text:
Sri Lanka Population: 21,675,648
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|The first Sinhalese arrived in Sri Lanka late in the 6th century B.C., probably from northern India. Buddhism was introduced in about the mid-third century B.C., and a great civilization developed at the cities of Anuradhapura (kingdom from circa 200 B.C. to circa A.D. 1000) and Polonnaruwa (from about 1070 to 1200). In the 14th century, a south Indian dynasty established a Tamil kingdom in northern Sri Lanka. The coastal areas of the island were controlled by the Portuguese in the 16th century and by the Dutch in the 17th century. The island was ceded to the British in 1796, became a crown colony in 1802, and was formally united under British rule by 1815. As Ceylon, it became independent in 1948; its name was changed to Sri Lanka in 1972. Tensions between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil separatists erupted into war in 1983. After two decades of fighting, the government and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) formalized a cease-fire in February 2002 with Norway brokering peace negotiations. Violence between the LTTE and government forces intensified in 2006, but the government regained control of the Eastern Province in 2007. By May 2009, the government announced that its military had defeated the remnants of the LTTE. Since the end of the conflict, the government has enacted an ambitious program of economic development projects, many of which are financed by loans from the Government of China. In addition to efforts to reconstruct its economy, the government has resettled more than 95% of those civilians who were displaced during the final phase of the conflict and released the vast majority of former LTTE combatants captured by Government Security Forces. At the same time, there has been little progress on more contentious and politically difficult issues such as reaching a political settlement with Tamil elected representatives and holding accountable those alleged to have been involved in human rights violations at the end of the war.
Strategic location near major Indian Ocean sea lanes
|Southern Asia, island in the Indian Ocean, south of India
|Geographic coordinates:
| total: 65,610 sq km
land: 64,630 sq km
water: 980 sq km
Size comparison: slightly larger than West Virginia
|Land Boundaries:
|0 km
|1,340 km
|Maritime claims:
| territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
|tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October)
|mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south-central interior
|Elevation extremes:
| lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pidurutalagala 2,524 m
|Natural resources:
|limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay, hydropower
|Land use:
| arable land: 18.29%
permanent crops: 14.94%
other: 66.77% (2011)
|Irrigated land:
|5,700 sq km (2003)
|Natural hazards:
|occasional cyclones and tornadoes
|Current Environment Issues:
|deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations threatened by poaching and urbanization; coastal degradation from mining activities and increased pollution; freshwater resources being polluted by industrial wastes and sewage runoff; waste disposal; air pollution in Colombo
|International Environment Agreements:
| party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
|^Back to Top
| noun: Sri Lankan(s)
adjective: Sri Lankan
|Ethnic groups:
|Sinhalese 73.8%, Sri Lankan Moors 7.2%, Indian Tamil 4.6%, Sri Lankan Tamil 3.9%, other 0.5%, unspecified 10% (2001 census provisional data)
|Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18%, other 8% note: English, spoken competently by about 10% of the population, is commonly used in government and is referred to as the link language in the constitution
|Buddhist (official) 69.1%, Muslim 7.6%, Hindu 7.1%, Christian 6.2%, unspecified 10% (2001 census provisional data)
|21,675,648 (July 2013 est.)
|Age structure:
| 0-14 years: 24.8% (male 2,741,879/female 2,632,613)
15-24 years: 15.1% (male 1,659,566/female 1,615,616)
25-54 years: 42.4% (male 4,484,738/female 4,697,355)
55-64 years: 9.3% (male 939,174/female 1,084,108)
65 years and over: 8.4% (male 778,629/female 1,041,970) (2013 est.)
|Dependency ratios:
| total dependency ratio: 50.7 %
youth dependency ratio: 37.9 %
elderly dependency ratio: 12.8 %
potential support ratio: 7.8 (2013)
|Median age:
| total: 31.4 years
male: 30.3 years
female: 32.5 years (2013 est.)
|Population growth rate:
|0.89% (2013 est.)
|Birth rate:
|16.64 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)
|Death rate:
|6.01 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)
|Net migration rate:
|-1.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)
| urban population: 15.1% of total population (2011)
rate of urbanization: 1.36% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
|Major urban areas - population:
|COLOMBO (capital) 681,000 (2009)
|Sex ratio:
| at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.87 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2013 est.)
|Mother's mean age at first birth:
|22.6 note: Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2000 est.)
|Maternal mortality rate:
|35 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
|Infant mortality rate:
| total: 9.24 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 10.21 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 8.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)
|Life expectancy at birth:
| total population: 76.15 years
male: 72.64 years
female: 79.79 years (2013 est.)
|Total fertility rate:
|2.15 children born/woman (2013 est.)
|Contraceptive prevalence rate:
|68% (2006/07)
|Health expenditures:
|3% of GDP (2010)
|Physicians density:
|0.49 physicians/1,000 population (2006)
|Hospital bed density:
|3.1 beds/1,000 population (2004)
|Drinking water source:
| improved:
urban: 99% of population
rural: 90% of population
total: 91% of population
urban: 1% of population
rural: 10% of population
total: 9% of population (2010 est.)
|Sanitation facility access:
| improved:
urban: 88% of population
rural: 93% of population
total: 92% of population
urban: 12% of population
rural: 7% of population
total: 8% of population (2010 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|less than 0.1% (2009 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|2,800 (2009 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|fewer than 200 (2009 est.)
|Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
|5.1% (2008)
|Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
|21.6% (2009)
|Education expenditures:
|2% of GDP (2010)
| definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 91.2%
male: 92.6%
female: 90% (2010 census)
|School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
| total: 14 years
male: 14 years
female: 14 years (2011)
|Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
| total: 19.4%
male: 16.3%
female: 24.7% (2010)
|^Back to Top
|Country name:
| conventional long form: Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
conventional short form: Sri Lanka
local long form: Shri Lanka Prajatantrika Samajavadi Janarajaya/Ilankai Jananayaka Choshalichak Kutiyarachu
local short form: Shri Lanka/Ilankai
former: Serendib, Ceylon
|Government type:
| name: Colombo
geographic coordinates: 6 55 N, 79 50 E
time difference: UTC+5.5 (10.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
note: Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte (legislative capital)
|Administrative divisions:
|9 provinces; Central, Eastern, North Central, Northern, North Western, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, Western
|4 February 1948 (from the UK)
|National holiday:
|Independence Day, 4 February (1948)
|adopted 16 August 1978, certified 31 August 1978; amended many times, most recently in 2010
|Legal system:
|mixed legal system of Roman-Dutch civil law, English common law, and Jaffna Tamil customary law
|18 years of age; universal
|Executive branch:
| chief of state: President Mahinda Percy RAJAPAKSA (since 19 November 2005); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; Dissanayake Mudiyanselage JAYARATNE holds the largely ceremonial title of prime minister (since 21 April 2010)
head of government: President Mahinda Percy RAJAPAKSA (since 19 November 2005)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president in consultation with the prime minister (For more information visit the World Leaders website )
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term, eligible for a second term; election last held on 26 January 2010 (next to be held in 2016)
election results: Mahinda Percy RAJAPAKSA reelected president for second term; percent of vote - Mahinda Percy RAJAPAKSA 57.88%, Sarath FONSEKA 40.15%, other 1.97%
|Legislative branch:
| unicameral Parliament (225 seats; members elected by popular vote on the basis of an open-list, proportional representation system by electoral district to serve six-year terms)
elections: last held on 8 April 2010 with a repoll in two electorates held on 20 April 2010 (next to be held by April 2016)
election results: percent of vote by alliance or party - United People's Freedom Alliance 60.93%, United National Party 29.34%, Democratic National Alliance 5.49%, Tamil National Alliance 2.9%, other 1.34%; seats by alliance or party - United People's Freedom Alliance 144, United National Party 60, Tamil National Alliance 14, Democratic National Alliance 7
|Judicial branch:
| highest court(s): Supreme Court of the Republic (consists of the chief justice and 10 justices); note - the court has exclusive jurisdiction to review legislation judge selection and term of office: the chief justice appointed by the president; the other justices appointed by the president with the advice of the chief justice; all justices hold office until age 65
subordinate courts: Court of Appeals; High Courts; Magistrate's Courts; municipal and primary courts
|Political parties and leaders:
|Coalitions and leaders: Democratic National Alliance, led by General (Retired) Sarath FONSEKA Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna or JVP [Somawansa AMARASINGHE] Tamil National Alliance led by Illandai Tamil Arasu Kachchi [R. SAMPANTHAN] United National Front led by United National Party [Ranil WICKREMESINGHE] United People's Freedom Alliance led by Sri Lanka Freedom Party [Mahinda RAJAPAKSA]
|Political pressure groups and leaders:
|Buddhist clergy labor unions hard-line nationalist Sinhalese groups such as the National Movement Against Terrorism Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups
|International organization participation:
|ABEDA, ADB, ARF, BIMSTEC, C, CD, CP, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, SAARC, SACEP, SCO (dialogue member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|National symbol(s):
|National anthem:
| name: "Sri Lanka Matha" (Mother Sri Lanka)
lyrics/music: Ananda SAMARKONE
note: adopted 1951
|Diplomatic representation in the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Jaliya Chitran WICKRAMASURIYA
chancery: 2148 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 483-4025 through 4028
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles consulate(s): New York
|Diplomatic representation from the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Michele J. SISON
embassy: 210 Galle Road, Colombo 3
mailing address: P. O. Box 106, Colombo
telephone: [94] (11) 249-8500
|^Back to Top
Sri Lanka continues to experience strong economic growth following the end of the 26-year conflict with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). The government has been pursuing large-scale reconstruction and development projects in its efforts to spur growth in war-torn and disadvantaged areas, develop small and medium enterprises and increase agricultural productivity. The government's high debt payments and bloated civil service have contributed to historically high budget deficits, but fiscal consolidation efforts and strong GDP growth in recent years have helped bring down the government's fiscal deficit. However, low tax revenues are a major concern. The 2008-09 global financial crisis and recession exposed Sri Lanka''s economic vulnerabilities and nearly caused a balance of payments crisis. Growth slowed to 3.5% in 2009. Economic activity rebounded with the end of the war and an IMF agreement, resulting in two straight years of 8% growth in 2010-11. Growth moderated to about 6% in 2012. Agriculture slowed due to a drought and weak global demand affected exports and trade. In early 2012, Sri Lanka floated the rupee, resulting in a sharp depreciation, and took steps to curb imports. A large trade deficit remains a concern. Strong remittances from Sri Lankan workers abroad have helped to offset the trade deficit.
