text:
Bangladesh Population: 163,654,8603 VISITORS FROM HERE!
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|Muslim conversions and settlement in the region now referred to as Bangladesh began in the 10th century, primarily from Arab and Persian traders and preachers. Europeans began to set up trading posts in the area in the 16th century. Eventually the area known as Bengal, primarily Hindu in the western section and mostly Muslim in the eastern half, became part of British India. Partition in 1947 resulted in an eastern wing of Pakistan in the Muslim-majority area, which became East Pakistan. Calls for greater autonomy and animosity between the eastern and western wings of Pakistan led to a Bengali independence movement. That movement, led by the Awami League (AL) and supported by India, won independence for Bangladesh in 1971, although at least 300,000 civilians died in the process. The post-independence, AL government faced daunting challenges and in 1975 was overthrown by the military, triggering a series of military coups that resulted in a military-backed government and subsequent creation of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP). That government also ended in a coup in 1981, followed by military-backed rule until democratic elections in 1991. The BNP and AL have alternately held power since then, with the exception of a military-backed, emergency caretaker regime that suspended parliamentary elections planned for January 2007 in an effort to reform the political system and root out corruption. That government returned the country to fully democratic rule in December 2008 with the election of the AL and Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA. With the help of international development assistance, Bangladesh has made great progress in food security since independence, and the economy has grown at an average of about 6 percent over the last two decades.
Most of the country is situated on deltas of large rivers flowing from the Himalayas: the Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main channel of the Brahmaputra) and later joins the Meghna to eventually empty into the Bay of Bengal
|Southern Asia, bordering the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and India
|Geographic coordinates:
| total: 143,998 sq km
land: 130,168 sq km
water: 13,830 sq km
Size comparison: slightly smaller than Iowa
|Land Boundaries:
| total: 4,246 km
border countries: Burma 193 km, India 4,053 km
|580 km
|Maritime claims:
| territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 18 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: up to the outer limits of the continental margin
|tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)
|mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in southeast
|Elevation extremes:
| lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Keokradong 1,230 m
|Natural resources:
|natural gas, arable land, timber, coal
|Land use:
| arable land: 52.97%
permanent crops: 6.25%
other: 40.78% (2011)
|Irrigated land:
|50,500 sq km (2008)
|Natural hazards:
|droughts; cyclones; much of the country routinely inundated during the summer monsoon season
|Current Environment Issues:
|many people are landless and forced to live on and cultivate flood-prone land; waterborne diseases prevalent in surface water; water pollution, especially of fishing areas, results from the use of commercial pesticides; ground water contaminated by naturally occurring arsenic; intermittent water shortages because of falling water tables in the northern and central parts of the country; soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; severe overpopulation
|International Environment Agreements:
| party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
|^Back to Top
| noun: Bangladeshi(s)
adjective: Bangladeshi
|Ethnic groups:
|Bengali 98%, other 2% (includes tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims) (1998)
|Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English
|Muslim 89.5%, Hindu 9.6%, other 0.9% (2004)
|163,654,860 (July 2013 est.)
|Age structure:
| 0-14 years: 33% (male 27,393,912/female 26,601,199)
15-24 years: 18.8% (male 14,337,930/female 16,377,785)
25-54 years: 37.6% (male 29,091,046/female 32,455,670)
55-64 years: 5.7% (male 4,775,062/female 4,625,192)
65 years and over: 4.9% (male 3,918,341/female 4,078,723) (2013 est.)
|Dependency ratios:
| total dependency ratio: 53.3 %
youth dependency ratio: 46 %
elderly dependency ratio: 7.3 %
potential support ratio: 13.6 (2013)
|Median age:
| total: 23.9 years
male: 23.4 years
female: 24.4 years (2013 est.)
|Population growth rate:
|1.59% (2013 est.)
|Birth rate:
|22.07 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)
|Death rate:
|5.67 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)
|Net migration rate:
|-0.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)
| urban population: 28.4% of total population (2011)
rate of urbanization: 2.96% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
|Major urban areas - population:
|DHAKA (capital) 15.391 million; Chittagong 4.816 million; Khulna 1.636 million; Rajshahi 853,000 (2011)
|Sex ratio:
| at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 0.87 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.9 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.96 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2013 est.)
|Mother's mean age at first birth:
|18.1 (2007 est.)
|Maternal mortality rate:
|240 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
|Infant mortality rate:
| total: 47.3 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 49.79 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 44.71 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)
|Life expectancy at birth:
| total population: 70.36 years
male: 68.48 years
female: 72.31 years (2013 est.)
|Total fertility rate:
|2.5 children born/woman (2013 est.)
|Contraceptive prevalence rate:
|61.2% (2011/12)
|Health expenditures:
|3.5% of GDP (2010)
|Physicians density:
|0.3 physicians/1,000 population (2007)
|Hospital bed density:
|0.3 beds/1,000 population (2005)
|Drinking water source:
| improved:
urban: 85% of population
rural: 80% of population
total: 81% of population
urban: 15% of population
rural: 20% of population
total: 19% of population (2010 est.)
|Sanitation facility access:
| improved:
urban: 57% of population
rural: 55% of population
total: 56% of population
urban: 43% of population
rural: 45% of population
total: 44% of population (2010 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|less than 0.1% (2009 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|6,300 (2009 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|fewer than 200 (2009 est.)
|Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
|1.1% (2008)
|Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
|41.3% (2007)
|Education expenditures:
|2.2% of GDP (2009)
| definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 57.7%
male: 62%
female: 53.4% (2011 est.)
|School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
| total: 8 years
male: 8 years
female: 8 years (2007)
|Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
| total: 9.3%
male: 8%
female: 13.6% (2005)
|^Back to Top
|Country name:
| conventional long form: People's Republic of Bangladesh
conventional short form: Bangladesh
local long form: Gana Prajatantri Bangladesh
local short form: Bangladesh
former: East Bengal, East Pakistan
|Government type:
|parliamentary democracy
| name: Dhaka
geographic coordinates: 23 43 N, 90 24 E
time difference: UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
|Administrative divisions:
|7 divisions; Barisal, Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Sylhet
|16 December 1971 (from West Pakistan)
|National holiday:
|Independence Day, 26 March (1971); Victory Day; note - March 1971 is the date of the Awami League's declaration of an independent Bangladesh, and 16 December, known as Victory Day, memorializes the military victory over Pakistan and the official creation of the state of Bangladesh
|enacted 4 November 1972; effective 16 December 1972; suspended following coup of 24 March 1982; restored 10 November 1986; amended many times
|Legal system:
|mixed legal system of mostly English common law and Islamic law
|18 years of age; universal
|Executive branch:
| chief of state: President Abdul HAMID (since 24 April 2013); note - Abdul HAMID served as acting president following the death of Zillur RAHMAN in March 2013; HAMID was subsequently elected by the National Parliament and was sworn in 24 April 2013
head of government: Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA (since 6 January 2009)
cabinet: Cabinet selected by the prime minister and appointed by the president (For more information visit the World Leaders website )
elections: president elected by National Parliament for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); last election held on 29 April 2013 (next must be held by 2018)
election results: President Abdul HAMID was elected by the National Parliament unopposed
|Legislative branch:
| unicameral National Parliament or Jatiya Sangsad; 300 seats (45 reserved for women) elected by popular vote from single territorial constituencies; members serve five-year terms
elections: last held on 29 December 2008; note - general elections must be held within 90 days of the expiration of the Parliament or by 24 January 2014 or earlier if Parliament is dissolved before its term expires
election results: percent of vote by party - AL 49%, BNP 33.2%, JP 7%, JIB 4.6%, other 6.2%; seats by party - AL 230, BNP 30, JP 27, JIB 2, other 11
|Judicial branch:
| highest court(s): Supreme Court of Bangladesh (organized into the Appellate Division with 7 justices and the High Court Division with 99 justices) judge selection and term of office: chief justice and justices appointed by the president; justices serve until retirement at age 67
subordinate courts: civil courts include: Assistant Judge's Court; Joint District Judge's Court; Additional District Judge's Court; District Judge's Court; criminal courts include: Court of Sessions; Court of Metropolitan Sessions; special courts/tribunals; Metropolitan Magistrate Courts; Magistrate Court
|Political parties and leaders:
|Awami League or AL [Sheikh HASINA] Communist Party of Bangladesh or CPB [Manjurul A. KHAN] Bangladesh Nationalist Party or BNP [Khaleda ZIA] Bikalpa Dhara Bangladesh or BDB [Badrudozza CHOWDHURY] Islami Oikya Jote or IOJ [multiple leaders] Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh or JIB [Matiur Rahman NIZAMI] Jatiya Party or JP (Ershad faction) [Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD] Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Oli AHMED]
|Political pressure groups and leaders:
|Advocacy to End Gender-based Violence through the MoWCA (Ministry of Women's and Children's Affairs) Ain o Salish Kendro (Law and Order Center) Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee or BRAC Bangladesh Center for Worker Solidarity Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry Odikhar (Human Rights) other: associations of madrassa teachers; business associations, including those intended to promote international trade; development and advocacy NGOs associated with the Grameen Bank; environmentalists; Islamist groups; labor rights advocacy groups; nongovernmental organizations focused on poverty, alleviation, and socioeconomic international trade; religious leaders; tribal groups and advocacy organizations; union leaders
|International organization participation:
|ADB, ARF, BIMSTEC, C, CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PCA, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNMIT, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|National symbol(s):
|Bengal tiger
|National anthem:
| name: "Amar Shonar Bangla" (My Golden Bengal)
lyrics/music: Rabindranath TAGORE
note: adopted 1971; Rabindranath TAGORE, a Nobel laureate, also wrote India's national anthem
|Diplomatic representation in the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Akramul QADER
chancery: 3510 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 244-0183
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, New York
|Diplomatic representation from the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Dan W. MOZENA
embassy: Madani Avenue, Baridhara, Dhaka 1212
mailing address: G. P. O. Box 323, Dhaka 1000
telephone: [880] (2) 885-5500
|^Back to Top
In real terms Bangladesh's economy has grown 5.8% per year since 1996 despite political instability, poor infrastructure, corruption, insufficient power supplies, and slow implementation of economic reforms. Bangladesh remains a poor, overpopulated, and inefficiently-governed nation. Although more than half of GDP is generated through the service sector, 45% of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector with rice as the single-most-important product. Bangladesh's growth was resilient during the 2008-09 global financial crisis and recession. Garment exports, totaling $12.3 billion in FY09 and remittances from overseas Bangladeshis, totaling $11 billion in FY10, accounted for almost 12% of GDP.
