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Pretty in Pink
Bing : girl baby shower ideas - flowers in apothecary jars
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Mercedes drift
Drive with the arrows and press the spacebar to skid. Follow the map in the left part of the screen.
Favorite games
Jerry Ride
Help Santa Claus to drive his sleigh on snowy mountains and reach the number of gifts required at each level.
Santa and Rudolph Sleigh Ride
Cruisin 2
Follow the arrows on the asphalt until you reach the parking place, where you'll have to park the bus as it is indicated...lead and accelerate with the arrows of the keyboard, and slow down with the spacebar
School Bus Parking Frenzy
Help this peculiar scientist to carry out this interesting mission, driving your car once you've completed the first single phase... Accelerate, brake and keep the balance with the arrows of the keyboard, and use the nitro with the X.
Stink Bomb Madness
Like a Royal Coachman, you have to carry the king everywhere he needs to go. Move the horses and park the vehicle safely everytime you need. Use arrow keys.
The Royal Coachman
Race all the year with your 4x4 vehicle. Use the arrow keys to accelerate and brake. Get the best score gathering all the stars.
4 seasons easy truck
Full the gas tank of this race car, change the tires, the bumpers, etc, in the less time as possible.
Splash and Dash Park Pits
This is not a regular parking game; you have to use your skills to hit the right numbers to get a certain number of packages the plane drops. Use arrow keys to drive and 1,2,3,4 to drop the boxes.
Rooftop Parking Madness
Lead this impressive monster truck, passing without mercy over the cars parked and running these exciting races!!! Lead with the arrow keys to accelerate, slow down and keep the balance, press X to jump and C to activate the nitro...
Racing Truck
A great game where you will really feel like you're stuck in morning traffic. Use your skills and get away from this place. Use arrow keys to play.
Stuck In Traffic
Look around and park your car on the shown spot. Don't hit other cars or you'll lose. Use the arrow keys to drive.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
esarkayeCoffee and di Lampedusa again. || I finished Changing Places, the first novel in David Lodge's Campus Trilogy. I can't say that I cared for it. I will read the subsequent two novels, but with dampened enthusiasm. Who knows, the others might be better. I am and always will remain an optimist. (And who knows, just like there was is and only ever will be one comedian—Bill Hicks—Wodehouse may be the only humorous writer for me. I suppose I'm very picky when it comes to humor.) In any case, I decided to read something else in between. I really appreciated The Leopard, so much so that I searched for other works by di Lampedusa (giving in to my completist nature and tendencies) immediately upon finishing it. In the last two years of his life, aside from writing Il Gattopardo, he wrote three shorter pieces of fiction: The Professor and the Siren, Joy and the Law, and The Blind Kittens (which was originally conceived as the first chapter of a follow-up to The Leopard). When I came across this NYRB Classics edition of the stories in question, I hesitated not—and here it is now, under my eyes.
- esarkaye#giuseppedilampedusa #dilampedusa #italianliterature #literature #stories #currentlyreading #fiction #igreads #igbooks #bibliophile #booklover #bookworm #booknerd #bookish #bookporn #bookstagram #goodreads #alwaysreading #lovetoread #coffeeandbooks #booksandcoffee #reading #books #book #booksofinstagram #osspring #met_createchange #vscobooks #vscoreads #nyrbclassics
- anniepembaLook forward to your thoughts
- booklogpos@esarkaye please report.
- esarkayeOnly if there's inappropriate content. Just kidding, I will! @booklogpos
- b.rittanysLovely account! I always enjoy reading your posts.
- esarkayeThank you! That's really nice to hear. :) @b.rittanys
- reggy_liu😊👍
- betweentheboardsI could talk about the "The Professor and the Siren" all day. One of the best short stories in the NYRB catalogue.
- esarkayeI usually do take a picture before starting the book, but I also keep books squished below/between heavy ones in order to keep them flat (if necessary). Also, in general, I'm very delicate with my books—I try (it has become an unconscious habit) not to open books so much that it cracks their spines. @thelawproject
- esarkayeIt was beautiful, really. @betweentheboards
- kschoemeraxeI thought it was beautiful and especially loved the idea of the entrance to Hades being a real place behind a chain link fence.
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The planned sale of CoreStates Financial Corp. to First Union Corp. offers a new twist on the use of an old merger tactic: the bear hug.
These pointed and mildly threatening statements of intent are customarily dispatched by executives of an acquisitive bank after more gracious efforts have failed to persuade the target bank's management.
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Co-published by the Library of Congress and Thomson Reuters, Magna Carta: Muse & Mentor is an illustrated collection of essays by renowned legal scholars.
The Magna Carta was sealed under oath 800 years ago in 1215 and is widely known to be an important part of the historical process that led to the rule of constitutional law in England and beyond.
Magna Carta: Muse & Mentor was published in conjunction with a Library of Congress exhibition of the same name that commemorates both the 800th anniversary of the Magna Carta, as well as the Library's role in preserving the Lincoln Cathedral copy of the Magna Carta during WWII.
This book features:-


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Ask Drum Tom
What happens if I pee in my pants during a filibuster?
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In Onechanbara, it used to be enough to have a bikini cowgirl hack up the undead. Now it seems like just a dress-up game.
Make that, a dress-up game that microtransactions you to death.
Here are more DLC costumes—some of which are downright goofy—joining the one's Kotaku posted earlier. Those were pretty silly, too.


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Hell's Kitchen, located on the West Side between Chelsea and Midtown West, has moved beyond it's crime ridden past to become one of the most popular neighborhoods in Manhattan.
