text:
Age-related differences in integrin expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes
- Christine V Crooks1, 4Email author,
- Martin L Cross2 and
- Clare R Wall3
© Crooks et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2010
Received: 9 February 2010
Accepted: 26 April 2010
Published: 26 April 2010
Alpha integrins play an important role in cell to cell and cell to extra-cellular matrix interactions required for an effective T-lymphocyte-mediated immune response, however little is known about age related differences in expression of alpha integrins on T-cells in humans. We here measured alpha-4 (α4) integrin (CD49d) expression on T-lymphocytes via peripheral blood sampling, comparing parameters between cohorts of young and old adults. No age-related differences were found for the absolute numbers of T-cells, although the percentage of CD4+ T-cells in older adults was significantly greater and the percentage of CD8+ T-cells lower than in younger cohorts. Percentage and absolute numbers of CD3+ T-cells co-expressing CD49d were significantly lower in older adults compared to younger cohorts, and the percentage of gated CD4+ and CD8+ cells that co-labelled positively for CD49d was also reduced in this group. There were no age-related differences in circulating levels of cytokines (Type I interferons) that are known to regulate cell surface integrin expression. Reduced expression of alpha integrins on T-cells may be an early indicator of the loss of homeostatic control that occurs with ageing, contributing to diminished effector T-cell responses during senescence.
The ageing process leads to marked changes in the composition, function and competence of the human immune system, commonly termed immunosenescence [1, 2]. As a consequence of an altered immune system, older populations experience increased morbidity and mortality from respiratory tract pathogens [3], an increase in gastrointestinal infections [4], and antigen specific responses are diminished with orally administered vaccines [5]. Age-related phenotypic and functional changes to the T-cell component of adaptive immunity occur [6] while B-cell function and the innate immune system are less affected [7, 8].
An effective immune response depends on T-cells being available to respond to low levels of peptide antigen following interaction with antigen presenting cells (APCs) [8, 9]. Naïve T-cells constantly move through lymph nodes via high endothelial venules (HEVs) which ensure their exposure to antigens in an environment conducive to optimal stimulation [10]. The necessary cellular and cell to extra cellular matrix interactions are mediated by a large family of αβ-integrins, in particular the α4 integrins (α4β1 and α4β7), which direct peri- and extra-vascular lymphocyte trafficking [9, 11, 12]. It is known that expression levels of alpha-integrins can be modified by a number of endogenous signals, including the localised effect of cytokines such as interferons [13, 14] and biochemical abnormalities [15].
Overall T-cell numbers are maintained until the 7th decade of life in older adults [8, 16]. However, age-related thymic involution [7] and T-cell functional changes occur [17], including a reduced T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire [18], and a reduced pool of naïve (CD45RAhi) cells relative to memory (CD45ROhi) cells [2]. Reduced cell trafficking has also been observed for CD4 T-cells (via down-regulation of CD31 which is involved in T-cell adhesion and activation) in older humans [2, 19], for peripheral blood mononuclear cells in old rats [20], and for T-cells in old mice [21]. Ageing also reduces α4β7 expression on peripheral blood lymphocytes in rats [20], although a similar phenomenon has not been recorded in humans. Current evidence for age-related differences in lymphocyte expression of α4 integrins is inconsistent: one study has reported an increase in CD49d expression on T-cells overall, but with decreased expression in subjects who express normal CD4:CD8 T-cell ratios [22], while in another study [17] no age-related differences for CD49d-expressing T-cell populations were reported (although a higher level of density expression of cell surface of CD49d was reported in this latter study).
Here, we have used cell surface labelling and flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood T lymphocyte populations to compare the relative expression of α4 integrins between different adult age groups. We present differences in the percent and numbers of α4 integrin-expressing lymphocytes in the circulating blood of older adults in comparison to the same parameters in the blood of young adults. Via numerical comparison we also present the differences in the proportion of cells co-expressing alpha integrin for each T-cell subset observed.
Participant characteristics for young non-exercising, young exercising and older adults. Age and body mass are expressed as mean ± SEM (range), and general health parameters (plasma ferritin, albumin, and C-reactive protein [CRP]) are expressed as mean ± SEM
Young adults
Older adults
n = 10
n = 10
n = 9
Gender (n)
Age (years)
22.7 ± 0.73
(21 - 26)
18.4 ± 0.68
(17 - 22)
71.2 ± 0.52
(69 - 76)
Body mass (Kg)
59.7 ± 4.5
(49.6 - 77.6)
73.7 ± 5.7
(61.0 - 98.1)
58.4 ± 2.9
(50.0 - 68.0)
73.2 ± 6.0
(61.0 - 89.7)
80.8 ± 5.7
(70.8 - 90.7)
76.5 ± 2.8
(65.9 82.3)
*Ferritin (μg/L)
76.2 ± 19.0
72.8 ± 26.5
185.8 ± 16.6
Reference range
Albumin (g/L)
43.0 ± 0.8
43.1 ± 0.4
42.5 ± 0.3
Adult reference range = 35-45[24]
CRP (mg/L)
6.1 ± 0.9
3.6 ± 0.3
7.6 ± 2.2
Adult reference range = 0-5[24]
Four fluorochromes were used to facilitate the identification of lymphocyte populations in peripheral blood. Labeling with various combinations of a monoclonal antibody matrix allowed gating of CD45+ lymphocytes co-expressing CD3+ (T-cells). The surface markers were interchanged to allow further phenotypic analysis of CD4 and CD8 cells and CD49d expression. Cell surface markers analysed were CD3 [FITC] (Becton Dickson [BD] Cat. No. 349201), CD45 [PERCP] (BD.Cat. No. 347464), CD3 [APC] (BD.Cat. No. 340440), CD4 [FITC] (BD.Cat. No. 340133), CD8 [FITC] (BD.Cat. No. 347313) and CD49d [PE] (Pharmingen, Cat.No.555503), Isotype negative control was Pharmingen, Cat.No.555749. FACS analysis was performed on a FACScalibur flow cytometer (Becton Dickson) and analysed using Delphic software. Absolute numbers of cells expressing a phenotype were determined by multiplying the relative percentage of the lymphocyte subset by the absolute number of lymphocytes in the same blood sample. Additionally, levels of interferon (IFN)-α and IFN-β2 were assessed in plasma samples prepared from peripheral blood, using capture ELISA kits as per the manufacturer's instructions (R&D Systems Ltd, Minneapolis, USA). Assays had lower limits of sensitivity of 25.0 and 2.0 pg cytokine/mL, respectively.