|GDP (purchasing power parity):
| GDP (purchasing power parity): $311 billion (2012 est.) $293.3 billion (2011 est.) $275.4 billion (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
|GDP (official exchange rate):
|GDP (official exchange rate): $122.7 billion (2012 est.)
|GDP - real growth rate:
|6.1% (2012 est.) 6.5% (2011 est.) 6.4% (2010 est.)
|GDP - per capita (PPP):
| GDP - per capita (PPP): $2,100 (2012 est.) $2,000 (2011 est.) $1,900 (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
|Gross national saving:
|25.9% of GDP (2012 est.) 25% of GDP (2011 est.) 26.7% of GDP (2010 est.)
|GDP - composition, by end use:
| household consumption: 75%
government consumption: 5.7%
investment in fixed capital: 25.4%
investment in inventories: 4.2%
exports of goods and services: 25%
imports of goods and services: -35.3% (2012 est.)
|GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
| household consumption: 75%
government consumption: 5.7%
investment in fixed capital: 25.4%
investment in inventories: 4.2%
exports of goods and services: 25%
imports of goods and services: -35.3% (2012 est.)
|Agriculture - products:
|rice, jute, tea, wheat, sugarcane, potatoes, tobacco, pulses, oilseeds, spices, fruit; beef, milk, poultry
|jute, cotton, garments, paper, leather, fertilizer, iron and steel, cement, petroleum products, tobacco, drugs and pharmaceuticals, ceramics, tea, salt, sugar, edible oils, soap and detergent, fabricated metal products, electricity and natural gas
|Industrial production growth rate:
|9.5% (2012 est.)
|Labor force:
|77 million note: extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Qatar, and Malaysia; workers' remittances were $10.9 billion in FY09/10 (2012 est.)
|Labor force - by occupation:
| agriculture: 45%
industry: 30%
services: 25% (2008)
|Unemployment rate:
|5% (2012 est.) 5% (2011 est.) note: about 40% of the population is underemployed; many participants in the labor force work only a few hours a week, at low wages
|Population below poverty line:
|31.5% (2010 est.)
|Household income or consumption by percentage share:
| lowest 10%: 4%
highest 10%: 27% (2010 est.)
|Distribution of family income - Gini index:
|33.2 (2005) 33.6 (1996)
| revenues: $14.03 billion
expenditures: $19.69 billion (2012 est.)
|Taxes and other revenues:
|11.4% of GDP (2012 est.)
|Public debt:
|31.7% of GDP (2012 est.) 34.6% of GDP (2011 est.)
|Fiscal year:
|1 July - 30 June
|Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.7% (2012 est.) 10.7% (2011 est.)
|Current account balance:
|-$941.9 million (2012 est.) $243.6 million (2011 est.)
|$26.25 billion (2012 est.) $24.54 billion (2011 est.)
|Exports - commodities:
|garments, knitwear, agricultural products, frozen food (fish and seafood), jute and jute goods, leather
|Exports - partners:
|US 16.7%, Germany 12.5%, UK 8.4%, France 5% (2012)
|$34.56 billion (2012 est.) $32.61 billion (2011 est.)
|Imports - commodities:
|machinery and equipment, chemicals, iron and steel, textiles, foodstuffs, petroleum products, cement
|Imports - partners:
|China 19.5%, India 13.4%, Singapore 4.9%, Malaysia 4.7%, South Korea 4.1% (2012)
|Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|$12.75 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $9.192 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
|Debt - external:
|$28.07 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $29.12 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
|$6.64 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $6.166 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
|$108 million (31 December 2012 est.) $107 million (31 December 2011 est.)
|Market value of publicly traded shares:
|$23.55 billion (31 December 2011) $15.68 billion (31 December 2010) $7.068 billion (31 December 2009)
|Exchange rates:
|taka (BDT) per US dollar - 81.863 (2012 est.) 74.152 (2011 est.) 69.649 (2010 est.) 69.04 (2009) 68.554 (2008)
|^Back to Top
|Electricity - production:
|35.7 billion kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 62
|Electricity - consumption:
|34.83 billion kWh (2009 est.)
|Electricity - exports:
|0 kWh (2010 est.)
|Electricity - imports:
|0 kWh (2010 est.)
|Electricity - installed generating capacity:
|5.819 million kW (2009 est.)
|Electricity - from fossil fuels:
|95.8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
|Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
|0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
|Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
|4% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
|Electricity - from other renewable sources:
|0.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
|Crude oil - production:
|5,200 bbl/day (2011 est.)
|Crude oil - exports:
|0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
|Crude oil - imports:
|26,460 bbl/day (2009 est.)
|Crude oil - proved reserves:
|28 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - production:
|24,790 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - consumption:
|108,900 bbl/day (2011 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - exports:
|2,928 bbl/day (2010 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - imports:
|77,340 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|Natural gas - production:
|20.13 billion cu m (2010 est.)
|Natural gas - consumption:
|20.13 billion cu m (2010 est.)
|Natural gas - exports:
|0 cu m (2010 est.)
|Natural gas - imports:
|0 cu m (2010 est.)
|Natural gas - proved reserves:
|183.7 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)
|Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
|56.74 million Mt (2010 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Telephones in use:
| 977,700 (2011)
country comparison to the world: 79
|Cellular Phones in use:
|84.369 million (2011)
|Telephone system:
| general assessment: inadequate for a modern country; introducing digital systems; trunk systems include VHF and UHF microwave radio relay links, and some fiber-optic cable in cities
domestic: fixed-line teledensity remains only about 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone subscribership has been increasing rapidly and now exceeds 50 telephones per 100 persons
international: country code - 880; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-4 fiber-optic submarine cable system that provides links to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; satellite earth stations - 6; international radiotelephone communications and landline service to neighboring countries (2011)
|Broadcast media:
|state-owned Bangladesh Television (BTV) operates 1 terrestrial TV station, 3 radio networks, and about 10 local stations; 8 private satellite TV stations and 3 private radio stations also broadcasting; foreign satellite TV stations are gaining audience share in the large cities; several international radio broadcasters are available (2007)
|Internet country code:
|Internet hosts:
|71,164 (2012)
|Internet users:
|617,300 (2009)
|^Back to Top
| 18 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 139
|Airports (paved runways):
| total 16
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 5 (2013)
|Airports (unpaved runways):
| total 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2013)
|3 (2013)
|gas 2,950 km (2013)
| total 2,622 km
broad gauge: 946 km 1.676-m gauge
narrow gauge: 1,676 km 1.000-m gauge (2008)
| total 21,269 km
paved: 1,063 km
unpaved: 20,206 km (2010)
|8,370 km (includes up to 3,060 km of main cargo routes; the network is reduced to 5,200 km in the dry season) (2011)
|Merchant marine:
| total 62
by type: bulk carrier 25, cargo 28, chemical tanker 1, container 5, petroleum tanker 3
foreign-owned: 8 (China 1, Singapore 7)
registered in other countries: 10 (Comoros 1, Hong Kong 1, Panama 5, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1, Sierra Leone 1, Singapore 1) (2010)
|Ports and terminals:
| major seaport(s): Chittagong
river port(s): Mongla Port (Sela River)
container port(s): Chittagong (1,392,104) (2011)
|^Back to Top
|Military branches:
|Bangladesh Defense Force: Bangladesh Army (Sena Bahini), Bangladesh Navy (Noh Bahini, BN), Bangladesh Air Force (Biman Bahini, BAF) (2013)
|Military service age and obligation:
|16-19 years of age for voluntary military service; Bangladeshi birth and 10th grade education required; initial obligation 15 years (2012)
|Manpower available for military service:
|males age 16-49: 36,520,491 (2010 est.)
|Manpower fit for military service:
| males age 16-49: 30,486,086
females age 16-49: 35,616,093 (2010 est.)
|Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
| male: 1,606,963
female: 1,689,442 (2010 est.)
|Military expenditures:
|1.4% of GDP (2012)
|^Back to Top
|Transnational Issues
|Disputes - International:
|Bangladesh referred its maritime boundary claims with Burma and India to the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea; Indian Prime Minister Singh's September 2011 visit to Bangladesh resulted in the signing of a Protocol to the 1974 Land Boundary Agreement between India and Bangladesh, which had called for the settlement of longstanding boundary disputes over undemarcated areas and the exchange of territorial enclaves, but which had never been implemented; Bangladesh struggles to accommodate 29,000 Rohingya, Burmese Muslim minority from Arakan State, living as refugees in Cox's Bazar; Burmese border authorities are constructing a 200 km (124 mi) wire fence designed to deter illegal cross-border transit and tensions from the military build-up along border
|Refugees and internally displaced persons:
|refugees (country of origin): 230,674 (Burma) (2012) IDPs: undetermined (land conflicts, religious persecution) (2012)
|Illicit drugs:
|transit country for illegal drugs produced in neighboring countries
|^Back to Top
« Previous Country | Next Country » Back to Flag Counter Overview
Source: CIA - The World Factbook


text:
Web Stories
She Roars: Conference highlights
Posted July 7, 2011; 12:00 p.m.
"She Roars: Conference Highlights" captures the historic event, including photos and remarks from keynote speakers. Read more.