Multiple luxury buildings are popping up as far west as 11th avenue, featuring doormen, state of the art gyms, parking, dishwashers, and in unit laundry. Though they can be a hike from the subway, many of these buildings offer shuttles that run to and fro.learn more about this neighborhood
#14Neighborhood popularity:based on Naked Apartments searches
Building Mix
- 67% Luxury Highrise
- 8% Walk-Up
- 8% Pre War
- 6% Elevator/Laundry Building
- 3% New Building
Legal Disclosure: Neighborhood descriptions and data are created exclusively by Naked Apartments without contributions or approval from the agents listed on this page.
Restaurant Row by Roger Rowlett is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.5
Newly renovated 2 bed/1 bath apartment on 3rd floor (2 flights up) of well-maintained pre-war walk-up building on West 45th Street between 8th Avenue and 9th Avenue. Apartment, which is steps to the A/C/E trains and a short walk to Times Square, includes 2 spacious bedrooms (1 can easily fit a queen size bed while the other can easily fit a full size bed) with ample closet space, a charming living room with hardwood floors and high ceilings, and a renovated kitchen with granite countertops and stainless steel appliances (including dishwasher).
Apartment Details
$2,795, Two Bedrooms, 1.0 Bathroom
Last Updated Almost 4 Years
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Available Immediately
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- Web ID: 957976
Nearby Subway Stations
C E50th St (0.23 mi)
A C E42nd St-Port Authority Bus Terminal (0.29 mi)
150th St (0.32 mi)
N Q R S 1 2 3 7Times Square (0.32 mi)
N R49th St (0.36 mi)
N Q R S 1 2 3 7Times Square-42nd St (0.46 mi)
B D F M 742nd St-Bryant Park (0.48 mi)
B D F M47-50th Sts Rockefeller Center (0.49 mi)
B D E7th Av (0.49 mi)
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Blue Reef Fish & Chips is the place you want to be with your family and friends. Assuring you of impeccable service and quality food at affordable prices, do make your way over to a great experience you will never forget.
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Forum indexPentax SLR TalkChange forum
CIF Question
Started Jan 13, 2014 | Discussions thread
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kitsios_spyros • Senior Member • Posts: 2,509
CIF Question
Jan 13, 2014
I have been using a Hellios 58mm/f2.0 lens on K10d with CIF by shorting the pins with aluminium foil
This weekend I tried for first time to use the same lens and my K135mm/f2.5 lens on my K5ii. I fitted Hellios (w. M42 to K adaptor) on K5ii, but the camera fired the shutter every time I fully pressed the shutter button.
center AF point
CIF enabled in menu
Am I missing sth here?. Maybe I have not twisted the lens all the way? Any ideas.
I did not try the K lens as I must be out of the range of AF-FA adjustment. On my K10d this lens needs -130..-140, so I predict a number of ~-24-25 for K5ii, based on the differences my other lenses have.
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Published on March 5, 2014
Author: RuhiSharma3
Source: slideshare.net
Educated Landscape Get Professional Landscape Services In Webster, Penfield And Fairport Educated Landscape specializes in all phases of landscaping in the Webster NY area. We offer landscape design, installation and maintenance, snow plowing and lawn mowing services in Webster, Penfield, Fairport NY.
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bimil - bum, the arse, the ass, the corn hole, the deriere, the bottom, the poo hole, the shitter, the nought, the black hole, etc
bimil is tasty
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by Reeceicles February 23, 2011
The Urban Dictionary Mug
One side has the word, one side has the definition. Microwave and dishwasher safe. Lotsa space for your liquids.Buy the mug


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Transforming a grand family home in Barcelona into 26 apartments involves restoring modernista details—and replacing sculpted bear paws.
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(W) Antony Bedard, Mark Waid (A) Adam DeKraker, Barry Kitson. Written by Mark Waid & Tony Bedard Art by Barry Kitson, Adam DeKraker & Mick Gray Cover by Kitson The Legion struggles against the mighty giants of Colossal Boy's hometown! And with Brainiac's resurrection plan in action, can the Legion trust him to play god?
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Why, when and how to update a meta-ethnography qualitative synthesis
- Emma F. France1Email author,
- Mary Wells1,
- Heidi Lang1 and
- Brian Williams1
DOI: 10.1186/s13643-016-0218-4
© France et al. 2016
Received: 7 July 2015
Accepted: 24 February 2016
Published: 15 March 2016
Meta-ethnography is a unique, systematic, qualitative synthesis approach widely used to provide robust evidence on patient and clinician beliefs and experiences and understandings of complex social phenomena. It can make important theoretical and conceptual contributions to health care policy and practice.
Since beliefs, experiences, health care contexts and social phenomena change over time, the continued relevance of the findings from meta-ethnographies cannot be assumed. However, there is little guidance on whether, when and how meta-ethnographies should be updated; Cochrane guidance on updating reviews of intervention effectiveness is unlikely to be fully appropriate. This is the first in-depth discussion on updating a meta-ethnography; it explores why, when and how to update a meta-ethnography. Three main methods of updating the analysis and synthesis are examined. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are outlined, relating to the context, purpose, process and output of the update and the nature of the new data available. Recommendations are made for the appropriate use of each method, and a worked example of updating a meta-ethnography is provided.
This article makes a unique contribution to this evolving area of meta-ethnography methodology.
KeywordsCancer Qualitative analysis Meta-ethnography Meta-synthesis Systematic reviews Qualitative reviews
Qualitative syntheses of multiple individual qualitative studies provide robust evidence to inform health care policy and practice [1, 2]. Meta-ethnography [3], an inductive, interpretive approach upon which most interpretive qualitative synthesis methods are based [4], is the most commonly used qualitative synthesis approach in health-related research [5]. It is particularly suited to developing conceptual models and theories. Noblit and Hare [3], ethnographers in education research, developed meta-ethnography in the 1980s to deal with synthesising contradictory concepts from interpretive study accounts with unique contexts.
