text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 14, 2012
|Filing date
|May 22, 2008
|Priority date
|May 22, 2007
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Martin Fischer, Ulrich Friedrich, Kim Kueter, Jens Masuch, Michael Pangels, Dirk Ziebertz
|Original Assignee
|Atmel Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (19), Non-Patent Citations (3), Classifications (4), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This nonprovisional application claims priority to German Patent Application No. DE 10 2007 025 780.7, which was filed in Germany on May 22, 2007, and to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/939,846, which was filed on May 23, 2007, and which are both herein incorporated by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a method and a device for generating a random number by means of a linear feedback shift register, in particular for generating a random number in a transponder.
2. Description of the Background Art
Random numbers are used for encryption, for example. Along with the algorithm used, the length and statistical properties of the random number used are extremely important for the quality of the encryption. Many attacks for decrypting an encrypted text are targeted at random number generation. Thus, certain requirements are placed on random numbers, such as high periodicity, uniform distribution of the random numbers over the value range, uniform distribution of zeroes and ones, the probability of runs of ones or zeroes, and/or low correlation of one random number to a subsequent random number. The methods for generating the random number must typically be disclosed. For this reason, it is also important that different random numbers are produced under identical boundary conditions reproducible by an attacker.
Encryption by means of random numbers has applications in contactless identification systems or what are known as radio frequency identification (RFID) systems, for example. Such systems typically include a base station or a reader unit and a number of transponders or remote sensors that are simultaneously located in the base station's response area. The transponders or their transmitting and receiving devices typically do not have an active transmitter for transmitting data to the base station. Such non-active systems are called passive systems when they do not have their own power supply, and are called semipassive systems when they have their own power supply. Passive transponders take the energy required to supply them from the electromagnetic field emitted by the base station. A variety of standards exist for RFID systems. These include the standards developed by EPCglobal Inc. for uniform use of RFID technologies. For example, according to the EPCglobal class 1, generation 2 protocol, a password with a length of 32 bits must be cracked in order to obtain write access to a memory area of a transponder. Transmission of this password, at least in the forward link, which is to say from a base station to a transponder, is protected by a 16-bitwise XOR encryption of the password with a random number that is provided to the base station by the transponder. The transponder must therefore have means for generating a random number.
Through the use of passive transponders, additional requirements are placed on generation of a random number in a transponder besides a high quality of the random number, for example components that are used must be integratable in the smallest possible area, and power consumption must be minimized. In passive transponders, the power consumption is correlated with the communication distance, whereby the communication distance increases as the power consumption of the transponder decrease. Preferably, it is desired to use existing switching components to reduce the area of the surface.
So-called linear feedback shift registers (LFSR) are known for generating pseudorandom numbers with good uniformity of distribution and minimal autocorrelation. The longer a linear feedback shift register is selected, the longer its periodicity is and the quality of the pseudo random number. However, because of high power consumption and a large area requirement, long linear feedback shift registers are generally impractical for generating random numbers in passive transponders. Moreover, a result of a linear feedback shift register is in principle predictable and thus reproducible because of its synchronous, digital properties, even when a feedback polynomial is changed.
In order to reduce predictability of a shift register, it is also known to use two oscillators with different frequencies. In this context, one oscillator with a slow frequency is used as the clock frequency for the shift register. In addition, a second oscillator with a higher frequency is used as the data input for the shift register. However, one disadvantage of this solution is that the second oscillator with the higher frequency also has a higher power consumption. Moreover, the frequencies must be very closely matched to one another to prevent runs of zeroes or ones at the data input. Such precision is accompanied by a high power consumption, however.
In addition, it is known to store specific random numbers in a memory area of a device, such as a computer, a transponder, or the like; said random numbers can either be read out directly as the random number or can be used as so-called seeds for a shift register. However, these stored random numbers must be protected by appropriate mechanisms to prevent undesired readout by an attacker. Moreover, the memory required to store random numbers generated in such a manner must also be taken into account. Such memory areas are preferably permanent memories such as ROM or EEPROMS. Disadvantageous though is that thereby the memory area and the power consumption is increased, in particular because a high number of random numbers must be stored there.
Known from WO 99/38069 are a method and a device for generating random numbers, wherein a linear feedback shift register is connected to a not entirely ideal physical noise source. To this end, a random data stream is generated by the physical noise source, and this data stream is combined with a second data stream generated by the linear feedback shift register in such a manner that a nearly ideal uniform distribution of ones and zeroes results. An addition method and/or an XOR method are cited as examples of combining methods. Noise sources or noise generators, including the linear feedback shift register.
It is the object of the present invention to create a method and a device for generating a random number.
This object is attained by a method for generating a random number, wherein a first seed is generated by means of a first automaton, a second seed is generated by means of a second automaton, wherein the first and second automata operate using different statistical functional principles, so that the first and second seeds have different properties, and a third automata includes a shift register that is reloaded with the first and/or second seed and from which the third automata provides the random number.