Video Closed Captions
Robert K. Durkee:
I can tell you that as an undergraduate, I
could never have imagined speaking from this
Robert K. Durkee:
stage, much less doing so in front of hundreds
of Princeton women.
[Laughter, clapping]
Shirley M. Tilghman:
We are gathered on this occasion to both look
back, to enjoy the present, and then to most
Shirley M. Tilghman:
importantly look forward to Princeton in the
future and the role that women will undoubtedly
Shirley M. Tilghman:
play in this University for the rest of time.
Shirley M. Tilghman:
Diversity is an educational value at this University.
Sonia Sotomayor:
Walking in through those front gates and looking
at Nassau Hall is bewitching and magical...
Sonia Sotomayor:
but in many ways it turned out to be the exactly
perfect place for me. And because I needed
Sonia Sotomayor:
to learn so much when I was here, and the
small personal environment that this University
Sonia Sotomayor:
then, and I believe even today, gave, I was
able to find professors who helped me grow.
Sonia Sotomayor:
And that is what catapulted me into the rest
of my life. Justice Stevens said it the best,
Sonia Sotomayor:
which is, in the job you should be growing, always.
Wendy Kopp:
And I have to also thank Princeton for the
opportunities it afforded me. Taking me from a
Wendy Kopp:
bubble in Dallas, Texas, and exposing me
to the intellectual rigors of Princeton and
Wendy Kopp:
to a place where working hard was normal.
It took me a year to get over being part of
Wendy Kopp:
a student body and I don't know how many people
out there this resonates with, where being
Wendy Kopp:
motivated and driven was actually cool and
normal. To having the Woodrow Wilson School,
Wendy Kopp:
a place where I could pursue my passion of
solving real-world problems and, of course,
Wendy Kopp:
for the thesis requirement.
Lisa Jackson:
We do have things in common. We need to find
them and outline where they are. And the aspiration to
Lisa Jackson:
test the limits, to go beyond where people
think we can be, is probably one of the first
Lisa Jackson:
things we all have in common. That's something
that brought us here to this extraordinary institution.
Lisa Jackson:
It's up to us to pass it on. Nothing
will inspire the next generation of
Lisa Jackson:
women leaders like the example of this generation
and we set that example.
Andrea Jung:
Leadership, women and Princeton have all really
collided into what I think is an amazing inflection
Andrea Jung:
point. Compassion is an equal, extraordinarily
important facet of great leadership and I
Andrea Jung:
believe in that hallmark very much. You can't
reinvent your company until you reinvent yourself.
Andrea Jung:
So, it was a great piece of advice and I share
it with you because I think, for all of us --
Andrea Jung:
women, men alike -- I think this concept
of continual reinvention is what allows me
Andrea Jung:
to be able to be in a job for a decade, which
allows a company to be here for 125 years,
Andrea Jung:
which allows enormously successful institutions
like this to be here 250 years and plus. So,
Andrea Jung:
the thought is at every aspect of life, but
it does start from an individual basis,
Andrea Jung:
in terms of just that very, very liberating but
very, very disciplined constant transformation
Andrea Jung:
and reinvention of yourself.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Web Stories
Class of 2011: 'Reflections on Princeton'
Posted May 31, 2011; 12:00 p.m.
Members of the class of 2011 reflect on their Princeton experience. Read more.
Video Closed Captions
You ready for me?
Iâm Tim Feess
Victoria Tan
Sankalp Gosain
Leslie Chatelain
Mitch Adwon
Justin Cahill
Biniam Dawit
Demetrius Lewis
Megan Waters
Michael Chang
Matthew Douglas
Joey Cheek
Megan Leahy
Long Ellis
Lindsey Breuer
Mary Gamber
Caaminee Pandit
Hudson Andrews
Meliko Tawasa
Hi my nameâs Carmen
Laura Martaindale
Oriana Poindexter
Dawn Zhao
Casey Boyles
Amanda Yamasaki
Madeleine Douglas
Jim Ressa
David Leyva
Ana Gonzalez
Rachel Sverdlove
Jacob Loewenstein
[overlapping names]
Hi, Iâm Julia
Iâm Jackie
Yasmin Belo-Osagie
[phone ringing]
Someone is calling me right now.
Is this on?
My favorite Princeton experience. Thatâs a really hard one.
Itâs really hard to answer the question
of whatâs my favorite experience.
My favorite Princeton moment was, winning the Ivy League
championships this year.
One of my favorite things at Princeton was the âSkate Nights.â
It was an event called Princeton Palooza where there was music,
and just like a lot of bands outside in the 1903 Courtyard. It
was Communiversity. It was a really wonderful day.
I guess my favorite Princeton experiences would be working with
Black Box Inc. and Hip Hop Art & Life.
Our favorite moment at Princeton⦠Was playing
on the squash team together.
Woo hoo! And house parties.
I would have to say, as bad as it sounds, my favorite experience
was writing my thesis.
My favorite Princeton moment was when I went to go turn in my
thesis. I was rushing from Firestone to 1879 and I ran into one
of my good friends giving a tour, and the entire tour cheered me
on as I made it the rest of the way to turn it in.
My favorite Princeton experience was freshman
seminar with Chris Eisgruber.
My favorite Princeton moment was meeting Sonya Sotomayor at the
Latinas at Princeton reception. It was a great experience and
she shared a lot of great Princeton memories.
My favorite Princeton moment was definitely getting the chance
to interview the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
When I was able to go abroad, for instance, to Beijing with
Princeton in Asia. And especially to Ghana with Engineers
Without Borders.
My favorite thing about Princeton was my opportunity to study
abroad in Cuba.
The best elements at Princeton: The faculty, the students, and
doing fun activities.
I think my favorite experience was like, getting to know all the
faculty in the Visual Arts program.
Last year, I had the honor of being the drum major of the
Princeton University band, so I got to lead the P-rade through
the Fitzrandolph gate leading the 25th reunion. And it was just
absolutelyâ¦just seeing all those orange and black jackets and
all those smiling faces and people who were so excited to see
usâ¦absolutely was like, the best thing of my life and I canât
wait to walk in the P-rade this year as a senior.
My favorite Princeton experience, definitely has to be every
year during reunions, the P-rade. Just seeing all the tradition,
all the orange, all the old alums, you know. Meeting alums that
are 100 years old and having them shake your hand, and just
having that experience together definitely gives you the sense
that Princeton is going to be part of your life forever.
Alright, but what are we going to say though?
I donât know.
I am a chemistry major.
Iâm a Woodrow Wilson School major.
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Operations Research and Financial Engineering
Woodrow Wilson School
Political Psychology
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Art History major, but I did the Visual Arts track
Molecular Biology
Art and Archeology
Philosophy major
Woodrow Wilson School
Molecular Biology
Computer Science
Chemisty major
Computer Science
Operations Research and Financial Engineering
Woodrow Wilson School
Woodrow Wilson School
Civil Engineer
Psych and a Spanish certificate
English and certificates in African American Studies and the
program in Teacher Preparation
Art and Archeology
East Asian Studies
Computer Science B.S.E.
The Econ Department
Woody Woo
Woody Woo
Woody Woo major
Molecular Biology
Woodrow Wilson School
History of Science
Civil Engineer
History major
Certificate in Material Science
Electrical Engineer
Certificate in Material Science and Engineering
Theater certificate
Ohh, so nervous!
I guess what helped me get through Princeton was probably a lot
of support from my friends and family.
The people who helped me get through Princeton are my closest
friends: People I eat with, people I study with, people I party
with. It really is an incredible group of intellectuals and good
All my good friends and roommates
My family and my friends here at Princeton
My roommates have been extraordinary. I was very lucky to be
placed with three amazing girls in my freshman quad and Iâm
still living with them as a senior. And weâre all different
races and its been a real lesson in how to interact across
racial boundaries.
My parents, and my sister
My roommates, and my parents and my brother
My parents definitely. Um, Godâ¦.donât think I wouldâve made it
My thesis advisor, my live advisor. I could not have done it
without him.
The Varsity Womenâs Ice Hockey team and all my teammates and
Definitely the teammates on the Crew team and the other
Chemistry majors were a huge help.
Shirley Tilghman, she was an inspiration. And has taught me to
try and become as professional and inspirational as she is.
Definitely having a very very kind thesis advisor
I think, all my class experiences
The great professors at Princeton helped me to succeed, and I
hope that Iâll go on in the future and be an academic like them.
I think, my friends here helped me get through the Princeton
experienceâ¦as well as Frist, especially when itâs open 24 hours
which it should be all the time.
Frist Campus Center as an entity. Itâs a good place to meet all
your friends.
What got me through Princeton? Uh, gallons of coffee
Definitely the 24 hour access to 185 the art building for the
Lewis Center
I think there is a lot of solidarity among students at
I guess my friends really got me through Princeton. Wouldnât
have made it without âem.
My friends
My family and friends
My friends
Uh, friends
My friends pretty much got me by.
All of my friends
My friends
My friends
I couldnât have done it without the friends that I made here.
Iâm so grateful that I met them and Iâm going to be friends with
them forever.
Four years are actually a really short time. Coming in as a
Freshman, I thought four years would be an eternity, but theyâre
Do anything and everything you want to and donât hold back.
Remember that four years just goes by so quickly, so enjoy every
moment, every day, even the hard days. Itâs worth it. Itâs such
a great place to be. Weâre so blessed.
Today, you leave this privileged place as the beneficiaries of a
world class education.
One that I hope has prepared you well for whatever comes next,
including the unexpected.
So as you walk, skip, or run through the Fitzrandolph gates
today as educated citizens of this and many other nations, I
hope you will carry forward the spirit of Princeton and all it
has sought to teach you. Aim high and be bold!
Itâs sad, itâs so sad.
But we know weâll be friends past this so itâs ok.
