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Who are you guys?
Accessori ford fiesta 2008
Many 2008 Ford Mustang parts needed to be changed with the addition of two new trims to the lineup. To start, the Shelby lineup expanded for 2008 with the addition of the Shelby GT500KR model. The 'KR' stands for 'King of the Road,' and commemorates the original Shelby GT500KR from the late 1960s. This model changes some 2008 Mustang parts under the hood to give the car much more power than a standard GT500. Several 08 Mustang parts were also changed to lighter counterparts to help shed weight and make the Shelby GT500KR even faster.
By Bill Tumas: A second special edition model, the 2008 Bullitt Mustang, was created to honor the 40th anniversary of the legendary movie car chase. Many 2008 Ford Mustang parts were changed for the Bullitt, including the appearance and with the addition of a unique 315 horsepower V-8. With these unique 2008 Mustang parts, only 5,600 were made-and sold out fast! Overall, though, the remaining 08 Mustang parts were left unchanged while sales continued to fall, dropping to 108,767 for 2008.
Some of the most popular 2008 Mustang parts to upgrade include new sequential taillights, aftermarket shifters, cold air intakes and exhausts. These 2008 Mustang parts & accessories can greatly increase the performance of your vehicle, while also helping it to look even better than it already does. These 2008 Mustang parts & accessories are also always readily available from CJ Pony Parts.
In addition to the wide variety of 2008 Mustang parts that can help up the style and performance of your car, CJ Pony Parts also offers dozens of parts that can help you accessorize your vehicle, home, workplace and even yourself! These 2008 Mustang accessories include many Mustang t-shirts, hats, hoodies and much more. You can also protect your Mustang with a stylish new car cover, or your home/workplace with a new Mustang clock. These, along with many other 2008 Mustang accessories, are all available for order today from CJ Pony Parts.
Aftermarket 2008 Ford Mustang parts continued to remain popular. CJ Pony Parts carries more than 2,200 2008 Mustang parts for any owner to customize and personalize their pony car. American Racing Headers, BBK, Magnaflow, and Scott Drake are just a few of the popular vendors of 08 Mustang parts from CJ Pony Parts. Order now and these 2008 Ford Mustang parts can be shipped on the same day, with free shipping on most parts. CJ Pony Parts also offers an experienced, knowledgeable sales and customer care team. They are available to help with orders on 2008 Mustang parts, or provide any technical assistance or installation support. Call CJ Pony Parts today, or chat with the team on our website!


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Web Stories
Map shows new campus voting districts, polling stations for Nov. 6 general election
Posted November 2, 2012; 11:00 a.m.
Residents of the Princeton University campus can find the location of their voting districts and polling stations for the Nov. 6 General Election Day through an online map. Polls will be open from 6 a.m. to 8 p.m.
This is the first general election of the newly consolidated Princeton Borough and Township and will be to elect federal, state and local officials.
All the voting districts have changed. Now, instead of being part of five districts, the majority of the University campus will be in the new District No. 7 and will vote at the Icahn Laboratory. Those residing in the eating clubs will now vote in the new District No. 8 at the Computer Science Building. Special note to those who live in Stanworth Apartments and vote in District 9: Because of power outages, many polling places in town have been relocated. Those who live in Stanworth will now vote in the John Witherspoon Middle School Gymnasium, 217 Walnut Lane.
Made available by the Offices of Community and Regional Affairs and the Dean of Undergraduate Students, the map shows the voting districts, as well as the location of the polling stations in each.
All students should bring their Princeton University ID card for identification.
Additional voting information for New Jersey residents is available on the New Jersey Division of Elections website.

subset: commoncrawl


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Skip to main content
Between tracking medication dosages, pharmacy numbers, insurance plans and more, pulmonary hypertension can be a time consuming disease. By taking the time to plan ahead, you can get and stay organized. Coordinating your healthcare doesn't have to stand in the way of doing the things you love.
The Empowered Patient Online Toolkit was designed by experienced PH patients and healthcare professionals to help you create your own PH-specific medical binder. Download the resources below, personalize them, and then either save them to an electronic flash drive or print them out and store them in a three-ring binder with tabs. Bring your binder with you to all appointments and any time you are admitted to the hospital.
For optimal viewing of PHAssociation.org, please use a standards-compliant browser such as Google Chrome or Firefox.
The information provided on the PHA website is provided for general information only. It is not intended as legal, medical or other professional advice, and should not be relied upon as a substitute for consultations with qualified professionals who are familiar with your individual needs. PHA does not endorse or recommend any commercial products or services.
801 Roeder Road, Ste. 1000, Silver Spring, MD 20910 Patient-to-Patient Support Line: firstname.lastname@example.com Privacy Policy Terms of Use Provide Feedback & Report Bugs
Designed by Matrix Group International, Inc.® | © 2017 Pulmonary Hypertension Association. All Rights Reserved.
The National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) awarded PHA the Abbey S. Meyers Leadership Award in 2012 for outstanding service to PHA members in advocacy, education and other key areas.


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How To Repair Windows Error Code
8 Comments
May 10, 2009 Posted by: Jeff Smith
Critical Error Statistics
Statistics show that around 90% of all computers suffer from critical registry errors that put them at serious risk.
**Professional Recommended**
"HELP!! I've got error code 9"
If you've seen Error Code then you've probably seen some of this stuff too:
That's what I hear almost every time I answer the phone. Today, I got a call from a guy who had just began getting an error code message and wanted to get it fixed before things got worse. Fortunately, a quick registry fix solved his issue. You can also download the tool here.
What causes Error Code
There can be many causes for the error code 9. It can be causes by a viruses, malware, spyware, adware or simply a corrupt application. Sometimes, it can be caused by installing a new application without completely removing a conflicting application. This can cause registry corruption or data file corruption or mis-linked files.(I talked about using Perfect Uninstaller for application removal)
I remember spending countless hours working my way through the windows registry deleting accumulated bad entries. But now, it's as simple as getting a registry tool to resolve registry errors and that is the fastest solution to this issue. No more need to be "technical" any longer.
After you download the tool, simply press the scan button and let the application do it's thing. When it's done, just tell it to clean up that messed up registry and fix that error.. FINALLY.
Another note on the windows registry...
You can seriously jack up your registry by trying to fumble through it and remove entries. Sometimes, even directions on a webpage may not be specific enough to walk you through it. One wrongly deleted key and you find yourself re-installing windows. You should definitely use the tool I use and recommend.
Another leading cause of Error Code
Another cause of this error could be spyware, adware, or malware. This is something very real plaguing the internet today and can cause a variety of weird errors and problems with your windows PC. I've seen everything from 20 pop-ups a second until the system crashes to fake blue screens and errors in the name of selling you their product. I recommend using something that you've probably heard of though. That product is good old fashioned Ad Aware. It's been around for years and does a great job. While the free version cleans up some things, it doesn't even compare to the paid version.
Well, I hope this info helps out someone out there. Please post a comment to let me know if it does!
Happy Computing!
8 Comments Found
Posted By MikeMonell
Jeff, thanks again man. You've been one of the most helpful computer guys on the internets for several years. Your Registry Tool found almost 300 errors!! Once I finished cleaning everything up (yes! even I can use it. LOL), I didn't have the error.
Posted By Admin
haha.. no problem Mike. Glad you got it workin.
Posted By PCNut
Thanks for this post man. I usually like to manually resolve this kind of thing, but that tool kicks ass. Where I could have spent hours, it only took a few minutes. Error B Gone. -PCNut
Posted By RogerInNebraska
2 words: Awesome Advice. I had RegCure on a PC a few years back and I'd forgotten about it until I read this.It works almost every time.
Posted By NeilC
Good stuff Jeff. Like your other articles on this site too. Keep em coming!
Posted By TracyW
OMG! This saved me over 150.00!! That's what it cost me just over a month ago at the computer repair place. Thanks!
Posted By JessicaBostonMA
Simply amazing. One tool that backs up everything, cleans up fragmented registry, and restores order to the Microsoft Madness lol
Posted By TomFromCanada
This product really does work eh? I guess I'll download it and let ya know.
Windows Error Repair Error Code


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- aerospace [4]
- construction [9]
- consumer products [4]
- customer service [1]
- energy systems [10]
- finance [2]
- healthcare [32]
- industrial products [7]
- IT & telecom [1]
- logistics [22]
- military, defense, safety [5]
- science and education [26]
- social research [17]
- technology [25]
- asset management [3]
- business processes [16]
- communication networks [2]
- epidemiology [10]
- freight traffic modeling [8]
- labour market [3]
- management [22]
- manufacturing processes [14]
- market modeling [7]
- marketing [8]
- personnel [3]
- strategic management [11]
- supply chain management [10]
- agent based modeling [77]
- discrete event modeling [46]
- multimethod modeling [28]
- system dynamics modeling [40]
Comparison between Individual-based and Aggregate Models in the context of Tuberculosis Transmission Tian, Y. and Osgood, N., Proceedings, The 29 th International conference of the System Dynamics Society. July 2011, Washington, D.C.
