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Lisa Kudrow
301 Fans
Jul. 30th, 1963
Born in
Encino, California, USA
5' 8
Lisa Kudrow's Main TV Roles
Main Movie Roles2011 - Pearl Jam Twenty
2010 - Easy A
2009 - Hotel for Dogs
2009 - Powder Blue
2009 - Bandslam
2007 - P.S. I Love You
2007 - Kabluey
2005 - Happy Endings
2003 - Marci X
2003 - Wonderland
2002 - Analyze That
2001 - Dr. Dolittle 2
2000 - Lucky Numbers
2000 - Hanging Up
1999 - Analyze This
1997 - Romy and Michele's High School Reunion
1997 - Clockwatchers
Guest TV Roles
[Complete List]
Show Name
Characters Played
Ep Count
Herself - Guest
Aphrodite (Voiced)
Congresswoman Josephine Marcus
Herself - Guest
Kathy Fleisher
Herself - Guest
Lori-Anne Schmidt
Kudos for Kudrow! Hardly the dumb blonde of Romy and Michele's High School Reunion (1997), Lisa Kudrow (born July 30, 1963) in Encino, California. Her father, Lee, was a physician and her mother, Nedra, was a travel agent. Kudrow was raised in Tarzana and played varsity-level tennis in high school and college, and is a pool shark who has mastered some of the more difficult trick shots (so beware). She graduated from Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York, with a Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology.
At first, she wanted to pursue a career in research, so she returned to Los Angeles to begin working with her father. However, Kudrow got inspired to perform by one of her brother's friends, comedian 'Jon Lovitz' , and so the tall (5' 8") blond-haired, green-eyed beauty entered show biz. Kudrow auditioned for the improv theater group, The Groundlings, based in Los Angeles. 'Cynthia Szigeti', a well-known improv teacher, took Kudrow under her wing. In that class, Kudrow became a friend of 'Conan O'Brien'. Graduating with honors in 1989, Kudrow became a full-fledged member of The Groundlings.
Breaking into TV, she got a recurring role as Ursula, the ditsy waitress on Mad About You (1992). This led to her starring role on Friends (1994). In the debut season (1994-95) of Friends (1994), Kudrow earned an Emmy nomination as Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series; in 1998, she won that award for her role as Phoebe, the ditsy but lovable folk singer. Lisa has also been nominated for Golden Globe, Screen Actors Guild and American Comedy Awards for her performances.
Kudrow made the transition to the big screen with a lot of success. In 1997, she starred opposite Oscar winner 'Mira Sorvino' in the above-mentioned Romy and Michele's High School Reunion (1997). Kudrow garnered more praise for her film work when she got the New York Film Critics Award for her starring role in The Opposite of Sex (1998).
Kudrow married Michel Stern, an advertising executive, (May 27, 1995). They were blessed with a son, Julian Murray (b. May 7, 1988); they live in Los Angeles.
- Tallest female member of the cast of _"Friends" (1994)_ (qv).
- Until 2004 was the only cast member of _"Friends" (1994)_ (qv) to have a child. 'Matt LeBlanc' (qv)'s daughter Marina Pearl was born February 8, 2004, and 'Courteney Cox' (qv)'s daughter Coco Riley was born June 13, 2004.
- Attended William Howard Taft High School in Woodland Hills, CA. She graduated June 18, 1981.
- Son, Julian Murray Stern (born May 7, 1998), with husband 'Michel Stern' (qv).
- She supported the WGA strike, which started in 2007 and ended in 2008.
- She took the role in _Hotel for Dogs (2009)_ (qv), so her son could see some of her work, because she think he is to young to see her other movies, like _Powder Blue (2009)_ (qv), _P.S. I Love You (2007)_ (qv) and _The Opposite of Sex (1998)_ (qv).
- Even though her son was only 6 months old, she choose to voice 'Aphrodite' in _"Hercules" (1998)_ (qv) so her son would find her work more interesting.
- Attended grade school with 'Daniel Pearl (III)' (qv), the journalist who was murdered in Pakistan.
Related sites for this celeb
» BuddyTV
» TVGuide
» AceShowbiz
» Celebrity-Mania
» Zap2it.com
» BuddyTV
» TVGuide
» AceShowbiz
» Celebrity-Mania
» Zap2it.com


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Is Optane Intel's secret weapon? VentureBeat Business
Intel has announced availability of its first Optane storage solution (DC P4800x, 375GB) targeted at data centers and built with its revolutionary 3D CrossPoint memory technology. This first release of Optane is targeted at replacing existing NAND-based SSD products, but I expect a full range of Optane-powered memory products to be released in the coming quarters. Is this an indication that Intel wants to take over the memory business? Optane is targeted specifically at the "warm" data market. Hot data needs to be kept near the CPU to maximize processing speeds and minimize latency, using dedicated memory chips (DRAM) and fast buses (DDRx). Typically HDD/SSD devices are targeted at "cold" data where the primary selection criteria is the amount of data that can be stored at a reasonable price (hence the term mass storage), and not primarily the speed of data transfer, which is done on a relatively slow bus (e.g., eSATA). Warm data exists in between – not as close to the CPU as DRAM, but close enough and fast enough (e.g. PCIe) to aid the overall computing process, with even faster (e.g., NVMe) units coming. With all the expansion of compute-intensive, memory-hungry applications emerging, this is becoming a…more detail

subset: commoncrawl


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Meaning of supermarket
Pronunciation: (s'pur-mär"kit), [key]
— n.
- a large retail market that sells food and other household goods and that is usually operated on a self-service basis.
- any business or company offering an unusually wide range of goods or services: a financial supermarket that sells stocks, bonds, insurance, and real estate.
See also:
- supermarket (Thesaurus)


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Learning how to handle mental and emotional stress is of utmost importance. Our central nervous system, as well as our adrenal glands, can be pushed into overload by difficult life events. Mental and emotional stress can put us into a fight or flight response from which it may be difficult to recover. Fight or flight responses are generated by our sympathetic nervous system. An example of fight or flight response would be your automatic, uncontrollable response to an automobile accident.
A chronic over-stimulation of our sympathetic nervous system can lead to suppressed immunity and adrenal exhaustion. We'll describe some of the physiological effects of mental and emotional stress and provides a few techniques for managing difficult situations.
Chronic Stress: A Daily Event
Chronic sympathetic nervous system overload is a common experience for many of us. Running out the door in the morning without eating, coffee cup in hand, getting stuck in rush hour traffic and having too much work to possibly accomplish in one day creates chronic sympathetic overload, thereby lowering our immunity. A single parent trying to juggle raising children, maintaining a home, keeping a full-time job, as well as taking care of themselves can result in sympathetic overload. We all experience these mental and emotional stressors. Are they preventable? Is there a way to get away from all significant sources of stress? Absolutely not. Our lives generate unavoidable stresses.
Responding to Stress
What we do have control over is how we respond to stress. With mental and emotional stress there is a sequence of events that determines how we will respond physiologically. It is within our conscious control to determine how these unavoidable stresses effect us on a biochemical/hormonal level. We all need to have effective means for stress reduction. It could be meditation, exercise, yoga or tai chi.
Perception, Response, Internalization
Perception, response and internalization come together to form the body's physiological reaction to an event. First, we perceive an event. Second, we respond to that event in a positive or negative fashion. And third, we internalize the event. Internalization is where we can get stuck. If the response is negative, we may internalize the experience negatively. If our perception of the event is negative and we begin to internalize the event in a negative fashion, this internalization process can damage our nervous system and hormonal system.
As an example, imagine you are driving on the freeway and are suddenly forced off the road by a car that swerves into your lane. You barely miss being in a major accident. Typically you may have one of two responses. You may swear and curse and feel angry towards the driver who put your life in danger. In fact, you may internalize the event and be upset and angry for the rest of the day. Another possible response is to feel relief that you didn't get hit and that no one was injured. You may suspect the other driver simply didn't see your car or perhaps was forced to turn to avoid an obstacle on the roadway.
It's easy to see which example would have a potential negative effect on your health. Remaining angry for a whole day doesn't hurt anyone other than the person holding on to the anger. With a negative perception and internalization of events the physiological reaction in the body can be long lasting. The healthier psychological response carries with it fewer long-term physiological effects. The event itself will cause a stress response involving the stress hormones adrenaline, epinephrine and cortisol. A scare like this will also put your sympathetic nervous system into a fight or flight response. These responses will last only a matter of a few seconds or minutes if we don't internalize the event negatively. After these initial responses the body will reset and normalize.
Our individual perception and internalization of life events determines the positive or negative effects they will have on our health.
Concept Shifting
Another significant mental strain on cortisol and the sympathetic nervous system is concept shifting. Concept shifting occurs when we have to change our focus or shift our attention too frequently. This can occur in a busy workplace when you are trying to complete a complicated task and you are distracted by phone calls and other interruptions. Forcing the brain to constantly shift from one subject to the next can be stressful and have a negative impact on cortisol.
Whether at work or at school, constant concept shifting will increasingly stress your cortisol levels and sympathetic nervous system. There are some positive things to be said about flexibility in thinking and being able to shift one's attention to meet different demands. Nevertheless, your body perceives constant concept shifting as a negative stress. To the extent possible, it will benefit you to organize your schedule so that concept shifting is kept to a minimum. Since we can't change many of the situations that require concept shifting we can counter balance the negative effects by other behaviors that improve cortisol levels and reverse sympathetic overload. This includes exercise and relaxation techniques like gentle stretching, yoga, meditation, and of course keeping our blood sugar stable!
