text:
Sainsbury's Bank has launched two new competitive credit cards, both offering great benefits for customers, meaning its credit card proposition has never been stronger.
Its new Sainsbury's Nectar Balance Transfer Credit Card offers 29 months interest free(1) on balance transfers which is not only the Bank's longest ever but also one of the longest in the market. It also offers six months interest free on purchases and has a balance transfer fee of just 2.89%.
Its new Sainsbury's Nectar Low BT Fee Credit Card has the lowest balance transfer fee currently available in the market – at 0.5% – and also offers 12 months interest free on balance transfers and purchases(2).
Both credit cards also offer double Nectar points on Sainsbury's shopping(3) and one point for every £5 spent elsewhere, including when the card is used abroad. At Sainsbury's petrol filling stations, using a Nectar card alone affords the customer one point per litre but when paying with their Sainsbury's Bank credit card, they will receive an additional two points per £1 spent on fuel.
Research earlier this year revealed that only 10%(4) of credit cards offer 0% APR on balance transfers and purchases, and also have a reward scheme.
Simon Ranson, Head of Banking at Sainsbury's Bank said: "This is our most competitive suite of credit cards ever and we are delighted to launch the market's lowest balance transfer fee card. Our cards are designed to suit a range of needs and all come with competitive balance transfer and purchases offers as well as Nectar points. Our credit card customers are rewarded every time they use their card – whether they shop in Sainsbury's or elsewhere."
The new cards join the Sainsbury's Nectar Low Rate Credit Card which, at 6.9% APR Representative, is the lowest low rate card on the market(5) and does not carry a balance transfer fee. The Sainsbury's Nectar Purchase Credit Card offers 16 months on balance transfers and purchases and has a 3% balance transfer fee.
Like the Bank's new cards, its two existing ones also offer the same Nectar point reward structure.
For information on Sainsbury's credit cards visit www.sainsburysbank.co.uk or pick up a leaflet instore at Sainsbury's.
For further information, please contact:
Calum MacDougall / Tom Wilson
Citigate Dewe Rogerson
020 7282 2874 / 2842
Lorna Gilmour
Sainsbury's Bank
0131 338 2863 / email@example.com
Rates and information correct at date of issue.
Notes to editors:
(1) 18.9% APR Representative Variable
(2) 18.9% APR Representative Variable
(3) Customers using their Sainsbury's Nectar Credit Card instore or online at Sainsbury's earn 2 points per £1 spent and 2 Nectar points per £1 spent when using their Nectar card. Therefore, the combined post-introductory reward is 4 points earned per £1 spent; this is equivalent to 2% back on Sainsbury's shopping. Points are not available on a limited range of Sainsbury's goods and services. Travel Money purchases are not eligible for points. Nectar points are awarded to customers by Sainsbury's Supermarkets Limited and Sainsbury's Bank plc. Nectar points may take up to six weeks to appear on customers' accounts. More information is available at sainsburysbank.co.uk
(4) MoneyComms, January 2014
(5) According to www.moneyfacts.co.uk/creditcards when searching for low rate credit cards
Sainsbury's Bank:
To view our latest press releases and product information, please visit the Sainsbury's Bank online media centre at www.sainsburysbank.co.uk/media
Sainsbury's was the first major British supermarket to open a bank, commencing trading in February 1997. Benefiting from a fantastic, trusted brand that enables us to combine the shopping experience with personal finance, Sainsbury's Bank provides a range of quality products including insurances, credit cards, savings and loans. Our proposition is to make shopping more rewarding by offering customers great products at fair prices, while consistently rewarding shoppers for their loyalty and being easy to do business with at all times. Our products consistently top best buy tables and regularly win awards for quality, price and service.
Sainsbury's Bank is authorised by the Prudential Regulation Authority and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority and the Prudential Regulation Authority (register no. 184514). Sainsbury's Bank is a member of the Financial Services Compensation Scheme.


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Genotoxicity of nano/microparticles in in vitro micronuclei, in vivo comet and mutation assay systems
- Yukari Totsuka1Email author,
- Takashi Higuchi1,
- Toshio Imai2,
- Akiyoshi Nishikawa3,
- Takehiko Nohmi4,
- Tatsuya Kato5,
- Shuich Masuda5,
- Naohide Kinae5,
- Kyoko Hiyoshi6,
- Sayaka Ogo7,
- Masanobu Kawanishi7,
- Takashi Yagi7,
- Takamichi Ichinose8,
- Nobutaka Fukumori9,
- Masatoshi Watanabe10,
- Takashi Sugimura1 and
- Keiji Wakabayashi1
© Totsuka et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2009
Received: 1 May 2009
Accepted: 3 September 2009
Published: 3 September 2009
Recently, manufactured nano/microparticles such as fullerenes (C60), carbon black (CB) and ceramic fiber are being widely used because of their desirable properties in industrial, medical and cosmetic fields. However, there are few data on these particles in mammalian mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. To examine genotoxic effects by C60, CB and kaolin, an in vitro micronuclei (MN) test was conducted with human lung cancer cell line, A549 cells. In addition, DNA damage and mutations were analyzed by in vivo assay systems using male C57BL/6J or gpt delta transgenic mice which were intratracheally instilled with single or multiple doses of 0.2 mg per animal of particles.
In in vitro genotoxic analysis, increased MN frequencies were observed in A549 cells treated with C60, CB and kaolin in a dose-dependent manner. These three nano/microparticles also induced DNA damage in the lungs of C57BL/6J mice measured by comet assay. Moreover, single or multiple instillations of C60 and kaolin, increased either or both of gpt and Spi- mutant frequencies in the lungs of gpt delta transgenic mice. Mutation spectra analysis showed transversions were predominant, and more than 60% of the base substitutions occurred at G:C base pairs in the gpt genes. The G:C to C:G transversion was commonly increased by these particle instillations.
Manufactured nano/microparticles, CB, C60 and kaolin, were shown to be genotoxic in in vitro and in vivo assay systems.
Nano/microparticles are widely used because of their desirable properties in industrial, medical and cosmetic fields [1–6]. Accordingly, these particles can be released into the human environment and then can be inhaled. Most exposure to airborne nano/micromaterials occurs in the work place. Nano/microparticles can be classified into three groups: natural, anthropogenic and man-made (or artificial). The natural kind, for example, is produced during forest fires or volcanic eruptions. Anthropogenic particles are quite often a by-product of industrial activities such as welding or polishing. Diesel exhaust products, PM10 and PM2.5, well known as combustion nanoparticles, also belong to this group. The man-made group includes engineered nanomaterials [5].
Among these nano/mocroparticles, diesel exhaust particles have been well documented, in their general toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity [7–10]. In addition, asbestos, a naturally occurring nano-sized silicate mineral fiber, has been considered to be a human carcinogen [11–13]. Animal experiments and epidemiological studies have already demonstrated that pulmonary fibrosis, bronchogenic carcinomas and malignant mesotheliomas are closely associated with asbestos exposure. Another mineral fiber, titanium dioxide (TiO2) has also been subjected to extensive research, and TiO2 has already been shown to be carcinogenic [14]. Moreover, man-made vitreous fibres, including glass fibres, refractory ceramic fibres, and rock wool, have been sorted as carcinogens [15]. Kaolin/kaolinite is a clay mineral with the chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4, and is used in ceramics, medicines, food additives, toothpaste and cosmetics. The largest use of kaolin is in the production of paper [3]. In 1993, W. B. Bunn 3rd et al. reported that increased incidences of lung tumors and mesotheliomas were observed in long-term inhalation studies of rats and hamsters treated with micro-sized refractory ceramic fibres containing kaolin as the main component [16]. However, other genotoxic and carcinogenic potentials of kaolin have not been studied in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the mechanism of cancer development by kaolin is still unclear.
