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One of the largest African countries, Algeria occupies a large tract of territory between the Mediterranean and the Sahara, with modern Tunisia and Libya bordering it to the east, and Morocco and Western Sahara to the west. Inhabited by tribes of Berbers since at least twelve thousand years ago, it was the Carthaginian settlements along the coast and a period of hegemony over the Berbers that caused the natives to gravitate towards the creation of their own kingdoms. Domination by Rome followed from 200 BC, and Phoenician Ikosim became the Roman town of Icosium. Roman domination lasted for seven hundred years.
North-eastern Algeria was temporarily a stronghold of the Vandali in the fifth and sixth centuries AD, although they subsequently lost large areas of it to the native Berbers by AD 523. Then it was re-conquered by the Eastern Roman empire in 534. A century and a half later, the Byzantines were in no position to prevent the loss of North Africa to the Islamic empire in 698. Algeria remained under their direct control until 776, when the Rustamids took control.
The Berbers of North Africa are conquered by Rome and remain within the republic and empire for the next seven hundred years.
429 - 534
Under pressure from the newly settled Visigoths, the Vandali and Alans move south from Iberia and invade Roman North Africa. An independent autocracy is formed in modern Tunisia and north-eastern Algeria.
534 - 698
North Africa is re-conquered by Byzantium from the Vandali in just one campaigning season and two major battles, both of which the Vandali lose.
698 - 776
Western North Africa is separated from Byzantium by the Islamic empire. The native Berbers remain mainly in the mountainous regions, resisting the spreading Arab influence. They manage to preserve much of their language and culture in the process.
Rustamid Imams AD 776 - 909
The Rustamids (variously, Rustumids, or Rostemids) ruled the central Maghreb for a century and a half from their capital at Tahert in present Algeria until it was destroyed. The state's extent is not entirely clear, but it stretched as far east as Jabal Nafusa in Libya.
776 - 784
Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rustam ibn Bahram
784 - 832
Abd al-Wahhab
800 - 812
The Aghlabid emirs of Tunisia claim to rule Algeria.
832 - 871
Aflah ibn Abd al-Wahhab
Abu Bakr ibn Aflah
871 - 894
Muhammad Abul-Yaqzan ibn Aflah
894 - 897
Yusuf Abu Hatim
897 - 901
Yaqub ibn Aflah
Son of Aflah ibn Abd al-Wahhab.
901 - 906
906 - 909
Yaqzan ibn Muhammad Abil-Yaqzan
909 - 1171
With the Rustamids now militarily weak, they prove easy prey for conquest by the Fatamid emirs of Tunisia. In 1082-1083, formerly Rustamid Algiers, Ténès, and Oran are conquered by the Almoravids from western Africa.
1171- 1229
The Ayyubids of Egypt take control in Algeria.
1229 - 1518
Algeria becomes a battleground for Hafsids of Tunisia, the Merinids of Morocco, and the Western Algerian Abdul-Wadids and Zayyanids, with rule alternating between them for periods.
Abdul Wadids / Zayyanid Dynasty AD 1236 - 1555
The Zayyanids (Zayyaniyyun, or Ziyyanids) were a dynasty of Zanatah Berbers who ruled western Algeria. They were based at the inland city of Tlemcen (Tilimsan - the former Roman town of Pomaria) in western Algeria, and were at first loyal vassals to the Almohad caliphs in Morocco. The gradual collapse of the Almohad empire saw them break free and declare independence in 1236. The extent of Zayyanid territory fluctuated greatly throughout the dynasty's history. The Zayyanids experienced two peaks: during the late thirteenth and the early sixteenth centuries, they held most of Algeria, including large sections of the coast. But throughout their history, they were vulnerable to attacks from their Merinid and Hafsid neighbours, as well as to tribal unrest inside their own dominions.
In the 1230s another group of Zanatah Berbers, the Banu 'Abd al-Wad ('Abd al-Wadid dynasty), took control of the region of Tlemcen. The state they founded there was overrun several times in the thirteen and fourteenth centuries.
1236 - 1283
The Zayyanids capture Marrakech, ending Almohad rule in Algeria. North Africa breaks up between the Hafsids, Merinids, and the Algerian Zayyanids). None of them are strong enough to reunite the empire and rule a strong North Africa, so they fight amongst themselves for pockets of territory, and none of them are dominant until the sixteenth century Saadi dynasty comes to power.
1283 - 1304
Abu Sa'id Uthman I
1304 - 1308
Abu Zayyan I Muhammad
1308 - 1318
Abu Hammu Musa I
1318 - 1337
Abu Tashufin 'Abd al-Rahman I
1337 - 1348
The Moroccan Merinids conquer Algeria.
1348 - 1352
Abu Sa'id Uthman II
al-Zaim Abu Thabit I
Joint ruler.
1352 - 1359
The Moroccan Merinids again conquer Algeria.
1359 - 1360
Abu Hammu Musa II
Abu Zayyan Muhammad II ibn Uthman
1360 - 1370
1370 - 1372
Abu Zayyan Muhammad II
1372 - 1383
1383 - 1384
1384 - 1387
1387 - 1389
1389 - 1394
Abu Tashufin Abd al-Rahman II
Abu Thabit Yusuf I
1394 - 1395
Abu'l-Hajjaj Yusuf II
1395 - 1400
Abu Zayyan Muhammad III
1400 - 1402
Abu Muhammad Abdallah I
1402 - 1411
Abu Abdallah Muhammad IV al-Wathiq
Abu Tashufin Abd al-Rahman III
Sa'id Ibn Musa
1411 - 1424
Abu Malik Abd al-Wahid
1424 - 1428
Abu Abdallah Muhammad V
1428 - 1430
1430 - 1462
Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad I al-Aqil
1462 - 1469
Abu Abdallah Muhammad VI al-Mutawakkil
Abu Tashufin III
1469 - 1504
Abu Abdallah Muhammad VII at-Thabiti
1504 - 1517
Abu Abdallah Muhammad VIII at-Thabiti
The Spanish of the kingdom of Castille capture the city of Mostaganem. The city's harbour proves an invaluable addition to Castile's other recent holdings along the North African coast, including Melilla (which had been captured in 1496), and Mers-el-Kebir (taken in 1505).
The Spanish of Castille establish themselves on a small island called Peñón de Algiers which is situated in the waters immediately outside Algiers. The local amir, Selim al-Toumi at-Thabiti, a relative of the Zayyanid ruler, Abu Abdallah Muhammad VIII, is forced to accept this European presence by signing a treaty and paying tribute to the new arrivals. The island is fortified using the latest military technology. Selim is also forced to travel to Spain to take an oath of obedience to King Ferdinand. This is at a time when the Barbary Corsairs are coming to prominence in the region.
1516 - 1517
Having been invited to Algiers by Selim al-Toumi at-Thabiti to aid him in his troubles with the Spanish, the Barbary Corsair Aruj al-Din Barbarossa captures the city instead, orders Selim's assassination, and moves his base of operations there. The Spanish military outpost of Peñón de Algiers on the small island in the waters immediately outside Algiers remains untouched, however. Realising the extent of the task ahead of him, especially when the Spanish send a mission to attempt the recapture of Algiers, Aruj requests the support of the Ottoman empire in the following year.
1517 - 1518
Abu Hammu Musa III
1518 - 1519
Barbary Corsair Aruj al-Din Barbarossa captures the majority of Zayyanid territory before he is killed by the Spanish whilst trying to capture the capital of Tlemcen. Abu Hammu Musa III is briefly deposed by this invasion as Aruj's brother, Khayr, takes over as the military commander of Algiers. A Spanish attempt to retake Algiers in the following year fails.
1518 - 1528
1520 - 1525
Algiers is attacked by the Kuku tribal leader Ahmad ibn al-Qadi and the Hafsids. The leader of the Barbary Corsairs, Khayr al-Din, retreats to Jijelli and increases his privateering. He re-conquers Algiers in 1525, massacring Arabs and Kabyles who resist him. With Ottoman support he is able to establish the regency of Algiers, the key Ottoman centre of power in the Mahgreb, as well as creating a base for privateering against European trading vessels in the Mediterranean.
1528 - 1540
Abu Muhammad Abdallah II
As the Ottoman empire's official representative, the Barbary Corsair, Khayr al-Din Barbarossa, becomes the first official beylerbey of Algiers, pushing aside the existing Zayyanid governor in the region in the form of Abu Muhammad Abdallah II. Barbarossa retains the post until his death. He controls an area of territory that closely matches the extent of modern Algeria's borders, and he also begins to threaten the power of the neighbouring Hafsids.
1540 - 1541
Abu Abdallah Muhammad IX
First official Ottoman beylerbey of Algiers.
The military ventures of King Charles of Spain against the Hafsids of Ifriqiyya (in 1535) and now against the Zayyanids themselves are failures. Subsequently, he is forced to defend Spanish territories in the Mediterranean from raids by the piratical Barbary Corsairs. Part of this effort means that the Sardinian coast is fortified with a chain of defensive lookout towers.
1541 - 1543
Ahmad II
1544 - 1550
1549 - 1554
Saadi ruler Mohammed ash-Sheikh defeats the Wattasids to take control of Fez, heartland of the northern Moroccan kingdom of Fez. In the same year he is able to seize Tlemcen, ending Zayyanid rule there. Wattasid Sultan Abu al-Abbas Ahmad is forced to seek refuge with the Ottoman beylerbey in Algiers.
1550 - 1555
A combination of Spanish encroachment along the coast and the intervention of the Ottoman empire, with the latter ostensibly taking up the Muslim cause against Christian aggression, causes Algeria to be subsumed within the Ottoman empire. The Zayyanids are finally overthrown in Tlemcen by the ruler of Morocco, Mohammed ash-Sheikh. Much of the region outside Tlemcen is governed as an autonomous province from the Barbary Corsair capital at Algiers.
Regency of Algiers (Barbary Corsairs) c.AD 1517 - 1671
By about 1500, with Hafsid support, the Barbary corsairs were attempting to establish a nominally independent Algiers state. They battled Spanish and Zayyanids alike, initially from a base along the Tunisian coast. Ultimately they succeeded and, known colloquially as the Barbary kings, they managed to sideline the ruling Zayyanids completely. Their efforts also focussed regional affairs on the coastal city of Algiers rather than the western inland city of Tlemcen. Quickly winning support from the Ottoman empire, the Barbary corsairs were granted the title of beylerbey in 1532 (the equivalent of a grand duke) and pasha in 1577.
