at the inside of the top shows the included 200mm fan, this time with no LED's but all the same specs as the LED version used in the front. This fan is 3-pin powered as well, but the top and front fans included adapters to use 4-pin molex connectors if needed. Once this fan is removed you also have access to mount a 2 X 120mm radiator in here as well, as long as motherboard clearance isn't an issue.
Unbundling the wires, I found CoolerMaster includes plenty of length to allow for any type of routing you see needed to get them to your motherboard.
Looking a little closer at these wires shows all the basic assortment of wiring. There is the eSATA to the far left, followed by the reset, power, power LED, and HDD activity connections. CoolerMaster also includes a USB 2.0 connection, HD audio and AC'97 connections. Lastly is a close look at the fan power adapters included on the front and top mounted fans.
PRICING: You can find products similar to this one for sale below.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Dates: May 20, 2017 - May 20, 2017
Times: 8 PM - 10 PM
Category: Live Music
Location: Raue Center For The Arts, 26 N. Williams Street , Crystal Lake, IL 60014
Phone: 815-356-9212
Visit Our Website
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Santana tribute band Supernatural has carved out an appreciative following and critical acclaim with their faithful renditions of radio hits like "Black Magic Woman" and "Oye Como Va" to the wild jams on "Jingo" and "Soul Sacrifice." They have performed at venues of various sizes and have shared the bill with legendary bands including Aerosmith, Grand Funk and Greg Allman.
China Grove has been established as one of the most prolific Doobie Brothers tributes around. With top area vocalist Todd Plant fronting the band, they are capable of performing songs from all eras of the Doobie Brothers catalogue, stunning crowds with their high-energy performances.
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It's believed, though, that Billick, whose contract was scheduled to expire following the 2007 season, received a contract extension of at least two additional years and is under contract through 2009. Billick was slated to be paid $4.5 million in 2007, but is expected to earn the average of the top five NFL head coaching salaries with annual pay in excess of $5 million.
When asked about his contract Monday, Billick made it clear that he would prefer to keep his contract situation a private matter for personal reasons.
"I hope you don't misunderstand why I am hesitant to talk about my contract going forward," said Billick, whose players' contract information is available publicly through the NFL Players Association. "Beyond the personal side, it's not very comfortable to sit and pick up the paper and read your personal finances all over the page."
Billick assured his future in Baltimore by claiming an AFC North title after entering last season on rocky ground following a 6-10 campaign that nearly cost him his job, and was retained by team owner Steve Bisciotti under a change-or-go mandate. Bisciotti personally congratulated Billick for a job well done after this season.
The Ravens finished 13-3 during the regular season and earned the No. 2 AFC playoff seed before being eliminated from the playoffs last Saturday with a 15-6 loss to the Indianapolis Colts.
Afterward, Billick drew heavy criticism for a conservative game plan ultimately doomed by four turnovers, including two interceptions from quarterback Steve McNair.
However, it was Billick who fired offensive coordinator Jim Fassel, assumed play-calling duties and led the team on a 9-1 run heading into the playoffs as the offense improved from 29th overall to 17th, including 11th in passing offense.
"It's not surprising that he got an extension," offensive guard Jason Brown said. "He's been a great leader from the beginning to the end of the season. He definitely stepped in for us and did more than a good job of being the offensive coordinator.
"It would be hard to find somebody to do a better job than he did. He helped us win games in a lot of clutch situations. I'm glad they're not making changes."
Since being hired in 1999 to replace Ted Marchibroda, Billick has gone 75-53 and is tied with Philadelphia Eagles coach Andy Reid for the third-longest run in the NFL behind Tennessee Titans coach Jeff Fisher (13) and Denver Broncos coach Mike Shanahan (12).
Under Billick's direction, the Ravens have qualified for the playoffs four times and won the Super Bowl following the 2000 season. They are 5-3 in the postseason under Billick, but haven't won a playoff game since 2001.
"A coach's situation can be a distraction to the team, positive or negative," Billick said Monday. "I am very fortunate and very grateful to Steve Bisciotti and Dick Cass for creating a structure that allows for that to not be a distraction at any point going forward. We have a mechanism in place.
"That makes it about a two-minute conversation going forward. It's very clearly defined, and it's a non-issue. It's unique like many of the things that we do, but it's certainly not an issue for me. We structure it that way specifically, and it's one that we just don't need to comment on."
Billick promoted quarterbacks coach Rick Neuheisel to offensive coordinator Monday, but indicated he will continue to call the plays. Baltimore averaged 24.3 points under Billick, the ninth-most in the NFL, while averaging 344 yards of total offense to rank 10th during that period.
"I'm glad to hear that they're keeping it in house, which is always a good thing," Brown said. "Rick Neuheisel is a great coach and we'll already have chemistry working together next year, so we'll be able to pick up right where we left off."
