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Artifacts In Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biology Essay
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered a powerful diagnostic method which enables the visualization of soft tissue contrast without the use of ionizing radiation (Costa et al.,2009). MRI is a nonivasive procedure for the purpose of taking the pictures of the body. As compared to conventional radiography and computed tomography (CT) scan, MRI uses powerful magnets and radiowave instead of radiation. The magnetic field produced by an MRI is about 10 thousand times greater than the earth's. In many cases, MRI will gives different information about structure in the body as shown in conventional X-ray, ultrasound or CT scan. Problem that cannot be seen with other imaging modalities also may be showed by MRI because the images produce can be highly sensitive and specific.
The magnetic field forces hydrogen atoms in the body to line up in a certain way. When radio waves are sent toward the lined-up hydrogen atoms, they bounce back, and a computer records the signal. Different types of tissues send back different signals. Vlaardingerbroek and den Boer (as cited in Shafiei et al., 2003) state that MRI is based on the signal of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) emitted by the interaction of atomic nuclei that possess spin with incident radiofrequency within a static magnetic field. The NMR signal, which is primarily related to the proton density of the sample or tissue, also varies according to T1 or T2 relaxation time and velocity of fluid in the sample that is influenced by other internal and external factors.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is done for many reasons. It is used to find problems such as tumors, bleeding, injury, blood vessel diseases, or infection. MRI also may be done to provide more information about a problem seen on an X-ray, ultrasound scan, or CT scan. Contrast material may be used during MRI to show abnormal tissue more clearly.
MRI thus gives excellent images of anatomical structures differing in proton density and other tissue characteristics.
Bushong (2003) state that image artifact in MRI is a pattern or structure in the image caused by a signal distortion related to the technique of producing image. Therefore it is unwanted pattern or structure that does not represent the actual anatomy. It is important to know and recognise all these artifacts and have an understanding of their causes especially for those which mimicking pathology. Recognising the artifacts and understanding the causes are important when interpreting and choosing the correct approach.
For optimal image produce in any type of modalities used, there must be a high degree of spatial and contrast resoloution with a strong signal, as well as minimal artifacts. However, artifacts can occur as in all imaging modalities, resulting in degraded image quality which can compromise imaging evaluation. Bui (as cited in Shafiei et al., 2003) emphasize that MRI has the shortcoming of being prone to magnetic susceptibility difference artifacts caused by the presence of metallic materials such as dental or orthopedic implants, dental cast restorations and aneurysm clips.
A variety of artifacts can occur in MRI images due to several reasons. It can be devided into four categories which is hardware related artifacts, sequence-related artifacts, patient-related artifacts and artifacts of special MR techniques. MRI is more susceptible to artifacts than other imaging techniques. This is because due to the facts that MRI signal depends on variety of parameters such as tissue parameters, scanner parameters, sequence type and sequence parameters. This multiparametric dependency is the reason for the high and variable soft-tissue contrast. The drawback, however, is that unwanted effects may occur, if the MR sequence or hardware is not chosen properly.
However, numerous correction method have been developed to reduce the corruptive effects of artifacts and improves the quality of images. These include special pulse sequence design, improve scanning procedures and equipment and advanced postprocessing algorithm.
Motion is the most prevalent source of imaging artifacts. A standard image reconstruction assume that the patient, object or sample will remain stationary during the entire data collection process. Owing to voluntary or involuntary patient movement caused by physiological processes is rarely occur. There are many potential sources of image artifacts associated with MRI that can potentially degrade images to the extent that they are insufficient for accurate diagnosis. Basically there are two types of patient motion which is irregular bulk motion (random) of body parts such as peristalsis, swallowing and eye movement and the other one is regular motion (periodic) with continuous velocity such as pulsatility of vascular flow and cerebrospinal fluid, and cardiac and respiratory cycle.