On the other hand, carbon black (CB), fullerenes (C60) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are developed as engineered nanoproducts [1, 2, 6, 17]. Despite their highly desirable structures, their toxicity and carcinogenicity are concerns because these engineered nanoproducts are considered to be very stable and could lead to continuous inflammation when deposited in tissues. CNTs especially have received much attention from the aspect of toxicity due to their asbestos-like rod-shaped particles, and iron content [17–19]. Recently Takagi et al. demonstrated that multi-wall carbon nanotubes induced mesothelioma in p53+/- mice by a single i.p. injection [20]. In contrast, C60 is a spherical molecule consisting entirely of carbon atoms, and various derivatives have been reported [6, 21, 22]. C60 has widely different properties, such as scavenging of reactive oxygen species, direct interaction with biomolecules and radical formation; however, clear genotoxic and carcinogenic effects have not yet been demonstrated.
The present study aims to examine the genotoxicity/clastogenicity of widely distributed nano/microparticles such as C60, CB and kaolin by an in vitro micronucleus test. Moreover, we analyzed the genotoxic effects of these particles by an in vivo comet assay and mutation assay system using gpt delta transgenic mice. In this mouse model, point mutations and deletions are separately analyzable by gpt and Spi- selections, respectively [23, 24]. The mutation assay using the gpt delta mouse was validated and so far is widely used in the field of environmental mutagenicity.
Size distribution and agglomeration state in suspensions of nano/microparticles
In vitro micronucleus test
In vivo genotoxicity analyzed by alkaline comet assay
General observations of gpt delta transgenic mice administrated with particles
Body weights of gpt delta mice receiving a single dose of vehicle control reached 31.1 ± 1.8 g at 12 weeks after instillation. Values for gpt delta mice which received a single dose of particles at 0.2 mg/body were 30.0 ± 2.4 g for C60, 32.6 ± 1.1 g for CB and 30.8 ± 2.3 g for kaolin, respectively, at 12 weeks after instillation. The average consumption of diet per day per mouse was 3.6 g, with no effects from particle instillation. No body weight and diet consumption changes were also observed with multiple doses of particles. All mice used for the single dose study survived to the end of the study, although, in the case of multiple doses, one fullerene- and one kaolin-administrated mouse died within two weeks after the last instillation, probably due to respiratory disturbances.
gpt Mutations in the lungs of gpt transgenic mice with particle treatment
To determine the mutagenic effects of particles in the lungs, gpt delta transgenic mice were exposed to C60, CB and kaolin at doses of 0.2 mg/body by single intratracheal instillation, and mutations were analyzed. Figure 3 shows the mutant frequencies (MFs) of the lungs. The background MF of lungs was 10.30 ± 0.53 × 10-6. MFs in the lungs induced by C60 and kaolin were significantly increased by 2-fold compared with vehicle-instilled animals. CB showed increasing tendency for MF in the lungs, but not statistically significant.
Classification of gpt mutations from the lungs of control and particle multiply (0.2 mg × 4) treated micea)
Type of mutation in gpt
Base substitutions
Spi-MFs in the lungs of gpt transgenic mice with particle treatment
gpt Mutations in the kidneys of gpt transgenic mice with particle treatment
To determine the tissue distribution and specificity of particles with intratracheal instillation, gpt MFs of the kidney were analyzed. gpt MFs of the vehicle control versus particle-multiple administrated groups (0.2 mg × 4) were 1.33 ± 0.51 × 10-5 versus 1.67 ± 0.66 × 10-5 for C60, 1.03 ± 0.39 × 10-5 for CB and 1.32 ± 0.32 × 10-5 for kaolin. From these observations, it is suggested that these particles did not induce mutation in the kidneys under these conditions.
Histopathological evaluation
Discussion and conclusion
This study demonstrated the genotoxicity of nano/microparticles widely used for industrial, cosmetic and medical fields. In in vitro genotoxic analysis, increased MN frequencies were observed in A549 cells treated with C60, CB and kaolin in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, these three particles also induced DNA damage in the lungs of C57BL/6J mice measured by comet assay. Furthermore, we found that C60 and kaolin demonstrated mutagenicity either or both of gpt and Spi- mutations in the gpt delta transgenic mice systems. The gpt gene MFs were significantly increased in the lungs of gpt delta mice with C60 and kaolin, but not CB administrations. A dose-dependent MF increase was observed in the lungs of C60, but not kaolin treated groups. The reason is still unclear, but suggesting that the single dose of kaolin already represented the maximum response. On the other hand, kaolin demonstrated significantly increased Spi- MFs; however, C60 showed similar values compared with the vehicle control of the lungs. Spi- selection detects deletions in size more than 1 bp and 10 kb [24]; therefore, additional DNA damages involved in deletion mutations might be induced by kaolin. It, it is also suggested that C60 does not prefer to induce such kinds of DNA damages under these conditions. In contrast to the present study, Xu et al. have reported that C60 dramatically increases large deletion mutations in gpt delta transgenic mouse primary embryo fibroblast cells [25]. The observed difference of mutational signatures of C60 between a cell line and lung tissue might be related to differences between in vitro and in vivo assay systems in DNA damage formations, DNA repair or translesion DNA synthesis.
To further elucidate the mechanisms behind the increase in mutant frequency observed in this study, we analyzed mutation spectra using a PCR-direct sequencing method. Most mutations induced by three particles in the present study, occurred at G:C base pairs (52/76, 68%). Among these, 13 G:C base pairs were located in the G or C runs. The most prominent hot spots were at base pairs 143, 189, 320, 406 and 418, and there were no significant differences in the distributions of mutation hot spots in the three particles. This may reflect the distribution of DNA damage sites caused by particles. The most prominent mutation type induced by particles was G:C to C:G transversion. Since these mutations were commonly increased regardless of the constituents of particles (i.e. C60 and CB were graphite and kaolin was aluminum silicate), it is suggested that mechanisms leading to the induction of such kinds of mutations might be same. In general, the G:C to C:G transversion is thought to be a rare event in both spontaneous and chemically-induced mutations. However, various oxidative stresses caused by sunlight, UV radiation, hydrogen peroxide and peroxy radicals frequently induce G:C to C:G transversion in in vitro assay systems [26–29]. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage, including 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG), were reported to be increased by nanoparticles, including asbestos, treatment [4, 21, 30–34]. The mechanism of the generation of ROS by nanoparticles is still unclear; however, these nanoparticles would be able to trigger ROS production by iron-catalysed Fenton reactions, or would be accumulated in the cells by phagocytosis, then enhance the production of ROS from macrophages and leucocytes [35, 36]. In the present study, test substance-phagocytized macrophages and granulomas were frequently observed in the lungs, and the degree of the granulomas formation was partly associated with the mutagenic effect on gpt gene by particles. In the case of C60, generation of ROS along with lipid peroxidation via electron transfer between C60 and other molecules has been reported [21]. The most typical lesion of oxidative damage is 8-oxo-dG which can pair with dA and leads G to T transversions [37, 38] but it is not responsible for G to C transversion since dG is not incorporated opposite 8-oxodG [37, 39]. Moreover, a variety of oxidative lesion products of guanine other than 8-oxodG, including imidazolone (Iz), oxazolone (Oz), spiroiminodihydantoin (Sp) and guanidinohydantoin (Gh), have been reported [39–45]. Recently, three such molecules, Oz, Sp and Gh are thought to be the key molecules causing G to C transversion using the translesion synthesis systems [43–46]. Moreover, these molecules have also been detected in bacterial cells and rat liver [47, 48]. Therefore, it is suggested that G:C to C:G transversions induced by particles such as C60, CB and kaolin could involve Oz, Sp and Gh formations.
