text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 17, 1982
|Filing date
|Jul 30, 1980
|Priority date
|Jul 30, 1980
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Lo I. Yin
|Original Assignee
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (2), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (29), Classifications (9)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention described herein was made by an employee of the U.S. Government and may be manufactured and used by or for the Government for governmental purposes without the payment of royalties thereon or therefor.
1. Technical Field
The invention generally relates to X-ray and gamma-ray spectrometers and more particularly to low intensity X-ray and gamma-ray spectrometers for displaying the position, number, and energy of incoming single X-ray and gamma-ray particles.
In the field of spectrometry and, particularly, in the detection of low intensity single X-ray and gamma-ray photons in the 20 keV to 200 keV region, as is found in outer space, it is of particular interest to scientists to determine not only the intensity and energy of single X-ray and gamma-ray photons but also their spatial positions. By observing the spatial position of incoming radiation through suitable apertures analogous to an optical lens system, scientists can pin point where these X-rays and gamma-rays originate on extra-terrestrial bodies such as the stars, black holes, quasars, neutron stars, and the like.
In addition to astronomical uses, a spectrometer that images, counts and determines energy of incoming radiation would be extremely useful in applications where low flux applications are advantageous such as in the research, industrial, and medical fields.
2. Background Art
There is a need for spectrometers capable of simultaneously counting, imaging, and energy resolving low flux X-ray and gamma-ray photons in the 20 keV to 200 keV region.
Recent development in detector technology has resulted in X-ray and gamma-ray spectrometers with high energy resolution. However, most of these spectrometers do not have imaging capabilities. In the context of the invention, imaging means that the spatial positional information of the incident X-ray or gamma-ray photon is preserved in the detector plane. In a generically related art, the existing imaging spectrometer uses a large scintillation crystal, such as NaI(T1), with many photomultiplier tubes in parallel. Such a system is by nature bulky, complicated, with poor spatial resolution and not well suited for space astronomy.
A low intensity X-ray and gamma-ray imaging device is fully disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,142,101. Although this imaging device produces extraordinarily clear images of low flux radiation, while being relatively compact and low in cost, it cannot count the number of single X-ray and gamma-ray photons entering the device, nor can it determine the energy of the single X-ray and gamma-ray photons. The patented imaging device utilizes a scintillator or phosphor material to convert the incident X-ray or gamma-ray image into a visible-light image. This visible-light image is then intensified by an image intensifier tube containing a microchannel plate (MCP) electron multiplier. In the image intensifier, the visible-light image from the scintillator is first converted into an electron image by a photocathode. The photo-electrons from the photocathode are then multiplied by the MCP with a gain of 102 -103. The output electrons from the MCP are then accelerated to strike a phosphor screen which converts them into an intensified visible-light image for direct viewing. However, an electron gain of 102 -103 is insufficient for either single-photon counting or energy determination. The obvious solution to the above problem is to operate the single MCP where the gain is increased to the point where single photon detection is possible. However, such operation of the single MCP amplifier causes the formation of ions at the output from the residue gas in the evacuated chamber. These ions are accelerated back through the straight channels of the MCP amplifier to strike the photocathode or the input wall which can initiate another electron multiplication chain. This ion feedback is detrimental to the system because it degrades the photocathode, causes after-pulses and free oscillations.
To counteract the ion feedback problem, MCP amplifiers having curved channels or single MCP amplifiers placed together in a chevron configuration are used. The curved channels or multiple MCP's prevent the ions from reaching the input. The next logical step is to run the curved channel or multiple MCP amplifier to saturation to obtain the proper gain necessary for single photon detection.
When a MCP amplifier is operated below saturation the gain experienced by each photoelectron is an average gain value of 102 -103 so that some photoelectrons have a gain less than 102 -103 while others have a gain of more than 102 -103. The gain distribution curve is exponential in shape with a large number of photoelectrons having a very low gain. With multiple MCP's, as the MCP amplifier gain capacity is increased to saturation the gain curve changes to a Gaussian-shaped curve with a mean gain of about 106 -107 with only a small fraction of photoelectrons having a gain less than or greater than the mean value, thus decreasing significantly the variance of the gain distribution. Consequently it becomes possible to use the MCP to count single photoelectrons in the gain-saturated mode. However, it is important to point out that for each absorbed X-ray or gamma-ray photon, thousands of visible-light photons are produced in the scintillator because of its high energy. In fact, the number of visible-light photons is proportional to the energy of the X-ray or gamma-ray photon. Assuming a quantum efficiency of 10-30%, this large number of visible-light photons in turn produces a comparably large number of photoelectrons at the photocathode within the decay time of the scintillator. When these "simultaneous" photoelectrons enter the MCP, ideally the output pulse height of the MCP operated in the saturated mode should be that of a single photoelectron multiplied by the number of simultaneous photoelectrons. Thus, ideally, the MCP output charge or pulse height should also be proportional to the energy of the incident X-ray or gamma-ray, providing energy-resolving as well as single-photon counting capabilities. Unfortunately, this does not occur. Because the MCP amplifier is operated at saturation so that the proper gain is obtained for photoelectron counting, a single photoelectron will have a gain of about 106 -107. However, all simultaneous photoelectrons will also have a gain of 106 -107 because the MCP amplifier cannot produce any higher gain. Thus, the detectors will be unable to distinguish the number of simultaneous photoelectrons, resulting in a loss of proportionality between output pulse height and incident X-ray or gamma-ray energy.
Accordingly, one object of the invention is to provide a new and improved low intensity spectrometer.
Another object of this invention is to provide a spectrometer which counts, images, and energy resolves single low intensity radiation particles.
Still another object of this invention is to provide a spectrometer which counts, images, and energy resolves single low intensity X-ray and gamma-ray photons.
A further object of this invention is to provide a spectrometer which counts, images, and energy resolves single low intensity X-ray and gamma-ray photons and is compact, light weight, and low in cost.
A still further object of this invention is to provide a method of counting, imaging, and energy resolving single low intensity X-ray and gamma-ray photons.
Briefly, these and other objects are obtained by an apparatus having a converting device which converts the invisible radiation to visible light and another converting device which converts the visible light to photoelectrons. A light coupling device connects each of the converting devices so that the spatial position of the invisible radiation particle is maintained. An intensifying device multiplies the photoelectrons by an average gain factor of about 104 -107. The intensifying device is an anti-ion feedback microchannel plate multiplier operated far below saturation. A display device receives the amplified electrons and displays the spatial position, number, energy, of the single invisible radiation particle.
Other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
In the drawings like parts are designated by the same references in the figures, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the invention illustrating the basic system concept of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a block diagrammatic view illustrating the functional elements of the preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view taken along the major axis of the preferred embodiment of FIG. 2 and partial block diagrammatic view.
FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the change in pulse-height or gain distribution as the number n of simultaneous photoelectrons entering the microchannel plate increases. The curves are normalized to unit area and mean gain.
FIG. 5 is an alternative embodiment in partial cross-section and partial block diagrammatic view of the preferred embodiment of FIG. 3.
FIG. 6 is another alternative embodiment in partial cross-section and partial block diagrammatic view of the preferred embodiment of FIG. 3.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a power supply for the invention.
FIG. 8 is a block diagram of the pulse circuitry used in conjunction with the output displayer.
Referring to FIG. 1, the low intensity X-ray and gamma-ray spectrometer, generally designated by numeral 10, includes a converter section 11 for converting single invisible radiation particles to visible light photons. Another converting section 12 converts the visible light photons to photoelectrons. A coupling section 13 interconnects the converter sections for maintaining the spatial positions of the visible-light photons produced by the single invisible radiation particle. An intensifying section 14 intensifies the photoelectrons by an average gain factor of substantially 104 -107. The intensifying section is an anti-ion-feedback microchannel plate electron multiplier which is operated far below saturation. A display section 16 displays the intensified photoelectron image and indicates the spatial position, number, and energy of the impinging single invisible radiation particles.