The term 'Barbary' was coined by Europeans to describe all of the North African territories that were inhabited by Berbers. This not only included the Mediterranean coastal areas, but deep inland too. Principally, this European attention was focussed on the highly troublesome Barbary pirates themselves, who continued their raids into the early eighteenth century, fully supported by the regency of Algiers.
? - 1516
Selim al-Toumi al-Tha'alibi
Amir of Algiers, and relative of the Zayyanid ruler. Assassinated.
The Spanish of Castille establish themselves on a small island in the waters immediately outside Algiers which they name Peñón de Algiers. The local ruler, Selim al-Toumi at-Thabiti, a relative of the Zayyanid ruler, Abu Abdallah Muhammad VIII, is forced to accept this European presence by signing a treaty and paying tribute to the new arrivals. The island is fortified using the latest military technology. Selim is also forced to travel to Spain to take an oath of obedience to King Ferdinand.
Having been invited to Algiers by Selim al-Toumi at-Thabiti to aid him in his troubles with the Spanish, Aruj al-Din Barbarossa captures the city instead, orders Selim's assassination, and moves his base of operations there. The Spanish military outpost of Peñón de Algiers remains untouched, however. Aruj is able to capture the Spanish port of Mostaganem but, realising the extent of the task ahead of him, especially when the Spanish send a mission to attempt the recapture of Algiers, he requests the support of the Ottoman empire in the following year.
1516 - 1518
Aruj al-Din Barbarossa / Baba Aruj
First Barbary corsair king. Captured most Zayyanid land. Killed.
Aruj al-Din Barbarossa captures the majority of the Zayyanid territory before he is killed by the Spanish whilst trying to capture the capital of Tlemcen. The Zayyanid ruler, Abu Hammu Musa III, is briefly deposed by this invasion as Aruj's brother, Khayr, takes over as the military commander of Algiers. A Spanish attempt to retake Algiers in the following year fails.
Khayr al-Din Barbarossa
Brother of Aruj. King of Algiers.
This time the Spanish are able to take Algiers at the third attempt. With Ottoman support temporarily withdrawn following the death of Sultan Selim I, Khayr al-Din (better known as Hayreddin Barbarossa, the latter meaning 'red beard'), retreats to Jijelli and increases his privateering.
1518 - 1529
Abu al-Abbas Ahmed Belkadi
King of Algiers (1524-1525). Kabyle leader.
1524 - 1525
Algiers is attacked by the Kuku tribal leader, Ahmad ibn al-Qadi (Belkadi), and the Hafsids in 1524, pushing out the Spanish, and allowing Barbarossa to re-conquer the city himself in 1525, massacring the Arabs and Kabyles who resist him. With renewed Ottoman support in exchange for his acknowledgement of their suzerainty, he is able to establish the regency of Algiers, the key Ottoman centre of power in the Mahgreb. He also creates a permanent base for privateering against European trading vessels in the Mediterranean.
1529 - 1546
Restored king of Algiers. Won Ottoman support as beylerbey.
As part of his efforts to secure Algiers, the Spanish outpost of Peñón de Algiers is captured by Barbarossa. It takes twenty-two days of continued artillery fire from his Ottoman guns to reduce the fort's compliment of Spanish defenders to just twenty-five men before Governor Don Martin de Vargas finally surrenders. Vargas is killed by blows from a cudgel and the fort is destroyed.
As the Ottoman empire's official representative, Khayr al-Din Barbarossa becomes the first official beylerbey of Algiers, pushing aside the existing Zayyanid governor in the region in the form of Abu Muhammad Abdallah II. Barbarossa retains the post until his death. He controls an area of territory that closely matches the extent of modern Algeria's borders, and he also begins to threaten the power of the neighbouring Hafsids.
1535 - 1543
Hasan Aga
Regent for Barbarossa during his absence in Constantinople.
The military ventures of King Charles of Spain against the Hafsids of Ifriqiyya (in 1535) and now against the Zayyanids are failures. Subsequently, he is forced to defend Spanish territories in the Mediterranean from raids by the piratical Barbary corsairs. Part of this effort means that the Sardinian coast is fortified with a chain of defensive lookout towers.
1543 - 1544
Beshir Pasha
Regent for Barbarossa during his absence.
Between these dates, a combination of Spanish encroachment along the coast and the intervention of the Ottoman empire, with the latter ostensibly taking up the Muslim cause against Christian aggression, largely causes Algeria to be subsumed within the Ottoman empire, although it is still governed as an autonomous province from the Barbary corsair capital at Algiers.
1544 - 1546
Hasan Pasha
Son, and regent for Barbarossa during his absence.
Despite the support of the Ottoman sultan for Barbarossa and his exploits in securing Algiers, it is only now that his son, Hasan Pasha, becomes the first official governor of the regency to be appointed by Constantinople. Algiers is now the main base for the ongoing Ottoman war against Spain in the Mediterranean and for operations against Morocco.
1546 - 1548
Former regent and now beylerbey for the first of three times.
Some sources show Hasan Pasha occupying the post of beylerbey until 1551, while others insist that the Ottoman admiral and privateer Turgut Reis is appointed by the Ottoman sultan himself. Previously the governor of Djerba, the admiral spends much of his period of office at sea. He cruises from European coastal town to town, raiding and pillaging, capturing European galleys, and attacking ports.
1548 - 1551
Turgut Reis
Ottoman admiral.
Admiral Turgut Reis sails with a large fleet of galleys under the command of Admiral Sinan Pasha to attack Venetian ports and then effect a landing on Sicily. The city of Augusta is bombarded in revenge for Sicily's invasion and destruction of Mahdia, and for the massacre of its inhabitants. Soon afterwards, Turgut is appointed commander-in-chief of the Ottoman fleet.
1551 - 1552
Khalifa Saffah
Acting beylerbey.
1552 - 1556
Salah Raïs
Mohammed ash-Sheikh is able to take over the north of Morocco, removing the Wattasids from power in Fez. He also captures Tlemcen, ending Zayyanid rule there. However, thanks to ash-Sheikh's refusal to cooperate with the Ottomans, Salah Raïs occupies Fez.
1556 - 1557
Hasan Corso
Acting beylerbey. Died.
Mehmed Tekkelerli
1557 - 1558
The ruler of Morocco, Mohammed ash-Sheikh, continues to refuse to give his allegiance to the Ottoman sultan. Instead, he forms an alliance with the Spanish. As a result, Hasan Pasha is appointed beylerbey of Algiers for the second time so that he can deal with the problem. He arranges to have ash-Sheikh assassinated by one of his own bodyguards and then invades the country early in 1558. His forces meet those of the Moroccans at the Battle of Wadi al-Laban (Oued el Leben, the 'river of milk') to the north of Fez, which results in a stalemate. Hasan is forced to retreat when he receives news that the Spanish are preparing to assault Oran.
1557 - 1561
Beylerbey for the second time, and in command for the third time.
The Spanish launch their expedition against Algiers in an attempt to recapture the city of Mostaganem (in north-western Algeria), the port which they had first taken from the Zayyanids in 1506 but which had been lost to Algiers in 1516. After massing at Oran, the Spanish begin their assault on Mostaganem only to be repulsed. Then they hear that Hasan Pasha is returning from his Moroccan expedition and are panicked into retreating. The defeat ends attempts to form a grand alliance between Spain and Morocco against the Ottomans.
1561 - 1562
Hasan Khüsro Aga
Ahmad Pasha Qabia
1562 - 1567
Beylerbey for the third time, and in command for the fourth time.
Appointed to lead the fight against the Spanish, Hasan besieges Oran and then the neighbouring Mers El Kébir. Both are Spanish holdings and both attacks are repulsed after stubborn defending and with the arrival of a Spanish relief fleet.
Hasan Pasha is recalled to Constantinople where he is granted the position of commander-in-chief of the Ottoman fleet. He retains the position, taking part in the Ottoman failure at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 and dying in Constantinople in 1572.
1567 - 1568
Mehmed Pasha
Son of Salah Raïs. Acting beylerbey.
1568 - 1577
Ölj Ali Pasha / el-Euldj 'Ali
1568 - 1570
Acting beylerbey (for the second time), now for Ölj Ali Pasha.
In October, Ölj Ali Pasha marches his forces overland to attack Hafsid Sultan Ahmad III of Tunis, following the latter's restoration by the Spanish. With about 5,000 troops, he defeats Ahmad and takes Tunis, while Ahmad finds refuge in the nearby Spanish fort at La Goulette.
1571 - 1574
Arab Ahmed
Acting beylerbey for Ölj Ali Pasha. Died 1578.
1574 - 1577
Qa'id Ramadan
Former governor of Ifriqiyya. Acting beylerbey for Ölj Ali Pasha.
1577 - 1580
Hasan Pasha Veneziano
First official pasha of Algiers from May 1577.
1578 - 1580
Spain sends an embassy to Constantinople to negotiate a truce which leads to formal peace in August 1580. Algiers quickly becomes a formal Ottoman territory instead of a military headquarters, and a more normal imperial administration is set up in Algiers, led by the appointed pashas. Each pasha has a three year term of office with the focus of their duties being to consolidate Ottoman power in the Maghreb. This change of focus does not change Algiers' main form of income, however. The activities of the Barbary pirates continues unabated.
1580 - 1582
Jafer Pasha
Sardinian renegade. Previously acting beylerbey (1574).
1582 - 1588
Pasha for the second time. Died after leaving office.
Deli Ahmed Pasha is appointed pasha of Algiers in order to end recent power struggles in the city to gain the office. He is also responsible for frequent raids along the European coastline, coming away with great riches.
1588 - 1589
Deli Ahmed Pasha
Died during a campaign to restore Ottoman control to Tripoli.
1589 - 1592
Khizr Pasha / Haydar
c.1590 - 1593
A large-scale insurrection by the Kabyles begin in the interior. Such is its scale that it takes the pashas of Algiers more than half a century to quell it. Problems in Algiers mount just two years later when the 'Tunisian Plague' hits it, followed by the destruction of the harbour during a hurricane in 1593.
1592 - 1594
Shaban Pasha
Mustafa Pasha
1594 - 1596
Khizr Pasha
Pasha for the second time.
