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It can be very easy to fall into a stressful financial situation with debt. When there isn't enough money coming in, you begin to find other ways to pay your bills. In some cases, you begin to use your credit cards for everything, and this can mean that you have several credit accounts that have been charged to their limits. Paying the bills every month becomes even more difficult after this point because you have more bills and so much interest is being added to your balances.
If you have found that it is hard for you to manage your debts, credit consolidation with a company like Creditguard may be the right choice for you. By consolidating credit card debt, you will save a lot of money in interest. Right now, all of your credit cards may have high interest rates. Because you are carrying a balance on these accounts, your creditors are adding a significant amount of interest every month. If you wanted to reduce your balances to zero, you would need to pay more than the minimum payment. However, this may be impossible because you have more than one debt to pay.
Consolidating credit card debt will mean that your counselor will ask your creditors to reduce your interest rates. A lower interest rate is going to mean that you will pay less in interest. Your monthly payments will be lower, and you can contribute more toward the balances. The best part is that you will be able to reduce your balances to zero in less time.
You may have had to make late payments, or you may have missed a payment or two, and this may be another reason that your balances are so high. When you miss payments or make late payments, your creditors add penalties and late fees to the balances. Your credit consolidator will ask that these fees and penalties are waived, so that you will not be responsible for paying them.
After you begin working with a counselor, you will only need to write your debt consolidator one check every month. It will be the debt consolidator's job to pay your creditors for you until your debts have been paid in full.
You don't have to do anything desperate to alleviate your financial troubles. Give credit consolidation a chance to eliminate your debts.
When you have problems paying off your debt, who can you call? Most people don't know this, but debt consolidation is a great tool to help you get control of your finances and free up your money for better purposes. If you're spending too much money paying off debt, if you're forgetting to pay off certain credit cards or if you have to make decisions between making loan payments and paying for groceries, it is time to get help.
Debt consolidation is there for you if you want to achieve financial liberation. Just call or visit an online debt consolidation website, and you can get started today.
It is natural to be skeptical of programs that promise to help you with your finances. What do they get out of it? Why are they offering to help? The truth is that debt consolidation is the best way to stay financially solvent if you are having problems with debt.
It works thanks to a key ingredient: negotiation between debt consolidation companies like Credit Guard and your loan providers. While individuals have a difficult time negotiating lower monthly payments or reduced interest rates, credit management services work with a greater number of individuals and can use their clout to get better deals for each client. They can reduce your monthly debt payment by as much as half or even more, freeing up that money in your budget to go toward groceries, bills or saving for the future.
The second part of debt consolidation is bundling monthly payments into a single payment that you give the credit management provider. The credit management provider then pays off all your creditors. This serves three positive benefits for you. First, the consolidated monthly payment is often much lower than all of the payments you might otherwise have to make. Second, you won't ever have to worry about forgetting to pay off a loan if you have a lot of them. Finally, the regular monthly payments of a debt consolidation company will quickly raise your credit score, making you more likely to be eligible for large purchases like a car or home.
Another part of achieving financial liberation involves getting counseling and education you need. You can get a free, one-on-one refresher course to help you with basic financial skills such as balancing a checkbook, keeping a budget, identifying bad loans, being a savvy shopper and much more. You will also learn important tips and techniques such as living below your means in case of an emergency or setting aside a rainy day fund for such an occasion.
Debt consolidation programs give you the confidence you need to live your life to the fullest. A full life has a strong financial foundation, and if you spend all your time being concerned about debt, irritated by collection calls and avoiding thinking about credit card payments, you won't be free to do what you truly want to do. Give a debt consolidation service a call today, and get started on the first step to the rest of your life.
The cycle of debt could easily become a permanent part of your life if you make minimum monthly payments. Your monthly bills for high-interest credit card debt barely cover the interest charges. You get caught in a cycle of debt by spending a large portion of your earnings on interest and having little left for living expenses. Debt consolidation could break the cycle, lower your interest rates and help you become debt-free in months.
Each time you pay more than the monthly minimum payment that is due, your balance grows smaller. You need to treat your credit card debt as an emergency that requires immediate attention in order to prevent further problems. When you depend on your paycheck to live, you run the risk of defaulting on your bills during an emergency or if you have unexpected expenses. Paying down maxed-out credit cards gives you a cushion for emergencies and reduces your interest charges.
Paying off high balances can be difficult, but not impossible. People get into debt because they don't handle their credit cautiously, but you can get out of debt with Credit Guard by understanding the problem and paying down your balances. The best time to pay off credit card debt is now, before you get into severe financial difficulties. Steps you can take to pay down your balances include the following:
Debt consolidation programs can reduce your interest, remove fees and penalties, protect your credit rating and make your paycheck go further. Nonprofit debt consolidation companies like Credit Guard not only create a custom debt management plan for you but also provide valuable debt counseling to help you make better decisions in the future.
The majority of people in today's day and age are living paycheck to paycheck. And while this isn't ideal to begin with, it makes it even harder when they have outstanding credit card debts to pay off. This is one of the main reasons why credit counseling is so sought after in our society. In the following sections, we'll teach you more about the services that they offer as well as why you should consider it an option for your own financial future.
So, what should you expect form a credit counseling service? Well, as the name might imply, these services will help you get back on your feet by providing you with practical and easy to follow advice for paying off your credit cards. Since they have access to a lot of resources, you'll be able to pay off your debt in a record amount of time. As a result, you'll have more peace of mind and be able to place more of your focus on other debts that you may have lingering around.
Always make sure that you don't sign up for a company that is claiming that their services are an alternative for bankruptcy. The reason why is because these companies will typically do very little at helping you reduce your credit score. They won't be able to negotiate with creditors and they won't be able to lower your unpaid balances. And do keep in mind that throughout all of this, they will be charging your fees for their services.
With that being said, you should always read a contract before you sign it. There is no rush and you shouldn't be too quick to put pen to paper. The reason why is because you don't want to be stuck paying fees and charges that you hadn't expected to pay when you initially signed up.
Not only will this further decrease your confidence but it will more than likely leave you off in a worse financial situation than before. Make sure that you read all papers before signing them so that you don't accidentally agree to something you have no interest in.
There is no doubt that we all want financial freedom. But the good news is that we can all have it if we remain persistent and choose a credit counseling service that can truly help us and that isn't solely after our money.


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Join this exciting webinar on Tuesday, April 26th @ 1:30 PM ET/10:30 AM PT about the Top Employee Security Mistakes that Put Your Data at Risk feat. Dr. Eric Cole, Former CTO of McAfee. You will learn how to minimize insider risk and proactively prevent the leakage of data from negligent employees.
Dan Swinhoe casts a critical eye on the future
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Universal Fit
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The MM705H MICRO BUDS Deluxe in-ear stereo headphones feature Compact Ear buds and lightweight design.


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AUS: Lion to acquire rest of Little World Beverages
Lion has agreed to fully aquire Little World Beverages, adding to the 36% stake it already holds in the company.
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Meet Our Students Across the Nation
James Lamkin '00—Illinois
St. Charles, Ill., Chief of Police James Lamkin often sits at his desk and thinks about how he can make a difference in society. Maybe it's through a new community policing initiative. Perhaps it's through victims' rights. Or, maybe it's even rehabilitating a criminal.
Whatever the way, Lamkin knows he is able to make a significant difference in the community for one reason: his position as head of the St. Charles Police Department. And that, he says, is a sole result of his education.
"Does a college degree make a difference in law enforcement? Not necessarily," Lamkin said. "But the only way I could use my experience to affect change in a new position required a college degree."
A 23-year veteran of the Elgin, Ill., Police Department before moving to St. Charles, Lamkin knew his career had reached its pinnacle without a college education. That's why he decided to attend Columbia College-Elgin in 1996. Four years later and armed with a bachelor's degree in criminal justice administration, he noticed a job posting for the top position in St. Charles. He applied, and out of 90 applications, was selected for the job.
"I became keenly aware that if my career was going to advance at all, a college education was necessary," Lamkin said. "Because I took the initiative, I have been able to take my knowledge and experience in public service and make a difference for the people of St. Charles. You can't ask for more than that."
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Web Stories
Student Work: Triple 8 Dance Company presents 'Flashback'
Posted February 21, 2013; 04:47 p.m.
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Triple 8 Dance Company, Princeton's East Asian dance group, presents "Flashback" at 8 p.m. Thursday and Friday, Feb. 21 and 22, in Frist Campus Center theater. Read more.