The appearance of motion artifact is dependent to the type of motion whether it is random or periodic. Periodic movement such as cardiac movement and blood vessel or CSF pulsation will cause ghost image whereas non-periodic movement such as peristalsis and swallowing will cause diffusing image noise. Ghost image intensity increases with amplitude of movement and the signal intensity from the moving tissue (Erasmus et al., 2004). Degradation of image quality in motion depend on the time of scan. If the motion occur during data acquisition interval, additional phase term related to the motion path will created in the data. Otherwise, if the motion occur between acquisition interval causes inconsistencies because data acquired before and after movement do not superimpose each other.
As motion artifacts arise from different origins, there are several ways to avoid or compensate for them. One way to eliminate motion artifacts is to reduce the cause of the artifacts to a minimum, at least for the duration of scanning process. For example, involuntary bulk motion can be reduced by using antispasmodic drugs and voluntary motion such as respiratory motion can be reduced by using short sequence during breathhold. Clear breathing instruction also is very important in reducing respiratory motion. For imaging of the heart or the great vessels, triggering the acquisition of phase encoding steps at fixed time in cardiac cycle can be done which means that in every phase encoding step the structure is in the same position.
In the study by Hirokawa (2008), image artifacts were shown to be reduced by the BLADE technique. MRI with the BLADE technique did not generate ghosting artifact and also showed reduction of other artifacts including respiratory motion and cardiovascular pulsation. In all cases, image artifacts were fewer in the images with the BLADE technique (BLADE is proprietary name for periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction [PROPELLER] in MR systems from Siemens Medical Solutions). Other than that, respiratory gating can eliminate ghosting and blurring from diaphragm motion. However it is inefficient because only the data collected in specific parts of the cardiac or respiratory cycle can be used for image formation. This will result in cosiderable increase of scan time and long TR times. The more subtle techniques are based on re-ordering the k-space lines such that adjacent samples in the final data set have minimal differences in respiratory phase. These so-called respiratory compensation methods have only little time penalty, but are less effective in non-periodic breathing.
Figure 15
Fig. 15 Motion artifact. More random respiratory motion (left) shows more general blurring of the T2 weighted TSE image (TR2200 ms, TE 103ms, ETL 21), periodic breathing leads to ghost artifacts (right). (adapted from Stadler,2008)
Chemical shift artifact is a very common artifact that display on the image especially at the region of abdomen and spine. It is manifest as bright or dark outlines at fat-water interphase. It occur in some molecule such as lipids because the proton in the nuclei are magnetically shielded by their surrounding electrons and having a difference in resonance of protons as a result of their micromagnetic environment. CS artifact are due to the phenomenon on whereby different proton precess in different frequencies. Proton in different molecules have their own specific characteristic of Larmor frequency which is called 'chemical shift' and is exploited in MR spectroscopy in order to differentiate the molecules in sample. Therefore, Larmor frequency between fat and water are different in the relative frequency shift between main fat peak and water peak is 3.5 ppm, resulting in a difference of only 73 Hz at 0.5 T and about 450 Hz at 3T.
Chemical shift artifact can be devided into two subtypes which is chemical shift of the first and second kind depending on the causes and origin. For the first type of chemical shift artifact is due to a spatial misregisteration of the signal for the difference in resonance frequency between fat and water. For example, the signals of fat and water protons belonging to the same volume element are encoded as being located in different voxel. The difference in precession frequencies results in the overlap of fat and water at lower frequency (bright band) and signal void (dark band) at higher frequency. The first type of CS artifact depends on several factors but mainly on magnetic field strength (B0), frequency range [bandwith (BW)] and on pixel size (matrix) (Rescinito,2009). Potential solution to reduce CS artifact is the use of fat-suppression techniques, use of long echo time (TE) or increase the readout bandwidth (BW).
The second type of CS artifacts is due to the phase cancellation. When using gradient echo sequence with certain echo times, there is a 1800 phase shift between water and fat protons due to their Larmor frequency. at this time, when fat and water are present in the same voxel, the signal of fat and water cancel each other out in voxel with equal signal leading to a signal loss or 'black boundary' or hypointense rim around fatty tissues. Potential solution are again by using fat suppression techniques, increase the bandwidth (reduces SNR) and obviously use a specific TE for in-phase imaging. By increasing the pixel size with constant FOV also will reduce resolution thus decrease CS artifacts.