Flow cytometry data (mean ± SEM) for gated lymphocytes
Young adults
Older adults
Percentage of gated lymphocytes expressing a phenotype
71.40 ± 1.40
76.7 ± 1.75
70.4 ± 1.85
65.2 ± 1.52
71.4 ± 2.21
53.0 ± 3.24
42.95 ± 1.37
42.87 ± 1.58
51.8 ± 2.99
37.1 ± 1.32
38.0 ± 1.38
36.8 ± 2.92
23.7 ± 1.53
23.2 ± 2.41
16.4 ± 2.03
23.2 ± 1.47
23.3 ± 2.19
15.6 ± 2.06
Overall counts of gated lymphocytes (× 109/L)
2.19 ± 0.15
2.07 ± 0.15
1.69 ± 0.18
Absolute numbers of gated lymphocytes expressing a phenotype (× 109/L)
1.54 ± 0.09
1.58 ± 0.06
1.27 ± 0.17
1.40 ± 0.08
1.47 ± 0.09
0.98 ± 0.14
0.92 ± 0.06
0.89 ± 0.06
0.84 ± 0.09
0.80 ± 0.05
0.78 ± 0.05
0.66 ± 0.66
0.52 ± 0.05
0.48 ± 0.06
0.30 ± 0.06
0.51 ± 0.05
0.48 ± 0.5
0.28 ± 0.06
Plasma interferon levels (mean ± SEM [upper and lower range values in parentheses])
Plasma cytokine (pg/mL)
Young adults
Older adults
97.2 ± 25.0
102.7 ± 33.2
(0 - 284.9)
106.0 ± 43.4
21.3 ± 6.1
14.0 ± 6.9
9.0 ± 2.3
It is recognised that the number of subjects participating in these studies was small; however the results merit consideration in future investigations of immunosenescence and the impact on the health of older adults. The results for absolute T-cell numbers indicate turnover rates were maintained in this cohort of older adults [8]; while the significant cohort differences in the percentage of CD4 and CD8 T-cells observed here are likely to reflect an age-related shift in percentage of cells expressing a phenotype, as typically happens during immunosenescence [1]. Age-related losses occur in the diversity of CD8 T-cells and are accompanied by a reducing pool of naïve CD8 T-cells [8].
Reduced expression of CD49d on T-cells, in particular as CD4+ and CD8+ sub-sets of CD3+ cells, in the older adults, indicates potentially impaired capability of T-cells to interact with HEVs and APCs. Therefore the capability of naïve T-cells to circulate through lymph nodes could be affected which would impact on T-cell activation and reaction to novel antigenic exposure. In rodent models, it has been shown that the ability to upregulate αβ integrin chains in response to stimulus is impaired in older mice [21] which consequently diminishes their resistance to bacterial infection; hence, it is also possible that reduced α4 integrin expression in older humans could contribute to their increased infection rates. In contrast, there were no differences between the young non-exercising and exercising adults for lymphocyte expression of α4 integrin so for these cohorts there are no apparent exercise induced changes to this immune parameter; hence, this study suggests that exercise-related physiological stress may not affect integrin expression, although the mechanisms influencing exercise induced T-cell redistribution are still to be determined [26]. Type I interferons have been reported to regulate expression of cell adhesion molecules [13, 14], so an additional parameter assessed in this study was to measure circulating levels of IFNα and IFNβ2; however, we found no statistical evidence of a concurrent reduction in blood interferon levels among the older subjects that might have been contributory towards their reduced T-cell expression of α4 integrins.
It is possible that the age- related changes to α4 integrin expression on T-cells noticed in these older adults are an early indicator of loss of homeostatic mechanisms. While functional data on naïve CD4 T-cells from individuals between the ages of 60-70 indicate that these cells are fully competent and do not have proliferative defects, the homeostatic mechanisms that maintain levels of naïve T-cells eventually fail after the ages of 70-75 years [8]. Hence, the recording here of reduced α4 expression may precede and contribute to the known senescence of functional immune responses that are reliant on lymphocyte trafficking to peripheral sites, such as delayed-type hypersensitivity response [27].
While no further evidence can be provided here regarding the molecular or physiological basis underlying a reduction in CD49d expression on T-cells in older adults, these results in combination with prior knowledge (that immunosenescence in the T-cell compartment is characterised by the presence of fewer antigen-naïve cells and a reduced TCR repertoire), may lead to a better understanding of how immune competence is affected by ageing.
antigen presenting cell
high endothelial venule
fluorescence activated cell sorter
T-cell receptor
We acknowledge the generous participation of the young and older adults in this study. We would like to thank LabPlus, Auckland Hospital for the full blood count analysis and particularly Associate Professor Rohan Ameratunga, Danny Lim, Elivia Ng and Michelle Petrasich for their technical support with respect to flow-cytometry. This study was funded by Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd Auckland, New Zealand.
Authors' Affiliations
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Local Doctors Head to Africa
SIGN Fracture Care International is gearing up to help under resourced hospitals in Africa.
The Richland-based non-profit organization will train surgeons and donate orthopedic implants to medical facilities in Tanzania and Kenya.
Not all countries have access to electricity and x-ray machines which means if someone where to break a bone it could mean a lifelong struggle.
SIGN Fracture Care International is going to train doctors to use a technique that only requires a sense of touch.
The team will train doctors to surgically implant orthopedic instruments without modern techniques and are leaving on Friday.
Local and Regional News
- Goats return to manage levee vegetation along Mill Creek
- Spokane man accused of sexually assaulting women faces serious penalties
- Thrift store and non-profit continues fight against homelessness
- Police arrest suspect in murder of 14-year-old boy
- Man charged with assaulting 7-week-old daughter
- 10-year-old donates earnings to shooting victim's family


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Exclusive Auto
31710 Yucaipa Boulevard
Yucaipa, CA 92399
(909) 794-1916
Mon - Fri: 7:00AM - 6:00PM
Sat - Sun: Closed
Exclusive Auto is a full service auto repair shop located in Yucaipa, California. We are the largest auto repair facility in our area, with over 100 years of combined auto repair experience. We have the know-how, equipment and expertise to handle any auto repair or maintenance situations you may face.
Exclusive Auto's highly trained technicians are able to perform a very wide spectrum of repairs for your vehicles. We also offer the highest warranty available for parts and labor next to factory dealerships.
- Brake Repair
- Domestic Repair
- Electrical Repair
- European Repair
- General Repair (Aftermarket)
- Import Repair
- Japanese Repair
- Muffler & Exhaust Repair
- Oil Change Facility
- Radiator Repair
- Service Department
- Tire & Brake Repair
- Transmission & Clutch Repair
- English
- Spanish
- Cash
- Check
- Debit
- Discover
- Mastercard
- Visa
Mike Proud
Certifications & Memberships
5 stars Justin S Featured review
After taking my truck there for several times I have learned that everyone at Exclusive is friendly, helpful, and informative. My truck is fixed quickly and professionally every time. Thank you to all the staff at Exclusive Auto!
Thank You for the chance to prove ourselves to you, and Thank You for letting us know. That is awesome... Have a wonderful holiday and an awesome yew year!!!
4 stars Jeff G Verified customer
Great service. Sometimes slow.