Khizr Pasha is replaced after generally annoying everyone he has to deal with, creating a sense of anarchy in Algiers with his poor government, and seizing fifteen thousand crowns that belonged to his predecessor under the pretext of diverting them for the reconstruction of the port. In the end, the Turkish faction in the city accuses him of intending to rule independently, while the French ambassador also lodges a complaint against him.
1596 - 1598
Pasha for the second time. Removed from office.
Mustafa fails to quell the Kabyles. Instead, they ravage Mitidja and besiege Algiers itself for eleven days. Mustafa is replaced for his failure and is imprisoned once he reaches Constantinople.
1598 - 1599
Hasan Pasha Bu Risa
Oversaw a period of anarchy in Algiers.
1599 - 1603
Süleyman Pasha
Real name Joseph Anthelme Sève of Lyon in France.
1603 - 1605
Pasha for the third time. Killed.
Appointed to Algiers for a third time, it seems that Khizr Pasha has learnt nothing from his previous periods of office there. He takes revenge against the French, seizing funds that are intended to compensate French merchants for loss of goods. In 1604 he attacks both the French ambassador and the French fort, massacring or enslaving its occupants. When King Henry IV of France requests Ottoman aid in the matter, Köse Mustafa Pasha is sent to Algiers to throttle Khizr, ending his trouble-making ways for good.
1605 - 1607
Köse Mustafa Pasha
Replacement for Khizr Pasha.
1607 - 1610
Rizvan Pasha
1610 - 1613
1613 - 1616
Shaykh Huseyin Pasha
Pasha for the third time.
1616 - 1617
Süleyman Katanya
1617 - 1619
Shaykh Hüseyin Pasha
Pasha for the second time, from January 1617.
1619 - 1621
Sherif Koça / Koja
Pasha for the fourth time.
Khüsrev Pasha
Later became grand vizier to the Ottoman sultan.
1622 - 1623
The office of pasha is vacant for a short time.
1623 - 1626
Murad Pasha
1626 - 1627
The office of pasha is vacant for the second time.
1627 - 1629
Hüseyin Pasha
1629 - 1629/30
1629/30 - 1634
1634 - 1636
Yusuf Pasha
1636 - 1638
Abu'l-Hasan Ali Pasha
1638 - 1640
1640 - 1642
Abu Djamal Youssef Pasha
1642 - 1645
Mehmed Brusali Pasha
Despite the lack of available data on the later pashas of Algiers, one name does stand out. Ali Biçnin is a former Christian whose Arab name is a bastardisation of an Italian name, probably Puccini or similar. Having been captured as a boy in 1578 by Hasan Pasha Veneziano, first official pasha of Algiers, he rises through the ranks of the privateering Algiers navy to become a very rich admiral. His possible (but contested) seizure of the post of pasha is probably linked to his rebellion against his Ottoman overlord, when he refuses to obey a general order to attack the Venetians and the Knights of St John. The sultan orders his assassination, and in the same year his own servant poisons his drink.
Ali Biçnin Pasha / Bijnin
Former Christian slave. Assassinated.
1645 - 1647
Mahmud Brusali Pasha
1647 - 1650
Yusef Pasha
1650 - 1653
1653 - 1655
Ahmed Pasha
1655 - 1656
Ibrahim Pasha
1656 - 1658
Ahmad Pasha
1658 - 1659
Ismail Pasha
Khalil Aga
1660 - 1661
Ramadan Aga
1661 - 1665
Shaban Aga
1665 - 1671
Ali Aga
The post of pasha is raised to that of dey by the Ottoman sultan. Algiers is already ruled on a semi-autonomous basis, and this increase in rank only serves to increase that detachment from Ottoman central authority.
Deys of Algiers AD 1671 - 1830
Takeover of the region by the Ottoman empire from 1555 meant that it had been governed as an autonomous province from the Barbary corsair capital at Algiers. In 1671 the deys, Ottoman governors of the region, began to rule a semi-autonomous Algiers that was increasingly drawn away from Ottoman authority. By 1711 they were completely independent in all but name.
The problems caused by Berber pirates in the Mediterranean during this period became serious enough to cause several of the major European powers to launch punitive raids on Algiers. Not only were the pirates attacking European trading, they were also taking Christian prisoners, a situation that could not be allowed to persist. Unfortunately, dealing with the problem was like swatting flies. Piracy would be disrupted briefly and peace would return to the shipping lanes until the Berbers had regrouped and were able to launch fresh attacks. Denmark conducted a raid in 1770, France conducted five between 1661-1688, England three between 1622-1672, and Spain three between 1567-1783. Christian captives were rescued, but there must have been many more who were not so lucky.
1671 - 1682
Muhammad I
First independent dey of Algiers.
1681 - 1683
Such is the nuisance caused by the Berber pirates in the Mediterranean that King Louis XIV of France charges Admiral Abraham Duquesne with the task of fighting them. A large-scale attack on Algiers is ordered in 1682 to assist Christian captives, and this is concluded the following year. The raid is by no means a one-off, with various European powers launching similar raids on Algiers during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
1682 - 1683
Hassan I Baba / Baba Hassan
Assassinated by Hüseyin I.
Hassan I Baba offers his naval commander, Hüseyin 'Mezzo-morte' (Italian for 'half-dead', which refers to a serious wound received in a fight), as a hostage to the French. Hüseyin, understandably put out by this, kills the dey and takes his place. It is he who is in command of Algiers during the next French attacks on the city.
1683 - 1686
Hüseyin I 'Mezzo-morte' / Mezzo Morto
Self-appointed successor to his victim, Hassan I.
1685 - 1690
The French bombard Tripoli and Algiers between 1685-1688, so an ambassador from Algiers visits Louis XIV at Versailles to agree a treaty in 1690 that secures peace for a century.
1686 - 1688
Ibrahim I
1688 - 1695
Ahmed Shaban
1695 - 1698
Ahmed I
1698 - 1699
Hassan II Chavush
1699 - 1705
Mustafa I
1705 - 1706
Hüseyin II Khoja
1706 - 1710
Muhammad II Bektash
Ibrahim II
1710 - 1718
Ali II Shavush
The deys are recognised by the Ottoman emperor as the official governors of Algiers, but are in essence independent in all but name.
1718 - 1724
Muhammad III
1724 - 1731
Kurd 'Abdi
The deys of Algiers also become responsible for Tunisia (until 1821).
1731 - 1745
Ibrahim III 'the Old'
1745 - 1748
Kücük Ibrahim IV
1748 - 1754
Muhammad IV 'El Retorto'
1754 - 1766
Ali III
1766 - 1791
Muhammad V
1784 - 1794
Protected from Barbary pirates during the American Revolution, thanks to its alliance with France, American shipping loses that protection from 1784 and the end of the Treaty of Alliance. Subsequently, US merchant shipping continually falls foul of successive pirate raids in the Mediterranean, launched from Morocco and Algiers. Despite diplomatic efforts, large payments of tribute are demanded for the release of captured American crews, and the US regularly pays up to a million dollars a year to ensure the safe passage of its ships.
1791 - 1798
Hassan III
1798 - 1805
Mustafa II
1801 - 1805
Having recommissioned its navy in 1794, the USA is becoming increasingly reluctant to pay tribute to ensure the safe passage of its merchant ships in the Mediterranean. The pasha of Tripoli demands fresh tribute of the new government of Thomas Jefferson which is refused, so Tripoli declares war on the USA. Morocco and Algiers do not join Tripoli in the conflict. The small but highly modern American navy defeats Tripoli's vessels in a number of naval skirmishes during the First Barbary War, until Tripoli agrees peace terms and the US buys back its captured seamen.
1805 - 1808
Ahmed II
1808 - 1809
Ali IV ar-Rasul
1809 - 1815
Ali V
Muhammad VI Kharnadji
In office for 17 days. Assassinated.
1815 - 1817
Omar Agha
Assassinated by janissaries.
1815 - 1816
The Second Barbary War is fought by the USA in response to renewed pirate raids under Omar Agha while it has been preoccupied with the War of 1812. A squadron of US ships captures several Algerian vessels and, after negotiations, the dey of Algiers agrees to return American captives and vessels in return for a large one-off final payment. Although this concludes the war, it does not conclude the piracy threat, so the following year, Britain sends a 'diplomatic mission' that is eventually forced to bombard Algiers for nine hours on 27 August 1816. The dey loses many of his corsairs and shore defences, and the threat of organised Barbary piracy is ended once and for all.
1817 - 1818
Ali VI Khoja
Killed by plague.
1818 - 1830
Hüseyin III / Hussein Dey
Last dey of Algiers. Died 1848.
1830 - 1834
France invades Algeria and conquers it in progressive stages. The dey surrenders and is exiled after just three weeks of fighting and, following early French military command, governors administer the country for the French state.
French Governors of Algeria AD 1830 - 1962
Taking a minor insult to the French consul as a pretext, France invaded Algeria in 1834, although they already held territory taken in 1831-1833. A long and bloody war of attrition followed in which French rule was slowly applied over the whole country, starting with Oran on 4 January 1831. Bone followed in 1832, Bougie in 1833, and then Arzew on 10 July 1833, and Mostaganem on 28 July 1833. In 1836, Tlemecen fell on 8 January, and in the following year, Constantine was taken. Djidjelli fell on 23 May 1839, Miliana on 8 June 1840, Zaateha Oasis on 26 November 1849, and finally Laghouat on 4 December 1852.
The application of French rule saw an influx of tens of thousands of French settlers, plus many others from Southern Europe, with modern, highly productive farms being created. French construction also created European-style city centres, bringing Algeria fully into the modern age.
First French military commander. Comte de Chaisne de Bourmont.
French troops defeat the dey's forces at the Battle of Staouéli on 19 June 1830. The French enter Algiers on 5 July after just three weeks of campaigning and the dey agrees to surrender in exchange for his freedom. He leaves Algiers five days later, with his family, accepting exile in Italy. The Ottoman bey of Constantine (capital of north-western Algeria) becomes France's greatest opposition in the region, with a well-organised resistance to invasion.
1830 - 1837
Ahmad ibn Muhammad
Bey of Constantine and highest Ottoman power in the region.
1830 - 1831
Comte Clauzel.
On 1 December 1830, the new French king, Louis Philippe of Orleans, orders René Savary, duc de Rovigo, to take command of the French possessions of Algiers. When he takes up his post on 6 December 1831, he secures Bone and begins to expand French control outwards, but his violent repression of resistance not only causes him to be recalled, it triggers the creation of an organised resistance movement in 1832.
