text:
Negative modulation of GABAA α5 receptors by RO4938581 attenuates discrete sub-chronic and early postnatal phencyclidine (PCP)-induced cognitive deficits in rats
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DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2593-9
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- Redrobe, J.P., Elster, L., Frederiksen, K. et al. Psychopharmacology (2012) 221: 451. doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2593-9
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A growing body of evidence suggests that negative modulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) GABAA α5 receptors may be a promising strategy for the treatment of certain facets of cognitive impairment; however, selective modulators of GABAA α5 receptors have not yet been tested in "schizophrenia-relevant" cognitive assay/model systems in animals.
The objectives of this study were to investigate the potential of RO4938581, a negative modulator of GABAA α5 receptors, and to attenuate cognitive impairments induced following sub-chronic (sub-PCP) and early postnatal PCP (neo-PCP) administration in the novel object recognition (NOR) and intra-extradimensional shift (ID/ED) paradigms in rats. Complementary in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies were performed to confirm negative modulatory activity of RO4938581 and to investigate animal model validity, concept validity and potential side effect issues, respectively.
In vitro studies confirmed the reported negative modulatory activity of RO4938581, whilst immunohistochemical analyses revealed significantly reduced parvalbumin-positive cells in the prefrontal cortex of sub-PCP- and neo-PCP-treated rats. RO4938581 (1 mg/kg) ameliorated both sub-PCP- and neo-PCP-induced cognitive deficits in NOR and ID/ED performance, respectively. In contrast, QH-II-066 (1 and 3 mg/kg), a GABAA α5 receptor positive modulator, impaired cognitive performance in the NOR task when administered to vehicle-treated animals. Additional studies revealed that both RO4938581 (1 mg/kg) and QH-II-066 (1 and 3 mg/kg) attenuated amphetamine-induced hyperactivity in rats.
Taken together, these novel findings suggest that negative modulation of GABAA α5 receptors may represent an attractive treatment option for the cognitive impairments, and potentially positive symptoms, associated with schizophrenia.
KeywordsGABA alpha5 receptors Negative allosteric modulator Sub-chronic PCP Early postnatal PCP Novel object recognition Attentional set shifting Cognition Rat
Cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia are among the core symptoms of the disease (Sharma and Antonova 2003); they correlate highly with functional outcome (Fett et al. 2011) and are not well treated with current antipsychotic therapies (Harvey and Keefe 2001; Keefe et al. 2007). Further understanding of the pathological processes leading to cognitive disruption in schizophrenia is a necessity if better treatments are to be made available to treat this important unmet clinical need.
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain controls the temporal fidelity of excitatory transmission and engenders oscillatory activities, certain types of which have been shown to be disturbed in schizophrenia (Uhlhaas et al. 2008). Specifically, disruption of gamma-band oscillations is suggested to be responsible, to some extent, for the cognitive difficulties experienced by schizophrenic patients (Cho et al. 2006). GABA exerts its modulatory effects, in part, via an action at GABAA receptors, which are heteropentameric membrane proteins that form a GABA-gated chloride channel. These receptors contain an α-subunit (α1, α2, α3 or α5), a β-subunit (mainly β2 or β3) and, in nearly all cases, a γ2 subunit in a 2:2:1 stoichiometry (McKernan and Whiting 1996). GABAA receptors are found synaptically as well as extrasynaptically. Synaptic receptors are believed to mediate fast phasic inhibition (Sieghart and Sperk 2002), whereas receptors located extrasynaptically are thought to mediate background tonic inhibition (Belelli et al. 2009).
Both genetic and medicinal chemistry approaches have been used to identify the potential physiological relevance of the various GABAA receptor subtypes (Nutt 2006). Interestingly, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that the GABAA α5 receptor subtype may be a promising target for the modulation of learning and memory processing. GABAA α5-containing receptors are located at the base of dendritic spines of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus and are therefore strategically positioned to modulate excitatory glutamatergic input that arrives at the spines of these cells (Nutt 2006). Deletion of the receptor in mice has been shown to increase cognitive performance (Collinson et al. 2002) and to provoke spontaneous hippocampal gamma oscillations (Glykys et al. 2008), an effect mimicked in wild-type mice by dampening α5 receptor function with a selective negative modulator. In addition, functional disruption of the receptor via point mutation increased both temporal and spatial memory abilities in mice (Möhler 2009), although such a manipulation adversely affected the expression of murine latent inhibition (Gerdjikov et al. 2008) and pre-pulse inhibition (Hauser et al. 2005). Moreover, negative modulation of GABAA α5 receptors with selective inverse agonists has been shown to enhance learning and memory processing across several cognitive domains affected in schizophrenia using mice (Dawson et al. 2006), rats (Ballard et al. 2009), non-human primates (Ballard et al. 2009) and humans (Nutt et al. 2007). However, as all published preclinical studies, to our knowledge, have evaluated the potential pro-cognitive effects of GABAA α5-ergic drugs in normal animals or in acute deficit paradigms, e.g. following scopolamine disruption, the question remains as to whether possible pro-cognitive effects tested under such conditions may be extrapolated to schizophrenic patients. Preliminary clinical studies with MK-0777, a functionally selective GABAA α2 partial agonist, showed promising pro-cognitive activity in a small schizophrenic patient population (Lewis et al. 2008), although this initial optimism was not reflected in the data generated in a larger randomised trial where the compound was without effect (Buchanan et al. 2011). To date, as far as the authors are aware, the potential benefit of GABAA α5 negative modulation on cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia has not been investigated in the clinic.
Enormous efforts have been made, not least by employing various pharmacological interventions, to mimic some of the clinically observed symptomatology of schizophrenia using rodents (Neill et al. 2010; Wilson and Terry 2010; O'Tuathaigh and Waddington 2010). Two such strategies, the sub-chronic or early neonatal administration of phencyclidine (PCP), a N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, induce a behavioural and neurobiological syndrome in rodents (upon cessation of treatment or in adulthood, respectively) that bears a remarkable similarity to some of the core symptoms observed in schizophrenic patients, including cognitive disruption (Jentsch and Roth 1999). Specifically, such treatment regimes in rodents have been repeatedly shown to disrupt preference for exploration of a novel object in the rat novel object recognition (NOR) task, a paradigm thought to be a measure of episodic recognition memory (McLean et al. 2010; Snigdha et al. 2010; Idris et al. 2010; Damgaard et al. 2010), as well as to disrupt performance on the extradimensional discrimination phases of an attentional set-shifting (ID/ED) task in rats, an assay thought to be a measure of fronto-cortical executive function (Goetghebeur and Dias 2009; Goetghebeur et al. 2010; Rodefer et al. 2005, 2008).