The desire to better understand the transmission of infectious disease in the real world has motivated the representation of epidemic diffusion in the context of quantitative simulation. In recent decades, both individual-based (such as Agent-Based) models and aggregate models (such as System Dynamics) are widely used in epidemiological modeling. This paper compares the difference between system dynamics models and agent-based models in the context of Tuberculosis (TB) transmission, considering smoking as a risk factor.» Mehr lesen
Representing Progression and Interactions of Comorbidities in Aggregate and Individual-Based Systems Models Osgood, N. Proceedings, The 27th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society, July 2009, Albuquerque
Healthcare simulation models have attracted significant offered important insights in to health policy selection. More complete accounting for the cost and health implications of upstream interventions is hindered by the need to consider impact on, and interactions between, multiple comorbidities. Within this paper, we explore several distinct approaches for representing comorbidities, some of them at the aggregate level, and some of them at the individual level. All of these representations have the virtue of being declarative, in that they allow the user to focus on what is to be characterized, rather than how it is to be implemented. Our exploration suggests that while several aggregate representations of comorbidities are possible, they suffer from a variety of shortcomings, ranging from low fidelity to combinatorial blowup. While individual-level representations impose a heavy performance load, greater difficulties in calibration and less rapid analysis, such representations do offer greater transparency, modifiability, scalability, and modularity, and ease of representing transmission and influence networks. With much to recommend each approach, further research is needed to shed additional light on the tradeoffs and identify situations where one representation is preferable to another.» Mehr lesen
The GAP-DRG Model: Simulation of Outpatient Care for Comparison of Different Reimbursement Schemes Patrick Einzinger, Niki Popper, Felix Breitenecker et al., Proceedings of the 2013 Winter Simulation Conference
In healthcare the reimbursement of medical providers is an important topic and can influence the overall outcome. We present the agent-based healthcare model, which allows a comparison of reimbursement schemes in outpatient care. It models patients and medical providers as agents. In the simulation of healthcare system, patients develop medical problems (i.e., diseases) and a need for medical services. This leads to utilization of medical providers. The reimbursement system receives information on the patients' visits via its generic interface, which facilitates an easy replacement. We describe the assumptions of the model in detail and show how it makes extensive use of available Austrian routine care data for its parameterization. The model design is optimized for utilizing as much of these data as possible. However, many assumptions have to be simplifications. Further work and detailed comparisons with healthcare data will provide insight on which assumptions are valid descriptions of the real process.» Mehr lesen
Agent-Based Simulation of a Tuberculosis Epidemic Parastu Kasaie, David W. Dowdy, W. David Kelton, Proceedings of the 2013 Winter Simulation Conference
We propose an epidemic agent-based simulation model for disease (TB) transmission dynamics study and to find out the role of various contact networks. Our model simulates the TB epidemic course across a single population and uses a hierarchical network of contacts in three levels, typical to the transmission of airborne diseases (Mossong et al. 2005). Parameters are chosen from the literature, and the model is calibrated to a setting of high TB incidence. We use our model to study the transmission dynamics at an individual level with regard to the timing and distribution of secondary infections from a single source. The average time for disease diffusion to reach 50% of infections at an individual level is estimated, and the timing patterns are compared among different networks. We perform sensitivity analysis of results with regard to multiple parameter values, and discuss the implications for TB control policy.» Mehr lesen
West Nile Virus System Dynamics Investigation In Dallas County, TX Mohammad F. Obeid, John Shull, Proceedings of the 2013 Winter Simulation Conference
After its first introduction in 1999, West Nile Virus (WNV) has spread very widely along the east coasts of the United States before appearing in Texas where 1792 cases were reported of which 82 were fatal in 2012. The interesting patterns and behavior of the virus and its amplified impact on the county of Dallas drove this work. This paper encompasses a thorough development of a systems dynamics simulation model of virus's infectious behavior and dynamics in Dallas County, TX utilizing historical data collected and the aid of suitable software packages.» Mehr lesen
A Modular Simulation Model For Assessing Interventions For Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms Christoph Urach, Günther Zauner, Gottfried Endel, Ingrid Wilbacher, Felix Breitenecker, Proceedings of the 2013 Winter Simulation Conference
This paper discusses the development of an individual based simulation of interventions for better treatment of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). The interdisciplinary subject required collaboration of medical doctors, Health Technology Assessment (HTA) experts and modelers.» Mehr lesen
Prospective Healthcare Decision-Making By Combined System Dynamics, Discrete-Event And Agent-Based Simulation Anatoli Djanatliev, Reinhard German, Proceedings of the 2013 Winter Simulation Conference
Prospective Health Technology Assessment allows early decision making for innovative health care technologies. In our recent publications a hybrid simulation approach with System Dynamics and Agent-Based Modeling has been presented. This paper presents a mechanism to generate agents dynamically from SD models and extends the previously presented hybrid approach by process-oriented Discrete Event Simulation for hospital modeling.» Mehr lesen
Large Scale Healthcare Modeling by Hybrid Simulation Techniques using AnyLogic Anatoli Djanatliev and Reinhard German, Computer Networks and Communication Systems Department of Computer Science 7. Proceedings of the 6th International ICST Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques
This paper describes a methodical and practical approach of hybrid model creation using the simulation tool AnyLogic. We focus on general modeling aspects and on advanced techniques using a Level-Based Architecture that help to develop large scale hybrid simulation models. An implementation of a stroke therapy use-case and its simulation results will be discussed. Finally, some practical ideas for validation will be outlined, as we experienced during the stroke use-case development.» Mehr lesen
Simulazione discreta con il software AnyLogic. Caratteristiche generali e applicazione ad unostudio oculistico Mattia Munaro, the University of Padua, Faculty of Engineering, 2009-2010
AnyLogic è un ambiente di modellazione virtuale di sistemi discreti, continui ed ibridi. Con questo strumento è possibile creare prototipi di sistemi durante le fasi di studio, progettazione o sviluppo, attraverso cui esplorare aspetti e dettagli della progettazione o della implementazione dei relativi sistemi in modo semplice e privo di rischi» Mehr lesen
A simulation modeling approach for improving oral health outcomes of older adults Michael J. Widener, University at Buffalo
This interdisciplinary research focuses on improving the oral health of older adults as a means of enhancing their overall wellbeing and quality of life. Periodontal disease is a risk factor for other chronic illnesses, notably diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In order to identify policies that improve oral health for older adults, a dynamic modeling approach that considers community and individual level factors is utilized.» Mehr lesen


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Salsa Verde
Back in May when I made the Chicken Enchiladas in Green Sauce I had wanted to make the green sauce (or salsa verde) from scratch but I was unable to find any tomatillos . I was a bit depressed because I could not recall having ever seen any tomatillos in any grocery store ever. I resigned myself to using canned salsa verde. When I was at the farmers market on the weekend I saw some tomatillos and quickly picked them up!
Salsa verde is pretty simple to make. You pretty much just cook the tomatillos and blend everything into a salsa. It was great! It was super fresh, it had a great flavour and some heat. I wanted to enjoy the salsa verde for itself so I used it as a dip for tortilla chips. I made a enough that I have some left over that I look forward to using in another dish.
The article on wikipedia says that tomatillos can be frozen. I think I will try to get some more and freeze them so that I can make my own salsa verde again when I cannot find fresh tomatillos.
Update (10/22/2008):
I have made salsa verde a bunch of times over the last year and I have tried playing around with it in different ways. One of the first new things that I tried was roasting the tomatillos as suggested in the comments below and it turned out great! Roasting vegetables always adds a lot of flavour. I also tried adding some chipotle chilies to add some smokey heat to the salsa verde and it also turned out really well.
Salsa Verde
- 1 pound tomatillos (husks removed)
- 2 jalapeno peppers (sliced in half and seeded)
- 1 small onion (sliced into 8 wedges)
- 2 cloves garlic
- 1 lime (juice and zest)
- 1/2 cup cilantro
- salt and pepper to taste
- Place the tomatillos, jalapenoes and onion in a single layer on a baking sheet with the skin of the peppers up.
- Broil in the oven until the tomatillos are blackened all over and the jalapenos skin is blackened. Note: You may have to remove the peppers from the oven before the tomatillos. (Feel free to remove the charred outer skins first.)
- Place everything into a food processor and puree.
Chili Verde
Salsa Verde Turkey Burger
Salsa Verde Carnitas
Tilapia Baked in Salsa Verde
Salsa Verde Lasagna
Salsa Verde Pulled Chicken Sandwich
Salsa Verde Huevos Rancheros
Turkey and Zucchini Green Chili
Mushroom and Zucchini Enchiladas
Roasted Tomato Salsa
Asparagus Huevos Rancheros
Roast Asparagus and Caramelized Mushroom Quesadillas with Goat Cheese
Chicken and Avocado Enchiladas in Creamy Avocado Sauce
Carnitas Tacos
Carnitas Eggs Benedict
Summer Vegetable Quinoa Burrito Bowls with Corn, Zucchini and Black Beans
Grilled Corn, Roasted Poblano and Bacon Zucchini Crust Pizza
Pork Tinga Quesadillas
Quinoa White Chicken Chili
Chicken Carnitas Burrito Bowl with Cilantro Lime Cauliflower Rice
Cilantro Lime Salmon Taquitos
Taco Salad
Chicken and Avocado Burritos
Chicken Enchiladas in Salsa Verde
Shrimp Tacos
Fish Tacos
Aztec Soup
Avocado and Sweet Corn Salad
Corn and Black Bean Tortilla Pie
Corn, Zucchini and Chicken Pizza
Creamy Avocado Salsa Verde Dressing
Slow Cooker Chicken Carnitas Tacos
Chicken and Avocado Enchiladas
Chicken Enchilada Stuffed Avocados


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Estonia Population: 1,266,37522 VISITORS FROM HERE!
« Previous Country | Next Country » Back to Flag Counter Overview
|After centuries of Danish, Swedish, German, and Russian rule, Estonia attained independence in 1918. Forcibly incorporated into the USSR in 1940 - an action never recognized by the US - it regained its freedom in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union. Since the last Russian troops left in 1994, Estonia has been free to promote economic and political ties with the West. It joined both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004, formally joined the OECD in late 2010, and adopted the euro as its official currency on 1 January 2011.
