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Optimizing dietary lipid use to improve essential fatty acid status and reproductive performance of the modern lactating sow: a review
DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0092-x
© Rosero et al. 2016
Received: 21 December 2015
Accepted: 13 May 2016
Published: 7 June 2016
Dietary lipid supplementation benefits the prolific and high-producing modern lactating sow. A comprehensive review of recent studies showed that lipid supplementation increases average daily energy intake, which is partitioned for lactation as indicated by greater milk fat output and improved litter growth rate. Recent compelling findings showed that addition of particular lipids during lactation improved the subsequent reproductive outcome of sows. Such benefits were related to the level of dietary essential fatty acids (EFA, linoleic acid, C18:2n-6; and α-linolenic acid, C18:3n-3) during lactation. Lactation diets without supplemental EFA resulted in a pronounced negative balance (intake minus milk output) of linoleic (−25.49 g/d) and α-linolenic acid (−2.75 g/d); which compromised sow fertility (farrowing rate < 75 % and culling rates > 25 % of weaned sows). This phenomenon seems to be increasingly important with advancing sow age because of a progressive reduction of body EFA pool over successive lactations. The net effect of supplemental EFA during lactation was to create a positive EFA balance, which improved the subsequent reproduction of sows. Adequate linoleic acid intake improved the proportion of sows that farrowed in the subsequent cycle (Farrowing rate (%) = [(−1.5 × 10−3 × linoleic acid intake (g/d)2) + (0.53 × linoleic acid intake (g/d)) + (45.2)]; quadratic P = 0.002, R2 = 0.997, RMSE = 0.031). In addition, increasing linoleic acid intake increased the number of pigs born in the subsequent cycle (total pigs born (n) = [(9.4 × 10−5 × linoleic acid intake (g/d)2) + (0.04 × linoleic acid intake (g/d)) + (10.94)]; quadratic P = 0.002, R2 = 0.997, RMSE = 0.031). Supplemental α-linolenic acid resulted in a rapid return to estrus (sows bred: sows weaned = 94.2 %; wean-to-estrus interval = 4.0 d) and achieved a high retention of pregnancy (sows pregnant: sows bred = 98 %). Collectively, we conclude that a minimum dietary intake of 10 g/d of α-linolenic acid, simultaneous with a minimum of 125 g/d of linoleic acid should be provided to ≥ 95 % of the sows; thereby, achieving a maximum sow reproductive efficiency through multiple mechanisms that include rapid return to estrus, high maintenance of pregnancy and large subsequent litter size in mature sows, that appear to be susceptible to EFA deficiency.
KeywordsEssential fatty acids Lactating sow Subsequent reproduction Supplemental lipids
The modern lactating sow
Comparison between the productive parameters of the elite modern lactating sow and the reference sow of the past
Average sow
Average sow
Elite sowc
Total pigs born, n
Pigs weaned,d n
Litter gain,e kg/d
Milk production,f kg/d
Nutrient output,f g/d
Development of the modern sow has also resulted in an animal with less body fat reserves and lower appetite [4]. Thus, sow feeding programs need to ensure optimal consumption of nutrients and energy to support this high level of milk production, but prevent large sow body weight (BW) loss and to maximize the long-term productivity of the sow. Optimal nutrient intake by the lactating sow becomes more challenging under certain management and environmental conditions. Exposure of sows to high ambient temperature results in physiologic and metabolic changes that impairs intestinal barrier function, increases oxidative stress and dramatically reduces nutrient intake; which leads to mobilization of body reserves to meet the nutrient deficiency [5–8].
Excessive mobilization of body tissues during lactation compromises the subsequent reproductive performance of sows [9]. King [10] found a correlation (R2 = 0.63) between the loss of lean body mass and wean-to-estrus interval (WEI). In addition, Hughes [11] concluded that body fat status was also a factor for optimum reproduction outcome and determined that back fat loss greater than 2 mm during lactation compromised the subsequent pig-output of sows. Thus, meeting the amino acids and energy needs during lactation is important for milk production, maintenance of body reserves, and reproduction outcome. Supplementation of lipids to lactation diets has been a nutritional strategy to benefit the lactating sow, especially those under heat stress conditions [12]. It is plausible that supplemental lipids have greater impact for the prolific and high-producing lactating sow because of the greater demand for milk production. This review summarizes the contemporary literature on the nutritional value of lipids for the modern sow, with special emphasis on compelling new findings regarding the impact of essential fatty acid adequacy.
Lipid nutrition during lactation
Dietary lipids are extensively used in swine diets as sources of energy and essential fatty acids. While the energetic role of the former is known, the exact nature of the latter has only recently been evaluated. Potential benefits of dietary lipids for the lactating sow and progeny have been extensively studied over the last 30 years, but results from studies are inconsistent and benefits for the lactating sow need clarity. Earlier reviews [12, 13] suggest that potential benefits of supplemental lipids were evident only when sows experienced management or environmental challenges. An important statement of context was provided by Dr. B. G. Harmon (personal communication, 2015). Their experience at Purina Mills during the 1980–1990 timeframe was that improvements in lactating sow performance, arising from added lipid, were easier to demonstrate under field conditions, because many sow farm managers were limit feeding sows. This review considered published studies investigating the effects of dietary lipids on lactating sow performance, when the modern sow was used.
Nutritional value of lipid sources
Lipids, commonly referred to as fats or oils, are a group of substances found in plants and animal tissues that are insoluble in water, but soluble in non-polar solvents. Nutritionally, lipids are considered as a highly digestible energy source for pigs; however, this may differ between sources of lipid because of varying chemical composition, quality, and peroxidation status [14, 15]. Commercially available sources of lipids are often blended products, mainly restaurant by-products and rendered fats. Processed lipids (e.g. by-product lipids) can be exposed to peroxidation, which negatively affects nutrient digestibility, absorption capacity of the intestine, and gastro-intestinal health status [16, 17]. Considering the different factors that impact digestion and absorption rate of lipids, it is important to accurately determine the energy value of sources of lipid for diet formulation.
where FFA is the concentration of free fatty acids in the lipid (%) and U:S is the unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio.
Application of this prediction equation resulted in relatively small errors of prediction (residual divided by the predicted value; errors ranged from −4.7 to 2.0 %). In a similar manner as that described by Powles et al. [18], Rosero et al. [19] accurately estimated the DE content of lipids using chemical composition parameters; however, further improvement of this equation is warranted by using other factors (e.g. peroxidation status, correction for endogenous loss) that affect digestion and absorption of lipids.