In the present study, G:C to A:T transition and A:T to T:A transversion were also increased in the particle treatment. G to A transition has commonly been observed in spontaneous and chemically-induced mutants and deamination of 5-methylcytosine or alkylation of guanine might be involved in these mutations. In contrast to G to A transition, A:T to T:A transversion is known as a rare mutation. It has been reported that the most common mutations induced by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea in the mouse are A:T to T:A transversions [49]. However, at present, the mechanisms underlying generation of A to T transversion by particles are still unclear.
As mentioned above, we found that all three particles, C60, CB and kaolin increased significant DNA damage in the lungs compared to the vehicle control using the comet assay. Comet assay under alkaline conditions is used to detect both strand breaks and DNA altering lesions such as an AP site [50]. Moreover, in the present study, treatments with C60, CB and kaolin significantly increased the frequency of micronucleated A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. However, these genotoxic/clastogenic potencies did not necessarily correspond to the mutagenicity observed in gpt transgenic mice.
In conclusion, we demonstrated that manufactured nano/microparticles such as C60, CB and kaolin were shown to be genotoxic in both in vitro and in vivo assay systems. Moreover, it was not necessarily the case that genotoxic potency was related to particle size (C60 and CB are nano-sized, but kaolin is micro-sized particles used in the present study.). From the prominent mutation spectra, it is suggested that oxidative DNA damage might be commonly involved in their mutagenicity. The dose of particles used in the present study seems to be extremely high compared with human exposure in the work place. However, it is likely that these materials would be deposited for a long time in tissues, same as those of asbestos fiber. Therefore, further studies of the mechanisms of genotoxicity and application routes other than trachea are needed. Moreover, exposure levels of these genotoxic particles in the working environment should be determined.
Materials and methods
Materials and chemicals
CB nanoparticles with a primary particle size of 14 nm (Printex 90) were obtained from Degussa, Dusseldorf, Germany. The surface area was 300 m2/g (disclosed by Degussa). The CB was autoclaved at 250°C for 2 h before use. High purity (99.9%) C60 was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. (St. Louis, MO, USA). The declared primary particle size of C60 was 0.7 nm. Kaolin, white crystal, with a primary particle size of 4.8 μm was obtained from Engelhard Corp., Iselin, NJ. C60, CB and kaolin particles were suspended in saline (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) containing 0.05% of Tween 80 (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan) by sonication for 15 - 20 min, at a concentration of 2 mg/mL. The size distributions of the presently used nano/microparticles in the suspensions were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) using FPAR-1000 (Otsuka electronics Co., Ltd., Osaka), and the agglomeration state was assessed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) (H-7000, Hitach, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The size distributions were determined with the algorithm CONTIN. For the TEM assessment, an aliquot of 5 μL was put on the nickel glid coated by hydrophilized formbar and assessed with an accelerating voltage of 75 kV.
Type I agarose, low melting point agarose, dimethylsulfoxide and Triton X-100 were bought from Sigma-Aldrich. Ethidium bromide was obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Other chemicals were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan).
Micronucleus test
Cells were resuspended in 0.075 M KCl, and incubated for 5 min. Cells were then fixed 4 times in methanol:glacial acetic acid (3:1), and washed with methanol containing 1% acetic acid. Finally, cells were resuspended in methanol containing 1% acetic acid. The cell solution was dropped onto slides and the nucleus was stained by mounting with 40 μg/mL acridine orange (Nacalai Tesque) solution and immediately observed by fluorescence microscopy using blue excitation. The number of cells with micronuclei was recorded based on observation of 1,000 interphase cells. The data of EMS and mitomycine C (MMC) for positive system controls in CHL cells under the same experimental conditions were as follows; Percentage of micronucleated cells were 9.8 ± 0.68 for EMS (1 mg/mL) and 10.3 ± 1.1 for MMC (100 n/mL), respectively.
Male C57BL/6J mice (9 weeks old) were purchased from Charles River Japan, Inc. (Atsugi, Japan) and gpt delta mice (9 weeks old) were obtained from Japan SLC (Shizuoka, Japan), respectively. The gpt delta mice carry approximately 80 copies of lambda EG10 DNA on each chromosome 17 on a C57BL/6J background [23]. Animals were provided with food (CE-2 pellet diet, CLEA Japan, Inc., Tokyo, Japan) and tap water ad libitum and quarantined for one week. Mice were maintained under controlled conditions: 12-h light/dark cycle, 22 ± 2°C room temperature, and 55 ± 10% relative humidity. The experiments were conducted according to the "Guidelines for Animal Experiments in the National Cancer Center" of the Committee for Ethics of Animal Experimentation of the National Cancer Center.
Treatment of wild type and gpt delta transgenic mice with particles
All particles were well sonicated and suspended in saline containing 0.05% of Tween 80. For comet assay, 5 male C57BL/6J mice were intratracheally instilled with particles using a polyethylene tube under anesthesia with 4% halothane (Takeda Chemical, Osaka, Japan). Single doses of 0.05 or 0.2 mg per animal were employed. The control mice (n = 5) were instilled intratracheally with 0.1 mL of the solvent alone. The mice were sacrificed 3 hr after these particle administrations, and lungs were removed then used for comet assay immediately. In addition, different exposure time (24 hr) was also examined. For histological and mutation analysis, each group of 10 male gpt delta mice was intratracheally instilled with particles at a single dose of 0.2 mg per animal, and multiple doses of 0.2 mg per animal per week for 4 consecutive instillations, as described for comet assay. The intratracheal instillation dose of particles between 0.05 and 1 mg/mouse has been commonly used for the pulmonary inflammation and genotoxicity test [51, 52]. The control mice (n = 10) were instilled intratracheally with the solvent alone. The mice were sacrificed at 22 weeks old being 12 (for single instillation) or 8 (for multiple instillations) weeks after particle administrations, respectively. Tissues, including lungs and kidneys, were removed. Lungs and kidneys obtained from 4 mice were used for histological evaluation and examined under a light microscope for any abnormalities. For histopathological evaluation, organs were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin blocks and routinely processed to H&E stained sections. The remaining 6 mice were used for mutation analysis and the tissues were stored at -80°C until the DNA was isolated.
Alkaline comet assay
The alkaline comet assay was performed according to the method of Sasaki et al. [53] or Toyoizumi et al. [54] with some modification. The lungs were taken from treated mice and weighed, and lung tissue was minced and suspended with chilled homogenizing buffer, then homogenized gently using a Dounce-type homogenizer in ice.
