text:
Publication number | US6118816 A |
Publication type | Grant |
Application number | US 08/968,955 |
Publication date | Sep 12, 2000 |
Filing date | Nov 12, 1997 |
Priority date | Nov 18, 1996 |
Fee status | Paid |
Also published as | DE19647653A1, DE59712733D1, EP0843444A2, EP0843444A3, EP0843444B1 |
Publication number | 08968955, 968955, US 6118816 A, US 6118816A, US-A-6118816, US6118816 A, US6118816A |
Inventors | Raimund Meyer, Stefan Muller, Wolfgang Gerstacker, Johannes Huber |
Original Assignee | U.S. Philips Corporation |
Export Citation | BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan |
Patent Citations (15), Non-Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (5), Classifications (10), Legal Events (9) | |
External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet | |
The invention relates to a digital transmission system comprising a receiver, in which system a trellis-based estimation method with a number of states reduced as a result of feedback of at least one feedback value forms estimates for received symbols by means of an estimated impulse response of a transmission system, a feedback value being determined from at least one estimate.
Furthermore, the invention relates to a receiver and a method of receiving a digital signal.
The subject of the invention is determined for digital transmission systems, for example, digital mobile radio systems such as the GSM system or digital Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM) radio relay systems in which trellis-based estimation methods are used which may be used both for equalizing a transmission channel and for decoding other trellis-coded signals (such as, for example, CPM signals).
When digital transmission takes place over dispersive channels, the transmit signal is distorted and disturbed by noise; in GSM, for example, the distortions are caused by multipath propagation and intersymbol interference of the modulation method. Thus, special measures for recovering the transmitted data from the received signal are necessary in the receiver i.e. an equalization method is to be used. As channel coding is often used for increasing the resistance to noise in digital transmission (for example, convolutional coding in GSM), the data estimated by the equalizer are still to be decoded. It is then advantageous when the decoder is not only supplied with estimates of the coded data, but also with reliability information (also termed Soft-Output information (SO information)) by the equalizer, which information indicates with what reliability the data were decided in trellis-based reduced-state equalization methods, which may also be used for equalizing long impulse responses having moderate complexity, the supplied soft-output information may differ considerably from the actual values, which has a degrading effect on the subsequent decoding.
A Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) transmission over a distorting channel that generates Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI), may be modeled in a discrete-time version in an equivalent low-pass range, as is shown in the left-hand part of FIG. 1. The sampled received signal r(k) occurs as a noise-affected convolution of the PAM transmit sequence a(k) having the channel impulse response h(k), whose length is referenced L: ##EQU1## where n(k) represents the discrete-time noise which is assumed to be white noise and is a given fact prior to the sampling when a whitened matched filter is used as a continuous-time receiver input filter. Depending on the modulation method used, the amplitude coefficients and the channel impulse response are either real or complex.
The optimum equalization method with minimum error probability, Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation (MLSE), is known from G.D. Forney, "Maximum likelihood sequence estimation of digital sequences in the presence of intersymbol interference", IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. IT-18, 1972, pp. 363-378. There was more particularly shown here that MLSE may be implemented efficiently with the Viterbi Algorithm (VA). However, for long impulse responses h(k), even the VA is hard to realize, because the trellis diagram which is to be made with the VA has Z=MLL-1 states per time period with M-stage amplitude coefficients, thus the complexity of VA exponentially increases with the length of the discrete-time impulse response. When the number of subsequent symbols affected by a transmitted symbol becomes too large, more cost-effective, ie reduced-state, equalization methods are to be used because of the limited available computing speed.
Furthermore, it is known that first a pre-equalization, ie shortening, of the channel impulse response is to be made by means of decision feedback equalization (DFE). Then either the DFE itself is to make preliminary threshold decisions, or preliminary hard-decision symbols (aHDF) of the next Viterbi equalizer are fed to the DFE, which in both cases leads to a noticeable degradation due to error propagation.
Furthermore, the impulse response for each state of the equalizer may be shortened by a state-dependent (private) DFE, instead of a state-independent (common) DFE for all the states. The trellis-based algorithm then provides that only the first part of the impulse response having length R+1, with 1≦R+1≦L, is equalized. Thus the branch metrics are computed for state transitions in the time interval k from a (reduced) state S.sup.(r) (k)=(a(k-1)a(k-2) . . . a(k-R)) to the (reduced) state S.sup.(r) (k+1)=(a(k)a(k-1) . . . a(k-R+1)) (the coefficients a(k-μ) indicate the data assumed in the specific state) with the aid of contents of path registers of the respective states. The registers contain hard-decision estimates aHDF (k-μ,S.sup.(r) (k)), R+1≦μ≦L-1 of the previous data symbols in the path leading to the state S.sup.(r) (k), which estimates are to be updated in each time period. Thus the branch metric becomes ##EQU2## where h(μ), O≦μ≦L-1 which indicate the channel impulse response estimates available to the receiver.
This reduced-state estimation method will be referenced Decision-Feedback Sequence Estimation (DFSE) hereinafter. The states and transitions are no longer assigned unambiguously to a special combination of symbols in the channel memory, but there are henceforth ambiguities, as generally occurs in reduced-state methods, while particularly with DFSE the oldest symbols in the channel memory are taken into account only for preliminary-decision symbol values.
The efficiency of DFSE may be further improved by an upstream all-pass filter which transforms the impulse response into its minimum-phase equivalent. This transformation provides a concentration of the energy of the impulse response in the front part, while the discrete-time noise remains white noise as before. This property of the minimum phase total impulse response motivates an additional reduction of the complexity of the DFSE, in that only h(R+1), h(R+2), . . . , h(R'), R<R'<L-1 are taken into account by private DFEs aHDF (k-μ,S.sup.(r) (k))), but the remaining part of the impulse response h(R'+1), . . . H(L-1) only by a single common DFE aHDF (k-μ,k)). If the last part of the impulse response contains only a small part of the total energy, the omission of the individual state relation (of the private DFEs) hardly reduces the efficiency of the estimation.
These methods produce only hard-decision estimates for the received symbols, without further information about with which certainty the individual decisions were made, ie how likely they are true. This soft-output (SO) information, referenced m (k) here (the vector m (k) has a degree of probability for all the transmit symbols a(k)), however, is necessary in many transmission systems for an additionally available channel coding to enhance the resistance to noise, as, in consequence, the results of the decoding can be considerably improved by this SO information after the equalization.
For determining the symbol probabilities m (k) in block-oriented transmission, particularly an algorithm with a bidirectional recursion rule can be used. First a forward recursion is used for computing the probabilities α(k,S(k)) for the states S(k).di-elect cons.{1,2, . . . ,Z} at step k, while the received signals considered thus far up to instant k-1 are taken into account. Then, a backward recursion is used for computing probabilities β(k,S(k)) for the received signals considered from the block end back to the step k with a presupposed state S(k) in the real step k. The state probabilities ψ(k,S(k)) for the states S(k) at step k are then the result of
ψ(k,S(k))=α(k,S(k))�β(k,S(k)). (3)
while the total received sequence is taken into account.
Since a finite-length impulse response channel generating ISI may always be interpreted as a trellis coder with a FIR structure, the a-posteriori probabilities of the input symbols are the direct result of the state probabilities. Since the bidirectional algorithm also works on the basis of a trellis, it may be a reduced-state one in similar manner to the Viterbi algorithm. For the forward recursion, for computing the α(k,S.sup.(r) (k)), each of the MR reduced states is assigned a path register for computing a metric, which path register may be updated in each time period. Two path metrics are stored and used once again for the backward recursion.
For the computation of the symbol probabilities m (k) in a continuous transmission without block limits formed by trellis-terminated symbols, only a forward recursion, that is, unidirectional recursion, is used contrary to the bidirectional algorithm. Then, similarly to the bidirectional algorithm, state probabilities α(k,S(k)) are computed. Since, finally, probabilities for the symbols a(k-D) are to be determined while the received signal is known up to instant k, a second recursion is necessary for determining state-related symbol probabilities ##EQU3## With the results of the two recursions, the desired a-posteriori probabilities ##EQU4## can be determined. A state reduction may also be effected with the unidirectional algorithm. By forming overlapping blocks on the receiving side, the bidirectional algorithm may also be used for a continuous transmission. As a result of its smaller complexity, bidirectional algorithm is typically more suitable than the unidirectional algorithm.
For all the known trellis-based reduced-state equalization methods together, the fact is that the quality of the soft-output information m (k) for a received symbol with a strong state reduction with hard-decision feedback values is insufficient.
It is an object of the invention to achieve, with a reduced number of states, optimum estimates for the received symbols via feedback.
With the subject according to the invention, the object is achieved in that the receiver forms the feedback value from at least one intermediate value. Contrary to known receivers, in which discrete-value estimates are fed back for state reduction, according to the invention it is also possible to use intermediate values for forming the feedback value, which intermediate values may adopt other values. In digital transmission systems, the transmit symbols and the estimates in the receiver have the values -1 or 1, for example. In the receiver according to the invention, also intermediate values having a value in the range from -1 to 1 can be fed back, so that a better feedback value and thus better estimates can be achieved for the received symbols.
In a further embodiment of the invention, the receiver forms soft-output information for at least one estimate for a received symbol. In the receiver, an estimation method may be used which produces soft-output information which indicates with what reliability the data were decided. In digital transmission, for example, for enhancing the resistance to noise, channel coding is often used (for example, convolutional coding in GSM), so that the next decoder is still to decode the estimated data. For this purpose, it is advantageous when the decoder is supplied with Soft-Output information in addition to estimates of the coded data, from which SO information the receiver forms the intermediate value in a preferred embodiment.
In an advantageous further embodiment, the receiver forms the soft-output information for a received symbol by means of optimum single-symbol estimation methods with a unidirectional or bidirectional recursion rule.
The SO information for a received symbol may further be formed by the receiver of the received symbol by means of simplified sub-optimum estimation methods. Whereas the, for example, unidirectional or bidirectional algorithms represent optimum methods for computing the symbol reliability, there are furthermore a plurality of simplified, sub-optimum methods which may be derived systematically from the two algorithms. A possible simplification is, for example, the use of additive path metrics which are updated by ACS operations (Add-Compare-Select), instead of reckoning with real probabilities for which multiplications are necessary. The pure VA may be modified for producing symbol reliabilities, which leads to SOVA (Soft-Output-VA). Sub-optimum methods may generally also be reduced-state as a result of decision feedback.
In a further embodiment, the receiver divides the feedback value into a first, common, component and into a second, private, component. The principle of the feedback according to the invention with an arbitrary division into private and/or common DFEs may also be combined with hard-decision feedback strategies. As a result, the feedback terms may be formed by up to four different components. For example, the energy distribution of the estimated impulse response may be used as a dividing criterion.
Furthermore, the object is achieved by a receiver and a method for receiving a digital signal.
These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent from and elucidated with reference to the embodiments described hereinafter.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1. shows a block circuit diagram for the procedure of the equalization of intersymbol interference with the aid of trellis-based reduced-state equalizers;
FIG. 2. shows a modified block circuit diagram for explaining the additional (private) noise term n evolving from decision feedback, and
FIG. 3. shows a block circuit diagram when the decision feedback is split up into a private and a common component.
In FIG. 1 can be recognized in the left-hand part the channel 1 that generates intersymbol interference and noise 2. The right-hand part is the diagrammatic representation of an equalizer 4 with a reduced-state trellis-based estimation method 3 having a private decision feedback 5.