Effect of supplemental lipids on sow and litter performance
In this analysis, ADEI averaged 15.9 Mcal metabolizable energy (ME) and ranged from 10.4 to 24.3 Mcal ME/d. Supplemental lipids improved ADEI in all but 3 of the 12 studies. The improvement in caloric intake was estimated to be 6.9 % (weighted average considering differences in sample size among studies) or 1.10 Mcal ME/d, which is in close agreement with the 1.24 Mcal ME/d improvement reported in an earlier review by Pettigrew and Moser [13]. This positive response on ADEI varied depending on the level of supplemental lipid, lipid source, and environmental conditions. Studies examined in the present review used supplemental lipid levels that ranged from 2 to 11 %, with only 2 studies investigating the impact of supplemental lipids on caloric intake in a dose-dependent manner [31, 32]. The change in ADEI, when lipid was supplemented to lactation diets, was described by Δ ADEI (%) = [− 0.46 + (supplemental lipid (%) × 4.5) + (supplemental lipid (%)2 × (− 0.34)); quadratic P < 0.001; R2 = 0.871; RSME = 18.2]. Although a total of 13 different sources of lipid were used in the studies reviewed, only 3 studies compared the effects of lipid source [26, 28, 32]. None of these studies reported significant differences on ADEI between sources. Moreover, it is expected that a greater benefit would be observed when sows experience heat stress because of the lower heat increment associated with digestion and metabolism of lipids [20]. The study conducted by Schoenherr et al. [23] supports this hypothesis.
The greater caloric intake by lipid fed sows slightly reduced sow BW loss during lactation by a weighted average of 1.0 kg. However, responses were inconsistent (19 positive and 9 negative responses) and only 3 studies reported significant improvements [24, 29, 32]. This positive response on sow BW loss depended on the genetic line (Landrace, but not Duroc sows responded positively) [24], and lipid source (added choice white grease, but not animal-vegetable blend) [32].
As reviewed in 1991, Pettigrew and Moser [13] suggested that supplemental lipids improved litter weight at weaning by 1.65 kg (80 g/d assuming a 21 d of lactation) when compared with diets without added lipids. In this review, supplemental lipids consistently (10 positive responses were significant) improved litter growth by a weighted average of 70.1 g/d. The elevated responses reported by Lauridsen et al. [26], contributed substantially to this weighted average for daily litter gain. The positive benefit of supplemental lipid on litter weight gain was more evident in later studies (year 2000 and beyond). Potential benefits of supplemental lipids on piglet survival were also explored in the reviewed studies, but the response was inconsistent (data not shown).
Effect of supplemental lipids on sow milk
Supplemental lipids may increase milk fat output while reducing the energetic cost for the relatively high de novo fatty acid synthesis that is noted in the sow [33]. A thorough description of important determinants of milk nutrient secretion is available in the review by Boyd and co-workers [34], where the authors concluded that level of milk nutrient secretion can be influenced by nutrient intake and endocrine stimulation. This hypothesis is supported by Tokach et al. [35], who demonstrated that energy intake by lactating sows greatly affects milk synthesis.
The impact of supplemental lipids on sow milk production and composition was investigated using 7 published studies [21, 23–26, 36, 37]. Because these studies used diverse estimation methods for milk production that included weigh-suckle-weigh and regression equations [38, 39]; sow milk production and nutrient output were re-estimated in all studies using prediction equations derived by Hansen et al. [40]. This re-analysis indicated that milk production averaged 8.4 kg/d (ranging from 6.7 to 9.8 kg/d) and milk fat output averaged 591 g/d (ranging from 401 to 814 g/d). There was a positive (250 g/d improvement) and consistent response (15 positive and 3 negative responses) on milk production when lipids were supplemented to diets. However, none of the studies reported significant responses. A greater (weighted average of 83.2 g/d) and more consistent response (all studies reported a positive responses and 4 were significant) was observed for milk fat output when lipids were supplemented to lactation diets.
In summary, supplementation of lipids to lactation diets improved ADEI which seemed to be preferentially partitioned for milk, as indicated by the greater milk fat output and improved litter growth rate. The greater milk fat output positively influenced growth of the nursing litter. The impact of supplemental lipids on sow BW change and subsequent reproduction of sows is not clear from these studies.
Lipid nutrition and subsequent reproduction of sows
In a commercial setting, the main objectives of a farrow-to-weaning operation are: 1) to maximize the number of healthy pigs weaned, 2) approximate their biological growth potential, and 3) to maximize the number of pigs weaned per sow life-time. Nutrition programs can be designed to prevent excessive body tissue mobilization of sows during lactation, thereby promoting life-time productivity of sows. This was demonstrated by Touchette et al. [41], who provided evidence that amino acid nutrition during lactation impacts the subsequent reproduction of sows. The authors increased lysine intake for parity 1 sows (from 32 to 52 g/d), which increased the number of pigs born in the subsequent cycle by 1.2.
Effect of lipid supplementation to lactation diets on the change in subsequent wean-to-estrus interval (WEI) and subsequent farrowing ratea,b
Normal temperatures
High temperatures
Sows, nd
Δ WEI, d
Δ Farrowing rate, %
Δ WEI, d
Δ Farrowing rate, %
Animal fat
Corn oil
Soy oil
A-V blend
A-V blend
Improvements in subsequent farrowing rate of sows that were fed diets with added lipids were reported by Rosero et al. [31, 32]. These studies consistently reported improved farrowing rate (improvement by 10.3 %) when conducted during the summer heat stress. The authors observed that sows fed diets without added lipid had comparatively poor subsequent reproduction (farrowing rate < 75 %). Farrowing rate and culling rate (percentage of sows removed from the herd as cull sows relative to the number of sows weaned) each improved with the inclusion of at least 2 % supplemental lipid to lactation diets, either as choice white grease or animal-vegetable blend. In addition, the authors reported a linear improvement (from 13 to 14 total pigs born) in the subsequent litter of sows fed increasing doses of lipid (0, 2, 4 and 6 % added lipids) during lactation [32].
The studies conducted by Rosero and co-workers [31, 32] demonstrated that lipid supplementation during lactation resulted in a modest positive effect on sow lactation performance, but remarkably improved subsequent reproduction. These observations were the turning point in our understanding of sow lipid nutrition and led us to postulate that specific and essential fatty acids caused the improvement in reproduction, which has been proven to be true for the dairy cow [44, 45]. We hypothesized that the greatest benefit of added lipids during lactation was to improve subsequent reproduction by provision of essential fatty acids (EFA, linoleic acid, C18:2n-6; and α-linolenic acid, C18:3n-3) to correct a deficiency during lactation.