The mainland terrain is flat, boggy, and partly wooded; offshore lie more than 1,500 islands
|Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland, between Latvia and Russia
|Geographic coordinates:
| total: 45,228 sq km
land: 42,388 sq km
water: 2,840 sq km
note: includes 1,520 islands in the Baltic Sea
Size comparison: slightly smaller than New Hampshire and Vermont combined
|Land Boundaries:
| total: 633 km
border countries: Latvia 343 km, Russia 290 km
|3,794 km
|Maritime claims:
| territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: limits fixed in coordination with neighboring states
|maritime; wet, moderate winters, cool summers
|marshy, lowlands; flat in the north, hilly in the south
|Elevation extremes:
| lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m
highest point: Suur Munamagi 318 m
|Natural resources:
|oil shale, peat, rare earth elements, phosphorite, clay, limestone, sand, dolomite, arable land, sea mud
|Land use:
| arable land: 13.97%
permanent crops: 0.13%
other: 85.89% (2011)
|Irrigated land:
|4.58 sq km (2010)
|Natural hazards:
|sometimes flooding occurs in the spring
|Current Environment Issues:
|air polluted with sulfur dioxide from oil-shale burning power plants in northeast; however, the amount of pollutants emitted to the air have fallen steadily, the emissions of 2000 were 80% less than in 1980; the amount of unpurified wastewater discharged to water bodies in 2000 was 1/20 the level of 1980; in connection with the start-up of new water purification plants, the pollution load of wastewater decreased; Estonia has more than 1,400 natural and manmade lakes, the smaller of which in agricultural areas need to be monitored; coastal seawater is polluted in certain locations
|International Environment Agreements:
| party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
|^Back to Top
| noun: Estonian(s)
adjective: Estonian
|Ethnic groups:
|Estonian 68.7%, Russian 25.6%, Ukrainian 2.1%, Belarusian 1.2%, Finn 0.8%, other 1.6% (2008 census)
|Estonian (official) 67.3%, Russian 29.7%, other 2.3%, unknown 0.7% (2000 census)
|Evangelical Lutheran 13.6%, Orthodox 12.8%, other Christian (including Methodist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal) 1.4%, unaffiliated 34.1%, other and unspecified 32%, none 6.1% (2000 census)
|1,266,375 (July 2013 est.)
|Age structure:
| 0-14 years: 15.4% (male 100,605/female 94,831)
15-24 years: 11.9% (male 77,302/female 73,446)
25-54 years: 41.3% (male 250,997/female 272,460)
55-64 years: 13.1% (male 71,442/female 94,278)
65 years and over: 18.2% (male 76,356/female 154,658) (2013 est.)
|Dependency ratios:
| total dependency ratio: 51.2 %
youth dependency ratio: 23.9 %
elderly dependency ratio: 27.3 %
potential support ratio: 3.7 (2013)
|Median age:
| total: 41 years
male: 37.4 years
female: 44.3 years (2013 est.)
|Population growth rate:
|-0.66% (2013 est.)
|Birth rate:
|10.38 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)
|Death rate:
|13.65 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)
|Net migration rate:
|-3.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)
| urban population: 69.5% of total population (2011)
rate of urbanization: 0.02% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
|Major urban areas - population:
|TALLINN (capital) 399,000 (2009)
|Sex ratio:
| at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.76 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.49 male(s)/female
total population: 0.84 male(s)/female (2013 est.)
|Mother's mean age at first birth:
|26.3 (2010 est.)
|Maternal mortality rate:
|2 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
|Infant mortality rate:
| total: 6.82 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 7.94 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.63 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)
|Life expectancy at birth:
| total population: 73.82 years
male: 68.58 years
female: 79.4 years (2013 est.)
|Total fertility rate:
|1.45 children born/woman (2013 est.)
|Contraceptive prevalence rate:
|63.4% note: percent of women aged 18-49 (2005)
|Health expenditures:
|6% of GDP (2010)
|Physicians density:
|3.41 physicians/1,000 population (2008)
|Hospital bed density:
|5.4 beds/1,000 population (2009)
|Drinking water source:
| improved:
urban: 99% of population
rural: 97% of population
total: 98% of population
urban: 1% of population
rural: 3% of population
total: 2% of population (2010 est.)
|Sanitation facility access:
| improved:
urban: 96% of population
rural: 94% of population
total: 95% of population
urban: 4% of population
rural: 6% of population
total: 5% of population (2010 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|1.2% (2009 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|9,900 (2009 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|fewer than 500 (2009 est.)
|Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
|20.6% (2008)
|Education expenditures:
|6.1% of GDP (2009)
| definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.8%
male: 99.8%
female: 99.8% (2011 est.)
|School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
| total: 16 years
male: 15 years
female: 17 years (2010)
|Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
| total: 22.4%
male: 23.8%
female: 20.7% (2011)
|^Back to Top
|Country name:
| conventional long form: Republic of Estonia
conventional short form: Estonia
local long form: Eesti Vabariik
local short form: Eesti
former: Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
|Government type:
|parliamentary republic
| name: Tallinn
geographic coordinates: 59 26 N, 24 43 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
|Administrative divisions:
| 15 counties (maakonnad, singular - maakond); Harjumaa (Tallinn), Hiiumaa (Kardla), Ida-Virumaa (Johvi), Jarvamaa (Paide), Jogevamaa (Jogeva), Laanemaa (Haapsalu), Laane-Virumaa (Rakvere), Parnumaa (Parnu), Polvamaa (Polva), Raplamaa (Rapla), Saaremaa (Kuressaare), Tartumaa (Tartu), Valgamaa (Valga), Viljandimaa (Viljandi), Vorumaa (Voru)
note: counties have the administrative center name following in parentheses
|20 August 1991 (declared); 6 September 1991 (recognized by the Soviet Union)
|National holiday:
|Independence Day, 24 February (1918); note - 24 February 1918 was the date Estonia declared its independence from Soviet Russia and established its statehood; 20 August 1991 was the date it declared its independence from the Soviet Union
|adopted 28 June 1992
|Legal system:
|civil law system
|18 years of age; universal for all Estonian citizens
|Executive branch:
| chief of state: President Toomas Hendrik ILVES (since 9 October 2006)
head of government: Prime Minister Andrus ANSIP (since 12 April 2005)
cabinet: Ministers appointed by the prime minister, approved by Parliament (For more information visit the World Leaders website )
elections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); if a candidate does not secure two-thirds of the votes after three rounds of balloting in the Parliament, then an electoral assembly (made up of Parliament plus members of local councils) elects the president, choosing between the two candidates with the largest number of votes; election last held on 29 August 2011 (next to be held in the fall of 2016); prime minister nominated by the president and approved by Parliament
election results: Toomas Hendrik ILVES reelected president; parliamentary vote - Toomas Hendrik ILVES 73, Indrek TARAND 25
|Legislative branch:
| unicameral Parliament or Riigikogu (101 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held on 6 March 2011 (next to be held in March 2015)
election results: percent of vote by party - Estonian Reform Party 28.6%, Center Party of Estonia 23.3%, IRL 20.5%, SDE 17.1%, Estonian Greens 3.8%, Estonian People's Union 2.1%, other 4.6%; seats by party - Estonian Reform Party 33, Center Party 21, IRL 23, SDE 19, unaffiliated 5
|Judicial branch:
| highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and organized into the Civil Chamber with a chamber chairman and 6 justices, the Criminal Chamber with a chamber chairman and 5 justices, the Administrative Law Chamber with a chamber chairman and 4 justices, and the Constitutional Review Chamber with 9 members - the chief justice and 2 justices from the Civil Chamber, 3 from the Criminal Chamber and 3 from the Administrative chamber) judge selection and term of office: the chief justice is proposed by the president and appointed by the Riigikogu; other justices proposed by the chief justice and appointed by the Riigikogu; justices appointed for life
subordinate courts: circuit (appellate) courts; administrative, county, city, and specialized courts
|Political parties and leaders:
|Center Party of Estonia (Keskerakond) [Edgar SAVISAAR] Estonian Greens (Rohelised) [Aleksander LAANE] Estonian Conservative People's Party (Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond) or EKRE [Margo MILJAND] Estonian Reform Party (Reformierakond) [Andrus ANSIP] Social Democratic Party or SDE [Sven MIKSER] Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica (Isamaa je Res Publica Liit) or IRL [Urmas REINSALU]
|Political pressure groups and leaders:
|International organization participation:
|Australia Group, BA, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|National symbol(s):
|barn swallow, cornflower
|National anthem:
| name: "Mu isamaa, mu onn ja room" (My Native Land, My Pride and Joy)
lyrics/music: Johann Voldemar JANNSEN/Fredrik PACIUS
note: adopted 1920, though banned between 1940 and 1990 under Soviet occupation; the anthem, used in Estonia since 1869, shares the same melody with that of Finland but has different lyrics
|Diplomatic representation in the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Marina KALJURAND
chancery: 2131 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 588-0101
consulate(s) general: New York
|Diplomatic representation from the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Jeffrey LEVINE
embassy: Kentmanni 20, 15099 Tallinn
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [372] 668-8100
|^Back to Top
Estonia, a member of the European Union and the eurozone since 2004, has a modern market-based economy and one of the higher per capita income levels in Central Europe and the Baltic region. Estonia's successive governments have pursued a free market, pro-business economic agenda and have wavered little in their commitment to pro-market reforms. The current government has followed sound fiscal policies that have resulted in balanced budgets and low public debt. The economy benefits from strong electronics and telecommunications sectors and strong trade ties with Finland, Sweden, Russia, and Germany. Tallinn's priority has been to sustain high growth rates - on average 8% per year from 2003 to 2007. Estonia's economy fell into recession in mid-2008 with GDP contracting 14.3% in 2009, as a result of an investment and consumption slump following the bursting of the real estate market bubble and a decrease in export demand as result of economic slowdown in the rest of Europe. Estonia rebounded nearly 8% in 2011 and the Estonian economy now has one of the higher GDP growth rates in Europe. Estonia adopted the euro on 1 January 2011.
|GDP (purchasing power parity):
| GDP (purchasing power parity): $29.57 billion (2012 est.) $28.64 billion (2011 est.) $26.45 billion (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
|GDP (official exchange rate):
|GDP (official exchange rate): $21.86 billion (2012 est.)
|GDP - real growth rate:
|3.2% (2012 est.) 8.3% (2011 est.) 3.3% (2010 est.)
|GDP - per capita (PPP):
| GDP - per capita (PPP): $22,100 (2012 est.) $21,400 (2011 est.) $19,700 (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
|Gross national saving:
|24.1% of GDP (2012 est.) 26.9% of GDP (2011 est.) 23.1% of GDP (2010 est.)
|GDP - composition, by end use:
| household consumption: 50.1%
government consumption: 18.8%
investment in fixed capital: 24.5%
investment in inventories: 5.8%
exports of goods and services: 89.1%
imports of goods and services: -88.3% (2012 est.)
|GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
| household consumption: 50.1%
government consumption: 18.8%
investment in fixed capital: 24.5%
investment in inventories: 5.8%
exports of goods and services: 89.1%
imports of goods and services: -88.3% (2012 est.)
|Agriculture - products:
|grain, potatoes, vegetables; livestock and dairy products; fish
|engineering, electronics, wood and wood products, textiles; information technology, telecommunications
|Industrial production growth rate:
|2.2% (2012 est.)
|Labor force:
|695,000 (2012 est.)
|Labor force - by occupation:
| agriculture: 4.2%
industry: 20.2%
services: 75.6% (2010)
|Unemployment rate:
|10.2% (2012 est.) 12.5% (2011 est.)