Common to all the known trellis-based reduced-state equalization methods 3 is the fact that the quality of the soft-output information m (k) for a received symbol with a strong state reduction and hard-decision feedback values is insufficient. Generally, for all the paths starting from a certain state, the influence of the pulse followers is taken into account for the computation of the associated path metrics in that the discrete-value symbols are fed back from the path history, which discrete-value symbols are taken from the available symbol alphabet. Thus there are always hard decisions relating to the feedback symbols available, as a consequence of which this procedure will be denoted Hard-Decision Feedback HDF in the following. The principle may be explained in FIG. 1 by feeding back (private) hard-decision symbol values aHDF (k-μ,S.sup.(r) (k)) 5. The channel model in this figure has already been slightly redrawn to indicate clearly that the component h(O) up to h(R) of the impulse response is taken into account by the trellis-based reduced-state algorithm 3 having MR states, and the remaining components h(R+1) to h(L-1) of the impulse response (the so-called pulse followers) are taken into account by a decision feedback 5, which may be different for each hyper state S.sup.(r) (k) in the most general case. The channel impulse response to be equalized h(k), however, has a total length of L just like before, despite the redrawing.
Since there is a separate path history for each hyper state, the overall value of the hard-decision feedback shown in FIG. 1 is ##EQU5## usually differing from one hyper state to another.
The block circuit diagram in FIG. 1 may be redrawn like in FIG. 2, to feature an additional noise term nHDF (k,S.sup.(r) (k)) which evolves from the feedback of false decisions from the respective path register of the equalizer. The noise term nHDF (k,S.sup.(r) (k)) is typically different from one state to another because each hyper state S.sup.(r) (k) may have typically different values aHDF (k-μ,S.sup.(r) (k)) for the symbols along the path leading to this state. For the errors caused by the hard-decision feedback in the hyper state S.sup.(r) (k) it holds that ##EQU6##
Assuming that all the decisions relating to the feedback symbols are correct, it holds that (with ideal channel estimation) nHDF (k,S.sup.(r) (k))=0 and the known HDF methods produce high-quality SO values (m) However, when the channel has small signal-to-noise ratios, the feedback symbol values cannot be assumed to be correct, so that additional noise is introduced into the system by the decision feedback, which degrades the quality of the SO. Also with strongly reduced-state SO equalization methods it appears that the SO value is clearly lower than with the method having a moderate state reduction, ie the produced estimates for the symbol error probabilities and the real values differ significantly, because the errors in the computation of the metric become too large because false symbols aHDF (k-μ,S.sup.(r) (k)) occur too frequently. This leads to an increased bit error rate after channel decoding.
The further embodiments describe the methods by means of their use for the equalization. The basic procedure, however, may also be extended to other trellis-coded signals. CPM signals may be interpreted as trellis-coded signals just like signals distorted by a channel. In CPM, impulse noise is intentionally inserted into the signal to compress the transmit spectrum. Thus, trellis-based estimation methods may be used for CPM in the same manner as for signals transmitted over dispersive channels, so that the subject of the invention may also be used for coded transmission with CPM.
In the described embodiment, a modified feedback term is used in the computation of the metric. A possibility is to choose the feedback term so that the average weight of the feedback error is minimized. Soft-decision feedback values aSDF (k-μ,S.sup.(r) (k)) are necessary for this purpose, which values are computed with this method. When the weight of the error is minimized, the knowledge about the current state S.sup.(r) (k) and about the received signal up to the instant k-1 is to be used. The result of a mathematical formula value can be minimized at any instant and for each state: ##EQU7## The expression for the error weight is ##EQU8##
This expression for the squared error is used in the formation of the expected value according to (6) and derived from the total expression after the complex feedback. For finding the minimum value, the expression is set to zero. ##EQU9## This leads to ##EQU10## and the value ##EQU11## is obtained with the aid of the estimated (expected) channel parameters h(μ) as the optimum soft-decision feedback value for minimum error weight for all the branches leaving the hyper state S.sup.(r) (k).
The actual result which is the optimum value for the respective single symbol that is fed back is found at ##EQU12## where Am,m.di-elect cons.{0,1, . . . M-1} denote the permitted amplitude coefficients from the symbol alphabet A of the M-stage transmission. The individual feedback values are formed according to the invention by weighted components of the discrete-values Am from the number A of the transmit symbols and are thus not exclusively selected from A, but have an analog range of values. Thus, soft-decision feedback values (SDF) are to be used for minimizing the error weight. For example, in binary transmission with A0 =1 and A1 =-1, it holds that
-1≦aSDF (k-μ,S.sup.(r) (k))≦1. (12)
The state-dependent symbol probabilities (m) necessary for the equation (11) can be computed with the respectively used trellis-based equalization method.
The necessary symbol probabilities used in equation (11) are already available anyhow as intermediate magnitudes in a reduced-state unidirectional algorithm, so that the use of soft-decision feedback values does not imply more circuitry and cost here.
For explaining the method of producing the soft-decision feedback values, a reduced-state version of the unidirectional algorithm will be outlined here as an embodiment. Approximate values ##EQU13## for the optimum soft-output information Pr{α(k)=Am |<r(ν)>} for the symbols a(k) are computed by means of the algorithm. The approximate value is, in the first place, the result of the reduction of states itself and is, in the second place, caused by the fact that only D received values r(v) (thus only up to v=k+D) lying further in the future are evaluated. Thus, not the whole sequence of received values is used for determining the soft-output information for individual a(k). But there may be assumed that for sufficiently large D the approximation is already very exact. The algorithm thus works continuously and gives, after decision delay D, the soft-output information resulting from the equation ##EQU14## Here, the decision delay in the argument of the soft-output information produced in the time period k was taken into account for signal element a(k-D) and the sequence of the received values up to instant k was assumed to be known.
The computation of the desired soft-output information to be read from the trellis-based algorithm presupposes the total distribution rate function in the numerator and denominator of (14), which function may again be computed with ##EQU15## In the last step, the contracted equation ##EQU16## was used for the total probability of S.sup.(r) (k) and partial receiving sequence <r(ν0 k-1 >, for which reason this magnitude is to be denoted the state probability.
It should be observed that the second probability magnitude in (15) exactly corresponds to the value that is necessary for determining the soft-decision feedback and which value was denoted state-determined soft-output information ##EQU17##
This is a type of preliminary and state-dependent symbol probability for the symbol a(k-δ) under the condition that state S.sup.(r) (k) and the receiving sequence are observed only up to r(k-1).
Consequently, the unidirectional algorithm can determine the desired soft-output information (corresponds to the symbol probability of a(k-D)) from the sum of products from state probability and state-determined symbol probability, while one recursion can be given for each of the two magnitudes (by approximation in the reduced-state case). The first recursion for the state probability may be given as ##EQU18## where V(S.sup.(r) (k+1)) represents all the states which are permitted predecessors of S.sup.(r) (k+1). In this equation, γ(S.sup.(r) (k), S.sup.(r) (k+1)) represents the branch probability for the transition (branch) from state S.sup.(r) (k) to S.sup.(r) (k+1) and can be expressed in Gaussian noise by the proportionality ##EQU19## (see (2)). σ2 is the variance of the noise process.
The second recursion for the state-determined soft-output information may be found by computing ##EQU20## This computation is to be made for all the D≧δ≧R+1 and all the a(k-δ).di-elect cons.A, and also or each new state S.sup.(r) (k+1).
For the state-determined soft-output information to be entered of the symbols in the time period k, which do not take the state into account (thus δ=R), the computation holds via ##EQU21## and this computation may also be made for each new hyper state and all the a(k-δ).di-elect cons.A. The set
S(α(k-R))≐{S.sup.(r) (k)=(α(k-1)α(k-2) . . . α(k-R))|α(k-R)=α(k-R)} (21)
was used, containing all the states which include the defined symbol a(k-R) and the respective positions in time. Thus, S(a(k-R))ΛV(S.sup.(r) (k+1)) is to represent the one state S.sup.(r) (k) that is the predecessor of S.sup.(r) (k+1) and contains the element a(k-R). The magnitude γ(S(a(k-R))ΛV(S.sup.(r) (k+1)), S.sup.(r) (k+1) is the probability for the branch that leads from this S.sup.(r) (k) to S.sup.(r) (k+1).
In this manner, all the magnitudes which are necessary for determining the soft-output information can be computed recursively.
In addition to the unidirectional algorithm, it is also possible to utilize the reduced-state bidirectional algorithm with soft-decision feedback. Since the forward recursion for determining the α(k,S(k)) of the bidirectional algorithm at the same time forms an essential part of the unidirectional algorithm, this requires only moderate additional circuitry and cost, which consists of including the additional second recursion of the unidirectional algorithm, which recursion is necessary for determining the probabilities necessary for the soft-decision feedback. The length of the path register to be updated for this purpose is only L-1-R, because the unidirectional part of this combined algorithm is only necessary for decision feedback, but not for computing the symbol probabilities, which are computed by the bidirectional part. In contrast, a clearly more complex second forward recursion is necessary in the purely unidirectional algorithm, because an estimate delay of D≈2L is necessary in minimum-phase channels for substantially fully registering the statistical relations.
The solution for ξSDF (k,S.sup.(r) (k)) according to equation (10) with the minimum square error may only be considered one possibility from a large range of conceivable soft-decision feedback strategies. Especially with sub-optimum methods, the use of sub-optimum soft-decision feedback values presents itself, or is necessary, respectively.
The principle already described of the subdivision of the decision feedback into private DFEs and one common DFE is also possible without further problems with soft-decision values with the two extreme cases of an exclusive use of the common DFE, or the exclusive use of private DFEs, respectively. The feedback term ##EQU22## shown in FIG. 3, by which the first part of the pulse follower is taken into account in the computation of the metric, is formed individually for each state, while again state-dependent soft-decision symbol values are used. On the other hand, the feedback term ##EQU23## which takes account of the last part of the pulse follower is identical in all cases, thus needs to be computed only once with common soft-decision symbols aSDF (k-μ,k). The principle of the soft-decision feedback with its arbitrary division into private and/or common DFEs may also be combined with hard-decision feedback strategies. In general, the feedback terms may be formed by up to four different portions: ξSDF (k, S.sup.(r) (k)), ξHDF (k, S.sup.(r) (k)), ξSDF (k) and ξHDF (k), where, for example, the energy distribution of the estimated impulse response O≦μ≦L-1 can be used as a dividing criterion.
When the SO values of the estimation method (for example, equalization method) whose quality has benefitted from the invention are subsequently utilized in a downstream decoder which is capable of processing soft-decision input information, the method according to the invention with the feedback of soft-decision symbol values provides a clear gain in the power efficiency of the digital transmission.
Furthermore, compared with the respective methods which use hard-decision feedback, the noise power additionally caused by decision feedback methods is reduced by about 1 dB due to the estimation of the minimum mean square error.
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U.S. Classification | 375/233, 375/343 |
International Classification | H04L27/38, H03M13/23, H04L27/227, H04L25/03, H04B3/06, H04L27/22 |
Cooperative Classification | H04L25/03235 |
European Classification | H04L25/03B7C9 |
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Hi Been looking at get a new Audi, I've looked mainly at the cabs, but the stealer has a S4 Avant for about £29K. Is there any problems with S4's?, what are the owners thoughts on them? Thanks for the help Col
Look mine to bits. I went in with my eyes open on fuel economy so it's not a problem...although on a long trip you do notice the £'s ticking by. There's been one or two issues but nothing too major. All warrantied anyway.
As an average with varied driving (town work, motorway etc) I was getting 18. In fact I did 3000miles around Europe which was a mix of motorway (at 150mph), back roads, lots of Alpine hills and 4 days at the Nurburgring and I got just over 18. Now the wife isn't driving it across town each day for work, it's gone up a bit to 19. I worked out how much my fuel bil was on my chipped TT and the mpg and then worked out how much difference it would be in the S4. Given my milage it was something like £50 extra so that was acceptable to me.
cruise control at 40mph in 5th gear gives me around 31mpg /ubbthreads/images/graemlins/smile.gif so if you see me going along on the motorway at 40 you know why! lol
For what ever reasons I'm returning an average of 23 during the week with commuting and town driving and on long runs up to 28. Funny, fuel economy seems to go up the faster you cruise on the motorway.......... sorry track, track of course!! What was I thinking! Anyway 85-90 in 6th returns better than 70-80. Is it just me? I imagine the Avant being a little heavier may return marginally less dependent on how much you continually carry in it but not so much to need a second mortgage. S4, best car I've owned by a long margin and will only be trading up for an B7 RS4 when my six numbers come in (and a Gallardo but its still an Audi!)
Just got back from a 3000 mile jaunt around Europe which included every type of driving from 130mph+ on Autobahns to Mountain Pass roads. Average fuel economy for the entire run worked out at 24.3 according to the DIS, which I dont consider to be to bad for a 4.2l V8, particularly given some of the high speed stuff through Germany
When I came back from my 3000 mile trip (same as you Autobahns and mountain roads) I only had an average of 19mpg. I did have four days near a place called Adenau though!