2 stars Anonymous Verified customer
Took car in for routine oil change. Made an appointment and job should have taken an hour. However, it took almost 3 hours and they did not top off all my fluids. Had to take car back for other fluids to be filled. This shop may need to hire more help or will start losing customers.
5 stars Mike M Verified customer
Got my car back when promised. AAA
5 stars Terry C Verified customer
wonderful customer service. great work. I would highly recommend thos shop to anybody looking for a good one!!!
5 stars Sue C Verified customer
Always prompt and courteous service. Treated like family. Employees love working there and take pride in their work . Mark, the office manager is constantly busy from ordering parts, talking to customers on phone and in office, communicating with service techs, scheduling appointments and keeping Singh, the owner up to date. They go the distance for their customers.
5 stars Dennis S Verified customer
As always, outstanding service!
5 stars David D Verified customer
Timely, quality service.
5 stars Frank & Angie M Verified customer
Love this place!!! The crew here really takes care of you! Thanks Mark.
5 stars Scott J Verified customer
Service and parts available quick
5 stars Sairairam G Verified customer
Also in Yucaipa
East Valley Pet Hospital
97% would refer friends and family to us
Family Dental Care
Thanks Dr Feliciano.. I feel a lot comfortable.Read More …
Ledesma Optometry, Inc.
Dental Gallery
Hoff Orthodontics
Animal Medical Center Of Redlands
Active Life Chiropractic
Internal Medicine
Dr. Tonda D. Bradshaw
Pure Gold Medical


text:
Definition of 'salesgirl'
Word forms: plural salesgirls
countable noun
A salesgirl is a young woman who sells things, especially in a shop. Many women prefer to be called a saleswoman or a , salesperson rather than a salesgirl.
COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary. Copyright © HarperCollins Publishers
Word Frequency
salesgirl (ˈseɪlzˌɡɜːl)
an (often fairly young) woman who sells merchandise or services either in a shop or by canvassing in a designated area
Collins English Dictionary. Copyright © HarperCollins Publishers
Example sentences containing 'salesgirl'
He gave the address of his hotel, making sure that Johnny, talking to another salesgirl a foot or two away, would have heard it.DISPLACED PERSON (1995)
Straightening, he looked up and around until he spotted a salesgirl two aisles over.TOGETHER ALONE (1995)
Trends of 'salesgirl'
View usage over:
Definition of salesgirl from the Collins English Dictionary
Log in to comment on this word.


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text:
Tom Cruise reveals Suri is no longer a Scientologist… and admits religion DID play a part in Katie Holmes's divorce decision
- Leaked deposition reveals that Tom did not see Suri for 110 days after his divorce
- The actor confirmed his daughter is not longer practising Scientology
- Admits that Scientology played a part in his split from Katie Holmes
He is known to be somewhat private when it comes to his life as a family man.
But in suing a magazine company for defaming his parenting skills, Tom Cruise has now found intimate details of personal life come to light - including how Scientology played a part in his split from ex-wife Katie Holmes.
Cruise, 51, has filed a $50million lawsuit against Bauer Publishing for their 2012 cover stories of both Life & Style and In Touch that claimed he had 'abandoned' his daughter Suri after divorcing Holmes on 29 June 2012.
'Not an ideal situation': Tom Cruise is suing Life & Style and InTouch for claiming in two cover stories that he had 'abandoned' his daughter Suri
Now Radar have obtained a 48-page transcript of a gruelling deposition held in September this year with attorney Elizabeth McNamara, in which Cruise admits he did not see his daughter Suri for 110 days after his divorce.
Radar reports how when asked if his former wife Holmes, 34, had tried to 'protect' Suri from Scientology, Cruise hit back.
'Listen, I find that question offensive,' he is quoted. 'I find it, those statements offensive. Like with any relationship, there are many different levels to it. You know, I, I find it very offensive. There is no need to protect my daughter from my religion.'
Cruise was then asked if Scientology was on of the reasons Holmes left him, to which he appeared to admit, replying: 'Did she say that? That was one of the assertions, yes.'
The actor also confirmed that seven-year-old Suri is not longer practising Scientology.
In happier times: Tom and Kate are seen doting over their daughter Suri in New York in 2008 during Katie's rehearsals for the Broadway play All My Sons
He was then asked if this meant Holmes would be considered a 'Suppressive Person' - a Scientology term used to describe members of the controversial religion who publicly renounce their faith.
'That is a distortion and a simplification of the matter,' he is said to have replied.
'...I don't want to just give an oversimplification of religious doctrine.'
The site report that an 'angry' Cruise began to explain 'when there is a divorce... things change' at the interrogation held at the LA offices of Cruise's lawyer.
In the document, McNamara probes Tom: 'From June 18 of 2012 until Thanksgiving of 2012, you only say Suri a few times, isn't that right?,' to which Cruise replies, 'yes'.
Deposition: Radar report that an 'angry' Cruise began to explain 'when there is a divorce... things change' at the interrogation held at the LA offices of Cruise's lawyer.
McNamara then continues to calculate the time that Cruise spent with his daughter Suri following his divorce with Holmes, which totalled 10 days.
Cruise then offers that during that time he was able to remain in Suri's life through conversations on the telephone.
'I've gotten very good at it. I've gotten very good at it. I tell wonderful stories and they like hearing it.'
But McNamara replied, 'It really doesn't substitute for being able to be there does it?'
'No, it doesn't,' Cruise replied.
McNamara pushed further when questioning why Cruise was able to attend a Scientology event and return to his filming schedule within 24 hours, but not make a visit to his daughter.
'That's not true... different situation,' Cruise is quoted as saying.
Defending his parenting skills: Tom Cruise has filed documents stating he has 'in no way cut Suri out' of his life. He is pictured with his youngest daughter in July 2012
The deposition becomes even more
intense when McNamara compares Cruise's parenting skills to his own
father Thomas Mapother III, who allegedly left Cruise when he was a
'The fact that you would suggest that I was being like my father… I find that greatly offensive.'
The case - which is expected to go to trial next year - will see Cruise sue In Touch and Life & Style for libel and defamation.
While the lawsuit drags on, Tom's ex-wife Katie has been seen in South Africa, where she is filming.
Holmes - who recently joined Twitter - posted about the trip, saying: 'So happy to be on twitter!!!!!! Sending first tweets from South Africa!!!!! (sic).'
Far apart: Katie Holmes and daughter Suri Cruise are currently enjoying a break in Cape Town, South Africa
Communicating: Katie - who recently joined Twitter - posted about the trip, saying: 'So happy to be on twitter!!!!!! Sending first tweets from South Africa!!!!! (sic)'
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Similar Craft Dies ➯
Designer: Prickley Pear Craft Dies
Themes: Birds
Cardinal Die
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Advertising Campaign Planner/アドバタイジングキャンペーンプランナー
給与 ¥6000000 - ¥7500000 per annum
勤務地 Tokyo
担当コンサルタント Susie Wei
求人番号 906560/001
掲載日 2017/03/15
A multinational news publisher is searching for an individual with analytical talents and strong communication skills. As Advertising Campaign Planner, you will develop and plan marketing campaigns to further promote a globally recognized media figure.
