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Predicting the spatial and temporal patterns of marine larval dispersal and supply is a challenging task due to the small size of the larvae and the variability of oceanographic processes. Addressing this problem requires the use of novel approaches capable of capturing the inherent variability in the mechanisms involved.
Methodology/Principal Findings
In this study we test whether dispersal and connectivity patterns generated from a bio-physical model of larval dispersal of the crab Carcinus maenas, along the west coast of the Iberian Peninsula, can predict the highly variable daily pattern of wind-driven larval supply to an estuary observed during the peak reproductive season (March–June) in 2006 and 2007. Cross-correlations between observed and predicted supply were significant (p<0.05) and strong, ranging from 0.34 to 0.81 at time lags of −6 to +5 d. Importantly, the model correctly predicted observed cross-shelf distributions (Pearson r = 0.82, p<0.001, and r = 0.79, p<0.01, in 2006 and 2007) and indicated that all supply events were comprised of larvae that had been retained within the inner shelf; larvae transported to the outer shelf and beyond never recruited. Estimated average dispersal distances ranged from 57 to 198 km and were only marginally affected by mortality.
The high degree of predicted demographic connectivity over relatively large geographic scales is consistent with the lack of genetic structuring in C. maenas along the Iberian Peninsula. These findings indicate that the dynamic nature of larval dispersal can be captured by mechanistic biophysical models, which can be used to provide meaningful predictions of the patterns and causes of fine-scale variability in larval supply to marine populations.
Citation: Domingues CP, Nolasco R, Dubert J, Queiroga H (2012) Model-Derived Dispersal Pathways from Multiple Source Populations Explain Variability of Invertebrate Larval Supply. PLoS ONE 7(4): e35794. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035794
Editor: Sharyn Jane Goldstien, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Received: December 27, 2011; Accepted: March 21, 2012; Published: April 25, 2012
Copyright: © 2012 Domingues et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) supported a PhD grant to CPD (SFRH/BD/21593/2005). This work is part of the "Connect - Connectivity of marine populations assessed with genetic and numerical modeling tools" (No. PTDC/BIA-BDE/65425/2006) and "ISCAD - Inner shelf circulation and dispersion patterns: Interactions with estuarine systems" (No. PTDC/MAR/65760/2006) research projects, both funded by FCT under the European Regional Development Fund. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Most marine populations are demographically open, as individuals are regularly exchanged among sets of local populations, either through the transport of planktonic propagules by currents or by the movement of adults [1], [2]. Consequently, local populations of marine species depend, in part, on processes that occur elsewhere that influence the production, movement, and survival of dispersers. Understanding how networks of populations (i.e., metapopulations) are connected by dispersal is therefore crucial for understanding gene flow, evolution, biodiversity patterns and resilience of marine populations [3] as well as for developing effective management measures capable of providing local benefits.
In the case of benthic marine animals, where the adult is sessile or sedentary, dispersal is accomplished by a planktonic larva. Although results from theoretical modelling [1], genetic studies [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], and the use of site-specific natural tags [9], [10] suggest that moderate levels of larval exchange over a range of spatial scales likely typifies many marine metapopulations, the largely unbounded aquatic medium where larval dispersal takes place and the small size of the larvae create insurmountable logistical challenges in obtaining direct empirical evidence to confirm these findings for most marine species. A further difficulty in obtaining empirical evidence of dispersal and connectivity is caused by eddy diffusion and by larval mortality. Turbulent mixing spreads larvae over larger areas, effectively redistributing the larvae over large volumes of the ocean [11]. Instantaneous mortality rates for marine larval stages are on the order of 0.0161 to 1.0100 [12]. Combined, these processes further decrease the likelihood of detecting larvae by conventional sampling methods, particularly ones that are dispersed large distances away from their population of origin [13].
In the present study we provide a novel test of the connectivity framework by: (1) generating 4-month empirical time series of daily larval supply of the shore crab Carcinus maenas to the Ria de Aveiro, an estuary on the west coast of the Iberian Peninsula during the peak reproductive seasons in 2006 and 2007, and (2) comparing these time series to predicted larval supply time series derived from a coupled oceanographic and biological numerical model (biophysical model). Because biophysical models provide a simulation environment integrating abiotic variability of the marine environment with biological processes at multiple temporal and spatial scales [14] they are a powerful tool to understand dispersal, supply and connectivity of populations in the ocean [15]. Biophysical models of larval dispersal have been used to provide theoretical expectations of the effects of various forcing factors on transport [16], [17], [18], [19] or to predict the resulting spatial distributions of adults [20], [21] recruits [22], or larvae, against in situ observations of larval concentration [17], [23], [24], [25]. Recently, biophysical models have also been used as basis for seascape genetic models and applied to explain phylogeographic patterns and spatial distribution of allele frequencies [26], [27]. A limitation of the biophysical larval dispersal models used so far is the appropriate choice of the response variable and of the spatial and temporal scales of the comparisons between the observations and the predictions of the model [15]. For instance, the use of settlement or recruitment data may not be appropriate because several physical [28] and biological [29] processes may decouple larval abundance in the water column from subsequent spatial densities of recruits. Additionally, a mechanistic understanding of the dispersal and supply processes requires data collected at daily time scales, which is the typical temporal scale of changes in larval abundance near settlement habitats [30], [31], [32].
In the present study, by recording larval supply at daily frequencies over the reproductive season, we were able to connect the temporal dynamics of the larval supply process with the spatio-temporal dynamics of the dispersal and connectivity process. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation into the linkages between larval dispersal and larval supply in a marine system. The simulations were performed using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) and a Lagrangian particle-tracking submodel that includes advection and diffusion, as well as diel vertical migration, temperature-dependent growth and mortality. The observed megalopal supply series obtained during two years were compared with predictions of the model using a stepwise approach where we tested different behavioural, growth and mortality scenarios that progressively constrained potential dispersal distance. The average and maximum potential dispersal distances during the planktonic larval phase were then estimated. The model successfully predicted wind-driven supply with time lags of −6 to +5 d, with estimates of average dispersal distances ranging from 57 to 175 km. The strength of the predictions provides compelling evidence for the utility of biophysical models in general to produce dispersal pathways of individual larvae, allowing for testing of complex hypotheses about dispersal scales, demographic connectivity and gene flow, as well as providing fundamental ecological information necessary for management of natural resources and ecosystems in a cost-effective way.
Ethics Statement
Samples of larvae were collected with passive plankton nets deployed from a floating pier of the Clube de Vela da Costa Nova, located in the Canal de Mira, Ria de Aveiro. This area is included in the bird Special Protection Area (SPA) of the Ria de Aveiro, which is the only nature conservation legal diploma applicable to the area. Since collection of biological material with the use of plankton nets is not forbidden under the statutes of this SPA, permits are not required from the legal management body. Permits were however obtained from the direction of the Clube de Vela da Costa Nova to use the floating pier. Carcinus maenas is not an endangered or protected species. To the best of our knowledge, none of the unidentified zooplanktonic species that may be present in the samples is in any way endangered or protected.
The biological model
We developed our biological model to mimic the early life-history characteristics of the portunid shore crab, Carcinus maenas, a keystone predator and invasive species that forms large populations in coastal ecosystems worldwide. In southern Europe C. maenas lives mostly in estuarine systems. The larval phase comprises four planktotrophic zoeae and one megalopa [33] that develop in the water column from four to six weeks, depending on water temperature [34]. Berried C. maenas females move to the lower estuary where larvae are released during nocturnal neap ebb tides following quarter moons, resulting in pulses of abundance of first zoeae that last for 3 to 5 days and recur at fortnight intervals [35], [36] from winter to early summer. First zoeae migrate to surface waters immediately after hatching and are exported from the estuary by the strong ebb currents, usually before the turn of the tide [36]. The megalopa is the stage that reinvades estuaries by selective tidal stream transport [37]. C. maenas larvae display diel vertical migration behaviour in coastal waters [36], [38] and their dispersal pathways deviate strongly from expectations based on assumptions made by passive dispersal models [39].