Lung cell suspension was mixed with the same volume of 1.4% low melting point agarose in PBS. The mixture was layered on the slide coated with 0.7% agarose layer, and then covered with 0.7% low melting point agarose. After slide preparation, slides were immersed in lysing solution and refrigerated at 4°C for 1 h. Each slide was then placed in alkaline electrophoresis buffer for 10 min to allow for DNA unwinding. Electrophoresis was performed at 25 V, 300 mA for 15 min at 0°C. The slides were neutralized with Tris buffer for 5 min twice, and dehydrated with 70% ethanol to fix. The cells were stained with ethidium bromide solution. Comet images were analyzed using a fluorescence microscope (magnification 200×) equipped with a CCD camera. Fifty cells were examined per mouse. The tail moment of DNA was measured using Comet Analyzer Youworks Bio Imaging Software.
gpt and Spi-mutation assays
High-molecular-weight genomic DNA was extracted from the lungs and kidneys using a RecoverEase DNA Isolation Kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) according to the instruction manual provided by the supplier. Lambda EG10 phages were rescued using Transpack Packaging Extract (Stratagene).
The gpt mutagenesis assay was performed according to previously described methods [55]. Briefly, E. coli YG6020 was infected with the phage and spread on M9 salt plates containing Cm and 6-TG, then incubated for 72 hr at 37°C. This enabled selection of colonies harboring a plasmid carrying the gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, as well as a mutated gpt. Isolate exhibiting the 6-TG-resistant phenotype was cultured overnight at 37°C in LB broth containing 25 mg/mL Cm, then harvested by centrifugation (7,000 rpm, 10 min), and stored at -80°C.
The mutation spectrum of 6-TG cording sequence were performed by PCR and direct sequencing. Briefly, a 739 bp DNA fragment containing gpt was amplified by PCR as described previously [30, 53]. Sequencing analysis was done at Takara Bio Inc. (Mie, Japan).
The Spi- assay was performed as described previously [53]. The lysates of Spi- mutants were obtained by infection of E. coli LE392 with the recovered Spi- mutants. gpt and Spi- MFs were determined in each mouse and the means ± standard deviations were calculated.
Statistical analysis
The data from micronucleus test and gpt and Spi- mutation assay are expressed as mean ± standard deviations. The data obtained from comet assay are expressed as mean ± standard errors. The data were statistically compared with the corresponding solvent control using the Student's t-test for micronucleus and gpt and Spi- mutation assay. To test for significant differences of tail moment in the comet assay between a group treated with materials and an untreated group, Dunnett's test after one-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the differences; p values lower than 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance.
carbon black
- CNTs:
carbon nanotubes
transmission electron microscope
dynamic light scattering
- MFs:
mutant frequencies
- 8-oxo-dG:
- Iz:
- Oz:
- Sp:
- Gh:
reactive oxygen species.
We thank Mr. Naoaki Uchiya, Ms Hiroko Suzuki, Yoko Matsumoto, Naoki Itcho and Mitsuyo Fujii for excellent technical assistance. This study was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Cancer Research and for Research on Risk of Chemical Substances from the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare of Japan. Takashi Higuchi one of authors, is an awardee of a Research Fellowship from the Japan Food Hygiene Association for Promoted Project of Research on Risk of Chemical Substances from the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare of Japan.
Authors' Affiliations
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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Valentine's day is just around the corner, and I'm just waiting for the sign up sheet to hit the check in table at my kids' preschool. There are so many parties every year, but Valentine's is one of the biggest! Not only do they give little cards to one another, but we also bring a special dessert or game to share. If you are in charge of desserts this year, I have a yummy cookie recipe for you today!
This recipe will yield 14-16 cookies:
1 box Strawberry Cake Mix (I used Pillsbury)
1 teaspoon baking powder
2 eggs
1/3 cup vegetable oil
1/2 teaspoon vanilla extract
2 cups milk chocolate chips (can use semi also)
Chocolate hearts (like the Dove brand)
Valentine sprinkles
1. Preheat oven to 350 degrees.
2. Line a baking sheet with parchment paper (this will keep the cookies from spreading into each other).
3. In a large mixing bowl, add the cake mix, eggs, baking powder, vegetable oil and vanilla.
4. On medium speed, mix with an electric mixer until all of the ingredients are well incorporated. The batter will be thick.
5. Fold in the milk chocolate chips.
6. Using a tablespoon or cookie scoop, drop 1 inch balls onto the parchment lined baking sheet.
7. Bake at 350 degrees for 10 minutes exactly. Do not over bake.
8. Once removed from the oven, keep cookies on the baking sheet for 5 minutes to cool. Sprinkle Valentine sprinkles on top of the cookies.
9. Transfer to a wire rack to cool completely.
10. Place a chocolate heart on top of each cookie before it completely cools.
These would be perfect to bring to a preschool class party or just make with your kids at home! How do you celebrate Valentine's day with your kids?
One of our favorites is buying sweet books for each child. You can see more here
Or learn how to make personalized cards from each of your kids… the grandparents LOVED these last year!
More beautiful Valentines fun, order this gorgeous wall art from our partners at minted!
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Need a new toothbrush or want to add to your stash? Head over to Dollar General where you can score a Colgate Max White Toothbrush for $1.25 when you use this $0.75/1 Colgate 360 Adult Manual Toothbrush printable. Buy (1) Colgate Max White Toothbrush, 1 ct. $2 Use (1) $0.75/1 Colgate 360 Adult Manual Toothbrush printable Final […]
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MONEYMAKER!! Oral-B Indicator Toothbrush at CVS!!
This week at CVS, you will get $4 in Extra Care Bucks when you buy one Oral-B Indicator Toothbrush 2 ct at $4.99. Use a $0.50/1 printable coupon & get that price down to just $0.49 cents!! IF you have that $1/$5 Toothbrush CVS coupon which printed for select shoppers last week, your final price will […]
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Colgate Toothbrush, Only $0.49 at CVS – Starts 3/5!!
Starting Sunday 3/5, Colgate Manual Toothbrushes 1 ct will be on sale at $3.99, plus you will get $1 back in Extra Care Bucks wyb one (limit 2) Use a $2/1 coupon coming in the 3/5 SS insert, making your final price just $0.99! IF you have that CVS coupon to save $1/$5 Colgate Toothbrush (printing […]
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Deal Valid 2/11-2/18 Buy (1) Colgate 360 Toothbrush, $2.99 Buy 1, Receive $2.00 Register Reward Use (1) $0.75/1 Colgate 360 Adult Manual Toothbrush (colgate.com) Pay: $2.24, Receive $2 Register Reward Final Price: $0.24!
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We have an awesme deal on toothbrushes this week at Rite Aid. Yu can get a Colgate 360 Toothbrush for $0.75 after coupon stack! Buy (1) Colgate 360 Toothbrush $3.50 Use (1) $2/1 Colgate In Ad Coupon Stack with (1) $0.75/1 Colgate 360 Adult Manual Toothbrush printable Final Price = $0.75! Thanks, Rite Aid Savings!
Oral-B Indicator Toothbrush 2 ct, Only $1.49 (Value $4.99) at CVS!
This week at CVS, you will get $3 in Extra Care Bucks wyb one 2-4-pack of Oral-B toothbrushes (this is an un-advertised deal) The Oral-B Indicator Toothbrushes are included, regularly priced at $4.99. Use a new printable coupon to save $0.50 off one Oral-b, making your final price just $1.49! Deal Valid Thru 1/7: Buy […]
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Explore Adoptable, Lady Baby and more!