There are numerous qualitative synthesis approaches [6, 7] which differ in their purposes, philosophical traditions and whether they primarily aggregate or re-interpret ("re-configure") study findings [8]. Unlike other qualitative synthesis approaches, in a meta-ethnography, the reviewer re-interprets the conceptual data, i.e. themes, concepts or metaphors, created by the authors of primary study accounts using a unique synthesis method (described below) in order to transcend the findings of individual study accounts [3].
- 1.
"Getting started"—choosing the topic focus. The focus may evolve through reading of study accounts.
- 2.
"Deciding what is relevant to the initial interest"—identifying and selecting study accounts to synthesise. This need not involve exhaustive systematic searches for studies [3].
- 3.
"Reading the studies"—repeated reading of study accounts and detailed recording of the concepts, themes and metaphors.
- 4.
"Determining how studies are related"—comparing study accounts by creating and juxtaposing a list of concepts from each study to judge whether the concepts are similar, contradictory, or about different aspects of the topic being researched. This indicates which type of synthesis is possible: "reciprocal", "refutational" or a "line of argument synthesis", respectively.
- 5.
"Translating the studies into one another"—systematically comparing or "translating" themes, metaphors or concepts across and within primary study accounts. This is not literal translation but translation of meaning to generate explanation of a phenomenon. It is a process akin to constant comparison (systematically comparing all the data throughout the analysis process). Translation is based upon Turner's theory of social explanation [9] which maintains that all social explanation is comparative and must be inductive. The translated concepts collectively are one level of synthesis. The translation process is key to meta-ethnography.
- 6.
"Synthesising translations"—when phase 5 results in many translations, these can be compared to see if there are common types of translations or if some translations or concepts can encompass those from other study accounts to reach new interpretations.
- 7.
"Expressing the synthesis"—conveying the findings of the synthesis in a form suitable for the particular audience.
Meta-ethnographies can refute or revise understanding of a phenomenon [10]; generate testable models, theories and hypotheses [11]; provide a historical overview of concepts or theories [10]; increase the relevance of findings from single qualitative studies for broader contexts [12]; identify directions for future research; reveal when no new conceptual development in a field has occurred [13]; inform and enhance the design of complex interventions; and enhance interpretation of systematic reviews of intervention effectiveness [14]. Consequently, qualitative syntheses are increasingly used to provide evidence to underpin health care policy and practice, for example, by Cochrane [15], the World Health Organization (http://optimizeMNH.org) [15] and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) [16].
Evidence syntheses of any kind can become out-of-date. However, there is very little guidance relating to whether, when and how to update a qualitative synthesis [17]. In this paper, our aim is to contribute to the limited published literature on the process of updating a meta-ethnography which is particularly challenging because of its unique and complex synthesis process. First, we explore why and when a meta-ethnography (or other qualitative synthesis) should be updated; then, we identify how to do it, critiquing different methods of updating a meta-ethnography; and finally, we give a worked example of how we updated a meta-ethnography on experiences of head and neck cancer (HNC).
Why and when to update a meta-ethnography
Qualitative syntheses can become out-of-date because beliefs, experiences and social phenomena change over time, but there is no published guidance on why and when to update any type of qualitative synthesis [17]. Cochrane specify that systematic reviews of intervention effectiveness should be updated every 2 years [18], unless their quality and current relevance can be assured [19]. Cochrane guidance suggests reviewers consider how time-dependent the review findings are, based on, for example, the availability of new evidence, new health care treatments and/or advances in review methodology [18]. However, it is unclear to what extent reviewers can apply this guidance to qualitative syntheses; furthermore, evidence on the optimum timeframe for updating systematic reviews of interventions is sparse [20].
There is a range of reasons why an update of a qualitative synthesis might be necessary. These include the purpose, quality and time-dependency of the original meta-ethnography and the volume and content of new, relevant qualitative studies. We now explore each of these reasons. If the aim of the original meta-ethnography was tied to a specific time period in the past (for example, the effect of a previous policy), then the meta-ethnography findings may still be relevant to that time. However, the same findings might not be useful for current policy and practice if important new issues are omitted or they focus on outdated practices. As with quantitative reviews, there is no fixed time interval after which a meta-ethnography becomes out-of-date. Important considerations include the rate at which new qualitative evidence is being published and the content of the published studies.
A high volume of new published studies could warrant an update. Ideally, new studies should contribute novel concepts to the original meta-ethnography, add depth to concepts already identified or show that concepts already identified also apply to new health care settings, interventions, patient populations or treatments. Therefore, a synthesis that reached "conceptual saturation" (when no further concepts are generated by including in the analysis data from more articles with similar populations) might not become out-of-date rapidly; inclusion of further studies is unlikely to add insights. However, if there were few studies or concepts in the original synthesis or if new studies contain novel data on people's experiences, then an update is desirable.
If the original meta-ethnography is of low quality then a rigorous, well-conducted update could increase the trustworthiness and hence the utility of its findings. Quality judgements should be based on the conduct and/or reporting of the meta-ethnography or the existence of new methodological advances in meta-ethnography or qualitative reviewing. In terms of timing, updating a poor quality meta-ethnography could be done as soon as a quality issue is identified, regardless of the existence of new relevant publications.
Questions to guide whether, when and how to update a meta-ethnography
Guiding questions
Issues to consider
This is a consideration in deciding
Whether to update
When to update
How to update
Q1. What was the aim of the original meta-ethnography (and is it time-sensitive)?