FIG. 2 illustrates the major functional elements of the overall combination of the preferred embodiment of the low intensity X-ray and gamma-ray spectrometer 10. A visible light shield 18 functions to block ambient visible light while providing virtually no shielding for X-ray or gamma-ray photons. The X-ray or gamma-ray photons which impinge on the visible light shield pass through and strike a layer of scintillator material 20 which, in turn, generates visible light. Elements 18 and 20 constitute converter section 11. An input fiber optics plate 22 maintains the spatial position of the incoming visible light from the scintillator material and transmits the visible light to a photocathode 24. The input fiber optics plate 22 constitutes coupling section 13. The photocathode converts the visible light photons to photoelectrons which, in turn, are multiplied by a chevron microchannel-plate electron multiplier 26. The photocathode constitutes converter section 12 and the MCP multiplier is intensifier section 14. The electron output of the MCP is thereafter converted back to visible light by an aluminized output phosphor layer 28. The visible light is transported in the same spatial position as received from the output phosphor layer by an output fiber optics plate 30 to be viewed directly, or to be recorded by a digitizing video camera and associated digital information processor 32 which displays the spatial position, number and energy of the invisible radiation particles. Elements 28, 30, and 32 constitute display section 16.
The preferred embodiment functionally described in FIG. 2 is illustrated in detail in FIG. 3. The elements 22-30 are contained within a housing 34 which may be cylindrical and formed of any compatible ceramic, glass or other insulating material suitable for electrical insulation and vacuum isolation. An incoming single radiation particle, which may be an X-ray photon, gamma-ray photon, charged particle, or neutral particle, impinges on light shield 18. The light shield may be a thin layer of beryllium. The beryllium is opaque to ambient visible light thereby blocking the visible light from striking the scintillator material but, in turn, is transparent to X-ray and gamma-ray photons. In addition, the beryllium will prevent contamination from reaching the scintillator material which can degrade its converting abilities. Although beryllium is preferred, any material highly opaque to visible light and transparent to X-ray and gamma-ray photons may be used such as aluminum or magnesium.
Scintillator material 20 converts the relatively high energy single radiation particle to a large number of individual low energy visible-light photons. The number of visible-light photons produced by the scintillator material is directly proportional to the energy of the X-ray or gamma-ray photon, therefore, energy information is preserved. For X-ray and gamma-ray photon conversion, scintillator materials may be used such as activated sodium iodide (NaI). The scintillator material is preferably in the form of thin slabs or fibers in direct contact with input fiber optics face plate 22. Thus, the scintillator is fully protected by the visible light shield and the fiber optics face plate from contamination. For dosimetry studies, where the incident radiation may be charged or neutral particles, plastic scintillators may be used as converters because of their tissue-equivalent properties. When individual radiation particles are absorbed by the scintillator material a bundle of many thousands of visible-light photons are produced which have a tendency to spread out within the scintillator material. However, by virtue of the thinness or fiber configuration of the scintillator material the lateral spread is made minimal and thereby preserving, to a large extent, the position of the striking radiation particle. Thus, it is desirable to make the scintillator material as thin as possible and still have substantial absorption of the incident radiation particles. It has been found that scintillator material such as CsI having a thickness of 1.0 mm will provide 100% detection efficiency for photon energies below 60 keV, 60% at 100 keV, 28% at 150 keV, and 16% at 200 keV.
The visible-light bundles from scintillator material 20 are piped into the high vacuum chamber 36 by input fiber optics face plate 22 which includes a plurality of parallel fibers of 5 μm diameter. The fiber size should be small enough so that system resolution degradation is minimal. The fiber optics plate thickness is not critical, but the ability to employ a thick plate without affecting operating characteristics gives the capability of a rugged device. Loss of resolution is typically minimal due to the direct coupling between the input fiber optics face plate and the scintillator material.
On the back face, i.e., vacuum side, of input fiber optics face plate 22, is deposited a visible-light photocathode 24 whose material, for instance, S-20, is chosen to closely match the output wavelength of scintillator material 20. The bundle of visible-light photons that emerge from the fiber optic light pipes is converted to a bundle of photoelectrons by the photocathode. Again the number of photoelectrons produced by the photocathode is directly proportional to the number of visible light photons striking the photocathode and, therefore, the number of photoelectrons produced is proportional to the energy of the striking X-ray or gamma-ray photon. The photoelectrons are accelerated by approximately 200 volts across a gap 38 of about 0.2 mm to the input of a chevron type microchannel plate amplifier 26. Because of the close proximity between the photocathode and the input side of the chevron MCP amplifier and the high electric field experienced by the photoelectrons, the spatial position of the photoelectrons emerging from the photocathode is maintained.
To achieve low noise operation and to prevent the contamination of the photocathode, the large surface area of chevron MCP amplifier 26 with its millions of microchannels is thoroughly outgassed prior to the sealing of intensifier section 14 in a high vacuum of substantially 10-9 torr. An extremely thin film of oxide may also be deposited upon the large input surface area of the MCP to further enhance low noise operation and reduce photocathode contamination. With an oxide coated MCP it is necessary to increase the potential difference across gap 38 in order to provide the photoelectrons with sufficient kenetic energy to penetrate the oxide film and be detected and multiplied by the MCP.
The intensifier chosen in the preferred embodiment includes a pair of single MCP amplifiers stacked together so that the individual microchannels of each MCP amplifier forms an angle where they intersect. Thus, these type MCP amplifiers are characterized by a chevron configuration. The chevron MCP amplifier 26 is constructed with 12 μm inside diameter channels and the combined length to diameter ratio of the chevron microchannel is approximately 100:1. The chevron configuration of each of the microchannels prevents ion feedback thereby enabling the MCP amplifier to operate in the high gain mode without degrading the operation of photocathode 24.
The chevron MCP amplifier 26 is operated with 1500 to 2000 volts at a level substantially below saturation which will achieve an average amplification gain of 104 to 107 which is necessary to count individual X-ray or gamma-ray photon strikes and at the same time ensure that photoelectrons entering simultaneously into the chevron MCP amplifier do not give rise to saturated output pulse heights. The explanation for the chevron MCP amplifier operating in the above described unexpected manner rather than operating with the expected single MCP average gain of 102 -103, which is too low to detect individual X-ray or gamma-ray photons, or at a saturated gain of 106 -107, is believed to be the following.
The gain for single photoelectron inputs in the chevron MCP amplifier 26 can be driven to saturation resulting in a Gaussian-shaped pulse height distribution with a mean gain of 106 to 107. Such a saturation gain distribution greatly decreases the gain variance in the individual microchannels as well as among many microchannels. Thus, in principle, in the gain saturated mode the chevron MCP amplifier output can be made proportional to the number of simultaneous input electrons. Indeed, it has been shown with intense visible light that the output pulse height is proportional to single, double, triple, etc. photoelectron inputs. In this case, the multiple photoelectrons which simultaneously trigger microchannels are randomly distributed in location across the input face of the MCP. However, in the case of X-ray and gamma-ray photons, the situation is markedly different in two aspects. First the number of simultaneous photoelectrons released by a single X-ray or gamma-ray photon is likely to be in the hundreds rather than two or three. Second these simultaneous photoelectrons are not spread out randomly across the MCP but rather concentrated in a small region immediately adjacent to each other near the location where the incident X-ray or gamma-ray photon is absorbed. In fact, to achieve good spatial resolution, it is desirable to make this region as small as possible. Thus, many single channels in the MCP will be accepting photoelectrons simultaneously and some will be accepting multiple photoelectrons as well. Because in the gain-saturated mode the charge output of the single microchannel is clamped at the saturated value of 106 -107, the proportionality between output pulse height and input number will be severely degraded in such cases, causing corresponding degradation in energy resolution. Furthermore, due to the inherently high resistivity and small diameter of the microchannels, the total charge deliverable by the MCP in each single pulse is also limited. Thus, a gain-saturated mode is not suitable for energy resolution of X-ray or gamma-ray photons.
