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The Mafia is a crime group working in many parts of the world that was created in Italy more than 200 years ago. The mafia makes money from crime. They make billions of dollars a year from such crimes as making and selling illegal drugs, money laundering, from stealing, gambling and prostitution.
Different groups[change | change source]
The Mafia in Italy[change | change source]
The mafia in Italy have been around for hundreds of years. They work in the areas of Calabria, Sicily, Naples and Apulia which are all areas in the South of Italy.
- Sicily - The mafia in Italy was started in the island of Sicily. The mafia is still around here and they make a great deal of money. Selling drugs is frowned upon within the Mafia or La Cosa Nostra as being convicted of the intent to sell is a high prison sentence which will increase the risk of a member of the Mafia/Cosa Nostra to turn a 'rat.'
- Calabria - The Calabrian mafia (really called the 'Ndrangheta ) are another mafia group in Italy. They also make profit from illegal drugs, and are now the richest Italian mafia group.
- Naples - The mafia in Naples is called the Camorra. They are not as well known than the mafia in Sicily and Calabria, but have killed more people, as rival Camorra groups often fight each other.
- Apulia - The mafia in Apulia is called the Sacra Corona Unita (meaning the "United Sacred Crown"). This group is not as old as the other Italian mafia groups. Little is known about this group but it is believed that they make money from prostitution.
- Veneto - The mafia in Veneto was called Mala del Brenta (meaning "Brenta's bad thing").
This group was founded by Felice Maniero, but has now been dismantled.
The Italian Mafia in America[change | change source]
The Italian-American mafia began at the time when many Italians moved to the United States in the 1800s. The first Italian mafia was in New Orleans in Louisiana but soon they were in many cities across the country. The Italian mafia in the United States is actually called La Cosa Nostra which in Italian language means "This thing of ours" or "Our thing". The American mafia is divided into different groups or "families".
Many large cities have only one Italian-American mafia family, but some larger cities like New York City have more.
New York City has five Italian mafia families. They are called:
- The Bonanno crime family
- The Colombo crime family
- The Gambino crime family
- The Genovese crime family
- The Lucchese crime family
Many other American cities have Italian mafia families. These include Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, and Los Angeles
Mafia groups in other countries[change | change source]
There are many other groups like the Italian mafia all over the world. Here are some:
- The Yakuza - The Yakuza is the name given to the crime group in Japan. They make money from prostitution and drugs.
- The Triads - The Triads is a name given to all the crime groups in China. Because there are so many of these crime groups in China we give them one name, the "Triads". The Triads are not just from China but many countries in South East Asia. Another name for these groups is "Tongs".
- Latin American Drug Cartels - In Latin America the largest crime groups are called drug cartels. They compete for control of the drug trade which makes them huge amounts of money. The drugs produced in South America are marijuana, cocaine and heroin. The main drug cartels are in Mexico, part of North America, and Colombia in the north of South America; this is where most of the drugs are produced and then smuggled north into the United States.
There are others as well, like the mafia groups in Russia that make money from drugs and weapons. All these groups operate in the United States, Canada, Australia, England and other Western countries and cause many problems in those countries and the countries they are from.
Hierarchy[change | change source]
Just like in a company, where people have a boss and workers, the Italian-American mafia, or La Cosa Nostra (LCN), has a hierarchy. Everyone has a job to do. Some people are bosses and some are workers. However you can always work your way up the ladder of power, and respect. Below is the hierarchy of an American mafia family.
- The Boss of the family. He controls everything that goes on in the mafia family. Every worker and lower ranking boss (see below; Caporegimes) works for him. It is the boss who decides if someone should be killed or if someone should be initiated (see below; Becoming a member). The boss gets money from all of his workers and therefore is usually the richest person in the family.
- The Underboss. The underboss is the person who actually runs the family. He is boss over all the other members except the actual boss. He will often become the boss of the family if something happens to the boss. The boss will choose who his underboss is. A family will usually have only one underboss.
- The Consigliere. Consigliere is an Italian term meaning someone who gives advice. The consigliere in a mafia family is the "right hand man" to the boss. It is his job to help the boss make important decisions. The consigliere is as important as the underboss but is not the boss of anyone in the family. A family will usually have only one consigliere. Acts as a middle man in personal vendettas. His role is to make impartial decisions for the family's benefit.
- Caporegimes. The next position of the family is caporegime (or captain), often shortened to "capo". Families will have differing numbers of capos. A caporegime is in charge of a group of workers (see below; Soldiers). The underboss of the family is in charge of the capos. The job of the caporegime is to collect money from the workers to give to the boss, underboss and consigliere as well as keeping money for himself. A family can have anywhere from 2 to 20 capos.
- Soldiers. The workers of a family are called "soldiers" or in Italian "soldati". Their job is to earn money to give to their captain (caporegime). They will do any job asked of them by their captain or the boss or underboss. A family can have anywhere from 10 to 1000 soldiers.
Each family will have a number of associates. These are people that work with them or for them but are not official members. (see below; Becoming a member)
History of the Mafia in New York[change | change source]
The mafia in New York began when thousands of Italians moved there in the late 1800s and early 1900s to find a better life. At this time many Irish and Germans also moved to the US for the same reasons. Many of these people set up businesses or worked for businesses that were already there. Most earned very little money and some, who were tired of being poor, decided to earn money from crime, which was easier than earning money by working. There were many Irish and Italian criminal groups in the city who would steal, extort and murder for money. These groups were known all-together as "the Black Hand" but they did not actually work as one group called "the Black Hand"; there were many groups and they each worked on their own and the term "Black Hand" actually was the name of what these gangs did (extortion), not their names.
Prohibition, unification and the Castellammarese War[change | change source]
In 1920 alcohol (or liquor) was made illegal in the US and the gangs had a new way to make money. They brought in illegal liquor from Canada and sold it in clubs. They bribed police into letting them sell liquor (which is also illegal) and made millions of dollars from this because they were the only ones who had liquor and so could sell it at extremely high prices. Around this time the gangs in New York became one large gang (the Mafia) as leaders of the gangs realized that more money could be made if all the gangs worked together. A man named Giuseppe Masseria and a man named Salvatore Maranzano both wanted to become the boss of the newly made New York mafia. Fighting, known as the "Castellammarese War", broke out between the two men and many of their soldiers were killed. Giuseppe Masseria's underboss was a man named Lucky Luciano who also wanted to control the New York mafia. He met with Masseria's enemy Salvatore Maranzano and plotted to kill Masseria, his own boss. Masseria was shot to death in a restaurant in New York by Maranzano's soldiers; one of them was Vito Genovese - a man who would later become boss - this was also the end of the "Castellammarese War". With the death of Masseria, Maranzano appointed himself the boss of the New York Mafia, in Italian language called the "Capo di tutti Capi" meaning "Boss of all Bosses". He called a meeting with the other "mafiosi" (plural: Italian language for Mafia members) from all over the US and made the rules that are still used today.
- Maranzano united the Italian gangs of New York into one gang, known as the Mafia or La Cosa Nostra.
- He then divided the gang into 5 families and appointed bosses of each family: "Lucky" Luciano, Joseph Bonanno, Joseph Profaci, Vincent Mangano and Thomas Gagliano - himself as the boss of these bosses.
- He made it so that no members could kill without reason or talk to anyone outside of the mafia about the mafia.
The bosses of the five families, particularly Luciano, began to grow tired of Maranzano's arrogance and the way he ran the mafia. Maranzano realized this and planned to have Luciano and his "consigliere" and "underboss", Vito Genovese and Frank Costello, as well as others, killed. Maranzano did not act quickly enough and was killed by men dressed as police officers, on the orders of Luciano and his friend, a Jewish gangster from Florida named Meyer Lansky. Luciano then became the head of the New York mafia, but not in the way Maranzano was; he helped the five families run their business but he did not control them or call himself the "boss of bosses". The five families were kept.
The Profaci family (named after the first boss Joseph Profaci) went on to become named the Colombo crime family after a later boss, Joseph Colombo. The Mangano family (named after the first boss Vincent Mangano) went on to become named the Gambino crime family after a later boss, Carlo Gambino. The Gagliano family (named after the first boss Thomas Gagliano) went on to become named the Lucchese crime family after a later boss, Gaetano Lucchese.
Frank Costello became the boss of Luciano's old family which later went on to become named the Genovese crime family after Vito Genovese became the boss and tried to kill Frank Costello. The Bonanno family (named after the first boss Joseph Bonanno) kept its name as Joseph Bonanno was the boss for a very long time.
The Five Families over the years[change | change source]
A chart of the bosses of the five families of New York since the "Castellammarese War" would look like this:
Bonanno crime family
- Joseph Bonanno (was boss from 1931-1965)
- Gaspare DiGregorio (was boss from 1965-1968)
- Paul Sciacca (was boss from 1968-1970)
- Natale Evola (was boss from 1970-1973)
- Phillip Rastelli (was boss from 1973-1975)
- Carmine Galante (was boss from 1975-1979)
- Phillip Rastelli (was boss once again from 1979-1991)
- Joseph Massino (was boss from 1991-2005)
lucy reed (Note: In more recent years Vincent Basciano, Salvatore Montagna, Anthony Graziano, Anthony Rabito, Michael Mancuso, Anthony Urso and Alphonse Bonanno have run the family - though not necessarily as bosses.)
Colombo crime family
- Joseph Profaci (was boss from 1928-1962)
- Joseph Magliocco (was boss from 1962-1963)
- Joseph Colombo (was boss from 1964-1971)
- Joseph Yacovelli (was boss in 1971)
- Vincent Aloi (was boss from 1971-1973)
- Carmine Persico (was boss during 1973)
(Note: In more recent years the leaders of the Colombo crime family have been Carmine Persico, Andrew Russo, Alphonse Persico, Jr., Joel Cacace, Thomas Gioeli, John Franzese, Vincent Aloi and Paul Bevacqua - though not necessarily as bosses.)
Gambino crime family
- Vincent Mangano (was boss from 1931-1951)
- Albert Anastasia (was boss from 1951-1957)
- Carlo Gambino (was boss from 1957-1976)
- Paul Castellano (was boss from 1976-1985)
- John Gotti (was boss from 1986-1992)
- John Gotti, Jr. (was boss from 1992-1996)
- Nicholas Corozzo (was boss from 1996-1997)
- John Gotti, Jr. (was boss from 1997-1999)
- Peter Gotti (was boss from 1999-2003)
(Note: In more recent years the leaders of the Gambino crime family have been Peter Gotti, Arnold Squitieri, Anthony Megale, John D'Amico, Domenico Cefalu, Joseph Corozzo and Nicholas Corozzo - though not necessarily as bosses.)
- Salvatore "Lucky" Luciano (was boss from 1931-1946)
- Frank Costello (was boss from 1946-1957)
- Vito Genovese (was boss from 1957-1969)
- Thomas Eboli (was boss from 1969-1972)
- Frank Tieri (was boss from 1972-1981)
- Anthony Salerno (was boss from 1981-1987)
- Vincent Gigante (was boss from 1981-2005)
(Note: In more recent years the leaders of the Genovese crime family have been Liborio Bellomo, Dominick Cirillo, Matthew Ianiello, Frank Serpico, Ernest Muscarella, Mario Gigante and Daniel Leo - though not necessarily as bosses.)
Lucchese crime family
- Gaetano Gagliano (was boss from 1931-1953)
- Gaetano Lucchese (was boss from 1953-1967)
- Carmine Tramunti (was boss from 1967-1973)
- Anthony Corallo (was boss from 1973-1986)
- Anthony Luongo (during 1986)
- Vittorio Amuso (from 1987 on)
(Note: During the 1990s the leaders of the Lucchese crime family were Vittorio Amuso, Anthony Casso, Alphonse D'Arco, Salvatore Avellino, Anthony Baratta, Domenico Cutaia, Frank Lasterino and Joseph Defede - though not necessarily as bosses. More recently the leaders of the family have been Louis Diadone, Aniello Migliore, Nick Beale and Leo Madden - Leo and Nick were bosses.)
(Note: These dates may not be correct)
The Mafia in movies[change | change source]
Many movies have been made about the mafia, particularly the American Mafia. Here are some of the most popular movies about American gangsters.
- Little Caesar (1931) directed by Mervyn LeRoy, starring Edward G. Robinson and Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.
- The Public Enemy (1931) directed by William A. Wellman, starring James Cagney
- Scarface (1932) directed by Howard Hawks and Richard Rosson, starring Paul Muni, George Raft and Boris Karloff
- Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) directed by Michael Curtiz, starring James Cagney, Pat O'Brien and Humphrey Bogart
- The Roaring Twenties (1939) directed by Raoul Walsh, starring James Cagney and Humphrey Bogart
- White Heat (1949) directed by Raoul Walsh, starring James Cagney and Edmund O'Brien
- The Enforcer (1951) directed by Bretaigne Windust, starring Humphrey Bogart
- The Godfather (1972) directed by Francis Ford Coppola, starring Marlon Brando, Al Pacino, James Caan, Robert Duvall and John Cazale
- nick beale (1973) directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Robert De Niro, Harvey Keitel and David Proval
- The Godfather Part II (1974) directed by Francis Ford Coppola, starring Al Pacino, Robert De Niro, John Cazale and Lee Strassberg
- Scarface (1983) directed by Brian De Palma, starring Al Pacino, Steven Bauer and Robert Loggia
- Once Upon a Time in America (1984) directed by Sergio Leone, starring Robert De Niro, James Woods, Burt Young and Joe Pesci
- The Godfather Part III (1990) directed by Francis Ford Coppola, starring Al Pacino, Andy Garcia and Joe Montegna
- Goodfellas (1990) directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Ray Liotta, Robert De Niro and Joe Pesci
- Reservoir Dogs (1992) directed by Quentin Tarantino, starring Harvey Keitel, Tim Roth, Michael Madsen, Chris Penn, Steve Buscemi and Lawrence Tierney
- Pulp Fiction (1994) directed by Quentin Tarantino, starring John Travolta, Samuel L. Jackson, Harvey Keitel and Tim Roth
- Casino (1995) directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Robert De Niro and Joe Pesci
- Analyze This (1999), a Mafia comedy directed by Harold Ramis, starring Robert De Niro and Billy Crystal
- Analyze That (2002), sequel to Analyze This, also directed by Ramis and starring De Niro and Crystal in the same roles
- Gangs of New York (2002) directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Daniel Day-Lewis
- The Departed (2006) directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Matt Damon, Jack Nicholson, Mark Wahlberg, Martin Sheen and Alec Baldwin
The television series The Sopranos is about the mafia in New Jersey and stars James Gandolfini, Steve Van Zandt, Tony Sirico, Michael Imperioli, Vincent Pastore, David Proval and Joe Pantoliano among others.