Getting some good hard work, getting work done, and doing it for


text:
Blackbox i10
Oh, sure -- you've got at least 893.1 options (at last count, anyway) when it comes to noise cancelling headphones for your iDevice, but do any of those plug directly into the dock connector instead of requiring a separate battery? Exactly. That's the claim to fame for Blackbox's i10, a new set of earbuds that rely on power from your iPod or iPhone in order to achieve that active...
Moshi 99MO035001 Moonrock Earbuds - Black
More than just candy for your eyes, Moonrock elevates your overall music enjoyment with Moshi Audio's acoustically tuned driver units that effortlessly render crisp highs and balanced mids and bass. 0;The in-ear design coupled with our proprietary hybrid-i
MOSHI Clarus
"-- *Introduction* This is the Moshi Clarus, which is the current flagship. It is designed to be a workout, or on the go IEM. The Clarus is also a dual driver earphone. ~All Photos Taken By Me~ ..." --BloodyPenguin
MOSHI Keramo Ceramic Earphones
"-- The Moshi Keramo: ~ All Photos Taken By Me, No Stock Material From the Manufacture Were Used for this review ~ This is the 2nd Moshi Earphone I have had the pleasure to review in the last month. You can find my review of the Moshi Vortex Pro here: http://www.head-fi.org/products/moshi-vortex-pro/reviews/14287 The reason I mention the Moshi Vortex..." --BloodyPenguin
MOSHI Vortex
" IMPORTANT: this review must be read from the top till you reach the bottom of this thread. the review is made with updates, certain changes due to mental and iem burn in. please bear some time to understand the feelings and the experience WE want to share. may we find happiness to this journey. most of my reviews are all the same... i know you all guys find it kinda..." --pinoyman
Moshi Vortex Pro
"-- The Moshi Vortex Pro: http://www.moshi.com/audio-earbuds-vortex-pro-mic#silver ~ All Photos Taken By Me, No Stock Material From the Manufacture Were Used for this review ~ *Packaging* For a $150 earphone, the box and presentation is decently designed. *Accessories* - 2 Pairs of..." --BloodyPenguin


text:
Hollywood wants you to buy its movies on DVD and Blu-ray, but it also wants to control what you do with them once you get home. That doesn't sit well with us, so we're going to show you how to do something that Hollywood most definitely does not want you to do: Rip movies and copy them to your computer's hard drive so you can enjoy them without ever having to get up off your couch to drop a disc in the DVD player. You have everything on your computer digitally, so why would you want to mess around with physical discs? Rip all of your discs and keep them on your computer.
Once you've got a movie onto your hard drive, you can do all kinds of other cool stuff with it: Transcode it into a different format so that it'll play on your smartphone or gaming console, or maybe just delete those annoying FBI warnings that tell you how much trouble you can get in for doing exactly what we're about to show you.
While we fully acknowledge that the movie industry has the right to protect it's intellectual property, we also believe that consumers have the right to enjoy the property they purchase. It's called fair use – if you buy a movie on a disc, then you should have the right to make a back-up copy, or transfer the content to another medium, like a hard drive. Of course, you don't have the right to distribute or sell copies of the movies you buy, but you probably knew that already.
It may seem obvious, but you'll need either a DVD or Blu-Ray drive depending on which you want rip.
Defeat copyright protection and Rip with MakeMKV
The process is the same for both DVD and Blu-Ray and can be done on MakeMKV. A Blu-ray will make a huge file, so we recommend you have between 30 and 60 GB of free hard drive space.
Step 1- Before you can start ripping the disc, you'll need to get around the copy protection. You can use any software you like but MakeMKV makes it incredibly simple. Start by downloading the free, open source software, then put your disc into your drive.
Step 2- Once the program recognizes the disc, click on the big "Open Disc" button and MakeMKV goes to work.
Step 3- After you've vanquished the AACS encryption, MakeMKV will return a list of chapters and segments that you can rip. Find your movie (usually the longest title or biggest file) and uncheck all the other boxes. Next, designate an Output Folder where you'd like the file to end up once it's been ripped. When you're all ready to go, hit the "Make MKV" button. This process can take anywhere from two minutes to half an hour depending on your computer's processing power, but when it's done you should have a nice big MKV file waiting for you in the folder you specified.
Jump to: How to Transcode a Blu-Ray Disc
How to Transcode a DVD with Handbrake
Now you have a giant file you need to transcode so you can use it on different devices.
Step 1- Open HandBrake and click on Source in the top left corner, and find the file you just ripped.
Step 2- Now you get to decide where you want to watch your movie. The developers have already created presets for most Apple products, including the iPhone, iPod and iPod Touch, and Apple TV; the PS3 and Xbox 360 gaming consoles; and several other platforms. You can also modify any of these presets and save them with new names or create custom presets from scratch. Choosing one of these will adjust the settings automatically to fit whatever you choose.
Step 3– If you are planning on watching it on your computer, you can choose between Normal and High Profile. High Profile produces a larger file, but for either of these options you can tweak anything and everything in the advanced settings.
Step 4- Play around with the settings until you've got everything just right, then go ahead and click Start. This part will take a while, so sit back, relax, and let HandBrake do its thing.
Next Page: How to Rip a Blu-Ray Disc


text:
Thornhill calendar of events
Showing 1 to 3 of 3 results
Character Cottage in BramhamFrom £50 per night
- House
- 3 bedrooms
- Sleeps 6
The Horse Trials on the doorstep.
Visitors & Exhibitors, Well connected to main routes, Relaxing comfortable stay with secure parkingFrom £54 per night
- Bed and Breakfast
- 4 bedrooms
- Sleeps 8
This accommodation in North Yorkshire provides a warm friendly base to explore the local countryside. With free wifi as well as secure gated parking, this 3 star gold award guest house is well worth consideration for short breaks in Yorkshire.
Stately home near Sheffield offering B&B accommodation, rooms at reasonable rates for short stays!From £120 per night
- Bed and Breakfast
- 49 bedrooms
- Sleeps 90
This stately home offers B&B accommodation in 49 en-suite bedrooms and also has 2 self catering cottages. The residence is situated within 26 acres of formal garden and woodland, offering peace and privacy for guests. An ideal place to stay for a weekend breaks or short stay in Yorkshire.
Showing 1 to 3 of 3 results


text:
I don't see anything wrong with paying a younger, beautiful girl to sleep with me.
I work at a big name investment bank in New York and have been in banking since college. I interned my freshman year and was hooked. I love making money, but frankly, it was a lot more fun in the 90s to be a banker. I still love what I do and I'd never be one of those guys you see talking about how they got laid off from Lehman and went to bake cupcakes or some shit. No, I'm a banker through and through.
I have a wife and two kids. I live in suburbia, in the white picket fence sprawl outside Manhattan, but I often work late and have stayed in the city a few nights a week for years now. On those nights, I used to go to bars, frequenting various happy hours around the city where I thought there'd be hot young girls, and then sometimes alone. I would often end up failing miserably, though. I could never seal the deal, you know. Maybe was too nervous, or too old, or I was looking for the wrong kind of girls. I met a few women, but they were all older, never the young ones I wanted to be taking home.
I then read an article in The New York Times about a sugar daddy dating site, and it was a eureka moment. Basically, the site is a place where "sugar babies" and "sugar daddies" meet. The minute I got to a private computer, I went on and set up an account. I couldn't believe there was this site where I could search through girls by age, looks, location, whatever.
I soon started meeting girls - and was just as quickly disappointed by what I found. Most of them said they were younger than they were, or fatter than their photos. Some of them just blatantly used fake photos, or maybe photos of them from 20 years ago.
I then got some emails from girls who seemed more legit and I started vetting them over the phone rather than meeting them right away. I could tell by their speech, by if they used "like" a lot in their sentences and the sound of their voices to gauge how young they really were, or at least that they weren't completely off base. That worked a lot better. I met a girl who said she was a senior at Columbia University. She was so hot. Long brown hair, light eyes, perfect little body. We started an affair and I would give her a $4,000 "allowance" each month to meet once a week for dinner, or just to sleep together if I had a deal or a really late night in the office. Sometimes it was an hour of "small talk and sex," which, really, isn't a bad deal for her. $1,000 for an hour to spend time with me.
I felt like a stud, there's no denying that, and I knew that she didn't want anything from me but money. She would come and go away when I made the signal I was tired. Soon though, I started liking her more than I wanted to. She was smart and kind of had a sarcastic sense of humor I found funny. I asked to see her more and she asked for more money. I said I couldn't do any more than that, and she said she couldn't give more time. It was the first time I felt a little hurt, like: "This person just wants my money and probably thinks I'm some gross horny old dude."
The next month, I gave her the envelope of $4,000 upfront instead of $1,000 each time. We had sex, chatted, drank some wine and she left. I never saw her again. She wouldn't pick up her phone, then her phone was disconnected, my emails to her went unanswered, and her profile on the site was gone.
It was such a blow. Though, really, what the hell did I expect? I guess some warning. After that, I decided I was going to go for quantity and not quality. I want hot girls, but a lot of them and substance isn't a huge deal. I have been with dozens of girls, and I give them money each time I meet them. I usually just meet them for a drink and then we got back to my hotel. I've lowered my price, too, and the girls seem okay with it. I'm not sure if it is because of the economy and that people aren't getting as much, but I throw out a number and negotiate only if I really like the girl. Depending on "hotness" the range is now $400 to $600 a night to meet a girl and sleep with her.
The funny thing is often these girls are chasing me to sleep with them again, because it's easy money, but I just scroll through and delete or ignore the messages most of the time. Men want to be with a lot of women; it is just the truth. I like being with a lot of women. It makes me more focused at work, and excited to know who may be out there next. Maybe that first girl was a wake-up call. I'm already married. I don't need a steady mistress. But I have one or two I always go back to if i can't find someone I like, which can happen a lot.
The site, though, has definitely changed since I first joined or maybe I never noticed the abundance of professional escorts on there before. There's a lot. Like a lot. I can tell by how blunt they are and how open they are about showing their faces and full body shots right out there in public. Any of the normal college girls wouldn't just put their faces out there. Sometimes I will meet some of the escorts, but I prefer normal girls.