Essential fatty acid nutrition during lactation
The essentiality of linoleic and α-linolenic acid (parental EFA) in animals is due to the absence of desaturase enzymes that are able to introduce double bounds distal from carbon 10 of octadecenoic acids. The lactating female secretes significant amounts of EFA in milk during lactation; fatty acids that are known to be essential for growth and development of the nursing litter [46, 47]. We recently suggested that the modern lactating sow secretes EFA in the milk, even if this results in mobilization from body adipose reserves [37]. It was postulated that excessive secretion of dietary and mobilized EFA in milk could, at some point, result in EFA deficiency to the extent that reproduction could be impaired. Further, this deficiency could be corrected by specifically supplementing EFA. The involvement of EFA in reproduction processes suggests that potential EFA deficiencies could be related with infertility of females, which was proven to be true [48], as discussed below.
Metabolism of essential fatty acids
The balance of EFA during lactation
Despite the essentiality of EFA during lactation, current dietary recommendations for sows specify a low requirement for linoleic acid (0.1 % of the diet or 6 g/d, assuming a feed intake of 6.28 kg/d) and no requirement minimum or maximum estimate for α-linolenic acid is specified [56]. Compared with the significant amounts of linoleic acid secreted in milk of sows fed diets without supplemental EFA (90 g/d) [37], the current recommendation estimate of 6 g/d appears too low. Based on the minimum amount of linoleic acid secreted in milk, it is suggested that the provision of at least 100 g/d of linoleic acid will ensure adequate consumption to prevent a potential negative balance during lactation.
The role of EFA in the sow and litter performance during lactation
A desired outcome of feeding sows diets supplemented with n-6 and n-3 fatty acids (using lipids from either plant or marine origin) is also to increase the concentrations of LC-PUFA in neonatal piglet tissues. The potential benefits of these fatty acids include enhanced neural development, improved immune response, and enhanced protective function of the intestine [46, 57, 58]. Indeed, Farmer et al. [36] and Yao et al. [59] demonstrated that supplementation of n-3 fatty acids (flaxseed meal or oil) to lactating sow diets increased the immune response of nursing piglets and improved piglet survival.
Notwithstanding the apparent deficit in linoleic acid intake for lactation, addition of n-3 fatty acids to sow diets has been of greater interest because common diets contain limited levels of these fatty acids. There is strong evidence to suggest that n-3 LC-PUFA play important roles in the cognitive and neural development and may benefit health of piglets [47]. Although conversion from α-linolenic acid to LC-PUFA seems to be limited in mammals [50], some researchers reported that supplemental flaxseed oil (rich in α-linolenic acid) to lactating sow diets resulted in increased concentrations of n-3 LC-PUFA in piglet's brain [60]. The potential benefits of supplementing α-linolenic acid to sows on litter performance are still controversial as results of published studies are inconsistent [61].
Increasing relative dietary concentrations of α-linolenic acid (lowering the n-6: n-3 fatty acid ratio) results in decreased conversion of linoleic acid to LC-PUFA and increased conversion of α-linolenic acid to its derivatives. These EFA are competitive substrates for the desaturase enzyme (Δ6) that has greater affinity for α-linolenic acid [49]. Recently, Yao et al. [59] concluded that altering the n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio in lactating sow diets influenced the concentrations of immunoglobulins in sow colostrum and piglet plasma. The authors speculated that increasing availability of n-3 fatty acids can decrease the production of arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids such as prostaglandin E2, which can negatively impact the production of immunoglobulins. This research suggests that the lactation n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio is highly important and warrants further work, especially to assess the immune response of lactating sows and piglets.
The role of EFA in the subsequent reproduction of sows
Although supplemental EFA was demonstrated to benefit subsequent reproduction of the dairy cow (discussed later) [44, 45], little evidence exists for the modern lactating sow [56]. Recently, Smits et al. [62] suggested that supplementation of n-3 fatty acids during lactation, using fish oil as source, increased subsequent litter size. To our knowledge, the only study that investigated the impact of supplemental linoleic acid on lactating sow performance and subsequent reproduction was conducted almost 4 decades ago by Kruse et al. [52]. In this study, a total of 9 sows (3 sows per treatment) were fed increasing amounts of linoleic acid (30, 75 and 125 g/d by supplementing 0, 2 and 4 % soybean oil, respectively) and the response of sows was collected over 3 consecutive parities. The authors reported no benefit from supplemental linoleic acid on lactating sow performance or subsequent reproduction of sows. The authors suggested that supplemental linoleic acid beyond that provided by a practical diet without added lipids seemed to be sufficient for the low-productivity sow (weaned pigs = 7.1 and litter growth rate = 1.36 kg/d). Ignoring the fact that the number of sows involved were woefully inadequate for such a test, we suggest that these findings do not hold true for the greater productivity level of the modern lactating sow because litter-size (pigs born and weaned) presently is almost twice that studied.
We conducted a dose-response study to determine the levels of both parent EFA required by the modern lactating sow for maximum subsequent reproduction [48]. In this study, a total of 480 lactating sows (equally balanced by parity 1, and 3 to 5, P3+) were assigned randomly to a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement plus a control diet without added lipid. Factors involved linoleic (2.1, 2.7 and 3.3 %) and α-linolenic acid (0.15, 0.30 and 0.45 %), which were obtained by adding 4 % of mixtures of canola, corn, and flaxseed oils to diets. This study was designed to investigate the dose response to linoleic and α-linolenic acid because these fatty acids are precursors of compounds with opposing functions and increasing the availability of one of these fatty acids decreases the metabolism and physiological functions of the other [49]. Therefore, we hypothesized that supplementation of each fatty acid potentially benefits sow reproductive efficiency through different mechanisms. In this study, the response of sows was assessed using multiple criteria that included the percentage of sows that returned to estrus, maintenance of pregnancy, and litter size in the subsequent reproductive cycle. A minimum requirement for each essential fatty acid was anticipated to maximize the response for one or more of the various criteria.
Effects of increasing essential fatty acid supplementation to lactation diets on the subsequent reproductive cycle of mature sows (parity 3–5 sows)a,b
Linoleic acid, %
α-Linolenic acid, %
Sows weaned, n
Sows bred: weaned, %
Wean-to-estrus interval,2 d
Farrowing rate,3 %
Culling rate,4 %
We observed responses to the main effects of α-linolenic and linoleic acid dose. A minimum provision of 0.45 % of α-linolenic acid was the most effective dietary treatment in causing rapid return to estrus (sows bred: sows weaned = 94.2 %; wean-to-estrus interval = 4.0 d) and achieved the highest retention of pregnancy (sows pregnant: sows bred = 98 %), but it did not appear to influence subsequent litter size. Moreover, supplemental linoleic acid elicited a linear effect on the number of total pigs born (linear P = 0.075; lack-of-fit P = 0.496; 13.2, 13.8, and 14.0 total pigs born for 2.1, 2.7 and 3.3 % linoleic acid, respectively) in the subsequent cycle of sows [48].