The basic idea of the invention is thus to use three automata, whereby the third and central automata form the feedback shift register, by which two different mechanisms are preloaded with the first and/or the second seed. The first and the second seed are a first or second random number, that each, depending on the constraints in the individual automata have a smaller quality in comparison to random number provided by the third automata. Accordingly, the quality of the random number provided by the third automata is based on the quality of the first and/or the second random number. The central automaton is a feedback shift register that is preloaded by two different mechanisms. By preloading the shift register with alternating values, different (pseudo) random numbers are generated. The quality of a random number generated by a shift register or third automata is strongly dependent on a quality of a seed, and thus via the inventive method, the quality of the random number of the shift register or the third automata is greatly improved, without having to use a long shift register with a small time period. By using two automata with different functional principles that provide a seed to the third automata, it is possible to optimally take into account minimal changes in the boundary conditions in order to generate random number streams that are independent from one another. In one embodiment, the shift register is a linear feedback shift register (LFSR). In another embodiment, a nonlinear feedback shift register (NLFSR) is employed. As a result of the use of a linear feedback shift register in place of a simple shift register, the random results in the register are also stored beyond the length of the shift register. This improves the quality of the seed with the number of shift clocks, i.e. with the time duration over which the register is operated.
In one embodiment of the invention, a reloading with the first seed is clocked differently than a reloading with the second seed. In this regard, a reloading with the respective seeds can be optimized as a function of power consumption, for example. Preferably, a reloading with the first and/or second seed takes place with irregular clock frequencies.
In one embodiment of the invention, a physical random number source that includes an analog noise generator is used as the first automaton, by which means a first random number is generated. The physical random number source produces a first random number, wherein any possible difficulties resulting from a slowness of the physical random number source or an inadequately uniform distribution can be "brought under control" by the second automaton and/or the shift register.
In a further development of the invention, at least one feedback value of the shift register is logically combined with the first physical random number in order to generate a seed for the shift register. For example, in one embodiment of the invention a physical random number with N bits is generated, wherein N successive feedback values are logically combined with the N bits of the random number into N successive 1-bit values for the shift register. Because at least one feedback value of the shift register, e.g. the LFSR or NLFSR, is used in reloading the physical random number, one reduces the middle value error, i.e. an inadequately uniform distribution, of the physical random number.
In a further development of the invention, the first random number is generated by an analog noise amplifier. In this regard, it is possible to employ the noise in an already-existing electronic circuit to generate the first random number. The analog noise amplifier can typically be switched off and on, and in addition can be placed into a ready state, a so-called sleep mode. In this context, the analog noise amplifier can be quickly reactivated from the ready state in order to achieve a faster startup as compared to a complete switchoff.
In a further development of the invention, the first random number is generated by an amplifier circuit that amplifies the noise of at least one component, in particular the intrinsic noise of the amplifier circuit. In this regard, the amplifier amplifies an unavoidable noise, for example a thermal noise, a shot noise, and/or a 1/f noise of the components, wherein an effect of predictable, reproducible quantities is reduced. These repeatable quantities are, for example, coupling through supply lines and/or the substrate, or a matching. The signal thus produced has a white power density spectrum over the widest possible frequency range. The analog noise signal is preferably amplified by an amplifier circuit to the point where it can be digitized.
In another embodiment of the invention, the first random number is generated by at least one chaotic oscillator. The chaotic oscillator is preferably programmed such that its frequency varies especially widely and thus can be considered random. In one embodiment of the invention, the chaotic oscillator is based on the Chua oscillator principle, wherein the chaotic behavior is produced by a nonlinear element of the oscillator circuit.
In a further development of the invention, the first random number is generated by means of the chaotic oscillator based on Lotka-Volterra equations. Lotka-Volterra equations or rules describe the chaotic behavior in a predator-prey system. These equations are typically used to estimate the population dynamics and/or food relationships among two or more species of animals and/or plants. A chaotic oscillator is described, for example, in the disclosure Asai, T., Kanazawa, Y., Ikebe, M., and Amemiya, Y., "A MOS circuit for the Lotka-Volterra chaotic oscillator," Proceedings of the 12th International IEEE Workshop on Nonlinear Dynamics of Electronic Systems, pp. 71-74, Evora, Portugal (May 9-13, 2004), wherein reference is hereby made to the content of this disclosure in its full scope.
To represent a natural system, the natural increase and decrease of the individual species and the encounters among the individual species are represented though differential equations. For use in a chaotic oscillator, these differential equations are converted into a low-voltage circuit, wherein in one embodiment, MOS transistors are used in their subthreshold regions. A chaotic oscillation generated in such a way is converted by a comparator or the like into a digital stream, which can be considered random.
In a further development of the invention, the second seed is read out of a memory that can be a permanent memory area. In implementing the method in a component or a device such as a computer, a transponder, or the like, it is possible to store special numbers in the component or device, so that no two components or devices with the same seeds exist. Transponder special or specific numbers, in particular an identification that is specific for each transponder, are stored in the permanent memory area. In an embodiment, only a portion of the ID, in particular by long ID numbers, are read via a read command, in particular only a random section of the ID number. To read out, an address pointer to the memory for reading out the second seed is generated from a content stored in the shift register. In this way, the randomness of the register value is exploited for addressing the memory. Thus, different random numbers will be generated even under a possible startup of two otherwise identical devices or components of this nature under identical conditions. By this means, the generated random number can also be advantageously used in an anticollision method for communication in an RFID system, for example.
In a further development of the invention, the second seed is logically combined with the feedback value of the shift register. In this way, a possible blockage of the shift register is prevented in that, for example, in a starting phase, only zeros or ones are proved in the register stages of the shift register.