An important lifestyle step to master is maximizing the rest and repair processes that are accomplished through adequate sleep. Although we have in many ways separated ourselves from dependence on the natural world, we are still physiologically linked to nature.
Our link to nature is clearly seen in our sleep patterns and in our hormonal system. Our hormones are intimately linked to several natural rhythms or biological clocks. These biological rhythms are based on the twenty-four hour cycle of daylight and darkness as well as the monthly cycle of the moon.
Just like the monthly biological clock in females, both men and women, have twenty-four hour cycles, or daily clocks. While fluctuations in female hormone production vary with a monthly cycle, the adrenal hormone cortisol varies with a twenty-four hour or daily cycle. Cortisol levels peak in the early morning hours as the sun rises and taper off as the sun sets, reaching their lowest levels three hours after dark. This daily rhythm of cortisol dictates when we should be our most active and when we should rest.
Any time you fly and change time zones, the importance of this twenty-four hour biological clock becomes clear. Even a time change of a few hours can be enough to throw off one's normal sleep cycle. Cortisol not only dictates our sleep and wake states; it is also the primary hormone involved in directing immune system functioning.
Have you ever wondered why your cold or flu symptoms get worse at night? It's because the twenty-four hour rhythm of cortisol production regulates your immune system as well. As cortisol drops at night, our immune cells become more active. These cells leave the bone marrow and spleen to protect you while you rest. During this highly active period of immune function, immune cells kill bacteria and viruses. This basic immune activity relies on appropriate levels of cortisol. As cortisol drops at night, our immune system activity picks up, killing bacteria and viruses in large numbers leading to greater mucous production. This leads to more congestion and coughing at night as your body attempts to get rid of the mucous created from destroying bacteria and viruses. At daybreak, cortisol rises and immune cells return to the bone marrow and spleen to rest and recondition in preparation for the next nightly cycle.
If cortisol is out of balance, this normal immune function is compromised. As mentioned earlier, cortisol levels rise at daybreak giving us the energy to begin the working day. As cortisol drops naturally at night, we enter into rest and recovery, physical repair and psychic regeneration. Our immune system functions optimally if we to go to sleep by 10 p.m. As we sleep, physical repair takes place, immune cells patrol our bodies, eliminating cancer cells, bacteria, viruses and other harmful agents. However, if cortisol is elevated at night this immune function is compromised. If cortisol levels are normal during sleep, then true rest and recovery takes place thereby enhancing physical repair and immunity.
During sleep we also enter into stages of psychic regeneration. During these times, the brain releases chemicals that enhance our immune system. All during the night, we are going into Rapid Eye Movement (or REM) sleep states and non-REM sleep, alternating between light sleep and deep dream states. This is how we process the mental and emotional events of the previous day and refresh our minds for the day ahead. Most people need seven to eight hours of sleep to accomplish all these tasks. Without sufficient sleep, the immune system is hard pressed to keep up with its repair work and this creates the opportunity for disease processes to begin. If you miss out on proper rest, your physical repair and psychic regeneration will be compromised.
Symptoms are the obvious manifestation of an underlying imbalance in your body, but oftentimes symptoms may not directly correspond to the source of what's causing the problem. Every health issue begins within one of the three body systems: your adrenal, digestive, or detoxification systems. Other body systems become unbalanced when one body system is not functioning normally, and this begins a stress cycle inside your body. Our wellness philosophy addresses the cause of your symptoms — rather than simply treating the symptoms alone — by balancing your three body systems so that the body functions optimally in a state of equilibrium.
The adrenal glands produce and regulate your stress hormones. Everyone experiences stress, but ideally, it dissipates, and the glands have time to rest and prepare for the next event. However, if your stress levels remain chronically high, your body will remain locked in a state of stress. If your stress hormone levels remain elevated for extended periods of time, your body's ability to recover can be reduced, and the ability of your adrenals to make hormones can be compromised.
Can you recall times in your life when you felt stressed for long periods? How many of the below events have you experienced in the past year? Think back to your childhood: How many have you experienced throughout the course of your lifetime? If you can trace the origins of your health concerns back to the occurrence of one of these major stressors, you are an adrenal type.
– Death of a loved one
– Divorce or end of relationship
– Relationship difficulties, frequent arguments
– Change in residence
– Overwork, or termination of employment
– Pregnancy
– Addition to family
– Outstanding personal achievement (graduation, promotion)
– Financial stress (mortgage, loans)
– Personal injury or illness
Additionally, poor lifestyle choices take a toll on health of your adrenal glands. Do you engage in any of the below habits?
1. Frequent skipped meals
2. Regular consumption of refined sugar (processed foods, sweets, candy, sodas)
3. Need caffeine (coffee, colas) to get going
4. Too much or too little exercise
5. Poor sleep habits
At first, your body's initial reaction to chronic stress is to produce higher levels of stress hormones, leaving you feeling wired or unable to relax. Because high levels of these hormones cannot be sustained, you'll eventually become more fatigued. You may also experience weight gain because high stress hormone levels lead to an increase in body fat. Because your adrenal glands regulate your immune system, you may feel run down or more susceptible to illness when they are not functioning normally.
If you continue to experience excess unchecked stress, the adrenals eventually "burn out." At this point, the glands become so fatigued that they can no longer properly respond to daily stress. Once your adrenals have been depleted and are unable to produce stress hormones, it becomes more and more difficult for the body to recover. Constant and more severe fatigue and low-level depression can appear in otherwise emotionally healthy people.
Stress hormone depletion impacts the female hormones progesterone and estrogen, as well as the predominant male hormone, testosterone. This can cause sex drive to diminish in both men and women. Symptoms such as mood swings, irritability, sweet cravings and headaches can be related to the failure of the adrenals to adapt to stress. Female hormone symptoms such as menstrual cramping, infertility, night sweats and hot flashes can also be related to adrenal insufficiency. Many women feel they are on an emotional roller coaster with their female hormones, and testosterone levels in men also suffer as a result of weak adrenal output.
When your adrenal glands have been functioning in overdrive for a period of time due to poor lifestyle habits or unchecked stress, other body systems begin to suffer as a result of the imbalance. Pain is the most obvious response from the body that something is out of balance, but you may also be experiencing chronic inflammation in other body systems as a result of chronic stress, poor diet, or undetected infection.
Gluten intolerance is the most significant health problem faced by my patients. It causes adrenal stress or adrenal fatigue by burning out the body's ability to produce cortisol leading to weight problems, fatigue and depression and adopting a gluten free diet is the most significant action you can take to improve your overall health. There is no more contention around any health issue than the subject of how to choose foods that are right for you. People who want to eat healthy, nutritious foods are frequently confused about what to do. Many follow what they assume are healthy diets with the best intentions, only to unwittingly be causing health problems by eating foods that are harmful to them. The following discussion of this complex and misunderstood issue provides a starting point for making sensible food choices based on science, not opinions.
The focus of this discussion will be on food intolerance and food allergies with a special emphasis on the newly discovered condition referred to as sub-clinical or hidden gluten intolerance. The purpose of this discussion is to help you understand the importance of eating foods that are well tolerated and to teach the value of avoiding those foods that can lead to health problems.
When it comes to eating the right foods, it is difficult for even the most well educated person to understand all the different opinions presented by doctors, nutritionists, fitness experts, magazine articles, etc. It is clear that there is little to no consensus on what constitutes a healthy diet or how to go about choosing foods wisely.
There are dozens of diets to help a person lose weight, enhance athletic performance, or incorporate foods such as soy products to help hormonal balance; in fact, there are diets for every imaginable purpose, but sorting through the contradictory advice has become so challenging that many people simply give up. Each week the media reports more and more information about the beneficial aspects of certain foods and the harmful attributes. Even the official government recommendations and the new "food pyramid" has replaced the old four food groups. The challenge is to wade through all the available information and find what is right for each of us as individuals.
First and foremost, any diet related advice must be based on sound physiological principles, not on personal experiences, preferences, current fads or product marketing. Science can guide us in terms of explaining the basic requirements for normal human physiology and function when it comes to how to eat. Additionally, there are sophisticated laboratory tests available that screen for food intolerance and food allergies to determine what specific foods are right for you. These lab tests can be used by anyone seeking to determine reliable, science-based dietary recommendations.
There are two general topics to investigate in determining the best diet for you. The first subject is coming to an understanding of the basic physiological principles around food and diet that apply to all of us. Scientists have known for decades that proper blood sugar control is absolutely required for maintenance of appropriate fat levels, to have good cognitive function, and to stimulate healthy immune function. The second issue each of us must investigate is what specific foods are harmful and which foods are well tolerated and health promoting for our unique body chemistry.
In my practice, I use an Adrenal Stress Profile to analyze cortisol and DHEA levels, revealing valuable data on how well patients have maintained blood sugar control over time and if their symptoms are in part coming from adrenal fatigue. I also use gluten free diets and nutritional typing evaluate patients' unique biochemistry and how they react to specific foods.
Sub-clinical, or hidden, gluten intolerance is a health problem at epidemic proportions in certain populations in the United States and remains largely unrecognized by conventional medicine.
Sub-clinical means hidden. In other words, there are often no obvious symptoms that would direct a doctor or patient to suspect sub-clinical conditions. Since symptoms aren't obvious and sub-clinical gluten intolerance often goes undiagnosed or misdiagnosed, many people can suffer from the health consequences related to sub-clinical gluten intolerance without understanding the true cause of their problems. By their very nature, sub-clinical problems are hard to recognize and frequently go undetected despite the best efforts of health professionals and patients.