|GDP (purchasing power parity):
| GDP (purchasing power parity): $128.4 billion (2012 est.) $120.6 billion (2011 est.) $111.4 billion (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
|GDP (official exchange rate):
|GDP (official exchange rate): $59.41 billion (2012 est.)
|GDP - real growth rate:
|6.4% (2012 est.) 8.2% (2011 est.) 8% (2010 est.)
|GDP - per capita (PPP):
| GDP - per capita (PPP): $6,200 (2012 est.) $5,900 (2011 est.) $5,500 (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
|Gross national saving:
|23.8% of GDP (2012 est.) 22.1% of GDP (2011 est.) 25.3% of GDP (2010 est.)
|GDP - composition, by end use:
| household consumption: 69.6%
government consumption: 13.5%
investment in fixed capital: 28.9%
investment in inventories: 1.8%
exports of goods and services: 22.8%
imports of goods and services: -36.5% (2012 est.)
|GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
| household consumption: 69.6%
government consumption: 13.5%
investment in fixed capital: 28.9%
investment in inventories: 1.8%
exports of goods and services: 22.8%
imports of goods and services: -36.5% (2012 est.)
|Agriculture - products:
|rice, sugarcane, grains, pulses, oilseed, spices, vegetables, fruit, tea, rubber, coconuts; milk, eggs, hides, beef; fish
|processing of rubber, tea, coconuts, tobacco and other agricultural commodities; telecommunications, insurance, banking; tourism, shipping; clothing, textiles; cement, petroleum refining, information technology services, construction
|Industrial production growth rate:
|10.3% (2012 est.)
|Labor force:
|8.194 million (2012 est.)
|Labor force - by occupation:
| agriculture: 31.8%
industry: 25.8%
services: 42.4% (June 2012)
|Unemployment rate:
|5.2% (2012 est.) 4.2% (2011 est.)
|Population below poverty line:
|8.9% (2010 est.)
|Household income or consumption by percentage share:
| lowest 10%: 1.6%
highest 10%: 39.5% (2009)
|Distribution of family income - Gini index:
|49 (2010) 46 (1995)
| revenues: $7.868 billion
expenditures: $11.63 billion (2012 est.)
|Taxes and other revenues:
|13.2% of GDP (2012 est.)
|Public debt:
| 77.7% of GDP (2012 est.) 78.4% of GDP (2011 est.)
note: covers central government debt, and excludes debt instruments directly owned by government entities other than the treasury (e.g. commercial bank borrowings of a government corporation); the data includes treasury debt held by foreign entities as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement; sub-national entities are usually not permitted to sell debt instruments
|Fiscal year:
|calendar year
|Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.5% (2012 est.) 6.7% (2011 est.)
|Current account balance:
|-$4.737 billion (2012 est.) -$4.638 billion (2011 est.)
|$9.785 billion (2012 est.) $10.56 billion (2011 est.)
|Exports - commodities:
|textiles and apparel, tea and spices; rubber manufactures; precious stones; coconut products, fish
|Exports - partners:
|US 22.6%, UK 9.8%, India 6.4%, Belgium 5.2%, Germany 4.8%, Italy 4.3% (2012)
|$17.32 billion (2012 est.) $18.24 billion (2011 est.)
|Imports - commodities:
|petroleum, textiles, machinery and transportation equipment, building materials, mineral products, foodstuffs
|Imports - partners:
|India 21.3%, China 16.5%, Singapore 8.6%, Iran 7.7%, UAE 4.4%, Malaysia 4.3% (2012)
|Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|$6.831 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $6.748 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
|Debt - external:
|$26.87 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $23.98 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
|Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
|Market value of publicly traded shares:
|$16.92 billion (31 December 2012) $19.44 billion (31 December 2011) $19.92 billion (31 December 2010)
|Exchange rates:
|Sri Lankan rupees (LKR) per US dollar - 127.6 (2012 est.) 110.57 (2011 est.) 113.06 (2010 est.) 114.95 (2009) 108.33 (2008)
|^Back to Top
|Electricity - production:
|11.52 billion kWh (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 91
|Electricity - consumption:
|10 billion kWh (2011 est.)
|Electricity - exports:
|0 kWh (2012 est.)
|Electricity - imports:
|0 kWh (2012 est.)
|Electricity - installed generating capacity:
|3.139 million kW (2011 est.)
|Electricity - from fossil fuels:
|53.8% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
|Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
|0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
|Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
|44.6% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
|Electricity - from other renewable sources:
|1.6% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
|Crude oil - production:
|0 bbl/day (2012 est.)
|Crude oil - exports:
|0 bbl/day (2012 est.)
|Crude oil - imports:
|41,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)
|Crude oil - proved reserves:
|0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - production:
|50,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - consumption:
|89,620 bbl/day (2011 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - exports:
|0 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - imports:
|48,140 bbl/day (2012 est.)
|Natural gas - production:
|0 cu m (2012 est.)
|Natural gas - consumption:
|0 cu m (2012 est.)
|Natural gas - exports:
|0 cu m (2012 est.)
|Natural gas - imports:
|0 cu m (2012 est.)
|Natural gas - proved reserves:
|0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.)
|Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
|14.09 million Mt (2010 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Telephones in use:
| 2.832 million (2013)
country comparison to the world: 52
|Cellular Phones in use:
|19.336 million (2013)
|Telephone system:
| general assessment: telephone services have improved significantly and are available in most parts of the country
domestic: national trunk network consists mostly of digital microwave radio relay; fiber-optic links now in use in Colombo area and fixed wireless local loops have been installed; competition is strong in mobile cellular systems and mobile cellular subscribership is increasing
international: country code - 94; the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cables provide connectivity to Asia, Australia, Middle East, Europe, US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2011)
|Broadcast media:
|government operates 8 TV channels and a radio network; multi-channel satellite and cable TV subscription services available; 35 private TV stations and about 50 radio stations (2012)
|Internet country code:
|Internet hosts:
|9,552 (2012)
|Internet users:
|1.777 million (2009)
|^Back to Top
| 19 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 138
|Airports (paved runways):
| total 15
over 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
914 to 1,523 m: 7 (2013)
|Airports (unpaved runways):
| total 4
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 3 (2013)
|1 (2013)
| total 1,449 km
broad gauge: 1,449 km 1.676-m gauge (2007)
| total 91,907 km
|160 km (primarily on rivers in southwest) (2012)
|Merchant marine:
| total 21
by type: bulk carrier 4, cargo 13, chemical tanker 1, container 1, petroleum tanker 2
foreign-owned: 8 (Germany 8) (2010)
|Ports and terminals:
|^Back to Top
|Military branches:
|Sri Lanka Army, Sri Lanka Navy, Sri Lanka Air Force (2013)
|Military service age and obligation:
|18-22 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; 5-year service obligation (Air Force) (2012)
|Manpower available for military service:
| males age 16-49: 5,342,147
females age 16-49: 5,466,409 (2010 est.)