I'm not hurting anyone by doing this. I'm always safe and I'm always upfront if I meet someone and know it won't happen. I just pay for the drink and let them know and leave, like "No deal, sorry." It is just like any deal. You have to know how to close it and have to know when you're not interested in putting in the effort to see it through.
As told to Alex Belanger.
- The National Enquirer tabloid is growing by speaking to an audience ignored by mainstream media and backing Trump.
- An American soldier died in Iraq this weekend after a roadside bomb exploded during a security check, the Pentagon said.
- As the number of terrorist convictions has increased in the UK, so has the concern that other inmates could too be lured into extremism.
- Selena Gomez said the backlash surrounding "13 Reasons Why" "is going to come no matter what" and noted that she's very proud of the series.


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Web Stories
Approaching Art, the Princeton University Art Museum
Posted December 19, 2011; 12:00 p.m.
Museum director James Steward and others talk about the Princeton University Art Museum's new approach to displaying art. Read more.
Video Closed Captions
James Steward: We wanted to answer the question of why an individual work of art matters.
â why someone who isnât a specialist in the discipline ought to find something engaging, how does it
relate to its moment, how does it speak to the career output of the artist in question distinct
from it being simply an object in a vacuum? I think one of the real challenges in contending with
art from the past, especially from cultures that seem quite remote from our own, is the challenge
of bringing the original work of art back to life. And instead of simply talking or telling people
verbally about the extent to which European artists re-engaged with the ancient world to consider
how to represent the human form, weâre actually showing it. So, weâre juxtaposing a great anonymous
painting of St. Sebastian with a second-century Roman torso to make very direct that sense of
causality that there was indeed a formal relationship between these objects.
Christopher Heuer: Jamesâ approach is one which is going to make the museum not just kind of more accessible,
more marketable, but will do what museums across the country, across the world are being forced to do now,
which is make art relevant to the present day in a way thatâs more than kind of superficial.
These kind of comparisons heâs drawn are just one way to do that.
My view is that every art museum is by definition (or should be) a teaching museum. Through looking at
a broad array of letâs call them cultural artifacts, we can get a better understanding about the
impulses of a culture at any given point in the past. And weâre encouraging students and other
visitors to make these direct connections to see linkages and to re-awaken a sense of: How would
this have been viewed in the time that it was created, and what were the factors in society that
gave rise? Why do paintings or any other works of art look the way they look?
Caroline Harris: This is a portrait of Jean Cocteau by Modigliani and it shows the translation into his
painting of the aesthetics of African sculpture. These are actually instruments used in weaving
in association with the Modigliani because this is exactly the sort of African art that
he was looking at and was interested in. And when you look at the treatment of the face,
all of those stylizations of the features really resonate with the African
objects that he was interested in.
James Steward: All of this combines, we hope, to create a more accessible approach to very
rich content no matter what oneâs background is.


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Saudi Arabia Population: 26,939,5832,723 VISITORS FROM HERE!
« Previous Country | Next Country » Back to Flag Counter Overview
|Saudi Arabia is the birthplace of Islam and home to Islam's two holiest shrines in Mecca and Medina. The king's official title is the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. The modern Saudi state was founded in 1932 by ABD AL-AZIZ bin Abd al-Rahman Al SAUD (Ibn Saud) after a 30-year campaign to unify most of the Arabian Peninsula. One of his male descendants rules the country today, as required by the country's 1992 Basic Law. King ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz ascended to the throne in 2005. Following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990, Saudi Arabia accepted the Kuwaiti royal family and 400,000 refugees while allowing Western and Arab troops to deploy on its soil for the liberation of Kuwait the following year. The continuing presence of foreign troops on Saudi soil after the liberation of Kuwait became a source of tension between the royal family and the public until all operational US troops left the country in 2003. Major terrorist attacks in May and November 2003 spurred a strong on-going campaign against domestic terrorism and extremism. King ABDALLAH has continued the cautious reform program begun when he was crown prince. The king instituted an interfaith dialogue initiative in 2008 to encourage religious tolerance on a global level; in 2009, he reshuffled the cabinet, which led to more moderates holding ministerial and judicial positions, and appointed the first female to the cabinet. The 2010-12 uprisings across Middle Eastern and North African countries sparked modest incidents in Saudi cities, predominantly by Shia demonstrators calling for the release of detainees and the withdrawal from Bahrain of the Gulf Cooperation Council's Peninsula Shield Force. Protests in general were met by a strong police presence, with some arrests, but not the level of bloodshed seen in protests elsewhere in the region. In response to the unrest, King ABDALLAH in February and March 2011 announced a series of benefits to Saudi citizens including funds to build affordable housing, salary increases for government workers, and unemployment entitlements. To promote increased political participation, the government held elections nationwide in September 2011 for half the members of 285 municipal councils. Also in September, the king announced that women will be allowed to run for and vote in future municipal elections - first held in 2005 - and serve as full members of the advisory Consultative Council. During 2012, Shia protests increased in violence, while peaceful Sunni protests expanded. The country remains a leading producer of oil and natural gas and holds about 17% of the world's proven oil reserves. The government continues to pursue economic reform and diversification, particularly since Saudi Arabia's accession to the WTO in December 2005, and promotes foreign investment in the kingdom. A burgeoning population, aquifer depletion, and an economy largely dependent on petroleum output and prices are ongoing governmental concerns.
Saudi Arabia is the largest country in the world without a river; extensive coastlines on the Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through the Persian Gulf and Suez Canal
|Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen
|Geographic coordinates:
| total: 2,149,690 sq km
land: 2,149,690 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Size comparison: slightly more than one-fifth the size of the US
|Land Boundaries:
| total: 4,431 km
border countries: Iraq 814 km, Jordan 744 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676 km, Qatar 60 km, UAE 457 km, Yemen 1,458 km
|2,640 km
|Maritime claims:
| territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 18 nm
continental shelf: not specified
|harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes
|mostly uninhabited, sandy desert
|Elevation extremes:
| lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
highest point: Jabal Sawda' 3,133 m
|Natural resources:
|petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper
|Land use:
| arable land: 1.45%
permanent crops: 0.11%
other: 98.44% (2011)
|Irrigated land:
|16,200 sq km (2004)
|Natural hazards:
|frequent sand and dust storms volcanism: despite many volcanic formations, there has been little activity in the past few centuries; volcanoes include Harrat Rahat, Harrat Khaybar, Harrat Lunayyir, and Jabal Yar
|Current Environment Issues:
|desertification; depletion of underground water resources; the lack of perennial rivers or permanent water bodies has prompted the development of extensive seawater desalination facilities; coastal pollution from oil spills
|International Environment Agreements:
| party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
|^Back to Top
| noun: Saudi(s)
adjective: Saudi or Saudi Arabian
|Ethnic groups:
|Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%
|Arabic (official)
|Muslim (official) 100%
|26,939,583 (July 2013 est.) note: includes 5,576,076 non-nationals
|Age structure:
| 0-14 years: 28.2% (male 3,890,771/female 3,703,725)
15-24 years: 19.6% (male 2,823,458/female 2,450,629)
25-54 years: 44.8% (male 6,927,445/female 5,148,565)
55-64 years: 4.3% (male 639,051/female 524,058)
65 years and over: 3.1% (male 429,951/female 401,930) (2013 est.)
|Dependency ratios:
| total dependency ratio: 46.9 %
youth dependency ratio: 42.6 %
elderly dependency ratio: 4.2 %
potential support ratio: 23.6 (2013)
|Median age:
| total: 26 years
male: 27 years
female: 24.8 years (2013 est.)
|Population growth rate:
|1.51% (2013 est.)
|Birth rate:
|19.01 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)
|Death rate:
|3.32 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)
|Net migration rate:
|-0.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)
| urban population: 82.3% of total population (2011)
rate of urbanization: 2.38% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
|Major urban areas - population:
|RIYADH (capital) 4.725 million; Jeddah 3.234 million; Mecca 1.484 million; Medina 1.104 million; Ad Dammam 902,000 (2009)
|Sex ratio:
| at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.15 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.36 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 1.22 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.08 male(s)/female
total population: 1.21 male(s)/female (2013 est.)
|Maternal mortality rate:
|24 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
|Infant mortality rate:
| total: 15.08 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 17.31 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 12.75 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)
|Life expectancy at birth:
| total population: 74.58 years
male: 72.58 years
female: 76.68 years (2013 est.)
|Total fertility rate:
|2.21 children born/woman (2013 est.)
|Contraceptive prevalence rate:
|23.8% (2007)
|Health expenditures:
|4.3% of GDP (2010)
|Physicians density:
|0.94 physicians/1,000 population (2008)
|Hospital bed density:
|2.2 beds/1,000 population (2009)
|Drinking water source:
| improved:
urban: 97% of population
urban: 3% of population (2010 est.)
|Sanitation facility access:
| improved:
urban: 100% of population (2010 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|0.01% (2001 est.)
|Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
|33% (2008)
|Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
|5.3% (2005)
|Education expenditures:
|5.6% of GDP (2008)
| definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 87.2%
male: 90.8%
female: 82.2% (2011 est.)