NOTES: The agent for All-Pro outside linebacker Adalius Thomas isn't expecting any imminent deal for the impending unrestricted free agent within the next few weeks. The Ravens have a Feb. 22 deadline if they decide to assign the franchise tag and can impose it beginning Feb. 8. Thomas would make the average of the top five linebacker salaries, but wouldn't receive a signing bonus. The Ravens would prefer to sign Thomas to a contract extension for salary-cap reasons, but will lean toward franchising him if no deal can be struck. … The Ravens allocated quarterback Drew Olson, tight end Rob Abiamiri and linebacker Jimmy Cottrell to NFL Europe.
Aaron Wilson covers the Baltimore Ravens for the Carroll County Times in Westminster, Maryland.
Ravens extend Billick's contract
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Dog Veterinary
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Hello and thank you for your question. I am a Veterinary Nurse with over 15 years experience and I have assisted in the care of many pets with this particular medical concern. It would be my pleasure to assist you today. Is it possible for me to obtain some additional information from you about your companion?
1) How long has this been a concern for Bosco? 2) Can you attach a video showing the episode? 3) Is it the right rear leg exclusively? 4) Any obvious pain? 5) Any past history of injury or illness?


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Find Health Intuitive Bruce Dickson at http://www.HealingToolbox.org/
Gift initial session available by phone Skype. See site for details.
Goethe-Anthroposophy-Waldorf resume
I took my first Waldorf teacher training 1986-1988 at Highland Hall, Los Angeles. I lived with a former Camphill Copake Biodynamic farmer and eventually spent three months at Camphill Copake. My classroom management skill was not good enuf to run a class thru the grades so I worked with parent groups starting new private and charter Waldorf schools.
My destiny tho was to work with autistic and special needs kids. I stopped avoiding this and got with my destiny in 2001 after teaching Waldorf methods in public school as a super-sub in 150 schools. In 2001 I worked on the grounds and with big events at Rudolf Steiner College and audited the teacher training year at RSC. After teaching severally autistic kids with innovative methods for four years, the school had to abandon its program and I went into private practice as a Health Intuitive.
For people who want to increase their Inner Sunshine, Health Intuitive Bruce coaches people in how to use Energy Medicine Tools That Heal, to resolve blocks and obstacles to health and success.
Ideally people manage their own Inner Dashboard to maximize their own connection with Soul & Above. A Skill Ladder of Energy Medicine Techniques-Methods-Arts exists. Self-healing is accessible to everyone at all skill levels.
HealingToolbox.org is a website of 200 articles, 15 books, 20 videos and the Inner Dashboard system for home use.


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- You are here:
- goodtoknow
- Family
- Family pictures
10. Fairytale beanstalks
Beans are so easy to grow, you can simply do it in a plastic cup with a little soil and some TLC. Create some little castles and clouds out of card and cotton wool and skewers and see your beanstalk grow right the way up to the castle, just like in Jack and the Beanstalk.
We spotted this cute gardening craft on the Lessons from a teacher blog.


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My Content
Membership has its privileges! Sign up or sign in to gain full access to both All About Jazz and Jazz Near You. Learn more.
Track Listing: Malthusian Dances; I Cannot Fly; Sleeper Cell Anthem; A Virtuous Man; The gyre; Climbing the Mountain.
Personnel: Elaine Di Falco: voice; Mark Harris: saxophones, clarinets; Mike Johnson: guitars; Kimara Sajn: drums, keyboards; Dave Willey: bass; Robin Chestnut: drums (5); Kaveh Rastegar: bass (1); Dexter Ford: bass (5).
We need your help and we have a deal. Contribute $20 and we'll hide the six Google ads that appear on every page for a full year!


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Food industry company news
Lactalis is an international dairy products corporation. Founded by André Besnier in 1933, Lactalis is a private company. The head office for Lactalis is located in Laval, France. Lactalis is owned by the Besnier family via Belgium-based holding company BSA International SA.
Latest Insights
Why Lactalis swooped for Romanian dairy Albalact
French dairy group Lactalis is expanding in Romania through the acquisition of local dairy Albalact. At first glance, Romania might not seem...
Profiles: Arab Dairy and Bisco Misr
Egypt has been in the M&A spotlight in recent weeks, with Arab Dairy and local snacks group Bisco Misr the subject of interest from internat...
The recent sale of Italian unit Trentinalatte confirms growth through acquisition is not something Emmi is always successful at. Would, Stefan Kirk asks, the Swiss group's shareholders consider a liquidity event that would make them a participant in European dairy consolidation, plus earn them lots of money?
The proposed sale of BRF's Brazilian dairies unit to Lactalis-owned Parmalat looks set to be a win-win for both companies. BRF is focusing on improving the performance of its core meat operations and the group would leave the transaction better positioned to step up its expansion into international protein markets. Meanwhile, Lactalis will strengthen its hand in the promising Brazilian dairy sector, leaving the company well-placed as a global dairy powerhouse. Katy Askew reports.
