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To call mmhmm one of the more highly anticipated CDs of the year would be a huge understatement. Don't believe me? In select cities, copies Relient K's latest went on sale at midnight. That's how big it has become. Tracks from mmhmm have been floating around the internet (Mostly through PureVolume) for months in anticipation for the release. And for Relient K fans, the time has come.
But to fully understand Relient K's stock on Christian audiences abroad, you have to know where they've been. In 2000, Gotee signs the aspiring, punk-influenced rock band Relient K to their roster. Their self-titled debut is a little above average, and lots of growth is needed, but they found a hit in the form of a little song about Marilyn Manson. As they toured with the likes of the Supertones and Five Iron Frenzy, their fan base grew. In late 2001, they released The Anatomy of the Tongue in Cheek. A definite improvement over their debut, …Anatomy showed that these guys might just have staying power. More successful touring and an ever-increasing fan base gave everyone in the industry reason to pause. Who exactly were there guys?
But it really wasn't until early 2003 that everyone believed. Their third album, Two Lefts Don't Make a Right… But Three Do, was one of the better releases that year (arguably the best, according to some). They continued to mature on Two Lefts… and RK-vocalist Matt Thiessen started gaining serious praise for his clever lyrics that thrived on word play. It was, without a doubt, their career achievement.
And that brings us back to 2004, or more specifically, now. Fans of the foursome (Now a threesome, though bassist Brian Pittman did finish this album) have waited over a year and a half for. Is the payoff worth the wait?
mmhmm is different from anything the guys have done before. But that can be said of their previous two entries as well. While Two Lefts… took Relient K away from their punk-influence and started heading them in a more rock-savvy direction, mmhmm seems to be making an attempt to take the band back to a more punk-influenced sound. But this is by far their most aggressive work to date. Though things do slow down at times, this is an urgent, fast-paced release.
mmhmm begins with "The One I'm Waiting For." The verses move the song along quickly, but the chorus slows the song down and into a more melodic light. Matt Thiessen's voice has become more developed, and he takes more chances that pay off. Thiessen's songwriting abilities have matured as well. The song, whose chorus simply states "I'm still waiting for/ You to be the one I'm waiting for," is an outcry from a waiting Thiessen for a special girl to "…Stop putting so much stock in all of this stuff/ …Live your life for those that you love."
Even if somehow you don't appreciate Thiessen's songwriting style, you will relate to these songs. Perhaps that in itself is not that compelling, but the way Thiessen conveys the messages is enough to send a shiver up your spine. You sometimes have to wonder if this guy watched your life for song material. Two Lefts… showed his promise for this gift, but mmhmm fully utilizes it. A poignant, painful break-up is discussed "Which to Bury; Us or the Hatchet?," a track in which Thiessen screams (yes, screams) "No, I don't hate you/ Don't want to fight you/ Know I'll always love you/ But right now I just don't like you." And on "I So Hate Consequences," he states, "And after all of my alibis desert me/ I just want to get by/ I don't want nothing to hurt me/ I had no idea where my head was at/ But if my heart says I'm sorry can we leave it at that?"
But Relient K's signature wit isn't lost in the least bit. "My Girl's Ex-Boyfriend" credits him for the happiness that the band and a significant other share. "High of 75" uses a priceless weather analogy to explain the ups and downs we experience in life, "And lately the weather has been so bi-polar and consequently so have I/ …But now I'm/ Sunny with a high of 75/ Since You took my heavy heart and made it light/ And it's funny how you find you enjoy your life/ When you're happy to be alive."
The only thing mmhmm really lacks is that one stand out track to become the theme for teenagers across the country (a la "Sadie Hawkins' Dance" and "Mood Rings"), but any of the tracks on here could readily be radio hits. RK loyalists might also be a tad disappointed that for the first time, there is no hidden track (Where are our Skittles and Combos? Where is Emcee Defenseless? Where is the accordion player?), unless you count a twenty second "mmhmm" intro to the CD a "hidden track." And there is no sign of a "That was terrible!" But that is all nit-picking at what is a fantastic release.
But if you were to be pessimistic, the fact that there doesn't seem to be that much growth from Two Lefts… to mmhmm would present itself. There is growth, but it's in much more subtle ways than on past releases. This can most likely be attributed to the fact that Relient K had almost perfected their art with Two Lefts…, and mmhmm simply builds on what was already a very good thing, while tactfully experimenting with different sounds. Most noticeable are softer piano driven outros at the end of various tracks.
Unlike Two Lefts…, which was unquestionably their best achievement, it's hard to really decide whether mmhmm is Relient K's finest work to date. I suppose only time will tell. But as for now, it serves as one of the best releases of the year. Relient K fans will be left wanting more, but grateful for what they have been given, an mmhmm good next chapter in Relient K's stellar career.


text: Great Balls Of Lightning! Tesla Motors To Electrify Michigan On Tuesday?Ray Wert1/14/07 6:20pmFiled to: NewsEconomyElectric CarIndustry NewsJennifer GranholmTesla10EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink This image was lost some time after publication, but you can still view it here. It seems Michigan's Governor Granholm (In the interest of full disclosure, I worked for the "G" for three years prior to writing about my obsession with the cult of cars — so ignore any instances of breathless adoration of Michigan's CEO.) is seriously working the phones and the flesh-pressing in an attempt to woo investment dollars from Tesla Motors CEO Martin Eberhard. As part of the Gov's wooing, she's tasked the Michigan Economic Development Corporation (NAMBLA) (Also, in the interest of full disclosure, i worked for the MEDC after working for the "G" but before writing about my obsession with the cult of cars — so ignore any instances of breathless adoration of Jeff Daniels.) to put together a package to incent the 'lectric car company to open up a $100 million and 300 hundred employee manufacturing facility in Michigan. That's in addition to the current plan to house a 50-60 employee engineering center in Rochester Hills, MI (a plan which will become fait accompli when the MEDC's tax-break board gives the OK on a package... Advertisement ...for that facility on Tuesday). Hmm, methinks it's a good start at workforce diversification — but Michigan's going to have to do a helluva lot more to reverse the thousands of jobs already lost at the Big 2.5. Still, at least it may mean we can reign in our extreme jealousy over our West Coast editor being the only one able to get his hands on a quiet-as-deep-space supercar for a test drive. Granholm going after jobs [Freep]Related: Separated at Birth: Lotus Elise and Tesla EV Roadster; The Great Traffic-Law Controversy: Tesla Tagged With Ticket; First Hunnert Tesla Roadsters Sold; Mechanical Resonance: The Tesla Motors Press Intro, Complete With Governator [internal] Reply10 repliesLeave a reply

subset: commoncrawl


text:
From Wiktionary
- IPA: /əˈskraɪb/
Plain form |
Third-person singular |
Past tense |
Past participle |
Present participle |
- (transitive) To attribute a cause or characteristic to someone or something.
- We may ascribe the failure to the leader, but it is also explained by bad luck.
- (transitive) To attribute a book, painting or any work of art or literature to a specific writer or painter or creator.
- It is arguable as to whether we can truly ascribe this play to Shakespeare.


text:
X-Yachts are designed by sailors, for sailors. Every Xperformance yacht is created to perform superbly in all conditions and in all sail configurations. However, many of the very same factors which make the Xp models race winners, also ensure that they are enjoyable fast cruisers.
Xp 38 – Classic w/sliding nav station 3 cabins/1 head € 219.500
Xp 38 – Classic w/fixed nav station 3 cabins/1 head € 220.500
Xp 38 – Classic w/fixed nav station 2 cabins/1 head € 222.000


text: One hundred and seventy local orchestras and bands (left) compete from today until Dec 2 in four categories: symphonic band, string orchestra, Chinese orchestra and symphony orchestra. The symphonic band final is today, with French trombonist Jacques Mauger and the Hong Kong Youth Symphonic Band also performing, 8pm, Queen Elizabeth Stadium, 18 Oi Kwan Rd, Wan Chai, HK$20 Urbtix. Inquiries: 2582 5334


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GC100 and Investor Group
Guidance on directors' remuneration reporting
"In 2013, new UK regulations gave shareholders a binding vote on companies' remuneration policies, and introduced a range of new disclosures such as the 'single total figure' of directors' pay. The Directors' Remuneration Reporting Guidance published by the GC100 and Investor Group (Group) alongside the new regulations was designed to assist companies and their investors in the interpretation of the regulations. It is recognised that the binding vote, and the accompanying disclosures, have been successful in increasing the number of interactions and engagements between companies and their investors. Indeed, many investors have used the engagements on remuneration matters as an opportunity to raise wider governance and ESG matters.