|School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
| total: 15 years
male: 15 years
female: 15 years (2011)
|Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
| total: 28.2%
male: 23.6%
female: 45.8% (2008)
|^Back to Top
|Country name:
| conventional long form: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
conventional short form: Saudi Arabia
local long form: Al Mamlakah al Arabiyah as Saudiyah
local short form: Al Arabiyah as Saudiyah
|Government type:
| name: Riyadh
geographic coordinates: 24 39 N, 46 42 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
|Administrative divisions:
|13 provinces (mintaqat, singular - mintaqah); Al Bahah, Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah (Northern Border), Al Jawf, Al Madinah (Medina), Al Qasim, Ar Riyad (Riyadh), Ash Sharqiyah (Eastern), 'Asir, Ha'il, Jizan, Makkah (Mecca), Najran, Tabuk
|23 September 1932 (unification of the kingdom)
|National holiday:
|Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932)
|governed according to Islamic law; the Basic Law that articulates the government's rights and responsibilities was promulgated by royal decree in 1992
|Legal system:
|Islamic (sharia) legal system with some elements of Egyptian, French, and customary law; note - several secular codes have been introduced; commercial disputes handled by special committees
|21 years of age; male
|Executive branch:
| chief of state: King and Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 1 August 2005); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SALMAN bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud, born 31 December 1935) ; note - the monarch is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: King and Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 1 August 2005); Deputy Prime Minister SALMAN bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 19 June 2012); Second Deputy Prime Minister MUQRIN bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since February 2013)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch every four years and includes many royal family members (For more information visit the World Leaders website )
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; note - an Allegiance Commission created by royal decree in October 2006 established a committee of Saudi princes that will play a role in selecting future Saudi kings, but the system will not take effect until after King ABDALLAH's successor inherits the throne
|Legislative branch:
|Consultative Council or Majlis al-Shura (150 members and a chairman appointed by the monarch to serve four-year terms); note - though the Council of Ministers announced in October 2003 its intent to introduce elections for a third of the Majlis al-Shura incrementally over a period of four to five years, to date no such elections have been held or announced
|Judicial branch:
| highest court(s): High Court (consists of the court chief and organized into circuits with 3-judge panels except the criminal circuit which has a 5-judge panel for cases involving major punishments) note - in 2005, King Abdullah issued decrees approving an overhaul of the judicial system and which were incorporated in the Judiciary Law of 2007; one change was the replacement of the Supreme Council of Justice with the High Court judge selection and term of office: the High Court chief and chiefs of the High Court Circuits appointed by royal decree following the recommendation of the Supreme Judiciary Council, a 10-member body of high level judges and other judicial heads; new judges and assistant judges serve 1- and 2- year probations, respectively, before permanent assignment
subordinate courts: Court of Appeals; first-degree courts composed of general, criminal, personal status, and commercial courts, and the Labor Court; hierarchy of administrative courts
|Political parties and leaders:
|Political pressure groups and leaders:
|Ansar Al Marah (supports women's rights) other: gas companies; religious groups
|International organization participation:
|ABEDA, AfDB (nonregional member), AFESD, AMF, BIS, CAEU, CP, FAO, G-20, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|National symbol(s):
|palm tree surmounting two crossed swords
|National anthem:
| name: "Aash Al Maleek" (Long Live Our Beloved King)
lyrics/music: Ibrahim KHAFAJI/Abdul Rahman al-KHATEEB
note: music adopted 1947, lyrics adopted 1984
|Diplomatic representation in the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Adil al-Ahmad al-JUBAYR
chancery: 601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone: [1] (202) 342-3800
consulate(s) general: Houston, Los Angeles, New York
|Diplomatic representation from the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador James B. SMITH
embassy: Collector Road M, Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh
mailing address: American Embassy, Unit 61307, APO AE 09803-1307; International Mail: P. O. Box 94309, Riyadh 11693
telephone: [966] (1) 488-3800
consulate(s) general: Dhahran, Jiddah (Jeddah)
|^Back to Top
Saudi Arabia has an oil-based economy with strong government controls over major economic activities. It possesses about 17% of the world's proven petroleum reserves, ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC. The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 80% of budget revenues, 45% of GDP, and 90% of export earnings. Saudi Arabia is encouraging the growth of the private sector in order to diversify its economy and to employ more Saudi nationals. Diversification efforts are focusing on power generation, telecommunications, natural gas exploration, and petrochemical sectors. Over 5 million foreign workers play an important role in the Saudi economy, particularly in the oil and service sectors, while Riyadh is struggling to reduce unemployment among its own nationals. Saudi officials are particularly focused on employing its large youth population, which generally lacks the education and technical skills the private sector needs. Riyadh has substantially boosted spending on job training and education, most recently with the opening of the King Abdallah University of Science and Technology - Saudi Arabia's first co-educational university. As part of its effort to attract foreign investment, Saudi Arabia acceded to the WTO in 2005. The government has begun establishing six "economic cities" in different regions of the country to promote foreign investment and plans to spend $373 billion between 2010 and 2014 on social development and infrastructure projects to advance Saudi Arabia''s economic development.
|GDP (purchasing power parity):
| GDP (purchasing power parity): $921.7 billion (2012 est.) $863 billion (2011 est.) $795.5 billion (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
|GDP (official exchange rate):
|GDP (official exchange rate): $727.3 billion (2012 est.)
|GDP - real growth rate:
|6.8% (2012 est.) 8.5% (2011 est.) 7.4% (2010 est.)
|GDP - per capita (PPP):
| GDP - per capita (PPP): $31,800 (2012 est.) $30,400 (2011 est.) $28,900 (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
|Gross national saving:
|53.5% of GDP (2012 est.) 54.8% of GDP (2011 est.) 49.7% of GDP (2010 est.)
|GDP - composition, by end use:
| household consumption: 26.4%
government consumption: 19.7%
investment in fixed capital: 26.6%
investment in inventories: 4.3%
exports of goods and services: 55.9%
imports of goods and services: -28.6% (2012 est.)
|GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
| household consumption: 26.4%
government consumption: 19.7%
investment in fixed capital: 26.6%
investment in inventories: 4.3%
exports of goods and services: 55.9%
imports of goods and services: -28.6% (2012 est.)
|Agriculture - products:
|wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus; mutton, chickens, eggs, milk
|crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, ammonia, industrial gases, sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), cement, fertilizer, plastics, metals, commercial ship repair, commercial aircraft repair, construction
|Industrial production growth rate:
|7.1% (2012 est.)
|Labor force:
|8.012 million note: about 80% of the labor force is non-national (2012 est.)
|Labor force - by occupation:
| agriculture: 6.7%
industry: 21.4%
services: 71.9% (2005 est.)
|Unemployment rate:
|10.6% (2012 est.) 10.9% (2011 est.) note: data are for Saudi males only (local bank estimates; some estimates range as high as 25%)
|Population below poverty line:
|Household income or consumption by percentage share:
| lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
| revenues: $326.5 billion
expenditures: $234.8 billion (2012 est.)
|Taxes and other revenues:
|44.9% of GDP (2012 est.)
|Public debt:
|11.5% of GDP (2012 est.) 11.2% of GDP (2011 est.)
|Fiscal year:
|calendar year
|Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4% (2012 est.) 4.9% (2011 est.)
|Current account balance:
|$150 billion (2012 est.) $158.5 billion (2011 est.)
|$395 billion (2012 est.) $364.7 billion (2011 est.)
|Exports - commodities:
|petroleum and petroleum products 90%
|Exports - partners:
|US 14.3%, China 13.7%, Japan 13.7%, South Korea 9.9%, India 8.2%, Singapore 4.3% (2012)
|$136.8 billion (2012 est.) $120 billion (2011 est.)
|Imports - commodities:
|machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, motor vehicles, textiles
|Imports - partners:
|China 13.5%, US 13.2%, South Korea 6.7%, Germany 6.5%, India 6.3%, Japan 6% (2012)
|Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|$656.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $541.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
|Debt - external:
|$134 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $113.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
|$221.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $204.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
|$20.81 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $17.72 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
|Market value of publicly traded shares:
|$338.9 billion (31 December 2011) $353.4 billion (31 December 2010) $318.8 billion (31 December 2009)
|Exchange rates:
|Saudi riyals (SAR) per US dollar - 3.75 (2012 est.) 3.75 (2011 est.) 3.75 (2010 est.) 3.75 (2009) 3.75 (2008)
|^Back to Top
|Electricity - production:
|212.3 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 20
|Electricity - consumption:
|186.1 billion kWh (2009 est.)
|Electricity - exports:
|0 kWh (2010 est.)
|Electricity - imports:
|0 kWh (2010 est.)
|Electricity - installed generating capacity:
|44.49 million kW (2009 est.)
|Electricity - from fossil fuels:
|100% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
|Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
|0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
|Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
|0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
|Electricity - from other renewable sources:
|0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
|Crude oil - production:
|10 million bbl/day (2012 est.)
|Crude oil - exports:
|6.88 million bbl/day (2011 est.)
|Crude oil - imports:
|0 bbl/day (2011 est.)
|Crude oil - proved reserves:
|264.6 billion bbl (1 January 2012 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - production:
|1.914 million bbl/day (2010 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - consumption:
|2.817 million bbl/day (2011 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - exports:
|951,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - imports:
|160,100 bbl/day (2010 est.)
|Natural gas - production:
|99.23 billion cu m (2011 est.)
|Natural gas - consumption:
|99.23 billion cu m (2011 est.)
|Natural gas - exports:
|0 cu m (2011 est.)
|Natural gas - imports:
|0 cu m (2011 est.)