Therefore, given the proposed role of GABAA α5 receptors in cognitive functioning, together with the fact that modulators of these receptors have not yet been tested in "schizophrenia-relevant" cognitive assay/model systems, we decided to investigate the effects of RO4938581, a negative modulator of GABAA α5 receptor function (Ballard et al. 2009; Knust et al. 2009), in the NOR task following sub-chronic PCP (sub-PCP) administration and the ID/ED attentional set-shifting task following early postnatal PCP (neo-PCP) administration. RO4938581 has been reported to display a Ki of 4.6 nM for GABAA α5β3γ2 receptors in [3H]flunitrazepam displacement binding and a pIC50 of ~8 with maximum efficacy of ~46% in whole-cell patch recordings (Ballard et al. 2009; Knust et al. 2009). RO4938581 displayed between 17- and 40-fold selectivity towards the α5-containing GABAA receptor compared with the α1-, α2- and α3-containing receptors in a [3H]flunitazepam displacement binding study (Knust et al. 2009), and no inhibition of the GABA current has been observed for α1-, α2- and α3-containing receptors at 3 μM (Ballard et al. 2009). Complementary immunohistochemical studies were performed to quantify parvalbumin-positive interneuron expression in the prefrontal cortex of sub-PCP- and neo-PCP-treated rats as a surrogate measure of animal model validity. A GABAA α5 receptor positive modulator (QH-II-066; Huang et al. 1996, 2000; Skolnick et al. 1997), was also tested in non-PCP-treated animals to assess the cognitive disrupting potential of increasing α5 receptor activity in the NOR task. Additional studies were performed with QH-II-066 and RO4938581, in an amphetamine-induced hyperactivity paradigm, to assess the effect of positive or negative modulation of GABAA α5 receptors on dopaminergic neurotransmission. As an internal control, top-line functional in vitro studies, using a fluorescent-based membrane potential assay and electrophysiological recordings in oocytes, were performed to confirm the published negative modulatory properties and selectivity of RO4938581 in our hands.
Materials and methods
In vitro experiments
FLIPR® membrane potential assay
Chinese hamster ovary cells (purchased from ChanTest, USA) expressing the α5β2γ2 (used as a measure of target engagement) and α2β2γ2 (used as a top-line surrogate measure of the previously published selectivity profile of RO4938581; Ballard et al. 2009; Knust et al. 2009) were used to detect changes in voltage across the cell membrane induced by GABA without or with the addition of allosteric modulators to the GABAA receptor. Previous studies have suggested that the pharmacology of the benzodiazepine site of the GABAA receptor is more dependent on the type of α-subunit (for a review, see Nutt 2006) or γ-subunit (McKernan et al. 1995) present and is not significantly influenced by the type of β-subunit (Hadingham et al. 1993) present. The assay was run in accordance with instructions from the manufacturer (Molecular Devices Corporation, Product R8126) using a FDSS7000 fluorescence reader (furo3, Ex480:Em540 and 96-well setting). Briefly, frozen stock of cells were plated 48 h prior to experiment at a density of 30,000 cells/well. On the day of experiment, the medium was replaced with 80 μl loading buffer (HBBS (+CaCl2 + MgCl2) buffer containing 20 mM HEPES and membrane potential RED dye) and incubated for 30 min at 37°C followed by 30-min incubation at room temperature. FDSS recordings were initiated with 20-s background measurements followed by the addition of 20 μl modulator. At the 3-min time point, 100 μl of GABA in chloride-free buffer [HEPES (20 mM, pH 7.4), Na-gluconate (140 mM), K-gluconate (2.5 mM), Ca-gluconate (1 mM), MgSO4⋅7H2O (2 mM), D(+)glucose (5 mM)] was added and the stimulation by GABA calculated as relative light units by subtracting basal signal (prior to GABA application) from the peak activation of GABA (Max − Min determined within the time interval 170–290 min).
Oocyte electrophysiology
Xenopus laevis oocytes were isolated and treated with collagenase for 3–4 h before incubation for 24 h in Modified Barth's saline buffer [88 mM NaCl, 1 mM KCl, 15 mM HEPES, 2.4 mM NaHCO3, 0.41 mM CaCl2, 0.82 mM MgSO4, 0.3 mM Ca(NO3)2], supplemented with 2 mM sodium pyruvate, 0.1 U/l penicillin and 0.1 μg/l streptomycin. Stage IV oocytes were identified and injected with 4–42 nl of nuclease-free water containing 2–50 ng of cRNA encoding a mixture (1:1:1) of human GABA-α1, β3, γ2s (used as a top-line surrogate measure of the previously published selectivity profile of RO4938581; Ballard et al. 2009; Knust et al. 2009) or GABA-α5, β3, γ2s (used as a measure of target engagement). As outlined above, previous studies have suggested that the pharmacology of the benzodiazepine site of the GABAA receptor is more dependent on the type of the α-subunit (for a review, see Nutt 2006) or γ-subunit (McKernan et al. 1995) present and is not significantly influenced by the type of β-subunit (Hadingham et al. 1993) present. The oocytes were incubated at 18°C and used for electrophysiological recordings following 1–10 days after injection. Electrophysiological recordings were performed by two-electrode voltage clamp techniques at room temperature in a 2-ml bath chamber perfused with ringer solution (115 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 10 mM HEPES, 1.8 mM CaCl2, 0.1 mM MgCl2, pH 7.5) at a flow rate of 4–6 ml/min. Oocytes were impaled with agar-plugged 0.5–1 MΩ electrodes, containing 3 M KCl, and voltage-clamped at −90 mV with an Oocyte Clamp Amplifier (0C-725-C) from Warner Instruments. GABA channels expressed in oocytes were activated by applying 3 μM GABA for 1 min at 5-min intervals. Tests of positive and negative modulators were performed by a pre-application of the test drugs for at least 4 min, followed by the co-application of test drug and GABA. GABA was dissolved in ringer or water and drugs were dissolved in DMSO at a stock solution of 10 mM. Further dilutions were performed in ringer to obtain the test concentration.
Off-target profiling
The interaction of RO4938581 with 100 binding sites, including all major classes of neurotransmitter receptor, uptake systems, ion channels and enzymes, was examined (CEREP, Celle L'Evescault, France). RO4938581 was tested in all assays at 10 μM. Each determination was made in duplicate.