The Group is mindful that the guidance needs to evolve with changing best practice, while also providing clarity and direction on areas of confusion or contention. The approaching end of the first three-year cycle of shareholder-approved remuneration policies provided an opportunity to conduct a thorough review of the document. Responses to a wide-reaching consultation process showed that, in large part, the guidance remained relevant and fit-for-purpose. However, the exercise did highlight areas requiring attention. Guidance surrounding the use of commercial sensitivity as a basis for not disclosing performance targets has been expanded. Greater clarity has been given on the matter of remuneration committees exercising discretion. In addition, it was recognised that the guidance on disclosure of maximum remuneration could be tightened in line with the regulatory intent.
While the Group is confident that these revised guidelines will continue to be a useful aid for both companies and investors, we intend to review the document on a regular basis to ensure it remains relevant and useful."
Geof Stapledon, Vice President Governance, BHP Billiton
Ian Burger, Head of Corporate Governance, Newton Investment Management Limited
Co-chairs, GC100 and Investor Group
Directors' Remuneration Reporting Guidance 2016
The document provides guidance on the Directors' Remuneration Reporting Regulations 2013.The aim of the guidance is to assist companies in seeking to satisfy the reporting requirements prescribed by the Regulations. The original version of the guidance was published on 12 September 2013 and republished with minor amendments on 14 October 2013. The Group was reconvened during 2016 for the purpose of conducting a review of the original version of the guidance and, following its review, an updated version of the guidance was published on 15 August 2016.
The original version of the guidance (as amended on 14 October 2013) which is now superseded is available on the History page of this website.
Steve Allen, BG Group (Company Secretary and Deputy General Counsel)
John Beadle, Rio Tinto London (Global Head of Performance & Reward, Organisational Resources)
Grant Dawson, Centrica (General Counsel and Company Secretary)
Tonia Lovell, Unilever (Group Secretary and General Counsel Corporate Governance)
Geof Stapledon, BHP Billiton (Vice President Governance)
Susan Swabey, Smith & Nephew (Company Secretary)
Victoria Whyte, GlaxoSmithKline (Company Secretary)
Corporate Governance Forum
Chris Anker, RPMI Railpen (Investment Manager – Sustainable Ownership)
Angeli Benham, Legal & General Investment Management (Corporate Governance Manager)
Ian Burger, Newton Investment Management Limited (Head of Corporate Governance)
Vineet Chhibber, J.P. Morgan Asset Management (Vice President, Corporate Governance)
Paul Emerton, Old Mutual Global Investors (Head of UK Stewardship & Governance)
Andrew Ninian, The Investment Association (Director, Corporate Governance and Engagement)
Rebecca Vine, Fidelity International (Associate Director, Corporate Governance)
Caroline Pearce, Secretary, GC100 and Investor Group
Practical Law provides legal and secretariat support to the GC100 and Investor Group.
To submit feedback on the guidance, please contact Caroline Pearce at Practical Law.
Additional guidance on directors' remuneration
BIS: Directors' remuneration reforms (voting) – Frequently asked questions, March 2013
Financial Reporting Lab: A single figure for remuneration, June 2012
Financial Reporting Lab: Reporting of pay and performance, March 2013
IA: Principles of Remuneration, July 2016
ISS: UK and Ireland Proxy Voting Guidelines: 2016 Benchmark Policy Recommendations
Hermes EOS: Discussion paper: Proposed reforms to UK Executive remuneration, May 2012
NAPF, Hermes EOS, BT Pension Scheme, RPMI Railpen and USS Investment Management: Remuneration principles for building and reinforcing long-term business success, November 2013
PIRC: UK Shareholder Voting Guidelines 2016 (available for purchase from the PIRC website)
PLSA: Corporate Governance Policy & Voting Guidelines 2015/2016
RREV (part of Institutional Shareholder Services Inc.): UK Remuneration Guidance, November 2012
Trade Union Share Owners: Voting and Engagement Guidelines, March 2013
GC100 and Investor Group News
15 August 2016: GC100 and Investor Group: revised directors' remuneration reporting guidance
10 December 2015: GC100 and Investor Group: 2015 Statement
16 December 2014: GC100 and Investor Group: 2014 Statement
12 November 2013: GC100 and Investor Group: revised directors' remuneration reporting guidance
12 September 2013: GC100 and Investor Group publishes Directors' Remuneration Reporting Guidance
The GC100 and Investor Group was originally convened in 2013 to develop guidance on directors' remuneration reporting and published the original version of the Group's Directors' Remuneration Reporting Guidance on 12 September 2013, a link to which is available on this page together with links to the Group's statements made on 18 December 2014 and 10 December 2015 relating to such guidance. The original version of the guidance published in 2013 has now been superseded by the updated version of the Group's Directors' Remuneration Reporting Guidance published in 2016 which is available on the home page. There is situated below a statement of the founding Co-chairs of the GC100 and Investor Group relating to the original version of the guidance published in 2013.
"The UK government has introduced a new framework that will give shareholders a binding vote on a company's directors' remuneration policy and require companies to communicate clearly how their policies are being implemented. In doing so, the government recognised that these proposals needed to be supplemented by best practice guidance to assist companies and their shareholders to implement them successfully. Representatives of the GC100 and the Corporate Governance Forum convened the GC100 and Investor Group to develop this guidance.
"We have endeavoured to establish guidance on remuneration reporting, which is seen by both investors and companies as "best practice". However, it is not intended to be exhaustive or definitive, nor should it prohibit or preclude innovation in reporting."
David Jackson, Company Secretary, BP plc
Guy Jubb, Head of Governance & Stewardship, Standard Life Investments Limited
Founding co-chairs, GC100 and Investor Group
The founding members of the GC100 and Investor Group can be viewed here.
Directors' Remuneration Reporting Guidance 2013 (superseded)
The original version of the guidance which was published on 12 September 2013 and republished with minor amendments on 14 October 2013 (above) has been superseded by the updated version of the guidance published in 2016 which is available on the home page.
Directors' Remuneration Reporting Regulations 2013
The Large and Medium-sized Companies and Groups (Accounts and Reports) (Amendment) Regulations 2013.
Caroline Pearce, Secretary, GC100 and Investor Group
Practical Law provides legal and secretariat support to the GC100 and Investor Group. To submit feedback on the guidance, please contact Caroline Pearce at Practical Law.


text: Capcom: Japan Has No Hope In Hell Unless...Brian Ashcraft5/17/10 9:00amFiled to: JapanCapcomOnly in JapanTgs09KeijiinafuneJunTakeuchiNewsMega-manLostPlanet2Xbox360PS3NintendoWiiDs363EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink When Osaka-based Capcom isn't making popular video games, it is doing something else entirely: ragging on the Japanese game industry. Last September at the Tokyo Game Show, Capcom exec and Mega-Man designer Keiji Inafune declared the country's game industry "finished". Now it's Lost Planet 2 producer Jun Takeuchi's turn. "If the Japanese games industry doesn't evolve and simply maintains its current status quo, I really don't think we have a hope in hell," he recently told publication Xbox 360 World. Advertisement Advertisement "Drastically innovative ideas are needed — and quickly — to equal or exceed the Western games industry."Everyone gets so down on the Japanese game industry, but forgets one very important point: Nintendo is a Japanese video game company, and it has tons of ideas (some very good, some very bad). Regardless, that company has been pretty successful!News: Japan doesn't have 'hope in hell' [CVG]Reply363 repliesLeave a reply


text:
- Parent Category: News
THE WALL THAT HEALS visits Watseka JUNE 9 - 14, 2015
Vietnam Veterans Memorial Replica Wall and Mobile Education Center spreads healing legacy of The Wall and educates about the impact of the Vietnam War.