Time series of supply
Time series of supply of Carcinus maenas megalopae were obtained in the Ria de Aveiro, a bar-built estuary located on the northwest coast of Portugal (Figure 1). Circulation in the Ria de Aveiro is dominated by tides, which are semidiurnal with an average range of 2.1 m. Collections of larvae were made with two passive plankton nets that were deployed daily from a floating pier in the Canal de Mira, Ria de Aveiro (Figure 1). These nets were designed to be continuously submersed, but to sample megalopae only during the flood tide, with a baffle inside the nets to prevent the loss of material during ebb tide. Both nets were deployed facing the inlet, one net below the water's surface and the other above the bottom, and both were recovered each morning for enumeration of megalopae. The sampling periods covered much of the species' larval season of two different years: March 7 to June 29, 2006, and March 11 to June 30, 2007. The data reported in the present paper are daily averages of the number of megalopae collected by the two nets. Field sampling methods and original data are fully described in [32], [40].
(A) first domain (FD); (B) large domain (LD); (C) location of estuaries used in the model showing the shelf area adjacent to each estuary where larvae were emitted and recruited; (D) Ria de Aveiro; and (E) Canal de Mira. (C) also shows details of the 50, 100, 250 and 500 m isobaths of the smoothed bathymetry used in the model. Arrow in (E) indicates location where the passive nets were deployed.
The oceanographic model
The simulations were conducted using a 3-D free-surface, terrain-following primitive equation hydrostatic model configurable for fully realistic regional applications, based on the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) [41]. The present configuration represents an improvement and extension of the configuration used by Peliz et al. [42] and Oliveira et al. [43] to the Atlantic margin of the Iberian Peninsula. For a realistic simulation of the Western Iberian margin it is necessary to include local aspects like the Gibraltar Strait exchange (Mediterranean inflow/outflow) and the wind-driven dynamics. The remote circulation influencing the western limit of the study region associated with the Azores Current (AC) and the Iberian Poleward Flow (IPC) should also be accounted for. The large scale AC is related to the origin of water mass distribution observed along the western Iberian margin, and should be taken into account in order to obtain a good representation of the properties of the water masses in the region. The role of IPC is double: on one hand it is a mechanism of transport in the poleward direction, and on the other hand it represents a mechanism of retention for larvae [44], forming a kind of barrier to avoid offshore dispersal of larvae. To resolve the large and small scale circulation, two grids were used (Figure 1): a first domain grid (FD, Figure 1A), with a resolution of 1/10° (ca. 10 Km), from 32°W to 0.5°W and 30°N to 48°N. This FD was used to provide initial and boundary conditions, through offline nesting, to the large domain (LD, Figure 1B), which has a horizontal resolution of 1/27° (i.e. a mean resolution of 3.5 km), and 60 vertical levels, including the western Iberian margin, from the Gulf of Cadiz (34.5°N) to the Bay of Biscay 45.5°N, and from 12.5°W to the Strait of Gibraltar at 5.5°W. The LD covers an area of 1200×600 km and constitutes the target domain used for the dispersal simulations. The FD was first initialized from rest using monthly temperature and salinity climatologies from Levitus & Boyer [45] and Levitus et al. [46] at the boundaries, and was forced using monthly surface fluxes from Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) [47]. Monthly geostrophic and Ekman velocities were applied along the open lateral boundaries. The methodology used is similar to that used in climatological studies of the coastal transition zone of the California current system [48]. This FD configuration reached equilibrium solutions after four years. At this stage, the Mediterranean Water (MW) was represented using a nudging term. After that period, and once the ocean reaches equilibrium, realistic forcing at the surface (instead of a climatological one) was used. The forcing consisted of the NCEP2 air-sea fluxes (www.ncep.noaa.gov) and QuikScat reanalyzed satellite winds from CERSAT (cersat.ifremer.fr) for the period 2001 to 2009, with a spatial resolution of 0.5°. The outputs of the FD were used to initialize and provide boundary conditions to the target domain, LD, through offline nesting. Forcing of the LD was the same as for the FD, ensuring consistency of forcing for both domains and avoiding problems at the boundaries. For the target domain, LD, the Mediterranean Undercurrent (MU), which originates at the Strait of Gibraltar and flows along the southwest and west margins of the Iberian Peninsula, was imposed by a boundary inflow/outflow condition at the Strait of Gibraltar [42]. The inflow of freshwater to the ocean originated from the main rivers of the region was included in the form of realistic river outflow (provided by INAG, Water Institute of Portugal), when available. When there were no registers of river outflow during a period of time a climatological value for seasonal river outflow was imposed. The outputs of the model, consisting of temperature, salinity, and three-dimensional velocity fields, were stored every four hours in order to be used for the Lagrangian module described below.
The Lagrangian offline model
In order to simulate hatching, behaviour, growth and mortality of Carcinus maenas larvae an Individual Based Model (IBM) was coupled to ROMS using ROFF (ROMS Offline) [49], which is a drifter-tracking code that simulates larval trajectories from stored ROMS velocity and hydrological fields. The drifter-tracking code simulates larval trajectories from stored ROMS velocity and hydrological fields using a high order predictor corrector scheme to integrate the motion equation dX/dt = Uroms(X,t), with X being the position vector (x,y,z), and Uroms being the modelled 3D velocity vector over time, given an initial condition X(t0) = X0. We first tested, on a subset of the simulations, that this offline procedure yields qualitatively and quantitatively similar results to the online procedure, in which case the larvae were advected with the time step of the model (300 s). Additionally to the advection generated by the model velocities, and similarly to Peliz et al. [24], the particle movements included random velocities in the vertical direction, which were used to parameterize unresolved turbulent processes. A diel vertical migration (DVM) scheme inferred from Queiroga [50] and dos Santos et al. [38] was also explicitly introduced in most of the model experiments. The DVM scheme consisted of forcing the larvae to drift at depth between 06 h and 20 h, and at the surface between 22 h and 04 h, every day, while during the remaining periods the larvae migrated between the surface and the deep levels (defined as the bottom layer of the model if the local depth is shallower than 60 m, or 60 m if the local depth is deeper).
Planktonic larval duration (PLD) and mortality rate caused by physiological stress from varying temperature and salinity were modelled pooling information from laboratory studies where larvae were reared without substrate [34]. The proportional effects of temperature on PLD, and of temperature and salinity on mortality, based on the time a larva was exposed to a specific temperature in the case of PLD, or to a specific combination of temperature and salinity in the case of mortality, were estimated by linearly interpolating between the laboratory data for each larval stage. Age and the probability of death were assessed at each time step of the model (300 s). Larvae were killed randomly based on the proportional death rate during the previous time interval. If a larva survived physiological stress it would grow from age 0 at hatching to 4 at the moult to megalopa, corresponding to stages zoeae 1 to 4; megalopae lived and remained competent until age 5 and then died. No other temporally or spatially distributed source of mortality (e.g. predation) was used because of lack of information.
In order to simulate hatching patterns a set of 900 virtual larvae, released over four days (225 larvae d−1 estuary−1), was introduced in the surface layer near each of eight estuarine systems (Betanzos, Noia-Muros, Vigo, Minho, Cávado, Aveiro, Mondego and Tejo; Figure 1), every fortnight during nocturnal ebb tides, from February to July of 2006 and 2007. The position, age and probability of death of a total number of 86400 larvae per year (900 larvae/estuary×12 release periods×8 estuaries) were stored with a time step of two hours. To decrease computation time we only used estuaries separated by at least 40 km. Additionally, according to initial trial simulations larvae hatched from estuaries beyond Betanzos and Tejo would not recruit to the Ria de Aveiro, and estuaries beyond these were not included in the simulations. Because estuarine inlets were not conveniently represented by the model we released and recruited larvae in an area of the shelf adjacent to each estuary (approximate 12×12 km), which roughly corresponds to the area of the influence of the estuarine plume, and defined supply to the estuaries as the number of particles that crossed that respective area (Figure 1C). Tides were not used in the model because previous studies have shown that tidal currents do not affect the net horizontal advection of larvae that undergo DVM over the west Iberian shelf [51].