Plasma and brain free fraction determinations
Free fractions in rat plasma (fu,plasma) and brain (fu,brain) were determined for RO4938581 and QH-II-066 using equilibrium dialysis in 96-well formats. The methodology was modified from (Kalvass and Maurer 2002). Freshly isolated rat brains were homogenized twice in two volumes of phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Dialysis membranes (cutoff, 12–14 kDa; HTDialysis) were soaked in 80:20 PBS/ethanol and rinsed in deionized water before use. Brain homogenate or plasma was added to the donor side and spiked with a test compound to a final concentration of 1 μM. The receiver side contained phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Equilibrium dialysis was performed by incubating at 37°C for 5 h. Subsequently, the compound concentration was measured in the buffer phase using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry.
Ex vivo experiments
Immunohistochemical quantification of parvalbumin-positive cells in the prefrontal cortex
Lister hooded rats from the sub-PCP and neo-PCP behavioural studies were killed 1 day after the behavioural studies were finalised. Animals were perfusion-fixed and brains were removed, immersion-fixed for 4 h in 4% PFA and then left in 30% sucrose for 48 h. Free-floating coronal sections (40 μm) were cut from vehicle- and PCP-treated rats. Every section was collected until 1.6 mm rostral to bregma (Paxinos and Watson, 4th edition). The sections were then immunostained with a parvalbumin antibody overnight (1:2,000, Sigma #P3088). Secondary antibody (biotinylated-IgG, Dako #0464) was applied for 1 h followed by ABC reaction. Finally, sections were visualized with diaminobenzidine.
Manual counting (2D) of parvalbumin-positive cells was performed blinded by a trained observer. For sampling at 3.7 mm rostral to bregma (Paxinos and Watson, 4th edition), sections were spaced by 240 μm to cover a total area of 880 μm in the caudal direction. The anatomical areas counted were limited to the prelimbic cortex and cingulate cortex, area 1. A ×10 objective and fixed lighting were used on all sections.
For each animal, both the left and right sides in four sections were analysed (eight areas total). In the sub-chronic vehicle-treated (n = 10) and early postnatal vehicle-treated (n = 10) groups, an average of 1,106 and 1,210 cells were counted per animal, respectively. However, of the total 80 areas counted in ten animals, 16 areas in the sub-chronic vehicle-treated and two areas in the early postnatal vehicle-treated groups were of poor quality and had to be omitted from the analysis. For this reason, the analysis was based on the average number of parvalbumin-positive cells in each hemisphere per section [173, SD = 19.3 (64 areas); 155, SD = 36 (78 areas)] in sub-chronic vehicle-treated and early postnatal vehicle-treated rats, respectively. These numbers were converted to 100% for the respective groups.
In vivo experiments
Animals and accommodation
For NOR experiments, 96 male Lister hooded rats (48 per experiment, 220–240 g at the time of testing; Charles River, Germany) were housed four per cage, with food and water available ad libitum (except during habituation, acquisition and retention trials).
For ID/ED experiments, 32 male Lister hooded rats (31 used in experiment, 1 rat used as cage mate, 250–300 g at the time of testing; dams obtained from Charles River) were housed two per cage. During training and test, animals were given access to water ad libitum, but were food restricted (11 g food per animal per day). During weekends, animals had access to food ad libitum until 12 h before the next testing day.
For amphetamine-induced hyperactivity, 80 male Wistar rats (40 per experiment, 180–240 g at the time of testing; Charles River) were housed four per cage. Wistar rats were chosen on the basis of historical in-house data showing an optimal window for the potential attenuation of amphetamine-induced hyperactivity using this strain.
For drug exposure evaluations, satellite animals (18 male Lister hooded rats, 220–240 g; Charles River) were housed in pairs.
All animals were housed under controlled conditions (12 h of light starting at 0600 hours, 20 ± 2°C, 30–70% humidity) in Macrolon (type III) cages, with standard sawdust bedding and environmental enrichment (plastic house and wooden chew blocks), and food and water available ad libitum (except when otherwise stated). All animal procedures were carried out in compliance with the European Commission Directive 86/609/EEC and with Danish law regulating experiments on animals. Every effort was made to incorporate the three R's guideline principles (i.e. replace, reduce and refine) for the use of animals in research throughout the experiments described herein.
Drugs and treatment
PCP (1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-piperidine hydrochloride, synthesised in-house) was dissolved in 0.9% sodium chloride to obtain a dose of 5 mg/kg (sub-chronic administration paradigm; see "Sub-chronic PCP treatment" for dosing regimen) or 20 mg/kg (early postnatal administration paradigm; see "Early postnatal PCP treatment" for dosing regimen). d-Amphetamine ((+)-α-methylphenethylamine sulphate; Unikem A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark) was dissolved in 0.9% sodium chloride to obtain a dose of 0.5 mg/kg and was administered s.c. at time 0 min before testing in the hyperactivity paradigm. Modafinil (2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide; Sequoia Research Products, UK) was suspended in 0.5% methylcellulose (Sigma, Denmark) to a dose of 64 mg/kg. This dose of modafinil was selected based on previous published findings (Goetghebeur and Dias 2009; Goetghebeur et al. 2010; Waters et al. 2005). Due to its short half-life in rats (Waters et al. 2005), modafinil was dosed twice (p.o.) for ID/ED testing: once 30 min prior to the first discrimination and again 30 min before the fifth (ID2R) discrimination stage. QH-II-066 (7-acetyleno-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one, synthesised in-house) was dissolved in 25% solutol (Sigma) to obtain doses of 0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg and was administered s.c. 30 min before acquisition training in NOR or amphetamine administration in amphetamine-induced hyperactivity. RO4938581 (3-Bromo-10-difluoromethyl-9H-imidazo[1,5-a] [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d] [1,4]benzodiazepine, synthesised in-house) was dissolved in 100% PEG-400 (Sigma) to doses of 0.1, 0.3, 1 and 10 mg/kg and was administered p.o. 60 min before acquisition training in NOR (0.3 and 1 mg/kg) or amphetamine administration in amphetamine-induced hyperactivity (0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg) and 30 min before testing in ID/ED (1 mg/kg). The doses of RO4938581 were selected based on previous published findings (Ballard et al. 2009; Knust et al. 2009). All doses are expressed as milligrams per kilogram free base and were injected in a volume of 5 ml/kg.
Sub-chronic PCP treatment
Rats were administered sub-chronic PCP (5 mg/kg, i.p., b.i.d. for 7 days) or saline (1 ml/kg i.p. b.i.d. for 7 days) at 7 am and 7 pm, followed by a 7-day washout period prior to behavioural testing (as described in "Early postnatal PCP treatment"). This treatment regime is in accordance with previous published methods (see Egerton et al. 2005; Rodefer et al. 2005, 2008).