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fashion-forfairies: " ♥ "
This Charming Life by Kaelah Bee
❤ Blippo.com Kawaii Shop ❤
: Japanese street fashion in Harajuku, Tokyo: SHIMA Harajuku, +J, MCM×Phenomenon, Kris Van Assche, nananana, Valentino Romani
--> Newly Added: Berry.Q ***Pearl Swan*** Lolita JSK and OP --> Brand: Berry.Q (An indie taobao brand) --> Learn more: http://www.my-lolita-dress.com/berry-q-pearl-swan-lolita-jsk-and-op-gq-1
Warm cashmere pink coat wool lining [SP5602] - £15.00 : Pinkoholic, Asian Fashion Gateway
ANGELS NATIONS: Lindsay Ellingson - "Neo Grunge" Elle Japan January 2011 by Michael Sanders | Editorial
New items reservation from Victorian Maiden - Peacefulworld
rabbit-winner: What I wore to the Angelic Pretty 5 year anniversary party in San Francisco! More on my Instagram: http://instagram.com/rabbit_winner
Devoted to japanese street fashion. Larme kei and soft pastels makes my heart beat. Loves rock music and the band Ladybaby


text: News 104-year-old strongman dies after collision Like Tweet Share Pin Email 0 Comments January 11, 2010 2:20 PM BROOKLYN - (AP) - A Coney Island strongman who lived to be 104 hasdied after he was hit by a minivan in Brooklyn. Local legend Joseph Rollino was struck Monday morning as he wascrossing Bay Ridge Parkway in Brooklyn near his home. He suffered abroken pelvis, head trauma and broken ribs in the accident and dieda few hours later at Lutheran Medical Center. He was known as "KidDundee" in his boxing days and was regarded as a model of health. Police say the driver was going the speed limit and had not beendrinking. She was issued a summons for a defective horn. Share on Facebook Tweet on Twitter advertisement | advertise on News 12 Trending Video 0:30 1 Six arrested, 4 more sought in Coney Island gang assault video 1:42 2 Child dies after being hit in head by concrete planter 1:18 3 The Buzz: Safety concerns in wake of 8-year-old boy's death 1:21 4 Word on the Street: Superheroes 1:13 5 Weekend travel advisory, April 28-30 advertisement | advertise on News 12


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'Saw' Director to Make Vampire-Themed Project 'Nightfall' So Cool
James Wan has signed on to serve behind the lens of "Nightfall", a movie adaptation of another bloodsucker tale. Scott Mitchell Rosenberg of Platinum Studios and William Stuart of Aurora Productions will team up to produce the flick, but it has not been known who will pen the script.
"The minute I heard the concept, I was in," Wan reveals about how he is interested to join the project. The "Saw" helmer then gushes, "Reading the graphic novel cemented that. Like 'Saw', it's a simple concept that, if executed properly, will be so cool." Rosenberg himself has shown faith to Wan's ability, telling Deadline Hollywood "James' experience crafting the contained horror in 'Saw' will be a big help in his informing the visual experience of 'Nightfall'."
"Nightfall" is based on a graphic novel of the same title by Scott O. Brown and Ferran Xalabarder. Detailed synopsis for the comic according to Amazon is, "When industrious, right-wing survivalist David Paxton is sent to a tough Texas prison, he has no idea that it's secretly run by vampires using the inmates to feed on. Now, Paxton's one hope of escape is a desperate prison riot and an uneasy alliance with a ruthless killer named Robbart."
After directing "Saw", James Wan opts to serve as producer for the six sequels including "Saw 3D". The 33-year-old filmmaker, in the meantime, has directed another horror film "Dead Silence" and crime action movie "Death Sentence".
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- Carmelo and La La Anthony Put on United Front for Sake of Their Son


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The magician brings his passion for story-telling to his multimillion-dollar properties, incorporating arcade games, a collection of artists' mannequins and an under-construction 'secret jungle village'
Witt Stephens, Jr., whose father founded the Arkansas investment house Stephens Inc., nabs a South Georgia property.
The 12,595-square-foot English country house called Manor Hall is on the market for about $10.2 million
New report advises investors to consider only the highest quality or cheapest properties
FANTASTIC ESTATE STYLE HOME NESTLED ON OVER 1 ACRE OF TREES/WOODS w/S.L. 3 CAR GARAGE. 10-FT CEIL. HRDWD FLRS. SUN RM ADDTN. 1st FLR LIBRARY. FAM RM w/FRPL. GOURMET KITCHEN w/GRANITE. LARGE DECK. HUGE MBR w/SIT RM & W.I. CLOSET PLUS 3-SIDED FRPL. LUX BA w/WHIRLPL JETS & SEP. SHWR. W/O LL w/REC RM, WET BAR, THEATRE RM, EXER RM & SEP. DEN w/FULL BA. 3 SIDES BRICK. IN-GRND SPRINKLER SYS. SENSATIONAL!


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Best male body
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A list of the best chest exercises for mass, including detailed instructions on how to perform each movement and helpful illustrations.
45 Best Chest Tattoos For Men: Chiseled Chests, Toned Torsos
Infographic: The 'Best' Exercises For Each Muscle Group In The Body - Posterior Chain
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Shoulder flowers done on @montanainez last week next to some seriously amazing work by @xlevibarnett_tattoox and @pari_corbitt the pressure was real! Asymmetric tattoos are the best! Thank you for the trust and the super nerve racking times yet again!
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from 2499 INR – Hotel
from 2299 INR – Hotel
from 2500 INR – Hotel
from 2500 INR – Hotel
from 2499 INR – Hotel
from 12500 INR – Guest accommodation
from 4199 INR – Hotel
from 2299 INR – Hotel
0.01 km
Krushnai Resort old Mumbai Pune Highway opp Kumar water park Lonavala 410401, Lonavala
0.09 km
Flyover junction, Mumbai Pune Highway, Lonavala, 410401, Lonavala
0.09 km
Near Biji's Hill Retreat Resort, Tungarli 410401, Lonavala
0.10 km
Near Post Office & Bus Stand,Off,Mumbai-Pune Road 410401, Lonavala
* Wszystkie odległości są mierzone w linie prostej, od Twojego punktu do celu.
All bookings are confirmed instantly. No waiting, no email exchanges, no confusion.
Just 500 metres from Lonavla Railway Station and Ryewood Park, Hotel The Metropole offers an outdoor pool and free Wi-Fi in public areas. The on-site Sundowner Restaurant serves Indian cuisine. Parking is free.
Spacious and air-conditioned, all rooms are equipped with a flat-screen TV and sofa. Some include a private balcony and a minibar. The en suite bathroom has a shower.
Hotel The Metropole is 200 metres from Lonavla Bus Stand. It is within 1.5 km from the Famous Wax Museum and Lonavla Lake. Pune Airport is 70 km away.
Day trips and car rentals can be arranged at the tour desk. The hotel also provides meeting rooms and a 24-hour front desk.
Rooms: 27
Guests are required to show a photo identification and credit card upon check-in. Please note that all Special Requests are subject to availability and additional charges may apply. Please inform Hotel The Metropole in advance of your expected arrival time. You can use the Special Requests box when booking, or contact the property directly with the contact details provided in your confirmation. Payment before arrival via bank transfer is required. The property will contact you after you book to provide instructions.