Strategically, Dairy Crest's deals with fellow UK dairy group Fayrefield Foods and New Zealand dairy giant Fonterra to serve the global infant formula market are astute moves. But the deals could also catch the eye of some of the world's larger dairy processors about Dairy Crest's new capabilities.
Parmalat, majority-owned by French dairy giant Lactalis, has made a significant move to bolster its business in Australia 15 years after it first entered the market. Parmalat has snapped up Australian dairy and fruit juice firm Harvey Fresh, a deal industry watchers believe could help the Italian firm's local business and help it expand its presence in Asia. Dean Best reports.
Latest Interviews
Dutch dairy giant FrieslandCampina has just reorganised its export operations. Cees Ruijgrok is overseeing a more integrated export effort to build on the overseas businesses Friesland Foods and Campina had before their 2008 merger. Dean Best spoke to Ruijgrok about the company's export ambitions.
Swiss dairy giant Emmi is embarking on two key strategies to develop its business. One is significant international expansion. The second is a global marketing programme that emphasises the "Swissness" of its products. Dean Best met Emmi's head of marketing Robin Barraclough at the SIAL food-industry expo to discuss this twin strategy.
Latest News
The CEO of the US and Latin America business of French dairy products group Lactalis. Frédérick Bouisset, is to join French group Labeyrie Fine Foods as its chief executive.
France-based dairy giant Lactalis has failed to reach the 90% stake in Parmalat that it needed to delist the Italian dairy group, according to a filing by the Milan bourse.
Union leaders in Australia say a pay and conditions row with Lactalis' majority-owned dairy producer Parmalat, which saw employees locked out of a plant in the state of Victoria, is over.
Lactalis has raised the price it is offering to buy out minority investors in Italian dairy giant Parmalat.
Parmalat has rejected a report it is involved in talks to settle a long-running legal battle with US bank Citigroup ahead of a full takeover of the Italian dairy group by majority shareholder Lactalis.
Parmalat, the Italian dairy group controlled by France's Lactalis, has acquired "several" cheese-making companies in Chile at a combined enterprise value of around EUR100m (US$105m).
Lactalis-owned holding company Sofil has filed a complaint with Italy's stock market regulator against Parmalat minority shareholder Amber Capital.
Union leaders in Australia say progress is being made in talks with Lactalis' majority-owned dairy producer Parmalat in a row over pay and conditions, although workers are still locked out of a plant in the state of Victoria.
Parmalat, the Italian dairy group controlled by France's Lactalis, has issued sales and EBITDA forecasts for 2017 and 2018.
French dairy giant Lactalis has been given the green light to launch a takeover offer to secure full control of Italian group Parmalat.
Union leaders in Australia have called for fresh talks with Lactalis' majority-owned dairy producer Parmalat, after workers were locked out of a plant in the state of Victoria in a dispute over pay and conditions.
The UK's Organic Trade Board is launching an initiative that aims to "accelerate" growth in the organic sector and to "build retailer value" at home while also growing sales of UK-produced organic food overseas.
French dairy group Lactalis, the majority owner of Parmalat, has launched a voluntary tender offer to take full control of the Italian dairy business.
Lactalis has struck a deal to buy Romanian dairy business Covalact, with the acquisition set to be the second the French giant has made in the country in 2016.
Lactalis has launched Swedish quark brand Lindahls in the UK with a roll-out from today (21 November) in the country's Waitrose stores.
Dairy venture Lactalis Nestle is expanding its Spanish product range with the launch of a dessert line under the Nestle Gold sub-brand.
Lactalis has pushed ahead with the planned closure of a Spanish production facility that manufactures the Lauki brand.
Lactalis and unions representing French dairy farmers have reached an agreement on milk prices following the resumption of talks earlier today (30 August).
French dairy giant Lactalis will resume negotiations with farmers' unions as protests over the price paid for raw milk continue.
Parmalat, the Italy-based dairy business in which France's Lactalis holds a majority stake, has booked higher first-quarter profits, thanks to "improved results" in the US and Europe.
France's Lactalis group today (28 July) declined to comment on reports in the Romanian media it had offered RON342m (US$85m) to buy up the remaining shares in its majority-owned Romanian dairy group Albalact.
Lactalis has acquired Normandy cheesemaker Fromagerie E. Graindorge for an undisclosed sum.
Latest blogs
The French giant - the world's number two dairy group by sales - has struck another deal in a promising emerging market for dairy.
Growth prospects for the global packaged food sector were negatively revised today (17 March) on faltering emerging market demand - but India looks increasingly set to be a bright spot for the industry.