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Here are recent videos of two of the groups that will be performing at "This Is Princeton":
• Sympoh
• Triple 8
Web Stories
'This Is Princeton' will showcase University talent
Posted February 13, 2009; 06:30 p.m.
University faculty, staff and students will showcase their talents at the sixth annual performing arts showcase, "This Is Princeton," at 8 p.m. Friday, Feb. 20, in Richardson Auditorium, Alexander Hall.
The benefit event is designed to highlight the rich arts culture on campus and is open to the public. The showcase will feature performances by University musicians, singers and dancers.
Performers from the first "This is Princeton" showcase in 2004 will return for this year's event, including: jazz singer Kenneth Grayson, foreman of the University's Electrical Shop; pianist Kevin Cotter, senior associate director of annual giving in the Office of Development; and Sympoh, a student break dancing crew.
The event will feature vocal performances by the Princeton Triangle Club musical theater troupe, the female student a cappella group the Tigerlilies and a debut duet between the Nassoons a cappella group and Tori Jueds, assistant dean of undergraduate students.
Other acts include: a fiddle duet by Associate Professor of Music Dan Trueman and senior Brittany Haas; junior Anthony D'Amato performing an original work on the acoustic guitar; senior Jason Harper playing an original piano composition; the graduate student bluegrass band Prospect Crossing; and student dance performances by the Indian dance troupe Naacho, the East Asian dance group Triple 8 and the newly-formed Princeton University Ballet.
The event is organized by the Undergraduate Student Government Social Committee and the Office of the Dean of Undergraduate Students.
Tickets are $6 for students, $10 for nonstudents and free for University students with a "Passport to the Performing Arts" voucher. Tickets are available online through University Ticketing or calling (609) 258-1742.
Proceeds from the event will go to benefit the Arts Council of Princeton's community youth and scholarship programs, which provide free and subsidized arts education programming for at-risk local youth.
For more information, contact the Office of the Dean of Undergraduate Students at (609) 258-5750.


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Lactose Intolerance
About Lactose Intolerance
For many kids, an ice cream sundae or a cool glass of milk at lunch means an afternoon of cramps, gas, and diarrhea.
Kids who have this kind of discomfort after consuming dairy products might have a lactose intolerance, which is caused by problems digesting lactose, the main sugar in milk and milk products.
Lactose intolerance occurs when the body makes too little of the enzyme lactase, which is needed to break down lactose into two smaller sugars called glucose and galactose. When there's not enough lactase in the body, lactose doesn't get broken down in the small intestine, and it passes into the large intestine where bacteria ferment it into gases and acids.
This process can cause cramps, abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea about 30 minutes to 2 hours after consuming any foods or drinks that contain lactose.
For some kids, these symptoms are very severe and their systems can't tolerate any lactose. For others, the symptoms are milder and they just have to limit the amount of dairy products they consume.
Lactose intolerance can be managed — and the stomach discomfort can be reduced — with some modifications to the diet. If you suspect that your child has a lactose intolerance, contact your doctor.
Who Gets Lactose Intolerance?
Lactose intolerance is more common among people of Asian, African, Native American, and Hispanic descent.
In most people, lactose intolerance remains a lifelong problem. But for some kids, it can be a temporary condition that begins after they take certain antibiotics or have gastrointestinal infections and eventually goes away.
Diagnosing Lactose Intolerance
Doctors typically diagnose lactose intolerance through a simple hydrogen breath test. A person blows into a tube to give a sample of the breath, then gives another sample after drinking a lactose solution or eating a lactose-containing food.
If someone has a lactose intolerance, the test will show that there is a higher than average level of hydrogen and methane in the breath. That's because undigested lactose leads to higher levels of these gases in the system, which can be detected in the breath.
Because certain foods, medications, and exposure to cigarette smoking can affect the test's accuracy, the doctor might recommend taking certain precautions before the test is done.
In addition to the breath test, doctors usually do a physical exam and take a full medical history to rule out other medical conditions.
Problems digesting lactose can also occur in people with other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, such as celiac disease, a condition in which the intestine becomes damaged due to the person's abnormal sensitivity to gluten (a protein found in wheat and certain other grains).
Living With Lactose Intolerance
Severity of lactose intolerance can vary widely between kids. Because each case is different, there's no one simple way of dealing with it. Each child needs to learn the strategies that work best depending upon the symptoms and how much, if any, lactase the body produces. It may help to keep a food diary as you figure out what foods and drinks your child's system can and can't tolerate.
Many foods, drinks, and digestive aids are available for those with a lactose intolerance (like milk specifically made for people with this condition, which most supermarkets carry). Ask your doctor if your child should supplement certain dairy products with drops or tablets that contain the lactase enzyme.
While kids with the most severe cases may have to avoid all dairy products, doctors now recommend that most have some dairy products in order to get adequate calcium, vitamin D, and protein. Many kids can have small amounts of dairy products — which should be consumed in combination with other foods that don't contain lactose — and some can have one to two glasses of milk each day without any problems, especially if consumed with other non-dairy foods.
Also, kids with lactose intolerance may find that other dairy products, such as yogurt and cheeses, are easier to digest than milk. Lactose-free milk is also a great way to get calcium in your child's diet without the problems. A lactase enzyme supplement can be used, too. Taking this before eating foods that contain dairy will help the body digest the lactose sugar in dairy and prevent the symptoms of lactose intolerance, like pain, cramping, bloating, gas, and diarrhea.
Encourage your child to eat other calcium-rich foods that don't have lactose, such as broccoli, collard greens, kale, turnip greens, salmon, almonds, soybeans, dried fruit, fortified orange juice, and tofu.
Also, consider talking with a registered dietitian to come up with dairy alternatives and a well-balanced diet that provides vital nutrients for your child.
Reviewed by: J. Fernando del Rosario, MD
Date reviewed: October 2011


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The character and beauty of the Princeton campus can be perceived in many architectural and design details, both large and small. A stroll across campus offers encounters with a variety of these treasures. There is no better place to begin such an exploration than by walking through FitzRandolph Gate toward Nassau Hall on the front campus. Here, at the intersection of the walking paths, is the University's unofficial motto, "In the Nation's Service and in the Service of All Nations."
Photos by Neil Mills and Alicia Mills
Web Stories
Video feature: Bringing new perspectives to campus treasures
Posted February 13, 2012; 12:00 p.m.
A stroll across Princeton University's campus reveals many treasures to be enjoyed by the attentive observer — ornate archways, official seals, whimsical gargoyles, flowing epigraphy and sculpture of all sizes and materials. This video offers a tour of just some of these examples.
Together, Princeton's architectural and design elements create a place of beauty with numerous clues to a unique history. The meticulous details on the walls of buildings are a monument to the fond dreams of architects and campus planners. Princeton's campus treasures are a rich blend of the old, the new and the renewed, and like great thoughts, they weather time.
Play the "Bringing new perspectives to campus treasures" video.
There are many Princeton treasures not always at the forefront of our consciousness as we go about our daily routines. A shift in our visual perspective may be just the way to jar our consciousness and to cause us to quietly stop, look and ponder the stories behind them.
A significant part of Princeton's architecture points to the influence of Ralph Adams Cram, University architect from 1907 to 1929, who was the "high priest" of the American Collegiate Gothic style. A champion of craftsmanship, he looked for the labor of the human hand in a building, down to the smallest details. The University community and visitors are invited to explore the architecture and design of Princeton's campus.


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Your location: National Communications > Multilateral > Institution Channels
The Institution Channels table detailed below shows reported total multilateral contributions of all Parties to INSTITUTIONS. It is possible to select information from the fourth, fifth or sixth national communication period. By selecting the currency it is possible to see contributions as they were reported in a particular currency (for example USD). Only contributions by Parties reporting in the same currency are aggregated.
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The figures are shown in millions.
© 2011 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change


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The Art of Science exhibition at the Friend Center at Princeton University explores the interplay between science and art. Above, "Merger and acquisition" by graduate students Daniel Quinn, Brian Rosenberg and Amanda DeGiorgi, and professor Alexander Smits, all of the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, shows how the intermingling of two fluids can be remarkably intricate by imaging a drop of fluorescent dye plunging into still water.
Images courtesy of the Office of Engineering Communications
Web Stories
Video feature: Art of Science 2013 celebrates the 'unpredictability of beauty'
Posted July 29, 2013; 12:00 p.m.
The Art of Science 2013 exhibit in the Friend Center on the Princeton University campus consists of 43 images of artistic merit created during the course of scientific research. The works, part of a recurring show now in its sixth iteration, were chosen from 170 images submitted from 24 departments across the University. This video offers a cross-section of the artwork on display.
"Like art, science and engineering are deeply creative activities," said Dean for Research Pablo Debenedetti. "Also like art, science and engineering at their very best are highly unpredictable in their outcomes. The Art of Science exhibit celebrates the beauty of unpredictability and the unpredictability of beauty."
Play the "Art of Science 2013" video.
The exhibit is free and open to the public from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m., Monday through Friday. The images can also be viewed in an online gallery.
Adam Finkelstein, professor of computer science and one of the exhibit organizers, said that Art of Science spurs debate among artists about the nature of art while opening scientists to new ways of "seeing" their own research. "At the same time," Finkelstein said, "this striking imagery serves as a democratic window through which non-experts can appreciate the thrill of scientific discovery."
The top three entrants, chosen by a panel of judges made up of faculty and staff in the arts and sciences, received cash prizes. The first-prize image was "East-West, West-East" by Martin Jucker, a postdoctoral research fellow in the Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences. Second prize went to "Crushed birch," by Michael Kosk, an undergraduate in the Class of 2016. Third prize went to "Web of art and science" by Paul Csogi, webmaster at the Lewis Center for the Arts, and Christopher Cane, webmaster at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory.
Three People's Choice award winners also were selected, based on 139 paper ballots filled out by those attending the Art of Science 2013 opening reception in May.
Art of Science 2013 is sponsored by the David A. Gardner '69 Fund in the Council of the Humanities, the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, the School of Engineering and Applied Science, and numerous co-sponsors across campus.
Rising senior Chhaya Werner, who is majoring in ecology and evolutionary biology, submitted the photo above, "Maze dweller." She wrote, "That sweet little face peering out of a coral labyrinth is that of a a goby fish. ... I took this photo in the course of field research for the coral reefs lab course in Panama (EEB 346) for a project on the ecology of coral reefs, focusing on interactions between corals, algae and sea urchins."