|Manpower fit for military service:
| males age 16-49: 4,177,432
females age 16-49: 4,574,833 (2010 est.)
|Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
| male: 167,026
female: 162,587 (2010 est.)
|Military expenditures:
|2.9% of GDP (2012)
|^Back to Top
|Transnational Issues
|Refugees and internally displaced persons:
|IDPs: 118,376 (civil war; more than half displaced prior to 2008; many of the more than 470,000 IDPs registered as returnees had not reached durable solutions as of September 2012) (2012)
|^Back to Top
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Source: CIA - The World Factbook


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subset: commoncrawl


text:
By Jerry O'Brien 7-15-12 Proctor, MN
On a hot warm and muggy night Darrell Nelson of Hermantown mugged the
Late Model and Modified divisions at the South St. Louis County fair races
Sunday night. Nelson started the Late Model feature in the fourth row. National
point leader Todd Frank started from the pole but over cooked it going into the
first turn at the start. Frank shot off the top of turn one into the tire wall on pit
road letting Kevin Carlson blast into the lead. The caution appeared, Frank was
retrieved and restarted at the rear. Carlson got a good start at the green ahead of
Joey Ogston, Nelson, Harry Hanson and Tim McMann. Carlson extended his lead
as Ogston struggled to hold back Nelson. Hanson and McMann were joined by
Kyle Peterlin as they battled for third. Nelson swept past Ogston and set out to
track down Carlson cutting into the lead as the laps wound down. Carlson clung to
the lead but could not hold off Nelson who took over the top spot after a spirited
battle as the white flag flew. Carlson finished second, Ogston, Peterlin and Hanson
finished in the top five.
After so many seasons doing double duty, Nelson is adept at hopping from one
car to the next. With the Late Model and Modified features back to back Nelson
wasted little time changing rides and move out to his fifth starting spot. E. J.
Hietala had the early lead ahead of Paul Schultz, Jeff Tardy, Nelson and Jody
Bellefeuille. The top five ran in a roiling mass in the early going and Nelson burst
out to grab the lead from Hietala. Nelson soon changed zip codes as his lead was
soon more than a straight away. With no caution flags to slow the action, laps
clicked off quickly and with little fanfare the white flag flew followed by the
checkered flag. Bellefeuille worked his way to second ahead of Schultz, Nick
Musel and Tardy.
Rick Simpson started on the pole for the 20 lap Super Stock feature racing out
to a big lead ahead of Dan Yrjanson. Donnie Lofdahl, Kevin Salin ran in the top
four as eighth starting Scott Lawrence was fifth. Lawrence picked 'em off one by
one and was soon in second. By the half way point Lawrence had caught Simpson
and the battle was on. Lawrence tried Simpson on the low side but there was
nothing there. He then moved to the outside down the back stretch edged ahead
and dived low past a lapped car to take over the top spot. Once Lawrence was
clear of Simpson he pulled away. Last weeks winner Andy Davey finished third,
Salin fourth and Andy Grymala fifth.
Dan Larsen and Andrew Inman led the charge to the green flag in the Midwest
Modified 20 lap feature. Inman got the jump over Larsen, Jake Gondik was third
and Deven VanHouse was close by in fifth. VanHouse was on the prowl and
moved into second bringing Danny Vang and Justin Oestreich along past Inman.
The caution flag flew for a David Simpson spin in turn one. With five laps in, the
top four remained the same at the restart but Gondik drove into fourth. Vang raced
past VanHouse to the lead with Oestreich third, then a distance back to Gondik,
Kingsley and Inman. There was a caution period with six laps remaining and when
the green flag again appeared Vang was in control. He beat Oestreich to the
checkered flag with VanHouse third Kingsley fourth and Inman past Gondik for
The fifteen lap Pure Stock feature was filled with caution flags and when the
smoke cleared, Justin Bassa from Hermantown stood in the winners circle. For
several laps the battle for the win was between the brothers Hammitt Jon and Matt,
but Bassa kept getting in between them and Esten Nelson added to the pack trying
for the win. The last of eight caution flags gave Bassa a clear shot at Matt Hammitt
to the outside. He was able to take advantage of the opening and went on to take
his first feature win of the season. Nelson got by for second followed by Matt and
then Jon Hammitt. Jeff Engelmeier finished fifth. Ten of 22 cars that started were
on the track at the finish.
Results Proctor Speedway Fair Races 7-15-12
WISSOTA Late Model (11 cars)
Feature (20 laps) Darrell Nelson Hermantown; Kevin Carlson Hermantown; Joey
Ogston Duluth; Kyle Peterlin Hibbing; Harry Hanson Eveleth; Tim McMann
Duluth; Todd Frank Mason; Jim Morris Hibbing DNF Donnie Lofdahl Proctor;
Robbie Cooper South Range; Dave Esse Cloquet
Heat 1 (8 laps): Nelson; Carlson; McMann; Ogston; Cooper; Morris
Heat 2 (8 laps): Hanson; Frank; Lofdahl; Peterlin DNS Esse
WISSOTA Modified (7 cars)
Feature (20 laps) Darrell Nelson Hermantown; Jody Bellefeuille Duluth; Paul
Schultz Grand Rapids; Nick Musel Duluth; Jeff Tardy Hibbing; Scott Heikkinen
Eveleth DNF E. J. Hietala
Heat (8laps ): Nelson; Tardy; Hietala; Schultz; Bellefeuille; Heikkinen; Musel
WISSOTA Super Stock (15 cars)
Feature (20 laps) Scott Lawrence Superior; Rick Simpson Thunder Bay; Andy
Davey Hibbing; Kevin Salin Iron; Andy Grymala Superior; Mike Bellefeuille
Duluth; Dan Yrjanson Carlton; Al Rapp Saginaw; Pat Heikkinen eveleth; Ashley
Smith Superior; Brian Carl Duluth DNF Donnie Lofdahl Proctor; Bob Preble
Grand Rapids; Ronnie Malecki Superior DNS Todd Carlson Coon Rapids
Heat 1 (8 laps): Lawrence; Simpson; Grymala; Rapp; Carl DNF Smith DNS
Bellefeuille; Carlson
Heat 2 (8 laps): Davey; Lofdahl; Salin; Yrjanson; Preble; Heikkinen; Malecki
WISSOTA Midwest Modified (12 cars)
Feature (15 laps) Danny Vang Brainerd; Justin Oestreich Elk River; Deen
VanHouse Silver Bay; Dan kingsley Superior; Andrew Inman Hermantown; Jake
gondik Foxboro; Josh Heavirland Cloquet; Dan Doran Hermantown; Brian
Youderin Superior; Cory Ziebol Cloquet DNF Dan Larsen Hermantown; David
Simpson Thunder Bay
Heat 1 (8 laps): Vang; Oestreich; Kingsley; Larsen; Doran; Simpson
Heat 2 ( 8 laps): Heavirland; VanHouse; Gondik; Inman; Youderin; Ziebol
Pure Stock (23 cars)
Feature (15 laps) Justin Bassa Hermantown; Esten Nelson Grand Marais; Matt
Hammitt Cloquet; Jon Hammitt Cloquet; Jeff Engelmeier; Saginaw;Glenn
Dammer Duluth; Keith koski Chisholm; Craig Horak Grand Marais; Corey
Lonetto Duluth; Rita Andrson South Range; Brett Leino Moose Lake; Annika
Hammitt Cloquet; Mike Sirois Hermantown; Shaina Rapp Saginaw; Josh Loucks
Carlton DNF Josh Overn Mahtowa; Justin Madsen Foxboro; Derek Ament
Barnum; Andy Leino Barnum; Erik Pederson Saginaw; Dustin Follett Cloquet;
Josh Danielson Carlton DNS Spencer Sorenson Duluth
Heat 1 (8 laps): A. Leino; M. Hammitt; E. Nelson; Loucks; Sirois; Dammer; B.