Referring to FIG. 4, when the chevron MCP amplifier 26 is operated far from gain saturation, for single-photoelectron inputs, the gain distribution curve is exponential (Poisson) in shape as is indicated by curve n=1 where n is the number of photoelectrons that enter the MCP amplifier. Such a gain distribution is a consequence of the statistical fluctuations in the photoelectron multiplication process within each microchannel as well as from microchannel to microchannel. However, photoelectrons entering the chevron MCP amplifier simultaneously will take on a gain distribution curve that is more Gaussian in shape than Poisson. When the number of simultaneous input photoelectrons (n) increases, the normalized gain distribution becomes more and more Gaussian, such as where the number of simultaneous photoelectrons (n) equals 2, 4, and 8. When the number of simultaneous photoelectrons (n) is greater than 10, such as 16 and 32, the gain distribution curves have the same Gaussian characteristics as if the chevron MCP amplifier is operated in the saturated mode. Furthermore, as the number of simultaneous photoelectrons increase, the relative pulse height peaking of each of the Gaussian gain distribution curves will be increased relative to a lower number of simultaneous photoelectrons. Because each X-ray or gamma-ray photon strike will create hundreds or thousands of simultaneous photoelectrons, the total gain of the bundle of simultaneous electrons will be sufficiently high to allow individual X-ray or gamma-ray photon counting even when the MCP's are operated far below saturation. Energy resolution will be obtainable because the peaked pulse height of the Gaussian-like curves are proportional to the number of simultaneous photoelectrons entering the chevron MCP amplifier. This action of the simultaneous photoelectrons applies whether the input photoelectrons are spread over a large number of microchannels or concentrated in one microchannel or a combination of both. Because the vast majority of signals are due to simultaneous photoelectrons and thus give rise to large pulses, noise pulses due to single photoelectrons can be easily rejected. Furthermore, because the pulse height of the intensified electrons is proportional to the number of incoming simultaneous photoelectrons the pulse height will be proportional to the energy of the X-ray and gamma-ray photon.
Referring to FIG. 3, the intensified electrons emerging from chevron MCP amplifier 26 are accelerated across a gap 40 at a relative potential of 5 to 6 kilovolts. Gap 40 is preferably about 1.3 mm to preserve the spatial position of the photoelectrons. The output electrons from the MCP impinge on an aluminized phosphor screen 28, which is deposited as a layer on output fiber optic face plate 30. The aluminized phosphor prevents visible light feed back to photocathode 24. The output phosphor can be any which emits visible light, such as P-20, with wave-length and decay characteristics matched to a particular application. The number of visible-light photons, i.e., the brightness, produced by the output phosphor screen is proportional to the number of striking electrons, and, therefore, the proportionality with the energy of the X-ray or gamma-ray photon is maintained. Output fiber optics plate 30 serves as a light pipe and maintains the visible light spatial position. Both input and output fiber optics face plates 22 and 30 serve as the vacuum seals on housing 34 to maintain the high vacuum within the tube. It should be noted that the housing contains photocathode 24, chevron MCP amplifier 26, and output phosphor layer 28 in a high vacuum and light shield 18 and scintillator material 20 covers the radiation input end of the housing. Pins 42, 44, 46, and 48 protrude from the housing to provide access to a power supply (to be explained later) for spectrometer 10. Typically, the photocathode is at -200 volts, or higher if an oxide-coated MCP is used, the input to the chevron MCP amplifier is grounded, the output of the chevron MCP amplifier is between 1500 and 2000 volts, and the output phosphor layer is between 7 and 8 kilovolts. The device can be operated with reference to other grounds as long as the relative potential differences between the components are kept the same.
The visible light emerging from output fiber optics plate 30 contains the imaging, number, and energy resolution information in analog form. This image can be viewed directly. However, to properly analyze the supplied information, the visible-light output is digitized and recorded by any conventional digitizing video camera 32 such as EMR Optical Data Digitizer 658, EMR Photoelectric, Princeton, N.J. The digitizing video camera will record the spatial position and brightness of and the incoming X-ray or gamma-ray photons. At low incident X-ray or gamma-ray flux levels where the probability of two X-ray or gamma-ray photons striking the same picture element is negligible during the integration time of the video camera, energy analysis can also be performed. This is accomplished by analyzing the brightness or intensity of the digitized video signal at each position by means of a conventional digital information processor 62.
Another and even more preferable embodiment of spectrometer 10 is illustrated in FIG. 5 wherein housing 34, shield 18, scintillator material 20, input fiber optics plate 22, photocathode 24, vacuum chamber 36, gaps 38 and 40, and pins 42, 44, 46, and 48 are the same as previously described. For illustrative purposes, instead of using chevron MCP amplifier 26, a single MCP amplifier 52 having curved microchannels 54 is used. The microchannels are curved to prevent ion feedback. To produce the desired amplification gain the microchannels should have a length to diameter ratio of about 100:1. Again MCP amplifier 52 is operated far below saturation to provide for proper pulse height resolution. However, instead of using phosphor screen 28 and output fiber optics plate 30 to produce the proper output signals, in this embodiment a conventional digitizing position sensing anode 56 may be used. A face plate 58 seals the position sensing anode within vacuum chamber 36. Position sensing anode 56 may be a resistive anode, cross grid anode, or quadrant anode. The position sensing anode is connected to position computing electronics 60. The position sensing anode and its associated position computing electronics may be purchased from Surface Science Laboratory, 4151 Middlefield Rd., Palo Alto, Calif. 94303. The position computing electronics is connected to any conventional digital information processor 62 as a IEEE Standard 583-1975 CAMAC system controlled by a NOVA computer manufactured by Data General Corp., Westboro, Mass. In this embodiment, the voltage between MCP output and resistive anode need be only in the order of 0.5 kV instead of the 6 to 7 kV needed for the phosphor screen. Pulse circuitry 50 is coupled to the position computing electronics for analysis of the output pulse height resulting from the simultaneous photoelectrons at the MCP input. For visual observation, an image monitor 64 is coupled to the position computing electronics. The image monitor can be any conventional storage oscillosope.
Furthermore, it is important to note that in this embodiment, because the position computing electronics essentially computes the centroid of the charge pulse incident on the resistive anode, it also serves to improve the spatial resolution of the input scintillator. That is, where there is lateral spread of visible light in the scintillator, by locating the centroid of the spread, a more precise determination of spatial coordinates is made possible. This provides improved spatial resolution for a given scintillator thickness, or alternatively, allows the use of a thicker scintillator at a given spatial resolution thereby providing higher detection efficiency. In fact, this is the same principle which is being used in conventional gamma cameras as invented by H. O. Anger.
Referring to FIG. 6, another embodiment of spectrometer 10 is illustrated. The embodiment shown in FIG. 6 is a two stage device which will image, count, and resolve energies at pre-selected X-ray or gamma-ray photon energies. The first stage is a spectrometer which is identical to that of FIG. 3 except that the chevron MCP amplifier 26 is replaced, for illustrative purposes, with a Z configuration MCP amplifier 66. The Z MCP amplifier includes three single MCP amplifiers stacked together so that their combined microchannels form a Z configuration. Preferably, the microchannel length to diameter ratio is substantially 120:1. Again the Z MCP amplifier is operated far below saturation so that the pulse height of the simultaneous photoelectrons will be proportional to incident particle energy.
The second stage is a second spectrometer 10 coupled to the output fiber optics plate 30 of the first stage. The second stage does not include shield 18 or scintillator material 20 because the entering radiation will already be visible light. The MCP amplifier 70 for the second stage may be either the single curved MCP amplifier 52, chevron MCP amplifier 26, or Z MCP amplifier 66. Another pulse circuitry 67 (as will be disclosed) is connected to the aluminized output phosphor layer 28 in the first stage and a gate 68 is connected between pulse circuitry 67 and MCP amplifier 70 of the second stage. In operation, pulse circuitry 67 is set for the selected energy band that is desired to be analyzed. Normally, gate 68 will maintain the input of MCP amplifier 70 negative with respect to photocathode 24 of the second stage. With a negative MCP amplifier input, the photoelectrons will be repelled back to the photocathode, cutting off the second stage. When pulse circuitry 67 senses, through capacitor 96, charged pulses of the proper pulse height, i.e., the proper energy on the aluminized output phosphor layer 28 of the first stage, gate 68 will allow the input of MCP amplifier 70 to go to a positive potential which allows MCP amplifier 70 to amplify the photoelectrons at the second stage. Thus the image at the output of the second stage is formed only by X-ray or gamma-ray photons at the selected energy. This visible-light output image can be viewed directly or alternatively, stored or analyzed by digitizing video camera 32 and processor 62.
