text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 16, 2011
|Filing date
|Oct 20, 2008
|Priority date
|Oct 20, 2008
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Dana Groff, Alexander Dadiomov, Yossi Levanoni
|Original Assignee
|Microsoft Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (19), Non-Patent Citations (14), Referenced by (4), Classifications (10), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Concurrent programming for shared-memory multiprocessors can include the ability for multiple threads to access the same data. The multiple threads execute on multiple processors, multiple processor cores, or other classes of parallelism that are attached to a memory shared between the processors. The shared-memory model is the most commonly deployed method of multithread communication. It allows multithreaded programs to be created in much the same way as sequential programming, which is a benefit because concurrent programming is itself notoriously difficult. In order to implement the shared-memory model, concurrent programming uses care to avoid concurrent access and use of shared data that can create undesirable conditions such as races and the like.
Locks are a common solution to avoid the problem of concurrent access to shared data. Locks are centered on a premise that variables accessed by one thread will also be accessed by other threads, and thus the variable can only be used by one thread at a time. Locks allow one thread to take control of a variable and prevent other threads from changing the variable until it is unlocked. Lock-based protocols, while popular, are often considered difficult to use. Using locks in a coarse-grained way protects relatively large amounts of data, but generally their use does not scale. Threads block one another even when they do not interfere, and the locks become a source of contention. Alternatively, using locks in a more fine-grained way while mitigating scalability issues introduces other problems because the locking conventions to ensure correctness and avoid deadlocks become complex and error prone.
Another solution is to implement applications using transactional memory, such as a software transactional memory that provides semantics in a software runtime library and/or runtime execution environment and/or using compilers. Transactional memory is a concurrency control mechanism for controlling access to shared memory based on the premise that variables used by one thread will likely not be accessed by other threads, and thus the variable can be shared without harsh ramifications to the scalability of the program.
One significant benefit of transactional memory over coarse-lock-based protocols is increased concurrency. In transactional memory, no thread needs to wait for access to data, and different threads can safely and simultaneously modify disjoint parts of a data structure that would normally be protected under the same lock. Despite the overhead of retrying transactions that fail, in most realistic concurrent programs conflicts arise rarely enough that there is an immense performance gain over course-grained lock-based protocols on even small numbers of processors or processor cores.
Problems can occur in the use of transactional memory, however, if an atomic block includes a side-effecting action. In general, a side-effecting action modifies some state visible outside of the current thread. Common examples of side-effecting actions include input/output, system calls, legacy code actions, kernel actions, device management, actions in other domains outside of the managed environment, and so on. Difficulties arise if the transaction is aborted and re-executed, because the side-effecting action is re-executed and can be re-executed multiple times upon repeated failures. Non-idempotent side effects pose the greatest difficulties. For example, an atomic block including the action of increment-a-variable and the side-effecting action of print-the-variable may repeatedly fail and re-execute as a result of memory collisions with other threads. In each re-execution the variable is printed, which is undesirable if the intent was to print the variable only once.
Others have attempted to address the issue of side-effecting actions used in transactional memory. One popular solution is simply to forbid the use of such side-effecting actions, but many researchers generally agree that limitations on programmability and composition are unacceptable in general use. Other proposed solutions defer the action until it is likely to commit, but many researchers believe that reordering of actions leads to unintended consequences. Similarly, associating a compensation block with the action reduces isolation and provides another source for bugs. Another proposed solution is to not allow transactions with side-effecting action to fail and resolving all collisions in favor of the transaction with the side-effecting actions. Of course, no more than one transaction with a side-effecting action is allowed at once. Still another solution is to break atomicity and isolation of the transaction. All of these proposed solutions, as well as others, are restricting in different ways and require significant effort from the programmer. Researchers generally agree that this problem remains unsolved.
This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.
In one embodiment a processing system processes an atomic transaction having a side-effecting action. The transaction is part of a thread in a concurrent program having a plurality of threads. The system includes a transactional memory, first and second resource managers, and a transaction manager. The first resource manager enlists in the atomic transaction and manages a resource related to the side effecting action. The second resource manager enlists in the atomic transaction and manages the transactional memory. The transaction manager is coupled to the first and second resource managers and receives a vote from the first and second resource managers as to whether to commit the transaction. The side-effecting action is postponed until after the transaction commits or applied along with a compensating action to the side-effecting action.