Model experiments and validation strategy
We used a stepwise approach in order to validate the IBM model and to test its response to different behavioural, growth and mortality scenarios, progressing from the least constrained to the most restrictive scenario in terms of potential dispersal distance.
DVM has the potential to strongly affect cross-shelf distribution of larvae and other zooplankton in coastal upwelling systems [39], [52], by positioning these organisms in a less advective environment close to the bottom during the day. Therefore, we first examined the influence of DVM on the cross-shore distribution of larvae and retention of larvae on the shelf, by running two Base experiments that did not include mortality or any type of estuary-reinvasion behaviour, one without DVM and the other with DVM. These Base experiments used the growth rates directly estimated from published data. We compared predictions of the model against data obtained during the Heincke 09 cruise [50], which sampled 6 transects extending from the inner shelf to ca. 175 km offshore between 40.0 N and 41.5°N, in April of 1991, using oblique hauls by a multi-net that was towed from the surface to within 5 m of the bottom or to a 200 m depth level. As a measure of the predicted distribution of larvae during the whole planktonic development period, we calculated distributions of larval trajectory densities as the accumulated number of larvae that crossed each vertical array of cells in the model in a section delimited by the 40.0 N and 41.5°N parallels. The trajectory densities were then correlated with the cross-shelf abundance of all pooled Carcinus maenas larval stages collected during the Heincke 09 cruise, normalized by area of sea surface. The Base model with DVM predicted abundance maxima on the middle shelf, matching the observed distribution of larval density [50]. In contrast, the Base model without DVM predicted that very few larvae would remain in shelf waters after the expected PLD, which departed strongly from the observed distribution. We therefore developed the subsequent steps building on the Base model with DVM.
In the Base experiments we did not recruit the megalopae to the estuaries, but kept them in the model and recorded them every time they crossed the area adjacent to the Ria de Aveiro. Under this option we were interested in the potential trajectories of the larvae in the shelf, without imposing any behavioural constraint regarding proximity of the estuaries. Animations produced from the model indicated that the larvae that recruited to the Ria de Aveiro and other estuaries never left the inner shelf and had trajectories parallel to the shore, increasing the probability of recruitment of competent megalopae to estuaries. This led us to the Invasion experiments, where the megalopae were made to recruit to each estuary once they crossed the respective adjacent shelf area (i. e. the megalopae entered the estuaries and were not counted afterwards). Dispersal distance is partly correlated with PLD [53]. Because of the uncertainty of larval development times estimated from laboratory rearings, in a first set of Invasion experiments we tested normal, fast and slow growth rates, where the normal growth rate was that estimated from the literature data, and the fast and slow growth rates were obtained by arbitrarily accelerating or decelerating growth by 1 d per larval stage (ca. 20% of the total estimated PLD). Comparison between the predicted and observed time series of supply using cross-correlation indicated that changes in growth rate did not consistently increase or decrease fit in the two years. A further refinement of growth rate was therefore not attempted.
Mortality was introduced in a second set of Invasion experiments, separately for each of the growth rates tested previously. Because mortality was modelled as a random process, the output of the model would always change with each simulation, independently of the predicted oceanography. In order to incorporate this variability we ran the offline IBM model three times for each growth rate. Cross-correlation analysis of pairs of time series produced by each of the three runs per growth rate were consistently above 0.99 at 0 d time lags (p<0.001), and we therefore averaged the outputs of the three runs in order to compare the predictions of the Invasion experiments with mortality with the observed times series of supply.
Statistical analysis
The adjustment of the predicted time series relative to the observations was assessed using cross-correlation analysis [54], by lagging the observed relative to the predicted series. This procedure produces negative lags when predicted maxima precede observations, and positive lags when observed maxima precede predictions. In order to reduce noise and remove strong autocorrelation at 1 d lag in both predictions and observations the series were smoothed, with a moving average of period 5 d, and differenced at a lag of −1 d. Predicted time-series from experiments with mortality were treated similarly before being cross-correlated.
Observed time series of megalopal supply
Observed supply of Carcinus maenas megalopae to the Ria de Aveiro in 2006 and 2007 (Figures 2A and 3A) showed periods of several weeks with zero or very low supply punctuated with supply events driven by along-shore winds, as well as several instances when supply events occurred with semilunar periodicity during spring tides in spring and summer, particularly in 2006. In both years the highest supply events followed several days of strong southerly winds and coastal convergence [40].
(A) Daily numbers of observed megalopal supply (continuous line), along-shore wind stress (dashed line) and spring tides (tidal range larger than long-term average range, grey bars) in the Ria de Aveiro in 2006; and predicted time series of supply by the Invasion experiments with (B) normal, (C) fast and (D) slow growth rates with (dashed line) and without (continuous line) mortality, for the same year.
(A) Daily numbers of observed megalopal supply (continuous line), along-shore wind stress (dashed line) and spring tides (tidal range larger than long-term average range, grey bars) in the Ria de Aveiro in 2007; and predicted time series of supply by the Invasion experiments with (B) normal, (C) fast and (D) slow growth rates with (dashed line) and without (continuous line) mortality, for the same year.
Influence of DVM on cross-shelf distribution of larval trajectories in the Base experiments
The Base experiments without DVM resulted in very high levels of larval wastage from the shelf, compared with those with DVM, with a decrease of one order of magnitude in supply and only a few tens of particles successfully recruiting to the Ria de Aveiro. The cross-shelf distribution of trajectory densities predicted by the Base experiments with DVM, for both years, fit several features of the observed cross-shelf distribution of larval densities recorded during the Heincke 09 cruise [50], contrary to the Base experiments without DVM (Figure 4). The observations indicate maximum densities in the inner shelf, a rapid decline to very low values at ca. 35 km from the shore and near-zero values off the shelf break, similarly to the predictions of the Base experiments with DVM. Bonferroni-corrected Pearson correlations of log-observed average abundance of larvae with log-predicted average trajectory density were positive and significant in the case of the simulations with DVM (r = 0.82, p<0.001 and r = 0.79, p<0.01, in 2006 and 2007) and non-significant when DVM was not included (r = 0.33, p>0.25 and r = 0.05, p>0.85, in 2006 and 2007).
Onshore/offshore distribution of trajectory density predicted by the Base experiments with (light blue) and without (dark blue) diel vertical migration for (A) 2006 and (B) 2007; and (C) abundance of larvae (all stages combined) recorded by the Heincke 09 cruise in April of 1991, normalized by area of sea surface. Trajectory density was calculated between the parallels 40°00′ and 41°30′N, which was the area sampled by the cruise. The broken line in each panel represents the average position of the shelf break at ca. 43 km from shore.
Time series of supply from the Invasion experiments without mortality
An additional feature of the Base experiments was that they produced wide bimodal peaks around periods of maximum observed supply, caused by successive passages of individual competent larvae in the shelf area adjacent to the Ria. This is an unrealistic behaviour because these larvae are expected to recruit to the estuaries in natural conditions and leave the shelf. This feature was not present in the Invasion experiments with the normal growth rate, which tended to produce single narrow supply peaks within ±6 d of the high supply peaks associated with southerly winds, in March 2006 and June 2007 (Figures 2B and 3B). As expected from the fact that the model did not simulate tides or tidal behaviour, the time series of predicted supply did not reproduce the semilunar components present in the observations in 2006 after day 120. Additionally, the model produced a supply event after day 110 that was not present in the observations (Figure 2B). The long period with very low observed supply from days 95 to 165 in 2007, however, was well represented by the model (Figure 3B). In general, the Invasion models with the normal growth rate tended to predict higher supply during periods of elevated observed supply, and cross-correlation values between observations and predictions were positive and significant (0.66 and 0.63 in 2006 and 2007, p<0.05, with time lags of +5 and −3 d respectively; Table 1).