- Assist in the development of a framework around planning; ensure that the service can operate at scale
- Continually seek out ways to present data in an engaging format
- Maintain a good understanding of data available to purchase in the marketplace
- Support the parent company's product
- Good command of both Japanese and English
- Strong analytical and reporting skills
- Good teamwork ability; strong communication, presentation and interpersonal skills
- Proficiency in computer skills; knowledge of campaign analysis tools preferred
About the Company:
An international media organization, this company produces publications distributed across the world. With wide readership and significant clout, this organization is a major figure in the global media landscape.
広告, 分析, デジタルマーケティング, マーケティング
Susie Wei
+81 3 4570 1500


text:
Mobile App
- News byStream
SC wants LLB to be on par with MBBS and B.Tech
One of the most respectable profession in the country of India is that of legal profession. But harder as it may sound there is an urgent need to revamp the entire legal education and the profession of advocacy to bring it on par with the other respectable professions in the country. In its endeavour to do the same the Supreme Court on Wednesday embarked on one of the most arduous of journeys of initiating long overdue reforms in the legal education and the profession of advocacy to bring the LLB on par with MBBS and B.Tech.
A bench of Chief Justice TS Thakur and Justice UU Lalit said," The system is crying for reforms and we must do something." According to the CJI there is a general perception that the students opt for LLB only when they are not able to get admission in other professional courses. He added," If students do not get into MBBS or B.Tech courses, they join LLB. Legal profession should not be a free for all profession. So, it needs to be reformed."
In the opinion of the bench any addition to the legal professionals should be talented and of good quality. The CJI said," Administration of justice is as important as the profession of a doctor. If one is not permitted to become a half-baked doctor, you can also not become a half-baked lawyer." Although the statutory force behind the Bar Council of India's decision to hold All India Bar Examination was questioned by the bench it said that it was not against the screening test as there was a need to sieve out the non-serious candidates from entering the profession. The bench said," Let the AIBE go on as scheduled. We are not averse to the examination to screen those entering the profession of advocacy. We want to strengthen it. The filtering mechanism needs to be strengthened so that the profession is not open to one and all." It further added," Every year, 60,000 more join the profession, of which 2,000 odd are from National Law Schools." The court was questioning BCI counsel Ardhendumauli Prasad about the statutory force behind the regulatory body's decision to hold AIBE. It is mandatory for a law graduate to clear the AIBE within two years of enrolling as an advocate to be able to continue practicing in court.
The matter was referred to a three-judge bench for evolving criteria to weed out non-serious lawyers from entering the profession. According to the CJI," In Jammu and Kashmir, there was a sound system where a law graduate enrols as a pleader and practices for two years. After that he gets enrolled as a 'vakil' and practices on the original side of the high court for three years. But now a fresh law graduate can come straight to the apex court and argue cases. We ask them questions and they do not appear to know much about the practice and rules." The matter has been posted for further hearing before a three-judge bench on Friday.
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A controversy regarding public health, individual rights and law enforcement parameters is brewing in some communities in California. Recently, some Bay Area residents have been engaged in a running dispute over the right of police to confiscate their medical marijuana, arrest them for drug violations and seize their assets, including their homes. The police in Liverpool are accused of having lost a common sense perspective by going so far as to put one or more cancer patients in peril, and by applying draconian measures and pressures to the daily struggle for survival of numerous medically challenged individuals.
Some Bay Area residents claim that the Liverpool police have over-reacted and over-enforced ambiguous medical marijuana provisions. They say that a more level-headed view would have left alone a situation that is legally confusing at best. Critics claim that the police are imposing arbitrary legal interpretations by dictating the number of plants allowed to be grown in one's home.
The problem is that Proposition 215 legalized medical marijuana but did not define the parameters for possession or cultivation. A real scandal appears imminent as Bay Area news publications continue to report seemingly outrageous cases of the police entering people's homes, sometimes with drawn guns, to enforce claimed violations of the medical marijuana cultivation limits. Some of the reported stories portray horrific depictions of excessive police activity.
Police counter that the violations were clear and that violators were using the law as a shield to engage in commercial trade or excessive personal use. However, the numerous reported cases of strong-arm tactics and unreasonable searches seem to counter police versions, resulting in an ongoing series of controversies that will not be quickly resolved. Other officials in Alameda County agree on one thing: the laws are ambiguous, chaos currently exists due to no clear standards and federal law is in conflict with state law. Based on the reported events and the escalation of conflicting positions, there appears to be a critical need for some kind of state intervention to make law enforcement tactics uniform and fair when it comes to medical marijuana in California.
Source: mercurynews.com, "Livermore police blame medical pot's hazy rules for crackdowns", Jeremy Thomas, May 23, 2015


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Second World Record Long Distance Dinghy Attempt
Two sailors want to put their own record 'out of sight'.
Visitors to Easter car boot sales in the South West are being urged by HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) to be on the lookout for traders selling counterfeit and smuggled cigarettes and alcohol at what may appear to be 'bargain prices'.
Like any other counterfeit product, there is no guarantee of the quality or content. Of all the large cigarette seizures HMRC made last year around half were found to be counterfeit.
They are not genuine cigarettes brought back from holiday but were probably made in back-street or underground factories across the world and their manufacture and sale is unlicensed and unregulated.
Many of the cigarette brands seized in recent months across the UK are not sold legally in the UK. Known as 'Cheap Whites', they are effectively made purely for smuggling and often obtained in large quantities by organised crime gangs who smuggle them into the UK. They are then sold illegally at car boot sales and markets, in pubs and clubs and residential areas and some small independent retail shops.
We would encourage anyone who knows of someone selling cheap or duty free cigarettes, tobacco or alcohol to contact:
Customs Hotline on 0800 59 5000 or email email@example.com
Two sailors want to put their own record 'out of sight'.
The moment a giraffe was born at Paignton Zoo has been captured on video
Men are less likely to talk than women with 54% of women having had a conversation compared to 37% of men.
Complaints to the RSPCA rise across the South West
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ALL >> Health >> View Article
There Is No Universal Autism Cure.
Total Articles: 52
As a parent, it is extremely difficult to understand the fact that your child suffers from autism and that there is no actual autism cure that can save his childhood and his life. Can autism be cured? – This is a frequent question that is constantly present in the minds of all the parents who have autistic children and who want to improve their condition.
It is well-known that autism manifests differently from one child to another that is why every child needs to be treated in a different way, to help with an improvement of his condition in time. Unfortunately, no kind of universal autism cure has been discovered yet, but this does not mean that there is nothing that can be done in order to help these children who have a neurological disorder and who are not able to live a normal live. Specialists have discovered the fact that certain diets and certain exercises are effective when it comes to autism; because they help children with this brain disorder to cope better, but none of these can completely cure this disease.