The different responses for both parent EFA confirmed our hypothesis that a minimum provision of each EFA was required to maximize reproductive efficiency for the various criteria. On this basis, we concluded that a minimum dietary intake of 10 g/d of α-linolenic acid, simultaneous with a minimum of 100 g/d of linoleic acid should be provided to > 90 % of the sows (considering large variability in feed intake of sows); thereby, collectively maximizing the subsequent reproduction of sows through a multiple of mechanisms (rapid return to estrus, high maintenance of pregnancy and increased litter size).
We recognize the importance of the optimum n-6: n-3 fatty acid ratio during lactation, but suggest that this is only meaningful when the absolute amount of both parent EFA are not significantly deficient. This was evident in the described study [48], in which diets with a similar n-6: n-3 fatty acid ratio of 7 resulted in different subsequent reproductive outcomes (e.g. 75 vs. 87 % farrowing rates). Further investigation of the optimum n-6: n-3 fatty acid ratio during lactation is warranted; but this has to be established after satisfying EFA needs.
Validation of the linoleic acid requirement
Data from 3 sow studies that were conducted in the same research farm under heat stress and using similar methodology (genetic line, feeding system, etc.), allowed us to investigate further the impact of supplemental linoleic acid on the subsequent reproduction of sows [31, 32, 48]. This multi-trial analysis focused on the impact of supplemental linoleic acid because the sources of lipid used in these studies had relatively high levels of linoleic acid (animal-vegetable blend 27 %; choice white grease = 13 %) providing a wide range of linoleic acid intake, but this was not the case for α-linolenic acid (animal-vegetable blend 1.1 %; choice white grease = 0.5 %). This analysis investigated the subsequent reproduction of a total of 543 mature sows (parities 3 to 5). The 3 studies included groups of sows fed diets without added lipids (linoleic acid intake averaged 84.4 ± 20.3 g/d) and these are presented in the analysis as no added lipid treatment (n = 84). For the multi-trial analysis, sows fed lipid supplemented diets were equally balanced into groups according to their total linoleic acid intake during lactation. Number of linoleic acid intake groups and sample size within each group were chosen to maximize the statistical power for the analysis of reproduction responses.
For subsequent farrowing rate and total pigs born, increasing linoleic acid intake elicited a similar dose response form (curvilinear function). Subsequent farrowing rate (%) was described by: y (%) = [(−1.5 × 10−3 × linoleic acid intake (g/d)2) + (0.53 × linoleic acid intake (g/d)) + (45.2); quadratic P = 0.002, R2 = 0.997, RMSE = 0.031]. Total pigs born was described by: Pigs (n) = [(9.4 × 10−5 × linoleic acid intake (g/d)2) + (0.04 × linoleic acid intake (g/d)) + (10.94); quadratic P = 0.002, R2 = 0.997, RMSE = 0.031]. The greatest marginal improvement for subsequent farrowing rate (7 %) and total pigs born (0.60 pigs) was observed for sows that consumed more than 100 g/d of linoleic acid (vs. <100 g/d). We previously estimated, without the benefit of this large data set, that a minimum of 100 g/d of linoleic acid/d is required for near maximum reproductive performance (>90 % of sow population) [48].
The clarifying nature of the pigs born index is illustrated by comparing the no added lipid treatment to the five added linoleic acid doses. The former group consumed an average of 84.4 ± 20.3 g linoleic acid/d. Although litter-size was relatively high (14.11 pigs/litter) and comparable to the 125–145 g/d linoleic acid intake sow group, farrowing rate was relatively low (74 %), in contrast to the latter group (88.0 %). This suggests that sows in the no added lipid group, that were able to maintain pregnancy, had a high number of pigs born. However, this is misleading because 14 % fewer sows maintained pregnancy. The pigs born index for sows fed diets without added lipids was 1050 pigs, which was comparable to the index of sows consuming <100 g/d of linoleic acid (1037 pigs), but not those in the 125–145 g/d group (1238 pigs). This integration of pregnancy maintenance with litter-size delivered is the preferred descriptor of EFA response.
Based on the dose-response curve that is presented in Fig. 8, we estimate that the near maximum response to total linoleic acid intake is achieved if sows consume a minimum of 125 g linoleic acid/d during lactation. The greatest marginal difference in pigs born index, for the 5 dose response curve, resulted when moving from <100 g/d to 100–125 g/d (147 pigs); the marginal difference when moving from 100–125 to 125–145 g/d being 54 pigs/100 sows weaned. The dose-response assay (Fig. 8) is the first estimate, to our knowledge, of the linoleic acid requirement for reproduction in any species. This estimate will vary with (a) age of sow; being greater for aging sows as compared to younger sows, and (b) life-cycle replenishment during pregnancy; diets composed of corn and corn distillers grains being advantageous to those composed of milo and wheat middlings.
For practical application, we propose that the minimum requirement of linoleic acid intake should be based on the pigs born index (fully-formed pigs). The equation in Fig. 8 can be used to derive a financial optimum intake of linoleic acid during lactation. Proper implementation of the 125 g/d estimate requires knowledge of seasonal lactation intake and the variance around intake so that the minimum linoleic acid intake (g/d) is achieved for perhaps 90 to 95 % of the sows in the population. For example, if the bottom 10 % of the sows are predicted to consume 4.2 kg/d (ADFI = 5.5 ± 1.0 kg/d) under heat stress conditions, and if a minimum of 125 g/d linoleic acid is desired, then the dietary specification would be 2.96 % linoleic acid. We anticipate that the lower lactation intake for mature sows, for which the estimate is intended, is at or above that for the lowest 10 % of the sows in this example.
Lactation EFA and possible mechanisms in cattle
The present review presents an intriguing and novel finding that supplemental EFA during lactation benefits the subsequent reproduction of the modern sow. Dose-response studies allowed us to estimate the minimum requirement of linoleic and α-linolenic acid. Although it is more difficult to establish minimum requirements in cattle because of the complication of the rumen and microbial metabolism of fatty acids, extensive research demonstrated that lactation EFA is an effective nutritional strategy to improve the fertility of females. In an extensive review, Staples et al. [63] concluded that supplemental lipids improved reproduction function and fertility in cattle, and suggested that positive responses were the result of providing supplemental EFA. The possible mechanisms that have been proposed included: nutraceutical regulation post-partum, modulation of follicle development, improved embryonic quality, increased concentrations of hormones important in reproduction (e.g. prostaglandins, progesterone), and pregnancy recognition and maintenance via cell signaling [64].
We conclude that supplemental EFA during lactation corrects the negative EFA balance and positively impacts the ability of sows to achieve and maintain pregnancy and improves subsequent litter size. Supplemental EFA during lactation seems to be increasingly important with advancing sow age and is expected to be more important under conditions of heat stress. Feeding programs for the modern lactating sow should be designed to provide a minimum dietary intake of 10 g/d of α-linolenic acid, simultaneous with a minimum of 125 g/d of linoleic acid to > 95 % of the sows; thereby, collectively achieving a maximum sow reproductive efficiency through multiple mechanisms that include rapid return to estrus, high maintenance of pregnancy and improved subsequent litter size.