The City of Watseka is hosting "The Wall That Heals" next month. And local organizers need volunteers to make the visit a welcome experience. Promotions Coordinator Wayne Lehmann tells 94.1 WGFA News volunteers can help with assisting visitors, manning the information tent and security.
The Watseka Area Chamber of Commerce has information. Volunteers can also contact Volunteer Outreach Coordinator Bob Burd at 815-432-5240.
WASHINGTON, D.C. – The Wall That Heals, a 250-foot replica of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, along with a mobile Education Center, is coming to Watseka on June 9 with a welcome ceremony at 5:00 p.m. at Brianna Drive and Elm Street. Construction of the Wall will occur on the 10th and will be open on the 11th through the 14th, closing at 2:00 p.m. It is free to the public. The Wall That Heals honors the more than three million Americans who served in the U.S. Armed forces during the Vietnam War and its walls bear the names of the more than 58,000 men and women who made the ultimate sacrifice in Vietnam.
The Vietnam Veterans Memorial is the most visited memorial in our Nation's Capital, with more than four million visitors each year. However, many Americans have not been able to visit what has become known to many as "The Wall." The Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund (VVMF), the organization that built The Wall, wants to give all veterans and their family members all across America an opportunity to see the Memorial.
"Taking The Wall That Heals on the road gives thousands more veterans and their family members an opportunity to see The Wall and honor those who have served and sacrificed so much," said Jim Knotts, CEO of VVMF. "It helps veterans from all of America's conflicts to find healing and a powerful connection through their common military experiences."
Since its debut in 1996, more than two million people have visited The Wall That Heals sites. It has made stops in nearly 400 U.S. communities in addition to an April 1999 tour of the Four Provinces of Ireland and a visit to Canada in 2005. Hosting The Wall That Heals provides a community with a multi-day experience that includes an educational experience for local schools and organizations on the history of the Vietnam era and The Wall. The exhibit includes a mobile Education Center comprised of: photos of service members whose names are found on The Wall; letters and memorabilia left at The Wall in D.C.; a map of Vietnam and a chronological overview of the conflict in Vietnam. The exhibits tell the story of the Vietnam War, The Wall and the era surrounding the conflict, and are designed to put American experiences in Vietnam in a historical and cultural context.
The Wall That Heals will be open 24 hours a day beginning June 11. There is no charge for admission. There are opportunities for volunteers from the community to help during the event.
If you are interested in assisting, call Bob Burd (815) 432-5240. For more information, contact Sherry Johnson at Watseka Park District (815) 432-3931 or visit us on Facebook.
VVMF coordinates local stops of The Wall That Heals and the accompanying mobile Education Center. The current schedule and more information can be found at: www.thewallthatheals.org.
The 2015 national The Wall That Heals tour is generously sponsored by: USAA, Disabled American Veterans (DAV) Charitable Trust, FedEx, and Geico. Local sponsors include the City of Watseka, T & D Metals, Miner Charitable Foundation, The First Trust & Savings Bank of Watseka, and Iroquois Federal Savings & Loan Association.


text:
I am trying to create a function like:
void my_printf(char *fmt, ...) which behaves like printf, except that it will also record all the argument passed in to a text file. Can anybody tell me how to do this?
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These are the Highest Quality Technical Drawing Tutors in Modjadjiskloof. Get Technical Drawing Lessons in your home with Teach Me 2 – the Best in Tutoring
We have 3000+ tutors country-wide, with only a fraction displayed online. Unfortunately we currently can't display any Technical Drawing Tutors in Modjadjiskloof.
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I have done drawing on my Tertiary Level and passed all my drawing with Distinctions. I used to help out some friends with drawings as well.
I passed the course I took at Stellenbosch University in technical drawing.
I understand everything the first time and helped all my friends during school.


text:
Well...kind of.
With my first race of the season in just a few days at Rev3 Quassy, I am SO EXCITED!! I have been putting in a lot of time and I am ready to just go!
that is until all of a sudden I literally started spinning.
On Friday I had a great early morning training session and later that day had several dizzy spells. I chalked it up to low blow sugar and didn't think anything else about it over the weekend since I felt great on Saturday and Sunday.
Then on Monday morning I opened my eyes around 5 a.m. and the room was spinning. I closed them and it was still spinning. I was able to fall back asleep somehow, and when I woke up I took it super easy that morning. Around noon I felt totally better and so, in maybe not my smartest move ever, I went out for a ride.
And I was on FIRE! I felt so great...for about an hour. Then, out of the blue, BAM, I got so dizzy I was afraid I would fall off my bike. I found a patch of shade and literally just laid down beside the road. Some very nice people in the house close by came to check on me and took care of me until Kel came to get me. There might have been some puking involved too, but I'm just trying not to think about it too much.
I laid on my spinning bed for the rest of the day and night, and still didn't feel totally like myself yesterday, so at the urging of my coach and my worried inner self, I took myself to the doctor's office to see what was going on. The PA, who happens to be a friend of mine and a fellow athlete, said I had the classic symptoms of positional vertigo, which is an inner ear disturbance. The good news is that I am feeling better each day, and he was very encouraging that I should be feeling 100% by Saturday so I can race my heart out (thanks, J!!).
As excited as I am to race, I sincerely hope the spinning stops!! :)
A blog about inspiring whole body health, triathlon training and coaching, and finding balance and harmony in life.
Wednesday, May 30, 2012
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Friday, April 24, 2009
Thursday, April 23, 2009
S.S.S Phitted's "Step Out Remix" Part 4 Let's Be "Professional People"
Ok Phitted showed up ( late as hell) to put his vers on the track and yea he did his thing but i was sooooooooooooo pissed that he was 2 1/2 hours late that i had too blog about it...
And after venting about that i turned around and i saw his homie Craig aka 1Man Party aka (Dancing Obama) and that sparked something else i had to get off my chest
This Studio Hasn't!..Come on Bro!
Wednesday, April 22, 2009
S.S.S Phitted's "Step Out Remix" Part 3 Posta Boy
Posta Boy, I mean Posta (drop the boy) came to work with me on a few records so i decide to put him on the Step Out Remix too.. Yall know Posta and I go way back...this dude was one of the 1st people to take a chance with my music so its only right to include him on this Super Swag Remix...
after the session Phitted and Posta talked me into jumpin on the remix so get ready for some
Hello World Bars!!..lol
P.S Haas, We're back at it!!
Saturday, April 18, 2009
Tuesday, April 14, 2009
Monday, April 6, 2009
Showcase Spotlight: D. Woods Live at Sambuca, Atl
Danity Kane alumni D. Woods performing "Paying for Attention" produced by Dilemma, live at Sambuca in Atlanta
(This audio from this video wasn't that good, so i put the Real Song Audio to the video...so you can understand what she's saying)
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text:
Spam levels drop after US 'botnet host' closed down by authorities
Volumes of spam email sent across the web are said to have dived this week after a US company allegedly hosting spam botnets was taken offline by the authorities.
Volumes of spam email sent across the web are said to have dived this week after a US company allegedly hosting spam botnets was taken offline by the authorities.
What are the IT priorities in Middle East?
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San Jose-based McColo was allegedly responsible for up to 75% of the spam sent in the US.
The Washington Post reports the company hosted websites for foreign companies who were engaged in the online sale of a variety of products and "services", including counterfeit pharmaceuticals and child pornography.
The paper's "Security Fix" blog had reported "suspicious" activity to McColo's service providers.
Spam is usually sent using networks of hacked computers known as "botnets", with the messages being sent without the knowledge of the computer's owner.
It is alleged McColo helped to host a number of these botnets.
Picture: Rex Features
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text:
Alec Baldwin is going to be a dad! A source for In Touch magazine says Baldwin and wife Hilaria Thomas are expecting their first child, though it's not clear how far along she is in her pregnancy. While Baldwin has yet to confirm the pregnancy news, if Thomas is pregnant, it would seem the nearly 30-year age gap between the two isn't a fertility issue. (Alec is 54 years old; Thomas is 28 years old).
Major media outlets picked up the story that Baldwin and Thomas are expecting late Tuesday evening. Baldwin's publicist, Matthew Hiltzik, released a statement to the press via Twitter about the Baldwin/Thomas pregnancy rumors.
"Our response to baby speculation over the past 18 months has remained the same — when/if @ABFalecbaldwin and @HilariaBaldwin have news they want to share, they will share it. Until then we have no comment."