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Enger Tower, West Skyline Parkway, Duluth, Minnesota
From Placeography
Edit with form | |
Enger Tower | |
| |
Location of Structure: | Off of West Skyline Parkway, in Enger Park. |
Neighborhood/s: | Duluth Heights, Duluth, Minnesota |
City/locality- State/province | Duluth, Minnesota |
County- State/province: | Saint Louis County, Minnesota |
State/province: | Minnesota |
Country: | United States |
Year built: | 1939 |
Contents |
Enger Tower was dedicated by Crown Prince Olav and Crown Princess Martha of Norway on June 15, 1939. It was named for Bert Enger, a successful Norwegian immigrant, who left the city of Duluth two-thirds of his estate including the land for the tower and Enger Park. The site now includes Enger Tower, extensive gardens, a pavilion, hiking trails, facilities for picnicking, and the installation of a Peace Bell, a gift from Duluth's sister city Oh Ara, Japan; nearby is Enger Golf Course. For generations this has been a popular location for family picnics and school outings.
In September 2009 Minnesota Public Radio reported that Enger Tower needs renovation work in order to prevent further deterioration and preserve the structure.
Memories and stories
Photo Gallery
Related Links
Minnesota's Volcanic Rocks: Gabbro

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The problem I'm having is shooting a bullet while rotating like a top down shooter, Also I'm using Flash ActionScript files.
Can anyone help me?
What exactly is the problem? It doesn't seem that big a problem... if you like, you can make a special 'bullet' class, which manages the movement (and rotation) along the x- and y-axis, and remove itself if it's off the stage.Once you fire, you add it to the stage's display list, and by using localToGlobal you can get the correct x and y location to start the bullet from....which would looks something like this:public function fireBullet():void{ // fire the gun var bSpeed:Number = 10; var bType:String = "istol"; var bLocation:Point = new Point(x,y); bLocation = this.localToGlobal(bLocation); var bullet:Bullet = new Bullet(bSpeed, bType, bLocation, rotation); stage.addChild(bullet);}package{ include flash.display.MovieClip; class Bullet extends MovieClip{ var bType:String; var bSpeed:Number; var bullet_mc:MovieClip; public function Bullet(inSpeed,inType,startLocation,inRot):void{ bType = inType; bSpeed = inSpeed; rotation = inRot; switch(bType){ case "istol": bullet_mc = new PistolBullet(); break; default: trace("wrong bullet MC switch" } addChild(bullet_mc); bullet_mc.addEventListener(Event.ENTER_FRAME, bulletFunctions); } private function bulletFunctions(e:Event):void{ x = Math.sin(rotation*Math.PI)*bSpeed; y = Math.cos(rotation*Math.PI)*bSpeed; if(x < 0 || x > stage.width || y < 0 || y > stage.height){ remove(); } } }}Now, this isn't everything, and it'll probably give a whole lot of errors... but it should make the general idea pretty clear. Let me know if you still run into problems after some tweaking!
I did still run into some problems.One - The bullets didn't start at the end of the gun.Two - The bullets still didn't move
make sure your adding the event listener so it can call the bulletFunctions every time the frame is redrawn.
Here is my rotation code:package { //List of imports import flash.display.MovieClip; import flash.events.Event; //Shooting Class public class Shooting extends MovieClip { //List of variables var PistolGun:MovieClip; var Angle:Number; //Constructor function public function Shooting() { //Create PistolGun and place it on the stage PistolGun = new Pistol; PistolGun.x = stage.stageWidth / 2; PistolGun.y = stage.stageHeight / 2; stage.addChild(PistolGun); //GunRotate EventListener stage.addEventListener(Event.ENTER_FRAME, GunRotate); } public function GunRotate(event:Event){ //Find the right angle Angle = Math.atan2(mouseY-PistolGun.y, mouseX-PistolGun.x); Angle *= 180/Math.PI; //Rotate the PistolGun to the mouses angle PistolGun.rotation = Angle + 90; } } //End of Shooting class} //End of Package
To adress your problem of the bullets not starting at the end of the gun: that's right... they wouldn't. If I'm correct, they should start at the registration point of the gun, right? Simple to fix... add a 'bulletAppear' movieclip, and instead of using new Point(x,y) use new Point(bulletAppear.x,bulletAppear.y).The bullets not moving is probably because of a small error on my side: instead of using x = ... and y = ... you should use x += ... and y += ... - though perhaps they should be minus, I can't remember.
The bullets just get faster and faster AND faster every time you shoot. When I add x '-''+'= or y '-''+'= can you help?
Could it be that you remove the movieclip off the display list, but still retain the event listener? This way every time you fire, you add an extra ENTER_FRAME to the bullet_mc... which would make it speed up every time
I found what I did wrong I did Bullet.addEventListener(Event.ENTER_FRAME, BulletMove); when it should of been stage.addEventListener(Event.ENTER_FRAME, BulletMove); thanks for all your help.
Hmm, hadn't even thought of that myself. Glad it worked out though! Good luck with the rest of your project, and show us some results when it's possible
Thread is locked!