The condition of sub-clinical gluten intolerance was first documented in the United States by observations of physicians involved in treating patients with adrenal fatigue, weakened immunity, and environmental illness. Over the course of many years, there has been continual work to uncover the nature and extent of this problem in the United States and Europe. In 1994, a technological breakthrough in the form of a highly specialized salivary test for sub-clinical gluten intolerance made more comprehensive investigation into this problem possible.
The first tests for sub-clinical gluten intolerance in the United States were run on a large group of chronically ill patients. These patients had been previously unresponsive to all known treatments. Through laboratory research of this patient population of chronically ill individuals, it had become evident that they all suffered from some hidden inflammatory condition that had yet to be identified. The observation that there was a genetic component to the condition narrowed the range of possible explanations. At one point, researchers realized there could be a connection with the diets of this select group of patients and their unknown condition. When the initial salivary tests for sub-clinical gluten intolerance were run on several hundred people from this population, over 85 percent tested positive. This outstanding discovery has now been demonstrated time and time again with a wide range of patients.
In the last ten years through testing thousands of patients the subtleties of this condition have been gradually understood. The evaluation process has become even more comprehensive, and many of those people with this condition who may have gone undiagnosed in the past can now be accurately tested.
Sub-clinical gluten intolerance is often confused with a medical condition called celiac disease, celiac sprue, or non-tropical sprue, sometimes referred to as gluten enteropathy or gluten intolerance. The reaction to gluten in celiac disease is similar to sub-clinical gluten intolerance, except as to the degree of intensity. Comparing sub-clinical gluten intolerance to celiac disease is like comparing first-degree sunburn from a day at the beach to a third degree burn from a fire victim. They are both burns, but vastly different based on the severity or degree of damage.
Celiac disease is not hidden, or sub-clinical, and as such it is easier to diagnose. A person with celiac disease may have blood in their stool or experience disabling pain when they consume gluten-containing foods. Other symptoms of celiac include steatarhea, which is undigested, and unabsorbed fat in the stool, and dermatitis herpetiformis, a skin condition. These obvious symptoms often lead doctors to recognize those with celiac in childhood when grains are first introduced in the diet. Others with celiac disease are not diagnosed until the adult years. In addition to the clinical presentation, celiac disease can be detected by a blood test and confirmed with a biopsy of the small intestine. The clear signs and symptoms of celiac disease make its identification relatively straightforward. Sub-clinical gluten intolerance, however, is difficult to diagnose based on symptoms alone.
What exactly is sub-clinical gluten intolerance? Sub-clinical gluten intolerance refers to exposure to the gliadin molecule and to a specific inflammatory reaction taking place in the small intestine of afflicted individuals. In fact, gliadin intolerance would be a more scientifically accurate term than gluten intolerance to refer to this condition. Gliadin is a polypeptide, a long chain of amino acids, which is present in the gluten protein portion of certain grains.
This subject is confusing and there is much misinformation about gluten and gliadin. To clarify, gliadin, the molecule that causes the problem, is present in some, but not all gluten-containing foods. People with this problem must avoid glutens from the grains of wheat, rye, barley, kamut, spelt, teff and couscous. Some of these grains have lower concentrations of both gluten and gliadin than wheat does, but any food containing this specific gliadin, even from a lower concentration food source, is not well-tolerated by people with sub-clinical gluten intolerance.
This dietary restriction eliminates bread, pasta, bagels, and cereals. There are rice and almond-based breads available, usually found in the refrigerated section of your local health food store. There are also rice, yam, and corn-based noodles, and cereals, crackers and other gluten free substitutes on the market.
Rice, corn, oats, buckwheat, and millet have glutens, but the glutens in these foods do not contain the gliadin molecule that can provoke the inflammatory reaction; therefore, they are usually safe. Other safe grains include quinoa and amaranth. In some cases, people are allergic to rice, corn, oats, or millet, independent of the reaction to gluten/gliadin. Reading labels can be very misleading; don't trust them. Some companies list their products as gluten free, without understanding the scientific basis of the problem with gliadin. For clarity of communication sub-clinical gluten intolerance will be used to refer to this sensitivity to gliadin in the rest of this discussion.
Soybeans are another food to which many people with gliadin intolerance react. It is best to avoid all concentrated forms of soy protein such as soy protein powders, tofu, and tempe while you are first eliminating gliadin and then to reintroduce it back into the diet at a later time to see how reactive you are to soy. Even though soy has gotten a lot of attention in terms of its ability to help women with hormonal imbalances and bone loss, this does not hold true for those women who are gluten intolerant, as soy can actually cause inflammation and ultimately exacerbate hormonal imbalances and accelerate bone loss. Soy products can be very helpful for women who tolerate gliadin and have no allergy to soy. Much of the original research on the benefits of soy comes from Japan and China where gluten intolerance is not as common as it is in the United States. Additionally, the traditional diet of these Asian countries is rich in foods that help balance the negative issues associated with soy consumption.
So, if you have sub-clinical gluten intolerance what can you eat? As already mentioned, rice, corn, millet, quinoa, amaranth, oats, and buckwheat are ok, unless you are allergic. There has been some debate about whether or not oats are "safe", and while they do contain a small amount of gluten, it usually does affect most gluten sensitive people and can therefore be tolerated unless one experiences adverse symptoms. With sub-clinical gluten intolerance you can also safely eat any type of meat or poultry, including chicken, turkey, beef, pork, and lamb, and fish such as salmon. Any kind of vegetable and any type of fruit is o.k., as are all beans, and as mentioned, soybeans may be a problem.
Obviously the main treatment for this problem is total avoidance of the offending gluten containing foods. In addition to this dietary change you can help decrease the inflammation associated with the gluten reaction with several natural products. Deglycerized licorice root can be used to assist in the healing process by further reducing inflammation and helping protect irritated tissue.
Most people don't feel better immediately after eliminating gluten from their diets, as it can take 60 days for the inflammation to subside and up to 9 to 12 months for the lining of the small intestine to heal. On rare occasions an individual may experience significant improvement within weeks of beginning on a gluten free diet. In certain cases people may feel considerably worse upon initially starting a gluten free diet. For most people with this food intolerance, by around 6 to 9 months of being gluten free, noticeable changes have taken place.
Following are some of the physiological changes that result from sub-clinical gluten intolerance.
In those with sub-clinical gluten intolerance, gliadin causes a mucotoxic inflammatory reaction as it comes into contact with the wall of the small intestine. This reaction usually goes unnoticed at first. In fact, this low-grade inflammation may go undetected for years or even decades before it results in the expression of symptoms. The ultimate effect of this hidden wear and tear is the slow destruction of the healthy mucosa, or lining tissue of the small intestine. In some cases there may be symptoms in childhood such as allergies, asthma, reoccurring infections, a constant upset stomach, or milk intolerance. Often these symptoms fade in the early adult years only for the problem to reappear when a person is between 35 and 55 years of age.
Inflammation comes from the Latin root inflammare, which translates as "to set on fire" or "to flame within." This "setting on fire" is a literal description of the actual destructive process gluten initiates. Inflammation is your body's way of reacting to injury. When exposed to gliadin, the inflamed small intestine undergoes significant structural changes.
Inflammation is a familiar experience to everyone. For example, the reaction of the sinuses during a bad cold or flu is an inflammatory reaction. Other examples of inflammation are from the response to physical trauma, like pain from a low back injury or from hitting your thumb with a hammer. In all these situations the inflammatory response is activated. This response is the body's attempt to repair tissue damage and prevent infections by quickly bringing our own internal 911-response team to the injury site. This physiological protection includes the immediate activation of a complex system that takes place regardless of the initial source of inflammation. The purpose of this physiological mechanism is to handle the insult, whether it is physical trauma, a viral or bacterial infection, or the gliadin molecule in those who are gliadin sensitive. In each case the body attempts to remove the harmful substance and quickly control the damage that has been caused.
With a mucotoxic reaction to gluten in the gastrointestinal tract, initially there will be heat, redness, swelling, and importantly a change or interruption in the normal function of the small intestine. On the cellular level, a series of events take place, including dilation or enlargement of blood vessels with increased permeability and blood flow. This brings more blood to the site of injury to provide greater protection in the form of white blood cells and other immune system cells. There is also an exudation, or leaking of fluids from the blood vessels into tissues with an accompanying swelling. This is followed by movement of leukocytes, or white blood cells, into the tissues for enhanced immune protection. Additionally, there is also fibrin formation. Fibrin is a thin white filament structure that aids in the physical repair process. We are all familiar with fibrin in its role in helping blood clot. In this case fibrin helps plug up any areas in the intestinal wall that require structural support.
12 to 14 hours after this series of physiological reactions, the body's response to gliadin fades provided there is no further exposure. At this point the physical regeneration and repair process can begin. If you eat gluten again, the gliadin exposure is repeated, there is no let up in the inflammatory cascade and the damage to the lining of the small intestine continues.
Assuming there is no further exposure, the blood vessels return to normal size and normal blood flow is reestablished. Then the protective white blood cells degenerate or reenter the blood circulation, and cellular disintegration or proliferation takes place in which injured cells are replaced and swelling disappears with resorption of tissue fluid and breakdown of fibrin. The "911" response team cleans up, packs up and goes back to wait for the next emergency call. Under normal conditions the inflammatory response eliminates the insult and removes injured tissue components. This process accomplishes either regeneration of the normal tissue architecture and return of physiologic function or the formation of scar tissue to replace what cannot be repaired. This whole sequence of events can take place each time a gluten sensitive individual eats gluten-containing food.