Although the above three embodiments are described in their preferred construction, it should be understood that the three described MCP amplifiers; i.e., curved MCP amplifier 52, chevron MCP amplifiers 26 and 70, and Z MCP amplifier 66, may be interchanged in all three embodiments without effecting their operation.
Furthermore, inverter image intensifier tubes which contain an electrostatic focussing lens between the photocathode and MCP input can be substituted for the proximity-focussed intensifier tubes depicted in FIGS. 2, 3, 5 and 6 without affecting the operation of the invention. In addition, the microchannel plates may consist of microchannels that have conical inputs.
A power supply 72 for supplying the various voltages to spectrometer 10 is shown in FIG. 7. There are two drive chains consisting of regulators 74 and 76, Hartley oscillators 78 and 80, step up transformers 82 and 84, and multipliers 86 and 88. Power supply 72 may be powered by a 2.0 to 9.0 volt source 90. When the position sensing anode is used, the anode voltage can be much lower than that required for a phosphor screen.
Typical pulse circuitry 50 for the various embodiments is illustrated in FIG. 8. The charge signal from the anode is coupled by capacitor 96 to a charge sensitive preamplifier 98. The charge signal is then shaped and amplified by a pulse shaping amplifier 100. The amplified signal is then fed to a multichannel analyzer 102 which analyzes the height of the charged pulse from the anode and thus resolving the energy of the incoming radiation particles. When pulse circuitry 67 is used in the two stage embodiment, the charge signal from pulse shaping amplifier 100 is also fed to an integral or differential discriminator 104 which only allows charge signals of a specified energy to be inputed to a gate 68. When a charge signal having an energy above a certain threshold is to be sent to gate 68 an integral discriminator is used. When a charge signal having an energy between a low and high threshold is to be sent to gate 68 a differential discriminator is used.
A small, rugged, imaging, counting, and energy resolving spectrometer of single X-ray or gamma-ray photons has been disclosed. By the use of a curved, chevron, or Z microchannel plate amplifier the problem of ion feedback is eliminated. By operating the MCP amplifier far below saturation, the spectrometer utilizes the high gain capability of the MCP amplifier while taking advantage of the Gaussian gain characteristics as a result of large numbers of simultaneous photoelectrons for maintaining the pulse height proportionality between the energy of the incoming radiation and the number of simultaneous photoelectrons. The present invention describes a unique imaging spectrometer for X-rays and gamma-rays in the 20-200 keV region which is simple and compact, with high spatial resolution in the order of 0.2 mm, and energy resolution comparable to that of scintillation crystal and photomultiplier tube systems. In effect, the invention functions as hundreds of scintillator and photomultiplier tubes operating in parallel yet with the actual size no larger than a single commonly used scintillator and photomultiplier detector system. In one embodiment of the invention, it is possible to view in real time an X-ray or gamma-ray image at pre-selected energies.
Obvious modifications and variations of the low intensity X-ray or gamma-ray spectrometer are possible in light of the above teachings. It is to be understood, therefore, that within the scope of the appended claims the spectrometer may be practiced otherwise than as specifically disclosed.
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|Jan 12, 2013
|Sep 10, 2014
|Radioactive substance detection device, radiation source location visibility system, and radioactive substance detection method
|Jan 12, 2013
|Nov 16, 2016
|Mar 22, 2001
|Sep 27, 2001
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Radiation converter with a scintillator a photocathode and an electron multiplier
|Mar 22, 2001
|Apr 18, 2002
|Siemens Ag
|Radiation converter with a scintillator a photocathode and an electron multiplier
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text: Kroy (Energy Vampires) by OKwaves published on 2012-02-12T00:49:41Z Using excerpts of a long forgotten TV interview made in 1988 with the late Philosophy Professor Moshe Kroy, in which he describes his theory about people he refers to as Energy Vampires, sucking energy out of the few worthy people - Children of Light, in the course of war against their eternal nemesis - Children of Darkness. A month later, Kroy was found dead at his home... I wrote the music around the edited vocal part: Used some effects to slow down the original talking rhythm and of course vibrate some drama into it all. This track was recorded in the dark and haunted studios of the Open University... Genre Neo-Electronic Comment by OKwaves @organic-music-1: :) 2012/02/12 20:12:02 +0000 Comment by ORGANIC superwave guys !! 2012/02/12 12:41:59 +0000

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Green Cards Officially Green Again and Apparently Better Than Ever, Feds Say
The Department of U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services is changing the U.S. permanent-resident card, a.k.a. the "Green Card." Not only will it actually be green again, but it's got new security features to deter things like immigration fraud (which, if you hadn't noticed) is a hot-button issue these days.
The original permanent-resident card was green, but over the years, the card has been many colors, including white, beige, and pink.
Check out all the new bells-and-whistles, which the CIS announced today, after the jump.
--Secure optical media to store biometrics for rapid and reliable identification of the card-holder.
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--Holographic images, laser-engraved fingerprints, and high-resolution micro-images to make the card nearly impossible to reproduce.
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Bundesliga Week 9 Fixtures Featuring Schalke vs Hertha Berlin
Wednesday, October 14th, 2015By Ej Garr
Soccer Betting: After a week off for the International break, the Bundesliga campaign resumes with Round 9 this weekend, and we highlight a match with two of the top-four clubs in the table. Schalke and Hertha Berlin have been among the surprises in the early going of the campaign, after a 2014-15 season that almost saw Berlin demoted to 2.Bundesliga, while Schalke was the picture of inconsistency a year ago.
Schalke did find their way to a Europa League berth after managing to hang on to the sixth position, and they are currently 2 - 0 in their Group K competition with Sparta Prague, Asteras Tripoli and APOEL making up the group. The round startson Friday,however, as Coface Arena welcomes the return of their longest tenured manager, Thomas Tuchel, as Dortmund faces Mainz. Dortmund got off to a terrific 5 - 0 start this season, but has since struggled in their last three outings.
Bet on the Bundesliga at BetDSI
The round features sixSaturdayaffairs, which includes our match of the week, and concludeson Sundaywith two matches. Let's get to the German pitch and see what we can do to help our readers make some money this weekend.
Friday October 16- 1 Match
Mainz vs Borussia Dortmund
3-Way: 1: Mainz +475 Home ; X: +375 Draw ; 2: Dortmund -190 Away
Spread: Mainz +1 +105 ; Dortmund -1 -125
Total 3.5: Over +110 ; Under -130
Analysis and Prediction:
Dortmund manager Thomas Tuchel returns to Mainz for the first time since leaving the club he led for five years at Coface Arena, from 2009 - 2014.
Tuchel holds the Mainz club record with 170 matches managed, but he was never able to lead the team higher than a fifth place finish in the Bundesliga table through his tenure.
Mainz has only one win against Dortmund in the last 12 meetings from all competitions, although that win did come last year right here at Coface Arena last September.
Dortmund has been struggling since getting off to a 5 - 0 start to the campaign, facing two draws and a loss in their last three outings. In their last match before the break, Dortmund suffered a heavy defeat to Bayern Munich 5 - 1 at Allianz Arena as Thomas Muller and Robert Lewandowski each scored twice to lead the way for the defending league champs.
The line setters are coming out with a strong opinion on this total, moving it up to 3.5, which has not been common in the early stages of the new campaign.
We will agree that a high-scoring affair is likely, and that we will see at least four goals to cash a ticket on this Over 3.5 at +110.
We do have the potential lineups we expect to see, as offered from the Bundesliga home page, so let's offer that in the preview as well.