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Why, where and how should I invest? How are these decisions affected by economic uncertainty? What is the relationship between risk and return? These are some of the questions addressed in Personal investment in an uncertain world. Investment planning requires financial decisions about the allocation of resources in a world of uncertainties that affect the value of pensions, shares and bonds. You'll learn how to understand the sources of uncertainty, the way that financial service providers adapt to it and how individuals form personal strategies to manage it.
OU qualifications are modular in structure; the credits from this undergraduate-level module could count towards a certificate of higher education, diploma of higher education, foundation degree or honours degree.
I would recommend this, loved it but would have preferred more up to date material especially Block 3, looking at... Read more
This was a good and well organised module, following on logically from the OU level 1 course DB123. The course... Read more
The module is taught through three broad themes aimed at helping you understand the concepts that underpin investment planning.
The main building blocks of investment are savings (cash), bonds, shares and property. All of them – even cash which is particularly vulnerable to inflation – involve risks. You will be shown how to build a portfolio, using financial and economic modelling (such as the Capital Asset Pricing Model), that manages and spreads risk while pursuing higher returns. You will explore and critique how economic theories have shaped the investment funds on offer to the public, and learn how to interpret published information about these funds.
Some events that have a critical impact on investments cannot be predicted. Socio-economic changes can increase the uncertainty that surrounds investment decisions. This theme explores the importance to personal investment of economic forces, government policies, ageing populations, and unforeseen events.
Investors need to be assured that financial institutions and the wider financial system are safe. They also need to be confident that providers and sellers of financial products are behaving in an ethical way. But, as with most things, there is a cost to regulation. How much regulation is enough? Does regulation deliver enough benefits to justify its cost?
The module is delivered using a textbook and the module website. The website, which accounts for roughly half of the study materials has:
However you will be introduced to a small amount of straightforward arithmetic that will help you understand the underlying mechanisms and assumptions underpinning investment theories.
Taken together, the knowledge and understanding you gain from studying Personal investment in an uncertain world will deliver two types of crucial skills: skills that are highly practical and relevant in your everyday life, and key practical and professional skills that are essential for a career in the financial services industry.
Although you will acquire knowledge and skills that may help you in your own investment planning, you should be aware, however, that this module does not give personal investment advice.
This module is appropriate if you wish to understand or manage your own investments. However, it also has particular relevance if you are working in, or aiming to work in, the financial services industry. It teaches crucial knowledge and skills supporting investment planning, and encourages a thoughtful and ethical approach to their application.
You will have a tutor who will help you with study material and mark and comment on your written work, and whom you can ask for advice and guidance with your studies. There will be group tutorials that you are encouraged but not obliged to attend. Where your tutorials are held will depend on the number of students doing the module locally to you.
Contact us if you want to know more about study with The Open University before you register.
The assessment details for this module can be found in the facts box above.
You can choose whether to submit your tutor-marked assignments (TMAs) on paper or online through the eTMA system. You may want to use the eTMA system for some of your assignments but submit on paper for others. This is entirely your choice.
The end-of-module assessment (EMA) may be submitted online (recommended) or on paper.
The details given here are for the module that starts in October 2017. This module is expected to start for the last time in October 2018.
See the satisfaction survey results for this course.
The OU level 1 module You and your money: personal finance in context (DB123) is an excellent preparation for this module.
Personal investment in an uncertain world is an OU level 2 module and you need the general study techniques appropriate to OU level 2 study, such as engaging with the argument of the text and taking notes; the ability to extract information from different sources, including tables and graphs; handling evidence in support of arguments; and making critical analyses of topics.
The module does not assume that you have mathematics beyond elementary arithmetic, but will introduce additional techniques including understanding graphs, diagrams, and the occasional elementary equation. It also introduces you to basic statistical concepts (standard deviation and correlation), but you will not be required to calculate these for yourself as an online Investment Tool is provided.
If you have any doubt about the suitability of the module, please speak to an adviser.
Registration closes 14/09/17 (places subject to availability)
There may be extra costs on top of the tuition fee, such as a laptop, travel to tutorials, set books and internet access. If you're on a low income you might be eligible for help with some of these costs after your module has started.
The Open University Student Budget Accounts Ltd (OUSBA) offers a convenient 'pay as you go' option to pay your OU fees, which is a secure, quick and easy way to pay. Please note that The Open University works exclusively with OUSBA and is not able to offer you credit facilities from any other provider. All credit is subject to status and proof that you can afford the repayments.
You pay the OU through OUSBA in one of the following ways:
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Studying with The Open University can boost your employability. OU courses are recognised and respected by employers for their excellence and the commitment they take to complete. They also value the skills that students learn and can apply in the workplace.
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For more information about combining payment options, speak to an adviser or book a call back at a time convenient to you.
Textbook and the website (VLE), which includes audio-visual material, skills support, tutorial and financial tools.
You will need a device with internet access to study this module as a web browser is used to access learning materials and activities. Any other computer-based activities you will need to carry out, such as word processing, using spreadsheets, taking part in online forums, and submitting files to the university for assessment, are specified in the module materials. If any additional software is needed for these tasks it will either be provided or is freely available. You may need administrative privileges to install the software.
Suitable devices are:
Some software will not run on Linux, iOS or Android devices.
A netbook, tablet, smartphone or Linux computer that supports one of the browsers listed below may be suitable. However, these devices may not be suitable for some activities. If you intend to use one of these devices please ensure you have access to a suitable desktop or laptop device that uses the Windows or OS X operating system in case you are unable to carry out all activities on your mobile device.
Recent versions of the following browsers are suitable for carrying out web-based activities:
Or Internet Explorer 9 and above.
Using a browser upgraded to the latest version will maximise security when accessing the internet.
Using company or library computers may prevent you accessing some internet materials or installing additional software.
To be able to talk and listen in our online discussions you will need both a microphone and speakers/headphones.
Devices with small screens may make it difficult to view the material provided and carry out the activities. However, a device that has a resolution of at least 1024 pixels horizontally and also at least 768 pixels vertically should be adequate.
See our Skills for OU study website for further information about computing skills for study and educational deals for buying Microsoft Office software.
Written transcripts of any audio components and Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) versions of printed material are available. Some Adobe PDF components may not be available or fully accessible using a screen reader and the Investment Tool will probably not be readable in this way. As the module contains complex and interactive online tutorials featuring detailed diagrams, the use of an assistant may be helpful to some students with visual and/or motor impairments. Comb-bound versions of the printed study materials can be provided on request. Other alternative formats of the study materials may be available in the future.
Because approximately half of the module is delivered online you will need to make extensive use of a personal computer and the internet. If you use specialist hardware or software to assist you in operating a computer or have concerns about accessing the technological tools on this module you are advised to contact us about support which can be given to meet your needs.
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"This shows everybody that the laws need to change and people who commit these kinds of crimes need to be held accountable. The archdiocese knows about these predators and they let it go on."
John Delaney
"[Ovum analyst John Delaney told the E-Commerce Times the move seemed to amount to Microsoft saying to Google:] Anything you can do, I can do better. ... The rivalry between the big Internet portals is becoming increasingly intense ... And there's definitely more of this jostling to come."
"Anything you can do, I can do better."
"Google Talk will let you use your PC to talk to other PC users over the Internet? Well OK, MSN will let you do that -- and unlike Google, we might let you talk to people on their phones, too, ... The rivalry between the big Internet portals is becoming increasingly intense. Google pushes into MSN territory in the form of Gmail and Google Talk. MSN pushes back into Google territory with MSN Search, and now with the new services that Teleo will enable. And there's definitely more of this jostling to come."
"eBay has definitely overpaid for Skype."
"If eBay really wanted some VoIP technology it could have bought it cheaper or built it itself, ... If it is not paying for VoIP technology what is it paying for? The brand and the number of registered users."
"Equipment vendors are citing 'willingness to pay' surveys to show that people will pay up to 10 per month for mobile TV, but we generally view such surveys skeptically. It's one thing to say that you're willing to pay; it's quite another thing to actually pay."
"Brian deserved to manage Ireland at some stage and he did so,"
"We commence looking for a new manager tomorrow morning."
"We're looking for a successful manager."


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nope, always watch out for the charming one's, haven't you ever bought a car at a used car lot. lol
there are no concrete rules to buying and selling over the internet. just be carefull.
i was going to type out a nice long post, but my brain is just not working atm, i spent too many hours selling extra services today at the oil change shop i run loz
what ever happened to personal integrity? i have so little in this world, the only thing i have of value is my word.


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Balance: The Economics of Great Powers from Ancient Rome to Modern America
€ 27,99
Lieferbar innert 2 Wochen
Mai 2013
In this groundbreaking book, two economists explain why economic imbalances cause civil collapse-and why America could be next. In this groundbreaking book, two economists explain why economic imbalances cause civil collapse- and why the United States could be next. From the Ming Dynasty to Ottoman Turkey to imperial Spain, the Great Powers of the world emerged as the greatest economic, political, and military forces of their time-only to collapse into rubble and memory. What is at the root of their demise-and how can the United States stop this pattern from happening again? A quarter century after Paul Kennedy's The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, Glenn Hubbard and Tim Kane present a bold, sweeping account of why powerful nations and civilizations break down under the heavy burden of economic imbalance. Introducing a profound new measure of economic power, Balance traces the triumphs and mistakes of imperial Britain, the paradox of superstate California, the long collapse of Rome, and the limits of the Japanese model of growth. Most importantly, Hubbard and Kane compare the twenty-first-century United States to the empires of old and challenge Americans to address the real problems of our country's dysfunctional fiscal imbalance. If there is not a new economics and politics of balance, they show that there will be an inevitable demise ahead.Portrait
Tim Kane is the chief economist of the Hudson Institute, veteran Air Force officer, and has twice served at the Joint Economic Committee of the US Congress. He regularly writes for The Atlantic, The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, and USA TODAY and is well-known public speaker. Glenn Hubbard is the dean of Columbia University's Graduate School of Business and the former chairman of the President's Council of Economic Advisers. He is a frequent contributor to Business Week, The Wall Street Journal, and The New York Times, as well as PBS's The Nightly Business Report and American Public Media's Marketplace.Pressestimmen
In seeking to discover what might be common factors throughout history to explain the rise and decline of powerful states, Hubbard and Kane have succeeded in identifying surprisingly similar trajectories. Their thought-provoking analysis has compelling relevance for Americas future.--Henry A. KissingerEAN: 9781476700250
Untertitel: New.
Sprache: Englisch.
Verlag: SIMON & SCHUSTER
Erscheinungsdatum: Mai 2013
Seitenanzahl: 368 Seiten
Format: gebunden
Es gibt zu diesem Artikel noch keine Bewertungen.Kundenbewertung schreiben