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Mickey Golfer
Item: #de011
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Hand Painted Etchings - click here to find out more.
In order to create limited edition etchings, a studio-authorized artist etches or scrapes an image into a copper plate. This plate is then inked and pressed into high-quality acid-free rag paper to create the black outline of the character. Each piece is then meticulously hand-painted with watercolours to bring the image to life.
Created in limited editions of 500, etchings make wonderful gifts and beautiful accent pieces for lovers of classic animated characters and films. Their relatively small size makes it possible to display several together as a set.
What is Conservation Glass?
Standard glass is suitable for most artwork in most homes. As ambient (indirect) sunlight and artificial light do not present a fading risk, most people do not require special UV filtering glass.
If you have a lot of direct sunlight in your home, you may want to upgrade your artwork purchase to conservation glass. Conservation glass filters out 97% of harmful UV rays and will prevent fading of signatures and artwork, as well as yellowing of paper.
The best thing to do is avoid hanging any art or photographs in direct sunlight. If you can't avoid direct sunlight, conservation glass is well worth the additional cost.
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More than 80 student-athletes helped refurbish facilities at the YMCA of Greater Trenton this spring for the fourth edition of the Princeton Varsity Club's signature event, Weapons of Mass Construction. Above, Princeton junior Gabriella Guzman, a member of the women's soccer team, helps paint one of the walls at the YMCA.
Video stills courtesy of the Princeton Varsity Club
Featured Story
Video feature: 'Weapons of Mass Construction 2012'
Posted September 20, 2012; 12:00 p.m.
More than 80 student-athletes visited the YMCA of Trenton for the Princeton Varsity Club's signature community service event, Weapons of Mass Construction. The Princeton University students helped refurbish the lobby, locker rooms, fitness center and playground facilities for the Trenton nonprofit, which hosts a preschool and a burgeoning membership base.
Play the "Weapons of Mass Construction 2012" video.
As shown in this video, members of Princeton's football, women's soccer, men's ice hockey, women's swimming and diving, field hockey, and men's squash teams mulched, weeded, scrubbed and painted the facilities. The event, held in the spring of 2012, was a partnership between the Princeton Varsity Club, the YMCA of Trenton and the United Way of Greater Mercer County.
For each of the past four academic years, the Princeton Varsity Club has taken a large group of student-athletes off campus for a one-day service project. In 2009, the group helped refurbish Mill One, a 6.5-acre site that is being converted by Isles Inc. into a mixed-use green village. In 2010, the group built a 10,000-square-foot garden that was formed to grow fresh vegetables and teach young men and women about the importance of farming. The group returned to Mill One in 2011, constructing an urban farm outside of the mill.
To date, more than 450 Princeton student-athletes, coaches and administrators have contributed more than 1,800 service hours through the Weapons of Mass Construction program.


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Circa 1910
A pair of five light neoclassical sconces having backplates detailed with lyres and Bacchus masks. All the details are remarkably crisp. The finish is a beautiful worn gilding. Attributed to the New York maker E. F. Caldwell Co.
Overall: 35-1/8" h. x 17" w. x 10-1/2" d.
Backplate: 35-1/8" h. x 10-5/8" w.
5 Candelabra sockets, maximum 60 watts per socket
2" x 3" Vertical junction box recommended
Dry UL listing available with modifications; please contact your salesperson for pricing.
1 pair total available.
On display at our 28th Street showroom.