This inflammatory reaction goes largely unnoticed simply because it is not severe enough to cause immediate symptoms. If a gluten intolerant person eats gluten-containing foods for extended periods of time, over and over again, the low-grade inflammation can lead to a variety of problems. With long-term exposure, the results of this low-grade response to the gluten/gliadin molecule can be devastating to a variety of body systems. Its effect on the digestive system is the most immediate.
Good health requires proper digestion and absorption. Digestion is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of the food we eat. As food is digested it needs to be absorbed. Absorption is the process of bringing the nutrients from our gastrointestinal tract into the rest of our body's tissue. Digestion is initiated when we chew food and begin to break it down with digestive enzymes. Food then enters the stomach where further breakdown occurs from the presence of stomach acid, called hydrochloric acid, and pepsin, which together begin the breakdown of proteins. From the stomach the products of digestion enter the small intestine.
The small intestine is called "small" because it is smaller in diameter than the large intestine. However, it is in fact longer and in many ways more crucial to our health than the large intestine. The lining of the small intestine consists of villi, fingerlike projections that stick out from the wall of the intestine into the lumen or center. These villi are between 1/2 and 1 1/2 mm long, just barely visible to the human eye. On the ends of the villi are microvilli, sometimes referred to as the brush border. These two adaptations, villi and microvilli, increase the surface absorption area of the small intestine up to 1,000 fold. It's estimated that the entire absorptive area of the small intestine is roughly the size of a basketball court.
This total area for absorption can be compromised by any condition that irritates the lining of the small intestine. In gluten intolerance there is a destruction of the villi, referred to as villus atrophy. This leads to poor digestive function and affects many vital structures on the intestinal wall. Poor intestinal function caused by improper digestion of food is referred to as maldigestion or literally "bad digestion." Inadequate absorption of nutrients is referred to as malabsorption: the inability to get the vital nutrients your body needs delivered to your cells.
One system significantly impacted by maldigestion and malabsorption in the small intestine is the hormonal system. I have treated hundreds of gluten intolerant patients whose indigestion problems were misdiagnosed as heartburn, IBS, and who suffer from chronic bloating and gas. Sub-clinical gluten intolerance creates a significant stress on the immune system and can lead to a compromised immune system. The mechanism of action occurs in several different ways. There are specialized immune cells that line the small intestine called immunocytes. These immune cells produce secretory IgA, a critical component of the thin, healthy mucous that is makes up your first line immune defense. The inflammatory response produced in individuals that are gluten sensitive destroys a certain percentage of these cells, and this in turn can lower your immune defense thereby opening the door to intestinal infections. Through this mechanism, parasites, bacteria, viruses, and yeast or fungal organisms can more easily infect someone who is gluten intolerant and suffering from a weakened first line immune defense. This lowered immune defense is referred to as depressed secretory IgA, and can result in many other food reactions. This is because secretory IgA also helps the body process food antigens.
Food antigens can create significant health problems. An antigen is a marker that is recognized by our immune system as o.k. or not o.k. Antigens mark substances as foreign to the human body. The recognition of what is an o.k. antigen and what is not an o.k. antigen allows our immune system to attack and destroy harmful substances. For example, when you have a viral infection like the common cold, the viruses that infect us have antigen markers on their outer surfaces and our immune system recognizes these antigens and then makes antibodies to destroy the virus. Food is also foreign to the body and therefore has antigens. Typically we don't react to food antigens. However, in some people food reactions do occur because of an inappropriate response of the immune system to antigens in food. Other people may be sensitive to pollen antigens or mold antigens and have reactions to these substances. The overall weakening or depression of our first line immune defense called SIgA makes us more susceptible to antigens of all sorts and can make a person highly reactive to food antigens who might not otherwise have this problem. This is another link between gastrointestinal stress and the immune system.
Another avenue through which sub-clinical gluten intolerance affects the immune system is through the inflammatory response. Many people have heard of corticosteroid medications such as prednisone or cortisone. They are used for a wide variety of medical purposes. Corticosteroid injections are used for joint and muscle injuries to reduce pain. Corticosteroid sprays and inhalers are used by people who suffer from asthma and allergies to improve function of the airways.
There is also a strong link between gluten intolerance and adrenal fatigue. Our body also makes its own corticosteroids, the most abundant of which is the hormone called cortisol. With chronic, low-grade inflammation from gluten intolerance, or for that matter, any stress that inflames the digestive tract, our bodies produce increased levels of cortisol and lead to adrenal fatigue. Since cortisol is also one of the major modulators of immune function, this suppresses our immune response. As a matter of interest, this immune-suppressing role of corticosteroids is used in medicine in certain circumstances when immune suppression is the goal. With organ transplants, and in some serious autoimmune diseases, corticosteroids are used therapeutically to suppress immune function. However, in other situations, this immune-suppressing role of cortisol and corticosteroid medications works against our health.
When cortisol production becomes abnormal, our hormonal and immune systems are affected. While elevated cortisol suppresses our immune response, it also causes a catabolic/breakdown state to exist in our body, and symptoms of adrenal fatigue will eventually appear: fatigue, depression, loss of libido, allergies, and frequent illness.
There are also many connections between sub-clinical gluten intolerance and other intestinal problems. To describe this connection in more detail, we'll review the structure and function of the small intestine.
The small intestine is constructed like a tube. The inside of the tube is the healthy mucosal lining. Mucosal tissues also line the sinus passageways, the lungs, the urogenital tract, the mouth, and throat. These lining tissues act as vital barriers to defend the body from infectious organisms. The small intestine lining tissue also performs the crucial function of absorption of nutrients. Under chronic inflammatory stress, this healthy mucosal tissue breaks down and a condition called increased permeability, also known as leaky gut syndrome, occurs.
Leaky gut syndrome refers to the loss of integrity of this mucosal or lining tissue. Having leaky gut syndrome is like having a screen door with large holes in it that allows flies and other insects to get through. With leaky gut syndrome the lining of your intestine becomes overly permeable and molecules that were not intended to cross into your blood stream enter, or leak in. This leads to a great deal of immune stress as your body tries to handle all these uninvited guests.
Gluten reactions also cause other problems. There are structures called lacteals that are located in the tips of the villi, which can be destroyed by reactions to gluten. These lacteals are responsible for helping in the absorption of fats by breaking them down into fine droplets. If this process is compromised it can result in poor absorption of healthy fats that are critical to your health.
This depletes the body's source of fat-soluble nutrients leading to essential fatty acid deficiencies, low levels of vitamin A and vitamin E. Even if taken in supplements, the full benefit of fat-soluble nutrients will not be realized. Deficiencies of these nutrients depletes nutrients critical for the function of every cell in the body and negatively effects blood sugar control, nerve cell function, steroid hormone production, anti-oxidant formation, and many other processes.
It is also common for people with sub-clinical gluten intolerance to develop blood sugar problems, sometimes referred to as Syndrome X or Metabolic Syndrome.
The lack of normal absorption in the small intestine leads to predicable nutritional deficiencies. Calcium absorption can be poor, and this nutritional deficiency, coupled with abnormal corticosteroid production, can lead to accelerated osteoporosis. Iron, B12 and folic acid deficiencies are also commonly observed. This can lead to adrenal fatigue, mild depression, memory loss, and greater risk for elevated homocysteine levels, a key factor in development of heart disease.
Poor digestive function leading to maldigestion and malabsorption of protein will be reflected in amino acid deficiencies. Amino acids are the building blocks of our body and are vital for production of neurotransmitters such as serontonin. Low levels if amino acids result in low levels of neurotransmitters.
Our brain utilizes many different chemical messengers called neurotransmitters to communicate. They are made from amino acids found in protein containing foods. Improper digestion and/ or absorption of protein generates amino acid deficiencies, which directly effects how we think and feel. The prevalence of this problem can be seen in the numbers of people benefiting from prozac and other anti-depressant medications. This generation of anti-depressants are called SSRIs, or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. These medications prevent your brain from reabsorbing the serotonin naturally produced so that you experience higher serotonin levels. Serotonin, a neurotransmitter, is manufactured from an amino acid. Therefore, a deficiency in amino acids can lead to a serotonin deficiency. And, conversely, restoring normal amino acid levels can help restore normal serotonin levels.
If you either (A) do not eat adequate protein, or (B) cannot digest protein well, or (C) cannot absorb the amino acids from protein, you will develop amino acid deficiencies that ultimately effect brain function and other body processes. The approach taken in natural therapies is to look for causative agents, such as maldigestion and malabsorption and treat the cause of the deficiency directly, thereby improving the outcome. In this case, addressing dietary intake of protein, the ability to digest it with sufficient stomach acid and digestive enzymes and the ability to absorb is critical to optimal health. In certain people who have food sensitivities, this one factor can prevent recovery from weight gain, adrenal fatigue, recurrent infections and a cycle of chronic illness.
Depending on the extent of the problem, a person may need to undergo extensive nutritional counseling to restore normal levels of vitamins, minerals, amino acids and essential fatty acids. Natural therapies can be used with great success providing the appropriate foods are being eaten and normal gastrointestinal function has been restored.