The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of embodiments and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate embodiments and together with the description serve to explain principles of embodiments. Other embodiments and many of the intended advantages of embodiments will be readily appreciated, as they become better understood by reference to the following detailed description. The elements of the drawings are not necessarily to scale relative to each other. Like reference numerals designate corresponding similar parts.
In the following Detailed Description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural or logical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. The following detailed description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims. It is also to be understood that features of the various exemplary embodiments described herein may be combined with each other, unless specifically noted otherwise.
Computing device 100 can also have additional features/functionality. For example, computing device 100 may also include additional storage (removable and/or non-removable) including, but not limited to, magnetic or optical disks or solid state memory, or flash storage devices such as removable storage 108 and non-removable storage 110. Computer storage media includes volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any suitable method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Memory 104, removable storage 108 and non-removable storage 110 are all examples of computer storage media. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile discs (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, universal serial bus (USB) flash drive, flash memory card, or other flash storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to store the desired information and that can be accessed by computing device 100. Any such computer storage media may be part of computing device 100.
Computing device 100 includes one or more communication connections 114 that allow computing device 100 to communicate with other computers/applications/users 115. Computing device 100 may also include input device(s) 112, such as keyboard, pointing device (e.g., mouse), pen, voice input device, touch input device, etc. Computing device 100 may also include output device(s) 111, such as a display, speakers, printer, etc.
Computing system 100 can be configured to run an operating system software program and one or more software applications, which make up a system platform. In one example, computing system 100 includes a software component referred to as a managed environment. The managed environment can be included as part of the operating system or can be included later as a software download. The managed environment typically includes pre-coded solutions to common programming problems to aid software developers to create software programs such as applications to run in the managed environment, and it also typically includes a virtual machine that allows the software applications to run in the managed environment so that the programmers need not consider the capabilities of the specific processors 102.
A transaction 202 is a sequence of bound-together actions executed by a single thread. An example of bound-together actions includes atomic actions. A thread completes modifications to data in the shared memory without regard for other threads concurrently running on the other processors. After completing a transaction, the transactional memory verifies that other threads have not concurrently made changes to the accessed data. The changes are validated and, if the validation is successful, made permanent in a commit operation. If the validation fails, the changes are undone or "rolled back," and the transaction 202 is re-executed until the validation is successful.
Transactions possess the features of atomicity and isolation. Transactions are atomic and are logically performed instantaneously. If one action fails then the entire transaction fails. Also, the transaction is isolated from other threads in that no variables are exposed to other threads in their intermediate states. When the end of a block is reached, the transaction is committed, aborted or rolled-back and re-executed. Accordingly, the unit that commits or fails is a transaction rather than the entire process, and the state is returned to its original form rather than exposing intermediate variables.
Resource managers exist in traditional transactional processing and manage resources in traditional transactions. But traditional transaction processing so far has not been used to automatically address concurrent access to memory, which has often used locks. A feature of the present example is that management of the transactional memory is part of the transaction unlike traditional transactions that do not control access to shared memory. As discussed above, transactional memory proposals generally provide recovery functionality by manually crafting solutions for a limited set of error cases that the developers know how to deal with, and as a result suffer the productivity and quality consequences. The examples of the present disclosure, however, incorporate transactional memory into some mainstream transaction processing. The managed environment can provide or include preprogrammed appropriate resource managers for anticipated actions in transactional memory environment as well. The preprogrammed resource managers can be included in a library that can be called in the managed environment when a resource is to be used.
In many cases where an appropriate resource manager does not exist in the preprogrammed library of resource managers for the managed transactional memory environment, a program developer can write a resource manager for use in the program or add it to the library.
In one example, the resource managers 208, 210 are implemented as volatile resource managers rather than durable ones. Volatile resource managers store their state in a volatile memory and do not support transactional state recovery. In the case of the transaction processing system 200, volatile resource managers use fewer system resources than durable resource managers. An example transaction manager 216 that works well with multiple volatile resource managers is an available lightweight transaction manager, which can significantly reduce overhead resulting from more durable transaction managers. Other examples can include durable transaction managers or resource managers.