Many research projects have been done in the past few years, but the specialists have not managed to come up with a solution that can cure this neurological disorder which affects more and more children all over the world. Usually,these conditions are noticed by the time a child is two years old and the faster it is diagnosed, the more chance a child will have to overcome the difficulties of suffering from this brain disorder. That is why parents should be aware of their children's behavior and take them to the doctor if they believe that there is something wrong with them and that they are quite different from other children their age. However, the question "Can autism be cured?" will never leave their minds, because they constantly think how they can help their children have a decent and normal life.
Even though no one has found an autism cure up till today, specialists will never give up on trying to improve their research and they are confident that soon, children who are diagnosed with this condition can be helped. However, they are discovering more and more about this kind of brain disorder, so that both children and parents can learn to cope with it.There are many programs that have been developed by specialists who are trying to help autistic children, so if your child suffers from this brain disorder, you should definitely take into consideration signing him up in order to give him a chance to improve his condition, at least for a bit.
All in all, if you are a parent of an autistic child, it is perfectly normal to repeatedly ask yourself this question: "Can autism be cured?", but please be aware that no autism cure in the form of medication has been found yet.
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Ratings based on 25 Verified Reviews
4.8 Room cleanliness
4.5 Service & staff
4.6 Room comfort
4.8 Hotel condition
Expedia Verified Reviews
for Couplesby A verified traveler from UK
Lovely setting, good room & food. Excellent staff.Posted Feb 23, 2017
Pros: Great staff complementing luxurious environment and super facilities.
Cons: Need more than two restaurant options at this grade of hotel. A small pub style restaurant and a buffet (albeit an exceptional one) is not sufficient.
Location: Convenient for London and major travel hubs.
Lovely relaxing stay, made special as much by the excellent staff across the board as the facilities, setting and so on.
by Caroline
5 StarPosted Jan 21, 2017 on Hotels
Lovely as always
by A verified traveler
Great hotel with good amenitiesPosted Jan 9, 2017 on Hotels
The hotel was very nice with good amenities especially spa and fitness. we had dinner at the Stables which was a good restaurant although there can be improvement. Breakfast was great at the Glasshouse.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler
Unbelievable hotelPosted Dec 18, 2016 on Ebookers
I booked this hotel cause I wanted something really nice for my missus for her birthday, we couldn't have been happier. Brilliant hotel, very nice food. The bed was a little harder than we are used to but everything was great! Close to the train station too!
for Everyoneby A verified traveler
Posted Aug 13, 2016
Fantastic hotel. Great facilities and perfect for family. Would highly recommend.
by Lee
Lovely hotel, very comfortable!Posted Jan 18, 2016 on Hotels
Great stay, very comfortable.... freezing cold bathroom!! (I didn't tell anyone!!) Both radiators were disconnected!! Odd!
by Steven from London
Night awayPosted Jan 1, 2016 on Hotels
Loved our night away
for Everyoneby A verified traveler from australia
Ok placePosted Jul 13, 2015
Good service at times Reception service was very ordinary from two staff Tried to stay extra days was moved to a crappy room and charged more than I could get on Trivago Food good but not great
for Everyoneby A verified traveler from London
Lovely hotel and really friendly staffPosted Apr 27, 2015
Lovely, relaxing stay. Beautiful gardens and spa. Great for families with slightly older kids or couples seeking a break. Good varied choice of restaurants ranging from fine dining to brasserie type experience.
by A verified traveler
Shocking receptionistPosted Feb 24, 2015 on Hotels
Receptionist v rude it was a treat for my partners birthday a freind of ours rang up a couple of days beforehand to book an extra couple of places and stipulated at the time of booking that it was a surprise! But the receptionist blurted it out at the time of booking in that there was an extra couple of places booked! She didn't try to apolagise v upset about this as was my partner this young lady had no social skills her name was monique I beleive


text:
The Promise
The movie is drenched in production value and replete with ravishing shots of sunrises and sunsets, but it's in the scenes of fleeing, of battle,…
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"Trading Places" resembles "Tootsie" and, for that matter, some of the classic Frank Capra and Preston Sturges comedies: It wants to be funny, but it also wants to tell us something about human nature and there are whole stretches when we forget it's a comedy and get involved in the story. And it's a great idea for a story: A white preppy snot and a black street hustler trade places, and learn new skills they never dreamed existed.
This isn't exactly a new idea for a story (Mark Twain's "The Prince and the Pauper" comes to mind). But like a lot of stories, it depends less on plot than on character, and the characters in "Trading Places" are wonderful comic inventions. Eddie Murphy plays Billy Ray Valentine, the con man who makes his first appearance as a blind, legless veteran. Dan Aykroyd is Louis Winthorpe III, the stuck-up commodities broker. And, in a masterstroke of casting, those aging veterans Ralph Bellamy and Don Ameche are cast as the Duke brothers, incalculably rich men who make little wagers involving human lives.
One day a particularly tempting wager occurs to them. Aykroyd has had Murphy arrested for stealing his briefcase. It's an unfair charge and Murphy is innocent, but Murphy is black and had the misfortune to bump into Aykroyd is front of a snobby club. To Mortimer Duke (Ameche), a believer that environment counts for more than heredity, this is a golden opportunity to test his theory. He bets his brother that if Aykroyd and Murphy were to change places, the black street kid would soon be just as good as calling the shots in the commodity markets as the white Ivy Leaguer ever was.
Because the Dukes are rich, they can make almost anything happen. They strip Aykroyd of everything -- his job, his home, his butler, his fiancee, his limousine, his self-respect. They give Murphy what they've taken from Aykroyd. And the rest of the movie follows the fortunes of the two changelings as they painfully adjust to their new lives, and get involved in a commodities scam the Duke brothers are trying to pull off.
This is good comedy. It's especially good because it doesn't stop with sitcom manipulations of its idea, and it doesn't go only for the obvious points about racial prejudice in America. Instead, it develops the quirks and peculiarities of its characters, so that they're funny because of who they are. This takes a whole additional level of writing on top of the plot-manipulation we usually get in popular comedies, and it takes good direction, too.
But what's most visible in the movie is the engaging acting. Murphy and Aykroyd are perfect foils for each other in "Trading Places," because they're both capable of being so specifically eccentric that we're never just looking at a "black" and a "white" (that would make the comedy unworkable). They both play characters with a lot of native intelligence to go along with their prejudices, peculiarities and personal styles. It's fun to watch them thinking.
The supporting cast has also been given detailed attention, instead of being assigned to stand around as stereotypes. Jamie Lee Curtis plays a hooker with a heart of gold and a lot of T-bills; Ameche and Bellamy have a lot of fun with the Duke brothers, and Denholm Elliott successfully plays butler to both Aykroyd and Murphy, which is a stretch.