|Population below poverty line:
|17.5% (2010)
|Household income or consumption by percentage share:
| lowest 10%: 2.7%
highest 10%: 27.7% (2004)
|Distribution of family income - Gini index:
|31.3 (2010) 37 (1999)
| revenues: $8.144 billion
expenditures: $8.201 billion (2012 est.)
|Taxes and other revenues:
|37.2% of GDP (2012 est.)
|Public debt:
| 5.7% of GDP (2012 est.) 5.9% of GDP (2011 est.)
note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social security funds
|Fiscal year:
|calendar year
|Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.9% (2012 est.) 5% (2011 est.)
|Current account balance:
|$498 million (2012 est.) $477 million (2011 est.)
|$16.16 billion (2012 est.) $16.78 billion (2011 est.)
|Exports - commodities:
|machinery and electrical equipment 21%, wood and wood products 9%, metals 9%, furniture 7%, vehicles and parts 5%, food products and beverages 4%, textiles 4%, plastics 3%
|Exports - partners:
|Sweden 16.8%, Finland 15.3%, Russia 12.7%, Latvia 9.2%, Lithuania 5.7%, Germany 4.8% (2012)
|$17.05 billion (2012 est.) $17.09 billion (2011 est.)
|Imports - commodities:
|machinery and electrical equipment, mineral fuels, chemical products, foodstuffs, plastics, textiles
|Imports - partners:
|Finland 15.1%, Germany 10.7%, Sweden 10.7%, Latvia 10%, Lithuania 9%, Poland 6.6%, China 4.4%, Russia 4.1% (2012)
|Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|$246.4 million (31 December 2012 est.) $207.5 million (31 December 2011 est.)
|Debt - external:
|$25.55 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $25.01 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
|$17.45 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $16.65 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
|$6.609 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $7.359 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
|Market value of publicly traded shares:
|$1.611 billion (31 December 2011) $2.26 billion (31 December 2010) $2.654 billion (31 December 2009)
|Exchange rates:
|kroon (EEK) per US dollar - 0.778 (2012 est.) 0.72 (2011 est.) 11.81 (2010 est.) 11.23 (2009) 10.7 (2008)
|^Back to Top
|Electricity - production:
|12.89 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 88
|Electricity - consumption:
|7.755 billion kWh (2009 est.)
|Electricity - exports:
|4.354 billion kWh (2010 est.)
|Electricity - imports:
|1.1 billion kWh (2010 est.)
|Electricity - installed generating capacity:
|2.661 million kW (2009 est.)
|Electricity - from fossil fuels:
|94.6% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
|Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
|0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
|Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
|0.3% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
|Electricity - from other renewable sources:
|5.1% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
|Crude oil - production:
|7,700 bbl/day (2011 est.)
|Crude oil - exports:
|0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
|Crude oil - imports:
|0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
|Crude oil - proved reserves:
|0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - production:
|0 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - consumption:
|26,340 bbl/day (2011 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - exports:
|0 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - imports:
|23,270 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|Natural gas - production:
|0 cu m (2010 est.)
|Natural gas - consumption:
|701 million cu m (2010 est.)
|Natural gas - exports:
|0 cu m (2010 est.)
|Natural gas - imports:
|701 million cu m (2010 est.)
|Natural gas - proved reserves:
|0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)
|Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
|20.56 million Mt (2010 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Telephones in use:
| 471,900 (2011)
country comparison to the world: 101
|Cellular Phones in use:
|1.863 million (2011)
|Telephone system:
| general assessment: foreign investment in the form of joint business ventures greatly improved telephone service with a wide range of high quality voice, data, and Internet services available
domestic: substantial fiber-optic cable systems carry telephone, TV, and radio traffic in the digital mode; Internet services are widely available; schools and libraries are connected to the Internet, a large percentage of the population files income-tax returns online, and online voting was used for the first time in the 2005 local elections
international: country code - 372; fiber-optic cables to Finland, Sweden, Latvia, and Russia provide worldwide packet-switched service; 2 international switches are located in Tallinn (2011)
|Broadcast media:
|the publicly owned broadcaster, Eesti Rahvusringhaaling (ERR), operates 2 TV channels and 5 radio networks; growing number of private commercial radio stations broadcasting nationally, regionally, and locally; fully transitioned to digital television in 2010; national private TV channels expanding service; a range of channels are aimed at Russian-speaking viewers; high penetration rate for cable TV services with more than half of Estonian households connected (2008)
|Internet country code:
|Internet hosts:
|865,494 (2012)
|Internet users:
|971,700 (2009)
|^Back to Top
| 18 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 141
|Airports (paved runways):
| total 13
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2013)
|Airports (unpaved runways):
| total 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 3 (2013)
|1 (2012)
|gas 868 km (2013)
| total 1,196 km
broad gauge: 1,196 km 1.520-m and 1.524-m gauge (133 km electrified) (2011)
| total 58,412 km
(includes urban roads) paved: 10,427 km (includes 115 km of expressways)
unpaved: 47,985 km (2011)
|335 km (320 km are navigable year round) (2011)
|Merchant marine:
| total 25
by type: cargo 4, chemical tanker 1, passenger/cargo 18, petroleum tanker 2
foreign-owned: 3 (Germany 1, Norway 2)
registered in other countries: 63 (Antigua and Barbuda 10, Belize 1, Cambodia 1, Canada 1, Cook Islands 1, Cyprus 6, Dominica 6, Finland 2, Latvia 3, Malta 16, Russia 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 8, Sierra Leone 2, Sweden 3, Venezuela 1, unknown 1) (2010)
|Ports and terminals:
|major seaport(s): Kuivastu, Kunda, Muuga, Parnu Reid, Sillamae, Tallinn
|^Back to Top
|Military branches:
|Estonian Defense Forces (Eesti Kaitsevagi): Land Force (Maavagi), Navy (Merevagi), Air Force (Ohuvagi), Defense League (Kaitseliit) (2012)
|Military service age and obligation:
|18-27 for compulsory military or governmental service, conscript service requirement 8-11 months depending on education; NCOs, reserve officers, and specialists serve 11 months (2013)
|Manpower available for military service:
| males age 16-49: 291,801
females age 16-49: 302,696 (2010 est.)
|Manpower fit for military service:
| males age 16-49: 210,854
females age 16-49: 251,185 (2010 est.)
|Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
| male: 6,668
female: 6,309 (2010 est.)
|Military expenditures:
|2% of GDP (2005 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Transnational Issues
|Disputes - International:
|Russia and Estonia in May 2005 signed a technical border agreement, but Russia in June 2005 recalled its signature after the Estonian parliament added to its domestic ratification act a historical preamble referencing the Soviet occupation and Estonia's pre-war borders under the 1920 Treaty of Tartu; Russia contends that the preamble allows Estonia to make territorial claims on Russia in the future, while Estonian officials deny that the preamble has any legal impact on the treaty text; Russia demands better treatment of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Estonia implements strict Schengen border rules with Russia
|Refugees and internally displaced persons:
stateless persons: 94,235 (2012); note - after becoming independent in 1991, automatic citizenship was restricted to those who were Estonian citizens prior to the 1990 Soviet occupation and their descendants; thousands of ethnic Russians remained stateless when forced to choose between passing Estonian language and citizenship tests or applying for Russian citizenship; one reason for demurring on Estonian citizenship was to retain the right of visa-free travel to Russia; stateless residents can vote in local elections but not general elections; stateless parents who have been lawful residents of Estonia for at least five years can apply for citizenship for their children before they turn 15
|Illicit drugs:
|growing producer of synthetic drugs; increasingly important transshipment zone for cannabis, cocaine, opiates, and synthetic drugs since joining the European Union and the Schengen Accord; potential money laundering related to organized crime and drug trafficking is a concern, as is possible use of the gambling sector to launder funds; major use of opiates and ecstasy
|^Back to Top
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Source: CIA - The World Factbook


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Afghanistan Population: 31,108,0772 VISITORS FROM HERE!
« Previous Country | Next Country » Back to Flag Counter Overview
|Ahmad Shah DURRANI unified the Pashtun tribes and founded Afghanistan in 1747. The country served as a buffer between the British and Russian Empires until it won independence from notional British control in 1919. A brief experiment in democracy ended in a 1973 coup and a 1978 communist counter-coup. The Soviet Union invaded in 1979 to support the tottering Afghan communist regime, touching off a long and destructive war. The USSR withdrew in 1989 under relentless pressure by internationally supported anti-communist mujahedin rebels. A series of subsequent civil wars saw Kabul finally fall in 1996 to the Taliban, a hardline Pakistani-sponsored movement that emerged in 1994 to end the country's civil war and anarchy. Following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, a US, Allied, and anti-Taliban Northern Alliance military action toppled the Taliban for sheltering Osama BIN LADIN. The UN-sponsored Bonn Conference in 2001 established a process for political reconstruction that included the adoption of a new constitution, a presidential election in 2004, and National Assembly elections in 2005. In December 2004, Hamid KARZAI became the first democratically elected president of Afghanistan and the National Assembly was inaugurated the following December. KARZAI was re-elected in August 2009 for a second term. Despite gains toward building a stable central government, a resurgent Taliban and continuing provincial instability - particularly in the south and the east - remain serious challenges for the Afghan Government.