Lactose intolerance is defined as the inability to digest the carbohydrate portion of milk products. The carbohydrate portion of milk is referred to as lactose or milk sugar. Lactose intolerance frequency accompanies gluten intolerance. Lactase, a specialized enzyme that aids digestion of lactose in milk products is usually lacking in people with sub-clinical gluten intolerance. Lactase breaks down lactose or milk sugar in the same way sucrase enzymes breaks down sugar or sucrose. Damage to the architecture of the intestinal wall and the subsequent decrease in enzymes for lactose and sucrose digestion leads to problems in digesting dairy products such as cheese, ice cream, and all types of milk products.
This enzyme deficiency is why people with sub-clinical gluten intolerance need to avoid pasteurized cow's milk products. As the villi on the intestinal lining heal from a gluten free diet, most individuals will be able to tolerate raw or unpasteurized dairy products again in nine months to a year. In other people, there will be a more or less permanent sensitivity to dairy products.
However, in the initial two months of eliminating gluten, it is absolutely required to avoid all milk dairy products, because they will inflame the intestine lining just like gliadin does and prevent healing. This includes the complete elimination of pasteurized cow's milk products such as cheese, yogurt, cottage cheese, and milk. Goat's milk yogurt and goat or sheep's milk cheeses such as feta cheese and others are acceptable alternatives. In this instance, eggs are not considered as dairy products. Raw or unpasteurized dairy products are healing foods for the damaged GI tract lining.
Sub-clinical gluten intolerance often leads to the development of multiple delayed food allergies. Leaky gut syndrome and the accompanying premature leaking of food antigens into the bloodstream cause this. In time, this overexposure to food antigens causes the immune system to react, and foods that would otherwise be tolerated can become allergenic. Although the problem with food allergies is generated by the damage from gluten, removal of gluten and pasteurized dairy from the diet is not always sufficient to remedy this problem. Depending on your circumstances, your doctor may recommend a 4 to 5 day food rotation diet or food allergy testing. Many books are available from your local bookstores on food rotation diets.
There are different types of food allergies: some are immediate and some are delayed. Immediate food allergies are usually easy to recognize — for example, you eat a strawberry and get a rash. These don't usually require testing to determine. However, delayed food allergies are hard to identify because the reaction may not appear for hours or days after eating the offending food. For example, eating an allergic food on a Monday night could generate a migraine headache or cause adrenal fatigue on Tuesday or Wednesday. Due to this difficulty in identification of delayed food allergies one of two strategies should be followed. The first choice is to follow a rotation diet. By doing this, even though the exact foods to which you are allergic have not been identified, you will be rotating all your foods, so that any delayed allergic responses will be significantly reduced. This reduces the stress on your hormonal/immune system.
The second option is to pursue additional testing for delayed food allergies. Multiple pathway food allergy testing is designed for this purpose. This testing is done from a blood sample and identifies exactly which foods you are reacting to. You will then know what foods to avoid and what foods are safe.
There is a great deal of confusion and misinformation about food allergies and gluten. Gluten intolerance is not a typical food allergy. It is an inherited condition that leads to a mucotoxic, or inflammatory response. Gluten intolerance has a genetic basis, meaning it passes from generation to generation. Gluten intolerance is found most frequently in those with Irish, English, Scottish, Scandinavian, and other Northern European and Eastern European heritages. The research study published in the British Medical Journal in November of 1998 found previously unheard numbers of people suffering from celiac disease, the medical condition related to gluten intolerance. They found approximately one in 150 people with this condition. It is suspected the levels of sub-clinical gluten intolerance are much higher, perhaps as high as one in three Americans. Sub-clinical gluten intolerance and celiac occur less frequently in non-European populations.
It is important to note that many people who are gluten intolerant do not test positive on food allergy testing for wheat, rye, barley, and other gluten-containing grains. Do not be misled by the fact that you do not test positive to these gluten-containing foods. You still must avoid the offending gluten foods if you are gluten intolerant. Many people live for thirty or forty years with sub-clinical gluten intolerance and do not experience obvious symptoms. Some people who are constitutionally strong and eat small amounts of gluten-containing foods may never experience obvious symptoms. However, with or without obvious symptoms, intestinal damage is still taking place.
Along with gluten intolerance comes food cravings, and it has frequently been observed that people crave that which they are allergic to. Please take note, if you crave gluten, there is a high probability that you are gluten sensitive.
The structural changes to the small intestine from gluten intolerance create the perfect habitat for development of pathogenic infections. Inflammation in the small intestine causes a structure called crypts to deepen. The elongating of these crypts, referred to as crypt hyperplasia and deepening of the crypts, makes for a deep pocket where a pathogen such as a parasite can survive by evading the usual immune surveillance that occurs in the lining tissue. Inflammation also slowly destroys the immune cells that help protect this area and these two factors taken together create a situation where parasite infections can take hold and become chronic. Parasites deeply embedded in the intestinal lining can even be resistant to powerful antibiotic treatments.
Because of this, people with gluten intolerance need to rule out the possibility that they are harboring a chronic parasitic infection. Eliminating gluten from their diet can be the first step in getting these chronic infections cleared.
There is a relationship between Candida, an opportunistic organism in the gastrointestinal tract, and food intolerances. Inflammation caused by sub-clinical gluten intolerance and/or lactose intolerance weakens the immune response in the intestinal lining. This weakened mucosal immune defense can open the door for Candida to overpopulate and become invasive Candida (invasive means to invade and attach itself to the healthy mucous lining of the intestines).
Gluten intolerance causes multiple nutritional deficiencies, including inability to absorb fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Malabsorption of fats leads to deficiencies in the fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin A and E and K and importantly, the essential fatty acids from which we manufacture all our reproductive hormones and adrenal hormones including estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, cortisol and DHEA. Other nutritional deficiencies that appear early in the disease process include lack of calcium, folic acid, iron and vitamin B12. Lack of reproductive hormones leads to disruption of the normal menstrual cycle, causing PMS or menopausal symptoms. The combination of calcium deficiency and female hormone imbalances leads to osteoporosis, or weakening of the bones. Even if women take estrogen and calcium supplements, they may not be adequately absorbed. Folic acid, B12 and iron deficiencies lead to anemia, depression and increased risk of heart disease and neurological diseases. Lack of the anti-oxidants vitamins E and A compromise our ability to fight free radicals and can further contribute to degenerative conditions such as cancer and heart disease.
Beef, pork, lamb, any type of meat
Poultry-Chicken, turkey, duck, any type of poultry
Fish and Seafood — tuna, salmon, trout, halibut, swordfish, shrimp, clams, mussels, crab, any type of fish or seafood
All vegetables
All beans except soybeans
Rice, including wild rice, basmati rice, brown rice, black rice, white rice, rice flour
Rice Bread
Rice crackers
Buckwheat (not a wheat)
Wheat and barley grass (has no protein)
Cow's milk and cream products (cheese, yogurt, ice cream, etc)
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Have you ever read we should eat 5 servings of vegetables every day? Do you know exactly what a serving of vegetables is? OK, time for Health Secret #2.
Health Secret #2 starts with purchasing two cereal bowls, mine are from Williams-Sonoma and are white, but any cereal bowl will do. The Cereal Bowl Diet is pretty simple. Every day for lunch fill one cereal bowl with raw vegetables (and eat them). Then at dinner fill your second cereal bowl with cooked vegetables and eat them. The key is to eat your cereal bowl full of vegetables first prior to eating the rest of your meal. Don't ever put your vegetables on a plate, just use the bowl system. I eat a wide variety of vegetables this way. For example my raw vegetable cereal bowl includes grated vegetables like beets, carrots, jicama, or cabbage, along with fennel, avocados, tomatoes, spinach, romaine lettuce, mushrooms and whatever else is in season. My cooked vegetable bowl typically contains broccoli, collard greens, chard, leeks, zucchini, cauliflower or kale. Every night I prepare three different cooked vegetables for dinner so it doesn't get boring.
How many servings of vegetables is your average cereal bowl, honestly I don't even know, but I know my cereal bowl trick gets me eating plenty of veggies with every meal. (Seriously though, if you are wondering, one serving is equivalent to one cup of leafy veggies or ½ cup of non-leafy veggies.) The trick here is to actually eat the vegetables every day and for some reason having my cereal bowls has really made this work for me. They are a visible reminder of what needs to happen, they are easy to fill up, they make me do what I otherwise would not do, because for some reason getting the exact same amount of vegetables onto a plate never worked for me.
Try this for two weeks, one cereal bowl full of raw veggies with your lunchtime meal and one cereal bowl of cooked veggies with your evening meal, and remember to eat the vegetables first. Why first, well, mostly so you don't forget to eat vegetables, if they have to come first there is no way to have a meal without them. Secondly, vegetables fill you up and eating them first will decrease the tendency we all have to over eat. Also, if you get in the habit of starting every meal with vegetables, guess what, you will have to keep fresh vegetables available at all times and you will avoid those moments where you might INTEND to eat vegetables but somehow don't get around to eating them. Remember, the basic Cereal Bowl Diet rule, if you don't have your cereal bowl of vegetables first you can't eat any other food!
Why bother eating vegetables? They are packed with nutrients, prevent the main diseases that kill most Americans, assist your digestion and will prevent you from eating junk food. While I know many people that avoid junk food, I know very few that eat enough vegetables. And while I don't claim to be perfect, I can promise you my cereal bowl trick works, it worked for me and it could be the best thing you've done to improve your health in quite some time.
1. Go out and buy two cereal bowls and at least 10 different vegetables.
2. Every lunch fill one cereal bowl with raw vegetables, try new vegetables as much as possible, use salad dressing to make them taste good.