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Smartphones—whether it's an Android, iOS, BlackBerry, Windows Phone, Nokia, or anything else; are now illegal in North Korea. Well, over the next 100 days that is.
According to several sources, cell phones are outlawed in North Korea over the next 100 days. While they mourn the death of their fallen dictator Kim Jong-il; anyone caught using a mobile phone will be treated as a war criminal and will be punishable by prison or death.
It is quite unimaginable how we could even spend 5 minutes away from our phones, let alone a hundred days. But it is even more unforgivable for anyone to be caught using his smartphone and imprisoned or even killed.
While this may sound as a joke to us Westerners—we have to understand that this is a way for North Koreans to pay tribute to their former dictator; especially since Kim Jong-il was responsible for creating the world's first hierarchical 3G network. We have to understand that it is part of their rules.
So yes, let's be thankful for our freedom.


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a universal pattern
relatedto chronological age
probablycontrolled by the genetic code
unusual rate of aging
Theories of Aging
Programmed Theories -- biologicalclock (Hayflick limit)
�Genesswitching on or off
� Error Theories -- accumulation ofmistakes
�Freeradicals (oxygen)
Normal Aging =Changes in the Cells
�� Cell Metabolism
��poorermetabolism = less energy
��problemswith repair and replacement
�� Cell Frameworks
��stiffer,less flexible connective tissue
�� Cell Communications
��fewerneurotransmitter molecules
Net Result: All organsystems become less efficient with age
Reduction in physical energy
Reduction in mobility and coordination
speedof response
Increased susceptibility to disease
immunesystem functioning
acutevs. chronic illness
"StudyBlue is great for studying. I love the study guides, flashcards and quizzes. So extremely helpful for all of my classes!"
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Lets say you have a Hyper-V guest operating system that is running Windows Server 2008 R2 or Windows 7 and it has a disk that is connected to a SCSI controller. Now if you receive error Unexpected failure. Error code: 490@01010004, then this article may help you.
Error code 490@01010004
You might see this error message in the Event Viewer.
There is a KB979391 that ONLY explains why this happens, but no actual fix mentioned in that article. It's been reported in a few forums, that issue can be resolved by reinstalling your Virtual drive software like Alcohol 120%, DAEMON Tools Lite etc.
One thing you have to remember is after you remove the software, there is a good chance that it may leave the SPTD.sys driver behind. This driver is notorious on Windows 7 for causing frequent crashes including the Blue Screens.
There is an uninstaller tool that's available that will help you in removing it. Download the application from here. Run the application, then click on Uninstall to remove it.
Reboot your computer to take effect.
Alternatively, you can go to use the registry method to disable it:
- Go to Start under search type in Regedit
- Then go to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\ Services\sptd
- In Right side panel you'll DWORD Start value to 4 and reboot the machine once.
Hope this helps someone.


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Indonesian to English
semesta | whole, entire |
semesta | |||
semesta alfven | alfven universe |
semesta lubang-hitam | black-hole universe |
semesta minkowski | minkowski universe |
semesta teramatkan | observable universe |
semestaan | universalism. |
whole | |
adjective | including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete |
noun | all of something including all its component elements or parts |
adverb | to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (`whole' is often used informally for `wholly') |
noun | an assemblage of parts that is regarded as a single entity |
adjective | (of siblings) having the same parents |
adjective satellite | not injured |
adjective satellite | exhibiting or restored to vigorous good health |
adjective satellite | acting together as a single undiversified whole |
adjective | Containing the total amount, number, etc.; comprising all the parts; free from deficiency; all; total; entire; as, the whole earth; the whole solar system; the whole army; the whole nation. |
noun | The entire thing; the entire assemblage of parts; totality; all of a thing, without defect or exception; a thing complete in itself. |
source: WordNet 3.0


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Solo Cup PX14 Ultra Clear Plastic 14 oz. Cold Cups
Comparable Products
Solo Cup PX14 Description
One lid fits six straight wall cup sizes for SKU reduction, greater warehouse efficiency and less clutter at the beverage station. Durable and crack resistant, cups feature sturdy base and fit in car cup holder without tipping. Strong enough for both dining in and on the go fountain drinks. Clear polypropylene cup. 50 cups per pack; 20 packs per case (1,000 cups).Product Specification
Inner Package
Pack of 50
Manufacturers Parts Number
Package Size
Case of 1000
UPC Code


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Here is a lovely handpainted trinket or cigarette box from Stangl Pottery. It is the number 3759 box in the Terra Rose line with the Mountain Laurel decoration. The lid measures 4 3/8" by 5 1/2", the box measures 4" by 5" and stands 2" tall. It bears the "Stangl, Terra Rose, Made in Trenton, U.S.A.", in an oval, mark, below which is "Mountain Laurel". There are no chips, cracks, flakes or other damage I can detect.
A great piece of American Art Pottery! Add it to your collection today!
As always, all reasonable offers are welcomed and considered.
Enjoy each day!
Antiques, Vintage Collectibles, Books, Unusual and Interesting Items
Thank you for perusing my shop! Your inquiries about or offers on any of my items are always welcomed! Happy hunting!


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That's a lot of tail-wagging.
How can you go wrong with that much tail?
That swimsuit is ADORABLE!Also, look at your puppies...they are awesome!!! I want to pet all of them :)
I like the concept of the bike shoes, I'm outta the loop since I've had the same bike shoes for like well, 8 years wow!
too stinkin' cute! both the ass and the puppies. what's the name of that suit company again? i want a fun suit too!
That suit rocks!!!
I'm sorry...bake and wear? Cute suit!
You just took ass shots to a whole new level. I feel a little uncomfortable being so close to all that ass. LOL! Also, I love how the puppies are like, new shoes! MOMMY HAS NEW SHOES! SMELL THEM! THEY DON'T STINK YET! NEW SHOES!!!!!!!!!!
Much better. The ratio is improving. I've never baked my shoes. Does it really make a difference?
Hey Katie, I'd love to run CB with you!
Are these the TRI-300 shoes? I have shoe envy. And swimsuit envy. For sure I want to know where you got it! Cute ass and tails. ;-)
yes, and the suits are splish!
Your ass is a liar! lolz! That is too funny-I actually really like that suit!
Finally!!! Back on track with your posting content.
Love the pics of the three puppies all sniffing the shoes. Glad you are back running again, short or not!
that's an awesome swimsuit. and love the pups sniffing out the new shoes, it seemed that they highly approved!
Carolina John takes the cake for comment of the day.Couldn't use the oven but the dishwasher is right there.....wash and wear?
...and here I was thinking there would be not bathing suit booty shots. I WAS MISTAKEN>awesome.Can't wait to hear about those shoes :) sexy
Now I see why we can't take cameras into the locker room. LOL
But what do the puppies think about new addition to the suit family?
I pink sparkle heart you.
That swim suit is so fun! Also you bake the shoes?
I need to understand this bake and wear bike shoes!! I love the color of them!I need another new pair...


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Home Services and Ministries Single Mothers Application
Thank you for considering Oklahoma Baptist Homes for Children to meet your out of home placement needs. We understand that the decision to live outside of the home is a difficult one, no matter what the circumstances are. We hope that our online form will help you with the first steps of the application process.
The applications are divided into SECTIONS and you should understand that you will need to complete all required [*] questions in each section before moving on to a different section. Although not lengthy, we understand that you may run across a question that you may need to answer later, or you may need to be away from your computer for a while, so we are requiring that you create a user account on our site. This will allow you to save the form as you go and then return to it at a later time to complete and submit. After your form has been submitted, please expect a response from us within a 2-3 business days.