Company research
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Market research


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text: HomeMEN'STop Gadgets To Look Out For In 2016 Tony Montana March 15, 2016 Post Top Add 1. Ween From its shape don't assume that it's a sex toy. It's a smart thermostat. It is able to adjust your home's temperature in real time. It can also locate your location inside home through a smartphone app. 2. Sensorwake It's up to you to decide whether the device is something peculiar or marvelous. It's an olfactory alarm clock. Yes, it doesn't use sound or vibration to wake you up; it uses smell. 3. Netatmo Presence In the world of smart home products, Netatmo is called 'Apple' for their smart innovations. Every year they come up with new ideas and make existing technology easier to use. Netatmo Presence is an outdoor security device. Advertisment Bar ADVERTISEMENT Ad 3


text: Newlywed Couple's Romantic Honeymoon 'Ruined' After Bride Fell Seriously Ill At Dominican Resort Expert Travel Lawyers Secure Five-Figure Settlement For Couple 15.04.2015 Specialist travel lawyers at Irwin Mitchell have successfully secured a five-figure settlement for a newlywed couple after their honeymoon to the Dominican Republic turned into a disaster when the new bride fell dangerously ill and ended up in hospital. Devastated Maria and Anthony Pearman from Pershore in Worcestershire travelled to the five-star Royal Suites Turquesa for their honeymoon in January 2013, which was booked with TUI UK Limited, but Maria fell ill and ended up in hospital hooked up to a drip. The settlement has been secured despite TUI UK Limited failing to either admit or deny liability. Maria, 41, who works as a midwife, fell ill eight days into their honeymoon suffering from severe diarrhoea, stomach cramps, a fever and dizziness. The couple instructed specialist international personal injury lawyers at Irwin Mitchell to investigate the cause of Maria's illness. Maria and Anthony told expert travel lawyers of various complaints about the hotel including: 'on occasions some of the food appeared to be undercooked, some food did not appear hot enough and they noticed during a number of sittings that fresh food was left out uncovered during the sitting.' Expert OpinionThis should have been the most memorable weeks of their lives, and their honeymoon together is a once in a lifetime experience, but sadly those memories were completely ruined by the illness Maria suffered. Whilst no amount of money can make up for what Maria and Anthony went through we hope that they can now start to put their ruined celebration holiday behind them." Elizabeth Tetzner, Partner Maria said: "This holiday was not only to celebrate our honeymoon but for my 40th birthday and it was a complete disaster. Anthony and I visited the hotel four years earlier and had a wonderful time, but we were bitterly disappointed with the conditions at the hotel when we returned. "I was really unwell for the last week of our honeymoon and was pretty much confined to the hotel resort. I also had to take one week off from work when I got home because I was struggling to get over the horrible symptoms. "I am still continuing to suffer from bowel problems now and it has impacted upon my confidence and my social life as I don't feel I can go out with friends as much as I used to. "We are pleased and relieved that with the help of our legal team at Irwin Mitchell that we have now received a settlement for our holiday which was ruined whilst staying at the Royal Suites Hotel. We can now move forward from this and put the ordeal behind us." Key contact Elizabeth Tetzner Partner 0370 1500 100 Email Elizabeth Tags Personal Injury Accident and Illness Abroad Illness Abroad Birmingham Elizabeth Tetzner Related articles 21.04.2017Parents Call For NHS Guidelines And Holiday Resources Review After Baby Dies In Hospital 21.04.2017Uber Granted Right To Appeal Against Landmark Ruling On Drivers' Employment Rights 20.04.2017Woman Seeks Information From Late Husband's Former Colleagues After Mesothelioma Diagnosis 20.04.2017Southampton Lawyers Get Set To Tackle ABP 10km For Charity 19.04.2017Newlyweds Instruct Lawyers After Luxury Honeymoon At Egyptian Hotel Is Ruined By Illness


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Have you heard of Influester? If not get with it lol. I am like a kid waiting for Christmas when I know I a have a box coming. I was able to receive and try these product for free!
So lets look inside the Vitality Vox Box
Of course I am pregnant and have no immediate use for these but I will definitely be using them when them time comes. Fortunately no one has burned themselves at my house so this I was unable to review also. Still accidents happen and I will be sure to use and review it for you when I get the opportunity.
The Bikini Ready I again could not use due to my pregnancy, but the SOFTLIPS CUBE is EVERYTHING!!!! I love that its cute, but its like wrapping my lips in silk! It smells great too. The Pure Leaf was fabulous as well. I have had the regular flavor in the past but not the lemon. I enjoy lemon in my tea so I really liked it.
I didn't use this either, I have been only using a select few creams, lotions and other topical use items since I have been pregnant. My skin is very sensitive and even more so now that I am sharing my body with someone else.
I seriously loved this product!
*I received these products complimentary from Influenster for testing purposes*


text:
After an 11 year absence, I had the chance this past summer to visit the country of my heritage and birth – Pakistan – for two weeks. Albeit brief and as cliche as this is going to sound, I emerged from the experience completely changed. Somewhere along the way, I had completely abandoned a huge part of my identity – my identity as a Pakistani. Somewhere along the way, I had become almost ashamed to be associated with the country and its people. It wasn't necessarily a conscious effort, but a lingering feeling of disassociation strengthened within me over the course of four/five years.