In another embodiment of the invention, the second seed is randomized by a cellular automaton. In a cellular automaton or cellular automata, the states of the individual cells, i.e. the individual bits that are present, are determined at any point in time according to specific definable rules as a function of the cell states (bit states) in a predefined neighborhood and of the cell's own state at a previous point in time. This makes good randomization of the second seed possible.
In a further development of the invention, the first seed formed by the first automata and the second seed formed by the second automata are logically combined as the input value within the third automata for the shift register. In this way, an input signal is generated independently of the activity of the two automata to generate the seeds.
In a further development of the invention, the shift register is clocked and/or reloaded at a variable frequency. Preferably, a clock frequency is adapted to the relevant power consumption of other circuit components of the relevant device or component, in particular of a transponder.
In a further development of the invention, a feedback polynomial for the shift register is chosen to be variable as a function of an internal quantity. The feedback polynomial can be changed here as a function of, for example, a current register value, a state of the cellular automaton, etc. Changing the feedback polynomial causes a periodicity of the shift register to change.
In one embodiment of the invention, the method for generating a random number is used in a transponder of an RFID system, wherein an initialization of the transponder by a reader unit of the RFID system triggers a generation of the first seed, in particular starts a physical random number source.
In a further development of the invention, a command of the reader unit is received by the transponder, and after reception of the command, in particular after reception of the first command following an initialization, a preloading of the shift register by the first seed is terminated, in particular a combining of the first random number with feedback values of the shift register is terminated and/or the random number generator is turned off. Consequently, the preload time is variable and cannot be influenced by means on the transponder, since the time to the first transmission of a signal depends solely on a reader unit, or on a turn-on time of the HF field. By turning off the analog noise source as soon as a corresponding signal is received, power dissipation can be limited. Once the analog noise source has been turned off, it is possible to operate the shift register without additional seeds or with the second seed.
In a further development of the invention, the shift register is reloaded with the second seed, or parts thereof, upon reception of a command, called message hereinafter, by the transponder. In other words, the shift register is reloaded with the second seed in a "message-synchronous" fashion. Since the point in time when the transponder receives a message is not known in advance, it is impossible to predict, and hence to manipulate, this value, and reloading with the second seed takes place independently of a clock frequency of the shift register. In an advantageous embodiment, a clocking of the shift register is reduced or stopped to save energy during the reception of a message. For example, a clocking can be made dependent on a power requirement of additional communications means.
In a further development of the invention, the shift register is preloaded with transponder-internal initialization data. This makes it possible to individually preload each transponder; for example, a unique transponder identifier, that is the ID number of the transponder, stored on the transponder or a product identifier or the like are possible seeds. The identifier here can be encrypted by forming a CRC or the like, so that no internal information is made available by reading out the shift register.
In a further development of the invention, the second seed is taken from an addressed memory area of an identifier of the transponder. In this context, it is possible in particular that during a first time period following a startup, during which a physical random source does not yet provide adequate quality, the quality is improved by the second seed. The values of the addressed memory range are randomized by the feedback value of the shift register and/or the cellular automaton in a suitable manner, so that blockage of the shift register is prevented.
The object is further attained by a device, in particular a transponder, for generating a random number, which device includes a first automaton by which a first seed can be generated, and a second automaton by which a second seed can be generated, wherein the first and second automata operate with different statistical functional principles, so that the first and second seeds have different properties, and both automatons with a third automata, which includes a shift register that provides a random number are connected such that the shift register can be reloaded with the first and/or second seed.
Further scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.
The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description given hereinbelow and the accompanying drawings which are given by way of illustration only, and thus, are not limitive of the present invention, and wherein the FIGURE illustrates a schematic representation of a device for generating a random number.
The FIGURE schematically shows a block diagram of an inventive device for generating a random number. The central element of the device is a linear feedback shift register 1, comprised of a shift register 10 and a feedback polynomial 11. The shift register is clocked by means of an oscillator (not shown) or another clock generator. Preferably, the clock frequency is variable here.
The generated random number is stored in a storage register 12 that serves as an output register. The storage register 12 is, for example, a so-called loadable slot counter, such as is required for arbitration on a transponder. In another embodiment, a simple latch arrangement is used as the storage register 12, which is then sampled with a 1-of-n-bit multiplexer, resulting in a serial data stream. In order to limit power dissipation, a shift register for storing the random numbers is omitted in a latch arrangement.
The shift register 10 is preloaded using a seed S. The seed S is determined from the combination of various values, which are explained in detail below, for example data streams combined in a circuit element 2 by means of a multiplexer or an XOR combination. With the help of a first select signal SE1 the multiplexer is switched between the data lines of the switch element 2. Thereby, depending on the position of the multiplexer via the XOR combination, different data lines can be connected.
According to the invention, two seeds S1, S2 and a feedback value R are supplied to the circuit element 2. The seeds S1, S2 are produced by means of the first and second automata that operate using different statistical functional principles.
In the exemplary embodiment shown, a first seed S1 is generated by means of an analog noise amplifier 3. Instead of the analog noise amplifier, it is also possible to use a chaotic oscillator as the physical randomness source 3.