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Alan Greenspan Is a Sub-Prime American
Oh, Great Depression, if there's another silver lining to you murdering all our expense accounts, putting our homies out of legit work, instilling unspeakable fear in those of us who didn't follow Jesus into carpentry, it's the hope that you will bless us with a veritable street-cult renaissance, one that isn't founded entirely on $300 wack-ass hoodies or vodka ads masquerading as getting up. No, we don't wanna getting robbed on the train neither. But can we at least get some sweet street pieces out of this mess? Postering a BQE-side Capital One ad with Alan Greenspan is a fine display of activist anger, but let's move on to some real shit now, yknowwhatimsayin?
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CSE 340 Computer Architecture Spring 2014 MIPS ISA Review
Other handouts HW#1 To handout next time
Processor Organization
Control needs to input instructions from Memory issue signals to control the information flow between the Datapath components and to control what operations they perform control instruction sequencing CPU Memory Devices Control Input Datapath Output Fetch Decode Exec Datapath needs to have the components – the functional units and storage (e.g., register file) needed to execute instructions interconnects - components connected so that the instructions can be accomplished and so that data can be loaded from and stored to Memory CSE340, ACH
Below the Program High-level language program (in C)
swap (int v[], int k) (int temp; temp = v[k]; v[k] = v[k+1]; v[k+1] = temp; ) Assembly language program (for MIPS) swap: sll $2, $5, 2 add $2, $4,$2 lw $15, 0($2) lw $16, 4($2) sw $16, 0($2) sw $15, 4($2) jr $31 Machine (object) code (for MIPS) . . . For class handout
Below the Program High-level language program (in C)
swap (int v[], int k) (int temp; temp = v[k]; v[k] = v[k+1]; v[k+1] = temp; ) Assembly language program (for MIPS) swap: sll $2, $5, 2 add $2, $4,$2 lw $15, 0($2) lw $16, 4($2) sw $16, 0($2) sw $15, 4($2) jr $31 Machine (object) code (for MIPS) . . . C compiler For lecture Computer only understands zeros and ones – instructions of 0's and 1's Early programmers found representing machine instructions in a symbolic notation – assembly language And developed programs that translate from assembler to machine code Eventually, programmers found working even in assembler too tedious so migrated to higher-level languages and developed compilers that would translate from the higher-level languages to assembler assembler
RISC - Reduced Instruction Set Computer
RISC philosophy fixed instruction lengths load-store instruction sets limited addressing modes limited operations MIPS, Sun SPARC, HP PA-RISC, IBM PowerPC, Intel (Compaq) Alpha, … Instruction sets are measured by how well compilers use them as opposed to how well assembly language programmers use them As opposed to CISC – Complicated Instruction Set Architecture (ala the x86) Design goals: speed, cost (design, fabrication, test, packaging), size, power consumption, reliability, memory space (embedded systems) CSE340, ACH
MIPS R3000 Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages
Registers Instruction Categories Computational Load/Store Jump and Branch Floating Point coprocessor Memory Management Special R0 - R31 PC HI LO OP rs rt rd sa funct immediate jump target 3 Instruction Formats: all 32 bits wide R format I format J format CSE340, ACH
Review: Unsigned Binary Representation
Hex Binary Decimal 0x 0…0000 0x 0…0001 1 0x 0…0010 2 0x 0…0011 3 0x 0…0100 4 0x 0…0101 5 0x 0…0110 6 0x 0…0111 7 0x 0…1000 8 0x 0…1001 9 … 0xFFFFFFFC 1…1100 0xFFFFFFFD 1…1101 0xFFFFFFFE 1…1110 0xFFFFFFFF 1…1111 bit weight bit position bit All positive numbers - no sign bit last entry is most significant byte address fourth from last entry is most significant word address
Aside: Beyond Numbers American Std Code for Info Interchange (ASCII): 8-bit bytes representing characters ASCII Char Null 32 space 48 64 @ 96 ` 112 p 1 33 ! 49 65 A 97 a 113 q 2 34 " 50 66 B 98 b 114 r 3 35 # 51 67 C 99 c 115 s 4 EOT 36 $ 52 68 D 100 d 116 t 5 37 % 53 69 E 101 e 117 u 6 ACK 38 & 54 70 F 102 f 118 v 7 39 ' 55 71 G 103 g 119 w 8 bksp 40 ( 56 72 H 104 h 120 x 9 tab 41 ) 57 73 I 105 i 121 y 10 LF 42 * 58 : 74 J 106 j 122 z 11 43 + 59 ; 75 K 107 k 123 { 12 FF 44 , 60 < 76 L 108 l 124 | 15 47 / 63 ? 79 O 111 o 127 DEL see Figure 3.15 in the book for the complete listing - note that we are only using 7 of the 8 bits (7 bits gives us 127 encodings) - the extra bit can be used as a parity bit to detect single bit errors during transmission Note that upper and lower case letters differ by exactly 32 13 is carriage return 0 is Null (marking the end of string in C) CSE340, ACH
MIPS Arithmetic Instructions
MIPS assembly language arithmetic statement add $t0, $s1, $s2 sub $t0, $s1, $s2 Each arithmetic instruction performs only one operation Each arithmetic instruction fits in 32 bits and specifies exactly three operands destination source1 op source2 Those operands are all contained in the datapath's register file ($t0,$s1,$s2) – indicated by $ Operand order is fixed (destination first) For class handout CSE340, ACH
MIPS Arithmetic Instructions
MIPS assembly language arithmetic statement add $t0, $s1, $s2 sub $t0, $s1, $s2 Each arithmetic instruction performs only one operation Each arithmetic instruction fits in 32 bits and specifies exactly three operands destination source1 op source2 Each arithmetic instruction performs only one operation Each arithmetic instruction fits in 32 bits and specifies exactly three operands destination source1 op source2 For lecture Operand order is fixed (destination first) Those operands are all contained in the datapath's register file ($t0,$s1,$s2) – indicated by $ CSE340, ACH
Aside: MIPS Register Convention
Name Register Number Usage Preserve on call? $zero constant 0 (hardware) n.a. $at 1 reserved for assembler $v0 - $v1 2-3 returned values no $a0 - $a3 4-7 arguments yes $t0 - $t7 8-15 temporaries $s0 - $s7 16-23 saved values $t8 - $t9 24-25 $gp 28 global pointer $sp 29 stack pointer $fp 30 frame pointer $ra 31 return addr (hardware)
MIPS Register File Holds thirty-two 32-bit registers Registers are
Two read ports and One write port 32 bits 5 32 src1 addr src1 data 5 src2 addr 32 locations 5 dst addr Registers are Faster than main memory But register files with more locations are slower (e.g., a 64 word file could be as much as 50% slower than a 32 word file) Read/write port increase impacts speed quadratically Easier for a compiler to use e.g., (A*B) – (C*D) – (E*F) can do multiplies in any order vs. stack Can hold variables so that code density improves (since register are named with fewer bits than a memory location) 32 src2 data 32 write data write control All machines (since 1975) have used general purpose registers How many bits wide are each of the lines going into/out of the register file? CSE340, ACH
Machine Language - Add Instruction
Instructions, like registers and words of data, are 32 bits long Arithmetic Instruction Format (R format): add $t0, $s1, $s2 op rs rt rd shamt funct op 6-bits opcode that specifies the operation rs 5-bits register file address of the first source operand rt 5-bits register file address of the second source operand rd 5-bits register file address of the result's destination shamt 5-bits shift amount (for shift instructions) funct 6-bits function code augmenting the opcode CSE340, ACH