Toilet, Shower, Bathroom, Free toiletries
Seating Area, Tile/Marble floor, Sofa, Fan, Desk, Air Conditioning, Wardrobe/Closet
Flat-screen TV, Telephone, Cable Channels
Air-conditioned room with a flat-screen TV and sofa. The en suite bathroom has a shower.
Free toiletries, Toilet, Shower, Bathroom
Air Conditioning, Desk, Sofa, Wardrobe/Closet, Tile/Marble floor, Seating Area, Fan
Telephone, Flat-screen TV, Cable Channels
Featuring more space, this air-conditioned room comes with a flat-screen TV, a sofa and a minibar. The en suite bathroom has a shower.
Please note that the extra bed charges are INR 1000.
Toilet, Bathroom, Shower, Free toiletries
Desk, Wardrobe/Closet, Tile/Marble floor, Sofa, Air Conditioning, Fan, Seating Area
Flat-screen TV, Telephone, Cable Channels
This suite has a view, cable TV and sofa.
Please note the extra bed price for this room is INR 1500.
After booking, all of the hotel's details, including telephone and email address, are provided in the online booking confirmation, confirmation email.
Breakfast in the room, Room service, Restaurant,
Meeting/banquet facilities, Fax/photocopying,
24-hour front desk, ATM/cash machine on site, Tour desk, Newspapers, Luggage storage,
Outdoor pool, Fitness centre, Swimming pool, Outdoor pool (all year),
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Dry cleaning, Laundry,
Lift, Air conditioning, Designated smoking area,
Entertainment staff, Children's playground,
Car hire,
Free WiFi! WiFi is available in public areas and is free of charge.
Free parking! Free private parking is possible on site (reservation is not needed).
From 12:00 hours
Until 10:00 hours
All children are welcome.
One child under 12 years stays free of charge when using existing beds.
One older child or adult is charged INR 1500 per person per night in an extra bed.
The maximum number of extra beds in a room is 1.
There is no capacity for cots in the room.
Pets are not allowed.
Our hotel reviews will help you find the best deal in the right location.
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World Series Parties Cleveland
Congrats Cleveland!
Congratulations Cleveland for getting into the World Series 2016!. This year has been a big year for Cleveland with the Cleveland Cavaliers winning the NBA Championship and all of the recent urban rehabilitation projects in the downtown area. Why not celebrate with throwing your own World Series Party. Check out the following items which we feel would make any World Series Party an event to remember regardless of what team you are rooting for.
Speed Pitch
Celebrate the World Series 2016 with seeing how fast you and your friends can pitch a baseball. See if you can pitch better than Corey Kluber with this premium inflatable rental. So grab a ball, step up to the mound, and let it fly!
Inflatable Tee Ball
Batter's up! We don't know who will win the World Series yet but you can find out if you are a championship batter. Grab a bat and see how far you can hit the ball. Don't worry with a guided backdrop the ball comes back every time!
Bungee Sports Challenge
Okay so this one is not baseball themed but it offers the best of football and basketball all in one inflatable. Shoot baskets or score a touchdown with the Bungee Sports Challenge. Oh!, did we mention you have to pull against your opponent while attached to a springy bungee cord. So take the challenge today!
The Multisport
Why limit your sporting options? Grab the multisport inflatable game and play basketball, baseball, soccer, frisbee and more. This is truly the best inflatable for any sports themed party.
Good Luck Cleveland Indians!
Call & Plan Your World Series 2016 Party with Executive Events & Entertainment.
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You have to see these pigeons with tiny backpacks. They're air quality superheroes.
There's a new flying weapon in the fight against air pollution.
Not drones.
Or satellites.
But pigeons. Pigeons with itty-bitty backpacks.
These winged heroes are part of the Pigeon Air Patrol.
Pigeon Air Patrol is a partnership between tech company Plume Labs and marketing and technology agency DigitasLBi. For three days in March, they're releasing 10 racing pigeons outfitted with teeny-tiny backpacks into London to monitor air quality.
The backpacks, which are actually little fabric vests, have ultra-lightweight sensors sewn into the fabric. The sensors monitor nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone levels.
"The backpacks were specifically designed … to fit the birds in the most comfortable way so as not to impede flight," Romain Lacombe, CEO of Plume Labs, told Upworthy. "The 3D-printed casings were specifically designed by Plume Labs to reduce drag and protect the sensors during flight while keeping air flow optimal."
As the birds fly throughout the city, Londoners can tweet to @PigeonAir to get up-to-the minute information on the air quality in their neighborhood.
While this solution to monitoring air quality is absolutely adorable, air pollution is a serious issue.
While the Pigeon Air Patrol will only be in the skies for three days, Plume Labs is looking for humans to join the ranks. (No flying required.)
The lab seeks dozens of Londoners (think cyclists, parents pushing strollers, runners, and more) to test their wearable personal air quality sensors later this year.
"The human-worn version of these sensors will be deployed in London during the course of a beta test with 100 Londoners, who will collaborate with Plume and researchers at Imperial College to map pollution around London," Lacombe said.
These personal monitors can help researchers further understand air quality in much greater detail and allow them to zero in on pollution hotspots right away.
Air pollution is a global problem, but creative ideas and wild experiments are our best chance of solving it.
This project is proof that when it comes to saving lives and protecting the health of individuals and families around the world, no idea is too crazy.
It's time to get creative. It's time to get pro-active. It's time to let our ideas (and our birds with backpacks) take flight.
Categories: Uncategorized


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$59.95 $49.95
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Get comfortable and zoned-in with the exclusive natural organic sherpa eyemask by Sleepsonic and 2 select Hemi-Sync titles for Meditation: Exploring Our Future and Beyond the Golden Light.
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A comfortable, luxury class eyemask with a bright blue exterior shell. All of our eyemasks are made from natural cotton and are comfortable to wear. Eyemasks help sheild light from entering the eyelids so you can get better sleep. Since … Continued
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Coming soon to Taschen, Cars Now! Will feature every car brand on earth making a car or truck today.
About Cars Now!
This book highlights the latest cars that promise to challenge our dependency on fossil fuels, set in a context of the great majority that still don't. Call it a last hurrah for the dying pleasures of smoking tires, and a deep breath of hope for the new crop of contenders trying to extend the electric frontier. Written to satisfy autophiles without confusing learner drivers, with hundreds of original photographs and illustrations, Cars Now demystifies this rapidly evolving world of motoring for discerning drivers and ambivalent passengers alike.
+ Source: Cars Now! :: Taschen
Art Brewer :: Surfing Photographer
Interview with Levon Biss :: Photographer
Car Talk :: Don Hamerman :: Photographs
Robert Carter Posters – Part 1 :: Classic California: Collectors' Motorcycles, M...
Flight Decks :: By Ben Cooper
1951 Chevy Bel Air :: Interview With Owner Pete Padilla
1955 Maserati 300S Sports-Racing Spider
1932 Ford :: Photos by Kazumichi Inagawa


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The Polynesian Cultural Center is a must to experience while in Oahu. It was so fun to experience all of the different cultures of Hawaii. The best part was the luau. They served these delicious cookie pineapple dessert bars. I wanted to recreate them but I added a little twist. Cheesecake. I almost titled these Better than Hawaii Dessert bars. All of the delicious flavors of Hawaii in one delicious bite. Pineapple, macadamia nuts, and coconut. These became one of my favorite dessert bars. But lets be honest… nothing is better than Hawaii!