If data are out-of-date, then an update might be needed. If the aim was tied to a specific time period in the past, the original findings may not be relevant to current practice. The aim may have implications for how to update, given the original search strategy.
Q2. What is the aim of the updated meta-ethnography?
The original and updated search strategies must be compatible with the update aim.
Q3. What is the publication rate of relevant new studies?
A high volume of publications could warrant an update and influence how the update is done (see also Q6).
Q4. What is the quality of the (conduct and reporting) of the original meta-ethnography?
If it is low quality:
• an update could increase the trustworthiness and hence utility of the findings
• the value of adding to or comparing with the original findings is questionable
• in terms of timing it could be re-done immediately.
Q5. Have there been methodological advances in qualitative reviewing and/or the meta-ethnography approach?
If yes, an update could increase the trustworthiness and hence utility of the findings. In terms of timing, it could be re-done immediately (see also Q6).
Q6. Was conceptual saturation achieved in the original meta-ethnography?
If yes, inclusion of further relevant studies is unlikely to add insights unless they contain new data on experiences (see Q7).
Q7. Are there (publications on) new patient populations, health care contexts, treatments and/or interventions since the original meta-ethnography?
If yes, an update could be useful because people's experiences might differ from those already reported. Could require a revised review question and literature search strategy.
Q8. Does the review question need to be revised?
If answer to Q7 is "yes", then it may be necessary to revise the review question, literature search strategy and inclusion criteria, e.g. to include a new patient population.
Q9. What are the potential consequences of not updating the original meta-ethnography?
If findings are out-of-date but being applied in current policy/practice, the findings may not be useful or may even be harmful.
How to update a meta-ethnography—literature searches
Once reviewers decide to update a meta-ethnography, they should consider two main methodological processes: (1) how to revise the literature searches and study selection and (2) how to perform the analysis and synthesis. In Table 1, we outline factors that impact on how an update should be conducted, and Fig. 1 illustrates how to choose update methods. There are two main options when updating searches and selection: replicate the earlier strategy or revise it in line with the aim of the update or a modified review question or study inclusion criteria—comprehensive searches may be unnecessary. New patient populations, health care settings, treatments and/or interventions since the original meta-ethnography could require a revised review question and literature search strategy to enable identification and inclusion of new relevant literature. Searches can be either comprehensive or selective, and further purposive selection of publications may be appropriate, depending on the aim of the synthesis and update.
Daker-White et al. [21] updated their published meta-ethnography of the experience of living with rheumatoid arthritis by doing a separate new meta-ethnography. Their aim was to examine conceptual development over time. However, they scaled down their original comprehensive search strategy because of resource limitations. The original strategy had involved comprehensive searches of seven databases, hand searching 11 journals, back searching reference lists of included papers and inclusion of grey literature. For the update, they conducted a simple search of only one database and did back searching. Consequently, their original and updated meta-ethnographies did not contain comparable bodies of literature; it is possible they may have missed contradictory studies which could weaken their conclusion that newer studies confirmed earlier ones [21].
We do not recommend scaling down literature searches for an update without a strong rationale. Doing a less, rather than more, comprehensive search might be justifiable in certain circumstances. For instance, if (after comprehensive searches) reviewers are confident that they had reached conceptual saturation in their original meta-ethnography, their update could strategically search for and purposively sample only studies likely to provide new data on experiences, for instance, studies involving new patient populations. Increasingly qualitative reviewers regard exhaustive searching as unnecessary for qualitative syntheses whose purpose is to develop knowledge and theory [22]. In brief, the search strategy should suit the aim of both the original meta-ethnography and the update. Amending the original literature searches has implications for deciding how to update the analysis and synthesis; we discuss this below.
How to update a meta-ethnography—analysis and synthesis
- 1.
Add to and revise the existing meta-ethnography to incorporate the new articles. To use an analogy related to house building, this would be like extending and renovating the original house.
- 2.
Do a new, standalone synthesis of the new articles, then compare the findings to the original meta-ethnography. To continue the analogy, this would be like building a new house next door to the original and comparing the two houses.
- 3.
Start the analysis and synthesis again from "scratch" (from the beginning) by incorporating the older articles with the newer ones to create a single overarching synthesis. This would be equivalent to knocking down the house and rebuilding it.
Extend and renovate the original house
We identified two published journal articles [24, 25] - a meta-ethnography of stakeholder experiences and perceptions of tuberculosis and treatment [25] and one on experiences and perceptions of breastfeeding support [24]—which described their approach to updating the analysis and synthesis. The descriptions were extremely brief: "data were then juxtaposed alongside the original synthesis to compare 'fit' and examined for new emerging themes" [25] (p. 231); and "articles were reviewed by one author […] and the themes compared to those in the original report. New themes which emerged were noted." [24] (p. 417). Reviewers in both articles examined if the newly identified studies added new concepts or contributed to existing ones to create a new single, overarching synthesis. We also identified a NICE clinical guideline [23], which described in more detail updating an existing meta-ethnography through revising it. However, rather than using meta-ethnographic methods they did this by conducting an aggregative narrative synthesis, which we considered potentially incompatible with the interpretive meta-ethnography approach since aggregation would limit the reviewers' ability to enhance or refine the original theory or interpretations.