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Uganda Population: 34,758,80912 VISITORS FROM HERE!
« Previous Country | Next Country » Back to Flag Counter Overview
|The colonial boundaries created by Britain to delimit Uganda grouped together a wide range of ethnic groups with different political systems and cultures. These differences prevented the establishment of a working political community after independence was achieved in 1962. The dictatorial regime of Idi AMIN (1971-79) was responsible for the deaths of some 300,000 opponents; guerrilla war and human rights abuses under Milton OBOTE (1980-85) claimed at least another 100,000 lives. The rule of Yoweri MUSEVENI since 1986 has brought relative stability and economic growth to Uganda. A constitutional referendum in 2005 cancelled a 19-year ban on multi-party politics.
Landlocked; fertile, well-watered country with many lakes and rivers
|East-Central Africa, west of Kenya, east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
|Geographic coordinates:
| total: 241,038 sq km
land: 197,100 sq km
water: 43,938 sq km
Size comparison: slightly smaller than Oregon
|Land Boundaries:
| total: 2,698 km
border countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 765 km, Kenya 933 km, Rwanda 169 km, South Sudan 435 km, Tanzania 396 km
|0 km (landlocked)
|Maritime claims:
|none (landlocked)
|tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast
|mostly plateau with rim of mountains
|Elevation extremes:
| lowest point: Lake Albert 621 m
highest point: Margherita Peak on Mount Stanley 5,110 m
|Natural resources:
|copper, cobalt, hydropower, limestone, salt, arable land, gold
|Land use:
| arable land: 27.94%
permanent crops: 9.11%
other: 62.95% (2011)
|Irrigated land:
|144.2 sq km (2010)
|Current Environment Issues:
|draining of wetlands for agricultural use; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria; widespread poaching
|International Environment Agreements:
| party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification
|^Back to Top
| noun: Ugandan(s)
adjective: Ugandan
|Ethnic groups:
|Baganda 16.9%, Banyankole 9.5%, Basoga 8.4%, Bakiga 6.9%, Iteso 6.4%, Langi 6.1%, Acholi 4.7%, Bagisu 4.6%, Lugbara 4.2%, Bunyoro 2.7%, other 29.6% (2002 census)
|English (official national language, taught in grade schools, used in courts of law and by most newspapers and some radio broadcasts), Ganda or Luganda (most widely used of the Niger-Congo languages, preferred for native language publications in the capital and may be taught in school), other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili, Arabic
|Roman Catholic 41.9%, Protestant 42% (Anglican 35.9%, Pentecostal 4.6%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.5%), Muslim 12.1%, other 3.1%, none 0.9% (2002 census)
|34,758,809 (July 2013 est.) note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected
|Age structure:
| 0-14 years: 48.9% (male 8,467,172/female 8,519,723)
15-24 years: 21.2% (male 3,658,564/female 3,707,462)
25-54 years: 25.5% (male 4,431,852/female 4,432,393)
55-64 years: 2.3% (male 383,364/female 427,512)
65 years and over: 2.1% (male 323,508/female 407,259) (2013 est.)
|Dependency ratios:
| total dependency ratio: 103.3 %
youth dependency ratio: 98.4 %
elderly dependency ratio: 4.9 %
potential support ratio: 20.3 (2013)
|Median age:
| total: 15.5 years
male: 15.4 years
female: 15.5 years (2013 est.)
|Population growth rate:
|3.32% (2013 est.)
|Birth rate:
|44.5 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)
|Death rate:
|11.26 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)
|Net migration rate:
|-0.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)
| urban population: 15.6% of total population (2011)
rate of urbanization: 5.74% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
|Major urban areas - population:
|KAMPALA (capital) 1.535 million (2009)
|Sex ratio:
| at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.89 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2013 est.)
|Mother's mean age at first birth:
|18.9 note: Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2011 est.)
|Maternal mortality rate:
|310 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
|Infant mortality rate:
| total: 62.47 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 72 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 52.66 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)
|Life expectancy at birth:
| total population: 53.98 years
male: 52.65 years
female: 55.35 years (2013 est.)
|Total fertility rate:
|6.06 children born/woman (2013 est.)
|Contraceptive prevalence rate:
|30% (2011)
|Health expenditures:
|9% of GDP (2010)
|Physicians density:
|0.12 physicians/1,000 population (2005)
|Hospital bed density:
|0.5 beds/1,000 population (2010)
|Drinking water source:
| improved:
urban: 95% of population
rural: 68% of population
total: 72% of population
urban: 5% of population
rural: 32% of population
total: 28% of population (2010 est.)
|Sanitation facility access:
| improved:
urban: 34% of population
rural: 34% of population
total: 34% of population
urban: 66% of population
rural: 66% of population
total: 66% of population (2010 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|6.5% (2009 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|1.2 million (2009 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|64,000 (2009 est.)
|Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
|4.3% (2008)
|Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
|16.4% (2006)
|Education expenditures:
|3.3% of GDP (2012)
| definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 73.2%
male: 82.6%
female: 64.6% (2010 est.)
|School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
| total: 11 years
male: 11 years
female: 11 years (2009)
|Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
|total: 5.4% (2009)
|^Back to Top
|Country name:
| conventional long form: Republic of Uganda
conventional short form: Uganda
|Government type:
| name: Kampala
geographic coordinates: 0 19 N, 32 33 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
|Administrative divisions:
|111 districts and 1 capital city*; Abim, Adjumani, Agago, Alebtong, Amolatar, Amudat, Amuria, Amuru, Apac, Arua, Budaka, Bududa, Bugiri, Buhweju, Buikwe, Bukedea, Bukomansimbi, Bukwa, Bulambuli, Bulisa, Bundibugyo, Bushenyi, Busia, Butaleja, Butambala, Buvuma, Buyende, Dokolo, Gomba, Gulu, Hoima, Ibanda, Iganga, Isingiro, Jinja, Kaabong, Kabale, Kabarole, Kaberamaido, Kalangala, Kaliro, Kalungu, Kampala*, Kamuli, Kamwenge, Kanungu, Kapchorwa, Kasese, Katakwi, Kayunga, Kibale, Kiboga, Kibuku, Kiruhura, Kiryandongo, Kisoro, Kitgum, Koboko, Kole, Kotido, Kumi, Kween, Kyankwanzi, Kyegegwa, Kyenjojo, Lamwo, Lira, Luuka, Luwero, Lwengo, Lyantonde, Manafwa, Maracha, Masaka, Masindi, Mayuge, Mbale, Mbarara, Mitoma, Mityana, Moroto, Moyo, Mpigi, Mubende, Mukono, Nakapiripirit, Nakaseke, Nakasongola, Namayingo, Namutumba, Napak, Nebbi, Ngora, Ntoroko, Ntungamo, Nwoya, Otuke, Oyam, Pader, Pallisa, Rakai, Rubirizi, Rukungiri, Sembabule, Serere, Sheema, Sironko, Soroti, Tororo, Wakiso, Yumbe, Zombo
|9 October 1962 (from the UK)
|National holiday:
|Independence Day, 9 October (1962)
|8 October 1995; amended 2005 note: the amendments in 2005 removed presidential term limits and legalized a multiparty political system
|Legal system:
|mixed legal system of English common law and customary law
|18 years of age; universal
|Executive branch:
| chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since seizing power on 26 January 1986); Vice President Edward SSEKANDI (since 24 May 2011) note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since seizing power on 26 January 1986); Prime Minister Amama MBABAZI (since 24 May 2011); note - the prime minister assists the president in the supervision of the cabinet
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among elected legislators (For more information visit the World Leaders website )
elections: president reelected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held on 18 February 2011 (next to be held in 2016)
election results: Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI elected president; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI 68.4%, Kizza BESIGYE 26.0%, other 5.6%
|Legislative branch:
| unicameral National Assembly (375 seats; 238 members elected by popular vote, 112 women directly elected, 25 nominated by legally established special interest groups [army 10, disabled 5, youth 5, labor 5], additional ex-officio members may be nominated by the president; members serve five-year terms)
elections: last held on 18 February 2011 (next to be held in 2016)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NRM 263, FDC 34, DP 12, UPC 10, UPDF 10, CP 1, JEEMA 1, independents 43, vacant 1; note - UPDF is the Uganda People's Defense Force
|Judicial branch:
| highest court(s): Supreme Court of Uganda (consists of the chief justice and 5 justices) judge selection and term of office: justices appointed by the president in consultation with the Judicial Service Commission (a 9-member independent advisory body) and with approval of the National Assembly; justices serve until mandatory retirement at age 70
subordinate courts: Court of Appeal (also sits as the Constitutional Court); High Court (includes 10 High Court Circuits and 7 High Court Divisions); Chief Magistrate Grade One and Grade Two Courts
|Political parties and leaders:
|Conservative Party or CP [Ken LUKYAMUZI] Democratic Party or DP [Norbert MAO] Forum for Democratic Change or FDC [Muntu MUGISHA] Inter-Party Co-operation or IPC (a coalition of opposition groups) Justice Forum or JEEMA [Asuman BASALIRWA] National Resistance Movement or NRM [Yoweri MUSEVENI] Peoples Progressive Party or PPP [Bidandi SSALI] Ugandan People's Congress or UPC [Olara OTUNNU] note: a national referendum in July 2005 opened the way for Uganda's transition to a multi-party political system
|Political pressure groups and leaders:
|Lord's Resistance Army or LRA [Joseph KONY] Parliamentary Advocacy Forum or PAFO National Association of Women Organizations in Uganda or NAWOU [Florence NEKYON] The Ugandan Coalition for Political Accountability to Women or COPAW
|International organization participation:
|ACP, AfDB, AU, C, COMESA, EAC, EADB, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|National symbol(s):
|grey crowned crane
|National anthem:
| name: "Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty!"
lyrics/music: George Wilberforce KAKOMOA
note: adopted 1962
|Diplomatic representation in the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Oliver WONEKHA
chancery: 5911 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011
telephone: [1] (202) 726-7100 through 7102, 0416
|Diplomatic representation from the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Scott H. DELISI
embassy: 1577 Ggaba Road, Kampala
mailing address: P. O. Box 7007, Kampala
telephone: [256] (414) 259 791 through 93, 95
|^Back to Top
Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile soils, regular rainfall, small deposits of copper, gold, and other minerals, and recently discovered oil. Uganda has never conducted a national minerals survey. Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy, employing over 80% of the work force. Coffee accounts for the bulk of export revenues. Since 1986, the government - with the support of foreign countries and international agencies - has acted to rehabilitate and stabilize the economy by undertaking currency reform, raising producer prices on export crops, increasing prices of petroleum products, and improving civil service wages. The policy changes are especially aimed at dampening inflation and boosting production and export earnings. Since 1990 economic reforms ushered in an era of solid economic growth based on continued investment in infrastructure, improved incentives for production and exports, lower inflation, better domestic security, and the return of exiled Indian-Ugandan entrepreneurs. Uganda has received about $2 billion in multilateral and bilateral debt relief. In 2007 Uganda received $10 million for a Millennium Challenge Account Threshold Program. The global economic downturn hurt Uganda's exports; however, Uganda's GDP growth has largely recovered due to past reforms and sound management of the downturn. Oil revenues and taxes will become a larger source of government funding as oil comes on line in the next few years. Rising food and fuel prices in 2011 led to protests. Instability in South Sudan is a risk for the Ugandan economy because Uganda''s main export partner is Sudan, and Uganda is a key destination for Sudanese refugees. Unreliable power, high energy costs, inadequate transportation infrastructure, and corruption inhibit economic development and investor confidence.
|GDP (purchasing power parity):
| GDP (purchasing power parity): $51.27 billion (2012 est.) $49.98 billion (2011 est.) $46.86 billion (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
|GDP (official exchange rate):
|GDP (official exchange rate): $21 billion (2012 est.)
|GDP - real growth rate:
|2.6% (2012 est.) 6.7% (2011 est.) 5.6% (2010 est.)
|GDP - per capita (PPP):
| GDP - per capita (PPP): $1,400 (2012 est.) $1,400 (2011 est.) $1,400 (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
|Gross national saving:
|14.9% of GDP (2012 est.) 13% of GDP (2011 est.) 12.5% of GDP (2010 est.)
|GDP - composition, by end use:
| household consumption: 86.3%
government consumption: 8.7%
investment in fixed capital: 24.6%
investment in inventories: 0.2%
exports of goods and services: 21.2%
imports of goods and services: -41% (2012 est.)
|GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
| household consumption: 86.3%
government consumption: 8.7%
investment in fixed capital: 24.6%
investment in inventories: 0.2%
exports of goods and services: 21.2%
imports of goods and services: -41% (2012 est.)
|Agriculture - products:
|coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco, cassava (tapioca), potatoes, corn, millet, pulses, cut flowers; beef, goat meat, milk, poultry
|sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles; cement, steel production
|Industrial production growth rate:
|3% (2012 est.)
|Labor force:
|16.49 million (2012 est.)
|Labor force - by occupation:
| agriculture: 82%
industry: 5%
services: 13% (1999 est.)
|Unemployment rate:
|Population below poverty line:
|24.5% (2009 est.)
|Household income or consumption by percentage share:
| lowest 10%: 2.4%
highest 10%: 36.1% (2009 est.)
|Distribution of family income - Gini index:
|44.3 (2009) 45.7 (2002)
| revenues: $3.102 billion
expenditures: $3.705 billion (2012 est.)
|Taxes and other revenues:
|14.8% of GDP (2012 est.)
|Public debt:
|27.4% of GDP (2012 est.) 27.7% of GDP (2011 est.)
|Fiscal year:
|1 July - 30 June
|Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14% (2012 est.) 18.7% (2011 est.)
|Current account balance:
|-$2.28 billion (2012 est.) -$1.631 billion (2011 est.)
|$2.804 billion (2012 est.) $2.519 billion (2011 est.)
|Exports - commodities:
|coffee, fish and fish products, tea, cotton, flowers, horticultural products; gold
|Exports - partners:
|Kenya 12.8%, Rwanda 10.7%, UAE 9.9%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 9.7%, Netherlands 5.7%, Germany 5.2%, Italy 4.1% (2012)
|$5.187 billion (2012 est.) $4.997 billion (2011 est.)
|Imports - commodities:
|capital equipment, vehicles, petroleum, medical supplies; cereals
|Imports - partners:
|Kenya 16.6%, UAE 14.5%, China 12.3%, India 11.3%, South Africa 4.2% (2012)
|Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|$3.169 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $2.617 billion (31 December 2011 est.) note: excludes gold
|Debt - external:
|$4.514 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $3.858 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
|Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
|Market value of publicly traded shares:
|$7.727 billion (31 December 2011) $1.788 billion (31 December 2010) $3.745 billion (31 December 2010)
|Exchange rates:
|Ugandan shillings (UGX) per US dollar - 2,505.6 (2012 est.) 2,522.8 (2011 est.) 2,177.6 (2010 est.) 2,030 (2009) 1,658.1 (2008)
|^Back to Top
|Electricity - production:
|2.445 billion kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 132
|Electricity - consumption:
|2.217 billion kWh (2009 est.)
|Electricity - exports:
|75 million kWh (2010)
|Electricity - imports:
|29 million kWh (2010 est.)
|Electricity - installed generating capacity:
|529,000 kW (2009 est.)
|Electricity - from fossil fuels:
|37.8% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
|Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
|0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
|Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
|59.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
|Electricity - from other renewable sources:
|2.6% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
|Crude oil - production:
|0 bbl/day (2011 est.)
|Crude oil - exports:
|0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
|Crude oil - imports:
|0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
|Crude oil - proved reserves:
|1 billion bbl (1 January 2010 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - production:
|0 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - consumption:
|16,930 bbl/day (2011 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - exports:
|0 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - imports:
|23,950 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|Natural gas - production:
|0 cu m (2010 est.)
|Natural gas - consumption:
|0 cu m (2010 est.)
|Natural gas - exports:
|0 cu m (2010 est.)
|Natural gas - imports:
|0 cu m (2010 est.)
|Natural gas - proved reserves:
|14.16 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)
|Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
|2.014 million Mt (2010 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Telephones in use:
| 464,800 (2011)
country comparison to the world: 103
|Cellular Phones in use:
|16.697 million (2011)
|Telephone system:
| general assessment: mobile cellular service is increasing rapidly, but the number of main lines is still deficient; work underway on a national backbone information and communications technology infrastructure; international phone networks and Internet connectivity provided through satellite and VSAT applications
domestic: intercity traffic by wire, microwave radio relay, and radiotelephone communication stations, fixed and mobile-cellular systems for short-range traffic; mobile-cellular teledensity about 50 per 100 persons in 2010
international: country code - 256; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat; analog links to Kenya and Tanzania (2011)
|Broadcast media:
|public broadcaster, Uganda Broadcasting Corporation (UBC), operates radio and TV networks; Uganda first began licensing privately owned stations in the 1990s; by 2007 there were nearly 150 radio and 35 TV stations, mostly based in and around Kampala; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available in Kampala (2007)
|Internet country code:
|Internet hosts:
|32,683 (2012)
|Internet users:
|3.2 million (2009)
|^Back to Top
| 47 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 93
|Airports (paved runways):
| total 5
over 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2013)
|Airports (unpaved runways):
| total 42
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 8
914 to 1,523 m: 26
under 914 m: 7 (2013)
| total 1,244 km
narrow gauge: 1,244 km 1.000-m gauge (2008)
| total 70,746 km
paved: 16,272 km
unpaved: 54,474 km (2003)
|(there are no long navigable stretches of river in Uganda; parts of the Albert Nile that flow out of Lake Albert in the northwestern part of the country are navigable; several lakes including Lake Victoria and Lake Kyoga have substantial traffic; Lake Albert is navigable along a 200-km stretch from its northern tip to its southern shores) (2011)
|Ports and terminals:
|Entebbe, Jinja, Port Bell
|^Back to Top
|Military branches:
|Uganda People's Defense Force (UPDF): Land Forces (includes Marine Unit), Uganda Air Force (2013)
|Military service age and obligation:
|18-26 years of age for voluntary military duty; 18-30 years of age for professionals; no conscription; 9-year service obligation; the government has stated that while recruitment under 18 years of age could occur with proper consent, "no person under the apparent age of 18 years shall be enrolled in the armed forces"; Ugandan citizenship and secondary education required (2012)
|Manpower available for military service:
| males age 16-49: 7,249,271
females age 16-49: 7,025,439 (2010 est.)
|Manpower fit for military service:
| males age 16-49: 4,313,068
females age 16-49: 4,200,901 (2010 est.)
|Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
| male: 423,923
female: 420,236 (2010 est.)
|Military expenditures:
|1.8% of GDP (2012)
|^Back to Top
|Transnational Issues
|Disputes - International:
|Uganda is subject to armed fighting among hostile ethnic groups, rebels, armed gangs, militias, and various government forces that extend across its borders; Ugandan refugees as well as members of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) seek shelter in southern Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo's Garamba National Park; LRA forces have also attacked Kenyan villages across the border
|Refugees and internally displaced persons:
|refugees (country of origin): 127,021 (Democratic Republic of Congo); 14,684 (Rwanda); 11,135 (South Sudan); 10,728 (Burundi); 7,910 (Sudan) (2012); 18,253 (Somalia) (2013) IDPs: 30,000 (displacement in northern Uganda because of fighting between government forces and the Lord's Resistance Army; as of 2011, most of the 1.8 million people displaced to IDP camps at the height of the conflict had returned home or resettled, but many had not found durable solutions) (2011)
|^Back to Top
« Previous Country | Next Country » Back to Flag Counter Overview
Source: CIA - The World Factbook