Landlocked; the Hindu Kush mountains that run northeast to southwest divide the northern provinces from the rest of the country; the highest peaks are in the northern Vakhan (Wakhan Corridor)
|Southern Asia, north and west of Pakistan, east of Iran
|Geographic coordinates:
| total: 652,230 sq km
land: 652,230 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Size comparison: slightly smaller than Texas
|Land Boundaries:
| total: 5,529 km
border countries: China 76 km, Iran 936 km, Pakistan 2,430 km, Tajikistan 1,206 km, Turkmenistan 744 km, Uzbekistan 137 km
|0 km (landlocked)
|Maritime claims:
|none (landlocked)
|arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers
|mostly rugged mountains; plains in north and southwest
|Elevation extremes:
| lowest point: Amu Darya 258 m
highest point: Noshak 7,485 m
|Natural resources:
|natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, chromite, talc, barites, sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones
|Land use:
| arable land: 11.95%
permanent crops: 0.18%
other: 87.87% (2011)
|Irrigated land:
|32,080 sq km (2003)
|Natural hazards:
|damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains; flooding; droughts
|Current Environment Issues:
|limited natural freshwater resources; inadequate supplies of potable water; soil degradation; overgrazing; deforestation (much of the remaining forests are being cut down for fuel and building materials); desertification; air and water pollution
|International Environment Agreements:
| party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation
|^Back to Top
| noun: Afghan(s)
adjective: Afghan
|Ethnic groups:
|Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Aimak 4%, Turkmen 3%, Baloch 2%, other 4%
|Afghan Persian or Dari (official) 50%, Pashto (official) 35%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism, but Dari functions as the lingua franca note: the Turkic languages Uzbek and Turkmen, as well as Balochi, Pashai, Nuristani, and Pamiri are the third official languages in areas where the majority speaks them
|Sunni Muslim 80%, Shia Muslim 19%, other 1%
|31,108,077 (July 2013 est.)
|Age structure:
| 0-14 years: 42.6% (male 6,733,097/female 6,520,116)
15-24 years: 21.9% (male 3,479,696/female 3,346,154)
25-54 years: 29.1% (male 4,623,203/female 4,440,635)
55-64 years: 3.8% (male 585,629/female 605,018)
65 years and over: 2.5% (male 360,395/female 414,134) (2013 est.)
|Dependency ratios:
| total dependency ratio: 96 %
youth dependency ratio: 91.4 %
elderly dependency ratio: 4.6 %
potential support ratio: 21.7 (2013)
|Median age:
| total: 17.9 years
male: 17.9 years
female: 18 years (2013 est.)
|Population growth rate:
|2.25% (2013 est.)
|Birth rate:
|39.05 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)
|Death rate:
|14.35 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)
|Net migration rate:
|-2.16 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)
| urban population: 23.5% of total population (2011)
rate of urbanization: 4.41% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
|Major urban areas - population:
|KABUL (capital) 3.097 million (2011)
|Sex ratio:
| at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female
total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2013 est.)
|Mother's mean age at first birth:
|20.1 note: Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2010 est.)
|Maternal mortality rate:
|460 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
|Infant mortality rate:
| total: 119.41 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 127.18 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 111.25 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)
|Life expectancy at birth:
| total population: 50.11 years
male: 48.81 years
female: 51.47 years (2013 est.)
|Total fertility rate:
|5.54 children born/woman (2013 est.)
|Contraceptive prevalence rate:
|21.8% (2010)
|Health expenditures:
|7.6% of GDP (2010)
|Physicians density:
|0.21 physicians/1,000 population (2009)
|Hospital bed density:
|0.4 beds/1,000 population (2010)
|Drinking water source:
| improved:
urban: 78% of population
rural: 42% of population
total: 50% of population
urban: 22% of population
rural: 58% of population
total: 50% of population (2010)
|Sanitation facility access:
| Improved:
urban: 60% of population
rural: 30% of population
total: 37% of population Unimproved:
urban: 40% of population
rural: 70% of population
total: 63% of population (2010 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|0.01% (2001 est.)
|Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
|2.2% (2008)
|Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
|32.9% (2004)
|Education expenditures:
| definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 28.1%
male: 43.1%
female: 12.6% (2000 est.)
|School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
| total: 8 years
male: 10 years
female: 6 years (2009)
|^Back to Top
|Country name:
| conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
conventional short form: Afghanistan
local long form: Jamhuri-ye Islami-ye Afghanistan
local short form: Afghanistan
former: Republic of Afghanistan
|Government type:
|Islamic republic
| name: Kabul
geographic coordinates: 34 31 N, 69 11 E
time difference: UTC+4.5 (9.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
|Administrative divisions:
|34 provinces (welayat, singular - welayat); Badakhshan, Badghis, Baghlan, Balkh, Bamyan, Daykundi, Farah, Faryab, Ghazni, Ghor, Helmand, Herat, Jowzjan, Kabul, Kandahar, Kapisa, Khost, Kunar, Kunduz, Laghman, Logar, Nangarhar, Nimroz, Nuristan, Paktika, Paktiya, Panjshir, Parwan, Samangan, Sar-e Pul, Takhar, Uruzgan, Wardak, Zabul
|19 August 1919 (from UK control over Afghan foreign affairs)
|National holiday:
|Independence Day, 19 August (1919)
|sixth constitution drafted 14 December 2003 - 4 January 2004; signed 16 January 2004; ratified 26 January 2004
|Legal system:
|mixed legal system of civil, customary, and Islamic law
|18 years of age; universal
|Executive branch:
| chief of state: President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Hamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); First Vice President Mohammad FAHIM Khan (since 19 November 2009); Second Vice President Abdul Karim KHALILI (since 7 December 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Hamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); First Vice President Mohammad FAHIM Khan (since 19 November 2009); Second Vice President Abdul Karim KHALILI (since 7 December 2004)
cabinet: 25 ministers; note - ministers are appointed by the president and approved by the National Assembly (For more information visit the World Leaders website )
elections: the president and two vice presidents elected by direct vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); if no candidate receives 50% or more of the vote in the first round of voting, the two candidates with the most votes will participate in a second round; election last held on 20 August 2009 (next to be held on 5 April 2014)
election results: Hamid KARZAI reelected president; percent of vote (first round) - Hamid KARZAI 49.67%, Abdullah ABDULLAH 30.59%, Ramazan BASHARDOST 10.46%, Ashraf GHANI 2.94%; other 6.34%; note - ABDULLAH conceded the election to KARZAI following the first round vote
|Legislative branch:
| the bicameral National Assembly consists of the Meshrano Jirga or House of Elders (102 seats, two-thirds of members elected from provincial councils for four-year terms, and one-third nominated by the president for five-year terms) and the Wolesi Jirga or House of People (no more than 250 seats; members directly elected for five-year terms) note: on rare occasions the government may convene a Loya Jirga (Grand Council) on issues of independence, national sovereignty, and territorial integrity; it can amend the provisions of the constitution and prosecute the president; it is made up of members of the National Assembly and chairpersons of the provincial and district councils
elections: last held on 18 September 2010 (next election expected in 2015)
election results: results by party - NA; note - ethnicity is the main factor influencing political alliances; composition of Loya Jirga seats by ethnic groups - Pashtun 96, Hazara 61, Tajik 53, Uzbek 15, Aimak 8, Arab 8, Turkmen 3, Nuristani 2, Baloch 1, Pahhai 1, Turkic 1; women hold 69 seats
|Judicial branch:
| highest court(s): Supreme Court or Stera Mahkama (consists of the Supreme Court Chief and 8 justices organized into criminal, public security, civil, and commercial divisions or dewans) judge selection and term of office: court chief and justices appointed by the president with the approval of the Wolesi Jirga; court chief and justices serve single 10-year terms
subordinate courts: Appeals Courts; Primary Courts; Special Courts for issues including narcotics, security, property, family, and juveniles
|Political parties and leaders:
|note - the Ministry of Justice licensed 84 political parties as of December 2012
|Political pressure groups and leaders:
|other: religious groups, tribal leaders, ethnically based groups, Taliban
|International organization participation:
|ADB, CICA, CP, ECO, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE (partner), SAARC, SACEP, SCO (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|National symbol(s):
|National anthem:
| name: "Milli Surood" (National Anthem)
lyrics/music: Abdul Bari JAHANI/Babrak WASA
note: adopted 2006; the 2004 constitution of the post-Taliban government mandated that a new national anthem should be written containing the phrase "Allahu Akbar" (God is Great) and mentioning the names of Afghanistan's ethnic groups
|Diplomatic representation in the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Eklil Ahmad HAKIMI
chancery: 2341 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 483-6410
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, New York
|Diplomatic representation from the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador James B. CUNNINGHAM
embassy: The Great Masood Road, Kabul
mailing address: U.S. Embassy Kabul, APO, AE 09806
telephone: [93] 0700 108 001
|^Back to Top
Afghanistan's economy is recovering from decades of conflict. The economy has improved significantly since the fall of the Taliban regime in 2001 largely because of the infusion of international assistance, the recovery of the agricultural sector, and service sector growth. Despite the progress of the past few years, Afghanistan is extremely poor, landlocked, and highly dependent on foreign aid. Much of the population continues to suffer from shortages of housing, clean water, electricity, medical care, and jobs. Criminality, insecurity, weak governance, lack of infrastructure, and the Afghan Government's difficulty in extending rule of law to all parts of the country pose challenges to future economic growth. Afghanistan's living standards are among the lowest in the world. The international community remains committed to Afghanistan's development, pledging over $67 billion at nine donors' conferences between 2003-10. In July 2012, the donors at the Tokyo conference pledged an additional $16 billion in civilian aid through 2015. Despite this help, the Government of Afghanistan will need to overcome a number of challenges, including low revenue collection, anemic job creation, high levels of corruption, weak government capacity, and poor public infrastructure.
|GDP (purchasing power parity):
| GDP (purchasing power parity): $34.29 billion (2012 est.) $31.12 billion (2011 est.) $29.09 billion (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
|GDP (official exchange rate):
|GDP (official exchange rate): $19.91 billion (2012 est.)
|GDP - real growth rate:
|10.2% (2012 est.) 7% (2011 est.) 8.4% (2010 est.)
|GDP - per capita (PPP):
| GDP - per capita (PPP): $1,100 (2012 est.) $1,000 (2011 est.) $1,000 (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
|GDP - composition, by end use:
| household consumption: 96.5%
government consumption: 23.3%
investment in fixed capital: 25.4%
investment in inventories: 0%
exports of goods and services: 18.1%
imports of goods and services: 63.4% (2011 est.)
|GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
| household consumption: 96.5%
government consumption: 23.3%
investment in fixed capital: 25.4%
investment in inventories: 0%
exports of goods and services: 18.1%
imports of goods and services: 63.4% (2011 est.)
|Agriculture - products:
|opium, wheat, fruits, nuts; wool, mutton, sheepskins, lambskins
|small-scale production of bricks, textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer, apparel, food-products, non-alcoholic beverages, mineral water, cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, coal, copper
|Industrial production growth rate:
|Labor force:
|15 million (2004 est.)
|Labor force - by occupation:
| agriculture: 78.6%
industry: 5.7%
services: 15.7% (FY08/09 est.)