Mainz: Karius - Brosinski, Bungert, Bell, Jara - Baumgartlinger, Latza - Jairo, Malli, De Blasis - Muto
Dortmund: Bürki - Ginter , Sokratis, Hummels, Piszczek - Weigl, Gündogan - Reus, Kagawa, Mkhitaryan - Aubameyang
Saturday October 17- 6 Matches
Bet on the Bundesliga at BetDSI
Featured Match Schalke vs Hertha Berlin
3-Way 1x2 Lines:
Schalke -125
Berlin +365
Draw +275
Schalke -0.5 -125
Berlin +0.5 +105
Total 2.5:
Over -125
Under +105
Analysis and Prediction:
Schalke has dominated this recent series, having 11 wins and 2 draws in the last 13 meetings with Hertha Berlin, but this year Berlin has certainly overachieved thus far and this match pits two clubs in the top-four of the Bundesliga table.
Ironically, the last time Berlin defeated Schalke, Berlin manager Pal Darda was on the pitch in their 2 - 0 win in September, 2006.
Schalke will remain home for their Europa League encounter with Sparta Praguenext Thursdayon matchday three, looking to remain perfect after two wins to get group stage started.
Berlin's 3 - 0 win over Hamburg last weekend marked the first time that the club has scored more than twice under Darda, as the three points propelled them to a three-way tie with Koln and Ingolstadt with 14 points.
With the confidence of scoring three goals last time out, combined with watching Schalke surrender three goals to Koln last time out, we expect a good bit of scoring to take place this weekend at Vetlins-Arena, so the Over 2.5 at a marginal -125 makes the board for us.
Expected possible lineups:
Schalke: Fährmann - Junior Caicara, Matip, Höwedes, Kolasinac - Geis, Goretzka - Sane, Meyer - Choupo-Moting, Huntelaar
Hertha: Jarstein - Weiser, Hegeler, Lustenberger, Plattenhardt - Skjelbred - Darida - Haraguchi, Cigerci - Ibisevic, Kalou
Bet on the Bundesliga at BetDSI
Frankfurt vs Moenchengladbach
3-Way: 1: Frankfurt +155 Home ; X: +240 Draw ; 2: Gladbach +185 Away
Spread: Frankfurt Pk -120 ; Gladbach Pk +100
Total 2.5: Over -130 ; Under +110
Analysis and Prediction:
Gladbach coach Andre Schubert has certainly made a difference, and luckily we have been privy to the fact that they are winning matches now after a rough 0 - 5 start to the campaign. While outscoring the three opponents 9 - 3 during the three-game win streak, Gladbach managed a nice 2 - 0 victory over Wolfsburg at home last time out to continue their upward trend.
Frankfurt is on the opposite side of the spectrum after their fourth straight outing without a win in round eight.
Frankfurt scored 12 goals from their 48 shots in their opening four matches, and they has scored only once from the same number of attempts on goal in the last four outings.
Gladbach is playing like the club we expected them to be after last year's outstanding campaign that saw them finish third in the table, and we are not about to shy away from playing them now.
At a decent +100 even money offer on the Pk Draw no Bet, we buy in to Gladbach's Pk as our suggestion in the match.
Expected possible lineups:
Eintracht Frankfurt:Hradecky - Ignjovski, Abraham, Russ, Oczipka - Reinartz, Hasebe, Stendera - Meier, Seferovic, Castaignos
Absentees:Zambrano (late return)
Borussia Mönchengladbach:Sommer - Korb, Christensen, Dominguez, Wendt - Dahoud, Nordtveit - Traore, Hahn - Stindl, Raffael
Absentees:Xhaka (ankle), Johnson (thigh)
Augsburg vs Darmstadt
3-Way: 1: Augsburg -120 Home ; X: +255 Draw ; 2: Darmstadt +365 Away
Spread: Augsburg -0.5 -120 ; Darmstadt +0.5 +100
Total 2.5: Over +105 ; Under -125
Bet on the Bundesliga at BetDSI
Analysis and Prediction:
How much better can you do away from home than what we have seen from Darmstadt this campaign? They took a result in all three of their away matches against clubs who are competing in European club competitions.
Dirk Schuster's side drew 1 - 1 at Schalke, won in Leverkusen 1 - 0, and then snatched a point with a last-minute miracle against Dortmund to draw 2 - 2 in their three away outings this year.
Augsburg has one win from their four home matches this year and, with one more loss at WWK Arena, they will equal all of last year's number of four home losses for the entire campaign.
We expect this to be among the highest scoring matches of the weekend, so why the line setters are thinking the Under is the play is beyond us.
The Over 2.5 at +105 is our suggestion here for this match, expecting a 3 - 2 type of affair to take place.
Expected possible lineups:
Augsburg: Hitz - Verhaegh, Callsen-Bracker, Klavan, Max - Baier, Kohr - Koo, Halil Altintop, Esswein - Bobadilla
Darmstadt: Mathenia - Garics, Sulu, Caldirola, Junior Diaz - Gondorf - Heller, Rausch, Rosenthal - Wagner, Stroh-Engel
Bet on the Bundesliga at BetDSI
Hamburger vs Bayer Leverkusen
3-Way: 1: Hamburg +385 Home ; X: +260 Draw ; 2: Leverkusen -125 Away
Spread: Hamburg +0.5 +105 ; Leverkusen -0.5 -125
Total 2.5: Over -105 ; Under -115
Analysis and Prediction:
Hamburg has taken each of the last two home games against Leverkusen, and under Bruno Labbadia they have never lost three straight outings, as they ride a two-match skid in to this weekend.
Labbadia, of course, was with Hamburg in the 2009-10 campaign, but he has had little success against Leverkusen, going seven outings without a win.
Leverkusen has found two wins and a draw in their last three outings, and has only surrendered one goal over that span, while Hamburg has not scored in each of their last two matches which were losses to Schalke and Berlin.
Call it a hunch, but we suspect that a draw is coming here, in the form of a 1 - 1 outing that gives each club a point.
At +260, there is plenty of value behind the draw.
Expected possible lineups:
Hamburg: Drobny - Diekmeier, Djourou, Spahic, Ostrzolek - Diaz, Ekdal - N. Müller, Hunt, Ilicevic - Lasogga
Leverkusen: Leno - Hilbert, Tah, K. Papadopoulos, Wendell - L. Bender, Kramer - Bellarabi, Calhanoglu - Kießling, Hernandez
Bet on the Bundesliga at BetDSI
Wolfsburg vs Hoffenheim
3-Way: 1: Wolfsburg -155 Home ; X: +320 Draw ; 2: Hoffenheim +430 Away
Spread: Wolfsburg -1 +100 ; Hoffenheim +1 -120
Total 3: Over -115 ; Under -105
Analysis and Prediction:
The Wolves put their 26-match home streak without a loss on the line this weekend as they welcome Hoffenheim to Volkswagen Arena.
The Wolves are one of five remaining clubs in Bundesliga to have not suffered a home defeat this campaign.
In correlation to the three-match streak without a win for Wolfsburg, Hoffenheim has gone three straight outings without a loss, although Die Kraichgauer still only have one win through the first eight contests this season.
We don't think they could set this total high enough for us to shy away from a play, and it is understandable why we are seeing a straight three on this total.
The Over 3 comes in as our suggestion as each of these two clubs looks to improve in the table, with a -115 attached to the action.
Expected possible lineups:
Wolfsburg: Benaglio - Jung, Naldo, Klose, Rodriguez - Guilavogui - Caligiuri, Arnold, Kruse, Schürrle - Dost
Hoffenheim: Baumann - Kaderabek, Süle, Bicakcic, Toljan - Schwegler, Polanski - Rudy, Schmid - Volland, Vargas
Bet on the Bundesliga at BetDSI
Werder Bremen vs Bayern Munich
3-Way: 1: Bremen +1250 Home ; X: +630 Draw ; 2: Bayern -485 Away
Spread: Bremen +2 -105 ; Bayern -2 -115
Total 3.5: Over +100 ; Under -120
Analysis and Prediction:
No club has ever started the Bundesliga campaign 9 - 0 without a blemish to be found, but this weekend Bayern Munich can accomplish exactly that.