At the luau, they put on an amazing performance! It was so much fun and the food was amazing. Later that night we went to their fire night show. Everything was incredible about our experience at the PCC!
Now let's talk about how amazing these bars turned out. A shortbread cookie crust layer on the bottom. A delicious and creamy cheesecake combined with macadamia nuts, white chocolate chips, pineapple and coconut. Top it off with some toasted coconut and your mind will be blown. Take a bite, close your eyes, and pretend that you are in Hawaii!
- 1⅓ cups all-purpose bleached flour
- ¼ cup granulated sugar
- ½ cup unsalted butter, softened
- 8 ounces cream cheese, room temperature
- 1 cup powdered sugar
- 1 large egg
- ¼ cup granulated sugar
- 1 cup crushed pineapple, undrained
- ½ teaspoon pure vanilla extract
- ½ cup white chocolate chips, divided
- ½ cup chopped macadamia nuts, divided
- ½ cup coconut flakes
- toasted coconut (optional for garnish)
- Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Line a 9x13 with aluminum foil or parchment paper and lightly spray with cooking spray.
- Combine flour, ¼ cup sugar, and butter until crumbly. Press into the bottom of your prepared 9x13 pan until it is about ⅛ inch thick. Bake the crust for 10-15 minutes or until edges are lightly golden brown.
- Mix cream cheese and 1 cup powdered sugar until frosting consistency. Add egg, ¼ cup sugar, crushed pineapple, coconut, and vanilla extract and mix thoroughly. Fold in ¼ cup white chocolate chips, and ¼ cup macadamia nuts.
- Pour the batter on top of the crust and bake for an additional 15-20 minutes or until set and edges are lightly brown.
- Remove from the oven and sprinkle with ¼ cup white chocolate chips and ¼ cup macadamia nuts. Garnish with toasted coconut if desired. Let bars cool for an hour before cutting and store in the refrigerator.
More amazing recipes from Hawaii Week:
Chili Macadamia Crusted Tilapia
Subscribe to the Recipe Critic Blog and get family friendly recipes via e-mail.
Latest posts by Alyssa (see all)
- Breakfast Sausage Avocado Burritos - April 24, 2017
- Creamy Skillet Chicken Cacciatore - April 23, 2017
- Weekly Menu Plan #97 - April 22, 2017


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Female Solo
Posted by: SoloTouchArchive Author: Emma Age: 22 Posted on: 07 Apr 2008 0 comments
1 likes 516 views Category: Female Solo Tags:Last summer I took advantage of some warm weather and drove to a park to read my book in the sun. Towards the back of the park is an area of trees which I went to as it is very peaceful and quiet. After a while I fancied some sun on my skin so I took off my shoes, top and shorts. I figured since it was pretty quiet and... » Read more
Posted by: SoloTouchArchive Author: Melissa Age: 14 Posted on: 02 Apr 2008 0 comments
1 likes 821 views Category: Female Solo Tags:I have the best parents.
I just turned 14 yesterday and it was the best day of my life. I got my first period six months ago so Mom and Dad had the sex talk with me. They also told me about masturbation. I already knew the basics of sex. My parents don't believe in having doors on the bedrooms or the bathroom. I can hea... » Read more
Posted by: SoloTouchArchive Author: Vicky Age: 23 Posted on: 02 Apr 2008 0 comments
2 likes 491 views Category: Female Solo Tags:Happy times
Self pleasuring is the best, thank you Solo Touch for teaching me that it is not bad to pleasure one's self sexually. whenever I am alone in my bedroom, like when I'm sure that no one will disturb me, I like to get naked. Lie on my bed facing up, leg spread as though a man is on top of me. Infact I imagine t... » Read more
Posted by: SoloTouchArchive Author: Mary B Age: 48 Posted on: 29 Mar 2008 0 comments
1 likes 895 views Category: Female Solo Tags:This happened three or four years ago now. I was sharing a flat with a friend I had met at work called Lucy. I had split from my husband and needed somewhere to stay until I got the finances sorted out. Lucy was a little younger, about 40 and in a relationship with a guy but not very happy because he was a commitment p... » Read more
Posted by: SoloTouchArchive Author: Emma Age: 14 Posted on: 20 Mar 2008 0 comments
0 likes 628 views Category: Female Solo Tags:About what happened a few days ago.
Well, this isn't much, but I really wanted to tell someone, because I've never done anything like it before. A few days ago, I was out in our local park, and needed to pee. There wasn't anyone about, so I went into some trees, and found a quiet spot. I lifted my skirt and pulled my p... » Read more
Posted by: SoloTouchArchive Author: Shelly Age: 17 Posted on: 20 Mar 2008 1 comments
1 likes 649 views Category: Female Solo Tags:For all you guys out there, sat wanking away, this is for you......
This is here and now, guys. I'm 17, a virgin, and horny as hell. I'm 5'11' tall, have reddish/blonde hair, and a shaved pussy. I've been sat reading the stories in Solo Touch, and I want you all to know that my pussy is absolutely dripping wet, my pan... » Read more
Posted by: SoloTouchArchive Author: Janet Age: 61 Posted on: 14 Mar 2008 0 comments
1 likes 424 views Category: Female Solo Tags:Hello again, I masturbated again yesterday. My day started with a hot shower and then to the computer to read Solo Touch. I was alone and opened my robe while reading. I touched myself over and over until I had a wet spot on my robe. After this I had to go to the bedroom but only after getting a pan of hot water to wa... » Read more
Posted by: SoloTouchArchive Author: Helen Age: 24 Posted on: 12 Mar 2008 0 comments
0 likes 712 views Category: Female Solo Tags:In public, flirting, generally just letting my 'dark side' play.
I was sitting with some friends in a coffee bar, and generally enjoying the conversation. Of course, given who I was with, the subject soon turned to sex. As I do not have a partner, my only sexual relief comes from me! Alison, who is far and away the most... » Read more
Posted by: SoloTouchArchive Posted on: 12 Mar 2008 0 comments
0 likes 505 views Category: Female Solo Tags:Tis is my favorite way to masturbate. There is a hook that hangs on the top of my bathroom door and it has two hooks connected to one AND each hook has a ball on the end so after I read stories from this site I get REALLY wet and in the shower I take the hook off my door and it's perfect so I can put one hook in my pus... » Read more
Posted by: SoloTouchArchive Age: 16 Posted on: 05 Mar 2008 0 comments
0 likes 701 views Category: Female Solo Tags:You can find out a LOT more from Truth or Dare than you think...
I go to a school that is in a rural area, and in order to compete in sports and other competitions requires the students to take long bus trips to our nearest city. I was one such trip that happened to be quite late at night and me and and my team mates we... » Read more
Posted by: SoloTouchArchive Author: Laura B Age: 27 Posted on: 04 Mar 2008 1 comments
0 likes 1027 views Category: Female Solo Tags:I read a story about a nudist on here and it reminded me about my family who were also nudists and how I discovered masturbation at a later age than one might think from a family of nudists. We lived in a house in Arizona. It wasn't a very big house, but it was fairly secluded and had a lot of land. I grew up with fo... » Read more
Posted by: SoloTouchArchive Author: Helen Age: 24 Posted on: 28 Feb 2008 0 comments
1 likes 357 views Category: Female Solo Tags:This almost tantric experience happened to me yesterday. I found that I wanted to write it down. Forgive my somewhat clumsy style. I am not used to writing about myself.