The physical randomness source 3, which is a random generator, provides a random number that is not predictable, and hence not reproducible. However, the quality of this random number depends on various factors and oftentimes cannot satisfy the demands placed on a random number with respect to uniform distribution and the like, in particular during a settling process. According to the invention, the random number generated by the physical random number generator 3 is subjected to post-processing, which is to say is digitally processed through the third automata that includes the feedback shift register 3. The output signal of the physical randomness source 3 is used as the first seed S1 here, and is combined, by means of the logical circuit element 2, with the feedback value of the shift register 1 and/or additional values still to be explained. The generation of the first seed S1 is triggered by means of a second select command SE2, wherein the second select command SE2 is likewise independent of a clock signal of the linear feedback shift register 1.
According to the invention, a second seed S2 is supplied to the logic circuit 2. A previously generated random number is used to generate the second seed S2. To this end, a current value of the shift register 10 is read out and used as an address pointer AD1 to a memory area 4. In the case of generation of a random number on a transponder, the memory area 4 is, for example, a memory area in which are stored transponder-specific, unique data (ID number). This measure achieves the result that even in the case of assumed identical content of the shift register 10 and also otherwise the same boundary conditions in two transponders, different values will be taken from the memory area 4.
In the embodiment shown, the address pointer AD1 in the memory area 4 has associated with it a logic circuit element 5 having an output AD, by which means a 6-bit random number, for example, is switched through from the shift register 10 to the memory area 4, so that an address space of, for example, 64 bits can be randomly sampled. The logic circuit element 5 can be a multiplexer and can switch between the address pointer AD1 and an address pointer AD2 via a selection command SE3. Thereby, in connection with the selection command SE3 the selected address is provided at the output AD of the logic circuit element 5. In another embodiment of the invention, there is no need to interpose a logic circuit element 5, that is the address of the address pointer AD1 is provided at the memory area.
In the embodiment shown, the data read out of the memory area 4 are randomized by means of a cellular automaton 6. A randomization prevents a sequence of zeros or ones by which the linear shift register 1 could be blocked. In the embodiment shown, the randomization is additionally accomplished by means of a signal from the linear feedback shift register 1, through which randomization can be further improved. The cellular automaton 6 can be switched on and/or off as desired by means of an enable signal EN.
The inventive method and the inventive device for generating a random number can be used to particular advantage in a transponder, since they are characterized by a low power requirement and small physical space requirement. The low power requirement is achieved by the means that the linear feedback shift register 1 is clocked with variable frequencies, among other means. In this regard, it is possible, for example, that the operating frequency of the linear feedback shift register 1 switches back and forth between two frequencies at a time when no communication is taking place between the transponder and a base station.
In the example embodiment shown, the second seed S2 that is provided by the second automat is obtained from a memory area of the transponder. In this context, according to the invention, the shift register 10 is reloaded with the second seed S2 at every message (command) sent by a base station to the transponder.
The inventive generation of random numbers also makes it possible for the linear feedback shift register 1 to be clocked only during the message when no other activities on the transponder are required and/or these activities use only a small amount of power. A selection of a clock frequency for the shift register 10 can be performed by a clock counter present on the transponder, can be based on a quantity derived from the last message, or can be fixed on the basis of a state of the linear feedback shift register 1.
In an advantageous embodiment, the linear feedback shift register 1 is only clocked when no other activities are taking place on the transponder, so that the activities of the linear feedback shift register 1 need not enter into a range calculation of a transponder. Other components as well, for example a component not shown in the FIGURE for digitizing the output signal of the analog noise source 3, can also be clocked as required in order to minimize energy demand.
Usually, when a transponder is transmitting, for example by backscattering, a message back to a base station, no switching mechanism for generating a control digit or the like is active on the transponder. Simultaneously, no read is typically performed from the memory area 4 at this time. A power requirement of the communications means for transmitting the message back is relatively low, so that the coupled shift register 1 can be clocked during the backscattering. For power dissipation reasons, a clock resulting from the backscatter frequency can be used as the clock here, for example.
Customarily, during reception of a signal, a lower power is needed for receiving a header section. Since the spacing between the protocols can be very small, it is therefore possible to keep the analog noise amplifier 3 active during reception of a header section of a message. The header section is simultaneously used for clocking by means of the second seed S2, wherein, for example, the transponder reads one bit from the memory area 4 during each header section. Consequently, at this time the seeds S1 and S2 may overlap, for example.
RFID systems may be used for electronic payment transactions, for example. In this context, a transponder is associated with a user's card or the like. It is then possible for an authorized base station to debit certain amounts from the card, or an account of the user linked to the card. It is obvious here that such debiting should only be possible for certain authorized groups of people, who have to transmit, e.g., a password to the transponder in order to debit. If the password is transmitted in unencrypted form, a third party could intercept the password and subsequently use it for debiting. In order to prevent interception, the transponder provides the base station with a key that the base station is supposed to use to encrypt the password prior to a transmission. In the simplest case, a random number serves as the key. The transponder must therefore have means to generate a random number of high quality. High quality random numbers can be generated as a result of the inventive combination of an analog noise source with post-processing, wherein optimum adaptation to a power requirement of the transponder is possible by means of variable clocking.
The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are to be included within the scope of the following claims.
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|U.S. Classification
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Home >> Business Law & Ethics
problem 1:
Article 23 (1) of Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides:
"Everyone has right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment."