Leino; a. hammitt
Heat 2 (8 laps): Bassa; Engelmeier; Horak; Koski; Pederson; Ament; Overn DNS


text:
Vacation rentals in Rest of Europe, Asia, Australia etc. (villas, farms, cottages, apartments)
> SlowTrav > Other > Vacation Rentals > Reviews
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text:
Avery Individual Side Tab Legal Exhibit Dividers - 25 per pack
PrintedExhibit 174 - 8.50" x 11" - 25 / Pack - White Divider
Dividers are ideal for index briefs, legal exhibits, mortgage documentation files and more. White paper stock features clear RipProof reinforced tabs. Side tabs are printed with Avery Style (Helvetica Bold type) on both sides. Binding edge is unpunched so indexes can fit any binding system.


text:
Headphone Amplifiers
Emotiva mini-X a-100
"This review is based on matching the Mini X with Hifiman He-500 Headphones. You may be reading this review, unsure what to make of this Amp, asking how can a cheap sub $200 amp offer the power needed for an expensive Headphone such as the Hifiman He-500? If you have done your homework you will find this is the stereo amp everybody is..." --fluidz
Fischer Audio Mystify
" ****Note**** As always, these are strictly my opinions. I try to present these products as honestly as possible and try to describe them as best as possible. As always, YMMV. ****NOTE**** FISCHER AUDIO MYSTIFY PORTABLE HEADPHONE AMP SPEC'S: Frequency "flatness": +/- 0.5db Dynamic Range: 110 db Total Harmonic Distortion: 0.001% Intermodulation..." --LFF
Emotiva Basx TA-100
STEREO PREAMP/DAC/TUNER WITH INTEGRATED AMPLIFIER https://emotiva.com/products/amplifiers/pres-and-pros/ta-100
Emotiva UPA-200
UPA-200 represents a true breakthrough in audiophile-quality amplification. At last, a truly affordable stereo power amplifier that can satisfy the most discerning aficionado, and at the same, is affordable to anyone with a desire for real quality. Our advanced engineering and design techniques have resulted in an amazing new amplifier. Its rock solid performance and affordable price point...
Fischer Audio HA-02
Frequency range: 10Hz-20kHz Amplitude-frequency responce (AFR) irregularity within the frequency range: 0.3 dB Dynamic range: 110 dB Harmonic distortions: 0.002 % Intermodulation distortion (CCIF) 0.006 % Interpenetration of channels at frequency 1 kHz: -73dB Rated input voltage: 0.5 Maximalinput voltage: 3.5 V Maximal output voltage at the non loaded output: 10 V Maximal undistorted power...
Music Hall OBH-11 Headphone Amplifier
The OBH-11 is a miniature audio amplifier, designed specifically to drive a single pair of low to medium impedance (30 - 300 Ohm) headphones from a line level source. The OBH-11 SE is a 'Class A' amplifier with zero feedback and can drive two pairs of headphones simultaneously. It is more efficient to have a small amp to do this rather than waste the power of a full size one when only...


text:
Peru Population: 29,849,30390 VISITORS FROM HERE!
« Previous Country | Next Country » Back to Flag Counter Overview
|Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by Spanish conquistadors in 1533. Peruvian independence was declared in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces were defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980, but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity. Nevertheless, the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian measures and an economic slump in the late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime, which led to his ouster in 2000. A caretaker government oversaw new elections in the spring of 2001, which installed Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique as the new head of government - Peru's first democratically elected president of indigenous Quechuan ethnicity. The presidential election of 2006 saw the return of Alan GARCIA Perez who, after a disappointing presidential term from 1985 to 1990, oversaw a robust economic rebound. In June 2011, former army officer Ollanta HUMALA Tasso was elected president, defeating Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi, the daughter of Alberto FUJIMORI. Since his election, HUMALA has carried on the sound, market-oriented economic policies of the three preceding administrations.
Shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia; a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316 m peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River
|Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador
|Geographic coordinates:
| total: 1,285,216 sq km
land: 1,279,996 sq km
water: 5,220 sq km
Size comparison: slightly smaller than Alaska
|Land Boundaries:
| total: 7,461 km
border countries: Bolivia 1,075 km, Brazil 2,995 km, Chile 171 km, Colombia 1,800 km, Ecuador 1,420 km
|2,414 km
|Maritime claims:
| territorial sea: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm
|varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes
|western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)
|Elevation extremes:
| lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m
|Natural resources:
|copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas
|Land use:
| arable land: 2.84%
permanent crops: 0.66%
other: 96.5% (2011)
|Irrigated land:
|11,960 sq km (2003)
|Natural hazards:
|earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity volcanism: volcanic activity in the Andes Mountains; Ubinas (elev. 5,672 m), which last erupted in 2009, is the country's most active volcano; other historically active volcanoes include El Misti, Huaynaputina, Sabancaya, and Yucamane
|Current Environment Issues:
|deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes
|International Environment Agreements:
| party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
|^Back to Top
| noun: Peruvian(s)
adjective: Peruvian
|Ethnic groups:
|Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%
|Spanish (official) 84.1%, Quechua (official) 13%, Aymara (official) 1.7%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native languages (includes a large number of minor Amazonian languages) 0.7%, other 0.2% (2007 Census)
|Roman Catholic 81.3%, Evangelical 12.5%, other 3.3%, unspecified or none 2.9% (2007 Census)
|29,849,303 (July 2013 est.)
|Age structure:
| 0-14 years: 27.6% (male 4,197,698/female 4,053,852)
15-24 years: 19.4% (male 2,894,420/female 2,891,714)
25-54 years: 39.2% (male 5,633,249/female 6,056,017)
55-64 years: 7.1% (male 1,039,975/female 1,086,428)
65 years and over: 6.7% (male 947,349/female 1,048,601) (2013 est.)
|Dependency ratios:
| total dependency ratio: 54.2 %
youth dependency ratio: 44.4 %
elderly dependency ratio: 9.9 %
potential support ratio: 10.1 (2013)
|Median age:
| total: 26.7 years
male: 26 years
female: 27.4 years (2013 est.)
|Population growth rate:
|1% (2013 est.)
|Birth rate:
|18.85 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)
|Death rate:
|5.97 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)
|Net migration rate:
|-2.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)
| urban population: 77% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization: 1.6% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
|Major urban areas - population:
|LIMA (capital) 8.769 million; Arequipa 778,000 (2009)
|Sex ratio:
| at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2013 est.)
|Mother's mean age at first birth:
|22.3 note: Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2011 est.)
|Maternal mortality rate:
|67 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
|Infant mortality rate:
| total: 20.85 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 23.1 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 18.49 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)
|Life expectancy at birth:
| total population: 72.98 years
male: 71.01 years
female: 75.05 years (2013 est.)
|Total fertility rate:
|2.25 children born/woman (2013 est.)
|Contraceptive prevalence rate:
|68.9% (2011)
|Health expenditures:
|5.1% of GDP (2010)
|Physicians density:
|0.92 physicians/1,000 population (2009)
|Hospital bed density:
|1.5 beds/1,000 population (2010)
|Drinking water source:
| improved:
urban: 91% of population
rural: 65% of population
total: 85% of population
urban: 9% of population
rural: 35% of population
total: 15% of population (2010 est.)
|Sanitation facility access:
| improved:
urban: 81% of population
rural: 37% of population
total: 71% of population
urban: 19% of population
rural: 63% of population
total: 29% of population (2010 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|0.4% (2009 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|75,000 (2009 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|5,000 (2009 est.)
|Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
|15.7% (2008)
|Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
|4.5% (2008)
|Education expenditures:
|2.6% of GDP (2011)
| definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 89.6%
male: 94.9%
female: 84.6% (2007 est.)