MIPS Memory Access Instructions
MIPS has two basic data transfer instructions for accessing memory lw $t0, 4($s3) #load word from memory sw $t0, 8($s3) #store word to memory The data is loaded into (lw) or stored from (sw) a register in the register file – a 5 bit address The memory address – a 32 bit address – is formed by adding the contents of the base address register to the offset value A 16-bit field meaning access is limited to memory locations within a region of 213 or 8,192 words (215 or 32,768 bytes) of the address in the base register Note that the offset can be positive or negative What is the memory address of the given load and store instructions if $s3 contains the address 24? CSE340, ACH
Machine Language - Load Instruction
Load/Store Instruction Format (I format): lw $t0, 24($s2) op rs rt bit offset Memory data word address (hex) 0x 0x 0x 0x c 0xf f f f f f f f $s2 0x $s2 = = 0x120040ac 0x120040ac $t0 destination address no longer in the rd field - now in the rt field offset limited to 16 bits - so can't get to every location in memory (with a fixed base address) CSE340, ACH
Byte Addresses Since 8-bit bytes are so useful, most architectures address individual bytes in memory The memory address of a word must be a multiple of 4 (alignment restriction) Big Endian: leftmost byte is word address IBM 360/370, Motorola 68k, MIPS, Sparc, HP PA Little Endian: rightmost byte is word address Intel 80x86, DEC Vax, DEC Alpha (Windows NT) Talk about the reasons (performance) for the word/byte alignment restriction msb lsb little endian byte 0 big endian byte 0 CSE340, ACH
Aside: Loading and Storing Bytes
MIPS provides special instructions to move bytes lb $t0, 1($s3) #load byte from memory sb $t0, 6($s3) #store byte to memory op rs rt bit offset What 8 bits get loaded and stored? load byte places the byte from memory in the rightmost 8 bits of the destination register what happens to the other bits in the register? store byte takes the byte from the rightmost 8 bits of a register and writes it to a byte in memory what happens to the other bits in the memory word? load byte takes the contents of the byte at the memory address specified, zero-extends it, and loads it into the register It leaves the other bits in the memory word intact. CSE340, ACH
MIPS Control Flow Instructions
MIPS conditional branch instructions: bne $s0, $s1, Lbl #go to Lbl if $s0$s1 beq $s0, $s1, Lbl #go to Lbl if $s0=$s1 Ex: if (i==j) h = i + j; bne $s0, $s1, Lbl1 add $s3, $s0, $s1 Lbl1: ... Instruction Format (I format): op rs rt bit offset How is the branch destination address specified? CSE340, ACH
Specifying Branch Destinations
Use a register (like in lw and sw) added to the 16-bit offset which register? Instruction Address Register (the PC) its use is automatically implied by instruction PC gets updated (PC+4) during the fetch cycle so that it holds the address of the next instruction limits the branch distance to -215 to instructions from the (instruction after the) branch instruction, but most branches are local anyway PC Add 32 offset 16 00 sign-extend from the low order 16 bits of the branch instruction branch dst address ? 4 Note that two low order 0's are concatenated to the 16 bit field giving an eighteen bit address = 2**15 –1 words (2**17 – 1 bytes) CSE340, ACH
More Branch Instructions
We have beq, bne, but what about other kinds of brances (e.g., branch-if-less-than)? For this, we need yet another instruction, slt Set on less than instruction: slt $t0, $s0, $s1 # if $s0 < $s1 then # $t0 = 1 else # $t0 = 0 Instruction format (R format): op rs rt rd funct CSE340, ACH 2
More Branch Instructions, Con't
Can use slt, beq, bne, and the fixed value of 0 in register $zero to create other conditions less than blt $s1, $s2, Label less than or equal to ble $s1, $s2, Label greater than bgt $s1, $s2, Label great than or equal to bge $s1, $s2, Label slt $at, $s1, $s2 #$at set to 1 if bne $at, $zero, Label # $s1 < $s2 For lecture blt $s1,$s2 Label = slt $at,$s1,$s2 #at gets 1 if $s1 < $s2 bne $at,$zero,Label Such branches are included in the instruction set as pseudo instructions - recognized (and expanded) by the assembler Its why the assembler needs a reserved register ($at) CSE340, ACH
Other Control Flow Instructions
MIPS also has an unconditional branch instruction or jump instruction: j label #go to label Instruction Format (J Format): op bit address PC 4 32 26 00 from the low order 26 bits of the jump instruction If-then-else code compilation CSE340, ACH
Aside: Branching Far Away
What if the branch destination is further away than can be captured in 16 bits? The assembler comes to the rescue – it inserts an unconditional jump to the branch target and inverts the condition beq $s0, $s1, L1 becomes bne $s0, $s1, L2 j L1 L2: CSE340, ACH
Instructions for Accessing Procedures
MIPS procedure call instruction: jal ProcedureAddress #jump and link Saves PC+4 in register $ra to have a link to the next instruction for the procedure return Machine format (J format): Then can do procedure return with a jr $ra #return Instruction format (R format): op bit address jr jumps to the address stored in the register – in this case $ra – which is just what we want. op rs funct CSE340, ACH
Aside: Spilling Registers
What if the callee needs more registers? What if the procedure is recursive? uses a stack – a last-in-first-out queue – in memory for passing additional values or saving (recursive) return address(es) One of the general registers, $sp, is used to address the stack (which "grows" from high address to low address) add data onto the stack – push $sp = $sp – data on stack at new $sp remove data from the stack – pop data from stack at $sp $sp = $sp + 4 low addr high addr $sp top of stack Note that temporary registers $t0 through $t9 can also be used as by MIPS convention they are not preserved by the callee (kept intact) across subroutine boundaries However, saved registers $s0 through $s7 must be preserved by the calle - I.e., if the callee uses one, it must first save it and then restore it to its old value before returning control to the caller CSE340, ACH
MIPS Immediate Instructions
Small constants are used often in typical code Possible approaches? put "typical constants" in memory and load them create hard-wired registers (like $zero) for constants like 1 have special instructions that contain constants ! addi $sp, $sp, 4 #$sp = $sp + 4 slti $t0, $s2, 15 #$t0 = 1 if $s2<15 Machine format (I format): in gcc 52% of arithmetic operations involve constants – in spice its 69% have the students answer why not – speed and limited number of registers much faster than if loaded from memory addi and slti do sign extend of immediate operand into the leftmost bits of the destination register (ie., copies the leftmost bit of the 16-bit immediate value into the upper 16 bits) by contrast, ori and andi loads zero's into the upper 16 bits and so is usually used (instead of the addi) to build 32 bit constants op rs rt bit immediate I format The constant is kept inside the instruction itself! Immediate format limits values to the range +215–1 to -215 CSE340, ACH
Aside: How About Larger Constants?