I grew up between worlds: I was immersed in various cultures and communities from an early age. My all-American town, growing up in NY, was a heavily Jewish community. The closest family friends, even though my family was strongly religious and Sunni, were Hindu and Bohra Ismaili. In fact, my best friend as a child was a practicing Hindu and my adopted grandparents were Bohras. I had a brief stint in a Muslim school, but that ended quickly, and with it any real experience within a non-cultural Muslim community.
My friends during Middle and High school, in Canada, consisted of staunch Atheists, Agnostics, Baptists, Sikhs and all those in between. It wouldn't be until first and second year university that I would not only meet fellow Muslims but actually become friends with them.
Throughout this time, I saw myself on a spectrum. I was Pakistani insofar as I was born there and the involuntary immersion into the culture by way of my parents' own strong identity and commitment to their ethnic and cultural heritage. My family is Kashmiri, but having migrated to the Punjab at the turn of the century, also have a strong Punjabi identity. Our family business involved a deep relationship with Pakistani culture – in terms of handicrafts and carpets – so the art of region was also something I always had a deep appreciation for. My maternal grandfather is a bibliophile, which I suppose was somehow passed down to me and over time I would develop a deep appreciation for Urdu poetry and literature even though I am unable to write it and am unable to read very well. Throughout my lifetime, I have been to Pakistan a total of 4 times (including my birth; I was 5 months when my family moved to the United States)
Thus, my Pakistani identity has been very all over the place. In its stable presence throughout my life it has been heavily unstable because Pakistani identity itself is not a singularly defined identity. There are many layers to any Pakistani's identity – be they residents or non-residents.
But along the way during my teenage years, I became what my friends would endearingly call "white-washed." I became "white" – whatever that means. I suppose what it really means, problematically, is that I am very North American (minus poor old Mexico). In my habits, outlooks and approach to life I'm more North American than anything else – and, unsurprisingly, that 'North American' experience is largely defined by the White experience. And, equally unsurprisingly given my diverse experiences with different communities, I was influenced by that 'White' experience and it became, to a large extent, my own. Obviously not entirely as an immigrant, 'brown-skinned,' Muslim and veiled woman, but in terms of perspectives, way of speaking, demeanor ..for all those intents and purposes I was "White." I distinctly remember a friend, in the 9th grade, once saying that while I was "brown" I wasn't really, so she could easily gossip with me about the "other brown girls."
When I began to engage with my faith more seriously, trying to understand it, its adherents and my own relationship with it, I began to take on a solely-Muslim identity. I had always been a strong adversary of any form of nationalism and even patriotism, even though you'd find me, as a child and teenager, completely in the patriotic spirit come July 1st, July 4th and August 14th.
Or Hockey Night in Canada.
But I do hold great disgust for ethno-nationalism in particular. An arbitrary pride which blinds rationality was never something that ever really interested me in the least. As I became a stronger practitioner of my faith, the more my identity became completely Muslim laden. Western Muslim. That's who I was and that is completely how I have come to see myself during the past five years.
But, that real white girl in me just had to rear her head out.
I came to a point where I began 'experimenting' with different cultures in that sort of condescending way; unintentional and certainly never in a malign manner, but in a way which looked at a given culture and also said in that most annoying baby voice "OH well aren't you just such a fulfilling culture, way of life and language different from my own! Yes you are! Yes you are!"
I became that way with various Middle Eastern cultures. The more I became involved with the Muslim community, with a primarily Arab group of friends and the more I studied the region and language, as per my degree, the more 'Arab' I became. It didn't help that people would mistake me for an Arab all the time. And for a long time, I liked being mistaken for an Arab. Truth be told, it was 'exotic' to me. I'm ashamed to admit it, but it was. Being Pakistani was boring. Being mistaken for Egyptian, Lebanese or Palestinian –dear god, especially Palestinian – was just so much more exciting. I remember if someone would guess right away that I was Pakistani, I'd actually feel offended. As though I was inadequate in some way.
It disgusts me to remember feeling that way. But I did. I had pushed away from my Pakistani identity so much and so toughly, in an attempt to reclaim a purely Muslim and a purely Western identity, that I had become, unconsciously, a self-hating Pakistani. The same type of characteristic I would admonish some friends for had become a part of my own character.
But within the last year there, there's been a sort of Pakistani renaissance within me. In a way, it's resonant of the white kid trying to find some culture cliche I experienced with my self-induced Arabization. But in another way, it's a real attempt to understand my own relationship with Pakistan, with Pakistanis and my general heritage.
It began, as it always has, with the art. I have always loved the Urdu language, but within the past year I have fallen deeply more in love with it. Urdu combines the most beautiful vocabulary from Farsi, Arabic and Turkish to create a language which, in its pure form, is nothing short of striking poetry. In trying to translate poetry, for instance, into English I found the latter to be completely inadequate to fully convey the connotations present so strongly in the original Urdu text. I finally understood 'lost in translation.' This love of the language for the time, in my life, made me want to instill it in my children and made me wish for a spouse who would appreciate the language and its various manifestations in art. It became, just momentarily, a semi-conscious dealbreaker on that front.