3. Every dinner fill one cereal bowl with cooked vegetables, try new ones as much as possible, the key is variety.
4. Eat your bowl of vegetables first prior to eating any other food for that meal.
10. You've always wanted to eat more vegetables, know it is good for you, have yet to really do it every day and for this you feel guilty, rather than feeling guilty about not eating vegetables you will actually be eating vegetables.
9. You will crave less sugar and refined carbs.
8. You will for sure lose weight.
7. After a month you will have more energy.
6. It's an easy way to improve your digestion and regularity.
5. It's an obvious way to prevent cancer, heart disease and diabetes.
4. Will make your eyesight sharper, your bones stronger and you hair, skin and nails more attractive (unless you are bald in which case the top of your head will look fantastic).
3. Will improve your moral fiber and allow you to feel somewhat superior when people talk about the latest fad diet, since you know you are doing something quite a bit smarter.
2. Is among the most sound nutrition advice you could possibly follow, no downside to eating vegetables, no reason to ever stop, this is a diet change you can use for every lunch and dinner for the rest of your life.
Because I said so. It will make your mother happy, after all, how many times did she remind you to eat your vegetables?
Raw: tomato, mushroom, avocado, romaine lettuce, cucumber, red pepper, cabbage, carrots, spinach, fennel. To prepare, slice or grate, then put in your cereal bowl with some really good salad dressing so it tastes good.
Cooked: zucchini, swiss chard, kale, collard greens, green beans, cauliflower, broccoli. With any of these vegetables, you can steam them or braise in olive oil until cooked well enough for your taste.
– Dr. Daniel Kalish
My first experience with CHEK practitioners was shocking. I was at a lab seminar when I realized there was a group of people, oddly all sitting next to one another, who seemed quite different than the rest.
They all seemed to have back problems, why else would they be sitting bolt upright early in the morning at a medical seminar? They were all wearing white polo shirts and exercise pants. They all looked extremely alert and I couldn't tell if they were in pain or not. Were they in the right conference room I wondered? They seemed out of place amidst the slumping, slightly overweight and bleary eyed physicians that filled the room.
Little did I know I would soon be introduced to Paul Chek and this group of Level IV practitioners? Much later I realized they were sitting upright simply because they had the postural musculature to do so and they were alert because they followed the HLC foundation principles.
The key factor I have observed as I have worked with many CHEK practitioners of all levels is how the increasing levels of education in the CHEK system profoundly influence both the practitioner and the success of their business. Every LEVEL IV or HLC III practitioner I have met is a success, both professionally and in terms of implementing the CHEK philosophy in their personal life.
What is Depression, Really?
We hear so much about depression these days, what really is depression and how should it be treated? There are many underlying causes to depression each of which requires a unique clinical approach, categorizing depression as one single problem with one solution — finding the right anti-depressant medication — is a gross oversimplification that leads to poor clinical outcomes.
Most common underlying causes of depression:
1. Neurotransmitter dysfunction caused by:
- Nutritional Deficiencies
- Neurotoxicity
- Neuron Bundle Damage from Physical Trauma
- Genetic Defects of Neurotransmitter Production
2. HPA axis dysfunction caused:
- Sleep disorders
- Blood sugar control problems
- Improper exercise
- Chronic pain or inflammation
- Emotional and spiritual disconnection
Based on my clinical experience the two most common underlying causes of depression include neurotransmitter dysfunction or hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction. Neurotransmitter dysfunction results from nutritional deficiencies, neurotoxicity or errors of metabolism. HPA axis dysfunction can result from any significant stress including lack of sleep, over or under exercise, poor blood sugar control, chronic pain or inflammation or emotional and spiritual disconnection.
There are of course serious cases of serious depression, suicidal ideation, manic-depression and other forms of mental illness. These cases require institutionalization and psychiatric medications. However, the vast majority of people diagnosed with "depression" can be successfully treated with simple, natural therapies because the origins of the problem come from poor lifestyle choices, not from an incurable mental health problem. As practitioners we need to be able to distinguish between who requires medical care and anti-depressant medications as they pose a danger to themselves or others and who is suffering from "lifestyle" generated depression that we can safely and effective work with.
Neurotransmitter dysfunction refers to abnormal levels of the 140 plus neurotransmitters present in the brain. Two "master" neurotransmitters that help regulate brain function and are acted upon by most anti-depressant medications include serotonin and dopamine. Serotonin is manufactured from 5 hydroxy-tryptophan and dopamine is made from the amino acid tyrosine. Research conducted by Dr. Marty Hinz of DBS Labs has demonstrated that vitamin C, calcium, cysteine and most importantly vitamin B6 are required for neurotransmitter production. While balancing brain chemistry through the use of amino acids requires expert knowledge and extensive lab testing, the crux of most neurotransmitter dysfunction is poor lifestyle habits.
Nutritional Deficiencies
Diets based on processed food with poor quality protein sources will lead to amino acid depletion and eventually results in neurotransmitter deficiencies. Our brains can only have sufficient neurotransmitter production if we eat a diet rich in high quality protein, appropriate for our metabolic type. Protein deficient diets and processed food or fast food based diets will rob us of the nutrients such as B6 that we require to maintain brain chemistry properly and depression will result. This then begs the question, should we even call this nutrient depletion syndrome depression? Neurotransmitter depletion leads to cravings for carbohydrates and compulsive overeating, forcing people into a downward spiral of weight gain and depression.
Anti-depressant medications can exacerbate neurotransmitter dysfunction. Over time these medications deplete neurotransmitters. This was first established by researchers at MIT in the 1960's and has been repeatedly demonstrated in studies since then. However, most conventional medical doctors prescribing these drugs are unaware of these studies as they are not part of the typical pharmaceutical reps doctor education materials. In fact anti-depressant medications lead to short term flooding of the brain with more neurotransmitters and this artificial push is short lived as over time these neurotransmitters are degraded and broken down at a faster rate than they would be in a non-medicated individual. We end up with short term relief of symptoms and a worsening of the original deficiency state with ever lower levels of naturally available neurotransmitters. This means drug dosages need to be increased to maintain effectiveness, or patients need to change medications, or the medications eventually just don't work as well as they once did and people have to live with the return of symptoms.
The natural therapy correction for this type of "depression" is switching to an organic foods based diet, eating high quality protein and farm fresh produce based on our metabolic type. This diet provides us with the critical amino acids, vitamin C, cysteine and B6 required for neurotransmitter repletion.
Neurotoxicity is another leading cause of "depression". Neurotoxicity refers to damage to the neuron bundles in the brain from neurotoxic drugs; neurotoxic pesticides and herbicides; heavy metals such as mercury and lead; parasitic infections such as giardia that release neurotoxins; and the thousands of chemicals now present in the environment that we are regularly exposed to.
When you really think about how neurotoxic our food and water supply has become, it is amazing we can be happy or think at all!
Neurotoxins destroy the firing capacity of neuron bundles. This leaves us with neuron bundles that do not conduct the nerve impulses we require to feel happy and at peace. Therefore we experience the results of low serotonin and low dopamine, namely, anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, brain fog, poor memory and a general lack of enthusiasm for living life to its fullest; we become "depressed".
Neuron Bundle Damage from Physical Trauma
Head trauma also damages neuron bundles. Even one major head injury can damage neuron bundles and decreased neuronal firing. This too can lead to depression. These clients require extra attention to all the lifestyle principles of the HLC work to keep their brains properly functioning. Some with extensive head injuries may require additional natural therapy.
Some people are actually suffering from depression unrelated to HPA axis dysfunction, neurotoxin exposure or head injury. They may have been born with inborn errors of metabolism in production of the key neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. In this situation there is a limited ability to "correct" the problem. Typically with this type of depression there is a strong family history of mental illness, manic depression, suicide, alcoholism, drug addiction or other obvious signs that there is a genetic tendency to poor neurotransmitter function. This group of people can have life changing experiences if their brain chemistry is balanced through amino acid therapy. The conventional medical approach of anti-depressant medications can also provide benefits in treatment and relieve suffering.
We need to be astute enough in our assessments to identify these cases and refer them to an experienced psychiatrist or alternative medical practitioner. These are the truly mentally ill. In my experience they are few and far between when compared with the total number of client's I have worked with diagnosed with "depression" and put on anti-depressant medications.
Case Study:
Patricia was a 47 year old female client. She complained of debilitating low back pain and numbness down the left leg, fatigue and depression.
She worked with a Level IV CHEK practitioner who developed a corrective exercise program that relieved her back condition.
The client was dramatically improved and had experienced considerable pain relief and improvement in mood. We also initiated an HLC assessment to complement her CHEK corrective exercise program.
As with all clients we started with the basics.
There were two issues of immediate concern: (1) Poor lifestyle factors (diet, sleep, stress and exercise related) leading to nutrient depletion and hormone down regulation; and (2) neurotoxicity.
(1) Poor lifestyle factors
To remedy this Patricia's CHEK practitioner implemented an HLC program which included teaching her to eat for her metabolic type, hydrating, and making healthy food choices whenever possible by choosing organic and locally grown foods. Patricia discovered that making proper food selections had a strong effect on her sense of well being.