subset: commoncrawl


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26 January 2017
Asset servicing business and sec finance units perform well in last quarter of 2016
Read more: State Street asset servicing securities finance
State Street's fourth quarter securities finance revenue ticked up in annual terms, driven by revenue from enhanced custody.
The Boston-based bank said revenues for the unit, part of State Street Global Markets, totalled $136m between October and December.
That beat the $127m achieved in the same period of last year, although the performance was flat in quarterly terms due to lower agency lending revenue.
Outside of securities finance, new asset servicing mandates during the fourth-quarter of 2016 totaled $180bn.
This week the firm told investors it had won new business from AllianzGI.
It will provide fund administration, global custody, transfer agency and data services to the asset manager, covering €450bn ($481bn) of assets.
Across its own asset management unit State Street experienced fourth quarter net inflows of $16bn.
Brokerage and other fees increased, primarily due to higher transition management revenue.
Overall, the company said its bottom line rose to $577m, up from $494m in last year's fourth quarter.
Chief executive Joseph Hooley said the firm is focused on its 2017 priorities, including investing in new products and returning capital to shareholders.
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Pull up a chair in my domestic church and let's chat!
All of these filter my views of the world. I hope that like St. Monica, I can through prayer, words and example, lead my children and others to Faith.
Wednesday, January 09, 2008
Catholic Carnival 154 is ready!
The Catholic Carnivals are always a pleasure, but 154 is really good! Start out with Caught in the 'Catholic Mom' Vortex for an interesting reflection on what we blogging Catholic Moms look like from afar. Then keep reading all the other great posts on faith, culture, media, and politics. Enjoy!
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FrontRunners: Shifting Gears
<< Back to Robb Report, August 2007
August 1, 2007
Not content with merely selling the wares of German watch manufacturers, the Hamburg-based retailer Wempe (www.wempe.com) has joined them. Wempe enlisted the German firm Nomos, located in the watchmaking center of Glashütte, to help develop its Wempe Chronometerwerke Glashütte watches. The company offers simple hand-wound models ($5,500 to $9,950) as well as a tourbillon ($110,500).