Discuss whether the 'right to work' might be incorporated in national law.
problem 2:
Illustrate out the meaning of 'constructive dismissal' with reference to proper case law.
problem 3:
(a) What is the definition of remuneration?
(b) What type of misconduct is needed to justify summary dismissal?
problem 4:
What is the procedure which the employer should follow before dismissing the worker for misconduct?
problem 5:
(a) What is the responsibility of Termination of Contracts of Service Board?
(b) What is the responsibility of Industrial Relations Commission?
Business Law & Ethics, Finance
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View Here : Office 365 Outage
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From Mac's classic Studio Fix foundation and Yves Saint Laurent's long lasting liquid formula to Aerin's light reflecting powder, shop our edit of the 10 best foundations you won't be disappointed with. East Street Tap, formerly The Fishbowl, takes its influence from New York's Eastern Seaboard time zone. Be as relational as possible by nurturing relationships - leading not in the abstract and not just indirectly, but here and now with colleagues Engage in active and honest (self ) reflection.
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Heavy Equipment Salesman
Rob's Hydraulics Inc.
Virginia Beach, Virginia 23450
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Tracy Shaw's Salsacise For Hips And Thighs (DVD, 2002)
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Tracy Shaw's Salsacise For Hips And Thighs | Keep Fit Exercise UK DVD£3.60+ £2.50 P&P
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About this product
- DescriptionThe Coronation Street star Tracey Shaw stars in this entertaining twist on the fitness video idea...this time the plan is to salsa dance yourself slim!
Product Highlights
- Video Trailer

- Leading Role 1Tracy Shaw
- Release FormatDVD
- RatingEx
- Release Year2002
- GenreGeneral Interest (Leisure/Health)
- Additional GenreExercise/Fitness
- LanguageEnglish
- Running Time41 minutes
Most relevant reviews
- sexyat40beer12 Feb, 2011by
lucy benjamin dancer size dvd
crap crap crap, i got more excercise from hoovering and polishing,she should stick to eastenders, this dvd is a total waste of money and time,
- 2222sjw21 Jun, 2010by
I'll be sticking to Rosemary Conley!
It's quite hard to keep up with this. You have to be fairly fit already and have a good sense of rhythm; ideally you'll already be familiar with salsa moves as well. I have no idea who Tracy Shaw is but she really isn't necessary to this DVD - she merely puffs and pants along as the instructor, who is the real star, tells you what to do. I bought it just to have a change from my Rosemary Conley Salsacise DVD but I'll be sticking to that from now on as it's much easier to keep up with but contains a lot of the moves that are in the Tracy Shaw DVD.
- davi021004 Aug, 2006by
Not too Shaw about this!
It's a bit of a routine fitness DVD this one. Nothing special I'd say. Introduction and ending could have been much more interesting and/or amusing!
- akula196714 Jul, 2008by
OK lets SALSA!!
As a complete couch potato, I am hoping to wake up fit and healthy with no pain, stress or effort. This has so far not happened - so I thought I would try an exercise video, something a bit dancy and not too high impact. I have found this quite quick and sometimes lose the steps, but very easy to get the hang of. I like the music and the guy is very fit, its nice to see Tracy getting a bit out of puff though! Recommend for a 'feel good' dancy warm up for those more fit than me, or a good starting place for others.
- flippasmile010 May, 2008by
Tracy -dont give up your day job!
I really liked the dancing aspect and the DVD is perfect for someone who has not done salsa before. The moves are however, very aerobic and it is best suitable for people who do medium to high impact aerobics. Your calves and sides will be hurting the next day. The side toning exercise is murder! A good work out is provided if all the exercises are completed. But she does make funny noises and can get a bit annoying, I am probably just jealous but her legs really annoy me - how skinny is she?


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Kirmac Collision Services - Bellevue
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New Sigma 50-150mm OS HSM Feedback?
Started Dec 28, 2013 | Discussions thread
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Jim Holtz • Senior Member • Posts: 1,023
New Sigma 50-150mm OS HSM Feedback?
Dec 28, 2013
I have my eye on Sigma's new version of the 50-150mm as a walk around lens for my D7000 and potentially a D7200 when it comes out. I know it's big and heavy but it's also fast at 2.8 and gets rave reviews. Does anyone own one of these that can give me some real world feedback?
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Kingswood College (Sri Lanka)
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Coordinates: 7°16′37.5″N 80°36′53.5″E / 7.277083°N 80.614861°E
|Kingswood College Kandy
Sri Lanka
|Latin: 'Fide et Virtute
By faith and valour
|Religious affiliation(s)
|May 4, 1891
|Louis Edmund Blaze
|R D M P Weerathunga
|Class 1–13
|5 to 19
|Gentlemen of Kingswood
|Medium of language
|Sinhala and English
|Our Boys (since 1893)
|Old Kingswoodians
Kingswood College is a public school which offers primary and secondary education for boys in Sri Lanka. The school was founded by L. E. Blaze on 4 May 1891, with 11 students at a site on Pavilion Street in Kandy. Later, the school was moved to a site on Peradeniya Road. Since then, the school has grown considerably, having over 3,500 students and 200 faculty members. It is one of the oldest schools in Kandy, and is commonly known as KCK. R D M P Weerathunga is the current headmaster.
|This section does not cite any sources. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Kingswood College was founded by Louis Edmund Blaze, with only eleven students, as a boys' high school. At the time, most schools on the island had been classified as state‑aided government schools or missionary schools. Government grants were available until a school showed itself established, with a solid core of able teachers and an expanding roll, but institutions run by individuals did not qualify for government assistance. The first few years of the school's existence were a struggle for Blaze. Fee income barely covered the cost of running the school, so Blaze had no option but to hand the struggling institution over to be managed by the Methodist mission. In 1961, the school was taken over by the state.