Early postnatal PCP treatment
The early postnatal PCP paradigm as applied in the current study has been previously described (Broberg et al. 2008, 2009). Briefly, timed pregnant Lister hooded rats were obtained at gestational day 15 from Charles River and were housed individually until delivery. The day of parturition was counted as postnatal day (PND) 0. On PND 5, male pups were cross-fostered and randomly assigned to a lactating dam. Female members of the litters were removed at this time. Furthermore, on PND 7, 9 and 11, pups were treated subcutaneously (s.c.) with either vehicle (0.9% isotonic saline) or PCP (20 mg/kg in a 10-ml/kg dose volume). Treatment with PCP within the first 2 weeks of a rat's postnatal life corresponds to the second late trimester in human pregnancy in terms of neurodevelopmental changes (Bayer et al. 1993; Clancy et al. 2001) and fits with the hypothesis that exposure to PCP during this trimester increases the probability for the progeny to develop schizophrenia (Deutsch et al. 1998; Green et al. 1994). Pups were weaned on PND 25 and housed two per cage until behavioural testing (as described in "Novel object recognition task: apparatus and behavioural testing ").
Novel object recognition task: apparatus and behavioural testing
Prior to the initiation of behavioural studies, a predefined inclusion/exclusion criterion was adopted for subsequent NOR data analysis. Animals that did not reach a total object exploration time of 15 s, either during a maximum allowed 3-min acquisition session or a full 3-min test trial period, were excluded from the data analysis. Furthermore, for the test trial period, animals that reached the 15-s object exploration criterion but did not explore both objects for a minimum of 2 s were excluded from the data analysis (e.g. a rat exploring object A for 15 s and object B for 0 s would be excluded. A rat exploring object A for 2 s and object B for 13 s would be included). This inclusion/exclusion criterion was adopted to ensure that each animal included in the experimental analysis had explored each object in acquisition and trial periods and to control for chance exploration. NOR testing was performed in a rectangular arena surrounded by non-transparent Plexiglass walls (dimensions, 95 × 45 × 50 cm). The arena was placed on a downflow air ventilation table in order to minimize the spread of allergens and was surrounded by a black curtain. Animals were habituated to the empty arena in groups of four in 2 × 10-min sessions on day 1. On day 2, individual animals were introduced to the arena for an acquisition session with two identical objects (two opaque Perspex pyramids, 10 × 10 × 6 cm, or two domed glass paperweights, 8 × 8 × 8 cm) for a maximum allowed period of 3 min. The acquisition session was terminated early once the rat reached a total exploration time of 15 s or continued for the full 3-min period until 15 s of active exploration had been achieved. This protocol, although introducing some variation in total test arena (non-object) exploration time between subjects, was an attempt to ensure equal exploration of objects across subjects during the acquisition session and thus encourages the encoding of a uniform object memory trace for use in the test trial. The animals were then transferred to their home cages for a 1-h inter-trial interval. Following this period, the animal was reintroduced into the arena for the test session. Here, a triplicate of the familiar and a novel object were placed in the arena and the animal was allowed to explore during a full 3-min test session. A camera mounted above the arena relayed the animal's general behaviour (e.g. distance travelled) to a computer equipped with Ethovision tracking software (Noldus, The Netherlands). Object interaction, recorded on video, was scored manually by an experimenter blinded to the dose groups on completion of the experiment. Object exploration was defined as sniffing, licking or touching the object whilst facing it. All testing was performed on day 8 or 9 after the last PCP injection.
Attentional set-shifting task (ID/ED): apparatus and behavioural testing
The test apparatus consisted of a 44 × 64 × 30-cm black non-transparent Perspex test box divided into three equal-sized areas (a starting area separated from a choice area subdivided in two). In the choice area, two 11-cm diameter terracotta pots were placed recessed into the box floor (with a 2-cm lip remaining above the floor) and separated by a divider. Odour (oils from The Body Shop®, UK and Denmark) and media cues (not previously presented to the rats) were added to the pots. The test box was placed on a downflow air ventilation table in order to minimize the spread of allergens and mixing of the odours.
Order of discriminations and examples of possible combinations of stimulus pairs in the ID/ED task
Examples of combinations
Simple (SD)
Compound (CD)
Intradimensional shift 1 (ID1)
ID2 reversal
Medium (irrelevant in ID2)
Extradimensional shift (ED)
ED reversal
Odour (irrelevant in ED)
Amphetamine-induced hyperactivity
The amphetamine-induced hyperactivity procedure employed was adapted from previously published protocols (Sotty et al. 2009a, b). Briefly, rats were placed in the test cage (macrolon type III) situated in a U-frame equipped with four infrared light sources and photocells. The light beams crossed the cage 4 cm above the bottom of the cage which was covered by a thin layer of standard bedding material. Recording of a motility count required the interruption of adjacent light beams, thus avoiding counts induced by stationary movements of the rat. Animals were allowed a 1-h habituation period to the test apparatus prior to amphetamine administration.
Exposure studies
In separate groups of Lister hooded rats, blood samples and brains were collected to determine plasma and brain levels of QH-II-066 and RO4938581 [sampling times, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min (for RO4938581) following drug administration]. QH-II-066 was dosed at 3 mg/kg, s.c. (5 ml/kg) in 25% solutol. RO4938581 was dosed at 1 mg/kg, p.o. (5 ml/kg) in 100% PEG-400. Three animals were used at each time point. Cardiac blood was obtained under isoflurane anaesthesia followed by decapitation. Total drug concentrations were determined in harvested EDTA plasma and brain homogenates using ultra performance LC chromatography followed by MS/MS detection. Free (unbound) plasma and brain levels were calculated at each time point by multiplying the measured total concentrations with the free fractions in plasma and brain obtained from equilibrium dialysis in vitro.
Statistical analysis
For immunohistochemical quantification of parvalbumin-positive cells in the prefrontal cortex of sub-PCP- and neo-PCP-treated rats, data are expressed as per cent parvalbumin-positive stained cells in the prefrontal cortex. Student's t test was used to investigate statistical differences between test groups (P < 0.05).
For novel object recognition experiments, the data are presented as: (1) mean exploration time (in seconds) of novel or familiar object; (2) mean total exploration time of novel and familiar object (in seconds); (3) mean total distance travelled (in centimetres). Paired t tests (exploration time) and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by appropriate multiple comparison post hoc analysis (Bonferroni's t test, total exploration and distance travelled), were used to investigate statistical differences between test groups (P < 0.05).