Changes in growth rates produced inconsistent results (Figures 2C, 2D, 3C, 3D, Table 1). In 2006, simulations with the normal growth rate predicted supply with a delay of +5 d, whereas slow growth reduced the time gap to only +2 d and fast growth anticipated supply by −4 d. In 2007, the normal growth rate predicted supply with an anticipation of −3 d, while fast and slow growth rates also anticipated supply, with delays of −5 and −6 d. The largest cross-correlations were obtained with the slow and fast growth rates in 2006 and 2007 (0.81 and 0.76 respectively, p<0.05; Figures 2D and 3C). An analysis of PLD of the different larval cohorts to the fluctuating temperature regime that they experienced in the model (not shown) did now show any clear pattern, and this inconsistency could not be explained.
Time series of supply from the Invasion experiments with mortality
Because changes in growth rate did not consistently result in anticipations or delays of predicted supply, nor in higher cross-correlations, it was not possible to elect a best model. Therefore, we examined the effect of mortality from sub-optimal conditions of temperature and salinity for all growth rates in a second set of Invasion experiments. In all experiments, the three runs made to examine the effect of different realizations of mortality produced pair-wise cross-correlations >0.99 at lime lags of 0 d (p<0.001), indicating that mortality from temperature and salinity does not have the potential to substantially affect the temporal patterns of supply in the NW Portuguese coast. However, mortality did lower the number of larvae that recruited successfully relative to the corresponding Invasion experiments without mortality by about 30% (Figures 2 and 3, panels B to D).
Time lags between observations and predictions were the same as those reported in the Invasion experiments without mortality (Table 1), again indicating inconsistent effects of growth rate on supply. The largest cross-correlations were also obtained with the slow and fast growth rates in 2006 and 2007 (0.81 and 0.73 respectively, p<0.05; Figures 2D and 3C).
Dispersal pathways of recruiting and non-recruiting larvae and mortality rates
In all experiments with DVM (Base and Invasion) there was a remarkable difference in the pathways of the larvae that recruited to the Ria de Aveiro (or to the other estuaries), which were very seldom advected beyond the middle shelf (100 m isobath) and had trajectories clearly dominated by an along-shore component, relative to the larvae that never recruited, which were consistently advected beyond the middle shelf. Examples of the time course of the advection processes and supply can be seen in the animations produced with daily distributions of larvae predicted by the model in the Invasion experiments with normal growth rate and no mortality for both years (see Supporting Information Videos S1 and S2). The animations also show that the large supply peaks associated with southerly winds occur during periods of onshore convergence and northward flow.
Estimates of survival to successful recruitment ranged from 10 to 17% of the total number of larvae hatched from all estuaries, with an average of 13%. Pooling years, recruitment rate increased with increasing growth rate (10, 13 and 16% for slow, normal and fast growth rates, respectively). Pooling growth rates, recruitment rate was 12% in 2006 and 14% in 2007. Mortality due to physiological stress, estimated from the percentage of the total number of larvae that died from this cause in the Invasion models that include mortality, ranged from 34% to 40%, averaging 37%. Pooling years, there was a consistent decrease in this component of mortality with growth rate (34, 37 and 40%, for slow, normal and fast growth rates, respectively). Pooling growth rates, mortality was identical in the two years (37%). Larval wastage, estimated from the complement of physiologic mortality plus recruitment, changed little with growth rate and year, averaging 50% (50% for all growth rates when pooling years; and 50% and 49% in 2006 and 2007, respectively, when pooling growth rates).
Dispersal distance
The number of larvae predicted to recruit to the Ria de Aveiro by the Invasion models, as well as the contribution of each source estuary to the Ria, changed with year, growth rate and mortality (Figure 5). In 2006 northern estuaries contributed more to the Ria than southern estuaries, but this pattern reversed in 2007. Self-recruitment to the Ria was also about 3 times higher in 2007. All Invasion experiments predicted that estuaries from the Mondego to Noia supplied larvae to the Ria de Aveiro. The Tejo estuary never contributed to supply to the Ria. Invasion experiments predicted a weak supply from Betanzos, except those with mortality in 2006 that predicted no supply from this estuary. Maximum realized dispersal distance (i.e., dispersal distance of successfully recruiting larvae, negative from south, positive from north) therefore depended on the direction of dispersal and on the inclusion of mortality in the models. Maximum realized dispersal of larvae supplied from south was constant at −57 km (all larvae originated from the Mondego estuary) whereas maximum realized dispersal of larvae supplied from north was 377 km or 232 km depending on whether there was supply from Betanzos or not.
Average daily contribution of each estuary to the Ria de Aveiro as a function of distance to source estuary predicted by the Invasion models for (A) 2006 and (B) 2007.
Despite these trends, the estimates of the average realized dispersal of successfully recruiting larvae did not change much (Table 2). Larvae supplied from southern estuaries always dispersed 57 km, as they all originated from the Mondego estuary. Average dispersal distances of larvae supplied from northern estuaries ranged from 155 to 198 km, with an average of 175 km. Mortality had a very small effect on average realized dispersal decreasing it only by 1 km in the experiment with slow growth rate in 2007. On the contrary, growth rate had a consistent effect on dispersal distance when larvae were supplied from multiple estuaries (those located to the north of the Ria de Aveiro), which increased from slow to fast growth rates. This is evident by the strong negative correlation between dispersal distance by larvae supplied from the north and age at recruitment (both years, all growth rates; Figure 6), which was 0.98 (p<0.001, n = 6).
Average dispersal distance of successfully recruiting larvae supplied to the Ria de Aveiro from northern estuaries as a function of planktonic larval duration predicted by the Invasion models.
The Base experiment without DVM predicted that the larvae would be advected, on average, to distances as far as 200 km off the coast. These predictions depart strongly from observed field distributions of Carcinus maenas larval stages, which show the highest concentrations within 22 km from shore and no larvae present beyond the shelf break [38], [50]. Importantly, field observations indicate that Carcinus maenas larvae do display strong nocturnal vertical migration behaviour [38] and a previous modelling attempt indicated that, for a vertically migrating larvae, upwelling could be beneficial for retention given the time that larvae would spend in the compensating bottom undercurrent [39]. This suggests that DVM may limit dispersal in coastal environments that experience upwelling, a conclusion supported by the present study as all modelling experiments with DVM showed that successfully recruiting larvae never left the inner shelf. Overall, the dispersal patterns obtained with DVM are consistent with recent findings from other upwelling systems indicating that larval development of many coastal invertebrates takes place in the inner shelf environment [55].
The prediction that most of the non-periodic changes in larval supply results from along-shore advection is a major suggestion of the model. Along-shore circulation has been associated with changes in supply and recruitment of coastal invertebrates by interacting with coastal topography and redistributing the larvae regionally. For instance, crab and sea urchin larvae in the upwelling system of northern California larvae trapped in the lee of Point Reyes and in the Gulf of the Farallones are released following relaxation of upwelling winds, resulting in transport of larvae and increased settlement to northward locations [56]. We suggest that the mechanism operating on the northwest coast of Iberia has a different nature. In the stretch of coast where larvae recruiting to the Ria de Aveiro develop, which extends from the Estremadura promontory to Cape Finisterre, there are no major capes nor gulfs that could act as larval traps. Instead, the location of larval pools along the coast and the delivery of competent larvae to settlement habitats depend on local larval production, growth and alternating along-shore advection history. The positive or negative time lags obtained in the various Invasion experiments likely arise from the topographically un-trapped pools and the current uncertainty in larval growth rates and the location, timing and magnitude of larval production events. This pattern of advection and the inner-shelf retention of a significant fraction of the larval pool also suggest a conceptually new mechanism for estuarine reinvasion of crab megalopae. Instead of being exclusively dependent on mechanisms for cross-shore advection, competent megalopae have an increased probability of being mixed into the estuarine plumes during along-shelf dispersal. Megalopae of estuarine crabs have been shown to react to estuarine water by arresting swimming and dropping to the bottom under daylight conditions [57]. This reaction results from the inhibitory effect of chemicals present in estuarine water produced by the decomposition of organic matter. The successive passage of megalopae close to estuarine inlets and the effect of chemical cues could result in the accumulation of competent larvae in the bottom close to estuaries and provide a trapping mechanism that would enhance supply into estuaries during night flood tides [58], [59], [60], [61].