Baron Berthezène.
1831 - 1833
René Savary
Duc de Rovigo.
Muhyi ad Din
Leader of a religious brotherhood who fought the French.
Encouraged by Sultan Abderrahmane of Morocco, Algerian Islamic scholar Abd-el-Kader leads the struggle against the French invasion and occupation of the country. Known as the emir of Mascara, he gains a following of several tribes, thanks to which he is able to conduct a highly successful guerrilla campaign against the French. His treatment of captured French troops is regarded as being honourable, while his political ability is considerable. Sultan Abderrahmane is also called upon by the inhabitants of the Algerian city of Tlemcen to invade and protect it from the French. This he does, and his nephew, Prince Moulay Ali, is named caliph of Tlemcen.
1832 - 1843
Abd-el-Kader / Abd al Qadir
Son of Muhyi. Emir of Mascara. Died 1883.
1833 - 1834
Baron Voirol.
The French occupation of the territory of Algiers is formally confirmed on 22 July as the 'French Possessions of North Africa', making it a French colony. Five days later, the first governor-general takes up his office. Sultan Abderrahmane of Morocco refuses requests to abandon Tlemcen.
1834 - 1835
Jean Baptiste
First governor-general. Comte Drouet d'Erlon.
1835 - 1837
Comte Clauzel. Previously a military commander.
Bertrand Clauzel immediately triggers a land grab by promising to subsidise French colonists who wish to settle, visualising Algiers as prime cotton-growing territory. The grab is pursued vigorously and with absolute disregard for the native population.
Charles-Marie Denys
Comte de Damrémont.
1837 - 1839
In the same year that Constantine falls to the French (13 October 1837), Abd-el-Kader signs the Treaty of Tafna with Thomas Robert Bugeaud. In it he recognises France's control of Algiers and Oran, while he is recognised as the sovereign of the interior, roughly two-thirds of the country's territory. This is the first official usage of 'Algeria' to describe the entire country, Mediterranean coast and inland areas together. The French break the treaty in 1839 by using a mountain pass in Abd-el-Kader's territory, and his guerrilla struggle is renewed.
1837 - 1840
Sylvain Charles
Comte Valée.
The French Possessions of North Africa are re-termed the 'French Algerian Possessions'.
1841 - 1847
Thomas Robert Bugeaud
Duc d'Isly.
1842 - 1843
The campaigns of Emir Abd-el-Kader begin to fail, thanks to the increasing number of French troops brought into the country and the brutal scorched-earth policy they follow in warfare against the native defenders. Finally, Abd-el-Kader is forced to surrender and is exiled to France, where his activities can be monitored. Other, lesser resistance movements spring up, notably one led by Lalla Fadhma N'Soumer, ably assisted by the redoubtable fighter Bou Baghla (killed in 1854).
1845 - 1847
Louis Juchault de Lamoricière
Acting governor-general in place of Bugeaud.
1845 - 1848
The territories that are part of French-occupied Algiers are officially named Algeria in 1845. Just three years later, Algiers, Constantine, and Oran are all made French departments as part of the reorganisation by the new French Second Republic in which all of Mediterranean Algeria is integrated fully into France. French occupation still doesn't extend into the deeper inland territories, but French military control of those occupied regions outside the departments continues.
Marie-Alphonse Bedeau
1847 - 1848
Henri Eugène Philippe Louis d'Orléans
Duke d'Aumale.
Louis Eugène Cavaignac
Nicolas Anne Théodule Changarnier
1848 - 1850
Baron Charon.
1850 - 1851
Alphonse Henri
Comte d'Hautpoul.
Aimable Jean Jacques Pélissier
1851 - 1858
Jacques Louis César Alexandre
Prince Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, who has been president of France since December 1848, now declares himself emperor, and the republic is replaced by the Second Empire. He returns Algeria to military control, terminating the French-style departments that were created in 1848.
A Ministry of Algerian Affairs is formed to supervise the country's administration through a military governor-general who is assisted by a civil minister. Military commanders replace governors-general.
1858 - 1859
Patrice Maurice de Mac-Mahon
Military commander.
Philippe Antoine Gues-Viller
1859 - 1860
Edmond Charles de Martimprey
1860 - 1864
Governor-general for the second time.
Acting governor-general. Former military commander.
1864 - 1870
Former military commander.
Acting governor-general. Baron Durrieu.
Jean Louis Marie Walsin-Esterhazy
Acting governor-general.
c.1870 - 1871
Between about 1870 and March 1871, Mayor of Algiers Benoît François Romuald Vuillermoz takes advantage of the toppling of the Second Empire and himself topples the governor-general in Algeria, setting himself up as the chief authority. An extraordinary commissioner is appointed to deal with the situation.
Benoît François Romuald Vuillermoz
Head of the Committee of Defence. Mayor of Algiers. Died 1877.
1870 - 1871
Charles du Bouzet
First extraordinary commissioner. Also prefect of Oran.
Alexis Lambert
Second extraordinary commissioner. Also prefect of Oran.
Official authority in Algeria is restored and changes are made to improve the situation there, especially for refugees from the lost Alsace-Lorraine region who are demanding new settlement land in Algeria. A civilian governor-general is appointed, but the changes, and a general grain shortage which leads to famine amongst the Muslims, trigger a revolt in the Kabylie. This turns into the most serious incident since 1843, and stern punishment is imposed once the situation has been brought under control.
1871 - 1873
Louis Henri
Governor-general. Comte de Gueydon.
1873 - 1879
Antoine Eugène Alfred Chanzy
1879 - 1881
Albert Grévy
1881 - 1891
Louis Tirman
France invades Tunisia from Algeria, removing Ottoman control of the country and creating a protectorate.
1891 - 1897
Jules Cambon
The French Parliament votes to annexe Madagascar. The Merina monarchy comes to an end, and the royal family is exiled to Algeria. French governors are appointed to control the island.
1897 - 1898
Louis Lépine
1898 - 1900
Édouard Laferrières
1900 - 1901
Charles Célestin Jonnart
1901 - 1903
Paul Révoil
Maurice Varnier
1903 - 1911
Acting governor-general for the second time.
1911 - 1918
Charles Lutaud
1914 - 1918
Having jointly guaranteed in 1839 to support the neutrality of Belgium, when the country is invaded by Germany, Britain, France and Russia are forced to declare war at midnight on 4 August. The German armies head towards Paris before being halted and retreating to what becomes the Western Front just inside French territory. The French army includes units from its various colonial territories, including Algeria.
1918 - 1919
Acting governor-general for the third time.
1919 - 1921
Jean Baptiste Eugène Abel
1921 - 1925
Théodore Steeg
Henri Dubief
1925 - 1927
Maurice Viollette
1927 - 1930
Pierre Louis Bordes
1930 - 1935
Jules Gaston Henri Carde
1935 - 1940
Georges Le Beau
1940 - 1944
The Nazi German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 is the trigger for the Second World War. With both France and Britain pledged to support Poland, both countries have no option but to declare war on 3 September. After a lightening march through the Netherlands and Belgium, France is occupied by the Nazi war machine in 1940, and Vichy (Fascist) rule is allowed as a puppet state in southern France and Algeria. Algeria remains loyal to the Vichy regime until 1942, but then switches to the Free French.
1940 - 1941
Jean Charles Abrial
Maxime Weygand
1941 - 1943
Yves Charles Chatel
Marcel Peyrouton
1943 - 1944
Georges Catroux
Re-emerged as resident minister (1956).
1944 - 1948
Yves Chataigneau
On 8 May a massacre of about a hundred French citizens takes place at Sétif. This follows protests by Algerians for greater political freedom in their own country, but it results in a brutal crackdown by the authorities in which perhaps six thousand Algerians are killed. This incident is almost certainly directly responsible for increasing discontent and the eventual outbreak of the Algerian War of Liberation in 1954.
1948 - 1951
Marcel Edmond Naegelen
1951 - 1955
Roger Léonard
Attempting to free the country from French rule, the long and bloody Algerian War of Liberation begins with the National Liberation Army (FLN) fighting using guerrilla tactics.
1955 - 1956
Jacques Émile Soustelle
First of the resident ministers. Previously governor-general.
1956 - 1958
Robert Lacoste
André Mutter
The Committee of Public Safety is formed in revolt against French rule. For May and June of this year, Algiers is not under French control. Revolutionary presidents of the Committee are shown in red.
Jacques Massu
President of the Committee of Public Safety, 13 May-7 Jun.
Sid Cara
Joint president, 23 May-7 Jun..
Raoul Albin Louis Salan
First of the delegates-general. Re-emerged in Directorate (1961).
On 19 September 1958, the 'Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic' is established in exile in Tunisia by the FLN, which is dedicated to freeing Algeria of French control.
1958 - 1960
Paul Albert Louis Delouvrier
1960 - 1962
Jean Morin
The Directorate is formed as a further body of rebellion against French rule. Between 21-25 April four members of the directorate lead the opposition, and they are shown in red.
Maurice Challe
Member of the Directorate. Died 1979.
André Zeller
Edmond Jouhaud
Member of the Directorate. Died 1995.
Raoul-Albin-Louis Salan
Member of the Directorate. Former delegate-general. Died 1984.
Christian Fouchet
High commissioner, 19 Mar-3 Jul. Died 1974.
Algeria wins independence from France, proclaiming the Algerian State on 3 July. This becomes the People's Democratic Algerian Republic on 25 September 1962 and a prime minister is elected to office in the same year.
Modern Algeria AD 1962 - Present Day
Algeria is located on the North African coastline, bordered by Tunisia and Libya to the east, Niger and Mali to the south, Mauritania and Western Sahara to the south-west, and Morocco to the west. The state is officially titled the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, with a capital at Algiers which is located at the centre of the country's coastal strip. In fact, the majority of the population lives along the coast.
Algeria won independence from France in 1962, in a fight that cost the lives of more than a million Algerians. The Algerian state was proclaimed on 3 July 1962, which gained its modern form on 25 September 1962. The country's first independent head of state was Mohamed Ahmed Ben Bella, who served as prime minister until 17 September 1963, when he became the country's first president. However, Algeria's democracy was often hard-line and dictatorial in nature, if not to the extent that it became embroiled in the 'Arab Spring' of 2011, unlike neighbouring Tunisia.