|Unemployment rate:
|35% (2008 est.) 40% (2005 est.)
|Population below poverty line:
|Household income or consumption by percentage share:
| lowest 10%: 3.8%
highest 10%: 24% (2008)
| revenues: $2.249 billion
expenditures: $3.974 billion (2012 est.)
|Taxes and other revenues:
|11.3% of GDP (2012 est.)
|Fiscal year:
|21 December - 20 December
|Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10.2% (2011 est.) 0.9% (2010 est.)
|Current account balance:
|-$743.9 million (2011 est.) -$736 million (2010 est.)
|$376 million (2012 est.) $388 million (2011 est.) note: not including illicit exports or reexports
|Exports - commodities:
|opium, fruits and nuts, handwoven carpets, wool, cotton, hides and pelts, precious and semi-precious gems
|Exports - partners:
|Pakistan 33.1%, India 24.9%, Tajikistan 8.7%, US 5.8% (2012)
|$6.39 billion (2012 est.) $5.154 billion (2011 est.)
|Imports - commodities:
|machinery and other capital goods, food, textiles, petroleum products
|Imports - partners:
|Pakistan 25.8%, US 17.4%, Russia 8.4%, India 5.5%, China 5.4%, Kazakhstan 4.5%, Germany 4.3% (2012)
|Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|$5.268 billion (31 December 2011 est.) $4.174 billion (2010 est.)
|Debt - external:
|$1.28 billion (FY10/11) $2.7 billion (FY08/09)
|Market value of publicly traded shares:
|Exchange rates:
|afghanis (AFA) per US dollar - 51 (2012 est.) 46.75 (2011 est.) 46.45 (2010)
|^Back to Top
|Electricity - production:
|913.1 million kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 148
|Electricity - consumption:
|2.226 billion kWh (2009 est.)
|Electricity - exports:
|0 kWh (2010 est.)
|Electricity - imports:
|1.377 billion kWh (2009 est.)
|Electricity - installed generating capacity:
|489,100 kW (2009 est.)
|Electricity - from fossil fuels:
|23.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
|Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
|0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
|Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
|76.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
|Electricity - from other renewable sources:
|0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
|Crude oil - production:
|1,950 bbl/day (2012 est.)
|Crude oil - exports:
|0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
|Crude oil - imports:
|0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
|Crude oil - proved reserves:
|87 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - production:
|0 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - consumption:
|4,229 bbl/day (2011 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - exports:
|0 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - imports:
|5,193 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|Natural gas - production:
|38 million cu m (2010 est.)
|Natural gas - consumption:
|30 million cu m (2010 est.)
|Natural gas - exports:
|0 cu m (2010 est.)
|Natural gas - imports:
|0 cu m (2010 est.)
|Natural gas - proved reserves:
|49.55 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)
|Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
|790,200 Mt (2010 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Telephones in use:
| 13,500 (2011)
country comparison to the world: 198
|Cellular Phones in use:
|17.558 million (2011)
|Telephone system:
| general assessment: limited fixed-line telephone service; an increasing number of Afghans utilize mobile-cellular phone networks
domestic: aided by the presence of multiple providers, mobile-cellular telephone service continues to improve rapidly; the Afghan Ministry of Communications and Information claims that more than 90 percent of the population live in areas with access to mobile-cellular services
international: country code - 93; multiple VSAT's provide international and domestic voice and data connectivity (2012)
|Broadcast media:
|state-owned broadcaster, Radio Television Afghanistan (RTA), operates a series of radio and television stations in Kabul and the provinces; an estimated 150 private radio stations, 50 TV stations, and about a dozen international broadcasters are available (2007)
|Internet country code:
|Internet hosts:
|223 (2012)
|Internet users:
|1 million (2009)
|^Back to Top
| 52 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 91
|Airports (paved runways):
| total 23
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 11
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 2 (2013)
|Airports (unpaved runways):
| total 29
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 13
914 to 1,523 m: 6
under 914 m: 6 (2013)
|9 (2013)
|gas 466 km (2013)
| total 42,150 km
paved: 12,350 km
unpaved: 29,800 km (2006)
|1,200 km; (chiefly Amu Darya, which handles vessels up to 500 DWT) (2011)
|Ports and terminals:
|Kheyrabad, Shir Khan
|^Back to Top
|Military branches:
|Afghan Armed Forces: Afghan National Army (ANA, includes Afghan Air Force (AAF)) (2011)
|Military service age and obligation:
|18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)
|Manpower available for military service:
| males age 16-49: 7,056,339
females age 16-49: 6,653,419 (2010 est.)
|Manpower fit for military service:
| males age 16-49: 4,050,222
females age 16-49: 3,797,087 (2010 est.)
|Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
| male: 392,116
female: 370,295 (2010 est.)
|Military expenditures:
|10% of GDP (2012)
|^Back to Top
|Transnational Issues
|Disputes - International:
|Afghan, Coalition, and Pakistan military meet periodically to clarify the alignment of the boundary on the ground and on maps; Afghan and Iranian commissioners have discussed boundary monument densification and resurvey; Iran protests Afghanistan's restricting flow of dammed Helmand River tributaries during drought; Pakistan has sent troops across and built fences along some remote tribal areas of its treaty-defined Durand Line border with Afghanistan which serve as bases for foreign terrorists and other illegal activities; Russia remains concerned about the smuggling of poppy derivatives from Afghanistan through Central Asian countries
|Refugees and internally displaced persons:
|refugees (country of origin): 16,147 (Pakistan) (2012) IDPs: 492,777 (mostly Pashtuns and Kuchis displaced in the south and west due to drought and instability) (2013)
|Illicit drugs:
|world's largest producer of opium; while poppy cultivation was relatively stable at 119,000 hectares in 2010, a poppy blight affecting the high cultivation areas in 2010 reduced potential opium production to 3,200 metric tons, down over 40 percent from 2009; the Taliban and other antigovernment groups participate in and profit from the opiate trade, which is a key source of revenue for the Taliban inside Afghanistan; widespread corruption and instability impede counterdrug efforts; most of the heroin consumed in Europe and Eurasia is derived from Afghan opium; vulnerable to drug money laundering through informal financial networks; regional source of hashish (2011)
|^Back to Top
« Previous Country | Next Country » Back to Flag Counter Overview
Source: CIA - The World Factbook


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Branche d'activité
- aerospace [4]
- construction [9]
- consumer products [4]
- customer service [1]
- energy systems [10]
- finance [2]
- healthcare [32]
- industrial products [7]
- IT & telecom [1]
- logistics [22]
- military, defense, safety [5]
- science and education [26]
- social research [17]
- technology [25]
Champ d'application
- asset management [3]
- business processes [16]
- communication networks [2]
- epidemiology [10]
- freight traffic modeling [8]
- labour market [3]
- management [22]
- manufacturing processes [14]
- market modeling [7]
- marketing [8]
- personnel [3]
- strategic management [11]
- supply chain management [10]
Méthode de modélisation-simulation
- agent based modeling [77]
- discrete event modeling [46]
- multimethod modeling [28]
- system dynamics modeling [40]
Electric Vehicle Driver Simulation using Agent-Based Modeling Beaudry Kock, Recargo, Inc., 2014
Recargo has been developing an agent-based model with the AnyLogic tool to help us simulate the charging patterns of electric vehicle drivers in California. Our goal is to better understand the potential value from delivering electricity grid services with these vehicles. Development has only been underway for a few weeks, but in that time we've been able to use AnyLogic's accessible interface and Java coding tools to quickly build and test a proof-of-concept model with which we can explore the potential for a more sophisticated and complex effort.» Lire plus
Logistics Simulation and Optimization for Managing Disaster Responses F. Barahona, M. Ettl, M. Petrik, P.M. Rimshnick, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Proceedings of the 2013 Winter Simulation Conference
Catastrophic events such as hurricanes, earthquakes or floods require emergency responders to rapidly distribute emergency relief supplies to protect the health and lives of victims. In this paper we develop a simulation and optimization framework for managing the logistics of distributing relief supplies in a multi-tier supply network. The simulation model captures optimized stocking of relief supplies, distribution operations at federal or state-operated staging facilities, demand uncertainty, and the dynamic progression of disaster response operations. We apply robust optimization techniques to develop optimized stocking policies and dispatch of relief supplies between staging facilities and points of distribution. The simulation framework accommodates a wide range of disaster scenarios and stressors, and helps assess the efficacy of response plans and policies for better disaster response.» Lire plus
Agent-Based Simulation for Dual Toll Pricing of Hazardous Material Transportation Sojung Kim, Santosh Mungle, Young-Jun Son, Proceedings of the 2013 Winter Simulation Conference
A dual toll pricing is a conceptual policy in which policy maker imposes toll on both hazardous materials (hazmat) vehicles as well as regular vehicles for using populated road segments to mitigate a risk of hazmat transportation. It intends to separate the hazmat traffic flow from the regular traffic flow via controlling the dual toll. In order to design the dual toll pricing policy on a highly realistic road network environment and detailed human behaviors, an extended Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) framework is employed to mimic human decision behaviors in great detail. The proposed approach is implemented in AnyLogic agent based simulation software with using a traffic data of Albany, NY. Also, search algorithms in OptQuest are used to determine the optimum dual toll pricing policy which results in the minimum risk and travel cost based on the simulation results. The result reveals the effectiveness of the proposed approach in devising a reli-able policy under the realistic road network conditions.» Lire plus
RoPax/RoRo: Exploring the Use of Simulation as Decision Support System Mariusz Balaban and Tom Mastaglio
Several challenges of port/terminal and/or ferry company managers pertain to decisions for the justification of investments and concurrent operational tasks of roll-on/roll-off passenger (RoPax) and roll-on/roll-off (RoRo) systems. This paper explores the possible uses of Modeling and Simulation (M&S) techniques as a decision-support aid for a RoPax/RoRo system managers.» Lire plus
Modeling and simulation of container terminal logistics systems using Harvard architecture and agent-based computing Bin Li (Department of Economics and Management); Wen-feng Li (School of Logistics Engineering). Proceedings of the 2010 Winter Simulation Conference.