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Warm water , ground swells and off-shores. Our contacts up North reporting the drought over summer has broken. Happy for all the crew up there. Means they won't have to come South looking for a fix This Chart is a day / 30 hrs before @POW_hungry posted in the other Thread. The whole East Coast going to get some all of next week. I'm off to go clear the drains and build an Arc.
Wow major downgrade(s) for next week's Tasman low. Latest weatherzone charts have a near south-to-north fetch which might give the far north NSW some side energy but that's about it.
Snapshot of the East Coast Low , and QLD fetch just now. https://earth.nullschool.net/#curre...raphic=-220.81,-27.73,1453/loc=110.215,-8.723
Pretty much straight Easterlies south of Bateman's today, but managed to get a couple of fun corners later in the day. Watched 30 seconds of Aus Open, significantly bigger than what we're seeing in the south.
Gotta think it's going have another foot or two on it tomoz. Wind still pretty mellow when I took the dog for a walk on the beach just before dark. Love the predict , watch wait and see of the biz. Both on the water and up tthe mountains.
Smaller than yesterday at Palm Beach. Here is the bank in front of the coffee shop right now. The camera makes it look brighter than it is but I am paddling out in a few minutes. Wind is light northerly now which I wasn't expecting.
Update to the above - the photo rather over-sold it. By the time I got in the water 5 minutes later the tide had dropped enough that the set waves were all atomic close-outs and dermabrasion opportunities. I got a couple out on that bank, paddled down to Kiddies' Corner and fought with the mals, skis, SUPs, etc for teeny little waves for a while then paddled back and got smashed some more on that bank in front of the coffee shop (which had got even more brutally shutting down) until I decided the risk of snapping my board or myself was too much. Coffee and cake, then straight to my twins' soccer game.
Family and domestic biz , couldn't get to it. Would have been good on the low and incoming. Wind swinging as the day goes on.
I watched the finals of the contest at Manly on Foxtel and it looked like the higher tide and offshore that developed did it a lot of good. Wish I had been able to get down for an after-lunch second session today, but I hope everyone who did get out around Sydney later in the day enjoyed their session.
Wow the models are all over the shop with this Tasman low, now looking good for Sydney and south for very late in the week and into the weekend. Good for the weekend warriors and those of us with a bonus long we
Wednesday & Thursday looking good if you can find a corner out of the wind. 6-8ft likely at the moment IMO.
Haven't had a chance to post yet by my stretch (DY-LR) was pumping yesterday. Solid 3-4ft easy. I managed a quick morning sesh but didn't manage to jag any real smokers, saw plenty coming through and plenty being torn apart by either hungry local crew or AOS blow ins The LR lugga was opened a few weeks ago and it was still open yesterday morning. I'd say that was also contributing to the rather quality looking A-Frames being produced along most of the stretch along with the peaky mix of E & S swells. Looks bigger but more S today, prefer more of that E juice thanks Huey
Very straight lines in the protected corners. 9 or 10 seconds and I'll say 4-6 ft. Didn't see GCR when I drove past but it would be game on i.
Yeah but it's pretty fugging windy. Could see a few phantom reefs breaking tho. They'll be worth a crack , just to tick the box , as size increases & if it holds this direction.
Surely it can't top the June 2016 swell @SAsurfa !!! Mind you it seems like it's been a few years since we've had a quality ECL / Tasman low position itself in a good spot to produce that lovely combo of pumping corduroy & offshores @SAsurfa are you thinking about heading north to that spot we've been talking about recently?!!
Nah nothing on last years swell, but this will be longer lasting with better winds for protected spots.
What's the bet they get this pumping swell for Snapper now and it goes flat for the contest waiting period
My twins had a pupil-free day at school so I was handed an excuse for a bonus surf today. Some very meaty waves with nowhere to go (other than getting hammered into the sand) on the inside sections but nice walls and tempting sections to pull into before that. South end of Palm Beach was well sheltered from the wind, Kiddies' Corner was only a couple of feet but breaking hard (when it broke at all - the sets were maybe 5 minutes apart meaning people were getting out the back who really shouldn't have) and with added backwash - up the beach a bit was large and heavy and as I said brutal on the inside. This was around the low tide but that was when I was able to get there at all, so a lot better than not surfing.
Nah too messy no-one out at Golfy. Few groms surfing the beachies right up in the corner in front of the club. Still howling side-shore messy there too.
Yeah, when I looked at all the models last night, I had a good giggle to myself. It's just like last year when TC Winston delivered all-time conditions 10 days before the lack-luster event last year. Sorry, but I love when the corporates get done over in an alternative sport.
Off shore in Port Mac/Sea Rocks etc according to obs. Back end of the week really start to look the goods, if you know where to hustle the East swell + South wind.
Ooooh, SO tempting. Haven't surfed it, or Pebbly - or even the main beach right handers inside of Haydens behind the bull ring - for ages, and one or other of them will be working depending on how much swell there is.
Long period E swell + S wind combo would be near perfect, perhaps a bit more N in the swell to get right into the bay
Good waves at Werri over the weekend although was a bit hit and miss with the winds and tides. The tide change around midday on Saturday resulted in all the towns groms getting swept out to sea about 500m. Made the line up pretty quiet for a change! Yesterday morning was a cracker with great waves lining up all the way down the point. Currently sitting in our site shed in Ulladulla hoping to sneak out for a surf at some point. The reefs around Mollymook looked good this morning.
Sorry, but Saturday AM looks like SEX to me... Practically, anywhere on the NSW coastline (like, the entire coastline) benefits from propagating swell & relatively slack winds! The big positive will be the vast amount of options to spread the crowds IMO.


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Here's a second short report from our remote video discussion with Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige at Disney's Hammersmith offices, ahead of the release of The Avengers (Avengers Assemble in the UK) next month.
I asked him about the plans for The Avengers within the overall structure of Marvel Studios movies, and he talked about how the Avengers represent the finish of "phase one" and a jumping off point for phase two through Iron Man 2, Tbor 2 and, as he put it "knock on wood, Avengers 2". But I asked if this kind of thing might one day lead to something like Marvel's Civil War, and what we'd see of that in The Avengers.
He told me:
You can obviously see that in the decades and decades of Avengers comics prior to the Civil War event, the conflict between the characters, the differences in world views of all the characters, that led up to what happened in Civil War, certainly that's in this movie, you can see how different Tony Stark and Steve Rogers are in a great way. In this movie the question is are they going to be able to stop fighting each other long enough to fight the bad guy
Civil War would someday be a great crossover eve but here it's more in the character interactions than a direct easter egg.
There's more to come, but we thought these two teasers would do for now…
- - March 25, 2017
- Man In Joker Cosplay Arrested In Virginia, Could Get Five Years - March 25, 2017
- Weekend Without Bernie – Michael Davis, From The Edge - March 25, 2017
- Marvel Publish All-New Wolverine #19, The First ResurrXion Issue On Marvel Unlimited Two Weeks Before It's In Print (UPDATE) - March 25, 2017
- 15 Page Preview Of Power Rangers' Movie Sequel Graphic Novel - March 25, 2017


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The Arts Council presents a variety of events throughout the year, at the Coconino Center for the Arts and in other venues around Flagstaff. At the Center, you'll experience art exhibitions, compelling concerts, and more. Around Flagstaff, we host performances on downtown Flagstaff's Heritage Square, concerts in the idyllic setting at the Arboretum at Flagstaff, and Navajo Rug Auctions at the Museum of Northern Arizona.
7:30 pm
David Lindley
@ Coconino Center for the Arts
David Lindley
@ Coconino Center for the Arts
Apr 19 @ 7:30 pm – 9:45 pm
Greenhouse Productions and the Flagstaff Arts Council are pleased to present David Lindley live in concert at the Coconino Center for the Arts on Wednesday, April 19, 2017. Doors open at 6:30 pm and concert begins at 7:30 pm with an opening act. David Lindley will take the stage at 8:15 pm. Multi-instrumentalist David Lindley[...]


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Celebrating Holtville Soroptimist Club's upcoming 60th year, the club themed their annual installation luncheon as "Building on our Birthday". This luncheon was held on Tuesday at the Women's Club with special guest, JoAnn Sidhuara. JoAnn is from Soroptimist International of La Jolla and serves as the current District III President for the Desert Coast Region of Soroptimist of the Americas. She was on hand at the event to install the incoming board of directors of Soroptimist International of Holtville.
Incoming officers for the 2011/2012 year will be Treasurer – Donna Brady, Recording Secretary – Jessica Diez, Correspondence Secretary – Katie Turner, 2nd Vice President – Sarah Enz, 1st Vice President – Jamie Vessey, and President – Betty Predmore. Outgoing President Laura Goodsell will serve as a director on the board. Each officer was presented a birthday crown by JoAnn in honor of the 60th birthday of Holtville Soroptimist.
New members Anna Dhalliwal and Jamie Strahm were also introduced by Joan Jencks and Betty Predmore.


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8 photos
53.69 acres
0 FM 2668, Bay City, Texas
- Matagorda County
53.688 Acres
53.68 Acres Fronting on FM 2668, 2 miles South of Bay City, right before the entrance to Rio Colorado golf course. Plenty of trees for deer and wildlife and pasture for horses and cattle to maintain Ag exemption. If you are looking for a place to build a home, this is it! Property is also accessed from private Road off FM 2668.
Lindsey Thompson
Thompson Land Company


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Support the news
Gov. John Kasich is in Massachusetts, campaigning for the Republican presidential nomination. We talk to him from Plymouth about his campaign.
John Kasich, Republican governor of Ohio, and presidential candidate. He tweets @JohnKasich.
WBUR: In Plymouth, Taking The Pulse Of The Republican Presidential Race
MassLive: John Kasich Makes His Pitch To Western Massachusetts Voters At Springfield Town Hall
This segment aired on February 29, 2016.
Support the news
More Radio Boston or Explore Audio.


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Stop the Shepherd Bend Coal Mine from Polluting Birmingham's Drinking Water!
A large coalition of businesses and groups, plus tens of thousands of citizens, urge the University of Alabama System Trustees (UA) to stop the proposed Shepherd Bend Mine from polluting a major drinking water source for the greater Birmingham area.
UA is the main owner of land and minerals at Shepherd Bend, site of a proposed coal mine on the Black Warrior River's Mulberry Fork in Walker County. The 1,773-acre strip mine would discharge wastewater at 29 proposed outfalls, including one 800 feet across the river from a Birmingham Water Works Board intake providing water to 200,000 people. Metals and sediment discharged from the mine would lead to decreased water quality and increased filtration fees for consumers.
In 2007, UA requested coal mining proposals for this property. Facing public pressure and media coverage, UA has retreated to the oft-repeated statement, "The University has not been approached about leasing the land and has no current plans to lease or sell the land."
Our opposition will persist until UA promises they will never lease or sell land or minerals for mining at Shepherd Bend.
- Chancellor of the University of Alabama System
Dr. Robert E. Witt - President of the University of Alabama
Dr. Judy L. Bonner - President pro tempore of the Board of Trustees
Karen P. Brooks