The Sahara Desert covers more than four-fifths of Algeria's territory. Oil and gas reserves were discovered there in the 1950s, and the country supplies large amounts of natural gas to Europe. Energy exports form the backbone of the country's economy. This oil-rich inland area has long been the home to tribes of Berbers, mounted nomads who have fought Romans, Phoenicians, Vandali, Eastern Romans, and also the Islamic empire when it arrived in 698. The Berbers have managed to retain their language and customs, and today make up about thirty percent of the country's population.
(Additional information from External Link: BBC Country Profiles.)
Abderrahmane Farès
Chairman of the Provisional Executive, 7-25 Sep.
Algeria becomes the People's Democratic Algerian Republic on 25 September 1962. The country's first independent head of state, elected on 27 September, is Mohamed Ahmed Ben Bella. He serves as prime minister until 17 September 1963, when he becomes president.
Ferhat Said Ahmed Abbas
Chairman of the National Constituent Assembly, 25-27 Sep.
1962 - 1965
Mohamed Ahmed Ben Bella
First prime minister and then president. Increasingly dictatorial.
Algeria fights the Sand War against Morocco when the latter claims sections of western Algerian territory. The war quickly bogs down into a stalemate which remains unresolved until an agreement is reached in 1972.
The increasingly authoritarian President Mohamed Ahmed Ben Bella is overthrown by his former defence minister, Houari Boumédienne. Unfortunately, Boumédienne continues the trend towards a stricter, socialist form of government. Political opposition is removed and the state's economy grows to depend more and more on oil revenues.
1965 - 1978
Houari Boumédienne
Overthrew his predecessor. Effectively a dictator.
1975 - 1991
Having claimed the non-self-governing territory of Spanish Sahara as its 'Southern Provinces', Morocco now annexes the territory despite protests by Algeria, and it soon becomes known as the Western Sahara. This prompts the region's inhabitants to launch a guerrilla war which lasts until a ceasefire is agreed in 1991. Various subsequent attempts to conduct a peace process fail to break the political deadlock.
1979 - 1992
Chadli Bendjedid
Continued Boumédienne's dictatorial policies.
1991 - 2002
During elections the Islamic Salvation Front wins the first round of voting. This prompts the military to step in and cancel the elections. Chadli Bendjedid is forced out of office and the long-running and brutal Algerian Civil War is triggered. Approximately 150,000 people are killed during it, and a state of emergency is declared as the military effectively govern the country. Fresh elections are held in 1995, and the war begins to run out of steam from 1998, with what is, essentially, a government victory.
Mohamed Boudiaf
Chairman of the military High Council of State. Little real power.
The unfortunate Mohamed Boudiaf, full of good intentions in terms of reforming the country but completely stymied by the real power in the country - the military - is assassinated by a bodyguard while giving a public speech live on television. The assassin is tried and convicted, but his death sentence is never carried out, leading to the suspicion that he is a pawn of the military.
1992 - 1994
Ali Kafi
Chairman of the military High Council of State.
1994 - 1995
Liamine Zéroual
Free presidential elections are held in November 1995, a process which is won by Liamine Zéroual. He remains in the post until 1999 and supports limited negotiations in order to try and bring the Algerian Civil War to an end. The democratic process survives in Algeria, despite there seeming to be little political opposition to the incumbent president who succeeds Zéroual.
An amnesty is announced for all participants in the civil war. Many former rebels are encouraged to lay down their arms and take part in the country's new push towards the full use of the the democratic process.
After months of unrest the government agrees to a series of demands by the minority Berbers, including official recognition of their language.
A wave of popular protests against a deeply unpopular and dictatorial government forces the president of Tunisia to flee to Saudi Arabia, paving the way for fresh elections and a new start. The protests strike a chord in Arabs across North Africa and the Middle East, and similar protests are triggered in Bahrain, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Syria and Yemen. In Algeria, major protests break out in January over food prices and unemployment, with two people being killed in clashes with security forces. The government responds by ordering cuts to the price of basic foodstuffs, and also repeals the 1992 state of emergency law.
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Debug Small C++ Program
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Debug the attached completed code and List out bugs found. The goal of the code is to design and implement a simple student data manager that a class can use to keep a record of student performance throughout the class.
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Smarter Living
Do you go to Kmart? I remember going to ours at 5 am and it was cold which is unusual for fl.We had blankets and were still freezing.They closed this one done though.I miss that tradition! The nearest one is about 20 mins away
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The Angelic Conversation (film)
The Angelic Conversation | |
DVD cover
Directed by | Derek Jarman |
Produced by | James Mackay |
Screenplay by | Derek Jarman |
Based on | Shakespeare's Sonnets by William Shakespeare |
Starring | Paul Reynolds Phillip Williamson |
Narrated by | Judi Dench |
Music by | Coil (with additional music by Benjamin Britten) |
Cinematography | Derek Jarman and James Mackay |
Edited by | Peter Cartwright Derek Jarman Cerith Wyn Evans |
Release date
28 February 1987 |
Running time
78 min. |
Country | United Kingdom |
Language | English |
The Angelic Conversation is a 1985 arthouse drama film directed by Derek Jarman. Its tone is set by the juxtaposition of slow moving photographic images and Shakespeare's sonnets read by Judi Dench. The film consists primarily of homoerotic images and opaque landscapes through which two men take a journey into their own desires.
Jarman himself described the film as "a dream world, a world of magic and ritual, yet there are images there of the burning cars and radar systems, which remind you there is a price to be paid in order to gain this dream in the face of a world of violence."[1]
The soundtrack to the film was composed and performed by Coil, and it was released as an album of the same name. In 2008 Peter Christopherson of Coil (with David Tibet, Othon Mataragas and Ernesto Tomasini) performed a new live soundtrack to the movie during a special screening at the Turin Lesbian and Gay Film Festival.
The film's music track also includes Benjamin Britten's "Sea Interludes" from Peter Grimes, performed by The Chorus and Orchestra of The Royal Opera House Covent Garden, conducted by Colin Davies.
Shakespeare's sonnets[edit]
14 sonnets the film features are:
DVD release[edit]
The BFI have released The Angelic Conversation on DVD.
- Dave Baby
- Timothy Burke
- Simon Costin
- Christopher Hobbs
- Philip McDonald
- Toby Mott
- Steve Randall
- Robert Sharp
- Tony Wood
- Judi Dench (Narrator)
- Paul Reynolds
- Phillip Williamson
- ^ Jarman, Derek (1997). Kicking the pricks. ISBN 978-0-87951-844-8
External links[edit]
- The Angelic Conversation at the Internet Movie Database
- The Angelic Conversation at AllMovie
- The Angelic Conversation at the British Film Institute's Screenonline
This article related to a British film of the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
This article about a drama film with a lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender theme is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |


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Voyagersindex |
K A U R A K A K A U R A K A Kauraka Kauraka was born in Rarotonga in 1951, and educated in the Cook Islands, New Zealand, Fiji, Papua New Guinea and Hawai'i. He published six collections of poetry in English and Cook Islands Maori, including Return to Havaiki (1985), Dreams of a Rainbow (1987) and Manakonako, Reflections (1992). As well as being a writer, a musician and photographer, he was by profession an anthropologist with the Ministry of Cultural Development, Cook Islands. Kauraka Kauraka passed away in 1997. |


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Access to History for the IB Diploma: The Mexican Revolution 1884-1940 Paperback
by Yvonne Berliner, Philip Benson
Part of the Access to History series
Ensure your students have access to the authoritative, in-depth and accessible content of this series for the IB History Diploma.
This series for the IB History Diploma has taken the clarity, accessibility, reliability and in-depth analysis of our best-selling Access to History series and tailor-made it to better fit the IB learner's needs.
Each title in the series provides depth of content, focussed on specific topics in the IB History guide, and examination guidance on different exam-style questions - helping students develop a good knowledge and understanding of the topic alongside the skills they need to do well. - Ensures students gain a good understanding of the IB History topic through an engaging, in-depth, reliable and up-to-date narrative - presented in an accessible way. - Helps students to understand historical issues and examine the evidence, through providing a wealth of relevant sources and analysis of the historiography surrounding key debates. - Gives students guidance on answering exam-style questions with model answers and practice questions
- Format: Paperback
- Pages: 240 pages, colour photos and artwork
- Publisher: Hodder Education
- Publication Date: 31/01/2014
- Category: History of the Americas
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Wednesday, September 21, 2011
Dear Frenchie...
You were worth waiting for, you were worth all the mistakes, you were worth every panic attack, you were worth every minute - and there were many - without you. You were worth dreaming about. And you came true.
Love, always.
On August 12th, 2007, I wrote to Vince trying to tempt him towards me from Vancouver, BC (it had been five days since we started to email each other):
I could lay a trail of very small saucisson sec from Vancouver to the East Coast. Light a fire in the desert in the Karoo in three weeks that you can see from Canada, sparks flying into the sky. Base jump with my Peugeot from the Brooklyn Bridge and get wet because it's not high enough but at least make the front page?
And he replied:
Whether it leads to one last email and nothing more, ever, or a few polite follow-ups, or to an avalanche of biased and shameless comments on our respective blogs, or even a meeting in Utah, a fondue in the Alps or a night by a fire in the desert, or somewhere or something I haven't even thought of, thank you. Thank you for the spark, thank you for the echo to my words. Thank you for this moment. Thank you for the black paw on your foot. Thank you for being honest. For being the kind of person I'm irresistibly attracted to. For talking about cooking all the time, when I totally lack the cooking chromosome. For owning a Peugeot and a Le Creuset pot. For having a cage that I could rattle (I'd rather open it). For being able to grow into my mind from a complete stranger into a strangely familiar face with the only use of words and ideas (ok, and a few pictures).
You own my heart, Frenchie.
14 comments:
And you, mine.
PS, I do feel a little bit like a voyeur in my own scene, but hey, we are 21st century creatures.
In some 50 billion years, the very blogging news of our meeting will reach the edge of our universe, sent out like ambassadors and carried in bits of energy, towards whatever exists beyond our event horizon. Then they will know about us, too. :-)
xxxWell, this was worth opening 66 Square Feet for. (sorry preposition ending but how else...?? never mind) I am stealing away this afternoon with my own best friend (34.3 years)and meeting his son, who also became my son (and the much-loved big brother to his 3 younger sibs) in London, then a family weekend in Istanbul. Love is good (and I will close before getting all Kahlil Gibran....)