|School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
| total: 13 years
male: 13 years
female: 13 years (2010)
|Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
|total: 16.2% (2011)
|^Back to Top
|Country name:
| conventional long form: Republic of Peru
conventional short form: Peru
local long form: Republica del Peru
local short form: Peru
|Government type:
|constitutional republic
| name: Lima
geographic coordinates: 12 03 S, 77 03 W
time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard Time)
|Administrative divisions:
| 25 regions (regiones, singular - region) and 1 province* (provincia); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali
note: Callao, the largest port in Peru, is also referred to as a constitutional province, the only province of the the Callao region
|28 July 1821 (from Spain)
|National holiday:
|Independence Day, 28 July (1821)
|29 December 1993
|Legal system:
|civil law system
|18 years of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 70
|Executive branch:
| chief of state: President Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (since 28 July 2011); First Vice President Marisol ESPINOZA Cruz (since 28 July 2011); Second Vice President (vacant); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (since 28 July 2011); First Vice President Marisol ESPINOZA Cruz (since 28 July 2011); Second Vice President (vacant)
note: Prime Minister Juan Federico JIMENEZ Mayor (since 23 July 2012) does not exercise executive power; this power rests with the president
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president (For more information visit the World Leaders website )
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for nonconsecutive reelection); presidential and congressional elections last held on 10 April 2011 with runoff election held on 6 June 2011 (next to be held in April 2016)
election results: Ollanta HUMALA Tasso elected president in runoff election; percent of vote - Ollanta HUMALA Tasso 51.5%, Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi 48.5%
|Legislative branch:
| unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru or Congreso de la Republica del Peru (130 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held on 10 April 2011 (next to be held in April 2016)
election results: percent of vote by party - Gana Peru 25.3%, Fuerza 2011 23%, PP 14.8%, Alliance for Great Change 14.4%, National Solidarity 10.2%, Peruvian Aprista Party 6.4%, other 5.9%; seats by party - Gana Peru 47, Fuerza 2011 37, PP 21, Alliance for Great Change 12, National Solidarity 9, Peruvian Aprista Party 4; note - defections by members of National Assembly are commonplace, resulting in frequent changes in the numbers of seats held by the various parties
|Judicial branch:
| highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of 16 judges and divided into civil, criminal, and constitutional-social sectors) judge selection and term of office: justices proposed by the National Council of the Judiciary or National Judicial Council (a 7-member independent body), nominated by the president, and confirmed by the Congress (all appointments reviewed by the Council every 7 years; justices appointed for life or until age 70
subordinate courts: Court of Constitutional Guarantees; Superior Courts or Cortes Superiores; specialized civil, criminal, and mixed courts; two types of peace courts in which professional judges and selected members of the local communities preside
|Political parties and leaders:
|Alliance for Great Change (Alianza por el Gran Cambio) (a coalition of the Alliance for Progress, Humanist Party, National Restoration Party, and Popular Christian Party) [Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI] Fuerza 2011 [Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi] Gana Peru (a coalition of Lima Para Todos, Peruvian Communist Party, Peruvian Nationalist Party, and Peruvian Socialist Party) [Ollanta HUMALA Tasso] National Solidarity (Solidaridad Nacional) or SN (a coalition of Cambio 90, Siempre Unidos, Todos por el Peru, and Union for Peru or UPP) [Luis CASTANEDA Lossio] Peru Posible or PP (a coalition of Accion Popular and Somos Peru) [Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique] Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano) or PAP [Alan GARCIA Perez] (also referred to by its original name Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana or APRA)
|Political pressure groups and leaders:
|General Workers Confederation of Peru (Confederacion General de Trabajadores del Peru) or CGTP [Mario HUAMAN] Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) or SL [Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned), Victor QUISPE Palomino (top leader at-large)] (leftist guerrilla group)
|International organization participation:
|APEC, BIS, CAN, CD, CELAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|National symbol(s):
|vicuna (a camelid related to the llama)
|National anthem:
| name: "Himno Nacional del Peru" (National Anthem of Peru)
lyrics/music: Jose DE LA TORRE Ugarte/Jose Bernardo ALZEDO
note: adopted 1822; the song won a national contest for an anthem
|Diplomatic representation in the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Harold Winston FORSYTH Mejia
chancery: 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Hartford (CT), Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (NJ), San Francisco
|Diplomatic representation from the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Rose M. LIKINS
embassy: Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17 s/n, Surco, Lima 33
mailing address: P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34031-5000
telephone: [51] (1) 618-2000
|^Back to Top
Peru's economy reflects its varied geography - an arid lowland coastal region, the central high sierra of the Andes, the dense forest of the Amazon, with tropical lands bordering Colombia and Brazil. A wide range of important mineral resources are found in the mountainous and coastal areas, and Peru's coastal waters provide excellent fishing grounds. The Peruvian economy has been growing by an average of 6.4% per year since 2002 with a stable/slightly appreciating exchange rate and low inflation, which in 2013 is expected to be below the upper limit of the Central Bank target range of 1 to 3%. Growth has been in the 6-9% range for the last three years, due partly to a leap in private investment, especially in the extractive sector, which accounts for more than 60% of Peru's total exports. Despite Peru's strong macroeconomic performance, dependence on minerals and metals exports and imported foodstuffs subjects the economy to fluctuations in world prices. Poor infrastructure hinders the spread of growth to Peru's non-coastal areas. Peru's rapid expansion coupled with cash transfers and other programs have helped to reduce the national poverty rate by 23 percentage points since 2002, but inequality persists and continues to pose a challenge for the new Ollanta HUMALA administration, which has championed a policy of social inclusion and a more equitable distribution of income. Peru's free trade policy has continued under the HUMALA administration; since 2006, Peru has signed trade deals with the US, Canada, Singapore, China, Korea, Mexico, Japan, the European Free Trade Association, Chile, and four other countries; concluded negotiations with Venezuela, Costa Rica, and Guatemala; and begun trade talks with two other Central American countries and the Trans-Pacific Partnership. Peru also has signed a trade pact with Chile, Colombia, and Mexico called the Pacific Alliance that rivals Mercosur in combined population, GDP, and trade. The US-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement entered into force 1 February 2009, opening the way to greater trade and investment between the two economies. Although Peru has continued to attract foreign investment, political activism and protests are hampering development of some projects related to natural resource extraction.
|GDP (purchasing power parity):
| GDP (purchasing power parity): $332 billion (2012 est.) $312.4 billion (2011 est.) $292.2 billion (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
|GDP (official exchange rate):
|GDP (official exchange rate): $199 billion (2012 est.)
|GDP - real growth rate:
|6.3% (2012 est.) 6.9% (2011 est.) 8.8% (2010 est.)
|GDP - per capita (PPP):
| GDP - per capita (PPP): $10,900 (2012 est.) $10,400 (2011 est.) $9,900 (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
|Gross national saving:
|23.2% of GDP (2012 est.) 23.4% of GDP (2011 est.) 22.8% of GDP (2010 est.)
|GDP - composition, by end use:
| household consumption: 61.7%
government consumption: 10.5%
investment in fixed capital: 26.6%
investment in inventories: 0.2%
exports of goods and services: 25.5%
imports of goods and services: -24.5% (2012 est.)
|GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
| household consumption: 61.7%
government consumption: 10.5%
investment in fixed capital: 26.6%
investment in inventories: 0.2%
exports of goods and services: 25.5%
imports of goods and services: -24.5% (2012 est.)
|Agriculture - products:
|asparagus, coffee, cocoa, cotton, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, corn, plantains, grapes, oranges, pineapples, guavas, bananas, apples, lemons, pears, coca, tomatoes, mangoes, barley, medicinal plants, palm oil, marigold, onion, wheat, dry beans; poultry, beef, pork, dairy products; guinea pigs; fish
|mining and refining of minerals; steel, metal fabrication; petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas and natural gas liquefaction; fishing and fish processing, cement, glass, textiles, clothing, food processing, beer, soft drinks, rubber, machinery, electrical machinery, chemicals, furniture
|Industrial production growth rate:
|6% (2012 est.)
|Labor force:
|16.2 million note: individuals older than 14 years of age (2012 est.)
|Labor force - by occupation:
| agriculture: 0.7%
industry: 23.8%
services: 75.5% (2005)
|Unemployment rate:
|6.8% (2012 est.) 7.7% (2011 est.) note: data are for metropolitan Lima; widespread underemployment
|Population below poverty line:
|27.8% (2011 est.)