Under the aegis of the mission, Blaze left an indelible stamp over the school. From the outset, he modelled the school on the English public school system. It is not without significance that a house system was introduced to the school in 1922, and the names selected were those of major English public schools; (Eton, Harrow, Winchester and Rugby). He built up the school on the strength of his own reputation. It was he who coined the term Gentlemen of Kingswood to describe the body of students of his school and he who chose a motto for the school in Latin; Fide et Virtute. He then chose the distinctive school colours—maroon and dark blue—and he wrote the words of the school song.
The school was the first in Sri Lanka to introduce rugby, the first boys' school to employ a female teacher, the first to introduce the sport of rowing and one of the first to establish a Cadet Corps. The first prize giving was held in 1895, only four years after the school was founded and became an annual feature thereafter. One notable feature of the Kingswood Prize Giving was the Prologue written by Blaze, a review in verse of the year's events in the country and the world. It was generally recited by the boy who won the annual Oratory Prize. Blaze continued to write the annual Prologue for three decades after his retirement as the Principal in 1923, indeed almost up to the time of his death in his 90th year.
In 1900, Blaze wrote the first comprehensive school textbook on the history of Sri Lanka. It ran to several editions before it was superseded by the works of one of his earliest pupils at Kingswood, G C Mendis, who served for many years as a lecturer (and later reader) in the Department of History at the University of Ceylon.
Blaze held office at Kingswood for 32 years, retiring in 1923. He had seen the school through its formative years and had securely established it. Before his retirement, he planned the removal of the school from the small premises it occupied in Pavilion Street. As the number of students continued to grow, the need for a more spacious and less noisy environment became a matter of increasing urgency. The location selected was in the village of Wel-Ata in Mulgampola, then a quiet and seemingly distant suburb of Kandy.
The new site and the new buildings were made possible by a generous gift of money from a British industrialist, Sir John Scurrah Randles. The new complex of buildings consisted of class rooms, an administrative building, a large hostel and staff quarters. The school's new location (and railway halt just opposite) were named Randles Hill to honour Kingswood's main benefactor of modern times. The new buildings were opened in 1925 under Blaze's successor, Rev'd E Pearson, who ran the school for four years. He was succeeded by Messrs O L Gibbon (1929–1937) and F A J Utting (1937–1942). They consolidated the work that Blaze had begun and, during their administration, the school continued to develop.
Although Kingswood was a Methodist missionary school, the student body contained Buddhists, Christians, Hindus, Muslims, Burghers, Eurasians and a mix of Ceylonese identity groups such as Malays, Chettis and Moors. A strong trans-national admission was seen in the years leading to Independence. Methodist students did have some advantage when it came to the award of scholarships, but the special scholarships were awarded on merit and were open to all.
The 1940s was a crucial period in the development of the school. Wartime conditions put an end to the practice of sending Englishmen as principals of the school. In 1942, P H Nonis became the first Sinhalese national to head the school, holding the post for 15 years. The school admitted some boys from S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia, when the latter had to vacate its premises during World War II.
When the free education system was introduced in the late 1940s, the Methodist mission had to decide whether the school should opt out of it and retain its independence as a fee‑levying school, or join the national education in which the state would pay the teaching staff and relieve its students of the need to pay fees. Some elite schools on the island opted out, but few missionary schools could afford to forgo the advantage of having the salaries of the staff covered; Kingswood was one of them.
Nonis presided over the transition from an independent school to a school in the national school system. The control of the education department bureaucracy, though, was neither vigorous nor rigid. Thus, the change in status was a subtle one, and the school was able to maintain both its independence and its traditions almost undisturbed. Even at this time, Kingswood was a relatively small institution (with about 700 students and about 35 teachers) compared to other schools in the hill country.
During this period, the school built up a reputation in various sports. The school's reputation for hockey was enhanced during Nonis' period. He was a well known school cricketer and he built up a good cricket team. If one single individual personified the schools' achievements in sports during this era it would be Frederick A White, younger brother of the famous Duncan White.
After Nonis' retirement, B A Thambipillai became acting principal and held office till the arrival of Kenneth M de Lanerolle (1958–1967). His was a much more difficult task than that of his predecessors, for during 1960—1961 the school became fully state‑controlled. When the state took over the school, the number of students increased, as in other state schools in the country. Although the state financed the salaries and wages of the teachers and the support staff, it became more difficult to maintain sports and other extra curricular activities, and to manage facilities to the same degree. Nor was it aseasy as in the past to finance the construction of new buildings. Nevertheless, new buildings were erected thanks to the initiatives of de Lanerolle and his persistent search for funds from parents, old boys and well-wishers.
E S Liyanage, who was principal from 1977 to 1984, was the first old boy to become principal of the school. The period of Nihal Herath and R B Rambukwella were also important. Herath introduced changes to the college which brought progress in discipline, standard of education and sports. He also made preparations for the centenary year that was to come in 1991, before he left to become principal of Dharmaraja College, Kandy.