This review shows that supplemental lipids improve caloric intake of lactating sows, which improves milk fat output and litter growth rate. Most importantly, supplemental lipids resulted in a remarkable improvement in return to estrus after weaning, maintenance of subsequent pregnancy and subsequent litter size. We contend that supplemental EFA during lactation corrects a negative EFA balance and this improved the fertility of the modern sow; a phenomenon that seems to be increasingly important with advancing sow age. Feeding programs for the modern lactating sow should be designed to provide a minimum dietary intake of 10 g/d of α-linolenic acid, simultaneous with a minimum of 125 g/d of linoleic acid provided to > 95 % of the sows; thereby, achieving a maximum sow reproductive efficiency through multiple mechanisms that include rapid return to estrus, high maintenance of pregnancy and large subsequent litter size in mature sows, that appear to be especially susceptible to EFA deficiency.
average daily energy intake
body weight
choice white grease
digestible energy
essential fatty acids
free fatty acids
long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids
medium chain triglycerides
metabolizable energy
unsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio
wean-to-estrus interval
The authors express their appreciation to Hanor Company for providing access to the research facilities and for actively participating in the study; Mark McCulley for his technical assistance when manufacturing feed; Marcos Cuevas and the farm crew for their expert management of animals for any internal research reported in this review. Also thanks to the faculty, staff, and students from the North Carolina State University for their assistance in the research studies.
Financial support
These studies were supported partially by the North Carolina Pork Council, Raleigh, NC and the North Carolina Agricultural Foundation, Raleigh, NC.
Authors' contributions
The authors DSR, RDB, JO and EH recognized from their recent studies the likelihood that essential fatty acids limitation was being expressed reproductively. DSR and EH designed the internal research reported in this review. DSR conducted the internal research reported in this review. DSR, RDB, JO and EH were involved in portrayal of the data, interpretation of the analysis, and they conducted a critical review of the manuscript. All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Authors' information
David S. Rosero, Ph. D. is a Research Scientist for Hanor Company, with expertise in lactating sow nutrition, energy and nutrient digestibility, nutrient utilization, lipid peroxidation, and statistics. R. Dean Boyd, Ph. D. is the Director of Nutrition and Technology for Hanor Company and Adjunct Professor at the North Carolina State University and Iowa State University with expertise in amino acid and energy nutrition and metabolic regulation. Jack Odle, Ph. D. is a William Neal Reynolds Professor of Animal Science at North Carolina State University with expertise in lipid nutritional biochemistry. Eric van Heugten, Ph. D. is a Professor of Animal Science and Nutrition at the North Carolina State University with expertise in lipid digestion and utilization, energy and nutrient digestibility, and alternative feed ingredients in swine diets. Mention of a trade names, proprietary products, or specific equipment does not constitute a guarantee or warranty by The Hanor Company LLC or North Carolina State University, and does not imply approval to the exclusion of other products. The Hanor Company and North Carolina State University are an equal opportunity provider and employer.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Premier Car Care
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In the presidential campaign, former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani was one of Donald Trump's most energetic and outspoken supporters. Now, with the lesson of hapless Democrats leaking party secrets like a second-rate sieve fresh in American...
Judge Jeanine Pirro Destroys Latest Obama Investigation With One Perfect Word
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Trump Asks Obama Surgeon General to Resign, Replaces Him with a Black Nurse: Libs Slam Her Credentials
(Bizpac Review) – For President Trump, no good deed goes unpunished. Trump asked Surgeon General Dr. Vivek Murthy, an Obama holdover, to step down. In his place, the president promoted Deputy Surgeon General Sylvia Trent-Adams as acting...
SEE YOU IN COURT! Obama Just Got SUED…
(Angry Patriot) – Though the media refuses to admit it, the conspiracy theory that Trump is a Russian agent is starting to crumble, and Obama's legacy is going down with it. Carter Page, a former and unofficial aide to President Trump,...
CHILLING PLAN Has Been Introduced- Give Obama Power To Determine…
If Liberals and Progressives could change the Constitution, just to get rid of Trump, they would consider that a two birds with one stone kind of move…Unfortunately, they are pressing
BREAKING: New Evidence Released, Obama Is Panicking & Hiding On a Yacht
(Angry Patriot) – Former President Obama has retreated back to French Polynesia after briefly showing his face in Scotland to line his pockets. The former president is panicking after a federal judge agreed to reopen the investigation...
New Book: Obama Had to Call Crooked Hillary and Get Her to Concede to Trump – Had a Hard Time Getting Out of Bed
(Gateway Pundit) – Oh, to have been a fly on the wall! Barack Obama had to call Hillary Clinton late on Election night and persuade her to concede to Donald Trump. She knew she had "let the country down." The Daily Mail reported: Hillary...
Arrested ISIS Leader Makes BOMBSHELL Confession About Barack Obama
(Angry Patriot) – Evidence emerged revealing the deep connection between Barack Obama and Islamic terrorists. Pakistani authorities have arrested Yousaf al-Salafi, a known leader of ISIS. While interrogating the Islamic terrorist, Pakistani...
BREAKING: Shocking New Info Released About Michelle Obama. Does This Change Your Mind?
(Angry Patriot) – The media would have you believe that the Obama family was the most transparent administration our great country has ever seen. As usual, they are wrong. The media is unrelenting in their quest to bury the truth. A brave...
WATCH: Video Found of Barack Obama MOCKING JESUS CHRIST. What's Your Response?
(Angry Patriot) – It is simply baffling that a man was elected president twice who has a profound hatred of our nation and our values. A video from Obama's past has emerged where the former president openly mocks Jesus and his followers....
CHILLING: Leaked Audio Suggests Obama Was Behind Chemical Attack In Syria
(Angry Patriot) – The attack in Syria was just another Obama mess that President Trump had to clean up. We have evidence that Obama has been involved in a lot of shady incidents in the past. This audio, featuring John Kerry, shows that...
We Don't Care What Malia Obama Wears Either, But Seriously, Who Goes to Work in a Shirt With No Pants?
(Bizpac Review) – Malia Obama headed to work Tuesday sporting a casual look and an eye-popping hemline. The former first daughter was spotted heading to The Weinstein Company in New York City where she is completing her internship with...
URGENT ALERT: Top Obama Insider Under Investigation For Criminal Corruption
(Angry Patriot) – Since the corrupt Obama administration has been removed from office, investigators feel safe to go after corrupt politicians and officials again — and we're cheering them on, all the way! Two Republican representatives,...