|Household income or consumption by percentage share:
| lowest 10%: 1.4%
highest 10%: 36.1% (2010 est.)
|Distribution of family income - Gini index:
|46 (2010) 51 (2005)
| revenues: $62.19 billion
expenditures: $57.9 billion (2012 est.)
|Taxes and other revenues:
|31.2% of GDP (2012 est.)
|Public debt:
| 16.6% of GDP (2012 est.) 19.9% of GDP (2011 est.)
note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued by government entities other than the treasury; the data exclude treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities
|Fiscal year:
|calendar year
|Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.7% (2012 est.) 3.4% (2011 est.) note: data are for metropolitan Lima, annual average
|Current account balance:
|-$7.136 billion (2012 est.) -$3.341 billion (2011 est.)
|$45.64 billion (2012 est.) $46.27 billion (2011 est.)
|Exports - commodities:
|copper, gold, lead, zinc, tin, iron ore, molybdenum, silver; crude petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas; coffee, asparagus and other vegetables, fruit, apparel and textiles, fishmeal, fish, chemicals, fabricated metal products and machinery, alloys
|Exports - partners:
|China 19.7%, US 15.5%, Canada 9.4%, Japan 6.5%, Spain 5.2%, Chile 4.8% (2012)
|$41.11 billion (2012 est.) $36.97 billion (2011 est.)
|Imports - commodities:
|petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, plastics, machinery, vehicles, color TV sets, power shovels, front-end loaders, telephones and telecommunication equipment, iron and steel, wheat, corn, soybean products, paper, cotton, vaccines and medicines
|Imports - partners:
|US 24.4%, China 13.9%, Brazil 6.3%, Argentina 5.4%, Chile 4.7%, Ecuador 4.5%, Colombia 4.2% (2012)
|Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|$64.17 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $48.93 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
|Debt - external:
|$52.59 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $43.52 billion (31 December 2011 est.) note: public debt component of total: $20.6 billion (31 December 2009)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
|$63.51 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $51.21 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
|$3.041 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $3.099 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
|Market value of publicly traded shares:
|$153.4 billion (31 December 2012) $121.6 billion (31 December 2011) $160.9 billion (31 December 2010)
|Exchange rates:
|nuevo sol (PEN) per US dollar - 2.6376 (2012 est.) 2.7541 (2011 est.) 2.8251 (2010 est.) 3.0115 (2009) 2.91 (2008)
|^Back to Top
|Electricity - production:
|38.7 billion kWh (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 59
|Electricity - consumption:
|34.25 billion kWh (2011 est.)
|Electricity - exports:
|0 kWh (2011 est.)
|Electricity - imports:
|6 million kWh (2011 est.)
|Electricity - installed generating capacity:
|7.982 million kW (2009 est.)
|Electricity - from fossil fuels:
|59% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
|Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
|0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
|Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
|41% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
|Electricity - from other renewable sources:
|0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
|Crude oil - production:
|152,600 bbl/day (2011 est.)
|Crude oil - exports:
|18,880 bbl/day (2009 est.)
|Crude oil - imports:
|99,590 bbl/day (2009 est.)
|Crude oil - proved reserves:
|586.1 million bbl (1 January 2012 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - production:
|173,700 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - consumption:
|172,600 bbl/day (2011 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - exports:
|60,720 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - imports:
|38,390 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|Natural gas - production:
|31.12 billion cu m (2011)
|Natural gas - consumption:
|5.41 billion cu m (2010 est.)
|Natural gas - exports:
|3.59 billion cu m (2010 est.)
|Natural gas - imports:
|0 cu m (2011)
|Natural gas - proved reserves:
|352.8 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)
|Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
|41.88 million Mt (2010 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Telephones in use:
| 3.688 million (2011)
country comparison to the world: 43
|Cellular Phones in use:
|32.461 million (2011)
|Telephone system:
| general assessment: adequate for most requirements; nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations
domestic: fixed-line teledensity is only about 12 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity, spurred by competition among multiple providers, exceeds 100 telephones per 100 persons
international: country code - 51; the South America-1 (SAM-1) and Pan American (PAN-AM) submarine cable systems provide links to parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2010)
|Broadcast media:
|10 major TV networks of which only one, Television Nacional de Peru, is state-owned; multi-channel cable TV services are available; in excess of 2,000 radio stations including a substantial number of indigenous language stations (2010)
|Internet country code:
|Internet hosts:
|234,102 (2012)
|Internet users:
|9.158 million (2009)
|^Back to Top
| 191 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 30
|Airports (paved runways):
| total 59
over 3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 21
1,524 to 2,437 m: 16
914 to 1,523 m: 12
under 914 m: 5 (2013)
|Airports (unpaved runways):
| total 132
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 19
914 to 1,523 m: 30
under 914 m: 82 (2013)
|5 (2013)
|extra heavy crude 786 km; gas 1,526 km; liquid petroleum gas 679 km; oil 1,033 km; refined products 15 km (2013)
| total 1,907 km
standard gauge: 1,772 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 135 km 0.914-m gauge (2012)
| total 140,672 km
(of which 18,698 km are paved)
note: includes 24,593 km of national roads (of which 14,748 km are paved), 24,235 km of departmental roads (2,340 km paved), and 91,844 km of local roads (1,611 km paved) (2012)
|8,808 km (there are 8,600 km of navigable tributaries on the Amazon system and 208 km on Lago Titicaca) (2011)
|Merchant marine:
| total 22
by type: cargo 2, chemical tanker 5, liquefied gas 2, petroleum tanker 13
foreign-owned: 8 (Chile 6, Ecuador 1, Spain 1)
registered in other countries: 9 (Panama 9) (2010)
|Ports and terminals:
| Callao, Iquitos, Matarani, Paita, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas; note - Iquitos, Pucallpa, and Yurimaguas are on the upper reaches of the Amazon and its tributaries
oil terminals: Conchan oil terminal, La Pampilla oil terminal
|^Back to Top
|Military branches:
|Peruvian Army (Ejercito Peruano), Peruvian Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru, MGP; includes naval air, naval infantry, and Coast Guard), Air Force of Peru (Fuerza Aerea del Peru, FAP) (2013)
|Military service age and obligation:
|18-50 years of age for male and 18-45 years of age for female voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)
|Manpower available for military service:
| males age 16-49: 7,385,588
females age 16-49: 7,727,623 (2010 est.)
|Manpower fit for military service:
| males age 16-49: 5,788,629
females age 16-49: 6,565,097 (2010 est.)
|Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
| male: 304,094
female: 298,447 (2010 est.)
|Military expenditures:
|1% of GDP (2012)
|^Back to Top
|Transnational Issues
|Disputes - International:
|Chile and Ecuador rejected Peru's November 2005 unilateral legislation to shift the axis of their joint treaty-defined maritime boundaries along the parallels of latitude to equidistance lines which favor Peru; organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia have penetrated Peru's shared border; Peru rejects Bolivia's claim to restore maritime access through a sovereign corridor through Chile along the Peruvian border
|Refugees and internally displaced persons:
|IDPs: 150,000 (civil war from 1980-2000; most IDPs are indigenous peasants in Andean and Amazonian regions; as of 2011, no new information on the situation of these IDPs) (2011)
|Illicit drugs:
|until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer, Peru is now the world's second largest producer of coca leaf, though it lags far behind Colombia; cultivation of coca in Peru was estimated at 40,000 hectares in 2009, a slight decrease over 2008; second largest producer of cocaine, estimated at 225 metric tons of potential pure cocaine in 2009; finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to the international drug market; increasing amounts of base and finished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia for use in the Southern Cone or transshipment to Europe and Africa; increasing domestic drug consumption
|^Back to Top
« Previous Country | Next Country » Back to Flag Counter Overview
Source: CIA - The World Factbook


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Blackbox i10
Oh, sure -- you've got at least 893.1 options (at last count, anyway) when it comes to noise cancelling headphones for your iDevice, but do any of those plug directly into the dock connector instead of requiring a separate battery? Exactly. That's the claim to fame for Blackbox's i10, a new set of earbuds that rely on power from your iPod or iPhone in order to achieve that active...