Patricia also agreed to eliminate gluten. I have observed hundreds of cases in my clinic in which gluten intolerance triggered depression through HPA axis down regulation. This occurs because the body's reactions to gluten includes an inflammatory response in the lining of the small intestine causing abnormal cortisol production, which eventually results in depression via HPA axis down regulation. The scientific community recognizes that HPA axis problems are a leading cause of depression. As practitioners we must then make the leap to treat depression as an HPA axis dysfunction syndrome. Therefore any lifestyle issue that improves stress hormone production will help relieve the "depression". Lack of sleep and the stress of her pain further exacerbated her cortisol problems. Lack of exercise and lack of chi-building activities completed the lifestyle factor catastrophe. Patricia needed rebuilding and repair of the HPA axis to heal. Interestingly, research has demonstrated exercising 3-5 times per week to reduce depression as effectively as the anti-depressant medication Zoloft.
Using HLC work-ups her CHEK practitioner improved her diet choices, having her eat properly for her metabolic type and getting her off of gluten. While the corrective exercise program got her out of pain, the lifestyle therapies working synergistically together began the healing process for her brain. This led to an obvious level of improvement in mood and energy levels.
Part of Patricia's program included a concerted effort at reducing her level of neurotoxins. Neurotoxins can be found in many places. Since many pesticides and herbicides act as neurotoxins, an organic food diet was essential for reducing neurotoxicity. Patricia's high levels of lead, mercury and cadmium seen on lab tests generated a further toxic load for her central nervous system. Her parasitic and fungal infections also put a burden on her detoxification system, while at the same time the digestive system problems reduced her capacity for absorbing key nutrients required to help assist the detoxification process.
Her treatment program included intensive focus on lifestyle factors and rehabilitative exercise; replenishment of neurotransmitters and detoxification through a Metabolic Typing diet, saunas and juicing; rebuilding of her adrenal hormone production by improving sleep patterns, reducing her stress by relieving her chronic pain; clearing her GI track of pathogens with a parasite and fungal cleanse and addressing her energetic blocks.
This treatment plan took place over the course of more than a year and she achieved complete remission of all symptoms and returned to work, active, depression free and pain free. I continue to look forward to our twice yearly check ups as her achievements in healing herself are inspiring.
Representative Patrick Kennedy has personally asked me to be his guest at the One Mind For Research Conference in Boston this month. This invitation only research conference is comprised of a group of 250 scientists, doctors and patient advocates. I feel honored to be chosen to attend the three days of meetings which launch a ten year project to solve the mysteries related to treaments for the brain.
My own family as well as the families of almost every patient I have treated are directly impacted by brain related disorders including depression, bi-polar, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, drug and alcohol addiction as well as the related conditions such as compulsive overeating, migraine headaches, fatigue, ADD and ADHD.
Please take the time to read more about this event at: www.1mind4research.org
This is no ordinary medical conference; the keynote speaker is the Vice President of the United States, Joe Biden. Planning committee members and speakers include Steven Hyman, MD, Provost of Harvard University, the Director of the National Institutes of Health, the Director of National Institutes of Mental Health, the Commissioner of the FDA, Nobel Laureates and mental health patient advocates including the actors Martin Sheen, Glenn Close and the Kennedy family.
Additional speakers include the Chairs of Neuroscience and Psychiatry from every major university and brain research lab in our nation, including MIT, Yale, Georgetown, Johns Hopkins, the Salk Institute, Stanford, Columbia, UCLA, UCSF and the University of Pennsylvania. It is a collection of the best and brightest in the field of brain research presenting a comprehensive plan for uniting this area of medicine.
I have a seat at the conference to represent natural medicine. Many of you have experienced my work, either through lab testing for brain chemistry imbalances or through correcting adrenal hormones. If you have a story to tell about natural health programs benefiting brain related conditions please follow this link: www.box.net/shared/j83rbcdl5u and email to my office so that we can document your experience and you can contribute to this national effort to help those suffering from brain and stress related conditions.
Daniel Kalish


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Hospitality Professional Certification
American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute®
Our mission statement: Continue to be the premier source for quality hospitality education, training, and professional certification, serving the needs and advancing the excellence of hospitality schools and industries worldwide.
American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute®
Founded in 1953 Non-profit organization World's largest developer of training and development solutions for the hospitality industry Offices in Florida, Michigan, and India Preeminent leader in hospitality certification 90 licensed affiliates in 50 different countries Over 100 products in a variety of training media (online, video, print, distance learning, mobile applications)
American Hotel & Lodging Association (AH&LA)
Based in Washington DC World's largest hotel industry association Representing 1.8 million Hotel rooms with over 15,000 member properties Serving the hospitality for more than 100 years The Educational Institute is the non-profit educational and training arm of the association
All Training Should Lead to…
Professional Certification
What is Professional Certification? Distinction of Excellence The Standard for the Industry Acknowledgement of skills and competencies required to succeed in your position
Professional Certification
Why should you certify? Validation of position Motivator Recognition Builder of pride and self-esteem
Professional Certification
Over 20 Certifications Executive Level Department Heads Managers Supervisors Line
Levels of Professional Certificaiton
Certification Process
Application Qualification Proctored Examination (paper-based or online) Certificate & Pin
Industry Leaders Using Our Certifications
Those who highly support Professional Certification Choice Hotels Best Western International Hyatt Hotels InterContinental Hotels Group Marriott Wyndham Worldwide Ritz Carlton
Executive Level General Manager, Owner/ Operator and Corporate Executives Qualified experience Comprehensive study materials and exam
Certified Hotel Administrator (CHA®)
CHA® Exam Preparation Booklet Resource materials (CD) Additional Resources Online Review Session Online Assessment Tool The exam preparation materials include… Also available to assist in preparing for the CHA exam are…
Executive Level Certified Hotel Administrator (CHA®)
CHA® Exam Preparation Booklet Resource materials (CD) Additional Resource Online Review Sessions Online Assessment Tool
Online Assessment Tool
Exam Questions
Online Assessment Tool
Online Assessment Tool
Performance Report
Department Head Level Departmental Executives for Rooms, Food & Beverage, Engineering, Security, Housekeeping Qualified Experience Comprehensive study materials and exam
Managers Departmental Executives for Revenue Manager, Sales Professional Qualified Experience Comprehensive study material and exam
Supervisors Supervisors for all hotel departments Qualified Experience
Supervisory Skill Builders training This certification fits for all areas of the hotel, so it is one of our best-selling program. Not only do supervisors go through this program, but also managers who want to test their supervisory knowledge.
Supervisor Supervisory Skill Builders
Study material for the for CHS®. Topics include: You as a Supervisor Leadership Time Management Effective Communication Improving Employee Performance Handling Problems & Conflict Conducting Training & Orientation Staffing & Scheduling Separate fee applies.
Hospitality Skills Certification
Certification designations for Guest Services, Housekeeping, and Food and Beverage Current employment in the hospitality industry We have 19 Hospitality Skills Certifications for line employees. These include the areas of Guest Services, Housekeeping, and Food and Beverage.
Hospitality Skills Certification
Train, Retain, Assess, Certify (TRAC) Study resource for the line designations, includes: Trainers Guide Employee Reference Guide Certification Separate fee applies
Security Certifications
CLSD® Certified Lodging Security Director CLSS® Certified Lodging Security Supervisor CLSO Certified Lodging Security Officer
Certified Lodging Security Director (CLSD®)
Updated review materials and exam to include information from: Department of Homeland Security (DHS) USA PATRIOT Act Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Certified Lodging Security Director (CLSD®)
Who should apply? Security director at a property level or as a corporate executive employed by a firm responsible for the operation of three or more properties, who serves as a regional or corporate director of security, or has ultimate corporate responsibility for security and/or risk management issues. Tourism Police Officer who provides tourism oriented security.
Certified Lodging Security Director (CLSD®)
Fee includes: Exam Preparation Booklet Resource Materials CD Exam Certificate and Lapel Pin upon successful completion of the exam Exam consists of 150 multiple-choice questions that must be answered within a three hour time period. Exam passing score: 75% Recertification: every 5 years
Certified Lodging Security Supervisor (CLSS®)
Who should apply? A qualifying supervisor is a person who supervises two or more individuals; has responsibilities for security issues at property-level; has job duties that are at least 20 percent supervisory in nature and include such tasks as scheduling, training, interviewing, disciplining, inspecting, and conducting performance reviews
Certified Lodging Security Supervisor (CLSS®)
Fee includes: Study material Exam Certificate and Lapel Pin upon successful completion of the exam Exam consists of 125 multiple-choice questions that must be answered within a two hour time period. Exam passing score: 70% Recertification: none
Certified Lodging Security Officer (CLSO)
Who should apply? Lodging Security Officer
Certified Lodging Security Officer (CLSO)
Certified Lodging Security Officer (CLSO) uniquely integrates three training functions: Skill and Knowledge Training Performance Assessment and Testing Recognition and Achievement
Certified Lodging Security Officer (CLSO)
Recommended Study Resource: The Lodging Security Officer Program is a beneficial tool in preparation for the CLSO exam. Topics covered: Suspicious activity reporting Drug related issues Foodborne illnesses Death of a guest Active shooter Hostage situations Signs of terrorism Child trafficking Separate fee applies.
Certified Lodging Security Officer (CLSO)
Fee includes: Exam Certificate and Lapel Pin upon successful completion of the exam Study resource is NOT included. Exam consists of 60 multiple-choice questions that must be answered within a one hour time period. Passing score: 70% Recertification: none
Trainer Certifications
CHT® Certified Hospitality Trainer CHDT® Certified Hospitality Department Trainer
Certified Hospitality Trainer (CHT®)
For the property or corporate trainer Designed to develop trainers at the department level Acknowledges the ability to design and implement training programs
Certified Hospitality Trainer (CHT®)
Trainer Development Program: Study materials for the CHT® exam Effective training Understanding job breakdown and skills performance Understanding the learning process Separate fee applies.