Comments Off on Betsy DeVos Opens A Can On Student Debt Collecting- Erasing Obama Era Guidelines..
Betsy DeVos Opens A Can On Student Debt Collecting- Erasing Obama Era Guidelines..
Obama's student loans policies, pushed through in the last months of his presidency have now been wiped by the new Education Secretary Betsy DeVos. How this will remain to impact
Comments Off on BUSTED: Obama SCREWED As Secret Fund Found Active, Sent Billions Before Discovery
BUSTED: Obama SCREWED As Secret Fund Found Active, Sent Billions Before Discovery
(Angry Patriot) – The shady, underhanded, tactics of Barack Obama are making headlines again. Is anyone really surprised at this point? The man is clearly capable of anything. If you smell a slush fund scheme, you're absolutely right...
Comments Off on Obama NSC Official Accuses Trump of "Wagging the Dog" With Syria Attack
Obama NSC Official Accuses Trump of "Wagging the Dog" With Syria Attack
Perhaps on the day when Politico printed a fairly vicious anti-Semitic story that has been circulating on neo-Nazi web sites for a while, it should be expected that they opened their site to a former Obama NSC official who accuses Trump of attacking...
Comments Off on Lawmakers Demand Firing of Obama IRS Commissioner Koskinen
Lawmakers Demand Firing of Obama IRS Commissioner Koskinen
(Gateway Pundit) – More than 30 lawmakers sent a letter to President Trump on Thursday calling for Obama's IRS Commissioner, John Koskinen to step down from his post before the end of his term, Fox News reports. Via Fox News: House Oversight...
Comments Off on Susan Rice TURNS On Obama, Makes Stunning Confession About Wiretapping Trump
Susan Rice TURNS On Obama, Makes Stunning Confession About Wiretapping Trump
(Angry Patriot) – It is blatantly clear that the Obama administration had plenty of secrets. And, as more evidence comes to the fore, we're finally getting that "transparency" they promised us all along. Susan Rice appeared on MSNBC...
Comments Off on Bolton: 'Obama Era in American Foreign Policy is Over'
Bolton: 'Obama Era in American Foreign Policy is Over'
Syria attack shows world White House has new 'worldview' (WND) – Former U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations John Bolton is praising President Trump for ordering a missile strike against a key Syrian airfield in response to...


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During the Cuban Missile Crisis, the US had a very clear objective and eventually offered a quid pro quo of the removal of some of its own missiles from Turkey. This time, there's no clarity about what the US is seeking, or offering.
It hasn't helped that the US and the global media consistently agree on calling North Korea and its leadership "crazy" and "irrational" and urging it to "come to its senses". When you treat your opponent as being beyond reason, it gets hard to comprehend what their strategy is, let alone work out the terms of a viable compromise. More>>
Recovery: Economic Impact Of Kaikōura Quake Revealed
The report details the impact on small businesses and tourism caused by disruptions to transport infrastructure and the economic impacts... The impact on New Zealand's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) over the first 18 months following the earthquake has been estimated at $450-$500 million. More>>
Human Rights Commission: Urgent Need For Action On Seclusion And Restraint
Chief Human Rights Commissioner David Rutherford says that while the report makes for sobering reading, the focus should now be on how the recommendations can be used to reduce the occurrence of seclusion and restraint in New Zealand and, in circumstances where it is necessary, to improve practices. More>>
$11bn Capital Spend, New Debt Target: Steven Joyce On Budget Priorities
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JustSpeak Report: Bail Changes To Blame For New Billion Dollar Prison
In 2013 criminal justice spending was falling and the Government was mulling over what to spend the money on. 3 years later there are 10,000 people in prison and a new billion dollar prison is announced. More>>
Constructions Builds: Consents Top $2 Billion For The First Time
Building consents reached a record $2 billion in March 2017, boosted by new homes and several big non-residential projects, Stats NZ said today. This was up 37 percent compared with March 2016. More>>
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Burning Up Over Saturn: Cassini's Grand Finale
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Our Fresh Water: Monitoring Report Confirms Serious Challenges For Rivers
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Binoy Kampmark: Anzac As Apologia And Religion
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'Opening The Election' Video: Nicky Hager And Mike Joy On Science, Spin, And Society
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Gordon Campbell: On Regime Change, Bombs And Syria
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Gordon Campbell: On The French Election Result
Macron is shaping as the third major test case, after Bill Clinton, after Tony Blair – on whether the aim of 'progressive social policy' and realities of 'neo-liberal economic settings' can be made to credibly co-exist within the same sentence, let alone within the decrees from the Elysee Palace. More>>
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The election call is entirely opportunistic and self-serving and will – regardless of the outcome – put Britain in a worse negotiating position for managing its Brexit. More>>
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Local Missions
Friendship House
This is one of the most exciting new ministries in our church! Each Sunday morning at 11:00, we host Bible study for adults and youth and Sunday School for the children. On Tuesday and Thursday children are invited to join Study Club, where tutors assist children to be successful in school. "Invite Events" are scheduled throughout the year to build relationships with more of the residents of Townview. Eight adult volunteers are needed every Sunday and many more for other occasions. Come share the joy and satisfaction of ministering in this special way. Speak to Steve Akin for more information.
Meals of Kindness
On the last Wednesday night of each month a wonderful meal is served at the Eastern Hills Church of Christ. Everyone in the city is welcome to come enjoy an excellent meal and warm fellowship. This is a great example of cooperation between the churches of Athens. Each month servers and hosts are needed. If you would like to learn more please call Gail Doherty at 903-681-2754.
Athens Thrift Store
The Athens Thrift Store is a not-for-profit retail store that uses the money earned from the sale of donated item to fund many benevolence ministries. Donation are welcome and daily volunteers are needed. To learn more, please call 903-675-3160 during store hours of 9-5 Monday-Friday and 9-3 on Saturdays. Visit on the web at: www.athensthriftstore.com or contact by email at firstname.lastname@example.com
Disciples Clinic
This is a reduced fee based medical clinic in our community that welcomes people with no insurance. For a small fee they can receive medical and dental care, prescribed medications and can be refered for special treatment. Area doctors and nurses volunteer their time to staff the clinic but other volunteers are needed. To learn more about becoming a volunteer phone 800-918-5670 or go on line at www.disciplesclinic.org
Children's Clothing Ministry
Helping Hands – Children's Clothes MinistryThe Children's Clothes Closet was established in 1999 by FBC church members with a passion for providing clothing for needy children from birth to 6th grade in Athens and Henderson County. The Children's Clothes Closet is located at 402 East College Street (the Greenhouse) right across College Street from the church. The ministry accepts good, clean, used children's clothes. Volunteers sort the clothes and arrange them for display. Area families with needs bring their children to be fitted. Each child also receives two pair of new socks and underwear at each visit. Families can return every three months to receive clothes. Records are maintained on each child receiving clothes at each visit.