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Elle Vee - Oxygen
By Lucas G. | 3 years ago
Music can give you goosebumps, it can send chills up your spine and, thanks to newcomer Elle Vee, it now has the power to also leave you gasping for Oxygen. As she admits on this potent pop tune, Elle Vee might struggle to breathe without her boo, but thankfully she still has enough air in her lungs to belt out a powerful love ballad. The Illinois native's vocals have that instant air of catchiness, but Vee still has the power and command to stand out and take your breath away; which is exactly what she does atop the edgy, cascading production of Matthew Gerrard. Oxygen is set to appear on an upcoming, currently-untitled EP, but don't start holding your breath just yet; the project isn't due out until next spring.
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The Softlightes
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Track List: Say No! To Being Cool, Say Yes! To Being Happy
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kissed by the love of ur life on the nearest possible
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But if u don't post his u will die in two days. Now u
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Robyn HitchcockMan UpstairsRobyn HitchcockMan UpstairsMan UpstairsCD
ROCKYEP ROC 0002368UPC: 634457236820Release Date: 8/26/2014
The Man Upstairs sees psychedelic troubadour Robyn Hitchcock uniting with legendary producer Joe Boyd (Nick Drake, Fairport Convention, R.E.M.) for one of the most unique outings of his already quite distinctive career. The album – which arrives just one short year after 2013's acclaimed Love From London – sees the British singer/songwriter musing on mortality, masculinity, and the impossibility of forever via an unexpected intermingling of self-penned originals and "songs I wished I'd written." Modern standards like The Doors' "The Crystal Ship" and The Psychedelic Furs' "The Ghost In You" are reimagined as stark and melancholy folk ballads, and then set to powerful effect alongside haunting new songs like the plaintive "Recalling The Truth." Hitchcock's 20th solo studio recording – give or take a few outtake, demo, and rarities compilations – The Man Upstairs is a remarkable portrait of an artist raging quietly against the dying of the proverbial light. "Yet another autumnal record," says Robyn. "Yet another elegiac record. It's reminiscent of I Often Dream Of Trains—there's a lot of autumn on that record as well. It was me, half the age I am now, already kind of nostalgic,
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Kells High Cross , County Meath
Kells High Cross is located outside the Heritage centre in the town of Kells. The cross once stood in the center of the town but for road safety issues it has been re located. Also in Kells there is the ruins of St Columba's monastery which also has other crosses and the remains of a tower.


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I haven't seen Obama look this uncomfortable and awkward and dopey since he broke down and wore an American flag pin on his lapel, something he insisted was totally not his style.
(Photo/Matthew C. Wright)
He hates that hat. You can tell. Cowboy Obama. He's no Sheriff David Clarke when it comes to successfully pulling off the look.
Obama's expression is priceless. I'm sure he's thinking that this image is going to be on Drudge, and he dreads it. He knows photos of him looking silly in the cowboy hat will be all over the Internet.
It's interesting. For someone supposedly so cool Obama looks embarrassed frequentlty. If one is truly cool, one doesn't care about what anyone thinks. He's very self-conscious, not a trait of a cool person. Obama does not look at all comfortable in his own skin.
Maybe that's why Obama prefers to campaign rather than be a leader, pretending as if he's not president to avoid accountability.
I suppose the cowboy hat is Bush's fault.
Obama needs to be able to laugh at himself, and his followers need to be able to laugh at him, too.
A strong individual doesn't need the sort of protective bubble that surrounds Obama.
Friday, May 10, 2013
Obama Cowboy Hat
Posted by Mary at 5/10/2013 12:00:00 AM
Labels: Barack Obama, David Clarke, George W. Bush, Internet
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Aptera 2 Series
Aptera 2 Series | |
Overview | |
Manufacturer | Aptera Motors, Inc. |
Also called | Aptera 2e, Aptera 2h |
Assembly | United States |
Designer | Eleven |
Body and chassis | |
Class | Subcompact |
Body style | 2-door three-wheeled car |
Layout | Front-engine, front-wheel drive layout |
Powertrain | |
Engine | 2e: Remy 82kW electric motor 2h: Gasoline generator + Electric Motor[1] |
Transmission | 2e: Borg-Warner single ratio transaxle[2] 2h: Series hybrid layout |
Dimensions | |
Wheelbase | 108 in (274 cm)[2] |
Length | 175.6 in (446 cm)[2] |
Width | 86 in (218 cm)[2] |
Height | 54.4 in (138 cm)[2] |
Curb weight | 1,800 lb (820 kg)[2] |
Chronology | |
Predecessor | Aptera Mk-1 |
The Aptera 2 Series (formerly the Aptera Typ-1) was a high-efficiency passenger three-wheeled automobile under development by Aptera Motors. The California-based company opened a pre-ordering process for residents of California, but stopped taking deposits in July 2011, and on August 12, 2011, Aptera announced it would return all deposits from customers who had signed up to buy an Aptera 2e electric car or the planned 2h hybrid,[3] before the company finally folded in December 2011.
The first variant of the 2 Series slated for production was the Aptera 2e (formerly Typ-1e), a battery electric vehicle.[4] Aptera claimed the 2e would accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (0 to 97 km/h) in less than 10 seconds, and be capable of reaching a top speed of over 85 mph (137 km/h).[5] A later variant would have been Aptera 2h (formerly Typ-1h), a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. According to Aptera, the 2 Series would have been priced from the mid-US$20,000s to mid-US$40,000s, depending on the variant and options selected by the buyer.[5]
An Aptera 2 made a short appearance in the 2009 film Star Trek.
In June 2013, it was announced that Zaptera USA will be splitting into two companies: the existing Jonway-owned Zaptera USA, and the completely independent Aptera USA.[6]
Design and fuel consumption[edit]
The Aptera 2 Series was designed to be a low-energy vehicle; early estimates of its energy consumption ran as low as 80 watt-hours/mi at 55 mph.[4] Later estimates are as high as 200Wh for aggressive driving. The company stated in September 2009 that "if Aptera was given an official EPA rating [the fuel-efficiency figure assigned to all cars by the United States federal government], it would be 851 mpg", suggesting that it is 2.2 times more efficient than Nissan Leaf. The Aptera 2 Series has a drag coefficient of Cd=0.15, compared with Cd=0.19 for the record-holding General Motors EV1, and Cd=0.24 for the 2010 Mercedes-Benz E-Class Coupé, currently the lowest for a mass-produced car.[7] The Aptera's atypical shape is a result of extensive optimization in a virtual wind tunnel, following the designs of Alberto Morelli. It used recessed windshield wipers and low rolling resistance tires.
The first prototype attained a drag coefficient of Cd=0.11 by making use of an "Eyes-Forward" rear-view camera system instead of side-view mirrors, which create a large amount of drag. A September 2008 Aptera newsletter showed a rendering of the car featuring a conventional driver-side mirror and no driver-side rear-view camera.[8] Aptera CTO Steve Fambro stated that the system was simplified to make use of a single camera mounted near the top of the vehicle.[9]
The body design was similar to Pegasus Research Company's human-powered "Fusion" vehicle (1983) and the MIT Aztec,[10] but the direct inspiration was the Volkswagen 1-litre car.[11]
The Aptera 2 Series was a three-wheeled vehicle with front-wheel drive. On March 23, 2010, Aptera announced their use of BorgWarner's 31-03 eGearDrive transmission for the 2e drive train. An April 14, 2010 press release[12] announced further suppliers: A123 Systems for the 20kWh lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) battery pack, and Remy International for the 82 kW HVH250 electric motor.[13]
The freeway range was promised to be around 100 miles (160 km) with two passengers and some luggage. They planned to offer an SAE J1772 compatible charging system, at either 110 or 220V.[citation needed]
Plug-in series hybrid[edit]
An early Aptera 2h design used a "small, water-cooled EFI gasoline engine with closed loop oxygen feedback and catalytic converter," coupled with a 12 kW generator/starter.[14] With a tank capacity of "up to five gallons,"[1] the Aptera 2h would have a claimed range of 600 to 700 mi (970 to 1,130 km),[15] compared to the 120 miles (190 km) range of the Aptera 2e. The 2h would have been a series hybrid: The engine would not be connected to the drivetrain, instead being used to recharge the batteries.
As with any plug-in hybrid, fuel economy of the Aptera 2h would depend on trip length and battery charge. For trips of less than about 50 miles (80 km) after a full charge the engine may not turn on at all, resulting in approximately the same energy consumption as the pure electric model — 96 watt-hours/mile. If on the other hand, the car were never plugged in, the Aptera 2h would get 130 miles per US gallon (1.8 l/100 km). Aptera Motors quoted 300 miles per US gallon (0.8 l/100 km), which applies to a 120-mile (190 km) trip after a full charge. They justified this by stating that 99% of Americans drive less than 120 miles (190 km) daily.[14]
Because the Aptera 2 Series had only three wheels, most states in the US classify the vehicle as a motorcycle. This means that safety and emissions tests are not mandatory, as they are for automobiles.
Despite this, Aptera Motors emphasized that safety had a high priority in the vehicle's design. Aptera Motors performed simulated crash tests using ABAQUS FEA software, crush testing on structural components, and was planning real-world crash tests before production. The Aptera 2e featured a Formula One-inspired passenger safety cell and boxed sandwich foam core composite structures. Frontal crumple distance was 45 inches (114 cm), large for a vehicle of its size. As the body is above most cars' bumpers, a colliding vehicle's bumper would travel under the body, deflecting the energy. Despite its height, the placement of the heavy batteries lowered the center-of-mass of the Aptera 2 Series, a design similar to the highly stable Commuter Cars Tango. Driver and passenger airbag-in-seatbelts were also provided.