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iRacing: Alfalla wins second consecutive title
October 03, 2012, Jason Lofing, Special to NASCAR.COM, NASCAR.com
After 17 weeks of tough online racing, Ray Alfalla (Cape Coral, Fla.) has won the NASCAR iRacing.com Series World Championship title for the second consecutive season. Alfalla came into Homestead-Miami Speedway with a comfortable 31-point lead over Michael Conti (Woodland Park, N.J.), stayed out of trouble all race, and earned a solid fifth-place finish which easily secured the title. "What an incredible feeling," Alfalla said. "A few years ago when I got started in this deal I never thought that I'd be in this position. Thanks to all the awesome people who have contributed to this accomplishment." Conti, who finished seventh, also took it easy for most of the race, knowing it would take bad luck or a serious mistake from Alfalla to have a chance at the upset. Unfortunately for Conti, Alfalla ran a flawless race. Despite not winning the title, it was a strong season for the NiSWC rookie, who pocketed a cool $3,500. The battle for fourth through sixth in the standings lived up to expectations, as well. Patrick Baldwin (Torrington, Conn.) looked ready to wrap up the fourth spot, but a costly penalty put him back in the pack where he was then caught up in a crash and was unable to finish. Baldwin's demise left Brian Schoenburg (Moorpark, Calif.) and Nick Ottinger (Claremont, N.C.) battling it out for fourth and fifth. Whoever finished in front of the other would get the spot. Schoenburg looked to be the stronger of the two early in the race as Ottinger hung on to a very loose race car, but Ottinger found some speed after making adjustments in the pits. The two then had a nice door-to-door battle, with Ottinger getting the best of Schoenburg late and earning the $1,000 for his fourth-place finish in the points. Schoenburg earned $500 for his fifth-place effort. The battle for the top 25 had less action than expected with only one driver falling from the ranks of automatic qualifiers for the 2013 championship. Nevertheless, Jason Karlavige (Scranton, Pa.) made history when he became the first NASCAR iRacing.com Pro Series driver to make the NiSWC without having to race his way in through the NiPS. Thomas Hazard (Rochester, Minn.) was the lone driver knocked out of the top 25 (he did not enter the race). As for the race itself, Kevin King (San Diego) was a dominating force, leading 82 of the 134 laps. King could not be challenged by anyone on the track; the only time he lost positions was due to pit strategy. "Going into the race I knew that I didn't have anything to lose and everything to gain. The guys came up with a really good car, I put tweaks in it that suited me and we were really fast," King said. "Thankfully the car was stout enough to make [the pit strategy] work to finish the season out leading most of the laps and winning." King's win secured third in the championship standings and a $1,500 payday, and completed an impressive rebound from a disappointing start to the season. Look for King to be a serious challenger for the championship in 2013. However, the night belonged to Alfalla, who earned more than $10,500 in cash and prizes, including a trip to the Sprint Cup finale at Homestead in November. With two consecutive titles in the most competitive oval series in sim racing, he truly is a model of consistency. It will be up to the rest of the field to step up to prevent Alfalla from making a run at a three-peat. So, who has the best shot of beating Alfalla in 2013? Conti had a fine rookie campaign and, at the tender age of 15, will only be better the second time around. King has the speed to hang with Alfalla at nearly every track, but his luck never has been the best while Ottinger showed flashes of dominance, as well, but had frequent connection issues, dashing his title hopes. The wild card could be Karlavige. He showed more than enough speed to challenge Alfalla, though he has yet to experience the full NiSWC season and all the pressure that comes with it. Of course, only 25 of the 50 drivers have a spot on the 2013 NiSWC roster at the moment. The other 25 will be decided in the upcoming NASCAR iRacing.com Pro Series season, which gets under way the last week of October.


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In the story Who Needs VR? and the story shoot this model!.
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"What is the student but a lover courting a fickle mistress who ever eludes his grasp?"
William Osler
"Happiness is like a butterfly; the more you chase it; the more it will elude you, but if you turn your attention to other things, it will come and sit softly on your shoulder..."
Henry David Thoreau
"True love is eluding me......perhaps it is never meant to be"
"I don't see how he can elude capture forever. .... The lighter he travels, the less likely he is to be detected. Yet he also needs protection, and the more defended he is, the more he is a hard target to destroy and is easier to find."
Robert Jervis
"The taxpayer paid between $5000 and $10,000 to help him elude capture -- what a disgrace -- no one forced him to get the tattoo,"
David Garrett
"The taxpayer paid between $5000 and $10,000 to help him elude capture ? what a disgrace ? no one forced him to get the tattoo,"
"A lover always thinks of his mistress first and himself second; with a husband it runs the other way."
Honore de Balzac


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Skiing to Emerald Lake | [ Sizes: Orig | Med | Small | Thumb ] | |
Miro, making his last turns down the 800 foot descent from the cornice at the top of the icefield. This was August 2, 1997. The week before Miro had summited Mt Superior and noticed there was still alot of snow on Timp so we made the easy decision to go ski it. While sometimes exhibiting glacier-like behavior, this is technically an icefield and usually does not have snow on it particularly this late into summer; normally, it is rock-covered. |


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Which Joe gave his name to 'sloppy joes'? We look at five interesting sandwiches and their lexical origins.
Physics Mathematics1Each of a set of values of a parameter for which a differential equation has a non-zero solution (an eigenfunction) under given conditions.
- 'In a very natural way, concepts of linear algebra, including eigenvalues and eigenvectors, appear.'
- 'Then they sorted the eigenvectors according to the eigenvalues and divided them into three subsets.'
- 'It was a matter of estimating eigenvalues of non-self-adjoint differential equations and matrices.'
- 'He showed that in this case the integral equation had real eigenvalues, and the solutions corresponding to these eigenvalues he called eigenfunctions.'
- 'Upon diagonalization of C, a set of eigenvalues and eigenvectors is generated defining a new set of generalized coordinates.'
2Any number such that a given matrix minus that number times the identity matrix has zero determinant.
- 'The eigenvalue effective population size, equal to the leading eigenvalue of this matrix is derived.'
- 'In general, it is difficult to calculate the eigenvalues.'
- 'This is where those eigenvalues of random Hermitian matrices enter the picture.'
- 'There is, however, a way to obtain the kinetic matrix from the experimental eigenvalues and the eigenvectors directly.'
- 'In particular he proved results on the existence of matrices with given eigenvalues and given diagonal elements.'
Further reading
6 punctuation marks you might be using incorrectly
Read moreWe take a look at several popular, though confusing, punctuation marks.
An A-Z of country name origins
Read moreFrom Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, discover surprising and intriguing language facts from around the globe.


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Make sure the lens is centered on your eye before trying to remove it. Cover the other eye; if your vision is blurred, the lens is either off center or not on the eye at all. Locate the lens with a mirror and re-center it.
Pull Down Lower Eyelid:
Look upward, keeping your head level. Pull down the lower lid of your eye with your middle finger.
Slide Lens Down:
While looking up, place the tip of your index finger on the lower edge of the lens and slide it down onto the lower white part of your eye.
Pull Lens Off Eye:
Still looking up, squeeze the lens gently between your thumb and index finger. Gently remove the lens from the eye.


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Papo figurines are highly detailed and designed to inspire creative, imaginative play among children of all ages. Each one is meticulously hand painted and realistic. Our young elf, with her long golden hair and flowing dress, loves nothing more than riding on the back of the unicorns, preferably Pegasus.
Check stock and price


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Forget about the back seat, front seat debate. Rebecca Black and her mother are behind the wheel of potential legal action, accusing "Friday" producers Ark Music Factory of copyright infringement and unlawful exploitation of publicity rights.
Rolling Stone reported [1] that Brian Schall, a lawyer representing Black and her mother, Georgina Marquez Kelly, sent a letter to Ark accusing them of failing to provide Black with the master recordings of her song and video; that they have exploited her likeness and her song on YouTube, iTunes and Amazon; and created an unauthorized "Friday" ringtone. They also want to stop Ark's website ads that claim Black is an exclusive Ark recording artist.
Black's "Friday," which hit No. 38 this week on the Billboard digital sales chart, is one of the most watched music videos ever, fast approaching 75 million views on YouTube.
The founder of Ark Music Factory and the company's attorney have differing points of view on the matter and members of the Ark team have begun squabbling over the company, according to the Rolling Stone piece.
Ark founder Patrice Wilson told Rolling Stone he would be turning over the masters and the song to Black and Kelly. Black has 100 percent ownership and control of "Friday," including the master recording and the music video, which Kelly paid $4,000 to produce.
Ark's lawyer, Barry Rothman, told Rolling Stone the mother-daughter duo do not own the composition. "If they go forward and license it or attempt to copyright it in their name, that would be copyright infringement and we'd act accordingly under the circumstances," he told Rolling Stone.


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Recently Minister of State for Human Resource Development Shashi Tharoor commented that India was becoming a culture of "competitive intolerance". He was speaking on the Salman Rushdie and Ashish Nandy controversies.
He could never have been more off the mark. This is yet another example of the downright hypocrisy of Indian politicians and how they always divert attention from the real issue.
The first question to be asked is specific controversies aside; is intolerance really increasing or decreasing in society or is it only appearing to do so thanks to extended media coverage? And if so, is this intolerance really getting boosted due to inaction by the State?