The resource managers 208, 210 automatically enlist in the transaction 202 and commit or roll back changes made to their state according to the outcome of the transaction. The managed environment can automate the enlistment in the transaction and the management of the transaction with respect to the transactional resources 212, 214. In enlisting a resource 212, 214 in a transaction 202, the transaction informs the resource that an action 204, 206 wants to perform transactional work against the resource. The action 204, 206 then performs work against the resource 212, 214, and if no error occurs, the transaction manager 216 applies the commit protocol 218 to ask the resource 212, 214 through the resource manager 208, 210 to commit the changes made to its state. If either of the resource managers 208, 210 encounters an error, the transaction manager 216 will cause a roll back of all changes made in the transaction. Otherwise, the transaction manager 216 will cause the transaction to commit. In either case, the transaction manager 216 can inform the resource managers 208, 210 of the decision.
In one example, the memory resource manager 208 acts as a transaction manager before another resource manager enlists in the transaction 202. Once another resource manager enlists, such as the side-effecting action resource manager 210, the transaction processing system 200 promotes the transaction 202 to one employing the transaction manager 216, and the memory resource 208 becomes a resource manager.
In the example transaction 202 including a side-effecting action in transactional memory, at least two resource managers 208, 210 are enlisted in the transaction. The side effecting action 206 is a good example of an action that works against the resource 214. The transactional memory action 204 also implements a resource manager to manage its memory changes. If the transaction includes other side effecting actions, additional resource managers can be deployed.
The resource manager 210 postpones the side-effecting action until after the transaction manager 216 confirms that all enlisted resource managers voted to commit the transaction. Accordingly, the side effecting action is not re-executed, or repeatedly re-executed in the case of memory collisions with other concurrently executing threads that would normally cause the transaction to roll back if made before the validation phase. The developer can implement postponing the side-effecting action in an appropriate way. In the example of the side-effecting action of printing described above, the resource manager postpones printing until the transactional memory determines the transaction does not involve memory collisions with other threads. Prior to the transaction manager 216 calling the commit protocol 218, the resource manager for a print operation can write the line in a memory. After the transaction manager 216 has notified the resource manager of a commit, the resource manager will access the line in memory and print it. There are other similar examples of the developer implementing postponing a side-effecting action in a way that is appropriate to the given situation and example type of side-effecting action.
Convenient syntax may be offered to the developer, to making it easier to express delayed actions of the resource manager 210. For instance, an in-line delayed action can include a syntax like:
Atomic {
<some actions, comprising transaction>
AfterCommit (<delayed action>);
// the parameter holds closure of the delayed action
<some more actions, comprising transaction >
Implementation of "AfterCommit" can represent the resource manager 210, which executes the delayed action if or when the transaction manager 216 has notified the resource manager 210 of a commit. In one embodiment, for the benefit of the developer, this resource manager 210 functionality is implemented once by the system per transaction. In this embodiment, the developer specifies the delayed action inline through the "AfterCommit" primitive.
Instead of delaying the side-effecting action, the developer may prefer compensating for it. If the side-effecting action is not postponed (for instance, the application generates some allocation to continue the transaction), the application can proceed with the side-effecting action inside the transaction, but register the compensating action, to be called at rollback. If the transaction is re-executed multiple times because of repeated memory collisions, the compensating action is registered along with the execution of each side-effecting operation. Accordingly every rollback can call a specified compensating action. If a compensating action is the choice, side effects will be visible outside of the transaction during every re-execution, but eventually will be compensated for at roll-back. Upon the, successful in a one example, re-execution, there will not be a compensating action. The concept of allowing non-isolated side-effecting actions inside a transaction is called "open-nested transactions." Developers are free to decide whether an open-nesting is appropriate in a given situation. A compensating action can also be implemented as a resource manager 210, similar to the case of delayed action. In one embodiment, such an implementation provides for proper reliability of an invocation of the compensating action where the system does not fail to call the compensating action after it executes the specific side-effecting action in the transaction.
As with the delayed actions, convenient syntax may be offered to the developer, making it easier to express compensating actions. For instance, an in-line open-nested action with compensation can include a syntax like:
Atomic {
<some actions, comprising transaction>
DoWithCompensation (
<non-isolated side-effecting action>,
// closure of the side-effecting action
<compensation to be called at rollback>
// closure of the compensating action
<some more actions, comprising transaction continuation>
The present disclosure proposes generating delayed and compensating actions from the resource manager, which can be programmed to preserve acceptable degrees of isolation and reliability.