In the Invasion experiments, mortality caused by physiological stress from temperature and salinity averaged 37%, while wastage was around 50%. Mortality did not affect predictions of average realized larval dispersal because there are no strong temperature gradients in the area to which dispersal is constrained, and the observed and predicted salinity values are widely tolerated by Carcinus maenas larvae [34]. Mortality did lower maximum realized dispersal distance by reducing to zero the contribution of the distant populations, a consequence that is acknowledged by theoretical [62] and modelling [13], [63] studies. The effects of mortality on larval dispersal and connectivity derived from modelling studies, however, should be approached with care, because the number of larvae that the models are able to simulate is many orders of magnitude lower than the number of propagules actually produced by most marine populations, and the thinning effect of mortality may not be felt in distant sources because dispersal is actually constrained by the physics of the ocean, which limits dispersal and sets a maximum distance at which the farthest sources can be located.
An unexpected prediction of the modelling experiments was that the dispersal distance of successful recruiting larvae supplied from northern estuaries decreased with increasing PLD. It is generally considered that realized dispersal distance increases as PLD increases, and comparative empirical evidence available from a variety of species with contrasting life history traits supports this view [53]. The counter-intuitive result obtained in the present study derives from the increase in physiologic mortality rate with longer PLD, a well-known effect [12] that was captured by the model, which decreased the chance of successful recruitment from distant sources. The suggestion that, in the environment where marine larvae disperse, travelling fast in short time intervals may be the best way to travel far may be pertinent for other species and oceanographic regimes and may explain part of the variability in intra- and inter-specific realized distance.
The estimates of average realized dispersal were −57 and 175 km (for larvae supplied from southern and northern estuaries, respectively). The net result of dispersal along the western Iberian shelf would therefore be southwards, which is consistent with the dominance of upwelling events during spring and summer [64]. Besides successfully predicting the observed cross-shelf distribution of larvae, the predictions of the model are remarkably consistent with estimates of average larval dispersal distances for Carcinus maenas based on the range increase of the species in invaded ecosystems (63 and 173 km) [53], with observations of genetic homogeneity among populations from the Gulf of Cadiz, South Spain, to Wales, UK, a range of approximately 3000 km [8], and with the lack of sweepstakes reproduction in the species [65]. Since the model predicts maximum dispersal distances of 377 km from the north and 57 km from the south, homogenization of allele frequencies along this 3000 km range must take several generations. The model also predicts that each larval event is a mixture of larvae from different estuaries and therefore it lends support to the observations of no genetic differences among supply events and between larvae and the adult population found previously [65].
Modelling approaches that simultaneously include key physical dynamics and biological traits provide a way forward to investigate dispersal and connectivity of marine populations. In order to increase their broad applicability, biophysical models need further development in order to resolve several key issues such as two-way coupling across different scales when using nested models, near-shore and other boundary currents, non-hydrostatic flows, forcing factors at event time scales and sub-grid scale parameterizations, as well as a better understanding of larval behaviour, mortality factors and other biological traits [66]. A limitation of the present model is the difficulty in resolving processes in the sticky near-shore zone, which increasingly seems to be relevant for littoral species [67], that is caused by constraints imposed on grid size and by the inability of hydrostatic models such as ROMS to deal with waves. In the present case however one can argue that this does not seriously affect the predictions of the model, since Carcinus maenas larvae are ejected from estuaries with the estuarine plume and will likely escape the very near-shore. Other limitations with a greater potential to affect the fit of the model are the absence of tidal behaviour in the individual based model, and of seasonal or spatial variation in larval hatching. Therefore, the model cannot reproduce semi-lunar or seasonal patterns of larval reinvasion and supply, nor incorporate the interaction between spatially and temporally changing reproductive outputs [68].
In spite of these limitations, the biophysical model used in the present study appears to provide realistic estimates of the spatial and temporal scales of the dispersal driven by along-shore winds, which is the main factor regulating variability of oceanic currents in upwelling continental shelves. The use of this model also enabled us to link descriptions of the dispersal and supply processes, which so far have been addressed independently given the challenges imposed by the disparate spatial and temporal scales involved [15], [66]. Finally, we wish to note that this study indicates that, provided the relevant information is available, spatial and temporal patterns of larval dispersal and supply can be described by mechanistic bio-physical models, challenging the paradigm that dispersal and recruitment in marine populations is essentially a stochastic phenomenon [69].
Supporting Information
Video S1.
Time evolution of larval trajectories for the complete larval series (first zoea to megalopa) for the Invasion experiment with normal growth rate without mortality in 2006. Left panel: trajectories of the larvae that never recruited to the Ria de Aveiro, right panel: trajectories of the larvae that recruited to the Ria de Aveiro. Arrows close to estuaries indicate periodic hatching of larvae and moving arrows represent direction and intensity of the wind. Larvae are colour-coded according to natal estuary and become grey at moult to megalopae. Red, blue and green flashing circles indicate recruitment events in the observations and the model, in the observations only, and in the model only, respectively. Recruitment events are defined as when daily observed and predicted supply of megalopae exceeded average levels for at least 3 consecutive days.
Video S2.
Time evolution of larval trajectories for the complete larval series (first zoea to megalopa) for the Invasion experiment with normal growth rate without mortality in 2007. Left panel: trajectories of the larvae that never recruited to the Ria de Aveiro, right panel: trajectories of the larvae that recruited to the Ria de Aveiro. Arrows close to estuaries indicate periodic hatching of larvae and moving arrows represent direction and intensity of the wind. Larvae are colour-coded according to natal estuary and become grey at moult to megalopae. Red, blue and green flashing circles indicate recruitment events in the observations and the model, in the observations only, and in the model only, respectively. Recruitment events are defined as when daily observed and predicted supply of megalopae exceeded average levels for at least 3 consecutive days.
We are grateful to all the people who helped with larval collections in particular to Silke Waap and Pedro Moreira, and to Dr Stephen Swearer for his helpful comments.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: CPD RN JD HQ. Performed the experiments: CPD RN JD HQ. Analyzed the data: CPD RN JD HQ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JD HQ. Wrote the paper: CPD HQ. Performed modeling work: RN JD.