text:
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Utility bills seem to be rising by the minute these days, but we have all become accustomed to certain utilities that now we can't live without. Eco-friendly home buyers will want to know that the appliances in their new home will be energy efficient and durable. This doesn't mean you have to replace all of your appliances, but any green appliances that you do have will score points for your home. There are a number of energy efficient products on the market today and if you don't know where to start looking, check out the Energy Star program, which is jointly run by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy. Every appliance with the Energy Star stamp of approval meets a strict set of energy efficiency guidelines and is made with advanced technologies that utilize 10 to 15 percent less energy and water than standard models. Check out Energy Star for a list of money-saving appliances, including clothes washers, dishwashers, refrigerators, freezers, air conditioning units, dehumidifiers, and more.
Add Home Value with Energy Efficient Windows
If you live in an area with extreme temperatures that require the use of heat or air conditioning inside your home, potential buyers will appreciate efficient windows that actually work towards maintaining the indoor temperature instead of allowing the heat or A/C to be whisked away. Low-E Argon windows and window film are specially made to reflect heat, rather than conduct it. In the winter, this will reduce energy loss in warm rooms and in the summer, it prevents solar heat gain so your rooms stay cool inside. You can easily reap the benefits of Low-E Argon without having to foot the bill of installing new windows. All you have to do is buy and apply a film to the outside of your windows. Yearly savings of hundreds of dollars on utility bills will be a great selling point to energy-conscious potential buyers. Check out energy efficient window frame options.
Boost Curb Value with Ecological Flooring
Bamboo and cork flooring are rapidly becoming popular as alternatives to hardwood floors made of timber. Both green flooring options are cheaper than hardwood and neither involves killing off whole portions of forests. Cork oak, for example, can be harvested every 8 to 14 years once the tree is 25 years old. So, the same tree can provide multiple harvests of water-resistant bark over the course of a lifetime. Bamboo is also a plentiful resource that grows quickly and can be harvested with minimal impact to the environment. Home buyers who are looking for green amenities will appreciate that their floors have not contributed to deforestation, and they will love the moisture-resistant, easy cleaning quality that comes with bamboo or cork floors. Check out Yanchi for high quality and low price bamboo floors or Evora for beautiful cork floor tiles that are a fraction of the cost of hardwood.
Other Ecological Features that Increase the Value of a House
- Soy Foam Insulation
- Pellet Stoves
- South facing windows
- Solar thermal hot water
- Concrete counters
One final way to easily go green in your home before putting it on the market is to replace all of your light bulbs with energy efficient ones. This will save you money while you show your home with all the lights on and it will be another point for you on the potential buyer's checklist of energy efficient amenities. Good luck!