As the great Dan Patrick used to say on ESPN's SportsCenter years ago, "You can't stop Robert Lewandowski, you can only hope to contain him."
The Polish national scored the game-winning goal for Poland against Ireland this past week over the break, and between he and Thomas Muller, it is a battle for any manager as to how to slow down this Bayern attack.
Werder Bremen will not likely be the club that brings the streak to an end, having lost four straight outings with only goal to their credit.
Last we checked, if you can't score against average competition in Bundesliga, the odds of you scoring against Bayern Munich diminish to nothing.
We are offering the Bayern -2 handicap because we do not expect Bremen to score on goal to support a play on the total, so the -115 with the three-time defending Bunesliga champs goes in the books as our suggestion.
Oh, and let's not leave out that Arjen Robben is expected back this weekend for Bayern ... GOOD LUCK!!
Expected possible lineups:
Bremen: Wiedwald - Gebre Selassie, Lukimya, Vestergaard, S. Garcia - Fritz, Fröde, Junuzovic, Öztunali - Ujah, Bartels
Bayern: Neuer - Lahm, Javi Martinez, Boateng, Alaba - Robben, Xabi Alonso, Thiago, Douglas Costa - T. Müller, Lewandowski
Bet on the Bundesliga at BetDSI
Sunday October 18- 2 Matches
Koln vs Hannover
3-Way: 1: Koln -105 Home ; X: +250 Draw ; 2: Hannover +315 Away
Spread: Koln -0.5 -105 ; Hannover +0.5 -115
Total 2.5: Over -105 ; Under -115
Analysis and Prediction:
Koln has gotten off to their best start in almost 20 years, sitting in the fifth spot of the Bundesliga table as we enter the ninth round of the campaign.
The Cologne side has used RheinEnergieStadion to their advantage as well, having not lost a league home game since December, 2014, with only one loss at home stretching 19 matches, if we include the pre-season and friendly competitions.
Hannover's win over Werder Bremen last time out marked their first win this season, and their first clean sheet since December of 2014.
Let's just offer both the Koln 3-Way line of -105, and the Over 2.5 at the same -105, because we see Koln coming away with a comfortable 3 - 1 win at home.
Expected possible lineups:
Köln: Horn - Olkowski, Sörensen, Heintz, Hector - M. Lehmann, Gerhardt - Risse, Osako, Bittencourt - Modeste
Hannover: Zieler - Sakai, Marcelo, Schulz, Sorg - Schmiedebach, Sane - Andreasen, Karaman - Kiyotake - Sobiech
Stuttgart vs Ingolstadt
3-Way: 1: Stuttgart -125 Home ; X: +275 Draw ; 2: Ingolstadt +360 Away
Spread: Stuttgart -0.5 -125 ; Ingolstadt +0.5 +105
Total 2.5: Over -125 ; Under +105
Bet on the Bundesliga at BetDSI
Analysis and Prediction:
Stuttgart is already in a ton of trouble through eight matches of the Bundesliga campaign, and if it gets any worse, they can punch their ticket to demotion to second tier early.
Ingolstadt has come to Bundesliga looking like a club that has been here for years, keeping five clean sheets while only allowing six goals on the campaign. Only Bayern Munich has allowed less goals this season, with four.
We are offering the Ingolstadt +0.5 at +105 in this match at Mercedes-Benz Arena, simply because Ingolstadt has proven they belong in top flight German football. A draw here would do just fine if need be.
Expected possible lineups:
Stuttgart: Tyton - Klein, Sunjic, Baumgartl, Insua - Serey Die, Gentner - Maxim, Didavi - Ti. Werner, Harnik
Ingolstadt: Özcan - Levels, Matip, Hübner, Suttner - Roger - Groß, Morales - Lex, Hinterseer, Leckie
View the latest Bundesliga Soccer Betting Odds @ Diamond Sportsbook


text: We were staying in the Centara Grand, so was eating here breakfast as part of our room package. The re was a staggeringly large range of food and drink available - all freshly cooked to the highest standards. It took a lot of will power to limit the amount we eat! 10/10


text:
Explore Tulip Drawings, Drawings Botanical, and more!
Explore related topics
Artist tulip - Lauren Chisholm Fine Art - graphite on Paper
Nature has my . Floral warm ups before commissions. If you try this out - be sure to tag #mysurelysimple #watercolorillustration #togetherweletter #winsorandnewton .... #simplealphabets_noun - check @surelysimplechallenge ✍
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Everything Is Art: Recommended Artist: Hiromi Miura
Tulip print Flower watercolour painting 7 x 11 by DaffodilStudio


text:
Cheap flights from Ontario to Asia
Travel > Asia
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text:
English is easily the most international language in the world, and one that is often used to explain things to tourists coming in from other countries.
But while English is well known, it's not always well written, resulting in some truly, although unintentional, comic signs travellers can enjoy. Here are some of my all-time favorite broken English signs:
You'll Be in Fits of Laughter After Reading These Signs
English may be well-known but it's not always well-written. Here are some hilarious signs
I Dare You Not to Laugh at These Hilarious Signs
Who on earth put these pointless signs all over our streets?!
Funny: This Englishman Knows How to Escape His Punishment
This Englishman sure knows how to get out of a very painful situation.
Are These the Funniest Business Signs Ever Made?
These hilarious business signs will definitely tickle your funny bone.
14 Funny Reasons Why English Is a Very Strange Language
There are some pretty odd languages in the world, but surely nothing comes close to matching English's absurdities? Take a look at these oddities.
13 Hilarious Protest Signs That'll Make You Laugh
Some people like to think that holding up signs will achieve something, but others go to protests for a laugh. Here are 13 funny examples.
Jesus and Moses Tee off with an Old Man (Funny Joke)
Jesus, Moses, and an old man are playing a round of golf. While all seems pretty normal at first, supernatural things begin to happen...
Hilarious: Wife Turns the Tables on Her Deadbeat Hubby
When a wife asks her husband to fix little things around the house, she gets a response she doesn't like. So
These Chubby Dogs and Cats Shed Some Serious Weight...
Our pets' health begins to suffer if they're not fed or exercised properly. Luckily, for the UK's overweight dogs and cats, they have the Pet Fit Club.
Hilarious Joke: An Act of Kindness to a Homeless Man
When a homeless man asks for two dollars from a man walking down the street, he is surprised by his generous offer. He soon finds out the reason behind it...
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Have You Heard This One? When the Husband Is Away...
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or returns home early from a dreary soiree, her requests put the butler in a quite awkward position.
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An elderly man goes for a routine physical and claims he has a good relationship with God...but all is not as it seems.
These Hilarious Cartoons Made Me Laugh Out Loud!
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Just for Laughs is at it again, this time with the best twin pranks around.
Have You Heard This Joke? One for the Family!
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swiss replicas
breitling swiss replica
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It's no coincidence that Markus and Indrani, famous for their do the job with personalities this sort of as Girl Gaga, David Bowie, and Beyonce re-interpreted ten Girard-Perregaux timepieces, blowing a wind of glamour more than these stunning wrist-sized time machines. This collaboration originated with the start of Markus and Indrani's e-book ICONS at Lincoln Middle in New york, featuring a set of some of their work highlights. This subsequently motivated them to photograph several of Girard-Perregaux's beautiful timepieces via their signature lense.
The 10 replica watches had been shot at Vasquez Rocks in California, a location famed for becoming the backdrop of numerous science fiction films and with the peculiar form of its rock formations. These images transportation custom in the future and feature replica watches such as iconic Bi-axial Tourbillon, Girard-Perregaux 1966 Minute Repeater and Cat's Eye in a never-seen-before styling with the luxury check out market.
Speaking from the language on the new generations of replica watch lovers, the photographs have been unveiled this morning by means of Girard-Perregaux's social media networks including Twitter ( GirardPerregaux), Facebook (Facebook. com/Girard-Perregauxreplica watches), Instagram ( GirardPerregaux) and Pinterest ( GirardPerregaux) as well as their on-line electronic journal Mechanics of style, also to the brand's web site (girard-perregaux. com).