At or near the end of the transaction, the transaction manager 216 calls the commit protocol 218 to determine whether the transaction should be rolled back in the case of memory collisions with other threads or if the changes are committed at 308. The commit protocol 218 in one example is a two-phase commit protocol including a prepare phase and a commit phase. Upon receiving a request to commit from the application, the transaction manager 216 begins the prepare phase at 310 of all the enlisted participants by calling a method on each enlisted resource manager 208, 210 in order to obtain a corresponding vote on the transaction. Each of the resource manager 208, 210 will vote to either commit or roll back by calling a prepare method or rollback method, respectively. For example, the memory action resource manager 208 can vote to commit if there are no memory collisions. In the second phase of the commit protocol 218, the transaction manager appropriately responds depending on whether it has received either all prepares from the resource managers or if it has received at least one roll back. If the transaction manager receives votes to commit from all the resource managers at 312, which have all invoked the prepare method, the transaction manger 216 invokes a commit method for each resource manager at 314. The resource managers can then make the changes durable and complete the commit or apply the deferred actions (if any) and then proceed at 316 after releasing the transaction 202. The transaction 202 continues with the application. If any resource manager voted not to commit in the prepare phase at 312, the process acts upon the failure as follows.
Failures caused by memory collisions as identified with the memory resource manager 208 are distinguishable from failures identified with the other resource managers non-memory resource managers enlisted in the transaction. For example, failures caused by memory collisions cause an automatic re-execution of the transaction at 318. In general, the application including the transaction 202 is oblivious to re-executions when they are ultimately successful. Failures identified with the other resource managers, such as resource manager 210, cause the transaction to abort and not re-execute. Accordingly, if the non-memory resource manager votes against committing the transaction at 318, the transaction fails at 320. If the memory resource manager 208 votes against committing the transaction at 318, all of the resource managers cause a roll back at 322. In this case, any compensating actions are executed at 322. If every resource manager votes to commit the transaction, the transaction commits at 314 and any deferred actions are executed.
Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that a variety of alternate and/or equivalent implementations may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown and described without departing from the scope of the present invention. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the specific embodiments discussed herein. Therefore, it is intended that this invention be limited only by the claims and the equivalents thereof.
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|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 7, 2013
|Dec 1, 2015
|Red Hat, Inc.
|Bandwidth optimized two-phase commit protocol for distributed transactions
|Apr 1, 2010
|Aug 16, 2016
|Red Hat, Inc.
|Transaction participant registration with caveats
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|Nov 13, 2014
|Red Hat, Inc
|Bandwidth optimized two-phase commit protocol for distributed transactions
|U.S. Classification
|718/104, 707/687, 711/154, 707/703, 711/147
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 27, 2008
Owner name: LAW AND CORPORATE AFFAIRS DEPARTMENT, MICROSOFT CO
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are you an ambitious and eager technology teacher seeking to enlighten enthusiastic 11-16 year olds with your knowledge? well look no further as we have an unmissable opening to join a thriving school in bournemouth. we are seeking to appoint a passionate and highly driven teacher of technology to p...
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Get stock updates for...Kiara
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KIARA To Change And/Or Make A Difference (1988 German 10-track
LP. This superb copy remains factory sealed from new, the vinyl mint
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from £767 / night help Price for guests, Nights approx:
- 4 bedrooms
- 9 sleeps
- 7 nights min stay
- Villa
- 4 bedrooms
- sleeps 9
- 7 nights min stay
Top Review
Villa / 4 bedrooms / sleeps 9
Key Info
- Swimming pool
- Ask owner if suitable for children
- Air conditioning
- Ask about pets
Description from manager
More Less
- Wi-Fi available
- Air conditioning
- Shared outdoor pool (unheated)
- Fireplace
- Dishwasher
- Washing machine
- Satellite TV
More Less
- Not suitable for wheelchair users
- Payment
- This owner does not use online booking. Please contact them and they will be able to offer you a secure way to pay for your stay. Never pay for your holiday rental by wire transfer (such as Western Union or Moneygram) as this type of payment is untraceable.