The post-1961 principals had a more difficult task in the management of the school. They were part of a complex administrative system and were in transferable service; their control of admissions was limited; they had little influence in the choice of teachers for the school. Thus, they faced formidable challenges in maintaining the school as a distinctive entity within the state system and keeping alive school traditions of the past.
The solid and elegant old buildings are a legacy of the past and even the playing field has been expanded only to a limited degree. Thus, the physical shape of the school is much the same as in the days of the Methodist mission. Those who led the school during this century would need to preserve as much of the original shape as possible, but would also need to add to the buildings to cope with the increase in the number of students.
Ranjith Chandrasekara (2000-2013) ran the college for almost 13 years and was then promoted as the National Schools Director for Sri Lanka. He currently serves for the Ministry of Education and as chairman of the Sri Lanka Schools Rugby Foundation (SLSRF). He did the school a great service by arranging for construction of the swimming pool complex, a fully furnished auditorium and main hall, and a well equipped gymnasium, plus a new playground.
College anthem[edit]
The college song was written by Louis Edmund Blaze with the lyrics from the song of Kingswood School in England adapted to local conditions.[1]
College crest[edit]
The College crest was designed by A Bartlam [2] of the technical school with the help of R G Anthonisz. Dr A E A Poulier had the badge drawn in England and arranged for the stamp to be engraved. The shield and the cross stand for fides in both its literal and derived meaning; with the sun and the wings representing virtus.
School principals[edit]
|Took office
|Left office
|Blaze, Louis EdmundLouis Edmund Blaze
|Pearsonno, R.R. Pearsonno
|Gibbon, O. L.O. L. Gibbon
|Utting, F. A. J.F. A. J. Utting
|Nonis, P. HaroldP. Harold Nonis
|De Lanarolle, K. M.K. M. De Lanarolle
|Labutalle, L. W. N.L. W. N. Labutalle
|Premachandra, B. N.B. N. Premachandra
|Liyanage, E. S.E. S. Liyanage
|Herath, NihalNihal Herath
|Rambukwella, R. B.R. B. Rambukwella
|Abeyratne, B. A.B. A. Abeyratne
|Rathnayake, NelsonNelson Rathnayake
|Chandrasekara, RanjithRanjith Chandrasekara
|Bandara, P. G. S.P. G. S. Bandara
|Weerathunga, R. D. M. P.R. D. M. P. Weerathunga
Notable alumni[edit]
Former students of the college are known as Old Kingswoodians
|Amerasekera, RohanRohan Amerasekera
|Air Vice-Marshal, Third Commander of the Royal Ceylon Air Force (1972–1974)
|Amerasekera, RohanRohan Amerasekera
|Vice-Chancellor of the University of the Visual & Performing Arts, Colombo
|Godakumbura, CharlesCharles Godakumbura
|Commissioner of Archaeology in Ceylon (1956–1967)
|Gunasekara, EarlEarl Gunasekara
|member of Parliament Polonnaruwa (2000–2015)
|Jayasena, J. P.J. P. Jayasena
|Gunathilake, SanathSanath Gunathilake
|Marija, FazilFazil Marija
|Sri Lanka national Rugby Union team captain
Kingswood College maintains close ties with their rival school, Dharmaraja College, with whom they play the annual Dharmaraja–Kingswood Cricket Encounter, also known as Battle of the Maroons, [6][7] which is the second oldest annual cricket match in Sri Lanka and the oldest in Kandy region. While the L E Blaze Trophy annual rugby match is played against Wesley College,[8] The William Weerasinghe rugby match is played against Dharmaraja College.[9]
- ^ "Kingswood History". kingswood 2002 batcch. 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
- ^ "twentieth century impression of ceylon: alrfed bartlem". google books. 11 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
- ^ Chen, C. Peter. "Rohan Amerasekera". World War II Database. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
- ^ Elias, Brian E. "A Short History Kingswood Vs Dharmaraja The Battle of the Maroons'". The Island (Online ed.). Retrieved 12 December 2016.
- ^ Marikar, Hafiz (21 December 2014). "Fazil Marija has got the best out of KSC in rugby". Sunday Observer. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
- ^ Razak, Rukshan (13 March 2009). "103rd 'Battle of the Maroons': Keen contest expected at Asgiriya". The Island (Sri Lanka).
- ^ Abdeen, S. M. Jiffrey (28 February 2010). "104th 'Battle of the Maroons': Rajans have chance of winning against Kingswoodians". Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka).
- ^ "Wesley-Kingswood L.E. Blaze Trophy 2014 annual encounter to kick off 23 May at CR". DailyFt. 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
- ^ "William Weerasinghe trophy rugby on June 14". Island. 30 May 2001. Retrieved 10 September 2015.


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Granola nutrition
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LOOK: Tom Brady highlights his blocking skills vs. Jets in hilarious video
Maybe the Patriots should move Brady to fullback
After 16 years, it seems that Tom Brady is finally tired of playing quarterback, because that's the only possible explanation for why he decided to risk life and limb to serve as a lead blocker on a Patriots running play against the Jets on Sunday.
It all started in the first quarter when the Patriots called a simple pitch play. On the play, LeGarrette Blount was supposed to run right but there was no room so Blount reversed field and headed to the left.