For the attentional set-shifting experiment, data are presented as the mean number of trials required to achieve six consecutive correct responses in each discrimination stage. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA (discrimination × drug), followed by appropriate multiple comparison post hoc analysis (Bonferroni's t test), was used to investigate statistical differences between test groups (P < 0.05).
For amphetamine-induced hyperactivity, data are presented as the mean activity counts over the 60-min test session. A one-way ANOVA, followed by appropriate multiple comparison post hoc analysis (Bonferroni's t test), was used to investigate statistical differences between test groups (P < 0.05).
Activities of GABAA modulators on α5β2γ2 and α2β2γ2 receptors determined by the FLIPR® Membrane Potential Assay Kit
Activities of GABAA modulators on α5β3γ2 and α1β3γ2 receptors determined by electrophysiological recordings in oocytes
Off-target binding profile
RO4938581 was studied at 10 μM in a 100 standard receptor binding profile (CEREP) and found to be devoid of activity (inhibition lower than 50%) for the ion channels, neurotransmitter or peptide receptors tested (data not shown).
Immunohistochemical quantification of parvalbumin-positive cells in the prefrontal cortex of sub-PCP- and neo-PCP-treated rats
Effect of QH-II-066 in the NOR task
Effect of RO4938581 in the sub-PCP-NOR task
Effect of RO4938581 in the neo-PCP-ID/ED task
Effect of QH-II-066 and RO4938581 on basal and amphetamine-induced hyperactivity
Plasma and brain levels
Free plasma/brain concentrations of QH-II-066 and RO4938581 corresponding to behavioural analysis time points post-administration
QH-II-066 (3 mg/kg, s.c.)
RO4938581 (1 mg/kg, p.o.)
α5 Affinity (Ki, nM)
Fold selectivity (α1/α2/α3)
Plasma, 30 min (nM)
225 ± 42
377 ± 81
Brain, 30 min (nM)
41 ± 6
143 ± 36
Plasma, 60 min (nM)
282 ± 4
252 ± 51
Brain, 60 min (nM)
48 ± 2
120 ± 12
Plasma, 120 min (nM)
187 ± 27
191 ± 7
Brain, 120 min (nM)
45 ± 3
78 ± 4
Plasma, 180 min (nM)
183 ± 18
Brain, 180 min (nM)
63 ± 14
The data from the present studies demonstrate, for the first time, that negative modulation of GABAA α5 receptors with RO4938581, a selective negative modulator (Ballard et al. 2009; Knust et al. 2009; present data), ameliorated both sub-PCP- and neo-PCP-induced cognitive deficits in rat novel object recognition and attentional set-shifting performance, respectively. Importantly, the combination of two extensively validated behavioural assays with two disease-like symptomatic animal models, with some relevance to schizophrenia, i.e. sub-PCP (NOR) or neo-PCP (ID/ED), lends strong support to the present data. In contrast, positive modulation of GABAA α5 receptors with QH-II-066, a moderately selective positive modulator (Huang et al. 1996, 2000; Skolnick et al. 1997), significantly and selectively impaired cognitive performance in the NOR task when administered to vehicle-treated animals. Interestingly, additional novel studies revealed that RO4938581 and QH-II-066 attenuated amphetamine-induced hyperactivity in rats at doses shown to improve or impair cognitive performance, respectively.
In an attempt to align research efforts and aid the clinical evaluation of potential pro-cognitive therapeutics, the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia and, more recently, the Cognitive Neuroscience Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia initiatives have identified several cognitive domains thought to be negatively affected in schizophrenia (Green et al. 2004; Barch et al. 2009). One of the preclinical assays suggested as a useful tool for the investigation of domain-specific deficits is the novel object recognition (NOR) task (Ennaceur and Delacour 1988). This test paradigm is thought to reflect visual learning and recognition processing (Young et al. 2009) and has been compared with, among others, the visual paired comparison task in humans (Clark et al. 2000; Manns et al. 2000). Interestingly, schizophrenia patients show deficits in 2D object recognition tasks very similar to the NOR paradigm (Clare et al. 1993; Aleman et al. 1999; Heckers et al. 2000; Tek et al. 2002), which is of importance for the task's validity in relation to preclinical studies of schizophrenia. In the present study, positive modulation of GABAA α5 receptors by QH-II-066 was shown to impair cognitive performance of vehicle-treated rats in the NOR task without concurrent effects on motor activity. Exposure analysis of the highest dose tested (3 mg/kg), conducted in a group of satellite animals, indicated that plasma/brain levels were well within the range thought to enable target engagement based on previously published in vitro (Huang et al. 1996, 2000) and in vivo (Skolnick et al. 1997) data (see Table 2). In contrast, negative modulation of GABAA α5 receptors by RO4938581 (1 mg/kg) was shown to attenuate a sub-PCP-induced deficit and to reduce the total distance travelled in the NOR task. The reduction in horizontal motor activity induced by RO4938581 did not adversely impact upon total exploration time, which was comparable to that displayed by vehicle-treated rats and may therefore reflect a reduction in exploration of the test arena. Once more, exposure studies indicated that selective target engagement was most likely reached, based on previous in vitro and in vivo data (Ballard et al. 2009; Knust et al. 2009), at the dose that attenuated the sub-PCP-induced deficit (see Table 2). Interestingly, the approximate free concentrations of RO4938581, obtained in brain that induced efficacy, corresponded to a negative modulation of 27% (at 100 nM) in our oocyte electrophysiology experiments, within range of the previously reported maximum negative modulation in HEK293 cells and to elicit pro-cognitive effects in rodents (Ballard et al. 2009; Knust et al. 2009). In both NOR studies, certain animals were excluded from the data analysis as they did not reach the predetermined inclusion criteria. However, the few animals excluded from the analyses were equally represented across vehicle- and drug-treated groups, so a drug-induced "exclusion effect" is unlikely.