UE 11 Pro
" This is my very first pair of custom IEMs after trying almost all of the high end universal IEMs -- SE530, UE Super Fi 10, Etymotics etc. The sound of these UE11 Pros is superior in every way to all of the universal ones I had, but even more important they stay in my ear and provide a proper seal. Since my ear canals get very narrow, I found it very difficult to get any of my universals to..." --alyanm
UE 18 Pro
"This is my first written review on Head-Fi, so please take everything with a grain of salt, but I am going for a detailed review here, and I intend on doing more in the future, so please feel free to comment on anything I can do to improve! Anyway, let's dive right in! A little about me: A little over a year ago, some switch flipped inside of me, and I discovered the..." --cvbcbcmv
UE 4Pro
Technical parameters: Frequency Response: 20Hz - 15kHz Sensitivity: 108 db Impedance: 17.5 ohms Noise Isolation: -26 db Connector: 3.5 mm (1 / 8 ") gold-plated Internal Speaker Configuration: 2 proprietary precision balanced armatures
Ultimate Ears 200 Noise-Isolating Earphones, Grey
Ultimate Ears 200 Noise-Isolating Earphones get in the zone. Designed by Ultimate Ears, these sweet-sounding earphones give you the right fit even if you've got small ears.
Ultimate Ears 200vi Noise-Isolating Headset, Blue
"First I would like to inform that this review is not going to be long. i will just describe everything very briefly. first thing is i am not an audiophile but I play guitar and I love music. So the following review I am going to talk about the things which are I consider important for choosing the right headphone. Built Quality: To be honest i think the build quality of this..." --dkshifat
Ultimate Ears 350
Tuned by the same engineers who make the custom earphones preferred by the world's top touring musicians. Tuned with extra bass for deep, thumpin' beats that make you feel like you're in the middle of the club.Your earphones are built to keep on looking and sounding great. With five pairs of soft silicone ear cushions from XXS to L, you won't have to worry about getting...
Ultimate Ears 400
"This is sort of a mini review. Overall the sound and build quality are pretty okay. I like the smooth and balanced sound signature these in-ears have. The soundstage isn't too wide or high but it's acceptable. There is sibilance on high notes but with lower volumes it's okay. Bass is not overly powerful but still leaves impact and the mids and trebles are smooth and clear. I..." --Slashfury99
Ultimate Ears 4 Pro Custom In-Ear Monitors
We developed the Ultimate Ears 4 Pro Custom In-Ear Monitors specifically for emerging artists and audiophiles alike. If you're playing gigs at a local club or performing at church, now it's possible to make the move up from wedge monitors to the detail and versatility you only get with Custom In-Ear Monitors. Ultimate Ear's UE 4 Pro Custom In-Ear Monitors are crafted to fit,...
Ultimate Ears 500
"I'm giving these a 4 based on sound quality alone. I'm a cheap headphone user; I've gone from cheap headphone to cheap headphone over the past decade or so. I started with the Skullcandy Ink'd headphones, moved onto the Sennheiser CX400s, then the Meelectronics M6 and M9, and finally, this. I've also tried the Klipsch S4's. I'm currently on my third pair of these because well, they're so damn..." --az060693


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Chronic Opioids/Buprenorphine; Butorphanol; Nalbuphine
This information is generalized and not intended as specific medical advice. Consult your healthcare professional before taking or discontinuing any drug or commencing any course of treatment.
Medical warning:
Serious. These medicines may interact and cause very harmful effects. Contact your healthcare professional (e.g. doctor or pharmacist) for more information.
How the interaction occurs:
Nalbuphine may prevent your other pain medicine from working.
What might happen:
If you have taken opioid medicines for a while, buprenorphine, butorphanol, and nalbuphine may cause you to experience withdrawal symptoms.If you have only taken opioid medicines for a short time, and these medicines may reduce some of the side effects of your medicine, such as itching or shallow breathing; however, your opioid may not control your pain as well.
What you should do about this interaction:
Let your healthcare professionals (e.g. doctor or pharmacist) know that you are taking these medicines together and how long you have been taking an opioid. If your pain gets worse, or if you have withdrawal symptoms such as trouble sleeping, sweating, widened pupils, runny nose, watering eyes, irritability, weakness, muscle aches/twitching/cramps, stomach cramps, hot/cold flashes, sneezing, vomiting, diarrhea, rapid breathing, fast heartbeat, and/or fever, contact your doctor.Your healthcare professionals may already be aware of this interaction and may be monitoring you for it. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicine before checking with them first.
1.Buprenex (buprenorphine hydrochloride) US prescribing information. Reckitt Benckiser Pharmaceuticals, Inc. April, 2005.
2.Stadol (butorphanol tartrate) US prescribing information. Bristol-Myers Squibb April, 2002.
3.Nubain (nalbuphine hydrochloride) US prescribing information. Endo Pharmaceuticals Inc. January, 2005.
4.Strain EC, Preston KL, Liebson IA, Bigelow GE. Buprenorphine effects in methadone-maintained volunteers: effects at two hours after methadone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995 Feb;272(2):628-38.
5.Strain EC, Preston KL, Liebson IA, Bigelow GE. Acute effects of buprenorphine, hydromorphone and naloxone in methadone-maintained volunteers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992 Jun;261(3):985-93.
6.Walsh SL, June HL, Schuh KJ, Preston KL, Bigelow GE, Stitzer ML. Effects of buprenorphine and methadone in methadone-maintained subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1995 Jun;119(3):268-76.
7.Rosado J, Walsh SL, Bigelow GE, Strain EC. Sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone precipitated withdrawal in subjects maintained on 100mg of daily methadone. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007 Oct 8;90(2-3):261-9.
8.Clark NC, Lintzeris N, Muhleisen PJ. Severe opiate withdrawal in a heroin user precipitated by a massive buprenorphine dose. Med J Aust 2002 Feb 18; 176(4):166-7.
9.Preston KL, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA. Butorphanol-precipitated withdrawal in opioid-dependent human volunteers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988 Aug; 246(2):441-8.
10.Igarashi A, Amagasa S, Yokoo N, Sato M. Acute withdrawal syndrome in a butorphanol-treated patient: an adverse combination of opioids. Br J Anaesth 2008 Jul;101(1):127-8.
11.Wang JJ, Ho ST, Hu OY. Comparison of intravenous nalbuphine infusion versus saline as an adjuvant for epidural morphine. Reg Anesth 1996 May-Jun;21(3):214-8.
12.Wang JJ, Ho ST, Tzeng JI. Comparison of intravenous nalbuphine infusion versus naloxone in the prevention of epidural morphine-related side effects. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1998 Sep-Oct;23(5):479-84.
13.Houlihan KP, Mitchell RG, Flapan AD, Steedman DJ. Excessive morphine requirements after pre-hospital nalbuphine analgesia. J Accid Emerg Med 1999 Jan;16(1):29-31.
14.Robinson N, Burrows N. Excessive morphine requirements after pre-hospital nalbuphine analgesia. J Accid Emerg Med 1999 Sep;16(5):392.
15.Jaffe RS, Moldenhauer CC, Hug CC Jr, Finlayson DC, Tobia V, Kopel ME. Nalbuphine antagonism of fentanyl-induced ventilatory depression: a randomized trial. Anesthesiology 1988 Feb;68(2):254-60.
16.Ramsay JG, Higgs BD, Wynands JE, Robbins R, Townsend GE. Early extubation after high-dose fentanyl anaesthesia for aortocoronary bypass surgery: reversal of respiratory depression with low-dose nalbuphine. Can Anaesth Soc J 1985 Nov;32(6):597-606.
17.Blaise GA, Nugent M, McMichan JC, Durant PA. Side effects of nalbuphine while reversing opioid-induced respiratory depression: report of four cases. Can J Anaesth 1990 Oct;37(7):794-7.
18.Moldenhauer CC, Roach GW, Finlayson DC, Hug CC Jr, Kopel ME, Tobia V, Kelly S. Nalbuphine antagonism of ventilatory depression following high-dose fentanyl anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1985 May;62(5):647-50.
19.Bailey PL, Clark NJ, Pace NL, Stanley TH, East KA, van Vreeswijk H, van de Pol P, Clissold MA, Rozendaal W. Antagonism of postoperative opioid-induced respiratory depression: nalbuphine versus naloxone. Anesth Analg 1987 Nov;66(11):1109-14.
20.Latasch L, Teichmuller T, Dudziak R, Probst S. Antagonisation of fentanyl-induced respiratory depression by nalbuphine. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 1989;40(1):35-40.