Certified Hospitality Department Trainer (CHDT®)
Is aimed at line and supervisory employees with training responsibilities Adds a level of professionalism to the departmental trainer's role Provides an opportunity for employees to validate their skills The Certified Hospitality Department Trainer is another one of our best-selling programs. An individual does not need to be in a supervisory position to be able to apply for the CHDT. This is also for the individual who is in a line position and is one of the department's designated trainers.
Training Path This is an example of how the Certified Hospitality Trainer, Certified Hospitality Department Trainer, and our Hospitality Skills Certifications for line employees can all work together. This has worked very effectively in Egypt. Master trainers earned the CHT, then trained numerous CHDT's, who then went back to their hotel properties to train line employees.
Certified Hospitality Educator (CHE®)
Designed specifically for hospitality educators Strengthen students' critical thinking and motivation to learn Share ideas with your peers Recognition for teaching abilities from students, colleagues, and the industry
Guest Service Gold® Training, Employee Certification, Property Certification
Achieve a new standard of exceptional service based on emotionally engaging with guests in memorable ways. Our newest Certification Program is Guest Service Gold, which sets a new standard of exceptional service based on emotionally engaging with guests.
Guest Service Gold® Training
Seven true brief stories designed to motivate and inspire hotel employees to 'go for the gold' when it comes to providing service above and beyond the call of duty. Segments focus on: authenticity, intuition, empathy, delight, delivery, initiative and being a champion
Guest Service Gold® Employee Certification
Employee who completes the Guest Service Gold® Training Program or an equivalent training program offered by the property is eligible to become a Certified Guest Service Professional (CGSP®).
Guest Service Gold® Nickelodeon - Property Certification
Guest Service Gold® Property Certification
A property that certifies all its line-level positions that are in contact with guests will become a Certified Guest Service Property. Example: Line employees in Front Office, Food & Beverage, Housekeeping, Security The property will receive a plaque to proudly display in their lobby/front desk area for guest to recognize their commitment to providing exceptional guest service.
Personal Career Planner
CHA® General Manager CRDE® Rooms Director CHS® Front Desk Supervisor Front Desk Representative
Benefits of Training and Certification
Increased Occupancy Average Daily Rate/Rev Par Increased Employee Productivity & Morale Training System Providing Continuous Ongoing Training Increased Retention Reduced Cost of Turnover Improves Quality Control Increased Guest Satisfaction
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We remind you again of the telephone numbers for the Police on 0845 8 505 505 and for the local Crimestoppers team on 0800 555 111.
Trading Standards are on 0845 051 0845.
Our village co-ordinators are:
Alan Craven for School Lane. Tel: 730 501
David Church for NN west. Tel:730 200
Local and Thames Valley police : Tel: 101. For urgent, emergency or criminal action 999.
Crimestoppers: 0800 555 111. Calls are received anonymously.
Trading Standards: 0845 051 0845.
If you have any information which may be helpful to police enquiries, please contact Det. Con. Rebecca McCamley from Banbury Police station via the Thames Valley Police Enquiry Centre on 101.
If you don't want to speak directly to the police you can contact the charity, Crimestoppers, anonymously on 0800 555 111 or online at
Crimestoppers-uk.org. No personal details are taken, information is not traced or recorded and you will not be called or go to court.
Alan Craven. Neighbourhood Watch Co-ordinator for School Lane.
Latest message from your NW (March 2017)
March 27th 2017 update…
|Message sent by
|Alexander Barrett (Police, Communications Officer, Thames Valley)
Earlier this week, Thames Valley Police was pleased to launch their new force website.
This is the culmination of a collaboration project between Thames Valley Police and Hampshire Constabulary, working with the Police ICT Company and the Digital Policing Programme. The design and operation will be a national solution which is expected to be available to all police forces in the coming years.
We are grateful to the Alert users who completed our survey in April 2016 which influenced the new site, but also to everyone who has provided feedback during the testing phase.
We continue to upload content but trust that users will find this a more resilient and easier to navigate website.
It's a new look, but the address is the same: www.thamesvalley.police.uk – do go and have a look.


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Norway to deport family after 27 years
An entire family who came to Norway as asylum seekers in 1990 now risk losing their Norwegian citizenship, reports P4.
The reason is that the Immigration Service (UDI) believes that the parents of the family gave incorrect information when they said that they were stateless Palestinians, writes Aftenposten.
Also their grandchildren, who were born in Norway, now risk having to leave Norway.
At the end of last year UDI had around 500 cases of withdrawal of citizenship, as Norway's crackdown on untruthful asylum seekers continues.
Previously Norway has deported almost 10,000 criminal immigrants, which has resulted in a dramatic decrease of crimes in the capital Oslo:
FrP: We did this
In addition to deporting people who should not be in the country, Norway's Immigration Minister, Sylvi Listhaug, is clear on that the key to a successful integration is not more immigration, but less. In fact Norway has made a number of restrictions to avoid such a mass immigration that is currently ruining its neighbouring country Sweden, including tougher requirements for family reunification:
Norway: Go there, not here
Comment below.
Comments at Speisa are unmoderated. We do believe in free speech, but posts using foul language, as well as abusive, hateful, libelous and genocidal posts, will be deleted if seen. However, if a comment remains on the site, it in no way constitutes an endorsement by Speisa of the sentiments contained therein.comments powered by Disqus
Le Pen in trouble after tweets about ISIS
European Union lawmakers have lifted the EU parliamentary immunity of French presidential candidate Marine Le Pen, and by lifting it, the parliament is allowing any eventual legal action against her.


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|Watchmaking Tradition
|The Longines Master Collection
|Day-Date, GMT, Retrograde Small Seconds
|Case Size
|41 mm
|Case Shape
|Case Material
|Strap Material
|Strap Color
|Dial Colour
|Water Resistance (M)
|Glass Material
|Sapphire Crystal
|Warranty Period
|2 Years
Longines Watchmaking Tradition The Longines Master Collection
Own this watch at an EMI of Rs 22,866
For an exciting offer or information on this product call our luxury watch experts on the following numbers (10 AM - 7 PM IST):
+91 8725028882 | +91 8725028893
Yet another elegantly designed watch for men from the brand's Master Retrograde Series, the Longines L2.722.214.171.124 comes in a 41 mm polished stainless steel case. The watch has a silver textured dial with black painted Arabic numeral hour markers and blue leaf shaped hour and minute hands. Its beautiful dial is outlined with a well polished stainless steel bezel which is presented on a matching strap with a hidden folding clasp.
The watch comes with Calibre L698 movement. It beats at 28,800 vph and has a power reserve of 46 hours. The Longines L2.722.214.171.124 has Retrograde indicators. This means that the watch's hands do not move in full circle. The hands travel along an arc and after reaching the end point of the arc they go back to the starting position. The seconds hands of the watch are placed at the 6 o' clock position. The date hand is housed at the right hand side of the dial. It is adjusted by the button positioned at the edge of the case at 4 o' clock. The current day is visible under 12 o' clock. It is adjusted by the button at the edge of the case at 2 o' clock. GMT/ 24 hour second time zone is indicated at the dial's left side. It is adjusted with the locking button at the edge of the case at the 4 o' clock position.
The elegantly designed dial of this beautiful men's watch is covered with the robust sapphire crystal glass which is tough to break. This material is so strong that it can bear scratches only from a piece of pure diamond. It is known for its anti reflective properties too that allow you to read time even in harsh sunlight. The watch is water resistant to a depth of 30 meter.
The Longines Watchmaking Tradition Collection of watches, as its name suggests, exemplifies the masterful aesthetics, superior technology, and refined crafting the brand is renowned for. This line of watches commemorates Longines' success, which stems from its incessant and commendable evolution of movements- from the self-winding calibre 22A in 1945, to the innovative column-wheel technique in 2009, and most recently, the Single Push-Piece Column-wheel in 2012. The sub-collections offered by the Watchmaking Tradition line are the Longines Master, Longines evidenza, Longines Saint-Imier, Conquest Classic, and Longines Elegant.
Watches from the Longines Watchmaking Collection are incredibly varied in their styles, while at the same time incorporating the classic elegance inherent to the brand. The cases range from perfectly circular to the magnificent tonneau, made of materials such as stainless steel and 18K gold. Encased by sapphire crystal glass, each watch from this line is scratch-resistant for long enduring timekeeping. Most crowns are fluted to allow easy time adjustment along with a rugged element of appeal. The dials are offered in options ranging from shades of black to white, with particular models offering the unique shade of gilt or mother of pearl. Longines adorns the dials and bezels of specific watches with brilliant diamonds for a glamourous and sophisticated allure. Hourly intervals of time may be marked by traditional Roman numerals or contemporary Arabic numbers, while the hands are crafted of steel and plated in accordance with the theme of the ensemble. Bracelet options vary from stainless steel to leather, while some watches boast exquisite dual-toned creations.
Each watch from the Watchmaking Tradition collection is equipped with Longines' high frequency self-winding calibre, making it a precise timekeeper. Certain editions from this line boast advanced chronographic functions, sporting multiple sub-dials and secondary tracks controlled by additional screws attached to the bezel. Most watches are water resistant to a depth of 30 metres, embodying a blend of technological prowess and artistic refinery.
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Customer Reviews on Longines Watchmaking Tradition The Longines Master Collection L2.7184.108.40.206
Average Customer Rating 5 out of 5 based on 1 Review(s)
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