- Smoking
- Please contact the owner
- Cancellation policy
View Policy
About the manager
Gira! Italian Vacation Rentals
- Response rate:
- 100%
- Calendar updated::
- 25 Apr 2017
Languages spoken: English, French, Italian
This Villa has 4 bedrooms, 4 bathrooms and sleeps 9. It's been listed on Holiday Lettings since 10 Nov 2015. Located in Island of Capri, the average weekly rate varies from £5366 to £7450.
The Manager has a response rate of 100% and the property's calendar was last updated on 25 Apr 2017.
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We originally booked a hotel at the Comorrant but saw the place and walked away. Then we went to the busiest hotel, Casa Rosada, had a look at the rooms and thought they looked trashy. We were desperate and would have stayed there, but the owner didn't have any more rooms and highly recommended Hotel Volcano. We ended up spending a night at the worst hotel we've ever stayed at. We felt that the Casa Rosada hotel owner recommended Hotel Volcano so we would return to her hotel the next day. That was dirty! She probably knew no one had stayed at that hotel for a long time because it was empty and filthy.
We ended up finding the DOLPHIN HOUSE HOTEL, which made our stay at Isabela Island a real pleasure! The owners were super kind, honest and professional. The rooms were very clean, had an ocean front and made it feel like a home. In my opinion it was the BEST hotel in all Isabela Island from what we've seen and heard about. This is not the Hilton, but it's extremely pleasant, clean and the staff was really helpful at arranging our transportation and helping us find the best tourism deals on the island.
This hotel is right next to a kiosk that rents out bikes and a laundry place where you pay a small amount to get your laundry done. If we ever go back, we'll definitely stay at the Dolphin House again. We highly recommend this hotel to others.
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- Also Known As:
- Casa Los Delfines Galapagos Islands/Isabela, Ecuador


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Yachting Australia releases sailing research report
by Yachting Australia on 14 Mar 2012
Yachting Australia
Yachting Australia has released the findings of a research report into the perceptions of sailing in Australia.
Developed over six months the report will shape future Yachting Australia and yacht club programs to increase membership and participation. Funding for the research project was provided by the Australian Sports Commission (ASC) and was conducted between September and November last year and involved a quantitative survey sent to nearly 30,000 people, including club members, a series of focus group meetings, primarily with people not currently in the sport, and workshops with key stakeholders including Yachting Australia and the BIA.
In releasing the report Yachting Australia CEO Phil Jones said that the information will be used to shape a number of future programs and initiatives.
'In working with the ASC on the Participation initiatives in our Strategic Plan, we jointly identified the lack of solid data and evidence into the levels of participation in sailing, and what the drivers and barriers were to increasing it,' he said.
'Whilst there are plenty of opinions in the sailing community, we really needed solid and objective information about what club members and the Australian public think of our sport.
'Thanks to the Australian Sports Commission, and gemba's report, we now have the basis for shaping future Yachting Australia programs, and for clubs to use in their own initiatives,' said Jones.
The project was managed by Yachting Australia Sport Development Director, Ross Kilborn, and Participation Manager Daisy Brooke.
With the report now available online, Yachting Australia's priority now is working with the State and Territory Associations (MYA's) to support them in communicating the insights in the report to the officials, and members, of the 390 clubs around Australia.
'There are no big surprises to what many people would have guessed, but there are lots of insights and identified priorities that will enable us to be much more effective in growing participation,' said Kilborn.
'The report identifies the roll out of a national junior program, targeting seven year olds as our highest priority, closely followed by the development of an entry brand and program to improve communication with all Australians.
'Both of these have existing funding from the Australian Sports Commission for delivery over the next two and a half years,' he said.
The top six insights in the Report Summary are:
- Australians generally have a low rate of both participation in, and passion for, sailing (we rank 34th and 37th respectively amongst all sports)
- Sailing is perceived as an 'exclusive' sport while not being seen as very 'accessible'. Yacht Clubs are generally not welcoming, and are for older people only
- On average, the starting age of sailing is much higher than other sports with established junior programs
- Primary and Secondary school age children, and young families have the highest interest in participating in sailing in the future
- Relaxation is consistently the most important reason for participation in sailing among both current sailors and those interested in sailing. New participants are interested in a social, relaxed activity rather than competition, the later tending to be more important to current club members.