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- 61. Reyns NB, Eggleston DB, Luettich RA (2007) Dispersal dynamics of post-larval blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, within a wind-driven estuary. Fisheries Oceanography 16: 257–272.NB ReynsDB EgglestonRA Luettich2007Dispersal dynamics of post-larval blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, within a wind-driven estuary.Fisheries Oceanography16257272
- 62. Jackson GA, Strathmann RR (1981) Larval mortality from offshore mixing as a link between precompetent and competent periods of development. American Naturalist 118: GA JacksonRR Strathmann1981Larval mortality from offshore mixing as a link between precompetent and competent periods of development.American Naturalist118
- 63. Watson JR, Mitarai S, Siegel DA, Caselle JE, Dong C, et al. (2010) Realized and potential larval connectivity in the Southern California Bight. Marine Ecology Progress Series 401: 31–48.JR WatsonS. MitaraiDA SiegelJE CaselleC. Dong2010Realized and potential larval connectivity in the Southern California Bight.Marine Ecology Progress Series4013148
- 64. Wooster WS, Bakun A, McLain DR (1976) The seasonal upwelling cycle along the eastern boundary of the North Atlantic. Journal of Marine Research 34: 131–141.WS WoosterA. BakunDR McLain1976The seasonal upwelling cycle along the eastern boundary of the North Atlantic.Journal of Marine Research34131141
- 65. Domingues CP, Creer S, Taylor MI, Queiroga H, Carvalho GR (2011) Temporal genetic homogeneity among shore crab (Carcinus maenas) larval events supplied to an estuarine system on the Portuguese northwest coast. Heredity 106: 832–840.CP DominguesS. CreerMI TaylorH. QueirogaGR Carvalho2011Temporal genetic homogeneity among shore crab (Carcinus maenas) larval events supplied to an estuarine system on the Portuguese northwest coast.Heredity106832840
- 66. Werner FE, Cowen RK, Paris CB (2007) Coupled biological and physical models: present capabilities and necessary developments for future studies of population connectivity. Oceanography 20: 54–69.FE WernerRK CowenCB Paris2007Coupled biological and physical models: present capabilities and necessary developments for future studies of population connectivity.Oceanography205469
- 67. Morgan SG, Fisher JL, Mace AJ, Akins L (2009) Cross-shelf distributions and recruitment of crab postlarvae in a region of strong upwelling. Marine Ecology Progress Series 380: 173–185.SG MorganJL FisherAJ MaceL. Akins2009Cross-shelf distributions and recruitment of crab postlarvae in a region of strong upwelling.Marine Ecology Progress Series380173185
- 68. Kordos LM, Burton RS (1993) Genetic differentiation of Texas Gulf Coast populations of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus. Marine Biology 117: 227–233.LM KordosRS Burton1993Genetic differentiation of Texas Gulf Coast populations of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus.Marine Biology117227233
- 69. Siegel DA, Mitarai S, Costello CJ, Gaines SD, Kendall BE, et al. (2008) The stochastic nature of larval connectivity among nearshore marine populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105: 8974–8979.DA SiegelS. MitaraiCJ CostelloSD GainesBE Kendall2008The stochastic nature of larval connectivity among nearshore marine populations.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences10589748979


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movieline.com – Everyone's got their thing for getting through a rough week. (Read: Every week.) Some people do yoga, others meditate, more still pray, drink, cower tearfully in the office bathroom for 30 minutes at a time, or indulge any number of other palliatives. Myself, I increasingly find myself turning to "Firecracker," quite possibly the greatest unofficial music video ever created. Also, I know this has nothing to do with movies per se, which is precisely the point.
Created by theothersenhman 5 years 3 weeks ago
About theothersenhman
Box Office
1. Fate Of The Furious, TheGross: $100,181,640Total: $100,181,640
2. Boss Baby, TheGross: $15,540,000Total: $116,323,907
3. Beauty And The BeastGross: $13,634,000Total: $454,649,751
4. Smurfs: The Lost VillageGross: $6,500,000Total: $24,728,326
5. Going In StyleGross: $6,350,000Total: $23,376,352
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iPhone - iPad Games
What's The Word? 4 Pics 1 Word Answers for iPhone - iPadHome / iPhone - iPad /
Game Questions & Answers (Q&A) service lets you ask questions about video games for game consoles or PC games. So ask your What's The Word? 4 Pics 1 Word question for iPhone - iPad and get answers from real gamers or answer questions and share your insights and experience with the rest of the gaming community.
Boxshot & Details
- Developer: Lotum Gmbh
- Publisher: Lotum Gmbh
- Genre: Trivia / Game Show
- Release: Feb 4, 2013
- ESRB: Not Set
Question & Answers
4pics1word need help
Two wooden masks, lemon, pumpkin with cut out face and man with painted face can any one help
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text: Sounds Good Director Sandra Pfeifer on Her Film "Not Throwing In The Towel" By Tracy Ross & Allison Crawford • Feb 24, 2017 via Sandra Pfeifer Not Throwing In The Towel is a documentary about Ginny Farrugia and Debbie Carter, a lesbian couple living in western Kentucky, that recently premiered at Maiden Alley Cinema. Tracy Ross spoke with the film's director, Sandra Pfeifer, on Sounds Good. [Audio] The African American Quilt Guild of Oakland Exhibits at The National Quilt Museum By Tracy Ross & Allison Crawford • Feb 18, 2017 The National Quilt Museum, Facebook In honor of Black History Month, the African American Quilt Guild of Oakland, California is sharing a collection of quilts exploring how their communities are linked. "Neighborhoods Coming Together: Quilts Around Oakland" is on display at the National Quilt Museum in Paducah through April 11. Exhibit chair Marion Coleman speaks with Tracy Ross on Sounds Good. [Audio] Ben Sollee on Sounds Good Ahead of His Maiden Alley Peformance Tonight By Tracy Ross & Allison Crawford • Feb 18, 2017 Maiden Alley Cinema, Facebook Tracy Ross speaks with musician Ben Sollee ahead of his performance at Maiden Alley Cinema Saturday evening. [Audio] The Best Gift for Your Significant Other: Listening By Tracy Ross & Allison Crawford • Feb 17, 2017 Ky, Flickr Tracy Ross and Dr. Michael Bordieri discuss the gift of listening for the Valentine's Day season on Sounds Good. [Audio] Paducah Symphony Orchestra Performance to Feature Marquez, Ibert, and Franck By George Eldred & Allison Crawford • Feb 17, 2017 Paducah Symphony Orchestra, Facebook On Sounds Good, George Eldred and Paducah Symphony Orchestra conductor Raffaele Ponti preview Saturday's performance at Paducah's Carson Center. [Audio] Paducah's OMHA Hosts Panel and Testing Event for National Black HIV/AIDS Awareness Day By Tracy Ross & Allison Crawford • Feb 8, 2017 Amada44 / Wikimedia Commons Tracy Ross speaks with organizer Albert Parker about activities happening this Saturday in Paducah as part of National Black HIV/AIDS Awareness Day. [Audio] Working Toward a Global Mental Health Infrastructure By Tracy Ross & Allison Crawford • Feb 8, 2017 murraystate.edu On Sounds Good, Tracy Ross and Dr. Michael Bordieri discuss the way mental health professionals are working to build a global mental health infrastructure. Cinema Internation Shows Japanese Film Sweet Bean By Allison Crawford & Tracy Ross • Feb 3, 2017 murraystate.edu Tracy Ross talks about this week's Cinema International feature, the Japanese film Sweet Bean, with Gabrielle Tinebra, German and Japanese Education major at Murray State, and Dr. Therese St. Paul, Director of Cinema International. Neal Bradley on Racer Basketball By Tracy Ross & Allison Crawford • Feb 3, 2017 Murray State Athletics Tracy Ross and "The Voice of the Racers" Neal Bradley discuss the recent play of the Racer basketball team. Next Sounds Good Live Lunch: Coopertheband, Feb. 3 @ Noon By Austin Carter • Jan 31, 2017 Coopertheband Facebook WKMS is proud to welcome Jackson, Tennessee's, Coopertheband, for a performance on Live Lunch, this Friday, February 3, at noon, during Sounds Good. The indie folk/rock sextet has had music featured on HBO, ESPN, TruTV and the hit show, "Without A Trace." You can tune in live on your radio, stream at wkms.org, or watch the video stream through Facebook Live, with thanks to Murray State Digital Media Services. Check out the band's video for their track "Giants" Pages« first ‹ previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 … next › last »


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Buscott Manor and the wonderful family of Romney are second to none.
As a B&B this is leagues ahead of the rest. Set in an idyllc location, nestled in the chocolate watery box perfection of the Cotswolds, brought to life by the most splendid of natural hosts, with breakfast feasts to send you to heaven, this utterly charming experience left us feeling happily satiated in mind, body and spirit after a relaxing, energising, calm and refreshing stay this weekend. There is so much to do here, from walks to proper countryside pubs and dining delights, Natural Heritage homes and gardens, visiting local beauty spots such as Lechlade to long hots baths, seriously comfortable beds, and great company. And, we fell in love with Romney and her family, who are so welcoming, kind and attentive to the work weary travellers from London. Fabulous!