text:
One Credit Champ, Episode 116 – Solomon's Key
I've got the key. I've got the secret.
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- aerospace [4]
- construction [9]
- consumer products [4]
- customer service [1]
- energy systems [10]
- finance [2]
- healthcare [32]
- industrial products [7]
- IT & telecom [1]
- logistics [22]
- military, defense, safety [5]
- science and education [26]
- social research [17]
- technology [25]
- asset management [3]
- business processes [16]
- communication networks [2]
- epidemiology [10]
- freight traffic modeling [8]
- labour market [3]
- management [22]
- manufacturing processes [14]
- market modeling [7]
- marketing [8]
- personnel [3]
- strategic management [11]
- supply chain management [10]
- agent based modeling [77]
- discrete event modeling [46]
- multimethod modeling [28]
- system dynamics modeling [40]
Evaluation of outbreak response immunization in the control of pertussis using agent-based modeling Alexander Doroshenko, Weicheng Qian and Nathaniel D. Osgood
Pertussis control remains a challenge due to recently observed effects of waning immunity to acellular vaccine and suboptimal vaccine coverage. Multiple outbreaks have been reported in different ages worldwide. For certain outbreaks, publichealth authorities can launch an outbreak response immunization (ORI) campaign to control pertussis spread. The authors developed an agent-based model to investigate effects of outbreak response immunization campaigns targeting young adolescents in averting pertussis cases. The experience proved that ABM offers a promising methodology to evaluate other public health interventions used in pertussis control. The authors also identified the strong need for further research into application of modeling to further our understanding of pertussis epidemiology.» 続きを読む
Hybrid Simulation in Healthcare: New Concepts and New Tools Sally C. Brailsford
Until relatively recently, developing hybrid simulation models using more than one simulation paradigm was a challenging task which required a degree of ingenuity on behalf of the modeler. Generally speaking, such hybrid models either had to be coded from scratch in a programming language, or developed using two (or more) different off-the-shelf software tools which had to communicate with each other through a user-written interface. Nowadays a number of simulation tools are available which aim to make this task easier. This paper does not set out to be a formal review of such software, but it discusses the increasing popularity of hybrid simulation and the rapidly developing market in hybrid modeling tools, focusing specifically on applications in health and social care and using experience from the Care Life Cycle project and elsewhere.» 続きを読む
Towards a Guide to Domain-specific Hybrid Simulation Anatoli Djanatliev, Reinhard German
The advantages of combined simulation techniques have been already frequently discussed and are well-covered by the recently published literature. In particular, many case studies have been presented solving similar domain-specific problems by different multi-paradigm simulation approaches. Moreover, a number of papers exist focusing on theoretical and conceptual aspects of hybrid simulation. However, it still remains a challenge to decide, whether combined methods are appropriate in certain situations and how they can be applied. Therefore, domain-specific user guides for multi-paradigm modeling are required combining general concepts and best practices to common steps. In this paper, we particularly outline three major processes targeting to define structured hybrid approaches in domain-specific contexts, and we focus on some practical issues aiming to a sustainable model development. Finally, an example hybrid methodology for problems in healthcare will be presented.» 続きを読む
Agent-based population model used to identify and evaluate dog population management strategies L. Kisiel, A. Jones-Bitton, A.L. Greer; Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada; CEFUTREMA
Developing countries are faced with finding novel and humane ways to permanently reduce and control their dog population. Agent-based models developed to describe dog populations represent a unique, platform for using computer based simulation to identify control strategies with the greatest potential for success, aid in the design of more effective control measures, and provide a means to evaluate the success of different interventions.» 続きを読む
The Effect of Cellular Interactions on Cancer Cell Growth Using Evolutionary Game Theory Mihir Paithane, Student, Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) Center at Mills E. Godwin High School
In this experiment, game theory was used to assess the interactions between three cell phenotypes usually found in cancer. The three defined cells were autonomous growth cells, invasive and motile malignant cells, and cells that performed anaerobic glycolysis. Based on preset variables in the payoff matrix, analytical equations were deduced that allowed for the analysis of the proportion of autonomous growth and malignant cells in a tumor. AnyLogic was also used to simulate the interactions between cancerous and normal cells.» 続きを読む
Partial Paradigm Hiding and Reusability in Hybrid Simulation Modeling Using the Frameworks Health-DS and I7-Anyenergy A. Djanatliev, P. Bazan, R. German, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. Winter Simulation Conference, 2014.
Many complex real-world problems which are difficult to understand can be solved by discrete or continuous simulation techniques, such as Discrete-Event-Simulation, Agent-Based-Simulation or System Dynamics. In recently published literature, various multilevel and large-scale hybrid simulation examples have been presented that combine different approaches in common environments.» 続きを読む
A Tripartite Hybrid Model Architecture for Investigating Health and Cost Impacts and Intervention Tradeoffs for Diabetic End-stage Renal Disease Amy Gao, Nathaniel D. Osgood, Wenyi An, Roland F. Dyck. Winter Simulation Conference, 2014.
Like most countries, Canada faces rising rates of diabetes and diabetic ESRD, which adversely affect cost, morbidity/mortality and quality of life. These trends raise great challenges for financial, human resource and facility planning and place a premium on understanding tradeoffs between different intervention strategies. We describe here our hybrid simulation model built to inform such efforts.» 続きを読む
Reflections on Two Approaches to Hybrid Simulation in Healthcare Joe Viana, University of Southampton. Winter Simulation Conference, 2014.
Hybrid simulation, the combination of simulation paradigms to address a problem is becoming more popular as the problems we are presented with become more complex. This is evidenced by an increase in the number of hybrid papers published in specific domains and the number of hybrid simulation frameworks being produced across domains.» 続きを読む
Towards Closed Loop Modeling: Evaluatng The Prospects for Creating Recurrently Regrounded Aggregate Simulation Models Using Particle Filtering Nathaniel Osgood, Juxin Liu, University of Saskatchewan 106 Wiggins Road, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon. Winter Simulation Conference, 2014
Public health agencies traditionally rely heavily on epidemiological reporting for notifiable disease control, but increasingly apply simulation models for forecasting and to understand intervention tradeoffs. Unfortunately, such models traditionally lack capacity to easily incorporate information from epidemiological data feeds.» 続きを読む
An Agent-Based Explanation for 20th Century Living Situation Changes in America's Severely and Persistently Mentally Ill Population Kyle L. Johnson, Dr. Dimitris Alevras, IBM Global Business Services; Dr. John Docherty, Dr. Erin Falconer, Otsuka Medical Affairs. AnyLogic Conference 2014
The largest public mental health facility in the United States is not a hospital; it is the Los Angeles County Jail. This paper describes an agent-based approach to explaining why prisons and jails house so many of America's most seriously mentally ill. It traces this fact to the differing ways in which various housing situations react to mental illness and to legislation passed in the 1960's, which allocated public funding away from state mental hospitals.» 続きを読む


text:
Web Stories
Memorial service will be held for Rabbi Jim Diamond
Tuesday, May 7, 2013, 7 p.m. · Robertson Hall, Dodds Auditorium
Posted April 24, 2013; 03:52 p.m.
A memorial service for Rabbi Jim Diamond, former director of the Center for Jewish Life, will be held at 7 p.m. Tuesday, May 7, in Dodds Auditorium in Robertson Hall. The Rev. Alison Boden, dean of religious life and the Chapel, and Rabbi Julie Roth, executive director of the Center for Jewish Life—Hillel at Princeton, will be co-officiating the service. Please RSVP to Susan Johanesen in the Center for Jewish Life at firstname.lastname@example.com or 609-258-2288.