All of this evolved and my exploration of my Pakistani self was heavily assisted by the constant demonization of Pakistan and its people. It made me more aware of my own particularity.
And when, recently, I returned to Pakistan after a decade of being apart I found myself completely shocked. Not at how 'different' people were, but how I had allowed myself to see people who shared similar heritage, who were born on the same soil where I was born – however arbitrarily – almost dehumanized. How my self-disassociation over a period of four years, in particular, and the framing of a specific perspective by the portrayal of Pakistan in the mainstream North American media had just made me forget how real they were and how real my place amongst them, however small and however 'foreign', actually was.
I never hated myself for being Pakistani nor did I ever 'hate' or even dislike Pakistan and Pakistanis. I fell into an all too common trend of pushing away from myself an integral part of who I am in an attempt to assert who I would like to be; how I would like to be seen. I'm not Pakistani in the fullest sense – I certainly cannot relate to the vast majority of Pakistanis; my demeanor gives me away as a foreigner and while I get cultural nuances, I am still overwhelmingly unaware of much in regards to culture, history and politics. Nationalism and patriotism still disgust me. Even at their most minimal. My identity is still heavily laden with its Muslim and Western perspectives and being. I am, however, Pakistani in that it is part of my particularity. I was born there. My entire family still resides there. I speak the language. I enjoy the culture. And I eat the food. It's superficial, perhaps, but it's still real. But when I returned to Pakistan, I fell in love with the country and its people. With all the absurdities, the things that still annoy me, disgust me, bother me, anger me – even with all of that, I couldn't help but just falling in love.
Even the humidity. And I really hate humidity. Like, it disgusts me. But I'm currently yearning for it, achingly.
And don't get me wrong. I'm not complaining. I'm not trying to cry about identity problems. I don't have any, truth be told. I'm pretty at peace with who I am and what I am. Instead, I'm just confessing to myself, first and foremost, how I've tried to suppress certain parts of my identity in an attempt to satiate the hunger of other parts (or so I assumed) and in an attempt to create new aspects to my already layered self. The thing is, I know I'm not the only one who is experiencing this. That like a lot of other Pakistanis, in particular, I just got caught up in finding another culture and society to call my own in a weird way. And this is, I think, related to our perception of Pakistan and Pakistanis as inadequate in comparison to not only our North American mentality and way of life but in relation to other countries we would often compare it to, namely India. An inferiority complex grows silently within a lot of us North American Pakistanis, coupled with our White-washedness, which forces us to turn away.
But like all good white kids in college, we go looking for culture and often, but not always, end up where our roots may lie.
While on this note, check out Azan from sean fahey on Vimeo.


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Re: Patching small holes in conc. slabs[Subject Prev][Subject Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next]
- To: seaint(--nospam--at)seaint.org
- Subject: Re: Patching small holes in conc. slabs
- From: Jim Getaz <jgetaz(--nospam--at)shockeyprecast.com>
- Date: Wed, 6 Apr 2005 07:10:33 -0400
If the hole you describe were in the 4" thick flange of one of our double tees, I would:
1. For about 4" diameter and less, form up underneath the hole and fill it with LA Repair Mortar from ThoRoc (I think it still is considered ThoRoc, though degussa owns it now).
2. For larger diameters, cut grooves into the top of the slab up to almost 2" deep on both sides of the hole long enough to develop #3s. Lay #3s in the grooves and secure them with Simpson Epoxy-Tie adhesive, then form up underneath the hole and fill it and the top of the grooves with LA Repair Mortar. If the fire which is to be resisted were to heat the bottom of the groove above the temperature that the epoxy would tolerate, I would use just the cementitious repair material to secure the bars, though this would probably require longer development.
Finally, I would call for the surface to be blended with the existing surface if exposed concrete.
There are a lot of things that should happen in these processes like cleaning the grooves of dust and applying the mortar to saturated, surface dry concrete, etc.
Why those products? Because those are the ones that our crews use on a fairly regular basis so we have them in our warehouse and the crews have familiarity with them and are comfortable using them. I take comfort (maybe more than I should) that a familiar product will be applied better than an unfamiliar one. Though there has been a lot of consolidation in cementitious and adhesive products vendors' ownership lately, there are surely lots of competing brands' products that will do just as well.
Jim Getaz
Precast Engineer
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Product Information
RVCA Transmission Boardshorts - Men's - 34 - Orange - RVCA Transmission Boardshorts - Men's. The RVCA Transmission Trunks Are 4-way Performance stretch Boardshorts with a hook and loop with drawcord closure at the fly and triple needle stitch at the rises. The Boardshorts have a patch pocket with flap at the right side with hook and loop closure; RVCA screenprint at the weArer''s right side and a circle VA embroidery at the left side. Key Features of the RVCA Transmission Boardshorts: Outseam: 21in.; 85% Polyester/15% This product can only be shipped within the United States. Please don't hate us.