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Welcome to Carnivora. We hope you enjoy your visit. You're currently viewing our forum as a guest. This means you are limited to certain areas of the board and there are some features you can't use. If you join our community, you'll be able to access member-only sections, and use many member-only features such as customizing your profile and voting in polls. Registration is simple, fast, and completely free. Join our community! If you're already a member please log in to your account to access all of our features: |
Rhamphorhynchus muensteri | |
Tweet Topic Started: Nov 28 2012, 09:12 AM (3,133 Views) | |
Carcharadon | Nov 28 2012, 09:12 AM Post #1 |
Shark Toothed Reptile
Rhamphorhynchus muensteri Temporal range: Late Jurassic, 150–148 Ma Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Order: †Pterosauria Family: †Rhamphorhynchidae Subfamily: †Rhamphorhynchinae Genus: †Rhamphorhynchus Meyer, 1846 Rhamphorhynchus, "beak snout", is a genus of long-tailed pterosaurs in the Jurassic period. Less specialized than contemporary, short-tailed pterodactyloid pterosaurs such as Pterodactylus, it had a long tail, stiffened with ligaments, which ended in a characteristic diamond-shaped vane. The jaws of Rhamphorhynchus housed needle-like teeth, which were angled forward, with a curved, sharp, beak-like tip lacking teeth, indicating a diet mainly of fish and insects. Although fragmentary fossil remains possibly belonging to Rhamphorhynchus have been found in England, Tanzania, and Spain, the best preserved specimens come from the Solnhofen limestone of Bavaria, Germany. Many of these fossils preserve not only the bones but impressions of soft tissues such as wing membranes. Scattered teeth believed to belong to Rhamphorhynchus have been found in Portugal as well. Description The largest known specimen of Rhamphorhynchus muensteri (catalog number BMNH 37002) measures 1.26 meters (4.1 ft) long with a wingspan of 1.81 m (5.9 ft). Skull Contrary to a 1927 report by pterosaur researcher Ferdinand Broili, Rhamphorhynchus lacked any bony or soft tissue crest, as seen in several species of contemporary small pterodactyloid pterosaurs. Broili claimed to have found a two millimeter tall crest made of thin bone that ran much of the skulls length in one Rhamphorhynchus specimen, evidenced by an impression in the surrounding rock and a few small fragments of the crest itself. However, subsequent examination of this specimen by Wellnhofer in 1975 and Bennett in 2002 using both visible and ultraviolet light found no trace of a crest, and both concluded that Broili was mistaken. The supposed crest, they concluded, was simply an artifact of preservation. The teeth of Rhamphorhynchus intermesh when the jaw is closed and are suggestive of a piscivorous diet. There are twenty teeth in the upper jaws and fourteen in the lower jaws. History and classification The classification and taxonomy of Rhamphorhynchus, like many pterosaur species known since the Victorian era, is complex, with a long history of reclassification under a variety of names, often for the same specimens. The first named specimen of Rhamphorhynchus, was brought to the attention of Samuel Thomas von Soemmerring by the collector Georg Graf zu Münster in 1825. von Soermmerring concluded that it belonged to an ancient bird. When further preparation uncovered teeth, Graf zu Münster sent a cast to Professor Georg August Goldfuss who recognised it as a pterosaur. Like most pterosaurs described in the mid 19th century, Rhamphorhynchus was originally considered to be a species of Pterodactylus. However, at the time, many scientists incorrectly considered Ornithocephalus to be the valid name for Pterodactylus. This specimen of Rhamphorhynchus was therefore originally named Ornithocephalus Münsteri. This was first mentioned in 1830 by Graf zu Münster himself. However, the description making the name valid was given by Goldfuss in a 1831 follow-up to Münster's short paper. Note that the ICZN later ruled that non-standard Latin characters such as ü would not be allowed in scientific names, and the spelling münsteri was emended to muensteri by Richard Lydekker in 1888. In 1839, Münster described another specimen he considered to belong to Ornithocephalus (i.e. Pterodactylus), with a distinctive long tail. He named it Ornithocephalus longicaudus, meaning "long tail", to differentiate it from the specimens with short tails (the true specimens of Pterodactylus). In 1845, Hermann von Meyer officially emended the original species Ornithocephalus münsteri to Pterodactylus münsteri, since the name Pterodactylus had been by that point recognized as having priority over Ornithocephalus. In a subsequent 1846 paper describing a new species of long-tailed 'pterodactyl', von Meyer decided that the long-tailed forms of Pterodactylus were different enough from the short-tailed forms to warrant placement in a subgenus, and he named his new species Pterodactylus (Rhamphorhynchus) gemmingi after a specimen owned by collector Captain Carl Eming von Gemming that was later by von Gemming sold for three hundred guilders to the Teylers Museum in Haarlem. It was not until 1847 that von Meyer elevated Rhamphorhynchus to a full-fledged genus, and officially included in it both long-tailed species of Pterodactylus known at the time, R. longicaudus (the original species preserving a long tail) and R. gemmingi. The type species of Rhamphorhynchus is R. longicaudus; its type specimen or holotype also was sold to the Teylers Museum, where it still resides as TM 6924. The original species, Pterodactylus muensteri, remained misclassified until a re-evaluation was published by Richard Owen in an 1861 book, in which he renamed it as Rhamphorhynchus münsteri. The type specimen of R. muensteri, described by Münster and Goldfuss, was lost during World War II. If available, a new specimen or neotype is designated the type if the original is lost or deemed too poorly preserved. Peter Wellnhofer declined to designate a neotype in his 1975 review of the genus, because a number of high quality casts of the original specimen were still available in museum collections. These can serve as plastotypes. By the 1990s (and following Wellnfofer's consolidation of many previously named species), about five species of Rhamphorhynchus were recognized from the Solnhofen limestone of Germany, with a few others having been named from Africa, Spain, and the UK based on fragmentary remains. Most of the Solnhofen species were differentiated based on their relative size, and size-related features such as relative length of the skull. In 1995, pterosaur researcher Chris Bennett published an extensive review of the currently recognized German species. Bennett concluded that all the supposedly distinct German species were actually different year-classes of a single species, R. muensteri, representing distinct age groups, with the smaller species being juveniles and the larger adults. Bennett's paper did not cover the British and African species, though he suggested these should be considered indeterminate members of the family Rhamphorhynchidae and not necessarily species of Rhamphorhynchus itself. Despite the reduction of the genus to a single species, the type species remains R. longicaudus. Paleobiology Life history Traditionally, the large size variation between specimens of Rhamphorhynchus has been taken to represent species variation. However, in a 1995 paper, Bennett argued that these "species" actually represent year-classes of a single species, Rhamphorhynchus muensteri, from flaplings to adults. Following from this interpretation, Bennett found several notable changes that occurred in R. muensteri as the animal aged. Juvenile Rhamphorhynchus had relatively short skulls with large eyes, and the toothless beak-like tips of the jaws were shorter in juveniles than adults, with rounded, blunt lower jaw tips eventually becoming slender and pointed as the animals grew. Adult Rhamphorhynchus also developed a strong upward "hook" at the end of the lower jaw. The number of teeth remained constant from juvenile to adult, though the teeth became relatively shorter and stockier as the animals grew, possibly to accommodate larger and more powerful prey. The pelvic and pectoral girdles fused as the animals aged, with full pectoral fusion attained by one year of age. The shape of the tail vane also changed across various age classes of Rhamphorhynchus. In juveniles, the vane was shallow relative to the tail and roughly oval, or "lancet-shaped". As growth progressed, the tail vane became diamond-shaped, and finally triangular in the largest individuals. The smallest known Rhamphorhynchus specimen has a wingspan of only 290 millimeters; however, it is likely that even such a small individual was capable of flight. Bennett examined two possibilities for hatchlings: that they were altricial, requiring some period of parental care before leaving the nest, or that they were precocial, hatching with sufficient size and ability for flight. If precocious, Bennett suggested that clutches would be small, with only one or two eggs laid per clutch, to compensate for the relatively large size of the hatchings. Bennett did not speculate on which possibility was more likely, though the discovery of a pterosaur embryo (Avgodectes) with strongly ossified bones suggests that pterosaurs in general were precocial, able to fly soon after hatching with minimal parental care. This theory was contested by a histological study of Rhamphorhynchus that showed the initial rapid growth was followed by a prolonged period of slow growth. Metabolism Having determined that Rhamphorhynchus specimens fit into discrete year-classes, Bennett was able to estimate growth rate during one year by comparing the size of one-year-old specimens with two-year-old specimens. He found that the average growth rate during the first year of life for Rhamphorhynchus was 130% to 173%, slightly faster than the growth rate in alligators. Growth likely slowed considerably after sexual maturity, so it would have taken more than three years to attain maximum adult size. This growth rate is much slower than the rate seen in large pterodactyloid pterosaurs such as Pteranodon, which attained near-adult size within the first year of life. Additionally, pterodactyloids had determinate growth, meaning that the animals reached a fixed maximum adult size and stopped growing. Previous assumptions of rapid growth rate in rhamphorhynchoids were based on the assumption that they needed to be warm-blooded to sustain active flight. Warm-blooded animals, like modern birds and bats, normally show rapid growth to adult size and determinate growth. Because there is no evidence for either in Rhamphorhynchus, Bennett considered his findings consistent with an ectothermic metabolism, though he recommended more studies needed to be done. Cold-blooded Rhamphorhynchus, Bennett suggested, may have basked in the sun or worked their muscles to accumulate enough energy for bouts of flight, and cooled to ambient temperature when not active to save energy, like modern reptiles. Sexual dimorphism Both Koh Ting-Pong and Peter Wellnhofer recognized two distinct groups among adult Rhamphorhynchus muensteri, differentiated by the proportions of the neck, wing, and hind limbs, but particularly in the ratio of skull to humerus length. Both researchers noted that these two groups of specimens were found in roughly a 1:1 ratio, and interpreted them as different sexes. Bennett tested for sexual dimorphism in Rhamphorhynchus by using a statistical analysis, and found that the specimens did indeed group together into small-headed and large-headed sets. However, without any known variation in the actual form of the bones or soft tissue (morphological differences), he found the case for sexual dimorphism inconclusive. Head orientation In 2003, a team of researchers led by Lawrence Witmer studied the brain anatomy of several types of pterosaurs, including Rhamphorhynchus muensteri, using endocasts of the brain they retrieved by performing CAT scans of fossil skulls. Using comparisons to modern animals, they were able to estimate various physical attributes of pterosaurs, including relative head orientation during flight and coordination of the wing membrane muscles. Witmer and his team found that Rhamphorhynchus held its head parallel to the ground due to the orientation of the osseous labyrinth of the inner ear, which helps animals detect balance. In contrast, pterodactyloid pterosaurs such as Anhanguera appear to have normally held their heads at a downward angle, both in flight and while on the ground. Daily activity patterns Comparisons between the scleral rings of Rhamphorhynchus and modern birds and reptiles suggest that it may have been nocturnal, and may have had activity patterns similar to those of modern nocturnal seabirds. This may also indicate niche partitioning with contemporary pterosaurs inferred to be diurnal, such as Scaphognathus and Pterodactylus. Ecology Several limestone slabs have been discovered in which fossils of Rhamphorhynchus are found in close association with the ganoid fish Aspidorhynchus. In one of these specimens, the jaws of an Aspidorhynchus pass through the wings of the Rhamphorhynchus specimen. The Rhamphorhynchus also has the remains of a small fish, possibly Leptolepides, in its throat. This slab, cataloged as WDC CSG 255, may represent two levels of predation; one by Rhamphorhynchus and one by Aspidorhynchus. In a 2012 description of WDC CSG 255, researchers proposed that the Rhamphorhynchus individual had just caught a Leptolepides while it was flying low over a body of water. As the Leptolepides was travelling down its pharynx, a large Aspidorhynchus would have attacked from below the water, accidentally puncturing the left wing membrane of the Rhamphorhynchus with its sharp rostrum in the process. The teeth in its snout were ensnared in the fibrous tissue of the wing membrane, and as the fish thrashed to release itself the left wing of Rhamphorhynchus was pulled backward into the distorted position seen in the fossil. The encounter resulted in the death of both individuals, most likely because the two animals sank into an anoxic layer in the water body, depriving the fish of oxygen. The two may have been preserved together as the weight of the head of Aspidorhynchus held down the much lighter body of Rhamphorhynchus. Species A large number of Rhamphorhynchus species have been named, but are currently considered year-classes of R. muensteri by most researchers. Currently recognized specimens of Rhamphorhynchus have previously been published on under the following junior synonyms: Note that Rhamphorhynchus is also a genus of orchid, named in 1977 by botanist L.A. Garay. In biological nomenclature, the same name may be used for an animal that has already been used for a plant or vice versa. Synonyms Synonyms of Rhamphorhynchus muensteri:
Dubious species Dubious species of Rhamphorhynchus:
"Obontorhynchus" "Odontorhynchus" aculeatus was based on a skull with lower jaw that is now lost. This set of jaws supposedly differed in having two teeth united at the tip of the lower jaw, and none at the tip of the upper jaw. The skull was 6.5–7.0 cm (2.56–2.76 in), making it a small form. Stolley, who described the specimen in 1936, argued that R. longicaudus also should be reclassified in the genus "Odontorhynchus". Both Koh and Wellnhofer rejected this idea, arguing instead that "Odontorhynchus" was a junior synonym of R. longicaudus. Bennett agreed with their assessments, and included both "Odontorhynchus" and R. longicaudus as synonyms of R. muensteri. Edited by Taipan, Nov 30 2012, 04:09 PM.
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Sunday, September 26, 2010
White Wonder in Sweden
Lately I've been attempting to move some blue into my house. I bought a set of Blue Willow (service for 11!) at the Alameda Flea Market last month (and it's at least 50 years old and not one crack or chip). I also bought some vintage German duvet covers that remind of my time living in Munich. However, I think my heart ultimately belongs to rooms that are white. I would love to rent a small cottage in Sweden and have the interiors be completely white. Maybe this one below! Until then, I am still determined to add the blue in small ways and embrace the change I've decided on.
Tuesday, September 21, 2010
Change is in the Air
I love the change of seasons. And autumn is one of my favorite times of the year. Especially when the air begins to change, trees begin to slightly change their colors, and the light is softer than the summer. I'm excited to pull out my warm sweater and boots and embrace the change.
photo: automatism
photo: little brown pen
So get the boots out and lets embrace the beauty of the season - even if at times its a bit wet around here.
Friday, September 17, 2010
Celebrate the New Girl on the Block: RUE!!!!
I'm tickled pink that Rue has launched!! I have combed the pages over and over again. Every story and all of the photographs are an inspiration far beyond my expectations. I am so proud of the combined efforts of the wonderful girls of the blog community for pulling off such a professional magazine. I'm already excited for the second issue.
The story I kept going back to over and over again, was Vicente Wolf. I think his decorating captures the world today and seems like a sanctuary from the busy world around us. I know I'll be studying these photos for a long time.
Coming in a a close second was the home in Texas. They have such an eye for placing unique items in their home without looking or feeling too "full" or over decorated.
Coming in a a close second was the home in Texas. They have such an eye for placing unique items in their home without looking or feeling too "full" or over decorated.
photo: Rue Magazine
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Women's Soccer Wins Third in a Row
Nsubuga scores in closing minutes to seal victory
October 10, 2001
The Virginia Tech women's soccer team won their third straight match with the 2-1 defeat of the Radford Highlanders Wednesday night in Radford, Va. Joy Nsubuga (Hollysprings, N.C.) scored with three minutes remaining in the match to give the Hokies the win.
After a scoreless first half, Radford jumped out to a one goal advantage when Sarah Wicichowski collected a deflected shot off the cross bar and knocked it into the goal. The goal came at the 49:14 mark in the match and was assisted by Debbie Leach and Kelly Bertwell.
The Hokies would tie the match up when they were awarded a penalty kick after Carmen Chestnut (Mt. Pleasant, S.C.) was dragged down in the box. Wendy Kotwas (Conesus, N.Y.) took the penalty kick and beat the Radford goalkeeper with a shot into the lower left corner. The goal came at the 77:57 mark.
Tech would continue to roll in the closing minutes and would eventually take the lead in the match. Nsubuga, seeing her first action of the night, took a shot 20-yards out that floated past the goalkeeper to seal Tech's third staight win. The goal was scored at the 87:00 minute mark and was unassisted.
Again Katie Hancock (Stockton, Md.) was sound in goal for Tech. Hancock collected two saves on six Radford shots and allowed the single goal. Brandi Malizia made five saves in the match on 22 Hokie shots. Tech out shot the Highlanders 22-6.
The win ups the Hokies' record to 6-4-2 on the year and drops Radford to 4-7-3 overall. Tech is back in action Friday when they take on the Providence Friars in Providence, R.I. The match is set for a 3 p.m. start time.
Saves: VT 2, RU 6
Fouls: VT 9, RU 11
Sarah Wicichowski (RU), assisted by Kelly Bertwell and Debbie Leach, 49:14, 36:06
Wendy Kotwas (VT), penalty kick, 77:57
Joy Nsubuga (VT), unassisted, 87:00
VIRGINIA TECH 0 2 - 2 RADFORD 0 1 - 1Shots: VT 22, RU 6
Saves: VT 2, RU 6
Fouls: VT 9, RU 11
Sarah Wicichowski (RU), assisted by Kelly Bertwell and Debbie Leach, 49:14, 36:06
Wendy Kotwas (VT), penalty kick, 77:57
Joy Nsubuga (VT), unassisted, 87:00