Despite avoiding the issue, the slim Thomas clearly appears to have a baby bump in recent photos (see above). Speculation that she is pregnant moved into overdrive when she tweeted a quote that seemed to imply she was in fact expecting a baby — albeit in a subtle manner. Tweeted Hilaria, "When love and skill work together, expect a masterpiece ~ John Ruskin."
In Touch magazine said it has photos that clearly show Thomas is pregnant at her recent SAG Awards appearance to support Baldwin, and her recent appearances on Extra! seem to show an early pregnancy.
The magazine reports the couple's friends already know she is pregnant. Said their source, "She has not said much to anyone as far as how far along she is. She is so healthy and a yoga freak, so everyone could tell right away something was different."
Baldwin has openly talked about wanting to be a dad again, so the fact that his new wife is pregnant doesn't come as too much of a surprise. He sat down with Piers Morgan last year and gushed about the thought of becoming a new dad.
"Have I thought about having more kids? Oh sure, that would be great, that would be heaven, that would be fantastic," he told Morgan.
While we should probably wait until Alec Baldwin and Hilaria Thomas officially confirm pregnancy rumors, we send our best wishes to the happy couple a bit early.
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Surgeon's Stahlhelm
From Team Fortress Wiki
" | AAA_BATTERY crafted this stylish alabaster helmet for the field medic who doesn't just want to protect his skull, but look good doing it!
— Manniversary Update plublicity blurb
" |
The Surgeon's Stahlhelm is a community-created cosmetic item for the Medic. It is a white World War era German army helmet adorned with a team-colored cross on both sides, implying that the wearer is a member of medical personnel.
The Surgeon's Stahlhelm was contributed to the Steam Workshop.
Painted variants
Main article: Paint Can
Mouseover cells to preview the images on a dark background. Click on the images to enlarge them.
Update history
October 13, 2011 Patch (Manniversary Update & Sale)
- The Surgeon's Stahlhelm was added to the game.
July 7, 2016 Patch (Meet Your Match Update)
- [Undocumented] Added Strange quality.
- The Surgeon's Stahlhelm is worn by Giant Medic (Type 2) in Mann vs. Machine.
- 'Stahlhelm' is German for "steel helmet."
- The hat's description makes reference to the Geneva Convention, in which field medics' rights are specifically stated; medical personnel who are treating wounded/dying soldiers, or if they themselves are unarmed, are not to be fired upon.
- This helmet is reminiscent of the M35/M42 series from WWII. Most medics during this period wore camouflage painted helmets with small white circles and crosses. It was very rare to see an all white medic Stahlhelm unless they were a secondary line surgeon.
Surgeon's Stahlhelm as seen in the Manniversary Update.


text:
Article: |
Hibernate Class Generation Using hbm2java | |
Subject: | Using annotation or XDoclet is better | |
Date: | 2007-01-05 07:24:11 | |
From: | JiaLi | |
Response to: Using annotation or XDoclet is better
Makes sense to me too. We have legacy database schema, and I'm looking for ways to reverse enginnering into xdoclet tags in Java code. For certain reason, we can not use annotation. Do you know of a good tool? I tried Hibernate Tools (for Hibernate 3), but it doesn't seem to have the capability to generate xdoclet tags. |


text:
Número de publicación | US5288766 A |
Tipo de publicación | Concesión |
Número de solicitud | US 07/843,697 |
Fecha de publicación | 22 Feb 1994 |
Fecha de presentación | 28 Feb 1992 |
Fecha de prioridad | 28 Feb 1992 |
Tarifa | Pagadas |
Número de publicación | 07843697, 843697, US 5288766 A, US 5288766A, US-A-5288766, US5288766 A, US5288766A |
Inventores | Thirumurti Narayan, Michael G. Kinnaird |
Cesionario original | Basf Corporation |
Exportar cita | BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan |
Citas de patentes (16), Otras citas (2), Citada por (14), Clasificaciones (23), Eventos legales (4) | |
Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet | |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to stable dispersions obtained from the in situ reaction between carbon dioxide and an amine in the presence of a continuous phase carrier; to cellular and microcellular compositions obtainable from these dispersions; and to specific methods for making the dispersions. In particular, the invention relates to solid phase urea group-containing amine/carbon dioxide condensation adducts obtained under specific reaction conditions and dispersed in a continuous phase carrier, the urea group-containing stable dispersion being employed in the formation of foams and microcellular products.
2. Description of the Prior Art
It is known that the physical properties of foams can be altered by using urea or polyisocyanurate dispersions, or polymer modified polyols in the urethane forming process. Common examples of polymer modified polyols are those prepared by the in situ polymerization of a vinyl monomer in the presence of a polyether or polyester polyol as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,652,639; 3,823,201; and 4,690,956. Examples of polyisocyanurate dispersions, optionally containing pendant urea groups, are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,359,541, 4,386,167, and 4,326,043, and are generally prepared by polymerizing a polyisocyanate with a trimerization catalyst, deactivating the catalyst, reacting the free isocyanate groups with an active hydrogen compound such as an amine, and subsequently dispersing the product in the desired polyol. In this method, an amine is reacted with isocyanate and requires one to add the product to a polyol. It is also known that urea based dispersions may be obtained by the reaction of polyisocyanates with a polyamine and/or hydrazines and/or hydrazides as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,042,537.
Other dispersions include polyisocyanate polyaddition based dispersions of the kind described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,374,209 and 4,093,569 formed by reacting an isocyanate with an alkanolamine in the presence of a polyol.
Carbamates of amines formed by the reaction between mono or polyfunctional amines with carbon dioxide at room temperature and atmospheric pressure are described in "The Chemical Structure of Some Diamine Carbamates," 73 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1829 (1951). In particular, the carbamates described in this article are ammonium salts of alkylcarbamic acid. These amine carbamates are prepared at room temperature and atmospheric pressure in cold alcoholic solutions such as methanol, which is subsequently evaporated to eventually yield a dry carbamate powder. Carbamates prepared by this procedure find use as sources of carbon dioxide in plastic foams as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,502,600. This patent teaches the formation of a plastic foam by combining an aqueous plastics dispersion of, for example, vinyl acetate with a compound having CH acidic hydrogens adjacent to a carbonyl or nitrilo group, and a pre-formed carbamate prepared by the procedure described in the journal article quoted above, and to this mixture is added an aldehyde which chemically reacts with and disassociates the carbamate to release carbon dioxide. Thus, there no longer remains solid particles in the foam since the carbamate was made to decompose by the addition of an aldehyde and to release carbon dioxide as a blowing agent for foaming action rather than remain as a carbamate dispersion.
Other patents have described the reaction of specific amines with carbon dioxide for the production of polyurethane foams. U.S Pat. Nos. 4,735,970 and 4,500,656 teach one to react an alkanolamine with carbon dioxide in the presence of a polyol to form a homogeneous mixture of an ammonium salt of an alkylcarbamic acid, or an amine/carbon dioxide adduct, and the polyol. U.S. Pat. No. 4,077,920 teaches one to form a carbamate-amine dispersion by bubbling carbon dioxide through an alkanolamine/polyol mixture, and compares the flame retardant properties of foams prepared by this dispersion with a foam prepared by a dispersion of carbamate-amines obtained by reacting an amine without hydroxyl groups and carbon dioxide. This reference, however, does not teach one to react an amine without hydroxyl groups with carbon dioxide at super-atmospheric pressures in the presence of a polyol to produce urea group-containing dispersions.
Finally, U.S. Pat. No. 4,994,503 teaches to improve the impact strength and flexural modulus of a foam by contacting a carbonyl compound, such as a urea, with a polyamine in the presence of a polyahl at atmospheric pressure, or reduced pressure, to produce aminocarbonyl dispersions.
The present invention relates to urea group-containing dispersions obtained by reacting under super-atmospheric conditions carbon dioxide and an amine without any hydroxyl groups in the presence of a continuous phase carrier; to a process for the preparation of the urea group-containing dispersion; and to foams prepared thereby. It has been unexpectedly found that polyurethane foams prepared by the urea group-containing dispersion of the invention exhibit excellent mechanical properties in tensile strength, tear strength, and elongation. The dispersion of the invention can be used to as fillers or reinforcing agents in the preparation of polyisocyanurate/polyurea/polyurethane polymers such as flexible or rigid foams, microcellular foams, coatings, castings, adhesives, films, and thermoplastics.