I woke early, the sun was just starting to bleach the darkness of night into the clear light of a new day. I lay in bed covered only by a thin cotton s... » Read more
Posted by: SoloTouchArchive Author: Renea Age: 21 Posted on: 27 Feb 2008 0 comments
0 likes 484 views Category: Female Solo Tags:In high school, a friend of mine bought me a gag gift for my birthday while out shopping one day...a 10' green, glow in the dark, vibrator. My mind went crazy with thoughts, knowing this thing was going home with ME after I dropped her off. The more I thought about it on the way home, I didn't think I would last on th... » Read more
Posted by: SoloTouchArchive Age: 15 Posted on: 26 Feb 2008 0 comments
0 likes 514 views Category: Female Solo Tags:Today I was talking to one of my guy friends about how horny he was(awkward conversation). When I realized that I hadn't gotten off in close to a week. So I put up my away message and started looking on Solo Touch (what a great site). While I was reading I allowed myself to unbutton my jeans and slip my hand down into ... » Read more
Posted by: SoloTouchArchive Author: Mia Age: 25 Posted on: 23 Feb 2008 0 comments
1 likes 539 views Category: Female Solo Tags:I open a bottle of lubricant and squeeze one glistening bead of it onto my finger. I know this will be plenty as I am already getting wet enough to moisten my silk panties just thinking about what is coming. I open my lips and spread the lube and then slip in a bullet vibrator. I then put on a pair of ass hugging tight... » Read more
Posted by: SoloTouchArchive Author: Hollie Posted on: 23 Feb 2008 0 comments
1 likes 563 views Category: Female Solo Tags:The following is a bit of a spiel about my habits when it comes to my favourite hobby-masturbation Back when I was in high school (graduated two years ago) I was crazy into music. I played the guitar, the piano, the flute, sang and played the clarinet. I had this stand that my clarinet sat on when I wasn't playing it.... » Read more
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Comment Re:I wonder... (Score 1) 435
You do realize that India is also a country known for selling degrees to anyone with enough money right? Its not as unlikely as you might think.
Do we see a fragmentation in the market, where the chip manufacturers try to woo AAA studios to provide "exclusive optimizations" targeted at a specific platform?
Its not hard to see, it is already happening on the GPU side.
I applaud the Republicans who didn't vote for this
Well you are applauding for no one, every republican voted to approve it.
your Internet access might become cheaper.
Pffthahahahaha, oh wait you were serious, let me laugh even harder. HAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA
Pound for pound, the amoeba is the most vicious animal on earth.


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Date Added
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Touchstone Senior Services—Madison, WI
You may also check us out on Facebook and LinkedIn to stay abreast of future opportunities, networking events, and news....
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Check us out on LinkedIn, Twitter and Facebook. We give you all the tools and training you need to be successful in our industry, providing career paths and...
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Follow us on LinkedIn and Facebook for updates on new positions. The company is an Information Technology services company, providing a full package of...
Staff Accountant
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Staff Accountant, CFO Advisory Boston, Massachusetts CohnReznick currently has an exciting career opportunity in the CFO Advisory team located in our Boston
Senior Paid Search Marketing Manager
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Three years plus experience using Google Ad Words, Bing, and Yahoo and Social Media campaign management platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, Twitter...
Senior Marketing Coordinator/Proposal Writer
RMF Engineering, Inc.—Baltimore, MD
Must have knowledge of social media technologies (Facebook, LinkedIn, etc.). SENIOR MARKETING COORDINATOR / PROPOSAL WRITER....
Senior Network & Security Engineer
Bay State—Keyser, WV
For more information about Bay State visit our website , connect with us on LinkedIn , or follow us on Twitter . Bay State Computers, Inc....
Business Development Representative -Entry Level (Hiring Now 2+ roles)
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Verticals, personas and market fits for our solutions • How to use key tools necessary to be successful in sales (Salesforce.com, Livechat, LinkedIn) • How to...
Inside Sales Account Executive
Celadon Trucking—Indianapolis, IN
If you are looking for a fast-paced, casual work environment where you can develop an important skill set (sales), learn a critical industry (transportation),
Machine Learning / A.I. Software Engineer
Resource Technology Partners—Boston, MA
If interested in hearing more about the role and company please connect with me on LinkedIn and send me a message regarding your interest - or you can send me...
Creative Media Specialist
Confidential Waukesha Manufacturer—Milwaukee, WI
Social media, LinkedIN, YouTube, Facebook - Including analytics. Do you have what it takes to be a solo Creative Media Specialist?*....
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Kelly Services—Fredericksburg, VA
Visit kellyservices.com and connect with us on Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter. Job DescriptionKelly Services, in partnership with Greencore, the world's largest...
Account Executive
RSM Maintenance—Emeryville, CA
Develop and follow up on a daily action plan to contact the designated clients via various means, including phone calls, e-mails, LinkedIn & other social media,...
Qlik Developer
CohnReznick—Boston, MA
QlikView Developer CohnReznick currently has an exciting career opportunity in the Technology & Digital Consulting team located in our Boston office. We are
Intacct Developer
CohnReznick—New York, NY
CohnReznick has an exciting four month opportunity with a small New York City pension management and services firm with hands on development in: Intacct
Hospital Technician
Daniels Health—Leesburg, VA
_If you are interested in learning more, please visit our website or LinkedIn page:. Part Time Field Service Technician/Hospital Technician (20 hours/week)*....
Consultant/Senior Consultant: NetSuite Operations
CohnReznick—New York, NY
Consultant/Senior Consultant: NetSuite Operations New York Metro, New England Metro, or DC Metro CohnReznick currently has an exciting career opportunity in
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Korn Kiva is a photograph by Joe Jake Pratt which was uploaded on February 24th, 2012.
KORN KIVA was discovered beneath the city streets. An amazing archaeological pictograph hidden for centuries.
Korn Kiva
Joe Jake Pratt
Photograph - Digital Photography
KORN KIVA was discovered beneath the city streets. An amazing archaeological pictograph hidden for centuries.
February 24th, 2012
Viewed 284 Times - Last Visitor from Milan, 09 - Italy on 03/24/2017 at 3:27 PM
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Comments (17)
Thanks Robert!
Thank you Catherine for the feature in "An Anthropomorphic World"
Thanks Leslie for featuring this in 'Second Life Photographers'. I was underground and had to crab-walk about a 1/2 block. I heard something behind me and a person in silhouette was crab-walking toward me. There was no other way out. He was a policeman.
thank you James
Thanks Josef for the feature DSU photography group.
Thank you for the feature Tina.
Thank you for the feature Michael
It's in Kerrville, Texas in a storm sewer under the street.
Thanks JW for including this in your group 'Southern Photographers".
It's in Kerrville, Texas in a storm sewer.
incredible find and photo, really incredible. What city is this? My curiosity is on FIRE!
Thanks Kelly fpr the feature in "Signs".
Thank you JW for the spot in 'Southern Photography".
Awesome. Thanks Michael
A very Kool discovery. Love the textures in this.
Joe Jake Pratt replied:
Thanks Odd. I'm really glad you like. It is very similar to American Indian pictographs...colors especially. It's my current favorite.
Featured in "Avantgarde Art"! :)
Joe Jake Pratt replied:
Thank Li...Isn't it cool?
Beverly Hills, CA (United States)
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