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First, you need to select the style. Viridian Gold offers several styles of traditional and religious rings, many of which you will not find anywhere else on the Internet! Most of these styles can be customized with a particular size and quality of diamond for the engagement ring, and we can help you with that decision.Second, rings have to be sized--we can size in 1/4 size increments from the smallest to the largest fingers. Even though the average finger size is about 6 or 7 for a woman, and 10 or 11 for a man, we have had customers who had the exact same finger size (size 6) for both the man and woman! And, just today we had an order for a man's ring in size 7. So, "non-average" sizes are not unusual!
After those two big decisions, some folks might want to modify one of our religious wedding ring sets (such as #1023 above) that features recessed black enamel crosses by removing the black accent, so that the ring is all gold. The crosses are still there, they are just not as pronounced. We offer the option, for an additional fee, of shipping the rings to you without the black accents on the crosses.
And, if the engagement ring includes a petite matching wedding band, such as our 1/4Ct. Diamond Cross Wedding Ring Set #1381 (shown to the right), for a small fee we can attach the two rings together so that they are more comfortable and convenient to wear. Some bridal sets have an interlocking design, and some are just "matched" (like the ones shown), but either way, you can have the rings joined.
And, finally, we can help our customer get the rings on-time! It always helps us to know when you actually need the rings, so that we know if you are in a time-crunch. But, for a good rule-of-thumb, don't wait till the last minute to order your rings! Give yourself and us a comfortable margin of error so that if your order encounters an unexpected delay, it will not affect your wedding plans. A good rule-of-thumb is to order your rings about 40-60 days before the wedding date. But, if you are in a hurry, please let us know and we can advise you as to how to best make your deadline!


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my pcs seem to have the same mac adress
2 Replies
· · ·
Jun 30, 2007 at 11:17 UTC
Many network cards / devices let you program in the MAC address.
· · ·
May 28, 2010 at 11:45 UTC
Niagara Technology Group (NTG) is an IT service provider.
my pcs seem to have the same mac adress
Do not change your MAC address. If you have multiple withthe same one then Ethernet stops working. (Or Token Ring or whatever.) MAC addressing is the layer 2 addressing scheme and is necessary that it work properly.


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Nationwide, Workers Join Clergy to Demand Lawmakers Advance Politics of Morality
From Common Dreams:
by Lauren McCauley
Demanding that elected officials and candidates for office embrace morally just policies that include living wages, health care for all, racial justice, and union rights, thousands of workers led by clergy are holding protests at 27 state capitals and Washington, D.C. on Monday.
Dubbed the Higher Ground Moral Day of Action, the demonstrations are being spearheaded by Rev. Dr. William J. Barber II, president of the North Carolina NAACP and architect of the Moral Mondays movement, and accompanied by activists with the national Fight for $15 movement.
At the rallies, which began at 11am EDT, workers, clergy, and community leaders will read and deliver a public policy framework entitled the Moral Declaration, signed by more than 10,000 people and 2,500 faith leaders, to their respective governors, U.S. senators, and candidates for office.
The declaration calls for "a radical revolution of values," in the words of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and disputes the prevailing notions of morality in politics.
"We challenge the position that the preeminent moral issues today are about prayer in public schools, abortion, and homosexuality," it states. "Instead, we declare the deepest public concerns of our faith traditions are how our society treats the poor, those on the margins, the least of these, women, children, workers, immigrants and the sick; equality and representation under the law; and the desire for peace, love and harmony within and among nations."
The declaration echoes the rousing address Barber gave at the Democratic National Convention in July, during which he called on Democrats to "shock this nation" as the "moral defibrillators of our time."
The agenda serves as a foil to the vitriol, and what it describes as the "divide-and-conquer strategies," being put forth by "extremist" lawmakers. It seeks to "retur[n] public discourse to our deepest moral and constitutional values," by standing firmly "against systemic racism, classism, poverty, xenophobia, and any attempt to promote hate towards any members of the human family."
As such, the moral platform includes: criminal justice reform, expanded voting rights, "equality in education," healthcare for all, "fair policies for immigrants," "critiquing policies around warmongering," a "just transition away from fossil fuels," and "pro-labor, anti-poverty, anti-racist policies that build up economic democracy through employment, living wages, the alleviation of disparate unemployment."
Read more from Common Dreams.
We welcome your comments on the IWJ blog and encourage open discussion about important issues around worker justice and the unemployed. Disagreements are fine, but mutual respect is a must. Profanity, slander or abusive language will not be permitted. IWJ reserves the right to delete comments that violate this spirit of respect.
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TSANet (Technical Support Alliance Network), the industry's largest vendor-neutral support alliance, has elected Jim Rubish, Director of Enterprise Systems Technical Support in the IBM Systems Business Unit, as its new TSANet Treasurer. The officers, elected by the 11-member TSANet Board of Directors, serve one-year terms.