The photographs that Markus and Indrani developed deliver a fresh light-weight to watchmaking and to our timepieces , stated Michele Sofisti, CEO of Sowind Group (Girard-Perregaux and JEANRICHARD). Girard-Perregaux isn't only grounded in a very strong record and heritage, but will also on innovation as revealed by our most recent unveiling of our Constant Pressure Escapement. Generally with an eye in to the future.
We've constantly been intrigued because of the timelessness of Girard-Perregaux replica watches , explained Markus Klinko. However the word timeless always seems to be anchored towards the earlier. We desired to illustrate a generation that is certainly a hybrid of magnificence and wildness, previous and foreseeable future.
About Markus + Indrani
Described as Two of photography's greatest talents by American Photograph, the former classical harpist and top product, have used almost two decades creating legendary images from the most provocative superstars of our working day. Their award-winning images has appeared on best-selling album covers, in advertisement strategies for Pepsi, Nike, L'Oreal Paris, Lancôme, and DeBeers, on the addresses and pages of Vanity Fair, Rolling Stone, Harper's Bazaar, Vogue, Cosmopolitan, and The brand new York Times, and in about 20 exhibitions worldwide. The duo has been profiled on TV shows these types of as Access Hollywood, Extra, and Larry King Live. They recently starred in their own TV series, Double Exposure (Bravo), airing in 100+ countries.


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Robin Crusoe's crocodile-suing photo of Chicken's House and Greet Chicken
After you wander through Chicken's house, you'll happen upon her Secret Shed in the rain. There you can see Chicken finishing filming a scene from her next big film, a shot-for-shot remake of In the Heat of the Night. Be sure to get her autograph!
Shun Princess Mode
© copyright 2011–2017
A Pants Aflame production


text: similar story to previous reviewer. My husband always brought me here for my b day and the bake stuffed lobster in June. He passed away so my son picked up on the tradition.The last 2 years were very disappointing. Less food for more money and not as good. We will find another place to celebrate from now on. food was... More


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Hobart City Mission values the input and commitment of its corporate volunteers who contribute to a skilled and talented volunteer pool.
Corporate or employee volunteering is a commitment by local businesses to encourage an employee to volunteer in their local community. It can range from individual volunteering to team or whole of business volunteering.
Businesses involved in corporate and employee volunteering find that this is a rewarding way to make a positive contribution to the local community and receive benefits for their own business. Corporate volunteering encourages better teamwork amongst staff, provides leadership development opportunities and improves staff morale.
For more information about our corporate volunteering opportunities, please phone our volunteer coordinator on (03) 6215 4259.
The Hobart City Mission has become a solid backdrop in my life offering friendship, community values and trust...It's great!
The Hobart City Mission is a not-for-profit charitable organisation. All donations of $2 and over are tax deductible.


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Graphic Design InternBookmark This
274 Marconi Blvd Suite 400
Columbus, OH
Posted: May 15 2016
Application Deadline: Available Year-round
Position: Part-time, Unpaid
Always be on the alert for potentially fraudulent job postings online - never send money to a potential employer.
DescriptionVentureOhio is a nonprofit group founded to catalyze entrepreneurship and venture investment activity in one of the nation's fastest growing entrepreneurial hubs.
Our graphic designer will assist with the creation of marketing materials and educational materials for investors and legislators.
Responsibilities- Assists in the design and development of layouts for marketing materials, using appealing graphics that are well organized
- Responsible to incorporate current design trends into each unique layout to produce an up-to-date style for custom ads
- Ability to exercise good judgment when interpreting instructions and to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions
- Utilize strong written skills and bring effective visual ideas from concept through to completion
Requirements- Working towards a BA or certificate from a Fine Arts program/Graphic Design school
- Experience with Adobe InDesign, and proficiency in Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Illustrator
- Knowledge of Mac OS and software upgrades and proficiency in Microsoft Office programs
- Must be a team player and flourish in a fast-paced, deadline-oriented environment
- Open to constructive criticism and customer feedback


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SoulCalibur Facebook statistics
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A shock primary election defeat for the No 2 Republican in the US House of Representatives has left his political party in chaos, as financial markets worried the shakeup might renew budget fights that in the past have caused government shutdowns and near credit defaults.
Eric Cantor, who has served as House Majority Leader since 2011, unexpectedly lost the vote to college economics professor David Brat, an activist in the Tea Party movement, which wants to reduce federal government spending and taxes and advocates for a smaller government.
The defeat put an end to Cantor's quest for an eighth term but he will serve out his current term through this year. It also brought an abrupt halt to Cantor's career as a rising star who had his eye on the top job of Speaker.
At a press conference after a closed-door meeting with his fellow Republicans, Cantor said he will step down from his leadership job on July 31.
Cantor said that he would back Representative Kevin McCarthy of California as his replacement if he seeks it. Cantor and McCarthy were close allies and they often had to try to scale back the demands of the Tea Party.
Representative Pete Sessions of Texas, who chairs the House Rules Committee, told reporters he would run for majority leader.
McCarthy and Sessions both have conservative voting records. Other Republicans also could vie for the job, with an election set for June 19.
Trying to heal intra-party rifts that have plagued House Republicans for the past three years, Cantor said: "The differences that we may have are slight and pale in comparison with the differences that we have with the left."
Capitol Hill buzzed with speculation over whether the Tea Party victory in Cantor's Richmond, Virginia-area district could bring Washington back to the showdowns of 2011, 2012 and 2013 over budget deficits and the size of government.
Financial market analysts feared a disruption from the relative political calm that had prevailed since a December 2013 budget deal.
"I just think it underscores the total political dysfunction" in US politics, said Doug Kass, president of Seabreeze Partners Management in Palm Beach, Florida. Noting the need for fiscal and regulatory reform, he said, "This defeat suggests it may retard it."
The turmoil, however, has given Democrats a breather from a string of politically damaging events that were preoccupying Washington less than five months before congressional elections.
As they try to keep control of the Senate in November's elections, Democrats have been battered by a scandal over the administration's failure to provide veterans with timely healthcare and President Barack Obama's decision to swap five Taliban prisoners for an American prisoner of war in Afghanistan.
More than a dozen House Democrats, gathered at a press conference to promote a manufacturing bill, were all smiles as they revelled in the Republican Party's turmoil.
"We have seen over the last three years a (Republican) party that is deeply divided and dysfunctional. I think last night was evidence of that," said Democrat Representative Steny Hoyer, the second-ranking House Democrat.
The election result was an ironic turn for Cantor, who vaulted into the No 2 job in 2011 after he helped Republicans capture the chamber the previous November on a wave of Tea Party support. A number of factors, including low turnout of 65,000 voters, played a factor in Cantor's defeat.
House Speaker John Boehner is expected to remain in his position through this year and to seek re-election to the job next year if Republicans maintain their control of the chamber, as expected, in November elections.
But some conservative Republicans were speculating that whoever emerges as a Cantor replacement could also become a challenger to Boehner for the speakership next year.
Tea Party discontent with Republican leadership was at a boil level and activists were itching to flex their muscles after the win in Cantor's district.
Representative Tim Huelskamp of Kansas, a rebellious Tea Party activist who was kicked off of two committees 18 months ago, said that conservatives "have been frustrated over and over again for the last three and a half years about a team, not just Cantor, that rode the Tea party-conservative wave, (but) none of them with real conservative bona fides."
Still unclear was whether Cantor's defeat could even resonate in the 2016 presidential campaigns, as the Republican Party battles over whether to put forward a nominee with Tea Party leanings or someone more mainstream, like former Florida Governor Jeb Bush, who could have the broader political appeal needed to win the White House.
In the primary campaign, Brat accused Cantor of being too willing to compromise with Democrats on immigration and budget issues and of not fighting hard enough against Obama's signature healthcare law known as Obamacare.