This is a golden ticket to soft satisfaction and the ultimate countryside get-away. We cannot wait to return.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Buscot Manor is a luxury Bed & Breakfast idylically situated in its own substantial grounds within walking distance of the River Thames and Buscot Lock, it is perfectly located in the heart of rural Oxfordshire. Beautiful Manor House built in 1692 - Perfect destination whether B&B or for a group get together such as a Wedding/Event/Group/Party in the House and Grounds. Idyllically positioned in tranquil National Trust village with River Thames - Buscot Lock/Weir/Pool for paddling/boating/fishing or simply enjoying the abundant wildlife and countryside. Classic rooms with open fires, sumptuous furniture and fabrics characterize the luxurious rooms with Four Poster Beds coupled with modern facilities such as flat screen TV/DVD and free WIFI whilst still retaining the beautiful , listed original features such as open fires, solid oak floors, leaded windows and ornate plaster work to mention a few. A warm welcome awaits from Romney & family with a full 'Buscot breakfast' made with locally sourced ingredients served in the elegant dining room or in the walled garden in the Summer. Perfectly situated to visit the Cotswolds, Oxford, Cheltenham, Stratford and with wonderful pubs and restaurants within a 1.5 Mile walk or the Buscot Tea Rooms in the village. We welcome all whether walkers, cyclists, boaters, birdwatchers, the old and young and it is even possible to bring horses/ponies as well as children and dogs !! For those with limited mobility we have a self contained ground floor Annexe with it's own front door and parking. Buscot Park is just down the road and Kelmscott Manor the home of William Morris is walking distance along the river.... ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Hotels.com, Expedia, Orbitz, Travelocity, Priceline, Book Direct Rooms, Agoda and HotelQuickly so you can book your Buscot Manor reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


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A pink armchair is indisputably an accent feature which doesn't go unnoticed. The colour oozes youth and positive energy and looks great in contemporary minimalist interiors where the color white and wood play the main roles. Check the armchairs I've found on the web below and get inspired.
Cath Kidston Photo - Floral wallpaper in a room with a pink armchair
spring flowers can inspire a pretty pink room
Pink + Stripes #home #decor
so fun! love this hot pink chair.
bacf1beec7d53c7e0b5af6a25bb3d7c3.jpg (543×800)
Gobelin Armchair plymouth pink
BLANKET by Maresa Patterson for NUBE HOME Posh Pink Chair >> SEATTLE, WA >> Plush and cozy, a well-proportioned chair with a flair for storytime or evening tea. Overstuffed antique armchair with Victorian styling in carved wood and playful plaid vintage w
Velvet Lyre Chesterfield Armchair
time for a pink chair??
Create a Girly Retro Feel in Any Space with the Pink Bubble Chair
i love pops of color in neutral rooms. it makes everything look so put together
Love this armchair!
oh how I love this chair. How lovely would it be to photograph with a beautiful french vintage cake sitting on it.
See more images from natane boudreau: a cozy and chic designer nyc apartment on
Beautiful chair. <3 - Oh, I love cut velvet! I have a turquoise and taupe bamboo chair and I fell in love with some gorgeous cut velvet chairs at the Rembrandt Hotel in London.
Pelikan armchair (1940) by Finn Juhl
Speckled armchair in a traditional shape with an updated and fun fabric. The perfect spot to cozy up with a book.
Caroline and Jayden Lee's home on Design*Sponge // pink armchair.
65 Wonderfully cozy reading nooks for book lovers
hot-pink-velvet-accent-chair living-room-design-GateHouse No. 1 for rach parcel of pink peonies Photos by Heather Telford
oh i want to snuggle in this and read a great book
Microfiber Barrel Chair
Stylish barrel chair featuring solid wood frame, foam padded cushion in microfiber upholstery for extra support, tapered legs for added stability, and modern design sporting versatility and durability in stylish form.
Beautiful chair carefully selected by theapartment.dk: Kerstin Hörlin Holmquist, 1960s, Sweden "Stora Adam" from the Triva line. Re upholstered. Teak legs
I bet I'd get a lot of books read in that chair. So comfy looking.
I'm all over this chair and fabric. Schumacher's Aspen chair with the Cambay Paisley print in Sandlewood.
Fauteuil Nautile armchair, 1913, by Paul Iribe. Sold at Sotheby's Paris in 2010 for €492,750
Funky Teen Lamps | Funky Pink Chairs for Teen Girls: Kardiel Egg Chair & Ottoman, Pink ...
Cosette Side Chair
Beautiful side chair made of solid wood, features generously padded seat and back in durable upholstery, trimmed-down wings, and functional design providing simple elegance and stylish looking, comfortable support.
If I lived alone I would have stuff like this - Beautiful pink armchair and stool, €748.80
Girly Bedroom Fairy Lights
Maybe one day when we buy a place so big I can have my own tea room of pretty girly stuff including this chair.
pink and orange chairs mixed with interesting art
Loving the smokey grays and rich violet (from: Marcus Design: {puttin' on the christmas ritz})
Tickled Pink: Velvet Chair, Bedspreads & Desk The Monday MORNING Scavenger
Fab fab fab! Would love it for a dressing table in the bedroom!! (If I had a dressing table that is!)
Vintage pink - - to see more: Photo by Watson-Studios
I love this chair with it's pink floral fabric. Would be perfect in our bedroom.
7 Sofas That Will Make You Green With Envy on the Interior Collective
Now Trending: Dusty Blue Vintage Inspired Wedding Details
Box armchair pink feet
Poke around the remnants, bedspreads, drapes in a #consignment or thrift shop, and soon YOU TOO can have a one-of-a-kind chair!
3 Extreme Chair Makeovers — Plus DIY Reupholstering Tips Spoiled seats and forlorn frames get kicked to the curb by a Philadelphia reupholstery whiz with a flair for salvaging and artistic designs
Armchair HAY table lamp MUUTO
Looking to redecorate your living room on the cheap? Look no further! Living Room Design Ideas on a Budget!
Love this chair, I believe that it's Davis Hicks!
Turquoise and Pink Chair - don't know why but I love this - doesn't look comfy or go with anything else in my house...maybe it can go in my dream closet!
Lichfield Style : Classic Country Houses of Connecticut by Annie Kelly - Photo Tim Street-Porter
... in Pink Fabric Upholstered Armchair in White Wash by 123 Creations


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How it Works
|Check The Availability. Enter your zip code and the move date to find available moving companies and moving help in your area.
|Get Instant Moving Quotes. Instantly compare the moving prices side by side and obtain moving quote.
|Hire the Best Mover & Helpers. Compare the moving rates, reviews and hire the mover that is best for you.
The moving containers get extremely hot in the summer time, therefore there are certain items that aren't allowed to be shipped in these containers. Here is the list of non-allowed household items.
Non-Allowable Items in Moving Containers
Move yourself or hire a professional service to help you with the move? This is a big decision regarding your move, which will affect your budget as well as the time commitment. Find out if Do-It-Yourself Move is a right option for you.
Moving Yourself VS Hiring Movers
When packing any electronic equipment, refer to the owners manual first for moving instructions. It is recommended to use the original boxes they came in, but you can also purchase specialty boxes from your local movers.
How to Pack Electronic Equipment
If you have questions about the company you want to reserve for your moving needs, please contact your state regulatory agencies listed in the following list to verify the status of the company.
Moving Company Regulators
Living in a new apartment is always an exciting experience, however, it can also be a little challenging. Follow these 5 tips to make the relocation experience easier.