Summary of characteristics of different methods of updating the analysis and synthesis in a meta-ethnography
Method of updating the analysis and synthesis in a meta-ethnography
Extend and renovate the house (add to and revise original)
Build a new house next door (do a new standalone meta-ethnography and compare to original)
Knock the house down and rebuild it (start again from scratch)
Possible advantages
One coherent model, set of findings, conclusions (increases utility of output for end users)
Can lead to new conceptual insights
Allows innovation in analysis/synthesis process in update
No arbitrary dividing date between literature in original and updated meta-ethnographies
Efficient use of resource expended on original meta-ethnography
Facilitates comparisons between two sets of literature from different time periods
More easily done by a new team of reviewers
Can implement methodological advances in meta-ethnography/qualitative reviewing
Can improve quality and utility of poor quality original meta-ethnography
Suitable if you have revised review question or study selection criteria
Possible disadvantages
Challenging for a new team of reviewers
Update findings might be influenced by original findings, especially if done by original reviewers
Can minimise influence of findings from original meta-ethnography, especially if done by new reviewers
Lack of established methods for updating original analysis/synthesis
More likely to have large number of articles to synthesise (>40 is challenging)
Build a new house next door to the original and compare the two houses
Our two meta-ethnographic syntheses were broadly compatible, but the second more clearly indicated how participants' health-related situations can mediate the significance for people's decisions about participation of key features of recruitment processes (including relationships with trial staff), of the interventions and processes involved in particular trials, and of participants' general inclinations to support research. [18] (p. 239).
They chose not to add to their original meta-ethnography because they wanted to avoid forcing more recent data to fit their original findings; they purposely did not refer to the findings of their original until the update had been completed. In retrospect, they concluded their concerns had been unfounded since their two meta-ethnographies had broadly similar findings. They reflected that their update approach had aided identification of the insights added by the newer studies.
Daker-White et al. [21] chose the same update approach to address their aim of illustrating conceptual development through time. In their original and updated meta-ethnographies of experiences of rheumatoid arthritis, they compared studies published in two time periods; however, these periods were arbitrarily separated by the date on which they had conducted the original literature searches. This typical approach to updating literature searches perhaps limits the usefulness of the "build a new house next door" method of updating unless, by chance, the newer studies all have a different focus on the same topic than the older studies. Daker-White et al. [21] presented the methods and findings of their two syntheses separately and then compared the key concepts from each. They also compared the focuses, sorts of coping strategies identified, study designs, academic disciplines of the authors and the conceptual depth in the two bodies of literature. They concluded that in the update: "papers were more concerned about perceptions of 'control' and incorporated a 'career' model of the experience of RA [rheumatoid arthritis] where people adapted to new circumstances brought by the disease." [21] (p. 8).
A possible disadvantage of doing a new standalone meta-ethnography is that the findings and models from the original and the update might not be fully integrated, so making it harder for end users to use the output. Also, if the original meta-ethnography was of low quality (or used incompatible literature search and selection methods), then the value of comparing it with the update might be questionable.
Knock down the house and rebuild it
An alternative method of updating a meta-ethnography, not reported in published meta-ethnographies, is to start again from scratch. This involves reviewers "knocking down and rebuilding the house" by integrating the old and new articles into a single new meta-ethnography, disregarding the earlier findings. This may or may not involve re-designing and re-running the original literature search and selection strategy. Starting again could be necessary in certain circumstances, also described in Table 2, for instance, if the original meta-ethnography was poor quality in conduct or reporting, if the reviewers have revised the review question or study selection criteria or if they need to implement methodological advances in meta-ethnography or qualitative reviewing.
Starting from scratch may be desirable to avoid the updated findings being influenced or constrained by the original findings; to avoid having an arbitrary dividing date between the bodies of literature in the original and updated meta-ethnographies; to allow innovation in the analysis and synthesis process in the update; and/or to produce one coherent model or set of findings to increase the utility of the output for end users; otherwise, it may be more efficient to build upon (extend) the existing meta-ethnography. However, if the overall number of published studies to be synthesised is high then starting again from scratch might be unfeasible, unless purposive sampling is used. Some expert reviewers believe that around 40 articles is the maximum number that can be synthesised effectively using the meta-ethnography approach [13], but over 70 articles have been synthesised successfully [26]. Next, we report how we approached an update of our meta-ethnography [27] to examine patients' experiences of HNC, focusing on the analysis and synthesis processes.
A worked example of updating a meta-ethnography
In 2007, we conducted a meta-ethnography on patients' experiences of HNC which was, after only a few years, potentially out-of-date: we were aware that demographic changes in the HNC population and the increasing use of complex multi-modality treatments might provide important new insights; it was likely that these new populations and treatments would be covered by the relatively large number of new relevant publications. Therefore, we decided to update our original meta-ethnography, which we did in 2011 and 2012. We intended to replicate our original exhaustive systematic search and selection strategy to help ensure identification of all relevant articles. In our original meta-ethnography, we had included 15 articles published from 1993 to September 2007. In our update, we identified a further 14 relevant articles published from September 2007 to September 2011.
There were no apparent reasons to suspect that our original meta-ethnography was of poor quality—it had been conducted for a doctoral thesis using a rigorous approach involving three senior qualitative researchers and one more junior researcher. Also we were not aware of recent relevant methodological advances and the date dividing our literature searches was arbitrary; therefore, we chose to "extend and renovate" our original meta-ethnography. We have reported the methods in detail for the updated meta-ethnography in Lang et al. [27]; here, we focus on the analysis and synthesis processes.
Six synthesised concepts from original and updated meta-ethnography
Translated concepts from phase 5 of the original
Translated concepts from phase 5 of the update
Final synthesised concepts from phase 6 of original & update (encompassing all translated concepts)
Synthesised concept description in original meta-ethnography
Synthesised concept description in updated meta-ethnography
• Living and waiting
Uncertainty and waiting
Being in limbo—the uncertainty of living with the disease and of the future.