|Natural gas - proved reserves:
|8.028 trillion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)
|Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
|478.4 million Mt (2010 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Telephones in use:
| 4.633 million (2011)
country comparison to the world: 32
|Cellular Phones in use:
|53.706 million (2011)
|Telephone system:
| general assessment: modern system including a combination of extensive microwave radio relays, coaxial cables, and fiber-optic cables
domestic: mobile-cellular subscribership has been increasing rapidly
international: country code - 966; landing point for the international submarine cable Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) and for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks providing connectivity to Asia, Middle East, Europe, and US; microwave radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (3 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region) (2011)
|Broadcast media:
|broadcast media are state-controlled; state-run TV operates 4 networks; Saudi Arabia is a major market for pan-Arab satellite TV broadcasters; state-run radio operates several networks; multiple international broadcasters are available (2007)
|Internet country code:
|Internet hosts:
|145,941 (2012)
|Internet users:
|9.774 million (2009)
|^Back to Top
| 214 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 26
|Airports (paved runways):
| total 82
over 3,047 m: 33
2,438 to 3,047 m: 16
1,524 to 2,437 m: 27
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 4 (2013)
|Airports (unpaved runways):
| total 132
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 72
914 to 1,523 m: 37
under 914 m: 16 (2013)
|10 (2013)
|condensate 209 km; gas 2,940 km; liquid petroleum gas 1,183 km; oil 5,117 km; refined products 1,151 km (2013)
| total 1,378 km
standard gauge: 1,378 km 1.435-m gauge (with branch lines and sidings) (2008)
| total 221,372 km
paved: 47,529 km (includes 3,891 km of expressways)
unpaved: 173,843 km (2006)
|Merchant marine:
| total 72
by type: cargo 1, chemical tanker 25, container 4, liquefied gas 2, passenger/cargo 10, petroleum tanker 20, refrigerated cargo 3, roll on/roll off 7
foreign-owned: 15 (Egypt 1, Greece 4, Kuwait 4, UAE 6)
registered in other countries: 55 (Bahamas 16, Dominica 2, Liberia 20, Malta 2, Norway 3, Panama 11, Tanzania 1) (2010)
|Ports and terminals:
|Ad Dammam, Al Jubayl, Jeddah, Yanbu al Bahr
|^Back to Top
|Military branches:
|Ministry of Defense and Aviation Forces: Royal Saudi Land Forces, Royal Saudi Naval Forces (includes Marine Forces and Special Forces), Royal Saudi Air Force (Al-Quwwat al-Jawwiya al-Malakiya as-Sa'udiya), Royal Saudi Air Defense Forces, Royal Saudi Strategic Rocket Forces, Saudi Arabian National Guard (SANG)
|Military service age and obligation:
|17 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)
|Manpower available for military service:
| males age 16-49: 8,644,522
females age 16-49: 6,601,985 (2010 est.)
|Manpower fit for military service:
| males age 16-49: 7,365,624
females age 16-49: 5,677,819 (2010 est.)
|Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
| male: 261,105
female: 244,763 (2010 est.)
|Military expenditures:
|9.1% of GDP (2012)
|^Back to Top
|Transnational Issues
|Disputes - International:
|Saudi Arabia has reinforced its concrete-filled security barrier along sections of the now fully demarcated border with Yemen to stem illegal cross-border activities; Kuwait and Saudi Arabia continue discussions on a maritime boundary with Iran; Saudi Arabia claims Egyptian-administered islands of Tiran and Sanafir
|Refugees and internally displaced persons:
| refugees (country of origin): 291,000 (Palestinian Territories) (2009)
stateless persons: 70,000 (2012); note - thousands of biduns (stateless Arabs) are descendants of nomadic tribes who were not officially registered when national borders were established, while others migrated to Saudi Arabia in search of jobs; some have temporary identification cards that must be renewed every five years, but their rights remain restricted; most Palestinians have only legal resident status; some naturalized Yemenis were made stateless after being stripped of their passports when Yemen backed Iraq in its invasion of Kuwait in 1990; Saudi women cannot pass their citizenship on to their children, so if they marry a non-national, their children risk statelessness
|Illicit drugs:
|death penalty for traffickers; improving anti-money-laundering legislation and enforcement
|^Back to Top
« Previous Country | Next Country » Back to Flag Counter Overview
Source: CIA - The World Factbook


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The eucalyptus is native to Australia, although it can be found throughout the world in varied environments including alpine, desert and wetland regions. It is a diverse species dominated by evergreens that range in size from low shrubs to very tall trees. Eucalyptus leaves are well known as the staple of the koala's diet. But the entire eucalyptus plant - its wood, flower nectar, leaves and oil - is also prized for its many benefits for people and the environment.
To reduce malaria, water-loving eucalyptus trees can be planted to drain marshes and swamps which are a favorite breeding ground of mosquitoes. To decrease the salinity in soil, salt-tolerant eucalyptus trees can help lower the water table. To supply a region with timber and firewood, eucalyptus wood is both fast-growing and dense. As a paper source, eucalyptus wood fibers are suitably shorter and more uniform than other hardwoods. To reduce fossil fuel dependence, eucalyptus hardwood is considered a bioenergy option. As a windbreak for crops and communities, the eucalyptus roots keep the tree anchored while its leaves help direct potentially damaging gusts upward.
Eucalyptus is also an active ingredient in modern medical formulations, after being renowned as a folk remedy for centuries. The earliest inhabitants of Australia, these Australian Aborigines, treated fevers with eucalyptus leaf teas, and wounds and infections with eucalyptus poultices. Prior to the advent of chemical cleaners, eucalyptus oil was used to disinfect hospital equipment and freshen rooms. Today, eucalyptus honey, eucalyptus leaves and eucalyptus oil are used for treating a myriad of ailments.
To heal minor skin abrasions and soothe insect bites and stings, eucalyptus honey can be applied to the affected area because it has antiseptic properties. Massaging eucalyptus honey into the skin may also alleviate joint pain and muscle stiffness. Those with a known bee allergy should avoid honey products. To repel mosquitoes, the CDC reports that the oil of lemon eucalyptus is as effective as low concentrations of DEET.
For the common cold, including sinus congestion and coughs, eucalyptus is a decongestant and can be found in rubs, hot steam vaporizer medications, and cough drops. Sore throats may be relieved with eucalyptus teas and gargle solutions. To loosen and clear the phlegm associated with bronchitis, an eucalyptus-based expectorant may be helpful.
To kill dust mites, a common cause of allergies and asthma, add eucalyptus oil to laundry detergent before washing sheets, blankets, pillows, curtains, and soft-cloth toys. To rid a mattress of dust mites, drops of eucalyptus oil can be added to distilled water and liquid organic soap before lightly spraying the mattress surface. The same solution can be sprayed on carpets before vacuuming.
Those suffering from mental fatigue and stress may find that a bath or shower infused with eucalyptus oil is rejuvenating. Eucalyptus has a distinctive camphor and pine-like scent and is considered a stimulant. Its warming affect may ease aches and chills, as well. Bathing products that contain eucalyptus include soaps, shampoos, conditioners, and bath additives such as salts and oils.
To maintain good oral health, brushing with a toothpaste that contains eucalyptus, and rinsing with a mouthwash that also contains eucalyptus, will help kill the bacteria that can cause bad breath, plaque, and gum disease.
To treat gastrointestinal distress, eucalyptus may help to clear germs from the digestive system because it is an antiviral and antibacterial. Before ingesting any eucalyptus product, consult a doctor for the proper dosage. Taking undiluted eucalyptus oil by mouth can be fatal. Seek medical attention immediately if there is stomach pain, dizziness, or muscle weakness, as it may indicate eucalyptus poisoning.
Eucalyptus also is an effective remedy for skin concerns because of its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. Eucalyptus-based ointments can be used to treat serious infections such as burns, wounds, and ulcers. Over-the-counter products containing eucalyptus can be used to clear acne and eczema. Eucalyptus-based formulations include cleansers, pads, toners, masks, and spot treatments. To minimize the irritation caused by shaving, eucalyptus oil can be found in topical solutions for before, during and after shaving. Eucalyptus can be used by all skin types, however, it is not recommended for those with sensitive skin. Do not apply eucalyptus oil directly to the skin. Instead, it should be diluted as directed by a health care provider.


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A native fruit of North America, cranberries are grown commercially throughout the northern portion of the United States as well as throughout Canada. The botanical name of the North American cranberry is Vaccinium macrocarpon. It belongs to the family of Ericaceae, which comprises approximately 1350 different species of plants, including the blueberry or Vaccinium augustifolium.
A low-growing perennial, the cranberry plant or shrub is woody with multiple vines. The leaves are small and ovate in shape. The horizontal stems, known as stolons, can grow as long as six feet. Buds on the stolons grow into short branches that are vertical and between two to eight inches in height, depending on whether they are vegetative or fruiting in nature. Each fruiting branch can grow up to seven flowers. Harvesting the fruit is accomplished by one of two methods - dry or wet. The wet harvest involves flooding the cranberry beds with water and beating the fruit from the plants. The floating cranberries are then gathered up for processing as juice or canned fruit. A picking machine is used during the dry harvest, and the fruit is cleaned and shipped fresh.
The vines flourish in a growing medium containing peat, clay, sand, and gravel. This type of ground is referred to as a bog. Popular thought credits glacial deposits with creating such bogs. Planting isn't necessary since the cranberry vine can survive for more than a hundred years. Massachusetts, Wisconsin, Washington, New Jersey, Oregon, and parts of Canada are the major growing areas for this fruit. However, the cranberry industry is also present in Maine, Michigan, New York, Delaware, and Rhode Island.
The Cranberry has enjoyed a long history of popularity. Native Americans used this berry as a food source and dying agent, as well as for its healing capabilities. They also incorporated it into many of their ceremonies. The early Pilgrims called it the craneberry, taking the name from the Sandhill crane, a bird with a head and bill that resembled the tiny, pink flowers that grow on the cranberry plant. They also adopted the uses that the Native Americans had for this fruit.
Cranberries are filled with antioxidants and natural nutrients, offering health benefits to anyone who includes them in their diet. Today, cranberries are available fresh, dried, canned, and as a liquid. Cranberry juice has long been touted with the ability to help prevent urinary tract infections by keeping the area free of bacteria due to its high acid concentration. It can also help to minimize unpleasant odor for those individuals who suffer from incontinence. Nonetheless, a physician should be seen when the condition merits it.
Following in the footsteps of the Native Americans, researchers have Emerging discovered that this tiny, tart, red fruit offers anti-carcinogenic and anti-aging benefits, as well as offering some protection from heart disease, dental caries, and ulcers. While studies are still necessary to firm up any suppositions, cranberries are commonly thought to offer health benefits for people suffering from cancer, scurvy, diabetes type 2, and lung inflammation. Regular ingestion of this powerful little fruit is thought to reduce swelling and prevent the clotting of the blood, while safeguarding against the incidence of atheroschlerosis.