- The main barrier for future participation is the perceived cost of sailing. Boat ownership, maintenance, storage costs, and annual membership payment, are expensive, especially for a family.
The key considerations for clubs arising from the research and report are:
- Improve the image of Clubs – make them more welcoming and inclusive
- Help reduce the entry costs – providing club boats and promote crewing opportunities
- Help reduce the initial commitment – for example introductory, flexible, and concessional membership
- Increase the emphasis on relaxed social racing - rather than just competition. Engage new participants in club social and networking activities.
- Reduce the time commitment – Consumers want shorter forms of sailing activities
- Improve the information and communication – Consumers often don't know where to go & whom to ask for information in a yacht club. Make sure the entry and retention pathways are clear
And the big positive messages that should always highlight above other considerations are the key attributes of the sport – sailing is adventurous, responsible, friendly and fun.
That's well known to those in the sailing community and hopefully many more Australians will experience this in the future.
The report can be found at: http://www.yachting.org.au/?ID=54827.
The report was developed by leading sports and entertainment consultancy firm gemba.
If you want to link to this article then please use this URL: www.sail-world.com/94868
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Ataya International High School has a long history in providing quality education to a varied population of students from Lebanon and other countries as well. It all started in 1971 when Mr. Toufic Ataya, the principle of the Elementary School at the International College of Beirut decided to launch a private elementary school called Ataya New School on Jeanne D'Arc street in Ras Beirut.
Mr. Toufic Ataya realized that many children were rejected by most schools for the simple reason that they did not meet the high standards set by the schools. Mr. Ataya realized that most of them had learning difficulties. Consequently these children were not given the right to education we all take for granted. Mr. Ataya decided as early as 1971 to include children that "were not up to standard" within the regular classroom and provide them with the opportunity to acquire knowledge and develop skills in a supportive and nurturing environment. Back in 1971 integration or inclusion were not heard of yet. Students with learning difficulties (L.D.) were labeled as lazy, unmotivated, and many more unflattering names .Mr. Ataya though otherwise and proceeded to launch the first integration program in the Middle East area.
The idea of having students with special needs in the "regular" classroom faced a lot of resistance and criticism at that time. Mr. Ataya did not yield to pressure as he had a strong conviction that the variety of learners in the regular classroom provided a richer learning environment for all its students. According to him, while students with special needs benefited from the wealth of teaching aid material and the enhanced teaching strategies deployed through the integration program, the same can be said about the regular students who were able to excel in their studies while developing a high sense of civic responsibility and sound moral values and ethics. With time, Ataya New School saw an evolution that enabled the transition from integration to an inclusive education.
As a result of this the following developments became an integral part of our school's culture:
- Bullying became practically an extinct behavior within our students' community.
- All students are provided with the opportunity to acquire knowledge, skills and attitudes.
- All students are able to present a steady progress at all levels.
- All students acquire a high sense of civic responsibility while maintaining and developing their individual personality within their first year of enrollment.
Since 1971 Ataya New School graduates proved Mr. Ataya's vision to be correct as they ranked among the best students in their studies when they enrolled in universities.
Mr. Ramzi Ataya completed his studies in Massachusetts USA and came back to Lebanon in 1980 to become the principal of Ataya New School. From 1981 to the year 2007 Mr. Ramzi Ataya did everything possible to make the special education and the learning support programs initiated by his father develop into a more structured and better organized framework. He added a team of experts consisting of a psychologist, a speech therapist and a psycho-motor skills therapist to the school's faculty. This special education department provided the school with a well designed special education and learning support program. The results achieved by Ataya New School students continued to prove that ANS is a school with a tradition of excellence.
In 2013, Mr. Ramzi Ataya launched Ataya International High School in Hadat Hamra Street three hundred meters from the "Saint Therese" intersection. "This was a logical development of the Ataya tradition" affirmed Mr. Ataya, "We can now serve a larger number of students in a healthy (green area) and well equipped school."
The reputation of the school speaks for itself, all one has to do is listen to the testimonials of our parents' community, you will hear voices of satisfaction and support.