In one aspect of the invention, the particulate dispersion comprises the reaction product of carbon dioxide and a polyamine formed in situ in the presence of a continuous phase carrier and under pressure. The closed reaction vessel may be externally heated to quickly drive the reaction toward the formation of urea groups, or one may rely solely on the heat created by the spontaneous exothermic reaction occurring within the closed vessel for the pressure to create urea groups. Optionally, metal catalysts may be employed to catalyze the reaction between the polyamine and carbon dioxide. If desired, the closed vessel may be cooled during the throughout the process of forming the dispersion so long as the reaction temperature remains at 50° C. or above. Whether the reaction vessel is closed, open, heated, left alone, or cooled, a stable urea group-containing dispersion formed by the reaction between carbon dioxide and an amine may be obtained if the reaction is carried out under super-atmospheric conditions at temperatures of at least 50° C.
The urea group-containing dispersion of the invention has a major yield of a urea group-containing solid particles which are the reaction products between the amine and carbon dioxide. By a major yield is meant that greater than 50% by weight, preferably greater than 75 wt. %, more preferably greater than 90 wt. %, most preferably greater than 97 wt. %, of the solid particles formed are urea group-containing reaction products between the amine and carbon dioxide.
The reaction between carbon dioxide and amine is preferably carried out in situ in the presence of a continuous phase carrier compound. The term amine is defined herein to include monofunctional and polyfunctional amines. The term "polyfunctional amine" is defined to mean an compound containing two or more amino functionalities. The term "dispersion" is taken to mean a discrete two phase system at room temperature, a disperse phase comprised of the solid urea group-containing particles obtained by reacting carbon dioxide with an amine, and a continuous phase carrier in which the particles are dispersed. The disperse phase is substantially insoluble in the continuous phase at room temperature, and does not have any intrinsic reactivity towards the continuous phase. The continuous phase carrier comprises one or more compounds which 1) contains two or more isocyanate reactive hydrogens, 2) has a number average molecular weight of at least 300, and 3) is substantially unreactive toward the amine at room temperature. A suitable continuous phase carrier is one in which the reaction between the amine and carbon dioxide is favored both at ambient temperatures and elevated temperatures up to about 150C. so that the continuous phase carrier remains nonparticipatory throughout the disperse phase forming process.
The dispersion of the invention is stable at room temperatures. By a stable dispersion, it is meant that the solid particles comprising the disperse phase do not coagulate at room temperature in such a fashion as to make the dispersion unusable in foaming applications, nor does the solid phase break down into its respective starting components or into any compound soluble in the continuous phase carrier at temperatures up to 150C. Some dispersions of the invention may phase separate after a period of a week on the shelf, but may shaken or agitated to readily form a substantially even distribution of particulate polymer throughout the continuous phase. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the solid particulates of the disperse phase remain substantially evenly distributed and suspended throughout the continuous phase for a period of at least two weeks, preferably at least four weeks.
The stable dispersion of the invention is formed in situ. The desired amine is added to an appropriate continuous phase carrier compound, which must contain at least two isocyanate reactive hydrogen atoms, to form a homogeneous or a heterogenous mixture. To the mixture is added dry carbon dioxide in a substantially water vapor free environment at below room temperature, ambient temperatures, or optionally elevated temperatures, to form the urea group-containing dispersion used in the invention. If either the mixture or the carbon dioxide is cooled at any stage in the process, the temperature of the reaction mixture comprised of carbon dioxide, amine, and continuous phase carrier must remain at 50° C or above. The ensuing spontaneous exothermic reaction heat of reaction between carbon dioxide and the amine supplies the heat necessary to maintain the reaction at 50° C. or above. Then, to a polyisocyanate is added the dispersion, a urethane forming catalyst, and a blowing agent to form a microcellular, flexible, or rigid foam.
By forming the dispersion in situ, one avoids the time consuming task of forming urea group-containing particles in, for example, a lower molecular weight alcohol, separating the undesired alcohol from the adduct, and adding the adduct to the desired amount of an isocyanate reactive carrier polyol. If desired, one may later dilute the obtained dispersion of the invention with the same or other continuous phase carriers, which otherwise may have been reactive towards the starting amine compound used to form the solid disperse phase. The other continuous phase carriers should not be reactive with the disperse phase particulate polymers, and should be miscible with the original carrier. Another option is to distill off some of the continuous phase carrier to increase the weight percentage of the particulate solid in the dispersion.
The dispersion contains an amount of particulate disperse phase ranging from about 3 weight percent to about 60 weight percent, preferably about 5 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, more preferably about 15 wt. % to about 35 wt. %, based on the combined weight of the continuous phase and the disperse phase. The upper end of the range is limited only by the ability to process a carrier having increased viscosity for the particular application, while the lower bound is limited to producing a product exhibiting improved mechanical properties.
The reaction conditions largely determine whether the formation of a carbamate/amine salt or a urea based polymer condensation product is favored. The formation of the urea group-containing solids of the invention is evidenced by the presence of absorptions attributable to urea linkages in the infrared spectrum and the formation of water as a by-product.
Adding carbon dioxide to the amine under atmospheric pressure limits the reaction toward the formation of carbamate salts of the amine, or also known as ammonium salts of alkylcarbamic acids, and thus super-atmospheric pressure must be used.
In the formation of a carbamate salt of the amine, it is believed that the nitrogen in the amino group reacts with the carbon in the carbon dioxide molecule, with the amino hydrogen abstracting off of the nitrogen atom to neutralize the positive charge, this hydrogen atom (now a proton) bonding to the amino group on a second amine compound to yield an ammonium compound ionically bonded to the negatively charged oxygen from the carbon dioxide as follows: ##STR1##
At higher pressures, however, it is believed that the reaction between carbon dioxide and amine proceeds further than the formation of a carbamate salt by condensing water, resulting in a dispersion with a disperse phase being a condensation compound having urea bonding as shown below: ##STR2##
To obtain a urea based solid particle, the temperature of the reaction mixture comprised of the continuous phase carrier, unreacted amine, and any urea group containing product is maintained at 50° C. or above throughout the carbon dioxide charging phase, and the amine is reacted with carbon dioxide at super-atmospheric pressures, defined as pressures of at least 50 p.s.i.g. The temperature of the reaction mixture throughout the carbon dioxide charging phase is preferably maintained at from about 80° C. to about 280° C., more preferably from about 90° C to about 200° C., most preferably from about 90° C. to about 130° C, at pressures preferably from about 250 p.s.i.g. to 3500 p.s.i.g., more preferably about 1000 p.s.i.g. to about 2800 p.s.i.g., and most preferably from about 2000 p.s.i.g. to about 2400 p.s.i.g.
The temperature may be maintained constant throughout the reaction, varied in a step-wise fashion, or varied in a continuous fashion. Although constant pressure within the reaction vessel can be maintained by pressure releases at various times throughout the procedure, it is preferred to keep the vessel closed to avoid the escape of carbon dioxide.
The reaction between the amine and carbon dioxide under super-atmospheric pressure produces a condensation product, making it necessary to strip off the water prior to adding isocyanate. This may be accomplished by, for example, a rotary evaporation unit.
Suitable amine compounds for use in the present invention include monofunctional, polyfunctional amines, or mixtures thereof with primary or secondary amine groups. The number of amino functionalities is preferably two or three. Each amino group must have at least one active hydrogen to form the carbamate salt of the amine. Preferably, the amine compound contains primary amine group(s) as these are the most reactive with carbon dioxide. Suitable amine compounds are aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, arylalkyl compounds, or mixtures thereof, each containing amino groups reactive with carbon dioxide. The amine compounds of the present invention do not contain any hydroxyl groups lest the reaction of the amine compound with carbon dioxide produce a product tending to exhibit solubility in continuous phase polyol carrier at elevated temperatures.
The equivalent weight of the amine compound is limited at the upper range to yielding a reaction product with carbon dioxide that is substantially insoluble in the carrier phase compound. As the equivalent weight of the amine compound increases, the solubility of the reaction product in a continuous phase polyol carrier likewise increases. Thus, the equivalent weight of the amine compound ranges from about 30 to about 200, preferably about 45 to about 120.