Two years ago the ministry expanded to include school uniforms for all students of AISD, grades 1-12. At the end of the spring semester each campus has a uniform drive to collect uniforms that students have out grown. FBCA volunteers sort and organize these donations and two days in August are set aside as distributions days. Over 700 students are expected to recieve uniforms, new socks, new underwear and a voucher for new shoes.
The ministry functions independently but cooperates with the Henderson County Help Center, Crisis Center, Family Peace Project, Public Schools and other local organizations in meeting the needs of children. A referral from other organizations is not necessary and no review of family finances is conducted in order to receive clothes. If you would like to learn more about the Helping Hands Children's Clothes Ministry call Minna Jane Odom at 903/677-8602.
Furniture Ministry
No One Sleeps on the Floor" is the motto of the Furniture Ministry. In 1999 this ministry was started through the generosity of a local realtor who contributed all of the furniture left in the houses he had either sold or rented and provided a building to serve as the furniture warehouse. The Furniture Ministry has helped hundreds of families in Henderson County, but the needs are ever increasing. Through the contributions of our church family, the furniture warehouse is constantly being re-supplied with donations from their homes. The Furniture Ministry is organized to work through the local Help Center that interviews people to see if furniture or household items are what they need. We also work with the Family Peace Project, Athens Crisis Center and the Henderson County Emergency Service to be guided to families in crisis. Volunteers are urged to participate in this worthy project. Helpers are needed to fill vouchers, load vehicles, and to keep the linen/kitchen room orderly.
Hospital Visitation
Your time is greatly needed at our local hospital, ETMC Athens, Texas. We strive to have visitors at the hospital every day of the month and all it takes is you volunteering about five minutes of your day one day a month. The members of our church need to know that we still care about them and are thinking of them in their time of need. We still need six individuals to volunteer their time once a month to make sure that our schedule is full.
Please contact Hattie Graham for more information. (903)-675-5135 ext:100


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4310 Tulip Grove , Louisville, KY 40241
Louisville Real Estate
Take a close look at the pictures to fall in love with this gorgeous home at 4310 Tulip Grove Road in the Springhurst subdivision. This fantastic 4 bedroom, 2.5 bath home, located within minutes of the expressway, shopping and dining. Gleaming hardwood flooring greets you as you enter the home, as well as an abundance of natural light that radiates from the family room and kitchen. The family room features a gas fireplace and is open to the eat-in kitchen which features a breakfast bar, plus access to the formal dining room and spacious deck that overlooks the fenced backyard. The kitchen offers a convenient island, plenty of counter and cabinet space. The master suite offers plenty of space to accommodate larger bedroom furniture.
Tre Pryor
Realtor® e-PRO
Call your Buyer's Agent
to schedule a showing:
(502) 291-7406
Listing Details
Price: $368,000.00
Status: Active
Type: Single Family Residence
Property Information
County: Jefferson
MLS Area: 09-Anchrg/Glnvw/Lyndn/Prospct
Subdivision: SPRINGHURST
Acres: 0.29
Interior Features
Bedrooms: 4
Baths Full/Half: 2/1
1st Fl MSTR: No
Fireplaces: 1
Heat/Cool: Central Air, Forced Air Heat, Gas Heat
Exterior Features
Age: 16
Basement: Walkout Unfinished
Parking: 2 Car Garage, Attached, Driveway, Entry Front
Construction: Brk/Ven
Fencing: Full Fence, Wood
Disclaimer © 2015-16 Metro Search, Inc. The data relating to real estate for sale on this web site comes in part from the Internet Data Exchange Program of Metro Search, Inc. Real estate listings held by brokerage firms other than REMAX Champions are marked with the Internet Data Exchange logo or the Internet Data Exchange thumbnail logo and detailed information about each listing includes the name of the listing broker.


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Learn how to protect yourself from Internet scams. Read our online fraud prevention tips
SEWING MACHINE - Sears,Free Stuff-Freebies-Bargains For Sale Classified Ad
SEWING MACHINE - Sears,
SEWING MACHINE - Sears, portable Model 33 with instruction booklet, $35. Call (616) 669-9600.
Web Id: 0008140785
Related Categories: For Sale - Free Stuff-Freebies-Bargains
Published in The Muskegon Chronicle 4/18. Updated 4/18.
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After The Tonight Show with Kurt Baker
When you meet local musician Kurt Baker or see him perform live, you don't forget it. If his '50s, '60s, '70s pop/rock-influenced music doesn't somehow stick in your mind, certainly the man himself will. I guarantee you have never heard anyone use the word, "party" more in your life. (Yes, he might even give Andrew WK a run for his money). He is one of the more upbeat, positive dudes you'll ever meet on the…
- Published in Curdo's Music & Stuff
- Written by Mark Curdo


text: News Cuomo aide Carey Gabay dies after shooting You need the latest version of the Adobe Flash Player to view the video related to this article. Download Now. An aide to Gov. Andrew Cuomo who was shot in the head on Labor Day has died. (9/17/15) Like Tweet Share Pin Email 0 Comments Updated September 16, 2015 10:06 PM BROOKLYN - An aide to Gov. Andrew Cuomo who was shot in the head on Labor Day died Wednesday, according to a family spokesman. Carey Gabay, 43, was caught in the crossfire between rival gangs in the early morning festivities before the West Indian American Day Parade in Brooklyn. Police say the stray bullet struck Gabay along Eastern Parkway. "There are difficult decisions we will face in the coming hours and days as our family struggles to process what this means for us," Gabay's family said in a statement. "Our family is grieving that a man in the prime of his life who has impacted so many lives could be struck down by such a callous act." The family offered their thanks for the outpouring of support they have received from strangers touched by Gabay's legacy. Cuomo also released a statement asking that all New Yorkers keep Gabay and his family in their thoughts and prayers. Gabay worked as the first deputy counsel to Cuomo after receiving an undergraduate and law degree from Harvard University. He grew up in public housing in the Bronx. Police are still searching for the suspects in the shooting. Share on Facebook Tweet on Twitter advertisement | advertise on News 12 Trending Video 0:40 1 3 children among victims in New York City house fire 1:55 2 Guardian Angels increase patrols in Coney Island 2:19 3 House gutted by overnight fire in Oakdale 0:23 4 Neighborhood Brief for April 23 0:59 5 Healthy Heart: Heart attack symptoms in women advertisement | advertise on News 12


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Nice greek food, frienly staff, good service, Sea food, fresh fish, the tables are just by the beautiful sea
Very average food. Nothing to complaint about but the greek twist is missing. Friendly staff and fast service.