The only problem for Blount is that since the play was designed to go right, all of his blockers were on his right. Once Blount started going left, there was only one player in position to block, and that player WAS TOM BRADY.
No one would've blamed Brady if he had given up on the play, but that's not what he did, and that's because Brady is a true team player who's willing to sacrifice himself for the greater good. No, Brady didn't give up, instead, he blazed a path for Blount to follow. Some heroes don't wear capes.
Less than 24 hours after the game, Brady headed to his Facebook page and shared a video of his blocking skills, which will likely earn him several hundred Pro Bowl votes at fullback.
Brady's brief stint as a blocker seemed to work out well because Blount ended up going for a 10-yard gain. If you watch the play again, it was almost like Brady had a force field around him because no one in a Jets jersey was willing to touch him.
Besides throwing a perfect block where he didn't actually block anyone, Brady also threw for 286 yards and two touchdowns in New England's 22-17 win over the Jets, the 200th victory -- regular season and postseason -- of Brady's career.
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This property has been removed by the agent. It may be let or temporarily removed from the market
1 bedroom apartment to rentBeetham Tower, 10 Holloway Circus, B1 1BY
Let Agreed £800 pcm| £185 pw fees apply
Property Description
Letting information:
|Reduced on Rightmove:
|05 December 2016 (141 days ago)
Key features
- 1 Bedroom
- 33rd Floor
- Furnished
- No Parking
- Central Location
- 24hr Concierge
- Luxury City Living
- Available 1st Dec
Full descriptionA wonderful opportunity to live in one of Birmingham's highest 1 bedroom apartments in the prestigious Beetham Tower - 33rd Floor!
Viewing is highly recommended for this spacious one double bedroom apartment. The open plan living/kitchen area is furnished to a high standard and includes a contemporary fitted kitchen with all modern conveniences (+dishwasher).
The apartment also benefits from a luxury bathroom and great sized bedroom with stunning views of the city centre.
The building has 24 hour security/concierge and is ideally located close to all local amenities and just a minutes walk to Birmingham's iconic Grand Central / New Street Station and Bull Ring shopping centre.
Available 1st December 2016
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Property reference ICLP632. The information displayed about this property comprises a property advertisement. Rightmove.co.uk makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of the advertisement or any linked or associated information, and Rightmove has no control over the content. This property advertisement does not constitute property particulars. The information is provided and maintained by Inciti Lettings, Birmingham.
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This post will provide information of sequence of event triggering while working on Form's in Dynamics AX.
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Bookings have opened for a unique pop-up hotel — eight architect-designed cabins that will move between different Welsh beauty spots over the summer. The cabins, which each sleep two, were the winners in an architectural competition and draw on Welsh heritage. One, by Sydney-based practice Trias, is a monastic retreat in slate; another reflects the country's mining history (guests must enter by crawling through a small tunnel); a third is inspired by the legend of King Arthur's cave. Starting on June 5, they will spend a month in west Wales, another on the Llŷn Peninsula and a final month close to Castell y Bere, in Snowdonia. The project is part funded by the Welsh government to support its "Year of Legends 2017" campaign. From £265 per night.
Hundreds of hotels in the UK have been given poor food hygiene ratings by official inspectors — including one five-star hotel in London. An investigation by consumer group Which? found 652 properties had received a rating of two or below, out of a possible five, on the Food Standards Agency's scale (or the equivalent "improvement required" rating in Scotland). They include the five-star Royal Horseguards hotel, just off Whitehall, where the restaurant boasts two AA Rosettes. The four-star Copthorne hotel in Birmingham was rated one, meaning "major improvement necessary", and inspectors found raw meat stored next to sauces in the fridge and out-of-date seafood. All food-related business in the UK receive the ratings after inspections by local authorities but there is currently no obligation to display them to customers, a loophole Which? and the FSA are lobbying to change.
Cold feet could be a thing of the past thanks to the latest product being offered to skiers: heated socks that can be controlled via your smartphone. Therm-ic, a French company based at the foot of the Alps in Voiron, unveiled the new "X-socks" at a trade show in Munich this month. Each sock has a battery pack below the knee, which connects via Bluetooth to the user's phone. They cost £200 per pair.
Faroe Islands
A restaurant in a remote seaside village with just 75 residents has won the country's first Michelin star, it was announced last week. Johannes Jensen, owner of Koks in the village of Kirkjubøur, said he was "humbled and honoured" by the award.


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Beat the winter blues Pretend it's not winter anymore at least for a few hours at this Greenpoint bar this weekend.
Valentine's Day in Brooklyn
From couples welding to rope bondage to a Beyonce-themed meal to your standard dinner-and-a-movie date, here's a roundup of some Valentine's Day events I did for the Brooklyn Paper. You're welcome. P.S. Also check out this Missed Connections-themed party at … Continue reading
Posted in Event Tagged Brooklyn, Brooklyn Paper Leave a comment
Suzanne Somers Workout Party
Now you can work out with Kristen WiigJudi Sheppard Misset in classic '80s attire at this Jazzercise party in Williamsburg.


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Even if you're okay with guests bringing their kids to your wedding, your venue may not be. A surprising number of venues have restrictions on kids being on premises or being unattended, so make sure to check before sending out wedding invites.
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