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Unformatted text preview: Midterm: Thursday evening (12 Feb) Common to all sections Covered material: All including lac operon You can bring: 1 double-sided cheat-sheet Review session: 12 Feb in class. Today we will decide on topics – be prepared and be specific. Postings: Practice Midterm answers Supp. Material on lac (and trp) Quiz questions and answers Regulation of prokaryotic gene expression Example 2: trp operon Tryptophan (Trp) trp operon TrpR repressor Attenuation Leader region Leader peptide mRNA stem-and-loop (hairpins) 2 trp operon
Learning outcomes for the trp operon Learning operon
Students will be able to: 3 Draw a correct representation of the trp operon that includes the genes, the that lleader sequence genes, the promoter and operator regions, and the trpR gene eader gene with its promoter. Draw a correct representation of which proteins are bound to the control regions of the trp operon based on the presence and absence of tryptophan. regions tryptophan Draw and rationalize the alternate structures of the mRNA transcribed from the attenuator region and the impact on transcription of the trpEDCBA genes. the genes. Explain the role of translation of the trp leader peptide on attenuation and leader draw how the ribosome can affect the mRNA structure. Predict the effects of mutations in the DNA sequences of the operon, operon including mutations that affect translation of the leader peptide on the level of trp enzymes in the cell, including full de-repression and basal levels. trp enzymes Use the trp paradigm to explain other examples of transcription regulation. paradigm E. coli metabolism metabolism E. coli contains all the genes necessary to contains 4 synthesize tryptophan from intermediates produced synthesize from during the respiration of glucose. E. coli can also take up tryptophan (Trp) from the external environment. E. coli uses free Trp to create Trp-tRNA, which can Trp-tRNA then be used to add Trp to growing polypeptides then to during translation. How does E. coli regulate tryptophan (Trp) synthesis? How How does E. coli "know" that its Trp levels are low, and it should How levels begin synthesizing proteins to make Trp? begin Trp How does E. coli "know" that its Trp levels are high, and so it should How levels not synthesize proteins that make Trp? not Trp The trp operon and and trpR, the gene for the trp repressor repressor 5 proteins Regulation of the trp operon operon Two levels: Level I: Regulation of the initiation of transcription 6 Similar basis as the lac operon. Involves an allosteric regulatory protein. Binding of the regulatory protein to a small molecule changes its properties. The regulatory protein for the trp operon is the Trp repressor (TrpR), encoded by its own gene (trpR). Comparing lactose and tryptophan
The lac operon and the trp operon strategies differ slightly because: Lactose is a nutrient. The cell gets it from the environment if available when energy and C source are needed. Cell must be able to import it and use it. The operon should only be on when lactose is available as the only C source. Tryptophan (an amino acid) is a product of the cell eventually used by the cell in synthesizing proteins. As such, the cell should only make trp if it is not available from the environment. How will 1st level regulation work for the trp operon?
Promoter/operator U
Regulator Prot 1 Prot 2 Prot 3 Prot 4 Prot 5 U TrpR repressor repressor
TrpR by itself is a dimer, but has no DNA binding activity. dimer When tryptophan is present in the cell, TrpR binds it. binds Bound Trp changes the shape of TrpR to allow DNA binding. to 8 TrpR, the operator, and trp operon repression TrpR the repression
(TrpR dimer + Trp) binds to an operator sequence that overlaps the TrpR Trp promoter where RNAP binds. promoter RNAP can't bind to the promoter; transcription is inhibited. 9 Note that the TrpR-Trp TrpR-Trp conformation fits nicely into the DNA double-helix TrpR–Trp repression levels TrpR Trp repression
Thus: When there is a high level of tryptophan in the cell, When in TrpR-Trp will reduce the transcription level TrpR-Trp will approximately 70-fold. approximately 70-fold. 10 trp operon – second level of regulation trp
The trp operon has another sequence upstream of trpE, the trpE first gene in the operon. This is called the attenuator region. first operon This attenuator 11 upstream Expanding the attenuator region The leader region of the trp operon mRNA encodes a leader peptide leader and has four segments that can form three possible hairpin structures. and hairpin structures. The leader region of the trp operon operon