Very good quality food for fair prices...big portions. From the first time there I was feeling that "I am part of the house"....the lady who serve us is everytime with the smile on she's face ....extra calories from the house....we've eat in other restaurants from top 5 skala potamia but here you find best rate for best quality excellent choice for us
Good food, lamb,pork on the spit mouthwatering! A warm welcome and I feel I have known Paulina, Nikos and family for years. When you finish your meal there are the extra calories and vitamins to be had! It doesn't stop there, we had rain and Paulina would not have us walk the short distance back to the hotel and Nicos happily gave us a lift. A must to visit and send my love!
Very Slow service and we were the only clients at that time of the day, the food is average to poor. There are other restaurants that have better food and better prices. It was a disappointment because we went there because is rated as the first one in skala Potamias and it was not ok.
Own or manage this property? Claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more.


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This is a hotel in need of refurbishing and a major cleaning. The first room we checked into had a dirty bar of soap left in the shower. Second room had stained sheets. Original tub drain missing so a yucky rubber stopper was tucked between the grab bar and shower stall. Tub is stained. Toilet has a dirt ring.
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Travelocity, Priceline, Choice Hotels, Hotels.com, Expedia, Orbitz, Hotwire, Cancelon and HotelQuickly so you can book your Quality Inn reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Comfort Inn Easton Hotel Easton
- Easton Comfort Inn


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Today's Devotional
The Kingdom We Long ForWhat makes you most desperate for the fullness of God's kingdom to arrive?
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Evening Meetings
Evening meetings
The evenings are free to attend for ASC and MRS members.
Some meetings are also open to non-members. Please bear in mind that some companies take out corporate membership so you may already be an unwitting member. If you have any doubts please contact us
Next ASC / MRS Evening Meeting
Debate: "Automation in MR: Existential Threat or Great Opportunity?"
Tuesday 25th April 2017 6pm
Doggett's Coat & Badge, 1 Blackfriars Bridge, Southwark SE1 9UD
As part of our Automation theme for 2017, the ASC is pleased to announce that it will be holding an informal debate on the topic.
The bar opens at 6pm and the debate will run from 6.30 until 7.30. It will be followed by food buffet offering a great opportunity for socialising and networking with colleagues.
The broad topic will be "Automation in MR: Existential Threat or Great Opportunity?".
The evening will be chaired by Pat Molloy of the ASC, and we have an excellent line-up of speakers to help us on our way. All of them are accomplished thought-leaders and conference presenters and each has impressive credentials in the MR Industry.
Speaking broadly in favour of automation we have Stephen Phillips, CEO of ZappiStore and Jerome Sopocko, the founder of Askia.
And speaking broadly against we have Jon Puleston, VP of Innovation at Lightspeed Research and Orlando Wood, Chief Innovation Officer of System 1 Group.
Whilst we will not be sticking to the formal debate structure, the idea is to stimulate discussion over a few drinks and networking.
Where do you stand?
Is Automation/ AI/ Machine learning over-hyped?
Is it even relevant to Market Research?
Surely automated robots cannot take over creative/interpretive jobs in Market Research!
Surely they can and will!
What is the state of progress anyway ? Can we see any clear threats or opportunities yet?
Just because Google DeepMind can play "Go" really well, how is that relevant to MR? Or is it?
Which companies should we be watching?
There are just *some* of the really fascinating questions we'll hope to be discussing. Come and have your say!
The evening is free to attend for ASC and MRS members. If you've not come to an ASC event before, please come along to see what we're all about and join up!
Places are limited so if you would like to come please contact Christine Jenkins email@example.com as soon as possible, stating your membership status (ASC, MRS or first time attendee).


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Smurfs can be 'down with the kids' too! Modern culture has seeped into Belgian cartoonist Peyo's creation in The Lost Village. When even they're doing selfies, it's perhaps time to rethink our lives.
Fun fact: Smurfs, though nominally male, are completely asexual, and that the blonde and womanly Smurfette is in fact a pseudo-Smurf who was created through dark magic by their arch nemesis, the balding and dim-witted wizard Gargamel (Rainn Wilson) but later switched sides.
This is a plot point in Smurfs: The Lost Village, which finds Smurfette, Clumsy Smurf (Jack McBrayer), Brainy Smurf (Danny Pudi), and Hefty Smurf (Joe Manganiello) searching the far reaches of the magical forest for Smurfy Grove, a second, all-female community of Smurfs, with Gargamel and his cat, Azrael, in close pursuit. Along the way, our Smurf heroes befriend bioluminescent bunny rabbits, get chased by fire-breathing dragonflies, and do assorted wholesome Smurfy things.
It's a microwave meal of a kids film; let them have their fill. (research Jack Whiting) Or let them eat cake…


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Adorable Kitten
youtube.com - This four-week-old Ragdoll kitten crawled into my lap, rolled onto his back, and proceeded to melt my heart into a sugary puddle as he fell asleep.
|4 Weeks Old, Adorable Kitten, Cat, Cute, Fell Asleep, Ragdoll Kitten, Rolled
|7 years, 2 months ago
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7 years, 2 months ago~Rebellin~
so cute =)))
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Süßes kleines Baby-Kätzchen ;-)
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New Song by Madcon from their upcoming Album ''Icon''
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DAMN. available now http://smarturl.it/DAMN Dir: Nabil & the little homies Producer: Anthony "Top Dawg" Tiffith, Dave Free, Angel J Rosa Production co: TDE Films, AJR Films (C) 2017 Aftermath/Interscope (Top Dawg Entertainment) http://vevo.ly/l2Qp5O
Paramore: Hard Times [OFFICIAL VIDEO]
Paramore's music video for 'Hard Times' from the upcoming album, After Laughter - available May 12th on Fueled By Ramen. Pre-order it at http://smarturl.it/afterlaughter Exclusive Pre-order Bundles: http://smarturl.it/paramore.store find Paramore on... Facebook: http://facebook.com/paramore Twitter: http://twitter.com/paramore Instagram: http://instagram.com/paramore Tumblr: http://paramore.tumblr.com YouTube: http://youtube.com/paramore Site: http://paramore.net Store: http://smarturl.it/paramore.store Directed by Andrew Joffe (http://joffco.net) LYRICS All that I want Is to wake up fine Tell me that I'm alright That I Ain't gonna die All that I want Is a hole in the ground You can tell me when it's alright For me to come out HARD TIMES Gonna make you wonder why you even try HARD TIMES Gonna take you down and laugh when you cry THESE LIVES And I still don't know how I even survive HARD TIMES HARD TIMES and i gotta get to rock bottom Walking around With my little raincloud Hanging over my head And it ain't coming down Where do I go? Gimme some sort of sign Hit me with lightning! Maybe I'll come alive Tell my friends I'm coming down We'll kick it when I hit the ground