Being in limbo—the uncertainty of living with the disease and of the future.
• Disruption to life and living
• The experience of symptoms
• The experience of diagnosis
Disruption to daily life
The disruption of treatment to the patient's physical functioning, emotions and social life.
Patients experience disruption in all aspects of life because of the effects of cancer and its treatment, beginning with the shock of diagnosis. After diagnosis, life is disrupted physically, emotionally and socially.
• Enduring or moving on
• The diminished self
The diminished self
The temporary or longer-lasting functional, social and existential losses patients experience and the impact of these.
Patients experience temporary or longer-lasting functional, social and existential losses, which can alter their life expectations. The stigma of changed appearance and speech, damaging experiences with health care professionals (HCPs), and perceived rejection by their next of kin contribute to losses.
• Information
• Fears and expectations
• The significance of symptoms
• Explaining HNC to family and children
• Seeking cause of HNC
• No choice – treatment or death
Making sense of the experience
Patients' continual efforts to make sense of cancer and what is happening to them and how they develop expectations about a likely outcome.
Patients' continual efforts to make sense of their cancer and what is happening to them and to help their family - including their children - to make sense of their illness.
• Connection with HCPs
• Communicating the hidden experience
• Connection with family and social network
• Connection with peers with head and neck cancer (HNC)
Sharing the burden
The importance of a supportive relationship with HCPs whose role is crucial in instilling hope, maintaining self-worth and counteracting patients' vulnerability.
Developing supportive connections with family, friends, their wider social network, HCPs and other people with HNC helps patients to cope emotionally and practically with their illness.
• Finding ways to deal with an uncertain future
• Enhanced future
• Coping with dying
• Self-management
Finding a path
Reflects the nature of life beyond cancer. Patients perceive their future as either diminished or changed.
Reflects how patients characterise life beyond HNC. Some limit their focus to the present, living in the here and now, particularly when cancer is terminal. Others perceive their future as either diminished, changed or enhanced. Establishing successful coping and self-management strategies is associated with perceiving a changed or enhanced future.
Summary of the phases of meta-ethnography conduct and updating
Noblit and Hare's [3] 7 phases
How we conducted each phase in our original HNC meta-ethnography
How we conducted each phase in our updated HNC meta-ethnography
1. "Getting started" (the topic focus).
To examine patients' experiences of HNC to provide a context for future research.
To examine patients' experiences of HNC to provide a context for future research.
2. Deciding what is relevant to the initial interest.
Exhaustive systematic search strategy; inclusion of qualitative studies of the experience of HNC up to September 2007. Included 15 articles.
Replicated earlier search strategy and inclusion criteria from September 2007 to September 2011. Identified a further 14 relevant articles.
3. Reading the studies.
We identified, recorded and described on index cards all the primary study authors' concepts and main conclusions in the 15 articles.
We identified, recorded and described on index cards the primary study authors' concepts and main conclusions in the 14 articles.
4. Determining how studies are related.
We directly compared the primary study authors' concepts and found them to be reciprocal (about roughly similar things).
We juxtaposed the primary study authors' concepts from each new article with our 11 translated concepts from phase 5 of the original to compare meanings. Most concepts from the new articles were reciprocal, but some were contradictory.
5. Translating the studies into one another.
We systematically compared the meanings of all the primary study authors' concepts across the articles and grouped the concepts according to shared meaning through reciprocal translation to produce 11 translated concepts.
We continued the original translation process by systematically comparing the meanings of the primary study authors' concepts from each new article with our 11 translated concepts from the original. Most concepts confirmed or enhanced the original translated concepts. We developed 9 additional translated concepts. We re-examined the articles in the original meta-ethnography to check if they did in fact support the new issues and concepts.
6. Synthesising translations.
We compared and contrasted our 11 translated concepts and found that some could encompass or were similar to others resulting in a final six synthesised concepts ("synthesised translations"): uncertainty and waiting, disruption to daily life, the diminished self, making sense of the experience, sharing the burden, and finding a path.
We juxtaposed the 11 original and 9 new translated concepts with our six synthesised concepts from phase 6 of the original meta-ethnography to systematically compare meanings. We refined our synthesised concepts to reflect the new and contradictory concepts.
7. Expressing the synthesis.
In written form in an unpublished doctoral thesis.
In written and diagrammatic form in a published journal article.
Conducting the analysis and synthesis for the original meta-ethnography
In phase 3 (reading the studies) of our original meta-ethnography, we identified, recorded and described on index cards all the primary study authors' concepts and main conclusions in the 15 articles. In phase 4 (determining how the studies are related), we directly compared the study authors' concepts and found them to be reciprocal (about roughly similar things). In phase 5 (translating the studies into one another), we systematically compared the meanings of all the primary study authors' concepts across the papers and grouped the concepts according to shared meaning through reciprocal translation—a process akin to constant comparison—to produce 11 translated concepts. Then, in phase 6 (synthesising translations) of the original, we further compared and contrasted these 11 translated concepts and found that some could encompass or were similar to others resulting in a final six synthesised concepts ("synthesised translations").
Updating the analysis and synthesis
In the update, we repeated the same process for phase 3 as in our original meta-ethnography but our methods for phases 4 to 6 differed somewhat. In phases 4 and 5, which overlapped, we juxtaposed the primary study authors' concepts from each new article with our 11 translated concepts from phase 5 of the original to systematically compare meanings. We asked if the primary study authors' concepts from the new studies represented the same meaning, added new meaning or refuted the meaning of our original translated concepts. Most concepts from the new articles were confirmatory (reciprocal), but some were contradictory (refutational). Through continuing the reciprocal translation process, continuously comparing and grouping newly identified concepts according to shared meaning, we developed nine additional translated concepts not identified in the original, shown in Table 3. We also identified new aspects and issues relevant to our original 11 translated concepts and revised these, for example, "the diminished self" encompassed and was enhanced by new concepts concerning social stigma, perceived rejection by family members due to disfigurement and disability, and damaging experiences with health care professionals. We re-examined all the articles in the original meta-ethnography to check if they did in fact contain any previously unidentified data supporting the new and revised translated concepts.