A further optional compound that may be employed to react with carbon dioxide is an aminated polyether polyol having an equivalent weight of less than about 200, described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,153,581 and 3,654,370, herein incorporated by reference.
Specific examples of suitable monofunctional amines include ammonia, dimethylamine, methylethylamine, diethylamine, diisopropylamine, di-n-propylamine, diallylamine, diisobutylamine, di-n-butylamine, N-methylbenzylamine, phenylehtylamine, N-ethylbenzylamine, di-a-amylamine, dibenzylamine, diphenylamine, n-cotylamine, 2-ethylhexyamine, n-dodecylamine, tetradecylamine, cocoamine, n-hexydecylamine, n-oxtadecylamine, tallow amine, hydrogenated tallow amine, allylamine, soyamine, dihydrogenated amine, dicocoamine, and mixtures thereof.
Specific examples of suitable polyfunctional amines include ethylenediamine, propanediamine, butylenediamine, pentylenediamine, 2-methyl-1,5-pentanediamine, hexanediamine, hexamethylenediamine, dodecamethylenediamine, trimethyldiaminohexane, 2,2'-bisaminopropylmethylamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetraamine and tetraethylenepentamine, dipropylenetriamine, piperazine, N,N'-bis-aminoethylpiperazine, 4-aminobenzylamine, 4-amino-phenylethylamine, I,4-diaminocyclohexane, phenylenediamines, naphthylenediamines, condensates of aniline and formaldehyde such as methylenediphenylamine including bis(4-aminophenyl)methane, toluenediamine, bisaminomethylbenzenes and the derivatives of the above mentioned aromatic amines monoalkylated in one or both nitrogen atoms, and mixtures thereof. Preferred aliphatic diamines and aromatic diamines include ethylenediamine, propanediamine, butanediamine, hexanediamine, heptanediamine, octanediamine, cyclohexanediamine, decanediamine, dodecamethylenediamine, bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane, methylenediphenylamine, bis(4-aminophenyl)methane and toluenediamine. Especially preferred is ethylenediamine, propanediamine, butylenediamine, hexanediamine, heptanediamine, octanediamine, decanediamine, bis(4-aminophenyl)methane, bis(4-aminocyclohexyl) methane, and toluenediamine.
The urea group-containing dispersion of the present invention is prepared using any form of carbon dioxide, whether solid, liquid, or gaseous. It is preferred to charge dry carbon dioxide into the reaction vessel to encourage the formation of a discrete disperse phase of solid particles. The carbon dioxide may be of commercial grade, purified or unpurified.
The amount of carbon dioxide supplied to the reaction vessel is dependent on the amount of amine charged into the continuous phase. A dispersion containing unreacted amines produce a foam with extremely short cream times, making processing difficult and the quality of a flexible foam poor. Even where it may be desirable to use an amine as a chain extending agent in some applications, there remains a time and cost drawback in measuring the actual amount of amines left unreacted. Excess amine in the dispersion is difficult to remove by, for example, distillation, as the solid phase tends to coagulate rendering the dispersion unusable. Thus, it is preferable to react all of the amine in the reaction vessel with carbon dioxide. It is desirable to add a several fold excess of carbon dioxide over the stoichiometric ratio to ensure that all of the amine reacts. One mole of carbon dioxide reacts with one amine equivalent.
An optional ingredient employed in the dispersion is a stabilizer. The amount of stabilizer used is sufficient to provide an even distribution of solid particles throughout the continuous phase carrier over a period of at least four weeks, preferably three months. The stabilizing agent is nonparticipatory in the reaction between carbon dioxide and the amine. If a stabilizing agent is used which by nature is interreactive with the formation of the urea group-containing condensate, it must be added after formation of the solid is complete. A stabilizing agent inherently non-interreactive may be added to the continuous phase carrier along with the amine prior to reaction with carbon dioxide.
Suitable stabilizing agents include polydialkylsiloxanes and polysiloxane-polyalkylene oxide block copolymers. Non-silicone surfactants include copolymers of ethylene and propylene oxides; sodium ricinoleicsulfonate; sodium salt of fatty acid; amine salts of fatty acid such as oleic acid diethylamine and stearic acid diethanolamine; alkali metal salts or ammonium salts of sulfonic acids, such a dodecabenzenesulfonic acid and dinaphthylmethane disulfonic acid, fatty acid, such as ricinoleic acid, and polymeric fatty acid. The amount of stabilizer is sufficient to accomplish its purpose, generally from 0.005 to 3.0 wt. % based on the weight of the continuous phase carrier.
The continuous phase carrier is any compound containing at least two isocyanate reactive hydrogens that is substantially unreactive towards the amine and in which the solid disperse phase particles are substantially insoluble. Also, the continuous phase carrier does not participate in the reaction between the amine and carbon dioxide to any appreciable extent. The continuous phase carrier comprises one or more polyols such as hydroxyl terminated polyesters and polyoxyalkylene polyether polyols, alkylene oxide adducts of organic compounds having at least two reactive hydrogen atoms such as amines and thiols, and hydroxy-terminated acetals. The amount of continuous phase carrier comprises 40 to 97 wt. % of the dispersion, preferably 60 to about 90 wt. %, and more preferably 75 to about 90 wt. % of the dispersion.
Representative polyols are often prepared by the catalytic condensation of an alkylene oxide or mixture of alkylene oxides, either simultaneously or sequentially, with an organic compound having at least two active hydrogen atoms, such as evidenced by U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,922,459; 3,190,927; and 3,346,557. Representative polyols include polyhydroxyl-containing polyesters, polyoxyalkylene polyether polyols, polyhydroxy-terminated polyurethane polymers, polyhydroxyl-containing phosphorus compounds, and alkylene oxide adducts of polyhydric polythioesters, polyacetals, aliphatic polyols and thiols, ammonia, and amines including aromatic, aliphatic, and heterocyclic amines, as well as mixtures thereof. Alkylene oxide adducts of compounds which contain two or more different groups within the above-defined classes may also be used, for example, amino alcohols which contain an amino group and a hydroxyl group. Also, alkylene oxide adducts of compounds which contain one SH group and one OH group as well as those which contain an amino group and an SH group may be used. Generally, the equivalent weight of the polyols will vary from 500 to 10,000, preferably from 750 to 3000.
Any suitable hydroxy-terminated polyester may be used such as are prepared, for example, from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydric alcohols. Any suitable polycarboxylic acid may be used such as oxalic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, brassylic acid, thapsic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, glutaconic acid, α-hydromuconic acid, β-hydromuconic acid, α-butyl-α-ethyl-glutaric acid, α,β-diethylsuccinic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, hemimellitic acid, and 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid. Any suitable polyhydric alcohol, including both aliphatic and aromatic, may be used such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,2-pentanediol, 1,4-pentanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, glycerol, 1,1,1-trimethylolpropane, 1,1,1-trimethylolethane, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, α-methyl glucoside, pentaerythritol, and sorbitol. Also included within the term "polyhydric alcohol" are compounds derived from phenol such as 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, commonly known as Bisphenol A.
Any suitable polyoxyalkylene polyether polyol may be used such as the polymerization product of an alkylene oxide or a mixture of alkylene oxides with a polyhydric alcohol. Any suitable polyhydric alcohol may be used such as those disclosed above for use in the preparation of the hydroxy-terminated polyesters. Any suitable alkylene oxide may be used such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, amylene oxide, and mixtures of these oxides. The polyoxyalkylene polyether polyols may be prepared from other starting materials such as tetrahydrofuran and alkylene oxide-tetrahydrofuran mixtures; epihalohydrins such as epichlorohydrin; as well as aralkylene oxides such as styrene oxide. The polyoxyalkylene polyether polyols may have either primary or secondary hydroxyl groups. Included among the polyether polyols are polyoxyethylene glycol, polyoxypropylene glycol, polyoxybutylene glycol, polytetramethylene glycol, block copolymers, for example, combinations of polyoxypropylene and polyoxyethylene glycols, poly-1,2-oxybutylene and polyoxyethylene glycols, poly-1,4-oxybutylene and polyoxyethylene glycols, and random copolymer glycols prepared from blends of two or more alkylene oxides or by the sequential addition of two or more alkylene oxides. The polyoxyalkylene polyether polyols may be prepared by any known process such as, for example, the process disclosed by Wurtz in 1859 and Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, vol. 7, pp. 257-262, published by Interscience Publishers, Inc. (1951) or in U.S. Pat. No. 1,922,459. Polyethers which are preferred include the alkylene oxide addition products of trimethylolpropane, glycerine, pentaerythritol, sucrose, sorbitol, propylene glycol, and 2,2'-(4,4'-hydroxyphenyl)propane and blends thereof having equivalent weights of from 500 to 10,000.