We'd also like to be able to load a 32 bit constant into a register, for this we must use two instructions a new "load upper immediate" instruction lui $t0, Then must get the lower order bits right, use ori $t0, $t0, For lecture sets the upper 16 bits of a constant in a register, allowing the next instruction to specify the lower 16 bits of the constant note that lui fills the lower 16 bits of the register with zero's why can't addi be used as the second instruction for this 32 bit constant? also note – the assembler lets me specify constants larger than 16 bits in one instruction and then expands the code into two instructions (lui and ori) automatically CSE340, ACH
MIPS Organization So Far
Processor Memory Register File 1…1100 src1 addr src1 data 5 32 src2 addr 32 registers ($zero - $ra) 5 dst addr read/write addr 5 src2 data write data 32 230 words 32 32 32 bits branch offset read data 32 Add PC 32 32 32 32 Add 32 4 write data 0…1100 Fetch PC = PC+4 Decode Exec 32 0…1000 32 4 5 6 7 0…0100 32 ALU 1 2 3 0…0000 32 word address (binary) 32 bits 32 byte address (big Endian) CSE340, ACH
MIPS ISA So Far Arithmetic (R & I format) add 0 and 32
Category Instr Op Code Example Meaning Arithmetic (R & I format) add 0 and 32 add $s1, $s2, $s3 $s1 = $s2 + $s3 subtract 0 and 34 sub $s1, $s2, $s3 $s1 = $s2 - $s3 add immediate 8 addi $s1, $s2, 6 $s1 = $s2 + 6 or immediate 13 ori $s1, $s2, 6 $s1 = $s2 v 6 Data Transfer (I format) load word 35 lw $s1, 24($s2) $s1 = Memory($s2+24) store word 43 sw $s1, 24($s2) Memory($s2+24) = $s1 load byte 32 lb $s1, 25($s2) $s1 = Memory($s2+25) store byte 40 sb $s1, 25($s2) Memory($s2+25) = $s1 load upper imm 15 lui $s1, 6 $s1 = 6 * 216 Cond. Branch (I & R format) br on equal 4 beq $s1, $s2, L if ($s1==$s2) go to L br on not equal 5 bne $s1, $s2, L if ($s1 !=$s2) go to L set on less than 0 and 42 slt $s1, $s2, $s3 if ($s2<$s3) $s1=1 else $s1=0 set on less than immediate 10 slti $s1, $s2, 6 if ($s2<6) $s1=1 else Uncond. Jump (J & R format) jump 2 j go to 10000 jump register 0 and 8 jr $t1 go to $t1 jump and link 3 jal go to 10000; $ra=PC+4 similarity of the binary representation of related instructions simplifies the hardware design
Review of MIPS Operand Addressing Modes
Register addressing – operand is in a register Base (displacement) addressing – operand is at the memory location whose address is the sum of a register and a 16-bit constant contained within the instruction Register relative (indirect) with ($a0) Pseudo-direct with addr($zero) Immediate addressing – operand is a 16-bit constant contained within the instruction op rs rt rd funct Register word operand base register op rs rt offset Memory word or byte operand op rs rt operand CSE340, ACH
Review of MIPS Instruction Addressing Modes
PC-relative addressing –instruction address is the sum of the PC and a 16-bit constant contained within the instruction Pseudo-direct addressing – instruction address is the 26-bit constant contained within the instruction concatenated with the upper 4 bits of the PC op rs rt offset Program Counter (PC) Memory branch destination instruction op jump address Program Counter (PC) Memory jump destination instruction || CSE340, ACH
MIPS (RISC) Design Principles
Simplicity favors regularity fixed size instructions – 32-bits small number of instruction formats opcode always the first 6 bits Good design demands good compromises three instruction formats Smaller is faster limited instruction set limited number of registers in register file limited number of addressing modes Make the common case fast arithmetic operands from the register file (load-store machine) allow instructions to contain immediate operands CSE340, ACH
Next Lecture and Reminders
MIPS ALU Review Reading assignment – PH, Chapter 3 CSE340, ACH
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Midnight Breed Rising is a roleplaying group based off Lara Adrian's Midnight Breed Series. We are not affiliated with Lara Adrian. Thank you for joining us.
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Welcome to Neo Tokyo, a place where in the recent years an underground conflict began to surface. In the shadows of the grand skyscrapers and beneath the city lights, a growing group of individuals have recieved their awakening and are being chased d
We are a Christian based Ministry with a small group feel. We offer Prayer, support, learning and discussion in an environment that brings focus to Jesus Christ.
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VTPWAC support group.
group forums for habboon
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True Talent was founded back in June of 2009 for one reason; to bring gamers together. Since then we have kept evolving and changing with the times to keep up with the gaming industry. We currently have a strong group of dedicated members that have k
A group of strangers awaken to find themselves on a mysterious island with no recollection of their previous lives- and the longer they stay on the mystery deepens.
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A discipleship group from Calvary Community Church aimed at growing and developing emerging leaders.
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Overstuck is a RPing group formerly revolving around The Overseer Project now migrating to direct role-playing.
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United States Marine Canine role-play website for the group in a game called FH.
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The home of the JEDI (Jedi Enclave of the Dawning Illumination) a combined Role Play and Jedi Philosophy group.
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To have fun and become the best we can be.
health, #group
Groupement BIGEARD is a French Indochina War ( 1946-54 ) reenactment group honoring the service and sacrifice of all CEFEO troops who served.
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The Bohemia Saga is a combination of freeform collaborative storytelling and guided, campaign driven, group story arcs.
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Syrian National Coalition opposition and revolutionary forces re-elected president on Sunday. Led the opposition structure Ahmad Jarboe. His first elected leader in July, he is now the head of the Coalition for six months. Jarboe is as close to the Saudi politician.
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5 recent posts for today:
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Chevrolet Silverado 1500 LT 2009 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 LT in Black Granite Metallic. Vehicle highlights include..., Clean Vehicle History Report, USB Audio Connection/ I-Pod Ready, Bluetooth, Remote Start, Multi-zone Climate Control, XM Satellite Radio, Keyless Entry, Steering Wheel Controls, Local Trade, 4WD 4 Wheel Drive, Trailer Hitch, Bedliner, Tonneau Cover, Z71 Off Road Package. Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Recent Arrival!
Price may exclude tax, title, tags, governmental fees, any emissions testing charges and any finance charges (if applicable). Unless otherwise stated separately in the vehicle details, price does not include documentation, processing, administrative, closing or similar fees. Current mileage may vary due to test drives and vehicle relocation.