A good source of vitamin C and rich antioxidants, cranberries offer impressive anti-aging benefits. When they are applied as an ingredient in a topical formulation, they neutralize free radicals in order to refine the appearance of fine lines and wrinkled skin. Plus, they help to stimulate the production of collagen, a necessary element of healthy, younger-looking skin. Cranberry Extract and Cranberry Seed Oil are actually the most potent forms of this tiny red berry. They offer anti-inflammatory relief, reducing unnecessary swelling, as well as moisturizing benefits that help to enhance the skin's lipid barrier protection. All of this protects the skin against environmental damage. Containing Omega-3 fatty acids, Cranberry Seed Oil acts as a super skin conditioner, emollient, and lubricant, delivering high concentrations of both vitamin A and vitamin E to the skin for even more antioxidant protection.
Recent research shows that cranberries are filled with PACs, powerful nutrients called Proanthocyanidins. Evidence has suggested that not only do PACs protect cranberries against bacteria and stressors from the environment, but they can protect the teeth from bacteria-causing bacteria.


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Originally Posted by ApocalypseLater: reality is, the books factor in EVERYTHING... far more than you do... and there's not much more that needs to be said
this might be the funniest thing I have ever read .. do you think these guys are in a secret society and I am not from the same planet ? rofl everything that i know or that i have on paper .. listen here >>>> some things dont need to be conveyed using words .. def not trying to type it all soooooooooooo perfect .. some things you might just know .. to try and tell you or any other stranger ? can be futile and after it is all said and done you wish you just kept your opinion to yourself .. some people will never get it .. you think you already know ... where you got this way of thinking from ? i know , seeing is believing and there is no one gifted enough to take someone somewhere they have never been within .. keep on chugging .. there is always a way to flip everything to make it suit your original theory or take .. all in all ? or why did i even reply ? because you dont have any clue who you are even typing back too .. the book ? vegas ? get real man .. come out of the labeling world you are in .. i come with no labels and no agenda other that to spread insight .. RAVENS WERE THE PLAY , + PTS WAS A JOKE , AN ILLUSION .. for people like you no doubt .. there is NO SUCH THING AS A FAV ON NEUTRAL SITES IN C-SHIP GAMES !!!!!!!!!! ARE WE CLEAR NOW ? TY play for real by amel larrieux and pretend you are seeing a new way of looking at things and trying not to label people that you dont know .. the book ? vegas ? or another word for both = propaganda more so than not , esp in big hig profile games .. you just dont know , but why should you know right .. can be bad luck even typing this ..
1_Luv <>
cool stuff man .. i was feelin it up until the 50 - 10 score .. lol
on the o/u talk .. i would never take the under here .. feelin like that would be the dumbest move ever .. forget anything anyone says outside of it could easily be balanced scoring for both teams here , thus the over has great chance .. and it could be the dreaded run up / blow out .. lol gotta say it right .. horford ? $2200 ? on an under ? in an indoor microwave new olleaaaaaaans ? lol .. ooh my i give ya 2 reasons why not to take the under here , balanced scoring 24 - 24 it has to tip over .. and a possible run up which is not uncommon .. esp since there are more ways pts gt put up than ways they dont .. yes that is too simple sounding to even be mentioned right .. not really ..
i wanted to add that if a team has to play from behind then they have to scrap the ground and pound burn the clock strat .. like i was saying it is up to the coaches more with their gameplan in earlier post .. say 2 int get returned for tds , thats 14 pts right there .. ouch . haha
it cracks me up when people think they are so much smarter than the books and... yea the books made SF the favorite because they think Baltimore should be the favorite... that's how it works!
holy crap!
sorry i cant resist .. lol
looked to me when it was 21 - 6 at halftime that vegas INDEED MADE THE WRONG TEAM THE FAVORITE .. ? did a light come on in your head at any point in this tender window of time ? the power outage was the outside mitigating factor thrown in to kill the ravens blowout of the mighty nfc team from the happy city ..
should we get into why the lights went out ? i would not know the answer right ? because i am not living in the state of nevada ? or in new orleans ? or i would not know because i dont have any family members that work for cbs , tony gotti banditto or tony the tiger .. ooh , i know but i dont have to let you know .. haha (that was fun) trying not to be too aggressive , is work yes .. 1
You know what Duh4u - I'm sorry, I owe you a HUGE apology. I don't know why it took me this long to pick up on all the signs:
*You're mulitple references to "Brokeback Mountain"
*You're flat out angry hatred of my sexy ladies avatars
*You're constant stalking, badgering and trolling of all the male cappers in here
*Finally, the "piece de resistance", you let it slip about some romantic sailing weekend to the Catalina Islands with someone named "Luigi"?
I know you're trying your hardest to suppress your feelings, but why don't you just come on out of that closet. The door is obviously wide open now. It's O.K., no judgement from me, I'm sure all of us have a friend or family member with an "alternative" lifestyle.....
Oh, and since you can't seem to find a worthy avatar of your own, I've come up with a couple for you:
- - maybe this is your style?
- - maybe this?
- - or maybe start small, like this?
.....and with this final gloriously crafted post that I'm sure you will read over and over again, The Quad will exit, only to return next football season to start the fun all over again.........


text:
"Once in a while you find a place on earth that becomes your very own. A place undefined. Waiting for you to bring your color, your self. A place untouched, unspoiled, undeveloped. Raw, honest, and haunting. No one, nothing is telling you how to feel or who to be. Let the mountains have you for a day…" Sundance
The night before we headed out into the back country of Philmont, we sat with our Ranger and talked about the trek. She introduced us to Roses, Thorns, and Buds and we shared our expectations of the trek. I feel that this was a great way to set the tone for the trek as it got our collective minds off the weight of our packs, the miles we would walk, and the challenges we would face. What I really thought touched me the most was how the Scouts in our crew opened up. Now, it is fair to say that for many of the members of our crew opening up may have meant that they had no idea what to expect and that they looked forward to having fun on the trail. But none the less, it was in the context of a nice discussion about what they wanted from Philmont.
When it was my turn to share my thoughts on expectations, hopes, and desires for the trek, I shared a simple thought about hiking. A while ago I either read or heard an old-time backpacker talk about hiking. He said that when you hike or backpack, you are either hiking to something or away from something. People hike for many reasons and deep in our hearts and minds there is a deeper purpose for why we put on a backpack and wander into the wilderness. Sometimes, we are doing both, hiking to find something and hiking to get away from something. That was my Philmont experience.
I was hiking to get away from the hustle of everything that the daily grind has to offer. I was hiking away from stress and drama. I was hiking to find me. Now that is pretty deep, and in all honesty I don't think that I ever really lost me, but deep inside I wanted to search for some parts of me that I thought were absent. The wilderness of Philmont was my hope in finding an absent spiritual self, an absent happiness, and a test of my physical abilities to push myself with these young men.
On the second day of the trek we were backpacking from Anasazi to Dean Cow. We woke up and broke camp, ate breakfast and hit the trail. The route took us up and over a few canyons. At one point we had been climbing for miles. Our Ranger suggested to the crew leader that at the top of this next ridge would be a great place to stop and take a 'packs off' break. So we continued to climb and reached the top of the ridge. Jackie, our Ranger, asked that we all follow her out to this great vista. It over looked the route that we had just traveled and the vast expanse of land looking into the North country of Philmont. The sun was shining bright and the sky was clear. We all took up places among the rocks on the bluff and Jackie began to talk about the Philmont Wilderness pledge. During that discussion she also talked about Philmont and what it meant to her. She shared her personal story about Philmont and to summarize, Philmont is a special place to her and is a part of her. She warned that it would also become a part of us and we would all find a special place in our lives for Philmont.
Then she read a quote from Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid; "One in a while you find a place on earth that becomes your very own. A place undefined. Waiting for you to bring your color, yourself. A place untouched, unspoiled, undeveloped. Raw, honest, and haunting. No one, nothing is telling you how to feel or who to be. Let the mountains have you for a day" After she shared this quote with us she asked that we separate for 5 minutes. Go to a place where we could not see or hear one another and think about what that meant to us.
After five minutes we returned and shared out thoughts on the quote. It was then that I found what I was hiking for and Philmont took its place in my heart. It was on that bluff that I saw the beauty of Philmont and would later see more. It was at that moment that my Philmont experience started to really take shape.
At the opening camp fire and member of the Philmont Staff got up and talked about Philmont and asked that we try not to 'define' it. I got it sitting on the bluff. Philmont can't be defined because it is something special, beautiful. majestic, challenging, breath-taking, fun, in many ways to everyone. We all see it differently and as the week went on and we shared Roses and Thorns each night the Philmont story for crew 810-N2 took shape in each of us. Each one of us had a shared experience and experienced individual triumphs, challenges, and emotions. Each of us found something spiritual in the mountains, each of us found laughter and fellowship in the crew, each of us found a piece of ourselves that can never be found in the noise of the city. Letting the Mountain have us for a day we found what we were hiking for.
For me and our crew it seemed that our Philmont trek was less about backpacking, but more about letting Philmont have us. After day two on the trail I gave myself to the mountain and as a result the mountain gave back.
I think it is true that when you hike you are either hiking to or away from something, I am glad that I found what I was looking for at Philmont.
And yep.. I wanna go back to Philmont!
Silver on the sage,
Starlit skies above,
Aspen covered hills,
Country that I love.
Philmont Here's thee,
Scouting Paradise,
Out in God's country, tonight
Wind in whispering pines,
Eagles soaring high,
Purple mountains rise,
Against an azure sky.
Philmont here's to the,
Scouting Paradise,
Out in God's country Tonight.
Have a Great Scouting Day!


text:
Bump Bump 104-Inch Sectional Sofa
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