mRNA 12 This region contains an open reading frame encoding a 14-amino acid This protein called the leader peptide. protein leader This protein starts with fMet-tRNA followed by two codons for Trp in Trp in the coding sequence. This is a bit unusual (or special), because Trp is a relatively is uncommon AA (only about 1 in 100 AA's iin a E. coli protein). n protein). To translate the leader peptide, there MUST be Trp-tRNA in the cell. in The leader region of the trp operon operon
mRNA 13 This region of mRNA also has 4 segments that can form hairpin This structures. Three possible hairpins can form, but there are only two options for hairpin combinations. Important note: Some hairpins will act as transcription terminators, others don't. Leader region mRNA hairpin combinations and outcomes Leader 14 1:2 and 3:4
trpE etc 2:3
trpE etc If the 1:2 and 3:4 structures form: The 3:4 hairpin is a transcription terminator. If this structure forms, RNAP stops just after region 4 before trpE coding region. This prevents transcription of the genes needed to synthesize tryptophan. Leader region mRNA hairpin combinations and outcomes Leader 15 1:2 and 3:4 2:3 If the 2:3 structure forms: Region 3 cannot H-bond with region 4. No transcription terminator is formed. The genes for tryptophan synthesis will be transcribed. How does this work? trp operon – second level of regulation trp
Observation: if the leader sequence of a bacterium is Observation: mutated so that it is missing segment 4, a higher level of tryptophan is synthesized than in normal bacteria. tryptophan is than 16 mRNA What's going on?? What Level 2: Attenuation in the trp operon operon 17 The additional levels of regulation are provided by stopping The elongation of the trp operon mRNA rather than transcription trp mRNA initiation Transcription is terminated in the "leader region" of the operon. operon This depends on a process involving formation of hairpin transcription terminators. Recall that some hairpins act as transcription terminators and some don't. Mechanism of attenuation Mechanism
Coupling of transcription and translation! When RNAP transcribes past region 2, the 1:2 hairpin forms. The 1:2 hairpin causes RNAP to "pause" in its elongation, but it does not release the mRNA or DNA. 18 A ribosome can then bind to the mRNA and start translating the leader region. This "nudges" the paused RNAP to continue transcription, and it proceeds to transcribe regions 3 and 4. Mechanism of attenuation Mechanism
Tryptophan levels dictate the outcome! Recall there are 2 Trp codons in the leader peptide. 19 If there is a high level of Trp (thus Trp-tRNA is not limiting), the ribosome will begin to translate the leader peptide and pass through region 1 to region 2. The presence of the ribosome in segment 2 blocks formation of the 2:3 So… termination happens when the level of Trp (Trp-tRNA) is high. This reduces transcription by about 8-10 fold. hairpin, allowing the 3:4 terminator hairpin to form. This leads to termination of transcription. Mechanism of attenuation Mechanism
Tryptophan levels dictate the outcome! If Trp-tRNA is low, the ribosome "stalls" at the Trp codons of the leader peptide and doesn't block segment 2. 20 This allows formation of the 2:3 hairpin. If region 3 is H-bonded to region 2, this prevents formation of the 3:4 hairpin terminator. RNAP continues past region 4 to transcribe the entire operon. So… the genes for Trp synthesis are transcribed when Trp-tRNA is low Regulation of the trp operon operon
Level 1. Repressor/operator interaction When tryptophan is present, tryptophan binds to the TrpR protein (the product of the trpR gene). TrpR-Trp binds to the trp operator and prevents transcription. Repression reduces transcription of the trp operon ~70-fold. 21 Regulation of the trp operon operon
Level 2. Attenuation: termination of initiated transcripts If Trp levels are high, transcription is terminated before the trpE gene. 22 If Trp levels are low, transcription continues into the trpE gene. Attenuation can regulate transcription levels by a factor of 8 – 10. Combined with the repression mechanism, this allows up to 560-700 fold regulation. PRS questions ...
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This note was uploaded on 11/03/2009 for the course ECON 210 taught by Professor James during the Spring '09 term at UBC.
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Abhayadhana - Leo club
Leo Dinithi Pamuditha
Category: News
Published: 26 Jan 2016
Sri Express
Leo club of Nawala Metro of District 306C2 -Sri Lanka, organized "Abhayadhana",a meritorious deed of saving 5 cows and 2 goats from slaughtering and also freed 100 Caged birds. This was held on 24th January 2016 at Sri Sugathananda Viharaya, Bangalawaththa, Kottawa.
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