Another preclinical assay considered to display some translational validity, with respect to schizophrenia, is the intradimensional/extradimensional attentional set-shifting (ID/ED) task (Goetghebeur and Dias 2009; Goetghebeur et al. 2010; Rodefer et al. 2005, 2008). This task is thought to reflect fronto-cortical executive-like functioning (Birrell and Brown 2000) and has been compared with the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (Berg 1948) and the CANTAB intradimensional/extradimensional tests (Sahakian et al. 1988). With regard to the potential translational validity of the ID/ED task, first-episode schizophrenia patients show an impaired ability to shift their attentional set between perceptual dimensions (Elliott et al. 1995; Haut et al. 1996; Pantelis et al. 1999). Similarly, sub-PCP-treated (Rodefer et al. 2005; McLean et al. 2008) and neo-PCP-treated (Broberg et al. 2008, 2009) rats display a set-selective deficit at the ED shift stage of the task. In the present study, RO4938581 significantly attenuated a neo-PCP-induced cognitive deficit at both the ED and EDR discrimination stages in the ID/ED task, suggesting beneficial effects on both set-shifting and reversal learning abilities. The deficit observed at the EDR stage in neo-PCP-treated rats contrasts with the two previously reported ID/ED studies in this model system (Broberg et al. 2008, 2009) where a deficit was selectively observed at the ED shift. This new finding is interesting in a sense that it is reminiscent of the consistent deficit in reversal learning observed in first-episode schizophrenic patients (Hutton et al. 1998; Leeson et al. 2009; Murray et al. 2008). Modafinil, used here as a positive control, was also successful in alleviating neo-PCP-induced deficits to a level qualitatively similar to that of RO4938581. The effects of modafinil seen here in neo-PCP-treated rats are in agreement with, and further validate, recent studies where acute administration improved attentional set-shifting performance in sub-PCP-treated rats (Goetghebeur and Dias 2009; Goetghebeur et al. 2010) and are reminiscent of the beneficial effect of modafinil observed in the clinic (Turner et al. 2004).
To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that negative modulation of GABAA α5 receptors improved cognitive performance in two well described preclinical assays (i.e. the NOR and ID/ED tasks) combined with two disease-like animal models (i.e. sub-PCP-treated and neo-PCP-treated, respectively). One could argue that a potential caveat in our studies with RO4938581 lies in the fact that we did not include a compound-alone control group in NOR and ID/ED experiments. However, given the plethora of published data suggestive of a pro-cognitive potential for GABAA α5 negative modulators in normal animals or under acute pharmacological deficit conditions, as outlined in the "Introduction", we found it less interesting (taking animal numbers used into account) to include such a group to confirm published observations. We were more interested in the potential effects of RO4938581 in a disease-relevant setting, i.e. in animals exposed to sub-chronic or early postnatal PCP. When the aforementioned published data are considered, it is perhaps not surprising that positive modulation by QH-II-066 significantly impaired cognitive ability in the NOR task in non-PCP-treated rats. The present data with RO4938581 are suggestive of a negative modulation strategy that may be of benefit in the treatment of domain-specific cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia.
The elucidation of the precise mechanism(s) by which negative modulation of GABAA α5 receptors attenuated both sub-PCP- and neo-PCP-induced deficits in the NOR and ID/ED tasks is beyond the scope of this manuscript; however, some tentative possibilities will now be discussed.
One plausible mechanism for the pro-cognitive-like effects of RO4938581 in the sub-PCP and/or neo-PCP model systems used here is found in the notion that negative modulation of GABAA α5 receptors in the hippocampus would most likely lead to hippocampal disinhibition and increased excitatory output to certain target structures, including fronto-cortical regions (for a review, see Thierry et al. 2000), thereby attenuating sub-PCP- and neo-PCP-induced "hypofrontality" (for reviews, see Jentsch and Roth 1999; Neill et al. 2010). There is substantial evidence implicating an important role for NMDA receptors in learning and memory processing (for a review, see Rezvani 2006) and that NMDA functionality is aberrant in schizophrenia (for a review, see Gilmour et al. in press). The NMDA receptor hypofunction hypothesis originates from observations that NMDA receptor antagonists, such as ketamine and PCP, exacerbate psychosis in schizophrenia patients and induce schizophrenia-like symptoms in healthy volunteers (Hetem et al. 2000; Honey et al. 2006; Lahti et al. 1995). Sub-PCP administration to rodents, followed by a washout period, has been shown to affect hippocampal and fronto-cortical areas, thereby establishing a hypofunction of the prefrontal cortex resembling some aspects of schizophrenia pathology (Cochran et al. 2003). Correspondingly, early postnatal treatment of rats with PCP has been proposed as a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia (Wang et al. 2001) as this treatment paradigm produces widespread neurodegeneration in brain areas relevant to the cognitive deficits observed in schizophrenia patients, such as the hippocampus and frontal cortex (Ikonomidou et al. 1999; Wang and Johnson 2005). As performance in the ID/ED task relies heavily on fronto-cortical processing (Birrell and Brown 2000), such a mechanistic theory could be applied to the positive effects of RO4938581 on neo-PCP-induced deficits seen here. Specifically related to the sub-PCP-NOR task, it has been proposed that a system principally involving the perirhinal cortex is responsible for familiarity discrimination, particularly for single items (Dere et al. 2007; Winters et al. 2008; Brown et al. 2010). As performance in the rodent NOR task is compromised following sub-PCP, disinhibition of hippocampal functioning engendered by negative modulation of GABAA α5 receptors may induce some increased functioning of the perirhinal cortex, which may in turn be responsible for the attenuation of sub-PCP-induced deficits in this assay. However, these somewhat speculative mechanistic claims need further investigation.
Several studies have highlighted a role for GABAA α5 receptors in the modulation of network oscillatory activity and synaptic plasticity. More specifically, negative modulation of GABAA α5 receptors, by genetic or pharmacological interventions, has been shown to increase the power and stability of gamma oscillations (Towers et al. 2004; Glykys et al. 2008) and to enhance stimulated long-term potentiation (LTP; Atack et al. 2006; Atack 2010, 2011), albeit using slice preparation electrophysiological techniques. On the other hand, increased GABAA α5 receptor activity completely blocked LTP and impaired memory performance, effects that were reversed by pretreatment with a GABAA α5 receptor-preferring negative modulator (Martin et al. 2009). Network oscillatory activity and LTP are believed to play major roles in cognitive processing (for reviews, see Wang 2010; Cooke and Bliss 2005) and are thought to be perturbed in the schizophrenic brain (Ferrarelli et al. 2008; Hasan et al. 2011). The integrity of gamma-band oscillatory activity has been shown to be under the control of parvalbumin-positive interneurons in the hippocampus and cortex (Bartos et al. 2007). Importantly, schizophrenics display a reduced expression of these interneurons in the prefrontal cortex (Beasley and Reynolds 1997). Interestingly, the present data clearly show reduced parvalbumin-positive interneuron staining in the prefrontal cortex of both sub-PCP-treated and neo-PCP-treated rats, mimicking the clinical findings and underlining the relevance of these disease models. Therefore, it is conceivable that an increase of power and stabilisation of gamma oscillations could be involved in the beneficial effects of RO4938581 observed in the present study using sub-PCP-treated and neo-PCP-treated rats.