As the highly complex logistics system, container terminal logistics systems play an increasingly important role in modern international logistics, and therefore their scheduling and decision-making process of much significance to the operation and competitiveness of harbors. In this paper, the handling, stacking and transportation in CTLS are regarded as a kind of generalized computing and compared with the working in general computer systems, whereupon the Harvard architecture and AnyLogic agent-based computing paradigm are fused to model the operational processing of CTLS, and the kernel thoughts in computer organization, architecture and operating system are introduced into CTLS to support and evaluate container terminal planning, scheduling and decision-making.» Lire plus
Supply chain and hybrid modeling: the Panama Canal operations and it's salinity diffusion Mario Marin, Yanshen Zhu (American Technologika); Luz Alba Andrade, Erwin Atencio, Carlos Boya (Universidad La Latina); Carlos Mendizabal (Universidad Tecnologica de Panama). Proceedings of the 2010 Winter Simulation Conference.
This paper deals with the simulation modeling of the service supply chain and the salinity and its diffusion in the Panama Canal. An operational supply chain model was created using discrete-event simulation. Once complete, a component based on differential equations was added to the model to investigate the intrusion of salt and the resulting salinity diffusion into the lakes of the canal. This component was implemented in the AnyLogic simulation modeling environment by taking advantage of the concept of hybrid modeling that is embedded in AnyLogic.» Lire plus
Business is a field for experiments. But it's best to run them on simulation models Timofey Popkov.
Modeling allows you to decrease implementation costs and risks while still in the planning stage. It can also be the best way to optimize existing processes.» Lire plus
Modelling and Analysing Cargo Screening Processes: a Project Outline Peer-Olaf Siebers, Uwe Aickelin, David Menachof, Galina Sherman, Peter Zimmerman. 2009 INFORMS at University of Warwick, June 25-27, Coventry, U.K.
The efficiency of current cargo screening processes at sea and air ports is unknown as no benchmarks exists against which they could be measured. Some manufacturer benchmarks exist for individual sensors but we have not found any benchmarks that take a holistic view of the screening procedures assessing a combination of sensors and also taking operator variability into account. Just adding up resources and manpower used is not an effective way for assessing systems where human decision-making and operator compliance to rules play a vital role.» Lire plus
Optimizing Freight Transportation Policies for Sustainability - A Simulation-Based Investigation of Freight Transportation Policy Planning and Supply Chains Christopher Glazner and Sgouris Sgouridis, MIT Sloan School of Management
Regional freight transportation policy planning is a difficult task, as few policy-planners have adequate tools to aid their understanding of how various policy formulations affect this complex, socio-technical system. In this paper, we develop a proof-of-concept model to simulate the impacts of public policies on freight transportation in a simulated region. We use the techniques of multi-disciplinary system design and optimization to analyze the formulation of regional freight transportation policies and examine the relative effects of policies and exogenous forces on the region in order to provide insight into the policy-planning process. Both single objective and multi-objective analysis is performed to provide policy-planners with a clear understanding of the trade-offs made in policy formulation.» Lire plus
A multi-structural framework for adaptive supply chain planning Ivanov D.A., Sokolov B., Kaeschel J., European Journal of Operational Research, 2009
A trend in up-to-date developments in supply chain management (SCM) is to make supply chains more agile, flexible, and responsive. In supply chains, different structures (functional, organizational, informational, financial etc.) are (re)formed. These structures interrelate with each other and change in dynamics. The paper introduces a new conceptual framework for multistructural planning and operations of adaptive supply chains with structure dynamics considerations. We elaborate a vision of adaptive supply chain management (A-SCM), a new dynamic model and tools for the planning and control of adaptive supply chains. SCM is addressed from perspectives of execution dynamics under uncertainty. Supply chains are modelled in terms of dynamic multi-structural macro-states, based on simultaneous consideration of the management as a function of both states and structures. The research approach is theoretically based on the combined application of control theory, operations research, and agent-based modelling. The findings suggest constructive ways to implement multi-structural supply chain management and to transit from a "one-way" partial optimization to the feedbackbased, closed-loop adaptive supply chain optimization and execution management for value chain adaptability, stability and crisis-resistance. The proposed methodology enhances managerial insight into advanced supply chain management» Lire plus


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Regency Square shooter still at large
Citizen Staff Reports 10/08/12
A man who fired at least one shot in the Regency Square mall food court in western Henrico County this afternoon is still at large, and police have released a surveillance photo of the suspect.
He is described as a black male about 6 foot 2 in height, with dreadlocks and wearing a red hoodie.
The shot apparently did not strike anyone directly but may have injured a bystander when it ricocheted. At least one other individual may have been injured while trying to evacuate the mall, NBC12 reported.
Anyone with information about the suspect or his whereabouts should contact Henrico Police at (804) 501-5000 or Crime Stoppers at (804) 780-1000.
A safer way across
By Tom Lappas, Citizen Editor 04/21/2017 Transportation
A project years in the making is beginning to make life easier for wheelchair-bound residents in Northern Henrico.
The Virginia Department of Transportation is completing a $2-million set of enhancements to the Brook Road corridor in front of St. Joseph's Villa and the Hollybrook Apartments, a community that is home to dozens of disabled residents. > Read more.
New conservation easement creates wooded buffer for Bryan Park
Citizen Staff Reports 04/21/2017 Features
Five years ago, members of the Friends of Bryan Park were facing the apparently inevitable development of the Shirley subdivision in Henrico, adjacent to the forested section of the park near the Nature Center and Environmental Education Area.
As part of the Shirley subdivision, the land had been divided into 14 lots in 1924, but had remained mostly undisturbed through the decades. In 2012, however, developers proposed building 40 modular houses on roughly 6.5 acres, clear-cutting the forest there and creating a highly dense neighborhood tucked into a dead end. > Read more.
As part of the Shirley subdivision, the land had been divided into 14 lots in 1924, but had remained mostly undisturbed through the decades. In 2012, however, developers proposed building 40 modular houses on roughly 6.5 acres, clear-cutting the forest there and creating a highly dense neighborhood tucked into a dead end. > Read more.
Meet the men running for governor
By Megan Schiffres, Capital News Service 04/21/2017 Government
Virginia will elect a new governor this year.
The governor's position is one of great power and influence, as the current officeholder, Terry McAuliffe, has demonstrated by breaking the record for most vetoes in Virginia history.
However, during the last gubernatorial race in 2014, the voter turnout was less than 42 percent, compared with 72 percent during last year's presidential election. > Read more.
RISC to address reading, childhood trauma, job training at assembly
Citizen Staff Reports 04/21/2017 Features
On May 1, more than 1,700 community members representing Richmonders Involved to Strengthen our Communities will gather at St. Paul's Baptist Church (4247 Creighton Road) at 7 p.m. to address elementary reading, childhood trauma and job training in the greater Richmond region. Community members will speak about each issue and proposed solution.
For three years, the organization has sought implementation of a specific literacy program in Henrico County that it believes would help children who struggle with reading. > Read more.
For three years, the organization has sought implementation of a specific literacy program in Henrico County that it believes would help children who struggle with reading. > Read more.
Henrico to begin update of zoning, subdivision ordinances April 26
Citizen Staff Reports 04/21/2017 Government
Henrico County is beginning a comprehensive update of its zoning and subdivision ordinances — the first such effort in six decades — and will introduce the project as part of the April 26 meeting of the Henrico County Planning Commission.
The meeting will begin at 9 a.m. in the Board Room of the Henrico Government Center, 4301 E. Parham Road. The ordinance update project will be featured as the final item on the agenda. Project consultant Clarion Associates will give a presentation, and meeting participants will be able to ask questions and provide comments. > Read more.
Villa's Flagler Housing wins national NAEH award
St. Joseph's Villa's Flagler Housing & Homeless Services was one of three entities to earn the National Alliance to End Homelessness' Champion of Change Award. The awards were presented Nov. 17 during a ceremony at the Newseum in Washington, D.C.
NAEH annually recognizes proven programs and significant achievements in ending child and family homelessness.
Flagler completed its transition from an on-campus shelter to the community-based model of rapid rehousing in 2013, and it was one of the nation's first rapid re-housing service providers to be certified by NAEH. > Read more.
RIR's Christmas tree lighting rescheduled for Dec. 12
Richmond International Raceway's 13th annual Community Christmas tree lighting has been rescheduled from Dec. 6 to Monday, Dec. 12, at 6:30 p.m., due to inclement weather expected on the original date.
Entertainment Dec. 12 will be provided by the Laburnum Elementary School choir and the Henrico High School Mighty Marching Warriors band. Tree decorations crafted by students from Laburnum Elementary School and L. Douglas Wilder Middle School will be on display. Hot chocolate and cookies will be supplied by the Henrico High School football boosters. > Read more.
Weekend Top 10
For our Top 10 calendar events this weekend, click here! > Read more.
Henrico to begin update of zoning, subdivision ordinances April 26
HCPS to present three-day ARTS Festival, beginning April 21
Henrico Police apprehend shooting suspect
Third annual 'Sharing Smiles Day' offers free dental care for kids
Henrico Extension to offer free financial workshop April 27
- More News
Print Edition
Apr. 19, 2017Click here to read the print edition.
Weekend Top 10
Restaurant Watch
Weekend Top 10
Henrico's Rayvon Owen among headliners at Live Art June 11
Restaurant Watch
- More Entertainment
Obituary – Bernard Clinton Satterwhite
Obituary – Beatrice P. O'Connell
Obituary – Jamine M. Williams
- More Obituaries
Villa's Flagler Housing wins national NAEH award
RIR's Christmas tree lighting rescheduled for Dec. 12
project:HOMES' 'Renew Crew' helps Henrico citizen
- More Community
Make 'em take the pledge: no more snuff boxes!
Thanksgiving, Part II
Storm woes for e-junkies
- More Opinions
RIR to host Smithfield PWBA Tour Championship
RIR bringing back red stripes to track walls
Austin Dillon headlines Track Takeover at RIR
- More Sports
|April 2017
Place an Ad | More Classifieds
CalendarLavender Fields Herb Farm, 11300 Winfrey Rd. in Glen Allen, will offer the class "Raised Bed Gardening" from 10 a.m. to 11 a.m. From idea to harvest, the class will cover the selection of materials, what and how much to grow, along with a quick overview of the difference between traditional gardening and raised bed gardening. Learn about soil conditioning, crop rotation, ongoing care, harvesting and more. Cost is $20. To register, visit http://www.lavenderfieldsfarm.com or call 262-7167. Full text


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Geranium is a genus of plants that includes more than 400 species. These species come in annual, biennial, and perennial types. Geraniums bloom flowers that typically feature five circular petals that come in shades of white, pink, purple, and blue. Also known as "cranesbills," geraniums thrive in temperate regions. Popular species of geraniums include ivy-leafed geraniums, pink expectation, pink satisfaction, and Martha Washington geraniums.