Accessories and interior[edit]
The design intent model, revealed on April 14, 2010, seated two adults, had power windows, cup holders, and had 22.75 cubic feet (644 L) of cargo capacity, enough for a couple of surfboards or a dozen bags of groceries.[2] It used LED running and interior lights to reduce power consumption. An optional solar panel mounted on the roof runs the heat pump during the day. This keeps the interior comfortable and reduces the size of the heat pump needed. The seats can be heated or cooled by forced air, both for comfort and efficiency reasons.[16] The only comfort downside is that the suspension was described as "hard".[17]
Radio, CD/DVD/MP3 player, and GPS navigation were integrated into an in-console touch screen carputer, based on Moblin by Wind River Systems, but the climate control used physical dials. It also had RFID-based keyless ignition and entry and scarab doors.[18]
To reduce the ecological footprint of construction, EcoSpun recycled materials and organic dyes were to be used for the seats and flooring, and the dashboard and the door panels were free of heavy metals and plasticizers.[16][19] Aptera also planned to have leatherette and leather seats as options.[20]
See also[edit]
- Plug-in electric vehicle
- Aurel Persu – designer of teardrop aerodynamic car in 1922
- List of motorized trikes
- ^ a b Ring, Ed (2007-10-16). "Aptera's Series Hybrid". EcoWorld. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Aptera 2e Brochure" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-02. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
- ^ John Voelcker (2011-08-13). "Futuristic Electric-Car Dream Dead? Aptera To Refund Deposits". Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ a b Kates, David (2008-03-04). "YouTube - Aptera CEO Steve Fambro". AlternativeEnergy.com. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
- ^ a b "Frequently Asked Questions". Aptera Motors. Archived from the original on 2010-05-07. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
- ^ http://www.gizmag.com/aptera-independent-production-us/27868/
- ^ Noah Joseph (2009-02-17). "New Mercedes E-Class Coupe couples low drag coefficient to efficient engines". Retrieved 2010-05-18.
- ^ "Aptera 25 September 2008". Archived from the original on 2008-10-03. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
- ^ Coolong, Amanda (2008-11-20). "The Aptera. It's Electric!". TechZulu.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-18. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
- ^ "HPV Racing History - Pegasus Fusion". Recumbents.com. Retrieved 2014-08-11.
- ^ Marquis, Brittany. "300-mpg, Electric Aptera Typ-1 Ready for 2008 Production, Not Jetsons Remake: First Look". Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on 2010-04-11. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
- ^ "April 14 Press Release". Aptera Motors. 2010-04-14. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
- ^ "About the 2e". Aptera Motors. Archived from the original on 2010-06-10. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
- ^ a b "Aptera Details". Aptera Motors. Archived from the original on 2010-05-15. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
- ^ "Jetsons-Style Car Gets Space Age Mileage". News 8 KFMB, San Diego. 2007-09-28. Archived from the original on 2007-12-27. Retrieved 2008-01-19.
- ^ a b "The Aptera Journey". Aptera Motors. Archived from the original on 2008-03-04. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
- ^ John Voelcker (2009-03-17). "Aptera in Action Video: Driving the Planet's Greenest All-Electric Three-Wheeler!". Retrieved 2010-05-18.
- ^ Ackerman, Evan (2007-09-28). "Aptera Electric/Hybrid Car On Pre-Order for $500". OhGizmo!. Archived from the original on 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
- ^ "YouTube - An Aptera guided tour: Introduction". Aptera Motors. 2008-03-28. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aptera 2e. |


text:
Samat, Narimah (2007) Integrating GIS and celular automata spatial model in evaluating urban growth : prospects and challenges. Other thesis, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Faculty of Built Environment.
PDF (Full text)
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Malaysia is experiencing rapid urban growth resulted from industrialization and economic policies adopted since 1970s. According to current planning policies and related growth projection, this process is expected to continue at least until the 2020 where Malaysia is planned to be a developed nation. Future urban growth requires a cohesive planning policy in order to ensure this growth does not have negative consequences to economy, environment and society that are experiencing land use transformations. Many studies have shown that an integration of GIS and cellular automata approach is suitable in modelling urban development; however, most of those studies are undertaken in western developed nations which have adequate planners and funds to manage modest population growth. In the context of developing nations like Malaysia, a locally-devised planning and management approach needs to be developed to plan, monitor, and control urban development in order to meet local challenges. This paper evaluates the prospects and challenges of using a GIS-based cellular automata model in planning and monitoring urban spatial growth in Malaysia.
Item Type: | Thesis (Other) |
Uncontrolled Keywords: | Geographic Information Systems; Cellular Automata and Urban Land Use Planning |
Subjects: | N Fine Arts > NA Architecture |
Divisions: | Built Environment |
ID Code: | 2861 |
Deposited By: | Azura Baharudin |
Deposited On: | 11 May 2007 07:44 |
Last Modified: | 10 Jan 2011 09:04 |
Repository Staff Only: item control page


text: sampson @sampson active 4 years, 1 month ago ActivityProfileFriends 0Groups 1Forums View Basic information Name sampson When did you start following F1? 1990 F1 teams and drivers Which F1 driver/s do you support? Bruno Senna, Jenson Button, Kimi Raikkonen Which F1 team/s do you support? McLaren, Williams, Caterham Your motorsports Which motorsports do you follow? Formula 1, GP2, GP3


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Butch Walker & the Black Widows at Culture Room, November 2
Butch Walker's multiple musical lives have developed as the only-in-Hollywood variety since he first headed west from his native Georgia in the late '80s. His early musical projects included straight-up Sunset Strip-style acts with creatively spelled names like Byte the Bullet. Following that came the power-guitar-rock act Marvelous 3, which enjoyed a major-label deal and minor success but never major mainstream velocity.
In ensuing years, Walker's really made his mark as a producer, notably giving compressed, big-room crunch to projects by acts like Weezer, Dashboard Confessional, and All Time Low. If there's a common thread among Walker's work, it's that everything he touches winds up with serious hooks and fist-pumping power. Both are offered aplenty on his own latest soloish project, The Spade, which he's released as Butch Walker and the Black Widows. No-frills and unapologetically begging for singalongs, each song packs an easy-to-digest, caffeinated jolt.
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IRVING (CBSDFW.COM) – A series of three earthquakes rattled homes and nerves across North Texas over the weekend. The most recent quake hit just after 10:30 p.m. Sunday near the intersection of Highway 183 and Carl Road in Irving. This is a short distance away from the 3.4-magnitude temblor that struck 24 hours earlier.
Irving resident Priscilla Barrientos was watching television when that first quake moved the ground. "I didn't know what was going on," she said. "I was scared." According to the U.S. Geological Survey, the estimated epicenter was just feet from her apartment.
Several businesses and residents near the intersection of MacArthur Boulevard and Rochelle Road in Irving also reported feeling the ground move, seeing televisions and tables shake, and hearing a loud noise. "We all got up and we ran outside and everybody was going and saying, 'Did you guys feel that?" said Leslie Cordero.
And then, just four minutes after the first quake, a second 3.1-magnitude earthquake was felt. There were also tremors, but many went unnoticed by the public. Finally, a 2.1-magnitude quake hit on Sunday night.
Seismologists at Southern Methodist University in Dallas looked at the recorded data. As many area residents might guess, earthquakes are unusual in Texas, according to SMU seismologist Brian Stump. "There are faults here, they are small faults. They are not activated like the San Andreas Fault in California," he said.
Although the quakes caused virtually no damage, they did leave North Texans shaken.
"They were relatively small events. You know, if we lived in California, this would be something that happens all the time," Stump said.
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Aspen's van Garderen wins back-to-back USA Pro Challenge GC title
August 24, 2014
Five days ago Garmin-Sharp rider Alex Howes, a Colorado native, stood at the finish of Stage 2 of the USA Pro Challenge noticeably upset by his second consecutive second-place stage finish. While he earned the yellow leader's jersey in the process — which he held for a day — he was still clearly disappointed to fall short of yet another stage victory.
Howes found redemption in Sunday's final stage, edging out training partner and friend Kiel Reijnen (United Healthcare) — who beat him in an almost equally tight finish for the Stage 1 victory — in a sprint finish in downtown Denver. Howes came from behind in the final 100 yards to beat Reijnen by mere inches in a photo finish.
"This race means a lot to me, obviously," Howes told NBC Sports after the win. "It means a whole lot more now."
As expected, Stage 7 did not shake up the overall standings, with Aspen's Tejay van Garderen (BMC Racing) holding onto his 1 minute, 32 second lead over fellow Coloradan Tom Danielson for this second consecutive Pro Challenge GC win. Van Garderen finished the nearly 550-mile seven-day stage race in 20 hours, 5 minutes, 42 seconds. Serghei Tvetcov of Jelly Belly held onto third — 1:45 behind van Garderen — giving his UCI continental team its first podium finish in the event and topping fourth-place finisher and Tour de France King of the Mountain winner Rafal Majka by just 4 seconds.
"I'm feeling ecstatic," Jelly Belly team manager Danny Van Haute said of his rider's podium finish. "We are so happy with this whole week … This is our biggest accomplishment in 14 years."
Tvetcov was the only rider in the top four without Tour de France experience and who is not currently competing on the world tour level. His performance this week, which included three third-place stage finishes, is likely to earn him a contract with a UCI international team next year.
For his part, van Garderen put forth another impressive effort Sunday along with his BMC teammates on his way to back-to-back Pro Challenge wins.
With less than a half mile to go, he pulled into the lead of a tight group of riders on the final sprint — likely in an attempt to give his teammate Michael Schar a shot at the stage win. Howes' and Reijnen's last-second surges powered past the BMC pair in the final stretch. Schar held onto third — less than a bike length behind the top finishers — with van Garderen finishing the stage in sixth behind Tvetcov and Rafal Majka (Tinkoff Saxo).
Before the race's final laps through Denver, 42-year-old fan favorite Jens Voigt (Trek Factory Team) set the tone with breakaway group of 12 other riders leaving Boulder. While other riders fell off the pace, Voigt — a 17-time Tour de France competitor — continued with the lead group for 73 miles of the stage's 78-mile course.
The popular German announced earlier this year that he would retire following the Pro Challenge, and it looked as though he might do so with one final stage win to close his 17-year career. He climbed Lookout Mountain outside of Golden neck and neck with Australian Michael Rodgers and three other riders.
Shortly after reaching metropolitan Denver, only Voigt and Novo Nordisk rider Javier Megias remained in the break, with the rest of the peloton gaining ground in the chase. Voigt lead through three laps of the final downtown circuit before the chase group caught him in the stage's 5 remaining miles. It was a scene that oddly replicated Stage 4 in Colorado Springs earlier in the week. There Voigt spent most of the stage in the lead, only to fall short at the end as well.
"I was happy I could show myself one more time. One more time I gave it all," Voigt said in an interview with NBC after the race, "and now I think I have a long, big, large, huge holiday ahead of me."
As for his decision to retire he told the network, "I guess my body, we could do maybe another year, but I wouldn't be as strong and wouldn't be as good as I was this year."