That, despite Cantor's role in staging more than 40 votes in the House to repeal all or parts of Obamacare over the last few years.
One leading House Republican, Representative Paul Ryan of Wisconsin, told reporters he was not interested in a party leadership job. He is expected to take over the powerful House Ways and Means tax-writing panel next year and has been mentioned as a possible 2016 presidential hopeful.
- Reuters
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Sick of Hollywood pumping out graphic, vulgar content for your kids? Pure Flix has over 6,000 titles of inspirational films & TV shows for your family!
HOLLYWOOD INSIDER with Tina Marie. Our guest today is Greg Gudorf CEO of Pure Flix digital. Their mission? To create films that impact our culture for Christ. Pure Flix strives to serve alongside the church by providing affordable and effective Movie Ministry solutions to use for Outreach, Church Growth, Fellowship Opportunities, Small Group Ministry and Sermon Messages. Let's support companies that have our best interest at heart and have the greatest positive impact on our children!
Episode THREE – The best place to get quality inspirational family-friendly entertainment! PURE FLIX!
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In California, Big Tobacco spends 10 times as much marketing tobacco as the state spends on tobacco prevention, resulting in more than 30,000 kids starting to smoke each year. In response to this ongoing challenge, the American Lung American in California founded the Center for Tobacco Policy & Organizing in 2002 to ensure local advocates across California have the skills, resources and information to be successful in protecting their neighbors and communities from the harmful effects of tobacco use.
We agree! Learn more about the air quality in your community at t.co/R45TbC3wtf. #StateoftheAir… t.co/gQbs5XpwH4
Electric vehicles are good for public health. That's a FACT! t.co/YQwPwjdI4i
American Lung Association in California
Center for Tobacco Policy & Organizing
1531 I Street, Suite 201
Sacramento, CA 95814
Phone: (916) 544-5864
Fax (916) 442-8585
Questions? Comments? Contact Us


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About VCUQatar
VCUQatar (www.qatar.vcu.edu) is the international branch campus of Virginia Commonwealth University's School of the Arts (VCUarts). Located in Richmond, Virginia, VCUarts (www.arts.vcu.edu) is the top-ranked public art school in the U.S. VCUQatar was established in 1998 through a partnership with the Qatar Foundation and offers students the opportunity to earn a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in fashion design, graphic design, interior design and painting &printmaking; a Bachelor of Arts degree in art history; and a Master of Fine Arts degree in design. Located in Doha, the capital city of Qatar, VCUQatar is fully accredited by the National Association of Schools of Art & Design, The Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, and the Council for Interior Design Accreditation. The current student body represents a diverse range of nationalities with students coming from 41 countries.
VCUQatar is dedicated to global outreach and education and provides students with an environment for cross-cultural exchange that fosters inquiry, discovery and innovation. Examples of this mission are the two significant international conferences hosted by VCUQatar – the annual Tasmeem Doha and the biennial Hamad bin Khalifa Islamic Art Symposium. VCUQatar attracts globally recognized designers, academics and contributors to contemporary visual culture while fostering sustainable partnerships with the regional community that enhance the educational, economic and cultural vitality of Qatar. Having established itself as a center of excellence for education and research, VCUQatar has substantial involvement with the influential art and design world of the Middle East, and is a catalyst for the growth and development of these fields in the region.
VCUQatar has 157 full-time faculty and staff and a student body of 363. VCUQatar was the first campus established in Education City, a unique 2500-acre campus community. VCUQatar was joined by Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service, Carnegie-Mellon University, Weill Cornell Medical College, Northwestern University, HEC Paris and University College of London.
Qatar, with English as the standard second language, is a progressive country in the Arabian Gulf and remains one of the healthiest economies in the Gulf region. Doha offers all the conveniences found in a contemporary and cosmopolitan city, and also maintains a traditional Arab flavor, evident in the old markets and the city's Islamic Arab architecture. The Museum of Islamic Art, designed by I.M.Pei opened in November 2008 and the Arab Museum of Modern Art (Mathaf) opened in 2010. The U.S. Embassy considers Qatar among the safest countries in the world for Americans.
About the opportunity
VCUQatar is seeking an experienced budget professional and self-motivating individual to fill the position of Director of Financial Planning and Operations. This strategic position is primarily responsible for the ongoing development, implementation, and assessment of internal budgets through regular evaluation of the funding impacts of VCUQatar's financial plan. This position will support a variety of budget development, fiscal and operational activities for the institution and will ensure compliance with all University fiscal policies and procedures. Additionally, this position will provide oversight of budget development and procurement operational activities and report directly to the Associate Dean for Administration.
Major Responsibilities
Required Qualifications
Preferred Qualifications
Application Process
Submit the following application materials via VCU eJobs at vcujobs.com:
Only electronic applications submitted via VCU eJobs will be accepted.
The Letter of Interest should be submitted as a PDF in the "Cover Letter/Letter of Application" section in eJobs; the CV should be submitted as a PDF in the "Curriculum Vitae (CV)" section of eJobs; and the list of References should be submitted as a PDF in the "Other Document" section of eJobs.
Application Deadline: For full consideration, applications are due by April 22, 2017.
Virginia Commonwealth University is an equal opportunity, affirmative action university providing access to education and employment without regard to age, race, color, national origin, gender, religion, sexual orientation, veteran's status, political affiliation or disability.
Association of College
& University Auditors
4400 College Blvd Suite 220
Overland Park, KS 66211
email@example.com Phone: (913) 222-8663
Fax: (913) 222-8606
Career Center
Welcome to ACUA Employment Opportunities
Director of Financial Planning and Operations
Virginia Commonwealth University School of the Arts
About Virginia Commonwealth University School of the Arts
The School of the Arts is comprised of over 3000 students and 16 nationally recognized programs in design, visual and performing arts. US News & World Report ranks VCUarts as the top public university art and design school in the nation. Located in Richmond, the capital of Virginia, VCU is an ethnically and culturally diverse urban institution composed of three campuses. The 75-acre Monroe Park Ca...mpus is situated in Richmond's historic Fan District. The 51-acre Medical College of Virginia Campus is located two miles east in the financial, commercial and governmental district of downtown Richmond. VCU Qatar is located in the Education City campus in Doha, Qatar and is the first university branch campus to be located outside the United States. It serves students from more than 25 nationalities in four areas of visual studies. More than 30,000 students attend VCU; each year the university awards approximately 4,000 degrees.
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Yogi Adityanath, the controversial mascot of hardline Hindutva, will be the next Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh. In a move that surprised many,... ...http://www.deccanherald.com/content/602008/bjp-springs-surprise-yogi-adityanath.html
The complete list of the UP Assembly Election 2017 winners put out by the Election Commission. The BJP became the first party in 37 years to clinch... ...http://www.sify.com/news/uttar-pradesh-assembly-elections-2017-complete-list-of-winners-news-national-rdlttBdfjjeai.html


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Why would my husband need your help? He posted the pic of you cause he knows you watch me and his way of saying hi... That is a personal and private nickname I have for him :/
Sharks Practice by Charneco on DeviantArt Like & Repin thx. Follow Noelito Flow instagram http://www.instagram.com/noelitoflow
The Great White Shark, arguably the ocean's most highly developed and successful top of the food chain predator. McC
A Wild Collection Of NeatoShop Shirts Featuring Animals Acting Like Humans - Neatorama
You get scared just looking at him. Great white shark by SERGIO RICCARDO — National Geographic
trynottodrown: a few different shark species (full size)
Go Home Shark, You're Drunk - Venice has some challenges they don't talk about much.
I mean, LOOK AT HIM! He is staring right at me! I could never in a million years out swim him, either.
These sharks are being slaughtered to make "Shark Fin Soup" mainly in Asian restaurants across the world. Their population has decreased by 50% in the last 10 years. Do Not Order Shark Fin Soup - to help stop this massacre.
Sharks are some of our favorite sea creatures to (safely) encounter on our dive trips and we love learning more about them. For instance, did you know that some species only grow to be 6-8 inches long? #sharks #scuba