In addition to these provisional hippocampal/fronto-cortical pro-cognitive mechanistic links, more substantial evidence exists suggesting that increased excitatory output from the hippocampus may lead to the dopaminergic system being driven into an overly responsive state and thus result in psychotic-like symptomatology (for a review, see Grace 2011). Such a scenario could, at first glance, be a concern if negative modulation of GABAA α5 receptors were to be considered as a viable option for the treatment of cognitive symptoms in patients already displaying psychotic symptoms, i.e. aggravation of positive symptoms by negative modulation of GABAA α5 receptors could be envisioned. In a preliminary attempt to investigate such a setting in rats, we decided to investigate the impact of positive (with QH-II-066) or negative (with RO4938581) modulation of GABAA α5 receptor functionality on amphetamine-induced hyperactivity, a behavioural assay often used to detect potential antipsychotic-like activity. Importantly, the dose of amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) was chosen to allow room for showing inhibition or potentiation, respectively (Arnt 1995). Somewhat surprisingly, these experiments demonstrated that both RO4938581 and QH-II-066 attenuated hyperactivity induced by amphetamine at doses that did not modify basal locomotor activity. The present data with QH-II-066 are in agreement with recent studies using another GABAA α5 receptor positive modulator which was shown to attenuate amphetamine-induced hyperactivity in the methylazoxymethanol acetate developmental model of schizophrenia in rats (Gill et al. 2011), suggesting a potential beneficial effect on positive symptomatology. The present data with RO4938581 showed that negative modulation of GABAA α5 receptor function did not exacerbate, but attenuated, the effects of amphetamine, at least under the testing conditions employed. These data suggest that both strategies could have favourable profiles with respect to the alleviation of psychosis. Further studies are warranted to investigate the potential mechanisms involved in these somewhat unexpected results.
We feel that the potential limitations of the studies described herein also deserve some discussion. We decided to test the GABAA α5 receptor positive modulator, RO4938581, in the NOR assay and ID/ED task in sub-PCP- and neo-PCP-treated rats, respectively. This decision was made on the basis of knowledge gained from previous experience using these behavioural paradigms in these model systems. Although the data obtained using this approach are encouraging, we acknowledge that testing of the compound in both cognitive tasks in both disease-like animal models would have been of considerable added value, with respect to further validation of the concept.
Postmortem studies on human tissue have shown selective parvalbumin deficits in the prefrontal cortex (Beasley and Reynolds 1997) and hippocampus (Zhang and Reynolds 2002) of schizophrenic patients compared with controls. These clinical findings have more recently been back-translated to the prefrontal cortex (Pratt et al. 2008) and hippocampus (Jenkins et al. 2010) of animals treated with sub-PCP. We therefore decided to investigate the effects of sub-PCP and neo-PCP treatment on the expression of parvalbumin-positive cells in the prefrontal cortex as a surrogate marker of animal model validity. Our data showing a decrease in parvalbumin-positive cells in the prefrontal cortex of sub-PCP- and neo-PCP-treated rats are certainly interesting, especially with respect to our ID/ED data (i.e. a task reliant on fronto-cortical function; Birrell and Brown 2000), and give some support to our model validity. However, further studies investigating hippocampal parvalbumin-positive cell numbers would have been of considerable added value given the discrete localisation of GABAA α5 receptors in this brain region (Nutt 2006).
The ID/ED procedure employed here, and elsewhere (Broberg et al. 2008, 2009; Goetghebeur and Dias 2009; Goetghebeur et al. 2010; Pedersen et al. 2009), could be criticised in that animals were not randomised to both odour and media, but only media, at the SD stage of the task. However, we believe that the deficits seen at the ED stage of the task are not related to differences in saliency of the dimensions and that the observed drug effects are indeed specific to the task. Previous experiments in our laboratories showed that normal non-treated rats did not display a deficit when shifting from odour to media, or vice versa, at the ED stage versus the ID stage when only one ID stage was employed (i.e. the animals failed to form a good attentional set, unpublished observations). Only when a second ID stage (ID2) was introduced did animals find the attentional shift at ED more demanding versus ID (i.e. indicating they had indeed formed a good attentional set). If a difference between saliencies did exist, one would have expected to see a deficit at ED versus ID when only one ID stage was included.
Taken together, these novel findings suggest that negative modulation of GABAA α5 receptors may represent an attractive treatment option for the cognitive, and potentially positive, symptoms associated with schizophrenia and open up the opportunity for such a strategy to be further investigated. In contrast, the potential beneficial effect of positive modulation of GABAA α5 receptors, on dopaminergic neurotransmission, may be overshadowed by the inherent cognitive disrupting properties of such a strategy.
The authors would like to thank Sascha Bull, Kate Pedersen, Tanja Bruun, Annette Bjorn, Jytte S. Pedersen, Kirsten Assing, Kirsten Jørgensen, Mona Elster, Pia Møller Carstensen, Pia Maribo Sørensen, Claus Black Jensen and Mats Garmer for excellent technical assistance. The authors are also grateful to Dr. Pascal Goetghebeur and Christian Spang Pedersen for helpful comments to the revised manuscript.


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Home > Press > New Technologies, New Solutions, and New Opportunities at the 2010 Sensors Expo & Conference
Thousands of engineers, scientists and technology executives have made plans to attend the 24th annual Sensors Expo & Conference, taking place June 8-9, 2010 at the Donald E. Stephens Convention Center, Rosemont, IL with pre-conference symposia on Monday, June 7.
This leading industry event for the market of sensors and related technologies will offer a dynamic show floor with many exciting features including an Energy Harvesting Pavilion, dedicated exhibitors offering Smart Power and MEMS solutions, the Best of Sensors 2010 Awards, FIRST Robotics Demonstrations, plus access to Embedded Systems Conference Chicago (ESC Chicago) -- the premier embedded technology event in America.
The show floor will offer over 130 exhibitors including Epson Toyocom Corporation who is the silver sponsor of the event, GE Sensing & Inspection, Texas Instruments, Analog Devices, ST MicroElectronics, PCB Piezotronics as well as over 45 new companies who will be making their debut at this year's event. The exhibitors in the Expo Hall represent 15 countries including Austria, Canada, Egypt, France, India, Japan, Taiwan, the UK and others.