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Top News:
John Stevens / Daily Mail:
Email to James Murdoch telling him hacking was rife at NotW was deleted days before police launched investigation — An email warning James Murdoch that phone-hacking was 'rife' at the News of the World was deleted from his inbox days before police started an investigation into the newspaper, it was revealed last night.
Mark Hughes / The Telegraph:
Glenn Mulcaire ordered to reveal who told him to hack phones — Glenn Mulcaire, the private investigator who is accused of hacking phones on behalf of the News of the World, must reveal which journalists at the now defunct Sunday title instructed him, a court ruled today.
Dylan Stableford / Yahoo! News:
Yahoo News hires Olivier Knox as its first White House correspondent — Yahoo News has hired Olivier Knox, Congressional correspondent for Agence France-Press, to be its White House correspondent—the first in Yahoo's 16-year history. — Knox—who has spent more than a decade with AFP covering politics …
FishbowlDC, FishbowlNY, ABCNEWS and JIMROMENESKO.COM
Kara Swisher / AllThingsD:
AOL Beats Low Expectations, Increasing Ad Revenue and Slowing Total Decline in Q4 (Plus Charts!) — AOL said it earned 23 cents a share for the fourth quarter on revenue of $576.8 million, compared to 65 cents per share on $596 million in the same quarter a year ago.
paidContent, Business Wire, VentureBeat and Future of Journalism, more at Techmeme »
Laura Hazard Owen / paidContent:
Amazon: Print Book Unit Sales Up; More Content For Prime — Amazon (NSDQ: AMZN) says unit sales of print books grew by "double digits" in Q4 compared to last year. That "is impressive given the shift to Kindle," said CFO Tom Szkutak in the investor call following this afternoon's disappointing earnings report.
Larry Dignan / Between the Lines Blog:
Amazon: Big Kindle sales, but sales and outlook fall short
Amazon: Big Kindle sales, but sales and outlook fall short
AllThingsD, NetNewsCheck Latest, Home Media Magazine and ReadWriteWeb, more at Techmeme »
Matt Rosoff / Business Insider:
Amazon Blows Q4, Stock Plunges 9% After Hours
Amazon Blows Q4, Stock Plunges 9% After Hours
New York Times, TechCrunch, @laurahazardowen, Reuters, Publishers Weekly, CNBC and Tech Trader Daily
Tom Espiner / ZDNet:
Assange's Supreme Court extradition appeal kicks off — Wikileaks founder Julian Assange has begun his Supreme Court bid to avoid extradition to Sweden to face questioning about allegations of sexual coercion. — Assange appeared relaxed as the two-day hearing began in the Supreme Court building opposite …
Chicago Tribune
Joe Pompeo / Capital New York:
A new iPad app that promises a future for long-form journalism — Longform.org, one of the growing breed of aggregators and social sites spreading multi-thousand-word journalism around the web, announced today that it will debut an iPad app tomorrow. — And unlike some magazines …
VentureBeat, Future of Journalism, Poynter, NetNewsCheck Latest, eMedia Vitals and JIMROMENESKO.COM
John Paczkowski / AllThingsD:
Neil Young and the Sound of Music — You know what the biggest problem with music today is? — Sound quality. — That's Neil Young's take on the issue, anyway. For years, the musician has been obsessed with improving the way modern music sounds, sonically speaking.
NME, Epicenter, PC Magazine, Rolling Stone, Digits, Gizmodo, WebProNews, MediaFile, Softpedia News, 9to5Mac, The Wrap and Electronista, more at Techmeme »
John Ellis / BuzzFeed:
Big Media Is About To Pull The Plug On Newt Gingrich — The suits are taking charge, and they're killing the travel budgets. Sorry Newt, Rick, Zeke! — Gingrich is about to lose his pack. — It's January 31st and it's over. Mitt Romney has blown away the field in the Florida primary …
John Paczkowski / AllThingsD:
Vevo CEO Rio Caraeff: We Made $150 Million Last Year — When it first debuted in 2009, Vevo aspired to be a "Hulu for music." Today, it's exactly that: the second largest video property on the Web in the U.S., a title that — you guessed it — was once held by Hulu.
NetNewsCheck Latest and The Wrap
Dylan Stableford / Yahoo! News:
The secrets of Wolf's success: CNN anchor dishes to Yahoo News on debates, the 'Magic Wall,' and his rigorous exercise regime — Wolf Blitzer, anchor of CNN's political coverage and host of "The Situation Room," is sitting in the network's Election Center in Atlanta, awaiting results of Tuesday's Florida Republican primary.
Poynter, Associated Press and Jack Shafer
Craig Silverman / Poynter:
Star-Ledger corrects story that sparked James O'Keefe lawsuit — Earlier this week Project Vertias leader James O'Keefe filed a defamation lawsuit against The Star-Ledger of New Jersey after a Jan. 22 opinion section article stated he is "still on probation for trying to tap the phone of Democratic Sen. Mary Landrieu."
James O'Keefe's Project …
Liz Gannes / AllThingsD:
The New Yorker's David Remnick: Paper Magazines Are "Pretty Good Technology" — Quality long-form writing has a place in the Internet age, says the New Yorker editor David Remnick — and it's worth paying for. — Asked whether print magazines would last another 20 years, Remnick said …
Josh Halliday / Guardian:
Interview: David Karp, founder of Tumblr, on realising his dream — The chief executive of one of the fastest-growing startups on the internet says he lied about his age and experience to woo clients — David Karp, the founder of the blogging platform Tumblr, was 17 when he decided to cut the apron strings and move to Tokyo.
Steven Mikulan / Frying Pan News:
LA Times: Layoffs, Sabotage and Suicides? — Ed Padgett was driving in the rain to a union meeting when the L.A. Times called to tell him he was fired. The pressman, a third-generation Times employee, listened in shock last December to an HR woman's voice explain he was being dismissed for …
Matthew Fleischer / FishbowlLA:
Suicides and Sabotage at the LA Times
Suicides and Sabotage at the LA Times
Future of Journalism and WebProNews


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"I mean the whole church rejoiced — that was when they had 11 survivors. When they came back in and they announced my son-in-law, I was still devastated. My heart — my whole family's heart — goes out to them."
Charles Green
"Be Content with what you have; rejoice in the way things are. When you realize there is nothing lacking, the whole world belongs to you."
Lao Tzu
"I want to be thoroughly used up when I die, for the harder I work, the more I live. I rejoice in life for its own sake. Life is no "brief candle" to me. It is a sort of splendid torch which I have got hold of for the moment, and I want to make it burn as brightly as possible before handing it on to future generations."
George Bernard Shaw
"For I said, Hear me, lest otherwise they should rejoice over me: when my foot slippeth, they magnify themselves against me."
"Let them curse, but bless thou: when they arise, let them be ashamed; but let thy servant rejoice."
"But be ye glad and rejoice for ever in that which I create: for, behold, I create Jerusalem a rejoicing, and her people a joy."
"We need it for our psyche. It's like group therapy. We've likened this to a jazz funeral, we mourn on the way there, and rejoice on the way back. We've got to start rejoicing!"
Arthur Hardy


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14th February 2009, 06:29 AM | #1 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Feb 2004
Location: Chinook Country.Alberta
NuForce Icon and Icon Mobile...
just thought I'd drop a note on my initial impressions of the Icon. It only has 10 hours on it (Jason @NuForce suggests 70+).
Quite impressive, sounds more muscular than 12 watts. The treble is crystaline pure. Pace : makes ya wanna tap yer feet or dance Rhythm: seems like it keeps things moving along. Rhythm seems to me to be the toughest to "explain" so I won't Attack: startling at times, super quick. cymbals are energetic (in a good way) Timing: tonally "correct" and the obvious interplay between musicians is very apparent (particularly on live recordings) Having never listened to the original Naim Nait or Nait 2 , I can't compare, but if the Icon is as good as I think it is, it should hold its own against either. Ok so I know this is diyAudio.com. Here's a connection: will compare to a 41Hz Amp6Basic once broken in. Obviously no DAC or headphone amp in the Amp6, but a respectable T-amp none-the- less. er another "connection": the Icon uses network type connections for speaker cable connectors to the amp (they supply dedicated 1m lengths of wire). I built a box using 2 network cable "pigtails" that I connected to 2 pairs of 5 way binding posts. Now I can try any cable I choose... I'll have to work on getting the Icon Mobile burnt in. A meaningful comparison then might be to use the Mobile and the Amp6 vs the Icon.... |
14th February 2009, 09:35 PM | #2 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Apr 2008
I am very inquisitive ...
Hi, interesting threadstart.
I am very inquisitive ... the best sound I ever heard over PC was through the DAC of the Icon and Headphone with Koss Porta Pro. Damn ...! What a wonderful sound - warm and strong like phono but with much details. I wouldnt wonder if these kind of class-d could beat a naim ... who the hell is naim ?? |
15th February 2009, 02:01 AM | #3 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Sep 2006
I believe I read that it is a modified TI chip. The internals are not very easy to mod as they are mostly SMD or glued down through-hole electrolytic capacitors. I'll save my sonic impressions vs a few Tripath solutions until after you have completed your own tests
15th February 2009, 05:00 AM | #4 |
diyAudio Member
Join Date: Feb 2004
Location: Chinook Country.Alberta
some thoughts...
well I write reviews for Affordable$$Audio (so I have to consider comparisons).
I can say that the little Icon sounds great. I still haven't fired up the Amp6Basic to see how they compare. There are some real bonuses with the little Icon, though.
I still need to fire up the Icon Mobile and allow it to start to burn in...I guess I'll run online radio through the iMac and give it a few days.. stew |
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Is there more to bin patching with lion then snow leopard? I could bin patch the AppleHDA.kext in SL no problem nut Lion is a no go. The only kext that works is 10.6.2. Any ideas?
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Recent News
Curious commission
R4 to make QI spin-off
The show will share QI's love of obscure knowledge and researchers from the TV show will even be on hand to help the guests who will include comics and experts.
Recording on the six-part series starts next month.
A BBC spokesman said: 'The object of the show is for guests to help Bill and John to fill their museum with fascinating exhibits.
'Each show will add new three exhibits to the Museum, along with a mass of background info and pub-ammo facts delivered by our own QI researchers.'
Lloyd, whose credits as producer include Not the Nine O'Clock News, Spitting Image and Blackadder, recorded a pilot edition back in April with Bailey on the panel, which was provisionally titled The Professor of Curiosities.
Lloyd was chairman of the pilot episode of QI, before giving the permanent job to Stephen Fry.
Free audience tickets to The Museum of Curiosity, which begins recording next month, are available here.
Posted: 11 Dec 2007


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Welcome to Journeys of Mangonett!
My name is Christine and this is my daily blog where I obsess and post about beautiful things that inspire me. If you love wood floors, moody spaces, and clothes that you just can't live without, then grab a chair and hang out with me for a little while.
Contact me here: journeysofmangonett {at}gmail {dot}com
Thank you for visiting!