Voigt's effort Sunday earned the orange Most Aggressive Rider jersey for the second time in the race. Kiel Reijnen held won the green Sprint jersey, and Jamis-Hagens Berman rider Ben Jacques maintained the red King of the Mountains jersey. France's Clement Chevrier was awarded Best Young Rider. In addition to his GC win, van Garderen also received the Colorado National Guard Best Colorado Rider award — new to this year's competition. His BMC team finished first in the team competition with Garmin-Sharp finishing a close second.
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text: Starting to get the gear out for the 2012 show. Very busy traveling out of town for Thanksgiving so we are a little behind. Hopefully we will have at least our show from last year playing by the end of this weekend. Planning on adding one or two new songs this year. We added on a few more display items this year but still have to get all of the lighting controllers built before they will come online.


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My girlfriend and I had been wandering through some remainder bookshops after a nice meal in a nice restaurant and a nice day of walking through the city. This bookshop had an "ALL BOOKS £2" sign over every shelf. Most of them looked like they were worth less than that. (A History of the Goose being one not so memorable title.)
On a high shelf at the back of the shop were the, well, porn books: Chains of Lust, Slave to Desire. Boring. But Behind Closed Doors - "an erotic adventure in which you are the hero" piqued my interest. Choose Your Own Adventure and porn. Excellent! The blurb made it clear that as the Man, you had to find the Woman via a series of sexy adventures. When I discovered the book was actually two stories in one, as it could be turned upside-down for the same story, where you could play as the Woman, written more for women, I was determined to buy it. The story in which you play as the Man had a naked woman on the cover; turned upside-down, the cover for the Woman was a topless man with his hand down his pants.
At first, I was sorely disappointed. Before opening it, I had imagined a plethora of choice before me, as in the old Steve Jackson books, where you could choose your specialties - magic, swordplay and so on. Though of course for this adventure I'd need different skills. And I could roll 2D6 for Attractiveness, and choose my Sexuality. ("You are approached by one of the men. He is wearing tight leather. If you are GAY, turn to 69. If you are BISEXUAL, turn to 69. If you are STRAIGHT, turn to 103.")
But this was sadly not the case. Neither was the book's writing style much like a Choose Your Own Adventure, rejecting the usual second person perspective for a first person one, which was irritating, removing the "you" from "you are the hero" (a tagline inserted by, I suspect, a devious marketing executive to lure in seekers of kitsch like myself). Playing as the Man to begin with, I quickly found that the choices were almost non-existent. I was launched into the story, and after the requisite "have an adventure or go home" choice (I went home, and for my sins died alone and loveless. Then I had another go), I found myself trapped in a house of doors, each leading to a new and supposedly sexy adventure.
After the first few chapters, the whole thing descended into surreality, and I lost all informed choice and guidance. Every chapter ended with something very much like
"I found myself facing two doors.
Go through DOOR 19 --> Go through DOOR 21 -->"
This wasn't helpful. The first three chapters in the house of doors had given me the clear choice of leaving the company of a pair of large-breasted women, or remain to have more sex with them. But almost constantly thereafter, I had to pick a door at random. (There was also no way to get to Door 23, I noticed, a clue leading me to the conclusion that the book was written just to dip into.) So I took to choosing the highest door number, to reach the denouement as quickly as possible. This had the effects of both hastening my journey, and exposing me to as little of the story as possible. This was a good thing, as the book was otherwise one of the least erotic things I've ever read, and at times became near Lovecraftian in how disturbing it was - the scene in Chapter 36 ("The Monster") in which I had sex with a ghost who gave birth to a giant cockroach particularly. At various other points, I found myself having sex with hermaphrodite angels*, hiding below a bride's wedding dress, and generally having a fairly peculiar time of it, though the chapter in which I received oral sex below a desk from someone who I thought was my attractive secretary, but revealed at the climax (pun sort of intended) to be a male spy, raised a smile. And almost every chapter had some sexual encounter or other in it. Far from being the hero, I was buffeted around the story at random, until the end, where the choice was fairly nebulous.
Playing again as the Woman, the experience was much the same, only this time I noticed I had less actual sex. Also, I had same-sex sex more often. It's different for girls.
All that said, the book was quite entertaining, in a ludicrous, kitschy way. I can't believe anyone could really get turned on by it; it made me laugh more than anything else. I got two pounds' worth of fun out of it, but I'd never have bought it if it had been more, or if I hadn't had a great evening's wandering with someone I love. It was the same fun you get from watching a really bad movie, and it's perfect for dipping into now and then. I'd recommend it if you have a money to burn, or if you want a conversation-starter for conversations that start "That? Oh, it's only my erotic choose your own adventure book..."
* Sample: "Some...had female genitals above their male genitals, while others had them the other way round: their male cluster hanging over their female slit. They coupled in what struck me as the most perfect possible way: the upper cock of the first in the upper slit of the second and the lower cock of the second in the lower slit of the first. Each was simultaneously penetrator and penetrated, each was at the same time the man and woman of the other. And I imagine that they must experience the greatest ecstasy."
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Third suspect arrested in Campbell beating and robbery
A third suspect was arrested in connection to the beating and robbery of an elderly man in a Campbell park.
A third suspect was arrested in connection to the beating and robbery of an elderly man in a Campbell park.
Boardman Schools Superintendent Frank Lazzeri said the threat came from a fake account.
Charges have been amended against a Detroit mom who is charged in the deaths of two of her children.
Gunmen attacked a college campus in northeast Kenya early Thursday, opening fire in dormitories and killing at least 15 people.
Dozens of people gathered Thursday at South Range Elementary school to remember the victim of a deadly fire in Youngstown.
The victim told police the assailant walked up behind him, yelled "Hey" and then shot him.
Kluber, who starts Monday at Houston, gave up three runs and five hits in 4 2-3 innings
The property re-appraisals will start to take effect in the 2017 tax year.
Cheyenne Eggens racked up 27 strikeouts in the win for the Mustangs.
One person was shot but police said the victim is expected to survive.
Mahoning County took both the girls and boys games over Trumbull County Wednesday night at the 45th annual Al Beach Classic.
Mooney's boys tennis program begins the season with a road victory at Crestwood High School in Mantua.
A late rally pushes Western Reserve to a 2-1 start on the season.
Lisbon's Dave Toot recorded the final two outs to save the match up for the Blue Devils.
Park officials would like to have an operator in place by May 1.
In a statement released Wednesday, the legal counsel said the fraternity will continue to search for the truth in the death of Tucker Hipps.
Renner's attorney, Laura Wasser, says the actor will share 50-50 custody with his estranged wife.
Duke University's president says the elite North Carolina school is trying to find out who hung a rope noose from a tree.
Columbus resident Kurt Flood didn't enter a plea during arraignment Wednesday in Franklin County.
NCAA President Mark Emmert has indicated the Indianapolis-headquartered organization would consider relocating all types of college sports e…
Menendez was charged Wednesday with accepting nearly $1 million worth of gifts and campaign contributions from a longtime friend in exchange…
Teamsters Local 1224 also has published a letter to passengers warning them about "persistent mechanical problems" at the airline.
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Monday, May 10, 2010
A big win and an Etsy Giveaways
A big congratulations to Midwestern Gone Idahoan for winning the Look Up! stamp from Practicing Creativity Designs! Thank you everyone for participating!
Today's giveaway is courtesy of my new friend, Jordan. She's the creator of Blueprint Crafts. Jordan has a fantastic etsy shop and has been kind enough to supply THREE items for today's festivities. The winner of this giveaway will win that gorgeous necklace, a fabulously frilly apron, and a pot holder! Sorry there isn't a photo of the pot holder, Jordan's camera has a cold.
I want these goodies for myself. Love love love. But, I'm excited that one of you will end up with them. Visit Jordan's etsy shop here and leave a comment saying which items YOU love.
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text:
[Feat. T-Pain]
Tell me what do you see
When you looking at me
On a mission to be
What I'm destined to be
I've done been through the pain and the sorrow
The struggle is nothing but love
(Nothing but love)
I'm a soldier a rider a ghetto survivor
And all the above
All the above (repeat)
Really what do you see
When you looking at me
See me coming from nothing
To me living my dreams
I had been to the bottom
I had suffered a lot
I deserve to be rich
Heading straight to the top
Look how I rep for the block
Look how I rep for the hood
I get nothing but love now
That I come through the hood
Getting this fortunate fate
Why leave that gold on this chain
The new bases are white call them John Mcain
How the hell could you stop me
Why in the world would you try
I go hard forever that's just how I'm designed
That's just how I was built
See that look I'm my eyes
You take all of this from me
And I'm still gon' survive
You get truth from me
But these rappers gon' lie
I'm a part of these streets
Till the day that I die
I way hotter than hatters glad that I finally done made it
Take a look and you can tell that I am destined for greatness.
Tell me what do you see
When you looking at me
On a mission to be
What I'm destined to be
I've done been through the pain and the sorrow
The struggle is nothing but love
(Nothing but love)
I'm a soldier a rider a ghetto survivor
And all the above
All the above (repeat)
It's easy to hate it's harder to love me
Yall don't understand yall quickly to judge me
Put ur foot in my nikes picture you livin in my life
Picture you stuck in a cell
Picture you wasting your life
Picture you facing a charge
Picture you beating the odds
Picture you willing to bleed
Picture you wearing these scars
Thank you for making me struggle
Thank you for making me grind
I perfected my hustle tell me the world aint mine
You aint seein me lately
I'm a miracle baby
I refuse to lose this is the ghetto then maybe
I put that on my father
Tryna hope for tomorrow
When I think that I can't
I envision obama
I envision o donnis
I envision ferarris
If the world was perfect
All my niggas behind me
Aint you happy I made it that I'm making this statement
Take a look and you can tell I'm destined for greatness
Now we gon talk on this spot (Spot)
Or if I'm out on the block (block)
I hustle hard cos it's all the same (they know, they know)
And you know that grind don't stop
Just cos I rose to the top (top)
And everybody knows my name (they know, they know)
Ayyy still grinding (still grinding)
Still hustling (still hustleing)
No more pain (no more pain)
No more sufferering (no more sufferering)
My ladys and my shorties and my thugs
Keep that task and that shine and the love
All the above (repeat)
Lyrics taken from http://www.lyricsmode.com/lyrics/m/maino/all_the_above.html