"The Show is expanding into new areas and this year will showcase companies who offer Smart Power and MEMS Solutions," said Beth Torrey, event director for Sensors Expo. "With the trends of smart grid, power management and MEMS growing, we have expanded the conference sessions in these areas and will also highlight dedicated exhibitors on the expo floor -- helping attendees easily find the solutions they need in these specific areas." Companies offering Smart Power Solutions include North Pole Engineering Inc., Roving Networks and Synapse Wireless, Inc. Companies offering MEMS solutions are Automation & Robotics Research Institute, Colibrys, MicroGen, SoftMEMS, MEMS and Nanotechnology Exchange and Tronics MEMS, Inc.
One of the highlights on the show floor is the Energy Harvesting Pavilion, which showcases top vendors in the energy harvesting space, and includes an Application Showcase Theater. In the theater, executives from ten exhibiting companies will give free educational sessions and demonstrations. On Tuesday, June 8, executives from mphase Technologies, Perpetuum Ltd., Epson Toyocom Corporation, MicroStrain Inc., PCB Piezotronics, Advanced Cerametrics and Cymbet Corporation, will present information about new technologies, products and services that are now available on the market. On Wednesday, June 9, executives from North Pole Engineering, Synapse Wireless, Inc., and Roving Networks will present their solutions and offer education.
Complete descriptions of theater sessions can be found on the Sensors Expo website, www.sensorsexpo.com/highlights-open-all-attendees/highlights.
On Tuesday afternoon, Melanie Martella, Executive Editor of Sensors, will present the Best of Sensors Expo 2010 Awards to new products, the editors of Sensors believe will have the greatest influence on sensing technology in 2010. Over the past two months, exhibitors submitted new product nominations and entries were judged on the basis of potential impact, application, distinctiveness, timeliness, and availability. Gold, Silver, Bronze, and Honorable Mention awards will be given to exhibitors in the following eight categories: Sensors; Sensor Components; Peripherals and Interfaces; Special materials; Data Acquisition Products; Communications & Networking Products; Control Products; and Technologies.
Another highlight on the Expo floor will be the FIRST (For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology) Students at Sensors Expo, booth 527. Students are from the local Illinois area, showcasing their hand built robots in action on the expo floor! FIRST was founded by inventor Dean Kamen to inspire an appreciation of science and technology in young people.
In addition to the robust expo floor, Sensors will have an in-depth conference program offering eight tracks with a focus on bio-sensing, energy harvesting, low-power sensing, MEMS & MCUs, monitoring tools & applications, novel approaches to measurement, power/smart grid monitoring & control and wireless networking. Keynote speakers are Ronald Mallett, Professor of Theoretical Physics, University of Connecticut who will present the opening day keynote, Time Traveler: A Scientist's Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality. On Wednesday morning Wade Patterson, Synapse Wireless, Inc. Founder, President and CEO will present Machines that Tweet.
The pre-conference symposia will be held Monday, June 7 from 9 am - 5 pm. The Expo Hall, featuring over 130 vendors showcasing new solutions and services will be open on Tuesday, June 8th from 10 am - 5 pm and on Wednesday, June 9th from 10 am - 3 pm. Conference sessions will run both days with keynote presentations starting at 9:00 am. The event will take place at the Donald E. Stephens Convention Center, 5555 N. River Road, Rosemont, IL.
The Sensors Expo & Conference is produced and managed by Questex Media Group, LLC, a global, diversified business-to-business integrated media and information provider, headquartered in Newton, MA. For more information on exhibiting contact Cal Groton, Event Sales Executive at 617-219-8375 Email: For information on attending call 877-232-0132 or 972-620-3036 (outside US & Canada) or visit www.sensorsexpo.com.
To receive press credentials for Sensors Expo click on the press registration link www.sensorsexpo.com/sensorsexpo/v42/index.cvn?id=10078&p_navID=9
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- Expiration Date: May 26, 2017
- Winner: 1
- Website: Annandale Monument & Countertops
- Category: Home Decor & DIY
- Entry Frequency: one-time
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We are celebrating our Open House with a $4000.00 Granite Countertop Giveaway Makeover!
How to participate:
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Haralson, Smith named to Arkansas Tourism Hall of Fame
Chuck Haralson and Ken Smith were inducted into the Arkansas Tourism Hall of Fame during the 43rd annual Governor's Conference on Tourism
The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS) recently learned that it has been reaccredited another 10 years by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools.
UAMS Chancellor I. Dodd Wilson, M.D., was notified that the Higher Learning Commission's Institutional Actions Council voted to approve UAMS' request for accreditation through 2017, effective Sept. 10.
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Advanced Building Management Solutions Ltd jobs
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Bradley Manning Explains Why He Released To Documents To WikiLeaks 'First He Went To NYT'YouTube
Mar. 01, 2013
Italian Prosecutor: Wiretaps Reveal NGOs Working With Human Smugglers to Flood Italy
Trump: "I'm a Nationalist and a Globalist"
French Mayor Found Guilty Of Incitement For Saying 91% Muslim Classrooms Are a 'Problem'
Red Bull Founder Starting New Conservative Media Outlet
Bill Nye Show: White People Need to Stop Using 'Asian Wallpaper,' Ruined Yoga With 'Their Lululemon Hands'
...And they only had to torture/imprison him for 3 years to get a "confession" out of him! - Chris
Wednesday marked a significant turning point for the case against Army Private Bradley Manning. The 25-year-old soldier pleaded guilty in Fort Meade, Maryland to 10 of the 22 charges against him in relation to his role in giving sensitive files to the website WikiLeaks. Manning's involvement with the website has led him to be detained for over 1,000 days without a court-martial, but on Thursday he admitted during pre-trial hearings that he indeed submitted a trove of materials, including over 250,000 diplomatic cables, to the site. RT web producer Andrew Blake joins us for more from Fort Meade.


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I finally was able to do another shoot since the rain and coldness held off. It was with a adorable, tiny newborn baby girl! She did so well and I was able to get plenty of shots in no time! I used a few of my new props and just the simplicity and innocence a baby brings to photos and ended up with gorgeous photos in the end. I absolutely love taking photos of newborns and I get to do another with a little boy tomorrow! These a few photos from the shoot with her!
33rd photo shoot!
3 comments:
- Miss Emily K. said...
Oh my goodness!! so cute!!
- May 22, 2011 at 7:11 AM
- Kara said...
McKenna is adorable! Some of those props look like the ones I bought to use for my Addybug when she gets here! Cute though. And nice colors :)
- May 22, 2011 at 6:53 PM
- Janell said...
these are so awesome!
- May 23, 2011 at 12:42 AM
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