21.Zsigmond EK, Durrani Z, Barabas E, Wang XY, Tran L. Endocrine and hemodynamic effects of antagonism of fentanyl-induced respiratory depression by nalbuphine. Anesth Analg 1987 May;66(5):421-6.
22.Davies GG, From R. A blinded study using nalbuphine for prevention of pruritus induced by epidural fentanyl. Anesthesiology 1988 Nov; 69(5):763-5.
23.Kendrick WD, Woods AM, Daly MY, Birch RF, DiFazio C. Naloxone versus nalbuphine infusion for prophylaxis of epidural morphine-induced pruritus. Anesth Analg 1996 Mar;82(3):641-7.
24.Cohen SE, Ratner EF, Kreitzman TR, Archer JH, Mignano LR. Nalbuphine is better than naloxone for treatment of side effects after epidural morphine. Anesth Analg 1992 Nov;75(5):747-52.
25.Alhashemi JA, Crosby ET, Grodecki W, Duffy PJ, Hull KA, Gallant C. Treatment of intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus following caesarean section. Can J Anaesth 1997 Oct;44(10):1060-5.
26.Parker RK, Holtmann B, White PF. Patient-controlled epidural analgesia: interactions between nalbuphine and hydromorphone. Anesth Analg 1997 Apr; 84(4):757-63.
27.Henderson SK, Cohen H. Nalbuphine augmentation of analgesia and reversal of side effects following epidural hydromorphone. Anesthesiology 1986 Aug;65(2):216-8.
28.Preston KL, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA. Antagonist effects of nalbuphine in opioid-dependent human volunteers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1989 Mar; 248(3):929-37.
29.Hartree C. Caution with nalbuphine in patients on long-term opioids. Palliat Med 2005 Mar;19(2):168.
30.Smith J, Guly H. Nalbuphine and slow release morphine. BMJ 2004 Jun 12; 328(7453):1426.


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Opening Exercises ceremony marks start of year
Posted August 31, 2012; 12:30 p.m.
The University will mark the beginning of the academic year with Opening Exercises at 3 p.m. Sunday, Sept. 9, in the University Chapel.
The annual interfaith service will include an address by President Shirley M. Tilghman and the recognition of academic achievements of undergraduate students.
Freshmen will enter the chapel with classmates in their residential college. The chapel is expected to be filled with the estimated 1,300 members of the Class of 2016, as well as faculty and administrators who will process in academic regalia.
Family members will be directed to simulcast sites in McCormick Hall, Room 101, and McCosh Hall, Room 50. The ceremony will be broadcast live on TigerNet Channel 7 on campus and will be archived on the Web for later viewing.
Following the ceremony, weather permitting, the freshmen will participate in a "pre-rade" from the chapel through FitzRandolph Gate, giving them the opportunity to officially enter the campus to start their undergraduate experience and to be greeted by fellow Princetonians.
Classes begin on Thursday, Sept. 13.


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We reserve the right to modify, alter or otherwise update this Privacy Policy at any time, so we encourage you to review this policy from time to time. Changes to this privacy policy are effective at the time they are posted and your continued use of our sites after posting will constitute acceptance of, and agreement to be bound by, those changes.


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Brierley Hill calendar of events
Georgian Country House offering B&B accommodation just 5 mins from Junction 6 of the M5From £60 per night
- Bed and Breakfast
- 3 bedrooms
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An excellent B & B which draws many repeat visitors - ideally located for visiting the city of Worcester, Cotswolds and just for enjoying country pastimes. Great walking, good cycling and accommodation well located for all the major events in the Cotswolds.
B&B boutique accommodation at Shelsley Walsh, Worcestershire, Stay on the trackside!From £125 per night
- Bed and Breakfast
- 5 bedrooms
- Sleeps 10
Simply, enjoy the very best new Shelsley Walsh accommodation experience available.
Chocolate Box Holiday Rental Thatch Cottage near Stratford Upon AvonFrom £150 per night
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- 2 bedrooms
- Sleeps 4
Picturesque thatched holiday cottage with 2 beds and 2 ensuite bathrooms ideal for exploring Stratford-upon-Avon, Worcester, Malvern, Warwick, Birmingham, Cheltenham and the Cotswolds.
Self catering cottage very close to Ragley & CLA Game Fair - Beautiful Village LocationFrom £230 per night
- House
- 3 bedrooms
- Sleeps 6
Cosy holiday rental ottage with log burner and county views locate in the village of Abbots Morton, Nr. Worcester. Peaceful rural location but highly accessible. Sleeps 6 (3 Bedrooms - 2 bathrooms). Separate garden. Well behaved dogs welcome.
Lovely country cottage in the West Midlands and near the Welsh Marches.From £230 per night
- House
- 2 bedrooms
- Sleeps 4
Delightful 2 bedroom Victorian cottage in private location. Charmingly decorated with character features and cosy furnishings. The ideal place to stay for 4 near Worcester for the 3 Choirs Festival and the Worcester Festival.
Luxury Georgian Manor House in the Malvern Hills, perfect for a short break to the countryside!From £850 per night
- House
- 5 bedrooms
- Sleeps 10
Delightful and grand self catering holiday rental home in a Georgian House in the grounds of an ancient monastery in the Malvern Hills, perfect for short breaks with family and friends or hosting private events. Come and enjoy a piece of the country in this amazing luxury house.
Stunning country mansion in Worcestershire, ideal for corporate bookings and large groups!From £2300 per night
- Mansion
- 11 bedrooms
- Sleeps 63
Book this stunning country mansion in Worcestershire for a short break for family reunions, hen parties and special celebrations. Ideal accommodation for corporate bookings too, this 11 bedroom holiday rental property offers everything you could need!


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BOL Mailing List Service
Communications Technology Services offers a mailing list service to all UCLA students, faculty, and staff for academic and university business purposes. The BOL mailing list service uses Mailman, which manages electronic mail discussion and e-newsletter lists. Our service is integrated with the web, making it easy for users to manage their subscriptions and for list owners to administer their lists. We support built-in archiving, automatic bounce processing, content filtering, digest delivery, spam filters, and more. Our lists take the form of firstname.lastname@example.com.
Lists are available to UCLA faculty, staff, and students for any academic or university business purpose. Every list must have an owner who is either a faculty, staff, or student of UCLA.
To sign up for a mailing list, please visit the UCLA Lists Request Page.
Once the request has been submitted, the list is created after three business days. Requests from individual students and student groups are subject to verification of faculty sponsorship.
Mailing list documentation
If you have questions about using the mailing list service, we have provided two manuals.
List Member Manual
List Administration Manual
Directory of public mailing lists
If you are interested in joining an existing list, we have provided a listing of publicly advertised lists, which can be found at our Directory of Public Mailing Lists.
If you have any other questions about the mailing list service, email firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Fayres & Discounts
Leicester Wedding Venues and Wedding Services
Join Wedding Pages.co.uk Leicester FREE for Wedding information and brochures from local wedding venues, suppliers, wedding blogs and discount coupons.
Receive free Wedding Information from Wedding services and Wedding Venues in Leicester
This page will launch soon in Winter 2012. Featured advertising positions are available for venues and services in UK town and city.
Up to 3 months FREE Wedding Advertising is available for a limited period in this town. Quote "3 months FREE" in your description when you register.
Are you a reputable and successful Wedding business in Leicester ?
We can help you further promote your business to Brides to be holding their Weddings in Leicester, creating awareness and generating leads in exchange for your input.
We are also interested in hearing from Brides to be or Wedding businesses experienced in Wedding blogs and social media who would like to contribute with stories on the wedding scene in your City or town.
There is also potential for the right candidates to become involved with Wedding Pages Leicester, as advertising partners promoting and marketing our services in your area.
Organising wedding fairs and social networking meetings in your own town as a weddingpages.co.uk licensee.
We have a portfolio of exciting websites, existing and some due to launch soon which will increase awareness and business www.socialbrides.co.uk www.winawedding.com weddingvenues.tv weddingjobs.co.uk, weddingtrader.co.uk and an assortment of other wedding related sites with prime domain names will drive traffic throughout our network.
Please email your CV with a little info about yourself and your current position and experience and why you think you would be a good candidate to be involved with.
WeddingPages for Leicester, this will be treated in the strictest confidence.