In phase 6 of the update, we explored whether the revised original and nine additional translated concepts represented the same meaning, added new meaning or refuted the meaning of our original six synthesised concepts—we provide some examples of this process below. We concluded that the revised original and the nine new translated concepts in the new articles confirmed and supported the meaning of our six original synthesised concepts but added nuances or depth to five of them without changing their fundamental meaning, as seen in Table 3. Consequently, we then refined our original six synthesised concepts by adding further detail and concepts to them to reflect the new concepts from the more recent literature. Our updated synthesised concepts accommodated both confirmatory and contradictory concepts. In Additional file 1: Table S1, we describe the confirmatory, new and contradictory data or concepts from each new article.
Examples of analysis and synthesis in the update
An example of contradictory concepts in newer articles related to people's perceptions of an enhanced self or future after HNC diagnosis and treatment (for example, because their family relationships had improved), which contrasted with concepts in the older articles about people's sense of self being damaged. These new contradictory concepts formed the new translated concept an "enhanced future". After reflection, we concluded that perceiving an enhanced self or future reflected a way of moving on with life, so we included this as a new facet of the synthesised concept "finding a path", which was originally about how people dealt with life beyond cancer. Similarly, we decided that the translated concept of self-management (for example, establishing healthy eating habits) in newer articles belonged in "finding a path" because it described people adapting to a changed future. Table 3 shows all the translated concepts from the original and update and which final synthesised concepts encompassed them.
Another example of a refutational concept was the apparently positive interpretations of experiencing advanced stage HNC in the newer articles. For instance, three articles contained similar concepts about some people's "positive" reactions to dying: they involved people coping by planning ahead for death, placing limits on their life or focusing on the present. These concepts formed a new translated concept "coping with dying" which added new dimensions, relating to people using coping strategies and living in the present, to the synthesised concept "finding a path," which in the original meta-ethnography was about people seeing their future as diminished or changed.
We have presented a worked example of one possible method for updating a meta-ethnography. If we had used a different update method or approached the analysis and synthesis process differently (for example, if we had disregarded our 11 original translated concepts), we might have produced different findings because we might have noticed different conceptual groupings. Nonetheless, we believe that the final concepts resulting from a different analysis and synthesis process would have had equivalent meaning to ours, as McCann et al. [17] found in their build-a-new-house-next-door approach. Had we used McCann et al.'s approach in our update, then our final concepts might have differed given the greater focus on benefit finding and self-management in those studies. We feel this could have resulted in a synthesis that might have overstated the positives of living with HNC. However, future methodological research could formally compare and explore different ways of updating the analysis and synthesis process.
Many of the advantages and the pitfalls we have outlined apply to all three methods of updating a meta-ethnography but to differing degrees. For instance, when using any of the updating methods the new analysis and synthesis could be influenced by the findings of the original meta-ethnography, even if conducted by new reviewers. However, with the extending-and-renovating-the-house approach, there may be a greater danger of using a more deductive synthesis approach that could limit potential new insights, even if conducted by new reviewers. Other considerations apply mainly to one method, for example, extending and renovating the house (adding to and revising the original meta-ethnography) might make the most efficient use of previous analytic synthesis work and gives a fully integrated, single set of findings, whereas knocking down and rebuilding the house (starting again from scratch) is the most suitable method when there are concerns over the quality of the original.
There is no specific guidance for judging the quality of a meta-ethnography's conduct or reporting, although a reporting guideline [28] and a method for assessing confidence in the findings of qualitative syntheses are being developed [29]. However, we believe that generally accepted quality indicators for any kind of qualitative study, such as its trustworthiness [30], apply also to a meta-ethnography. Transparent reporting is a pre-requisite to judging trustworthiness [31].
Doing a new overarching meta-ethnography (knocking down and rebuilding the house) could potentially change the findings of the original meta-ethnography more than if you added to it. However, it is probably unfeasible for reviewers to forget their original findings; therefore, completely re-doing a meta-ethnography might be easier for a new team of reviewers. All of the update examples cited in this article, apart from the NICE update, involved some of the same reviewers as the original. It is fairly common for new reviewers to update quantitative systematic reviews and this could become increasingly common for qualitative syntheses too, but it may be difficult for a new team to fully access the original team's analysis to extend and renovate it.
Sensitivity analyses have been conducted for other qualitative synthesis approaches [32, 33] to evaluate the impact of inadequately reported primary studies on the synthesis findings. Future methodological work could explore the use of sensitivity analyses for meta-ethnographies as a means to evaluate the conceptual contribution of newer articles to the synthesis when using the extending-and-renovating-the-house approach.