TSANet offers members the opportunity to showcase their company's customer support organization. The latest company in the "Member Spotlight" series is NetMotion Software.
TSANet will be conducting webinars on April 26, 2017 – June 21, 2017. The webinars will cover the following: Member Web Spring Release, Introduction to TSANet, and Three Tips for Improving TSANet Usage.
TSANet (Technical Support Alliance Network), the industry's largest vendor neutral support alliance, has elected Doug Jones, Senior Manager of Solutions and Tools Readiness at NetApp, as the new TSANet Vice Chairperson. The officers, elected by the 11 member TSANet Board of Directors, serve one-year terms.
Actian will be hosting the TSANet Board of Directors meeting and you are invited to the Strategy Day that is open to other TSANet members on May 23rd, 2017. Join Actian, Cisco, Citrix, Dell EMC, Hewlett-Packard Enterprise, IBM, Microsoft, NetApp, Nutanix, Red Hat, Symantec, VMware and others for this thought-provoking session.
TSANet will be hosting an exclusive WORKSHOP that will take place from April 26 through 27, 2017 at the hosting company Fujitsu in Munich, Germany.
At the core of TSANet value, is the ability for members to engage and collaborate with other members. The exact method(s) for this collaboration can vary from member to member and are defined in the TSANet Contact Document. At TSANet, we strive not to dictate to members "how" that collaboration occurs. However, there are some common best practices that we've found over the years that make the collaboration experience as effective and productive as possible.
TSANet offers members the opportunity to showcase their company's customer support organization. The latest company in the "Member Spotlight" series is Cloudera.
Red Hat kindly hosted the TSANet Board of Directors meeting in February in Raleigh, NC. The meeting included a strategy day that was open to non-board TSANet members. Actian, EMC, Cisco, Citrix, Hewlett-Packard Enterprise, IBM, NetApp, Nutanix, Red Hat, Symantec, VMware and others got together for this thought-provoking session.
This Webinar included an overview of the CRM connectors for Salesforce, NetSuite and Microsoft Dynamics as well as details for the Web Interface. If you missed the TSANet Case Exchange Webinar, we have provided the webinar recording and slides.


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Possibly the biggest day in your life, you want things to be perfect and choosing live entertainment for your wedding is an important decision. Using an agency can help, maybe you need a little inspiration too?
Using an agency makes hiring a wedding band or live wedding entertainment easy by providing hundreds of reviews from previous customers as well as videos of the artists.
No matter how much planning you do things can sometimes go wrong, illness, accidents for example. Using an agency will give you piece of mind, so if an artist is ill for example an agency will endeavour to find a replacement for you.


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Сompact sets, accessories in Cebu
Found: 1 products← Back to category "Plumbing equipment"
SKU: 40BW1291WH Bolina Italiana Dana Elongated Watercloset
In stock
PHP7,800.00 Dual Flush 3.0 / 6.0 Liters per flush Wall to Floor Outlet Distance: 300mm Dimension: 690 x 410 x 760mm Accessories include: Tank FittingsSeat and Cover1 pc. Wax RingPremium Flex Hose 1/2" x 3/8" w/ IT-ARC Angle Valve 1/2" x 3/8" Read more
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Paul and His LettersJohn B. Polhill
Except for Christ himself, no figure has been more influential in the history of Christianity than the apostle Paul. And yet his remarkable life remains shrouded in mystery. In this probing new book, John B. Polhill scrapes away the myths about this great man and uncovers th... Read More
More From: John B. Polhill
Using Acts, the Pauline epistles, and reliable traditions from non-canonical sources, Polhill weaves together the remarkable story of Paul's transformation from persecutor to persecuted, producing a dynamic account of his entire ministry. By placing each of Paul's letters in its proper historical context, Polhill brings new light to these foundation stones of the Christian faith. He follows Paul from his early years in Tarsus and Jerusalem to his imprisonment and eventual martyrdom, painting a detailed, comprehensive portrait of Paul that will serve as an indispensable resource for students, teachers, and pastors alike.
- Store Only: Yes
- Product type: Book
- Format: Book
- Release Date: Aug 15, 1999
- Height: 1.68
- Width: 6.27
- Length: 9.33
- Volumes/Discs: 1
- Pages: 496
- Publish Date: Aug 15, 1999
- Language: English
- Audience Age Maximum: 0
- Audience Age Minimum: 0
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News: Intermountain Drop Boxes Yield Over 6,400 Pounds of Unused Medications
Intermountain Healthcare has collected over 6,400 pounds of unused medications in secured medical drop boxes throughout the State of Utah. The pharmacy drop boxes were created as part of the Use Only As Directed campaign, a partnership between Intermountain and the State of Utah as well as others. Click here to read more.
Tags: collection site, drop off, prescription drug, resources, take back