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Thread Tools |
I'll copy and paste her birth story from my blog - you can a slide show there as well if you'd like.
Newly married and sitting in a college psych class, I doodled two names. Noah Christopher and Audrey Eileen. On December 3rd, 2008, I gave birth to my son, Noah Christopher. A long, difficult labor filled with fear and apprehension- a posterior baby, lack of labor support and a hospital environment (cold nurses, midwives changing shifts, a resident placing the epidural...) all made for a less than ideal time. I felt scared and uneasy for the duration of the stay. My son however, opened up my heart in a way that I could have never imagined. Eighteen months later, I found out I was pregnant with baby number two. As I held those two pink lines in my palm, I knew she was a little girl and I decided to have her at home. This is her story.
Audrey had been fooling us for weeks with many braxton hicks contractions and a lot of cramps... she rested low in my pelvis. Sore and tired, I prayed she would come out SOON.
Sunday, I had been feeling low cramps and braxton hicks which was nothing unusual. The cramps had changed however, and were now in my back, leading to a somewhat temporary panic about the position of the baby. I spent a lot of time leaning forward and on hands and knees to keep her anterior and not posterior.
Bryan and I (sort of) watched the Superbowl with my parents while we ate and laughed. Bryan kept looking over- expecting my water to break at any minute... surely, I'd go on Superbowl Sunday.
I said goodnight and carried my swollen belly up the stairs. I felt different but kept it to myself- partly to keep myself from getting excited but also to kind of relish the knowing without anyone else knowing.
Feeling sore and exhausted, I went to bed while attempting to convince myself that she would be a Valentine baby. Waking up to one more morning with no changes seemed unbearable.
4 am Monday morning rolled around. A strong contraction surged through my hips and back. Yes, this was definitely different. I had to r breathe through it. 10 minutes later, another. 7 minutes later, another. Nervously, I would sway into them in the bathroom, in the dark, my heart skipping beats because I knew. This was it. The surges continued this way- 7 minutes apart until 7:30 am...I went from the birthing ball to the bed to the bathroom...
I had woken up Bryan early- shoving my foot into his side...reaching around Noah... he sat up and looked incredulous. You're in labor? For real? I couldn't keep myself from grinning.
The strength of each contraction had me convinced I'd progress quickly. He cleaned the kitchen and living room and set up the birthing pool. Our excitement hung in the air in between contractions. Called the midwives to give them a heads up and said we'd call back when they gained in strength and rhythm.
Noah woke up- his blonde hair everywhere, sleepy kisses and cuddles, he had no idea his world was about to change. We went about our morning as usual- making scrambled eggs and watching cartoons ... my contractions slowed to 10-15 minutes apart. Intense but not regular. They stayed this way till well past noon. I worried it was maybe another false alarm, however, they were so intense that I knew that SOMETHING must have been happening. Noah went down for his nap and my contractions picked up again... sometimes 5 minutes apart...usually 7-9 minutes. I lost my plug...like...really, obviously, lost it. As soon as I walked out of the bathroom- there was a significant marked intensity with each surge. The daylight streaming through the curtains, I leaned into them.
Around 3:00 after Noah had woken up and eaten lunch, I decided I needed him to leave to actually get my labor to progress. I'm pretty sure his presence was slowing it down as if my body knew I couldn't take care of a toddler and give birth at the same time. My need for focus and peace intensified as the hours went by. Bryan brought him over to my mom's and sure enough my contractions ranged from 4 minutes to 8 minutes apart....still not regular but definitely closer together and strong. The afternoon is a blur in my memory as I had entered "labor land" and was not aware of the passage of time.
Rebecca (my good friend since childhood) met Noah over at my mom's and took over with him. This helped ease my mind because I knew he had two awesome people to play with. She also transitioned him back home so that Bryan didn't have to leave me. I had become tearful and sad and wanted Noah to be home. The realization that I was losing his babyhood hit me and I was flooded with thoughts of him. All I wanted to do was hold him. The sun was setting on the snow.
Things were happening faster than I realized. We were about to call the midwives to ask them to come but again my contractions spaced out when Becky and Noah came back. At about 7, we did call because the sheer intensity of each contraction was enough to make me want the midwives there.
Still not convinced I was very dilated, I told them not to rush.
Originally, I had asked Becky to stay the night so that Noah would have someone if he happened to wake up during the birth but I had an intense need to be alone. My contractions were strong enough that I felt I needed space to truly concentrate through them. When Becky left at 8, my contractions immediately picked up and thankfully, Annie (the midwives apprentice) was here shortly after.
She took my vitals and the baby's heart rate and supported me through a couple of contractions. They slowed a little and I worried that my labor would slow down if they were here. I began to feel nauseated and anxious. I thought I was in transition but I didn't want to say it just in case it was going to be another 12 hours of contractions.
I remember the feeling in the apartment...Annie and Bryan there beside me .... everything glowing from the lights and through the blue curtains I had hung to create more privacy by the birth pool. The music played and it was peaceful. My anxiety that my labor would slow down caused me to overstep my inner voice and I asked Annie if she would go home. She didn't mind returning home (since she could be back in 15 minutes) and left to do so.
About ten minutes after she left, my body began to shake uncontrollably. My contractions went from 7 minutes apart to 3 to 1 minute apart. Bryan called them as soon as he could free a hand from mine. Annie and Chenoa hadn't even had time to have a cup of tea before they left again for our home. They got here about 15 minutes later and immediately began filling the pool. I was probably at 8 or 9 cm at this point. I did not want to be checked for fear they would tell me I was at 4 or 5 cm....they didn't ask to check me. (They could tell where I was at by my contractions/body language/etc). Although my body was doing serious work, I was not scared, I focused more and prayed.
Clinging to Bryan, I breathed deeply and quickly into each contraction... Annie helped relax my shoulders and apply counter pressure as well as talk me through each one. There was always a point where the pain felt insurmountable but as soon as I relaxed the rest of my body, the contraction would start to subside. My hypnobirthing class came in handy during transistion. I kept remembering to let my breath guide the sensation down and out. I knew that each contraction could not be stronger than me, it WAS me. They were incredibly powerful but as long as I kept myself as relaxed as possible and let my body guide me through it, I could do it. They felt as if they might take over my body but if I focused on the sensation of it, it eventually went away. Vocalizing "ohhhh" through all of them helped my body do something with the energy without tensing up my muscles.
Bryan and Annie helped me into the pool as it was ready. The water made my body feel weightless and unreal. I had probably 10-15 minutes of space...I just floated. A little voice in my head said that sometimes this happens before you start pushing. Immediately, my brain overrode it and refused to believe that I could be fully dilated already.
I had two HUGE contractions... my body felt foreign. I floated there in between them just looking down at my legs thinking... wow. My water broke. Another huge contraction hit me and as I vocalized, I began to grunt...I felt her crowning. Immediately my brain panicked. I told them I wasn't ready to push. Chenoa (my midwife) and Annie both kept smiling at me and held my hands and told me, "your body is ready Sarah...you don't need to be ready, your body is already doing it".
Bryan was there by me encouraging me through each contraction. I could feel his excitement and the midwives excitement but my brain just kept fighting the pushing....I didn't feel emotionally ready. Losing my calm, I cried out to God and my mom. My other midwife, Katina and the other apprentice, Juliana showed up and sat by the pool. Katina (or someone) kept checking baby's heartbeat with the doppler. Her heartbeat reassured me.
God, give me strength.
Chenoa looked into my eyes again, and somehow I connected with the fact that she had done this before twice and I could do it too. I gained some sort of power and strength from the presence of these women just totally trusting that my body could this, that I found I was able to just release and let my body do what it was trying to do.