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But whatever we might think about Louise Woodward's guilt or innocence, and however relieved many people will be that she is on her way home, we should never forget that a tiny child died. Ms Woodward remains, in the words of the Massachusetts Supreme Court, a "convicted felon". Manslaughter may be a lesser charge than murder, but it is still a conviction for causing the unlawful death of another. The whooping cheers of joy in her home town when her conviction was originally quashed turned many stomachs. Relief is one thing, exultation is quite another. Louise Woodward will have to begin the rest of life today. If she - and her parents - have any sense, they will damp down the more over-the-top celebrations that mark her return.
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metalgem3 brauchte ein neues Logo Design und hat einen Wettbewerb auf 99designs gestartet.
2 Gewinner wurden aus 96 Designs von 36 Designern ausgewählt.
I currently need a company logo for Gevirtz Media LLC. I am currently all eyes and am interested in anything! I will pay $100.00 paypal to the winner and i am very excited to see what results i receive!
This logo can be anything and does not need to say "LLC" at the end.
Gevirtz Media LLC
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I am looking for an original design which does not look like all the others. I do not like text only logos, i like logos with some sort of graphic in them ( a circle a star etc.)
Please submit multiple logos so i can choose! \


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A tractor-trailer left 200 feet of skid marks on the pavement as the driver tried in vain to stop before sliding into the path of an Amtrak train, causing a fiery collision that killed the trucker and injured several of the train's passengers and crew members.
The locomotive, cruising at 70 mph, smashed the truck's cab into several pieces on Monday, and witnesses described a fireball shooting skyward.
Witnesses reported that safety lights were flashing and gates were down at the railroad crossing on Route 4, and police don't know why the tractor-trailer driver failed to stop. Killed was Peter Barnum, 35, of Farmington, N.H., who was hauling a load of trash to a regional incinerator, police said.
There were no life-threatening injuries among the 112 passengers and three crew members aboard Amtrak's Downeaster, which originated in Boston and was traveling northward to Portland.
Service on the route was delayed after the collision, and passengers completed the trip to Portland by bus. Debris and equipment were removed from the tracks in time for service to resume about 12 hours later with the final run of the night from Boston to Portland.
"It looked like somebody dropped a bomb. The flames were shooting higher than a three-story house," said Tom Gorski, who works in a building about 50 yards from the intersection.
Patricia Quinn, executive director of the Northern New England Passenger Rail Authority, said the collision could've been far worse. Last month, a man drove a semitrailer into the side of a passenger train in Nevada in a fiery crash that killed six people and injured more than 20.
But Monday's collision was bad enough. The northbound train dragged the truck's cab about 200 yards, then continued down the tracks before coming to a stop a half-mile from the crossing.
Both the locomotive and the tractor-trailer caught fire, and firefighters also had to douse brush fires. The train's engineer hopped off the locomotive, separated the burning engine from the passenger cars and moved the engine down the tracks to keep the flames from spreading, Deputy Fire Chief Larry Straffin said.
The engineer was one of two Amtrak crew members who were injured, along with four of the passengers, Quinn said. Three of the injured were taken to a hospital in Sanford, where two were treated for smoke inhalation and the third for a head injury, before being released, a spokeswoman said.
The locomotive was totally charred after the fire was extinguished, obscuring its markings, said Brianna Bataran, 17, of North Berwick. "You couldn't even tell what kind of train it was."
Barnum was working for Triumvirate Environmental Inc., a trucking company based in Massachusetts, and investigators said his truck left 200 feet of skid marks leading to the point of impact, said Stephen McCausland, spokesman for the Maine Department of Public Safety.
The company issued a statement saying it was cooperating with investigators. "The safety and well-being of our employees is Triumvirate Environmental's top priority and we are cooperating fully with local authorities as they conduct their investigation," the statement said.
Quinn said Tuesday the 5:45 a.m. Downeaster left Portland on schedule Tuesday, although there could be delays because of a 10 mph speed limit around the site of the crash.
Nearly 1,400 passengers a day ride the Portland-to-Boston service.
Associated Press writer David Sharp in Portland, Maine, contributed to this report.