Suitable polyhydric polythioethers which may be condensed with alkylene oxides include the condensation product of thiodiglycol or the reaction product of a dicarboxylic acid such as is disclosed above for the preparation of the hydroxyl-containing polyesters with any other suitable thioether glycol.
Polyhydroxyl-containing phosphorus compounds which may be used include those compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,639,542. Preferred polyhydroxyl-containing phosphorus compounds are prepared from alkylene oxides and acids of phosphorus having a P2 O5 equivalency of from about 72 percent to about 95 percent.
Suitable polyacetals which may be condensed with alkylene oxides include the reaction product of formaldehyde or other suitable aldehyde with a dihydric alcohol or an alkylene oxide such as those disclosed above.
Suitable aliphatic thiols which may be condensed with alkylene oxides include alkanethiols containing one or two --SH groups such as 2-mercaptoethanol, 1,2-ethanedithiol, 1,2-propanedithiol, 1,3-propanedithiol, and 1,6-hexanedithiol; alkene thiols such as 2-butene-1,4-dithiol; and alkyne thiols such as 3-hexyne-1,6-dithiol.
Suitable amines which may be condensed with alkylene oxides include aromatic amines such as aniline, o-chloroaniline, p-phenylenediamine, m-phenylenediamine, o-phenylenediamine, 1,5-diaminonaphthalene, methylene dianiline, the condensation products of aniline and formaldehyde, and 2,3- 2,6-, 3,4-, 2,5-, and 2,4-diaminotoluene; aliphatic amines such as methylamine, triisopropanolamine, ethylenediamine, 1,3-diaminopropane, 1,3-diaminobutane, 1,4-diaminobutane, and ammonia.
The urea group-containing dispersions of the invention may be admixed with other polymeric dispersions to advantageously achieve a combination of improved properties. Other polymeric dispersions which may be added are graft polymer dispersions in either saturated or unsaturated polyoxyalkylene polyether polyols, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,931,092; 4,014,846; 4,093,573; and 4,122,056, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The graft polymer dispersions prepared by employing unsaturated polyols are preferred. These are prepared by conducting the in situ polymerization of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer or mixture of monomers in the presence of a free-radical initiator in an unsaturated polyol mixture containing less than 0.1 mole of unsaturation per mole of polyol mixture. The polyol mixture employs as part of the mixture a polyether-ester polyol prepared by the reaction of a polyoxyalkylene polyether polyol with maleic anhydride and capped with an alkylene oxide. This polyether-ester polyol is than isomerized by methods well known to those skilled in the art. Specific details for the preparation of the polyether-ester polyol are found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,550,194 the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference. The graft polymer dispersions have useful viscosities less than 10,000 cps at 25° C. Preferably they have viscosities ranging from 2000 to 8000 cps at 25° C.
The polyurethane foams employed in the present invention are prepared by the reaction of a the carbamate/amine salt dispersion with an organic polyisocyanate in the presence of a blowing agent and optionally in the presence of additional polyhydroxyl-containing components, chain-extending agents, catalysts, surface-active agents, stabilizers, dyes, fillers and pigments. Any of these components which are reactive with the amine in the continuous phase prior to reaction with carbon dioxide, or which are reactive with carbon dioxide, should be added after formation of the urea group dispersion. Suitable processes for the preparation of cellular polyurethane foams are disclosed in U.S. Reissue patent U.S. Pat. No. 24,514 together with suitable machinery to be used in conjunction therewith. It is possible to proceed with the preparation of the inventive polyurethane foams by a prepolymer technique wherein an excess of organic polyisocyanate is reacted in a first step with the urea group-containing dispersion described above to prepare a prepolymer having free isocyanate groups which is then reacted in a second step with water and/or additional dispersion to prepare a foam. Alternatively, the components may be reacted in a single working step commonly known as the "one-shot" technique of preparing polyurethanes.
Organic polyisocyanates which may be employed include aromatic, aliphatic, and cycloaliphatic polyisocyanates and combinations thereof. Representative of these types are the diisocyanates such as m-phenylene diisocyanate, 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, 2,6-toluene diisocyanate, mixtures of 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, tetramethylene diisocyanate, cyclohexane-1,4-diisocyanate, hexahydrotoluene diisocyanate (and isomers), naphthalene-1,5-diisocyanate, 1-(methoxyphenyl-2,4-diisocyanate, 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 4,4'-biphenylene diisocyanate, 3,3'-dimethoxy-4,4'-biphenyl diisocyanate, 3,3'-dimethyl-4,4'-biphenyl diisocyanate and 3,3'-dimethyldiphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate; the triisocyanates such as 4,4',4"-triphenylmethane triisocyanate, and toluene 2,4,6-triisocyanate; and the tetraisocyanates such as 4,4'-dimethyldiphenylmethane-2,2'-5,5'-tetraisocyanate and polymeric polyisocyanates such as polymethylene polyphenylene polyisocyanate. The isocyanate index ranges from 80-140, preferably 90-110, more preferably 100-105.
Crude polyisocyanates may also be used in the compositions of the present invention, such as crude toluene diisocyanate obtained by the phosgenation of a mixture of toluene diamines or crude diphenylmethane diisocyanate obtained by the phosgenation of crude diphenylmethane diamine.
The polyoxyalkylene polyether polyols may be employed along with another polyhydroxyl-containing component commonly employed in the art. Any of the polyhydroxyl-containing components which are described above for use in the preparation of the urea dispersion may be employed in the preparation of the polyurethane foams useful in the present invention.
The blowing agents which can be employed in this invention include water, liquified gases which have boiling points below 28° C. and above -60° C. and which vaporize at or below the temperature of the foaming mass, or other inert gases such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium and argon. If water is added as the blowing agent, corresponding quantities of excess isocyanate to react with the water and produce carbon dioxide may be used. Suitable liquified gases include fluorinated, partially fluorinated, or halogenated compounds having from 1 to 5, preferably 1-3 carbon atoms; or alkanes or cycloalkanes having 4 to 10, preferably about 4 to 8 carbon atoms. Among these, CFC-11, CFC-22, CFC-113, CFC-114, CFC-123, CFC 123a, CFC-124, CFC-124a, CFC-133 (all isomers), CFC-134, CFC-134a, CFC-141b, CFC-142, CFC-151, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, butane, pentane, cyclopentane, heptane, hexane, perhalogenated alkanes and the like are suitable. Similar alkanes containing bromine atoms are also useful. Among those listed, the "soft" CFC's (those having at least one hydrogen atom) are preferred. CFC-22, CFC-123, CFC-141b, and CFC-142 are especially preferred. Alkenes such as pentene and heptene are also useful. Other blowing agents such as azohexahydrobenzodinitrile may be employed. Any of the above blowing agents may be mixed. The amount of blowing agent will vary the density of the foam, but generally, 1 to 20 weight, preferably about 2 to about 5 weight percent of blowing agent based on the weight of the polyol resin will yield adequately blown foams.
Chain-extending agents which may optionally be employed in the preparation of the polyurethane foams include those compounds having at least two functional groups bearing active hydrogen atoms such as water, hydrazine, primary and secondary diamines, amino alcohols, amino acids, hydroxy acids, glycols, or mixtures thereof. A preferred group of chain-extending agents includes water, ethylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol and primary and secondary diamines which react more readily with the prepolymer than does water such as phenylene diamine, 1,4-cyclohexane-bis-(methylamine), ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, N-(2-hydroxypropyl) ethylenediamine, N,N'-di(2-hydroxypropyl) ethylenediamine, piperazine, and 2-methylpiperazine. Chain extending agents which are reactive with carbon dioxide or primary or secondary amines are added after formation of the dispersion.