We have explored the reasons for why and when to update a qualitative synthesis and examined different methods of conducting an update of a meta-ethnography. We have developed some guiding principles for choosing a particular method and give a worked example of updating a meta-ethnography. We have developed questions to be used in combination with Tables 1 and 2 and Fig. 1 to guide those appraising updates to meta-ethnographies: is the reason for updating clear and justified? Is the aim of the update clear? Do the methods of updating the literature searches and selection and the analysis and synthesis fit the aim of the update? Does the search and selection strategy in the original meta-ethnography fit the aim of the update? There is very little published guidance on updating a meta-ethnography, and we believe this paper makes a unique contribution to this evolving area of meta-ethnography and qualitative synthesis methodology.
human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome
head and neck cancer
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
The preparation of this article received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. A Chief Scientist Office Scotland PhD studentship awarded to HL funded the original meta-ethnography. HL and MW's time on the meta-ethnography update was supported by a grant from Macmillan Cancer Support Consequences of Treatment Collaborative. We warmly thank Rosanne Bell of University of Dundee who assisted with preparing lists of concepts and index cards and Karin Hannes, Andrew Booth and Pandora Pound who provided helpful and insightful peer reviews.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Authors' Affiliations
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Unformatted text preview: ed tabs. For procedures, see following topics:
! Work Order Update - Basic Work Order (on page 471) ! Work Order Update - Job Status/Worker Hours/TD (on page
472) ! Work Order Update - Failed/Required (on page 473) ! Work Order Update - Removed/Installed (on page 474) ! Work Order Update - CDI/QAR In Process Inspection (see
"Work Order Update - CDI/QAR In Process Inspections" on page
433) 10 Once you have completed the required work order tabs, enter the
rate/rank, last name of worker in the Corrected By box, inspector in
the Inspected By box, and maintenance control manager in the
Maintenance Control box, and then click Save.
11 Respond to the Print prompt accordingly.
12 Click Close to return to the appropriate VED.
For more information, see the following topics:
! Work Order - Tabs (on page 475) ! Save a Work Order (on page 475) Initiate a Higher Authority Cannibalization
The Higher Authority Cannibalization option enables you to remove a
repairable or consumable part(s) from your aircraft as dictated by higher
authority to support the mission of another organization's aircraft.
1 Open the Aircraft VED (see "Open a VED" on page 342). 2 Right-click the aircraft icon, Modex, or BUNO entry, choose
Initiate, and select Higher Authority Cannib.
The Authorizing Cannibalization response box appears prompting
you whether or not to continue with the process.
3 Click Yes. Chapter 5 Maintenance Subsystem 471 The Cannibalization Wizard prompts you whether to continue or not
with the wizard.
4 Click Yes.
The Cannibalization MCN Selection dialog box appears.
5 To continue the cannibalization procedures, see Cannibalization
Wizard - Directed by Higher Authority (on page 382). Work Order Update - Basic Work Order
The Work Order Update - Basic Work Order window is used for
contingency or online processing. It is the default tab that enables you to
document (backfit) work orders from initiation to completion, or to
complete outstanding work orders that were initiated during a
contingency situation or when performing online processing. It also
enables qualified personnel such as the CDI/QAR, Maintenance Control
Managers, and Logset Clerks to sign-off, reinduct, check validation,
reject, or delete a work order as it goes through the CDI/QAR,
Maintenance Control, and Logset clerk processing.
The window contains different work order tabs (Job Status/Worker
Hours/TD, Failed/Required, Removed/Installed, Basic Work Order,
CDI/QAR In-Process Inspection) to complete the work order.
For more information, see the following topics:
! Contingency Processing (on page 469) ! Online Processing (on page 482) ! Work Order - Tabs (on page 475) Contingency Work Order
The Contingency Work Order window enables you to enter the required
data to begin the initiation process.
1 Enter the type work order from the list. 2 Enter the JCN and the BUNO/Serno for aircraft, go to the Actions
menu and select Initiate WO or click the Initiate WO button . 3 Enter the work center...
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KRAMATORSK, July 02. /ITAR-TASS/. Ukrainian military forces have waged a massive artillery fire at east Ukraine's Donetsk regional city of Kramatorsk overnight to Wednesday, a representative of people's militia told ITAR-TASS.
"A strong gunfire had been waged at the city which was literally showered with shells. Powerful blasts were heard with a frequency like in automatic fire," he said, adding that the gunfire had been waged presumably from Grad missile multiple fire launch systems.
Several residential houses caught fire in the shelling in the settlement of Krasnogorka near the city of Kramatorsk.
No reports are available about destroyed buildings and casualties. At night, almost all local residents went down to basements and bomb shelters, massive communications breakdowns were reported in the city. "It is extremely dangerous to go out in the street and, moreover, drive in shelled districts," the representative said.
Shelling started on Tuesday evening. The facade wall of the last floor at a nine-story residential house was literally smashed down in the blast in Dnipropetrovskaya Street in Stankostroy district of the city. Meanwhile, a shell exploded near a public transport stop leaving a hole of about a meter in diameter on the roadside. A private house was destroyed in Novy Svet district and the area of a local conditioner-producing plant came under fire.
Fighter jets appeared in the skies over the city just half an hour later.
Active gunfire resumed in the city of Kramatorsk at 10.30pm on June 30, half an hour after the ceasefire regime expired between law enforcers and militias. The gunfire has been waged in the center of the city and residential districts almost all night. Single gunfire shots were made, and massive artillery strikes were delivered at the city with intervals of 10-15 minutes. The breathing spell set in only at 2am, but at 4am on Wednesday the gunfire was resumed.
An air alert siren was activated in the city, shells were exploding at the bus terminal, shops next to the bus terminal were strongly damaged. Meanwhile, several mines hit residential houses in Bogdan Khmelnitsky and Rumyantsev Streets. A projectile exploded at the entrance of a school, shattering its windows.
Another shell hit a shuttle taxi, killing four people, namely a driver and three passengers.
Meanwhile, eyewitnesses said that Kramatorsk residents were fleeing the city. People lined up in queues to get on buses to leave the zone of combat actions on Tuesday morning. Four buses have evacuated people in the morning on July 1.


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