Another couple of contractions, I felt her crown at each one and then go back inside. I reached down and felt her head, soft and wrinkly. The next one, she crowned and kept crowning. Annie supported me so I wouldn't tear and the infamous "ring of fire" was felt...(not as bad as everyone makes it sound)..and then she just kept coming. Her head was born. I immediately lifted my bottom kind of out of shock that she was actually out and my midwives kept my hips down in the water (baby takes a breath when she hits the air, they didn't want her doing that until she was completely OUT).
Slightly hyperventilating at this point out of shock and intensity of situation, I asked if the rest of her was going to come out... (of course!) . Chenoa reminded me , "breathe, Sarah, you need to bring your oxygen to your baby!"
My next contraction birthed her body into Annie's hands and I found myself with a yelling little girl on my chest....she pinked up quickly and I just felt amazed....12:04 am
After she was born, I simply felt ...normal and elated. I felt normal and amazing. I felt great! I just birthed my baby without fear or interventions. My body did it! It was an incredible feeling.
We waited in the pool for the placenta to be born and although those contractions were painful, it was pretty easy to ignore while holding a beautiful baby girl. We did not cut the cord until well after the placenta had been born and the cord had stopped pulsating. Noah woke up from Audrey's cries and Bryan went to get him. He came downstairs and was hesitant at first but then wanted to kiss his little sister right away. The midwives took care of me and the clean up (although there wasn't much) and fed me while I nursed. Audrey nursed as soon as we got out of the pool and stayed latched for a long time. I called my mom and dad and sister and they came over to meet little Audrey for a couple of minutes. (I knew they would be up worrying anyway) .. We wondered how long it had been since this house had seen a baby born inside its walls. Bryan brought a very sleepy Noah to his bed after the midwives left around 4 am. Annie stayed an extra hour to help Bryan and I into bed and to make sure we were comfortable- and allowed us to gush more about the birth.
I woke up a couple hours later, reveling in the peaceful morning light and gazing at my new, sweet, beautiful baby. 7 pounds, 10 ounces and 21 inches. An ounce more and an inch short of her big brother's birth stats and MUCH smaller feet. :-)
God is so good.
My whole labor and birth was manageable and I felt able to truly breathe into each contraction to get through it. Compared to Noah's birth, it was a completely different experience. I think the combined fact that Audrey was faced the right way and that I was at home made this experience MUCH more manageable. I won't say "easier" because it's not really quantifiable that way. But manageable. Both of my births were beautiful but the difference with Audrey's was that I did not feel fear (until the very end) and allowed my body to do its work.
My decision to have Audrey at home was made after months of research and nights full of prayer. I knew this was the right decision for us and am incredibly happy I did not let popular opinion sway me from it. Had there been any problems, we would have gone to the hospital in an instant and would never have questioned our midwives expertise. Because of our close relationship with them, we were able to truly trust their ability and decision making for our pregnancy and birth. Because they watched over me (literally) during the birth, they felt a bit like guardian angels for me and my daughter.
I felt on top of the world after her birth and I feel so BLESSED that she is healthy and perfect in every way. I am so thankful for my midwives and for Bryan. Bryan supported me through each contraction and I truly felt 100% supported and loved the entire time. Ultimately, I give all the praise to God who sustained me and delivered into my hands a beautiful, perfect baby a second time.
Doula, Childbirth Educator, Happily married to DH and SAHM
DS (12/08) and DD (02/11)
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Alicia, wife to an loving and faithful DH, and mama to three fantastic though nutty children (cs, then a fast HBAC, then a fast VBAC!!). Planning a third VBAC, again at home, in February 2016.
What a wonderful story! And I love that last picture of you - you look so blissed out! Thanks for sharing!
Beautiful. Thank you for sharing. :)
Nicole Busy with my two boys. The 'big boy' too. Oh, and a sweet baby girl, born at home in October.
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Wednesday, December 22, 2010
Perhaps because pregnant women are supposed to be warm all the time, but let me tell you, this one ain't. Obviously everything is going as it should in terms of the important aspects of gestation, but I do find it funny how many of the "typical" symptoms have not visited me. I am cold all the time. My skin has never been drier -- shea butter on the face every morning or the skin just peels away. And that business about your hair not falling out and then all coming loose after birth? I have very thick hair to begin with, but if it finds a way to fall out more than it is already, I will certainly be bald by the time The Bean sees me. (And yes, I will trade all that happily for the mildness of my morning sickness.)
I will also take it in happy trade for the nurse's call yesterday saying my glucose test results were normal, which saves me a fight with the doctors, since I had made my mind up firmly to refuse the three-hour test. It was just over 24 hours before I was recovered from the one-hour, by the way, with an additional 24 to get rid of the migraine it brought on. And meanwhile, I've been poking around the journal literature and have become increasingly convinced that nearly all of the GD paranoia is based on g-d horse shit. I won't bore you to death, but just for starters: in a study of outcomes for gestational diabetes patients and babies, wouldn't you suppose it a good idea to exclude women who had poorly-controlled diabetes BEFORE pregnancy? Of course not: that would exclude almost all of the scary outcomes, and then how will you get published?
Sugar is champing at the bit to do laundry, so I'd better get out of these very soft but somewhat whiffy pajamas. (Yes, Melody, they are pajamas. Garnet Hill German cotton flannel. Get yourself some; I promise you will not be sorry. This is my fifth set.) I will leave you with a picture of my rapidly expanding mid-section, circa 28 weeks, and a promise that I will be back to report on anything exciting that happens on Christmas day at Sugar's paternal grandmother's house, where we're not at all sure anyone has been told about the pregnancy. Last time I was there, one of Sugar's cousins refused to do anything but gape at me while I was talking to her (about such controversial topics as "your daughter is very cute"). This should be even more fun without alcohol.
P.S. Yes, I'm beyond pissed about the legal goings on of my home state. Guess it's off the list of "states I will allow us to live in prior to being absolutely certain we're done having/adopting children." Nice feeling to have about a place my family has lived for 250 years.
11 comments:
Yay for belly pic and mild symptoms!
Boo for NC! And this in a state with a VERY liberal area (Durham) with a HUGE gay population. Freakin scared conservative morons who don't understand the meaning of the word EQUAL.
Ahem. Sorry, rant over. Good luck with your holiday travelling and potential drama. Happy Holidays!Your belly is adorable. And you're right, the snow this year isn't very pretty for some reason.
As for NC, that's awful. I wonder how the women who relied the defense that her ex "was not a parent because the adoption decree should not have been granted" feels about what she has done. Is she ashamed as she should be about the consequences of her personal vendetta?word, pom. i think we need to make it clear as a community that none of us -- including allies -- will ever sleep with someone who does something like this. you screw up everyone's rights because you can't grow the fuck up, no nookie for you. ever again.
kakunna, i beg your pardon. durham may make the news, but the liberal town is the one i'm from, chapel hill. ;) (and the triangle isn't the only liberal area of the state, though it may be the most liberal.)The belly is adorable, even if it is failing to keep you toasty-warm. (Why on earth should it keep you toasty-warm in snowy weather? if you were holding full-term baby in your arms in the snow, you'd both be cold and want proper coats, yes?).
As for the Legal Goings On, oh, how ANGRY it must make you to realise one of your own community has shat on the lot of you. I am boilingly angry on your behalf, from all the way over here in another country. (Vested interest note: Some of my family are gay, and have adopted together, or jointly raised one of the couple's bio-children together. One cousin lost all parental rights in her daughter when she split up with her ex-girlfriend (this was before civil partnerships became legal in Britain), and any relationship she has been able to have with the child she raised from a baby has been down to whether her ex is feeling good-natured or not. It SUCKS. Changing things back to this for everyone, because of a personal issue, SUCKS.
*waves hands irritably about, stomps off to fold laundry temperamentally. It's stupid H and I would never have these legal issues just because we have non-matching genitals. It's only luck of the draw that I fell in love with H instead of, ooh, I can think of a girl I knew once...*