Apartment Moving
Local moving companies and professional movers in Elkmont, 35620
Find the best local moving companies in Elkmont at MoversCorp.com. Whether it's a big or small move, simply enter your zip code to get access to cheap moving service providers in your local area. Our Elkmont movers provide professional moving and packing services, furniture and appliance moves, moving boxes and supplies as well as affordable moving labor services such as truck loading help and truck unloading help. Need help moving a house or an apartment, or help to load and unload a rental moving truck? Hire full-service movers and moving labor helpers in Elkmont, Alabama through our site. You will find professional movers and move help at discounted rates. They also provide in-home furniture moving service - from one room to another or from upstairs to downstairs. Moving labor service is ideal for people who move within the home or in the same apartment complex. And if you move yourself, you can hire movers to load and unload furniture at your destination at low cost. Each moving company in Elkmont, AL lists the services and equipment they provide.


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Basketweave 10 Arm Iron Chandelier
This chandelier features a wrapped twist as a central design element. It is a great place to add a copper or gold accent too. The design is simple and slightly understated, yet with 6 lamps (60 watt max) it can provide plenty of light. And at 32 inches this chandelier can be very versatile.
While this piece ships with a 24 inches of chain and a ceiling mounting plate, additional chain is available in 12 inch increments. As another hanging option, you may choose to conceal your wiring by using a combination of our hand-forged hollow extender-hooks available in 8, 10 and 12 inch lengths.
Dimensions: 32"W x 32"D x 27"H


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War: What is Good for? Well, Lots of Words
Andrew Carroll calls them "the world's greatest undiscovered literature," and anyone who's seen Ken Burn's monolithic documentary The Civil War would certainly agree. They are letters written during war-time, primarily those sent from soldiers mired in the blood, mud and, often, boredom, of the front lines.
War-time letters are the focus of Carroll's new play, If All the Sky Were Paper, which ends its world premiere run at Chapman University this weekend. Based on letters published in two books compiled by Carroll, along with unpublished letters discovered by Carroll's 12-year-old Legacy Project, the 100-minute play, which features an 18-person cast either reading the letters, or narrating their context, seems well-suited for history buffs and fans of oral history theater projects.
According to a blog posted on Chapman's website, John Benitz, an assistant professor of theatre at the school, read a story in National Geographic several years ago about the Legacy Project, an all-volunteer project started in 1998 by Carroll that seeks to find and preserve wartime correspondence,
Benitz was so taken with the story that he thought a stage play could present the emotional power and frank honesty of the letters dramatically. He contacted Carroll, and a collaboration was born.
Upcoming Events
Bishop Briggs with Shaed & Manatee Commune
TicketsWed., May. 24, 8:00pm
Los Lonely Boys
TicketsThu., May. 25, 8:00pm
The Varukers & A Global Threat
TicketsFri., May. 26, 8:00pm
Hunny with Gateway Drugs and Kid Bloom
TicketsFri., May. 26, 8:00pm
The play is based on letters published in two of Carroll's books: War Letters and Behind the Lines, as well as letters found by Carroll's Legacy Project. That all-volunteer project has collected more than 85,000 previously unpublished letters, and e-mails, from every major conflict in U.S. history.
Garrett Schweighhauser serves as Carroll, the narrator of the play. He describes why certain letters, whether written by or to soldiers grabbed his attention--usually due to their poignancy or immediacy--followed by members of the 17-person cast, portraying everything from idealistic farmboys to Civil War Wives, who recite the words.
Many of the actors are the same age as the letter-writers, which emphasizes the emotion conveyed in the letters, which range from the drama of battlefield experience to the humor found in everyday life on the front lines and the home front.
"There's something of the essence of the letters that are believed and lived with an actor on this stage with you," Benitz said in a panel discussion that followed last Saturday's performance.
Chapman University's Waltmar Theatre, 1 University Dr., Orange, (714) 997-6812. Fri-Sun., 7:30 p.m., and Sat., 2 p.m. $15-$20. Tickets are free for all veterans and active-duty military personnel. www.chapman.edu/copa/calendar/ticketSales.asp.
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Party Time For Politicians
As you may have noticed from the wall-to-wall politics on your TV or in your newspaper, there are elections pending.
It would have been nice, of course, if all this coverage and interest were devoted to the forthcoming local elections, but it took a general election to get people widely engaged.
We ...
Posted by Jon Reeds on 27 April 2017
We Are The Moderates Now
We live at a time when our political and economic systems have become dangerously unstable.
Many of our political parties are in turmoil, the international situation is grave, demagoguery is replacing democracy. Growing numbers now question the neo-liberal economic system which has dominated for mor...
Posted by Jon Reeds on 18 April 2017
These Dangers Are Real And Threaten You!
The time may have come to stop pussyfooting around when we warn about the dangers of catastrophic climate change and let people know the real horrors that lie ahead.
With extreme weather events now almost a daily occurrence somewhere on the planet, Arctic sea ice melting at unprecedented rates and y...
Posted by Jon Reeds on 07 April 2017
Confused messages in Welsh transport plansAdded on 23 September 2016
The Welsh Government has set out a five-year plans for a sustainable economy and public services, but its commitment to motorway construction as well as public transport indicates continuing conflict in its aims.
First minister Carwyn Jones said the five-year plan, Taking Wales Forward, makes clear a relentless focus on improving the economy and public services, making Wales prosperous, secure, healthy, active, ambitious, learning, united and connected.
On the environment, its aims include working towards an 80 percent reduction in greenhouse emissions by 2050.
Its transport proposals, however, include a substantial increase in emissions by building the 24km M4 relief road and improvements to the A55, A40 and other trunk roads.
The document does, however, include a commitment to creating a South Wales Metro system and to advance development of a metro for north Wales.
The Campaign for Better Transport welcomed the commitment to public transport, including tackling lack of funding for buses.
But it said it was disappointing this would be undermined by the M4 plans whose £1bn cost would starve the transport system of essential investment.
"A new motorway across the Gwent Levels would be hugely expensive in both financial and environmental terms, and its construction would take Wales backward not forward," said head of campaigns James MacColl.


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Search news by date | Latest CBI survey dates
4 May – Quarterly SME Trends Survey (0001)
19 May - Monthly Industrial Trends Survey (1100)
23 May – Quarterly Distributive Trades Survey (1100)
26 May – Quarterly Service Sector Survey (0001)
28 May – Growth Indicator Survey (0001)
07 Apr 2017
The CBI has asked a group of future leaders in the construction industry to develop recommendations to improve collaboration and digitisation within the sector.
07 Feb 2017
CBI commented on the Government's White Paper on housing, published by the Rt. Hon. Sajid Javid, Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government.
07 Feb 2017
CBI Northern Ireland delighted to appoint new Vice Chair, Trevor Lockhart.
09 Nov 2016
For the North of England to fulfil its potential as an economic and social powerhouse, housing will be the foundation of our success, and action from businesses and government cannot wait.
07 Nov 2016
If the UK is to meet the Government's welcome ambition to build one million new homes by 2020, a step change is needed in mind set and delivery on housebuilding, according a new CBI report.
04 Nov 2016
Almost half of firms (44%) believe the UK's infrastructure has improved over the past five years, but only a quarter (27%) think it will pick up in the next five years, and two thirds (64%) suspect it will hamper the country's international competitiveness in the coming decades, according to the 2016 CBI/AECOM Infrastructure Survey.
20 Oct 2016
The CBI hosted its flagship London Autumn Lunch earlier this month with Carolyn Fairbairn and the Mayor of London Sadiq Khan providing the key-note speeches.
20 Oct 2016
Join the CBI at a major event to look at how to grow housing supply in the north of England
19 Oct 2016
CBI today, commented on the announcement that the vital York Street Interchange project has been placed on hold...
13 Sep 2016
Following the UK's vote to the leave the EU, businesses want the city's mayor to play a leading role in influencing Brexit negotiations, according to the latest CBI/CBRE London Business Survey. The survey was carried out between 28 June and 17 July 2016.