Optional flame retardant compounds are tetrakis(2-chloro-ethyl) ethylene phosphonate, pentabromodiphenyl oxide, tris(1,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate, tris(beta-chloroethyl) phosphate, molybdenum trioxide, ammonium molybdate, ammonium phosphate, pentabromodiphenyloxide, tricresyl phosphate, 2,3-dibromopropanol, hexabromocyclododecane, dibromoethyldibromocyclohexane, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate, tris(beta-chloropropyl) phosphate, and melamine.
Any suitable urethane forming catalyst may be used including tertiary amines such as, for example, triethylenediamine, N-methylmorpholine, N-ethylmorpholine, diethylethanolamine, N-cocomorpholine, 1-methyl-4-dimethylaminoethylpiperazine, 3-methoxypropyldimethylamine, N,N,N'-trimethylisopropyl propylenediamine, 3-diethylaminopropyldiethylamine, dimethylbenzylamine, and the like. Other suitable catalysts are, for example, stannous chloride, dibutyltin di-2-ethyl hexanoate, stannous oxide, as well as other organometallic compounds such as are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,846,408.
To produce a stable foam which does not collapse or contain large uneven cells, a surfactant may be used to stabilize the foam. Suitable surfactants include non-ionic surface active agents such as polysiloxane polyoxyalkalene copolymers described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,887,500 and 3,957,842; hydroxy terminated polyoxyalkylene pendant groups attached to a polydialkylsiloxane chain as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,746,683 and 4,769,174; a tertiary alcohol-modified siloxane modified polymer as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,039,490; and others such as polyethylene glycol ethers of long chain alcohols, tertiary amine or alkanolamine salts of long chain alkyl of long chain alkyl acid sulfate esters, alkyl sulfonic esters and alkyl arylsulfonic acids.
The foams produced by the urea group-containing dispersion of the invention preferably exhibit a tensile strength of at least 17 p.s.i., a tear strength of at least 3.1, and an elongation of at least 220%.
The following examples illustrate the nature of the invention:
Polyol A is a trimethylolpropane initiated polypropylene oxide-ethylene oxide adduct containing abut 13 wt. % ethylene oxide and a hydroxyl number of 35.
Polyol B is a glycerine initiated propylene oxide-ethylene oxide adduct containing about 18.5 wt. % ethylene oxide and having a hydroxyl number of 35.
DABCO 33 LV is an amine catalyst of 33 wt. % triethylenediamine in 66 wt. % dipropylene glycol.
T-10 is a metal catalyst of 50% stannous octoate in dioctylphthalate commercially available from
6202 is a silicone surfactant.
Isocyanate A is an 80/20 mix of 2,4'and 2,6'isomers of toluene diisocyanate, respectively.
In this and the following examples, carbon dioxide was reacted with an amine under pressure and with externally applied heat to drive the reaction toward the formation of a urea group containing dispersion in a polyol.
To a one gallon stainless steel Autoclave Engineers autoclave steam heatable and capable of operating at pressures of 3300 p.s.i.g., was added at room temperature and atmospheric pressure 60 grams of ethylene 1,2-diamine and 775 grams of Polyol A. The autoclave was sealed, purged three times with nitrogen, and then pressure checked.
About 1500 grams of carbon dioxide was charged to the autoclave, and the mixture stirred for about one hour. Subsequently, steam heat was applied to raise the temperature of the reaction mixture to 90° C. over a period of 3 hours. At the conclusion of the three hour period, the pressure within the vessel had reached 2300 p.s.i.g. The pressure was released, venting the reactor and some of its contents. About 406 grams of a milky appearing suspension was discharged as the remaining product. Water was evaporated at about 50° C. using a rotary evaporation unit under vacuum.
Infrared analysis of the suspension showed peaks at 3300 cm-1, 1530 cm-1, and 1490 cm-1 that were not present in the infrared spectrum of the ethylene diamine-Polyol A starting mixture. These absorption bands confirm the presence of urea groups.
The same autoclave as used in Dispersion 1 was charged with 116 grams of hexane 1,6-hexanediamine and 775 grams of Polyol A at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. After the autoclave was sealed, nitrogen purged three times, and pressure checked, about 1200 grams of carbon dioxide was charged. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour, after which steam heat was applied to raise the temperature of the mixture to 90° C. over a period of 1 hour. At that time, the pressure in the reactor was 2150 p.s.i.g. After 15 minutes at 90° C., the contents in the reactor were cooled to room temperature, vented, and discharged to yield 708 g of a milky-white dispersion.
This example illustrates the spontaneous reaction between carbon dioxide added stepwise and an amine in a closed jacketed vessel water cooled throughout the procedure to form a urea group-containing dispersion.
Using the same autoclave as in Dispersion 1, about 150 grams of propane diamine and 1500 grams of Polyol B were charged at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The autoclave was sealed, twice purged with nitrogen, and then pressure checked. The carbon dioxide was charged in two stages, the first with 989 grams added over 4 hours, and the second with 510 grams more charged over a period of 2 hours 15 minutes. An exotherm ensued during the charging of the carbon dioxide spontaneously raising the temperature of the reaction mixture from 22° C. to 57° C. No external heating was applied during the reaction or addition steps. Thirty minutes after completion of the second carbon dioxide charge, the autoclave was vented. Total addition and reaction time was 9 hours. The reaction was then gently heated after venting and 494 grams of a viscous dispersion was discharged. Water was stripped off and the dispersion bottled.
After one month of allowing the dispersion to sit, there was no pressure in the bottle and only slight settling had occurred, indicating a stable dispersion had been produced with good shelf life. This bottled dispersion was used to make a polyurethane foam.
About 150 grams of Dispersion 3, 150 grams of polyol B, 2 grams of L6202, and 9 grams of water, and 0.8 grams of DABCO 33LV were mixed for 30 seconds using a Lightning Model V-7 stirrer equipped with a shrouded mixing blade. About 0.8 grams of T-10 catalyst were then added to the mixture and stirred for another 15 seconds. Subsequently, 106.7 grams of Isocyanate A was added, mixed for 10 seconds, poured into a 10"×10"×6"box, and allowed to rise freely. The formed foam filled the box, was firm to the touch, and had a free rise time of 150 seconds. The physical properties of the foam were evaluated in accordance with ASTM D-3574 and presented below in the Table:
TABLE 1______________________________________Density 1.91 p.c.f.ILD, 65% (1 sq. in.) 1.55 lbs.Tensile Strength 18.3 p.s.i.Elongation % 256.7%Tear Resistance 3.6 p/iAir Flow 0.11 c.f.m.______________________________________
Typical urea group-containing dispersions of polyisocyanurate dispersions exhibit tensile strengths from 10-15 p.s.i., elongation percentages from 100-200, tear strengths from 1.5-2.5 p/i, and ILD's at 65% compression of about 1.3 to 2.0 for TDI based foams at equivalent densities. The results above indicate improvements in tensile, tear, and elongation properties for a foam prepared by the urea group-containing dispersion of this invention over conventional urea group-containing dispersions.
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Clasificación de EE.UU. | 521/128, 521/164, 252/182.24, 521/137, 521/155, 252/182.13, 528/76, 252/182.27, 528/85, 528/80, 528/68, 521/170 |
Clasificación internacional | C08G18/40, C08G71/02, C08G18/32 |
Clasificación cooperativa | C08G2101/005, C08G18/3265, C08G2101/0008, C08G18/409, C08G71/02 |
Clasificación europea | C08G18/32B8K6, C08G71/02, C08G18/40D |
Fecha | Código | Evento | Descripción |
19 Oct 1992 | AS | Assignment | Owner name: BASF CORPORATION, NEW JERSEY Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:NARAYAN, THIRUMURTI;KINNAIRD, MICHAEL G.;REEL/FRAME:006280/0830;SIGNING DATES FROM 19920928 TO 19921007 |
21 Ago 1997 | FPAY | Fee payment | Year of fee payment: 4 |
21 Ago 2001 | FPAY | Fee payment | Year of fee payment: 8 |
27 Jul 2005 | FPAY | Fee payment | Year of fee payment: 12 |


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