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©1999-2015 |
Haeger Potteries Related Pages: Haeger: The Early and the Extraordinary - Haeger was the feature pottery at a special one day exhibit sponsored by the association in conjunction with our annual show & sale. Pictures from the exhibit are available here. Related Links:
The Haeger factory's website, featuring their current catalog for their floral
& art
ware, and history.
A discussion group about Haeger Pottery: Values: |


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Where you can study
Our scholars study at one of New Zealand's 10 universities or institutes of technology, at a Pacific university, at an English language training provider in South East Asia, or through a training programme in New Zealand.
It's important to find a tertiary institution that will meet your personal as well as academic needs. Each institution specialises in different subjects.
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The New Zealand campuses are spread throughout the country - in both the larger main centres and smaller cities. Wherever you go, you'll have all the amenities you'd expect in a modern urban environment.
At some institutions, most students live on campus, and at others, most students live independently off-site. Visit the websites of institutions you are interested in, or ask them to send you information about student life at their institution and in their city to help you decide.
To find out more about New Zealand institutions, read the Directory for International Students (external link). It gives helpful information on each institution, including areas of speciality, academic programmes, location, accommodation options, and clubs and sports available on campus.
You can also find out about subject areas and level of study using the Study in New Zealand website (external link).
New Zealand ASEAN Scholar Awards, New Zealand Pacific Scholarships, and New Zealand Development Scholarships are available for study at the following New Zealand institutions:
New Zealand Commonwealth Scholarships are available for study at any of the eight New Zealand universities listed above.
Short term training scholarships and internships for study at diploma and certificate level are available at these New Zealand institutions:
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Or contact Skills New Zealand (external link) to ask about a tailored programme for short term training and internships.
Find a course
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If you're from the Pacific you may be able to apply for a New Zealand Pacific Regional Scholarship where you can study at one of the following institutions:
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English language training institutions
If you're from Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar or Indonesia, you may be eligible to undertake English language training in your home country prior to taking up your study in New Zealand. Further information will be provided to successful scholarship candidates.
English language training is available at these institutions:
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Lewis, C.A.;
Sterol regulatory element binding proteins: their role in the hypoxic response of cancer cells and their regulation by the Akt/mTORC1 pathway.
Doctoral thesis, UCL (University College London).
1344058.pdf Download (30MB) |
Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) are transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes involved in fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis. It has been established that SREBPs are regulated downstream of the PI3-Kinase/Akt/ mTORC1 signalling axis, a pathway that is frequently hyper-activated in cancer. SREBP target genes are upregulated in some forms of human cancer and a role for lipid metabolism in tumourigenesis has been suggested. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a cancer type that is associated with hyperactivation of the PI3-kinase/Akt signalling pathway and frequently displays poorly oxygenated (hypoxic) regions. SREBP1 has been implicated in the tumourigenic potential of this cancer type. However, the exact role of SREBPs in tumourigenesis is not known. In oder to investigate the SREBP-transcriptional response in cancer cells, a gene expression microarry analysis was carried out. It was found that SREBPs regulate genes involved in a variety of cellular processes including lipid metabolism, cell cycle regulation, redox regulation and cellular stress response. In addition, the role of SREBPs in lipid metabolism in hypoxia was investigated. It was found that hypoxia leads to distinct changes in the expression of different SREBP isoforms and their target genes and is associated with a decrease in pyruvate-dependent lipid synthesis and increased lipid storage. SREBPs are regulated downstream of the Akt/mTORC1 pathway, although the exact mechanism of this regulation remains to be elucidated. Possible mechanisms by which Akt and mTORC1 regulate SREBPs were investigated. It was found that inhibition of mTORC1 differentially affects the expression of individual SREBP isoforms. The results described in this thesis also show that mTORC1 modulates the transcriptional activity of mature SREBP and may regulate its stability in a GSK3-independent manner.
Type: | Thesis (Doctoral) |
Title: | Sterol regulatory element binding proteins: their role in the hypoxic response of cancer cells and their regulation by the Akt/mTORC1 pathway |
Open access status: | An open access version is available from UCL Discovery |
Language: | English |
UCL classification: | UCL > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Life Sciences |
URI: | http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1344058 |
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After Wales doing so well its football fever at home and in
the boy's school, yes we might now have been knocked out but we are still
extremely proud of how the team performed and what they achieved. It's actually encouraged a new love of football for my boys;
a passion for the sport they did not have before! Years ago they both tried football training but never really got
into it. But things seem to be
changing. They have started playing FIFA on the XBOX and kicking a
football around at school more.
I like
it as lots of their friends follow football and its nice seeing them developing
an interest too, although I am not quite so accepting of all the 50p's they are
spending on stickers for their Euro 2016 book!
It's spiralling out of control… I dread to think what the combined total
spent would be, according to the Maths genius in this article he reckons £374! Having two to fill, we could have booked a nice holiday instead.
On the back of their new-found interest I would love to
fundraise to organise one of the school
football club tours with Absolute Travel. Another parent raised a
considerable amount and booked a session in the fun centre for their child's
class but I think a football themed trip would be ideal after the excitement of
Wales in Euro 2016. The boys were a
little down about the result so a trip would be very welcome right now to lift their spirits.
Tours mean they get to see behind the scenes of the
places where the action happens. They
can learn more about the facilities and even take part in training. Last time I did some fundraising for the
school I gave it to the committee to decide how it was spent, my two
fundraisers made a grand total of £1,000 – that went on things like curtains –
which might be necessary but is also quite dull! So if I did fundraise again I would pick out and book a tour
myself. I want my boys to get more out
of life and experiences like that will create memories to last a lifetime,
curtains on the other hand will be quickly forgotten I am sure!


text:
Help Categorize This Video
Помогите YouPorn показывать видео в соответствии с категориями, путем классификации других видео.!
Воспроизвести следующее видеоThanks for helping us sort this video!
Thanks for helping us associate the correct Pornstars to this video!
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its nice to see people who r real
Dude, take off the condom, it's a mans duty to cum in his wife. Thats part of being a husband, and a man. You should never use a condom with your wife.
que rico culo para cojerselo
now i know what it looks like when two beached whales do it.
me guta como sela cogen y muy buena nalga pero me gustaria mirarla cogiendo con 2 personas
If that was my wife no rubber cum in her then 69er she is so hot
at last a real fuck ahd a tight ashole would love to fuck her
porque no se pueden ver la segunda y tercera parte?. si ya tengo la primera....?????
Man my hat goes off to you guys that can watch your wife get banged like that....if my wife is getting fucked like that id better not find out about it......fuckin great vid tho the woman is hot as hell..
wow this caused my penis to totally shrink
it is the cameraman's wife
Sexy footage, looks natural, me and the wife would have no complaints whatsoever about spending an hour or 2 with them!.
who uses a condom on there wife....lol
he banged the shit out her in every hole and position, but in the end she just lyes next to him and he jerks off and jizz on his self....beats me
Me la scoperei davanti e di dietro, di sopra e di sotto.......che gran troia!
and why would somebody use a condom to screw his wife anal?
looks like a good fuck, nice tits and smooth pussy... but why the hell did he end up making himself cum all over himself ???
Damn I wish it was my wife. You are a lucky man
i love you miami
mmm she has some nice tits. I need a good fuck like that
d verdad q eso es lo mas rico escuchar a una boricua hablar asi mientras estan teniendo sexo. d verdad q las boricuas son algo especial
@dude but its very natural and they are attractive! It`s natural sex and not that plastic silicon titty no emotion sex! I really like that video because its natural and pure!
porn from the two least attractive people ever
que pichita tan hermosa haha
I love her body style!
no mms weeeeee se la metiste cabron weee
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text:
cn anyone tell me which is the best antivirus and firewall for windows 2003 server
Hi Adialmighty, Err.. I guess there really isn't one single best allround solution out there. But if you were to stay in the Microsoft enviroment, it would be something like: Internet Security and Acceleration Server (ISA) found at: http://www.microsoft.com/isaserver/default.mspx As for the antivirus solution, it's mostly up to your religion. However, there are a few major distributions that might all cover your needs: Symantec.com Mcaffee.com norman.com They all have smallbusiness -> large enterprise full auto deployment and management tools. /Fnorr
how about you only open 1 thread with the same question? http://www.antionline.com/showthread...hreadid=269896
Everyone is going to die, I am just as good of a reason as any. http://think-smarter.blogspot.com
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text:
If the controversy over how to best use its facilities wasn't enough of a headache for Jackson County School System leaders, now they face a potential financial crisis. The Jackson County Board of Education adopted an amended budget last week for the current fiscal year that projects a large drop in revenues and an increase in expenses.
If the new numbers hold, it would mean that the system will have to draw down $3.9 million out of its $6.2 million in reserves by June 30. That means the system would start its next fiscal year on July 1 with very little in reserves. The BOE would then have to decide about further spending cuts or tax hikes to stave off a financial collapse in FY 2014.
It isn't the first time the system has faced a financial crisis in recent years. In FY2009, the system ended up with nearly $1 million deficit. After slashing expenses, it rebuilt its reserves in 2010 and 2011. But the continuing decline in the county's property tax digest is now affecting that. When the BOE adopted its budget last June, it cut spending by three percent, but also anticipated that the tax digest would remain about the same or even go up slightly due to re-assessments of commercial property.
Instead, officials now believe local property tax revenues will drop by $2.3 million, from $30 million originally projected down to $27.2 million. Officials had originally set the overall general fund revenue budget at $84.1 million for the year, but now believe it will be only $81.7. At the same time, expense projections have also gone up by $1.6 million to $85.6 million. About $900,000 of the increase is in instruction cost. Officials had projected last June that instruction costs would fall by that amount due to furlough days.
Early in the year, the system adopted a plan to not replace departing staff except for teaching positions. That has saved the system over $1 million so far this year, officials said.
Superintendent John Green said Monday night in relation to the facilities proposals (see other story) that the system "has to pay attention to our fiscal needs." He said that so far the system has not had across the board cuts or raised classroom sizes as many other systems are doing. Some school systems have also shortened their school year to save money.
JCSS facing major fiscal issues
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Please no more tax hikes. We are in the midst of a depression. Fuel will spike to $4.00 per gallong soon.
Do not shift your fiscal burden to the us we have to have money to run our affairs as well.
Do not shift your fiscal burden to the us we have to have money to run our affairs as well.
I agree no more tax hike to pay for school coverage, if you do not have enough money, then close some of the schools and combine them like they used to be!!! The people are paying way to much in taxes to make up for the lack of funds counties dont have now because some people who is over the county seats do not know how to budget money period!! A person cant even hardly pay for the food, gas, and other things due to the way prices have increased!!! There used to be an old saying if yo dont have enough money for it ya dont need it, I think that still applies today!!! I mean this county has roads and other buildings that is in need of care and needs maintained....