Geraniums are popular plants for the home gardener because they are reliable. Their durable flowers can withstand wind and rain, adding color to landscapes without wilting or falling apart. Geraniums are typically planted in the spring months once the weather warms. They are planted in direct sunlight in an area with good water drainage, which helps flowers bloom.
Another reason why gardeners regularly use geraniums is because they grow in any type of soil, as long as it is well-aerated and porous. They do not have to be planted deeply in order to thrive. Insects do not cause significant problems for geraniums, making them an appealing and durable plant.
While many species of geranium are planted for these features, some species are classified as annual or biennial weeds, including the Carolina geranium. This plant typically blooms in April and May. Regular maintenance of lawn and landscape areas as well as chemical control can help reduce the spread of those geraniums, including the Carolina geranium, that are classified as weeds.
Geranium oil is extracted from the stem and leaves of the plant through steam distillation. Geranium oil has a number of uses, making it a common ingredient in herbal therapy and natural medicine. Because there are so many species of geraniums, types of geranium oil can differ as well. A common oil is rose geranium oil. Despite the differences in geranium oil types, the properties of geranium oils are essentially the same, with each oil type offering similar benefits.
Geranium oil is often used in aromatherapy. The oil emits an inviting scent, often a strong aroma with a floral scent with mint undertones. Some types of geranium essential oil possess an apple scent, while others smell like roses. Geranium essential oil is watery and generally colorless, though it can sometimes be pale green. In aromatherapy, geranium oil is known for its overall balancing effect on the mind. It can relieve stress, treat mild depression, reduce anxiety and tension, and increase an individual's energy.
Geranium oil is also associated with treating physical ailments and conditions as well. It plays a role in balancing the hormonal system;thus, geranium oil can help treat PMS and menopause symptoms. Its strong smell makes it effective in protecting individuals from mosquitos and head lice. Geranium oil is both antibacterial and antimicrobial. When it is applied to wounds, it can help keep them clean and free of infection.
Many of geranium oil's benefit are particularly relevant for the beauty and personal care industry as well It functions well as an astringent, which makes the skin, tissues, and blood vessels contract. Thus, geranium oil used alone or as an ingredient in skin care products can prevent sagging, loose skin. Moreover, its astringent benefits can help prevent wrinkles from forming. Thus, geranium oil has anti-aging properties.
Geranium oil can help scars and skin spots to fade, helping create clearer, healthier skin. Acne scars can be treated by geranium oil. In addition, geranium oil is a proven acne fighter, and as a natural botanical ingredient, it can gently minimize breakouts. It can also ease the symptoms of other skin conditions, such as eczema and dermatitis.
Finally, geranium oil has cytophylactic properties, meaning that it can stimulate cellular regeneration in the skin. It encourages dead skin cells to be recycled and new cells to be created. The result is more radiant skin.
Geranium oil can be found in a range of beauty and skin care products. Its refreshing aroma makes it a common ingredient in body washes and shampoos. Moisturizers, toners, body polishes, and aromatherapy oils also commonly include geranium oil as an ingredient. Anti-aging serums and complexes focused on eliminating fine lines, wrinkles, and age spots also use geranium oil.
As a natural botanical extract, geranium oil is a gentle ingredient. No significant side effects are associated with its use.


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Whether you're looking for a local party or want to laze under the shade of a swaying palm, the hotels on the beach near Laughlin offer everything you'll need. Plus, the discounts and cheap deals make it simple to put together a vacation that won't go over your travel budget.
Take just one look at our offerings, and you'll find the lowest rates on the most popular beach hotels in Laughlin. Grab your swimsuit, put on your sunglasses, and get ready for the trip of a lifetime. When you book a room at one of the 10 beach resorts, you'll experience the ultimate relaxation.


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Raw posts and updates from our writers with info too timely or uncategorizable for print. What, we said something stupid? Chime in, buddy.
Bennett 4 Senate via flickr
Event Horizon
Merry Sloshmas!
Friday, Dec 18: 1st Annual ABQ SantaCon Pub Crawl
By Ty Bannerman [ Wed Dec 16 2015 10:30 AM ]
Put on your Santa suit and move from pub to pub for the benefit of Roadrunner Food Bank.
Alibi Flashback: John Trudell speaks
Our 1994 interview with the late poet and activist
By Ty Bannerman [ Tue Dec 15 2015 5:05 PM ]
Way back in the time before time (which is to say, 1994), Bill and Charlene Sewady talked with the poet, activist and hero. This seems like an appropriate time to reach back into the archives and revisit that interview.
Related Stories
ercwttmn via flickr
Event Horizon
A Pretty Obscure Fair That You Probably Haven't Heard Of
Saturday, Dec 12: Hipster's Craft Fair
By Ty Bannerman [ Thu Dec 10 2015 11:00 AM ]
Local crafters sell holiday decorations, jewelry, greeting cards, purses, wallets, tablet covers, aprons and other fashion and home accessories.
The Not Quite Weekly Podcast #9
A very boozy holiday special
By Ty Bannerman [ Wed Nov 25 2015 1:47 PM ]
In this episode, we talk about comedy events, boozy holiday memories and our Thanksgiving plans.
Related Stories
Letters From Downtown
Signs of Compassion
By Ty Bannerman [ Fri Nov 20 2015 1:58 PM ]
When you work Downtown, when you're here day after day, you deaden a bit to some of the things you see. A couple huddled in a doorway on a cold November morning, a worn-out blanket barely covering them; cops on bikes pulling a homeless man up off of the sidewalk, a puddle of vomit at his feet; an elderly gentleman in suit and tie, stalking down the street and shouting curses at the demons leaking from his head; none of these things provoke a second glance after a while. There's a lot of suffering here for sure and very little that one person can do. A dollar here, a dollar there, maybe that helps a bit, but the overall feeling is one of powerlessness, and slowly you become hardened to it.
Today, though, I noticed this sign in the window of Lindy's Diner, and that numbness thawed just a little bit. No, Lindy's isn't going to solve the problems of homelessness and hunger. And one single meal on one single day isn't "enough." But it is something, a reminder that hardness isn't the answer, that compassion is. And that even if we can never do enough, we can, and should, still try.
Robert Maestas
The RETURN of the Alibi's Not Quite Weekly Podcast
We interview author Isabel Allende
By Ty Bannerman [ Thu Nov 19 2015 11:46 AM ]
Hey! Remember how we used to have a podcast? Well, we have a podcast again! This episode, we talk about gifts, chat about upcoming events and interview author Isabel Allende!
Check it out!
Related Stories
Can Courtney Be On a Podcast?
Yes. Yes she can.
By Ty Bannerman [ Fri Nov 13 2015 12:19 PM ]
If you've been following the adventures of our resident "person who does things" (we've got to think of a better title), Courtney Foster, you'll know that she's always up for trying something new. This past weekend, that "something new" was appearing on the Potential Problems Podcast, a banter-fest hosted by local comedians John Cuellar and Allen Clark.
It's an expletive filled hour or so that isn't afraid to explore some (hilariously) risque content, so maybe wait until the drive home from work before checking this out. But definitely DO check it out! Because these guys are funny and Courtney is too.
And hey! We're bringing our own podcast back from the grave, so watch this space for a brand new episode!
Ryan Dickey via flickr
Event Horizon
Maximum Bacon Achieved
Saturday, Nov 7: 3rd Annual Southwest Bacon Fest
By Ty Bannerman [ Thu Nov 5 2015 12:00 PM ]
Celebrate bacon, beer and blues as 50 restaurants, food trucks and chefs serve up their most creative bacon dishes.
Realistic renderings of kids' monster drawings are amazing
By Ty Bannerman [ Wed Nov 4 2015 11:54 AM ]
Everybody knows that kids have the weirdest, most wonderful broken brains on the planet. And if you've ever looked at drawing made by the under-8 set, you've probably wondered what it be like if the lumpy, tentacled beast depicted actually roamed the earth.
The Monster Project has tasked a group of artists with bringing these child-drawn monstrosities ever so slightly closer to our world by rendering them in a realistic fashion, and the results are wonderful. Check them out, and also note that they have a kickstarter, so if you're moved by their work, you can support it directly.
The News You Missed
We scoop up what our competition won't touch
By Ty Bannerman [ Fri Oct 30 2015 2:17 PM ]
Once again, it's time for the Alibi's managing editor, me, to dig through the deluge of press releases that come flooding into our email account so I can bring you the stories that our competition isn't brave enough to cover!
Hi Ty, In January the Huffington Post boldly claimed that 2015 is the year of chickpea flour.
Holy shit, 2015 is the year of chickpea flour. And here I am scarfing down bagfuls of sorghum flour like an ignorant rube. Anyway, for those of you who are celebrating this important year, the author of the press release would like to direct your attention to this, the Chickpea Flour Cookbook.
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE The Purcell Tire and Service Center in Albuquerque, New Mexico, moved its location in September of 2015.
Didn't see that one in the pages of the Free Press, did you?
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: Trigger Electric Bull Horn
This horn man. This horn offers "maximum power in a compact, rugged, bright red package." This horn is loud, and you know it's loud, because Trigger Air Horn's slogan is "Go Loud or Go Home." And they certainly aren't going home. Why? Because THEY ARE GOING LOUD INSTEAD. SO LOUD.
Also, "they are so loud they are not for sale in North Dakota and Wyoming."
Check out their not-very-loud facebook page here. IF YOU CAN HANDLE IT!!!
This Is Making Your Herpes Recovery IMPOSSIBLE
First of all, this subject line is pretty presumptuous. But it's got nothing on the squirm-inducing body of the email, which can be nicely encapsulated in this quote from the release: "A recent scientific discovery now found how the virus can be 'flushed out' of his cranny."
No word on what the cranny-flushing scientific discovery is, or for that matter how we know that herpes is a he. There's a web link included, but I'm not going to post it here because I'm pretty sure that going there will give your computer herpes.
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