text:
Libya Population: 6,002,3475 VISITORS FROM HERE!
« Previous Country | Next Country » Back to Flag Counter Overview
|The Italians supplanted the Ottoman Turks in the area around Tripoli in 1911 and did not relinquish their hold until 1943 when defeated in World War II. Libya then passed to UN administration and achieved independence in 1951. Following a 1969 military coup, Col. Muammar al-QADHAFI assumed leadership and began to espouse his political system at home, which was a combination of socialism and Islam. During the 1970s, QADHAFI used oil revenues to promote his ideology outside Libya, supporting subversive and terrorist activities that included the downing of two airliners - one over Scotland, another in Northern Africa - and a discotheque bombing in Berlin. UN sanctions in 1992 isolated QADHAFI politically and economically following the attacks; sanctions were lifted in 2003 following Libyan acceptance of responsibility for the bombings and agreement to claimant compensation. QADHAFI also agreed to end Libya's program to develop weapons of mass destruction, and he made significant strides in normalizing relations with Western nations. Unrest that began in several Middle Eastern and North African countries in late 2010 erupted in Libyan cities in early 2011. QADHAFI's brutal crackdown on protesters spawned a civil war that triggered UN authorization of air and naval intervention by the international community. After months of seesaw fighting between government and opposition forces, the QADHAFI regime was toppled in mid-2011 and replaced by a transitional government. Libya in 2012 formed a new parliament and elected a new prime minister.
More than 90% of the country is desert or semidesert
|Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt, Tunisia, and Algeria
|Geographic coordinates:
| total: 1,759,540 sq km
land: 1,759,540 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Size comparison: slightly larger than Alaska
|Land Boundaries:
| total: 4,348 km
border countries: Algeria 982 km, Chad 1,055 km, Egypt 1,115 km, Niger 354 km, Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 km
|1,770 km
|Maritime claims:
|territorial sea: 12 nm note: Gulf of Sidra closing line - 32 degrees, 30 minutes north exclusive fishing zone: 62 nm
|Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior
|mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, depressions
|Elevation extremes:
| lowest point: Sabkhat Ghuzayyil -47 m
highest point: Bikku Bitti 2,267 m
|Natural resources:
|petroleum, natural gas, gypsum
|Land use:
| arable land: 0.99%
permanent crops: 0.19%
other: 98.82% (2011)
|Irrigated land:
|4,700 sq km (2003)
|Natural hazards:
|hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall; dust storms, sandstorms
|Current Environment Issues:
|desertification; limited natural freshwater resources; the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development scheme in the world, brings water from large aquifers under the Sahara to coastal cities
|International Environment Agreements:
| party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
|^Back to Top
| noun: Libyan(s)
adjective: Libyan
|Ethnic groups:
|Berber and Arab 97%, other 3% (includes Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, and Tunisians)
|Arabic (official), Italian, English (all widely understood in the major cities); Berber (Nafusi, Ghadamis, Suknah, Awjilah, Tamasheq)
|Sunni Muslim (official) 97%, other 3%
|6,002,347 (July 2013 est.) note: includes 166,510 non-nationals
|Age structure:
| 0-14 years: 27.3% (male 837,984/female 800,423)
15-24 years: 18.6% (male 578,780/female 535,828)
25-54 years: 45.6% (male 1,432,265/female 1,302,187)
55-64 years: 4.6% (male 143,862/female 134,414)
65 years and over: 3.9% (male 120,043/female 116,561) (2013 est.)
|Dependency ratios:
| total dependency ratio: 52.1 %
youth dependency ratio: 44.8 %
elderly dependency ratio: 7.3 %
potential support ratio: 13.7 (2013)
|Median age:
| total: 27.1 years
male: 27.2 years
female: 26.9 years (2013 est.)
|Population growth rate:
|4.85% (2013 est.)
|Birth rate:
|18.74 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)
|Death rate:
|3.56 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)
|Net migration rate:
|33.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)
| urban population: 77.7% of total population (2011)
rate of urbanization: 1% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
|Major urban areas - population:
|TRIPOLI (capital) 1.095 million (2009)
|Sex ratio:
| at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.1 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.04 male(s)/female
total population: 1.08 male(s)/female (2013 est.)
|Maternal mortality rate:
|58 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
|Infant mortality rate:
| total: 12.26 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 13.25 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 11.22 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)
|Life expectancy at birth:
| total population: 75.83 years
male: 74.17 years
female: 77.57 years (2013 est.)
|Total fertility rate:
|2.09 children born/woman (2013 est.)
|Contraceptive prevalence rate:
|45.2% (1995)
|Health expenditures:
|3.9% of GDP (2010)
|Physicians density:
|1.9 physicians/1,000 population (2009)
|Hospital bed density:
|3.7 beds/1,000 population (2009)
|Drinking water source:
| improved:
urban: 54% of population
rural: 55% of population
total: 54% of population
urban: 46% of population
rural: 45% of population
total: 46% of population (2000 est.)
|Sanitation facility access:
| improved:
urban: 97% of population
rural: 96% of population
total: 97% of population
urban: 3% of population
rural: 4% of population
total: 3% of population (2010 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|0.3% (2001 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|10,000 (2001 est.)
|Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
|27.8% (2008)
|Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
|5.6% (2007)
|Education expenditures:
| definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 89.5%
male: 95.8%
female: 83.3% (2011 est.)
|School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
| total: 16 years
male: 16 years
female: 16 years (2003)
|^Back to Top
|Country name:
| conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Libya
local long form: none
local short form: Libiya
|Government type:
|operates under a transitional government
| name: Tripoli (Tarabulus)
geographic coordinates: 32 53 N, 13 10 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Friday in March; ends last Friday in October
note: on 10 November 2012, Libya changed its standard time from UTC+2 to UTC+1
|Administrative divisions:
|22 districts (shabiyat, singular - shabiyat); Al Butnan, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al Jabal al Gharbi, Al Jafarah, Al Jufrah, Al Kufrah, Al Marj, Al Marqab, Al Wahat, An Nuqat al Khams, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi, Darnah, Ghat, Misratah, Murzuq, Nalut, Sabha, Surt, Tarabulus, Wadi al Hayat, Wadi ash Shati
|24 December 1951 (from UN trusteeship)
|National holiday:
|Liberation Day, 23 October (2011)
|none; note - Libya has yet to draft a new constitution
|Legal system:
|Libya's post-revolution legal system is in flux and driven by state and non-state entities
|18 years of age, universal
|Executive branch:
| chief of state: President, General National Congress Nuri Abu SAHMAYN
head of government: Prime Minister Ali ZAYDAN (since 14 October 2012); Deputy Prime Ministers Awad Ibrik Ibrahim al-BARASI, Al-Sadiq Abd al-Karim Abd al-Rahman KARIM, Abd-al-Salam Muhammad al-Mahdi al-QADI
cabinet: new cabinet approved by the National Congress on 31 October 2012 (For more information visit the World Leaders website )
elections: prime minister and National Congress president elected by the National Congress
election results: NA
|Legislative branch:
| unicameral General National Congress (200 seats; 120 individual seats elected from 69 constituencies and 80 party list seats elected from 20 constituencies; member term NA)
elections: first General National Congress election held on 7 July 2012 (next to be held NA)
election results: percent of vote for party list seats only - NFA 48.7%, JCP 21.3%, other parties 30%; list and constituent seats - NFA 39, JCP 17, other 24, independents 120
|Judicial branch:
|highest court(s): NA; note - government in transition
|Political parties and leaders:
|Al-Watan (Homeland) Party Justice and Construction Party or JCP [Muhammad SAWAN] National Front (initially the National Front for the Salvation of Libya, formed in 1981 as a diaspora opposition group) National Forces Alliance or NFA [Mahmoud JIBRIL] (includes many political organizations, NGOs, and independents) Union for the Homeland [Abd al-Rahman al-SUWAYHILI] note: list includes some of the larger political parties and leaders
|International organization participation:
|ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, BDEAC, CAEU, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
|National symbol(s):
|star and crescent; hawk
|National anthem:
| name: "Allahu Akbar" (God Is Greatest)
lyrics/music: Mahmoud el-SHERIF/Abdalla Shams el-DIN
note: adopted 1969; the anthem was originally a battle song for the Egyptian Army in the 1956 Suez War
|Diplomatic representation in the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Suleiman ABULHI
chancery: 2600 Virginia Avenue NW, Suite 705, Washington, DC 20037
telephone: [1] (202) 944-9601
|Diplomatic representation from the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Deborah K. JONES note: on 11 September 2012, US Ambassador Christopher STEVENS and three other American diplomats were killed in an attack by heavily armed militants on a US diplomatic post in the eastern city of Benghazi
embassy: Sidi Slim Area/Walie Al-Ahed Road, Tripoli
mailing address: US Embassy, 8850 Tripoli Place, Washington, DC 20521-8850
telephone: [218] (0) 91-220-3239
|^Back to Top
Libya's economy is structured primarily around the nation's energy sector, which generates about 95% of export earnings, 80% of GDP, and 99% of government income. Substantial revenue from the energy sector coupled with a small population give Libya one of the highest per capita GDPs in Africa, but Tripoli largely has not used its significant financial resources to develop national infrastructure or the economy, leaving many citizens poor. In the final five years of QADHAFI''s rule, Libya made some progress on economic reform as part of a broader campaign to reintegrate the country into the international fold. This effort picked up steam after UN sanctions were lifted in September 2003 and after Libya announced in December 2003 that it would abandon programs to build weapons of mass destruction. The process of lifting US unilateral sanctions began in the spring of 2004; all sanctions were removed by June 2006, helping Libya attract greater foreign direct investment, especially in the energy and banking sectors. Libyan oil and gas licensing rounds drew high international interest, but new rounds are unlikely to be successful until Libya establishes a more permanent government and is able to offer more attractive financial terms on contracts and increase security. Libya faces a long road ahead in liberalizing its primarily socialist economy, but the revolution has unleashed previously restrained entrepreneurial activity and increased the potential for the evolution of a more market-based economy. The service and construction sectors, which account for roughly 60% of GDP, expanded over the past five years and could become a larger share of GDP if Tripoli prioritizes capital spending on development projects once political and security uncertainty subside. Climatic conditions and poor soils severely limit agricultural output, and Libya imports about 80% of its food. Libya''s primary agricultural water source is the Great Manmade River Project.
|GDP (purchasing power parity):
| GDP (purchasing power parity): $78.63 billion (2012 est.) $38.45 billion (2011 est.) $101.4 billion (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
|GDP (official exchange rate):
|GDP (official exchange rate): $81.92 billion (2012 est.)
|GDP - real growth rate:
|104.5% (2012 est.) -62.1% (2011 est.) 5% (2010 est.)
|GDP - per capita (PPP):
| GDP - per capita (PPP): $12,300 (2012 est.) $6,100 (2011 est.) $15,900 (2010 est.)
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
|Gross national saving:
|40.8% of GDP (2012 est.) 8.2% of GDP (2011 est.) 33.9% of GDP (2010 est.)
|GDP - composition, by end use:
| household consumption: 42.9%
government consumption: 14.2%
investment in fixed capital: 4.7%
investment in inventories: 0.4%
exports of goods and services: 60.7%
imports of goods and services: -23% (2012 est.)
|GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
| household consumption: 42.9%
government consumption: 14.2%
investment in fixed capital: 4.7%
investment in inventories: 0.4%
exports of goods and services: 60.7%
imports of goods and services: -23% (2012 est.)
|Agriculture - products:
|wheat, barley, olives, dates, citrus, vegetables, peanuts, soybeans; cattle
|petroleum, petrochemicals, aluminum, iron and steel, food processing, textiles, handicrafts, cement
|Industrial production growth rate:
|117% (2012 est.)
|Labor force:
|1.875 million (2012 est.)
|Labor force - by occupation:
| agriculture: 17%
industry: 23%
services: 59% (2004 est.)
|Unemployment rate:
|30% (2004 est.)
|Population below poverty line:
note: about one-third of Libyans live at or below the national poverty line
|Household income or consumption by percentage share:
| lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
| revenues: $57.58 billion
expenditures: $35.07 billion (2012 est.)
|Taxes and other revenues:
|70.3% of GDP (2012 est.)
|Public debt:
|3.5% of GDP (2012 est.) 10.2% of GDP (2011 est.)
|Fiscal year:
|calendar year
|Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.1% (2012 est.) 15.9% (2011 est.)
|Current account balance:
|$33.32 billion (2012 est.) $4.002 billion (2011 est.)
|$52.12 billion (2012 est.) $15.03 billion (2011 est.)
|Exports - commodities:
|crude oil, refined petroleum products, natural gas, chemicals
|Exports - partners:
|Italy 23.5%, Germany 12.5%, China 11.3%, France 9.7%, Spain 7.6%, UK 4.7%, US 4.5% (2012)
|$18.1 billion (2012 est.) $11.17 billion (2011 est.)
|Imports - commodities:
|machinery, semi-finished goods, food, transport equipment, consumer products
|Imports - partners:
|China 13.7%, Turkey 12.3%, Italy 8.7%, Tunisia 7.3%, South Korea 6.2%, Greece 5.4%, Germany 4.9% (2012)
|Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|$117.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $105 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
|Debt - external:
|$5.278 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $4.882 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
|$16.72 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $16.43 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
|$17.17 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $16.89 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
|Market value of publicly traded shares:
|Exchange rates:
|Libyan dinars (LYD) per US dollar - 1.262 (2012 est.) 1.2242 (2011 est.) 1.2668 (2010 est.) 1.2535 (2009) 1.2112 (2008)
|^Back to Top
|Electricity - production:
|28.6 billion kWh (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 64
|Electricity - consumption:
|24.29 billion kWh (2009 est.)
|Electricity - exports:
|124 million kWh (2009 est.)
|Electricity - imports:
|73 million kWh (2009 est.)
|Electricity - installed generating capacity:
|6.766 million kW (2009 est.)
|Electricity - from fossil fuels:
|100% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
|Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
|0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
|Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
|0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
|Electricity - from other renewable sources:
|0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)
|Crude oil - production:
|502,400 bbl/day (2011 est.)
|Crude oil - exports:
|1.039 million bbl/day (2009 est.)
|Crude oil - imports:
|0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
|Crude oil - proved reserves:
|48.08 billion bbl (1 January 2013 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - production:
|309,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - consumption:
|314,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - exports:
|84,490 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - imports:
|575.3 bbl/day (2008 est.)
|Natural gas - production:
|16.81 billion cu m (2010 est.)
|Natural gas - consumption:
|6.844 billion cu m (2010 est.)
|Natural gas - exports:
|9.97 billion cu m (2010 est.)
|Natural gas - imports:
|0 cu m (2011 est.)
|Natural gas - proved reserves:
|1.495 trillion cu m (1 January 2012 est.)
|Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
|60.6 million Mt (2010 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Telephones in use:
| 1 million (2011)
country comparison to the world: 78
|Cellular Phones in use:
|10 million (2011)
|Telephone system:
| general assessment: telecommunications system is state-owned and service is poor, but investment is being made to upgrade; state retains monopoly in fixed-line services; mobile-cellular telephone system became operational in 1996
domestic: multiple providers for a mobile telephone system that is growing rapidly; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity has soared
international: country code - 218; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat, NA Arabsat, and NA Intersputnik; submarine cable to France and Italy; microwave radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt; tropospheric scatter to Greece; participant in Medarabtel (2010)
|Broadcast media:
|state-funded and private TV stations; some provinces operate local TV stations; pan-Arab satellite TV stations are available; state-funded radio (2012)
|Internet country code:
|Internet hosts:
|17,926 (2012)
|Internet users:
|353,900 (2009)
|^Back to Top
| 146 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 41
|Airports (paved runways):
| total 68
over 3,047 m: 23
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 30
914 to 1,523 m: 7
under 914 m: 1 (2013)
|Airports (unpaved runways):
| total 78
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 14
914 to 1,523 m: 37
under 914 m: 20 (2013)
|2 (2013)
|condensate 882 km; gas 3,743 km; oil 7,005 km (2013)
| total 100,024 km
paved: 57,214 km
unpaved: 42,810 km (2003)
|Merchant marine:
| total 23
by type: cargo 2, chemical tanker 4, liquefied gas 3, petroleum tanker 13, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 2 (Kuwait 1, Norway 1)
registered in other countries: 6 (Hong Kong 1, Malta 5) (2010)
|Ports and terminals:
|Az Zawiyah, Marsa al Burayqah (Marsa el Brega), Ra's Lanuf, Tripoli
|^Back to Top
|Military branches:
|note - in transition; government attempting to staff a new national army with anti-QADAFI militia fighters and former members of QADAFI's military (2008)
|Military service age and obligation:
|18 years of age for mandatory or voluntary service (2012)
|Manpower available for military service:
| males age 16-49: 1,775,078
females age 16-49: 1,714,194 (2010 est.)
|Manpower fit for military service:
| males age 16-49: 1,511,144
females age 16-49: 1,458,934 (2010 est.)
|Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
| male: 59,547
female: 57,070 (2010 est.)
|Military expenditures:
|3.1% of GDP (2012)
|^Back to Top
|Transnational Issues
|Disputes - International:
|dormant disputes include Libyan claims of about 32,000 sq km still reflected on its maps of southeastern Algeria and the FLN's assertions of a claim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco; various Chadian rebels from the Aozou region reside in southern Libya
|Refugees and internally displaced persons:
|IDPs: 74,000 (conflict between pro-Qadhafi and anti-Qadhafi forces; figure does not include displaced third-country nationals) (2012)
|^Back to Top
« Previous Country | Next Country » Back to Flag Counter Overview
Source: CIA - The World Factbook


text:
Carl R. Darnall Army Medical Center Women's Center
Marianne Gish
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text:
Mullet, Red – Northeast Atlantic, Gillnet Caught
Red Mullet are found in the Northeast Atlantic from the North Sea to the northwestern coast of Africa, as well in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. They are short lived, with a maximum life span of 10 years, and reach sexual maturity at 1-2 years of age.
In the Northeast Atlantic, Red Mullet are primarily caught with bottom trawls, but some are caught with bottom gillnets in inshore waters of the UK, in the western English Channel. Fishing with bottom gillnets can cause some damage to bottom habitats and results in a high level of bycatch.
Abundance of Red Mullet in the Northeast Atlantic is unknown and currently there are few management regulations in place; however, in recent years there have been efforts to improve monitoring and management of this species.