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Ginobili: Warm-ups crucial for Parker
There's a lot riding on pre-game warm-ups for injured Spurs point guard Tony Parker tonight. …
Parker cleared for Game 1
All-Star point guard Tony Parker practiced Sunday and will play in the opening game of the Western Conference Finals against Oklahoma City on Monday.
No update on Parker
Spurs coach Gregg Popovich's press availability was deferred until Sunday, leaving it to the players to provide an update on the status of Tony Parker's Grade 1 hamstring strain leading up to the opening game of the Western Conference Finals on Monday against Oklahoma City.
Parker's prognosis unknown after latest injujry
Tony Parker's status was not immediately known after leaving Wednesday's series-clinching victory over Portland with tightness in his left hamstring. A team source said the injury is not believed to be serious.
Parker's excellence at both ends stakes Spurs to 3-0 lead
Tony Parker continues to put the regular season behind him, excelling at both ends of the court against Damian Lillard as the Spurs stand just one victory away from reaching the Western Conference Finals for the third straight season. …
Parker switches gears in Game 2
Spurs point guard Tony Parker knew what was coming even before the second game of the Western Conference semifinals started. Having been shredded for 33 points in the opener, Portland was absolutely not going to let him beat them again. So Parker switched gears and did it anyway. …
Spurs targeting Lillard's defensive deficiencies
Tony Parker won round one in his battle with fellow All-Star Damian Lillard, leaving Portland in need of an adjustment to mask their point guard's defensive deficiencies. …
Ginobili, Parker recall first encounters with Buford
R.C. Buford's selection as Executive of the Year provides yet another opportunity to examine and appreciate the Spurs' multi-cultural roster anchored by two of his biggest finds, Manu Ginobili and Tony Parker. …
Lillard counts Parker among his models
Already a deadly outside shooter, Damian Lillard has tried to emulate Tony Parker's guile around the rim. …
Parker has last word against Mavericks, Blair
Tony Parker described his verbal combat with DeJuan Blair — for which he earned a technical — as friendly banter between good friends and former teammates. Beyond that, Parker let his play do the talking, scoring 32 points as the Spurs crushed Dallas 119-96 in Game 7 to advance. …


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I have taken many many pics of this one, but I will only use a select few. So... hope you enjoy them!
This is my blog (Supersizer1's blog) which is about Sue Perkins, Giles Coren, and Mel Giedroyc, and a bit about me as well. And other stuff.
Wednesday, 25 January 2012
The Supersizers Eat... The Twenties!
This episode has got to be one of my faves. I love it because a) the fashion was pretty cool back then b) Sue's hair cut really suited her and c) it's just a very funny episode. Oh and d) Teddy is just adorable. And if you've never seen the ep. before, you'll see what I mean in a moment.
I have taken many many pics of this one, but I will only use a select few. So... hope you enjoy them!
I have taken many many pics of this one, but I will only use a select few. So... hope you enjoy them!
Here is Sue's reaction to when she's just had her hair cut. She said "I look like an evil doll." when actually it really suited her, and it made her look much younger than her normal hair cut makes her look.
Here is Giles and Sue at the British Museum. Dressed like that, Giles looks like he could play Oliver, in Oliver Twist. Obviously, only if Oliver was a man, and not a boy. And Sue is in a bright blue dress.
Again Sue is wearing blue, but this time in a Japanese-style dressing gown, with sleeves that dangle down. And Giles is in a red dressing gown.
Here is Giles lying on the sofa reading, while Sue is attempting a bit of yoga. Can you spot Teddy?
Yes! There he is, sitting beside Giles on the sofa. Do you think he likes what Giles is reading? That is if Giles has read any of it out loud to him. Ha ha!
Look! There's Teddy again, watching Giles making a cocktail. Any ideas what he could be thinking?
And here is Sue looking at Giles after trying his custard for the Mock Peach Melba. See what I mean about the hair cut suiting her? Oh, and the red lipstick's great too! It contrasts well with her dark hair and stripy top/jumper.
Here Giles is at a cocktail bar guzzling down a cocktail. I think he liked it.
Here is Sue trying out some 1920s dance moves.
Here are Sue's abstract and realistic sketches of Teddy. The realistic one is my fave. It's just simple. Using basic lines to draw him. It's a lovely little sketch.
And here is Giles reading a poem out loud, with Teddy under one arm. It's like Teddy is Giles' child, and he is reading Teddy a bedtime story. Too cute! If anyone can tell me what Teddy is thinking here, or in any of the other pics with him in, then you get a shoutout/mention on Twitter or on my blog! Or perhaps even on both!
Bus conductor Giles!
Sue trying to sell a raw sausage to a man. Couldn't help laughing at this!
And the final picture is of Sue and Giles in their finest Bright Young Things gear. That is a huge feather on Sue's head! But the black and red hat and the red dress do look great on her!
So instead of using just a select few pics, I ended up using most of them! 14 in total! There were more I'd have liked to have used, but I've already done enough (more than enough) already!
Thank you for reading this blog post and looking at my pics. Remember, the person who comes up with the best idea for what Teddy is thinking will win a special mention/shoutout on my blog/Twitter.
Ss1. xxx
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Saturday, September 8, 2007
Random IM
OoSilver CrowoO: Do you sniff glue or something?
(Censored): I am a jedi... like my father before me
OoSilver CrowoO: That's what I thought....
(Censored): I am a jedi... like my father before me
OoSilver CrowoO: That's what I thought....
5 comments:
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- May 28, 2010 at 11:21 PM
Why do you hate democrats so much? Let's a find a balance first, and then start blaming each other. And don't say war is the answer.
You wanna see a truly realistic movie? How about Inception. 100% realistic scenario - shit like that can only happen in dreams :)
I'm not happy about my life, what can I do to be happy?
Would anyone tell a joke about this? I can't stand being depressed like this.
(A)bort, (R)etry, (P)retend this never happened... - November 26, 2010 at 11:31 AM
Hello, you site is very funny he told me to cheer up .. Merry Christmas.
- December 8, 2010 at 11:37 AM
Good Article
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- January 9, 2012 at 12:51 AM
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Wednesday, 30 May 2012
Closed Thorntons Best of British range Giveaway
Reactions: |
345 comments:
- Rainie Bish30 May 2012 at 11:06
At the moment my favourite is the Thorntons banana and custard bar
ReplyDelete - Lisa Meridale30 May 2012 at 11:06
The Banana and Custard flavour sounds so nice, I may have to go and buy them myself if I;m not lucky enough to win some
ReplyDelete - Anonymous30 May 2012 at 11:17
It has to be coffee filling or very dark salted chocolate for me
ReplyDelete - Wendy Lam30 May 2012 at 11:29
Any nutty filling will be my favourite just because I let the contrast of texture against the smooth chocolate. And I suppose hazelnut is the most crunchiest so Hazelnut it is for me =).
ReplyDelete - Anonymous30 May 2012 at 12:27
Hi, My favourite is Strawberry Creme! :D
Thanks a lot!
email@example.com - Anonymous30 May 2012 at 13:27
(¯`v´¯) Thanks so much for the great giveaway!!!
.`•.¸.•´ (¸.•´(¸.•´ (¸.•¨¯`* ♥
EVA AVELTE FB - Lorna30 May 2012 at 14:23
I love any chocolate with mint in it. If it has mint and some kind of praline...heaven!
ReplyDelete - Anonymous30 May 2012 at 16:04
Coffee filling, and my favourite Thorntons of all is their Butter Tablet
ReplyDelete - Anonymous30 May 2012 at 20:34
A caramel centre is the best :) A right royal treat everytime!
ReplyDelete - Anonymous30 May 2012 at 22:39
I love the sound of the banana and custard. That was one of my favourite puds when I was a kid. Fingers crossed and Good Luck Everyone !!
ReplyDelete - Margaret31 May 2012 at 17:08
I love caramel or coffee chocolate.... yummy.
*waves* to say Hi:) - Anonymous1 June 2012 at 09:53
marzipan - although I wouldn't turn down any chocolate I'm offered!
ReplyDelete - Anonymous2 June 2012 at 18:26
My favourite chocolate flavour is anything minty, especially peppermint cremes. Luckily for me no one else in my family likes peppermint so when I buy some I don't have to share ha ha
@TweetwithHelen - Ann Willers4 June 2012 at 17:17
I adore coffee or cappucino flavours followed very closely by coconut
ReplyDelete - katrina walsh7 June 2012 at 11:14
I love creamy white chocolate with a sprinkle of red berries thru x
ReplyDelete - Judith7 June 2012 at 15:20
I get crazes but like so many others anything with orange is a firm favourite.