Fig. 19 Chemical shift artifact of the first and second kind. Chemical shift to the first kind (left) on the T1 w in-phase GRE image (TR 100ms, TE 4.4 ms) shows a dark rim in the posterior kidney-fat interphase. Frequency encoding direction is anteroposterior. Chemical-shift artifact of the second kind: T1 w opposed-phase GRE image (right) (TR 100 ms, TE 2.2ms) shows a surrounding dark rim at the fatty tissue interphase, independent of the frequency encoding direction (adapted from Stadler et al., 2007)
Susceptibility can be describe as the property of the matter of becoming magnetized when exposed to the magnetic field. The susceptibility artifact occur when the static magnetic field is not perfectly uniform. Such nonuniformities may be a result of imperfections in the magnetic field itself and in most cases is due to the different magnetic susceptibility of the tissue and material that are adjacent to each other such as soft tissue and air, soft tissue and metal or soft tissue and blood causing the local magnetic field to be heterogeneous. Another causes of nonuniformities is the magnetic field distortion for example there are macroscopic field gradients of the magnetic field strength at the interfaces of region of different magnetic susceptibility.
Local heterogeneity of the magnetic field causes protons to precess at different frequencies than they normally would and because of this the proton are mapped to the incorrect location in the frequency-encoding direction. This shift in the magnetic field leads to misregistration of the signal within the raw data and anatomic distortion also can occur. There are three types of substance which have different magnetic susceptibility commonly deal with in MRI which is diamagnetic, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic material. Diamagnetic substance such as water and most biological substance have negative susceptibility and slightly weaken the external field. Paramagnetic material such as platinum, titanium and gadolinium in the other hand have positive susceptibility and augment the external field. Lastly ferromagnetic material such as iron, cobalt and nickel have strong nonlinear positive susceptibility that can lead to a strong distortion of the B0 field and the linearity of the frequency encoding gradient close to the object.
Susceptibility artifacts increase with echo time and field strength and are most prominent in gradient echo and in echoplanar imaging (Heiland, 2008). To reduce susceptibility artifacts, spin echo should be use rather than gradient echo sequences. Reduction of echo time (TE) and increase of the readout bandwidth (BW) help to keep susceptibility artifacts as small as possible. The best combination of spin echo and short TE are found in fast spin echo techniques rather than in conventional spin echo. Lastly, to imigitate susceptibility effect, increasing the frequency matrix and decreasing the slice thickness can also be considered.
FIGURE 5 (a), (b)
Fig. 5a,b Magnetic susceptibility artefact. The susceptibility artefact occurs at an air-tissue interface in the bowel loops, causing local anatomical distortion with signal void (arrows, a,b) and inhomogeneous saturation of lipid signal (curved arrows, b).
Metal artifact is similar to susceptibility artifact however, this is the severe form of susceptibility artifact caused by external metallic object lying in close proximity to the subject in question and distorts the magnetic field in their surrounding. As susceptibily artifacts, it occur at the interfaces of tissue with different magnetic susceptibilities which cause local magnetic fields to distort the external magnetic field thus changing the precession frequency in the tissue. The degree of distortion is depends on the type of metal exposed and stainless steel metal proved that it have a greater distorting effect compared to titanium alloy. It also depends on type of interfaces (soft tissue-metal have high striking effect), pulse sequence and imaging parameters. Metal artifacts consists of central signal void and asymmetric margins of higher signal intensity in non-anatomic configurations.Metal artifacts are seen as an area of zero signal, often with a high intensity rim and distortion in adjacent tissue (Murray et al., 2006)
There are several factors that contributing to the degree of severity of metal artifact. The major factor is external magnetic field strength. As the external magnetic field increase, the ferromagnetism of the ferromagnetic material also will increase thus increase the metal artifact induce in the image. Secondly is the object specific factors. This include the shape of the object, orientation of long axis of the object with respect to the FEG axis and lastly the object density and chemical composition. The shape of the object will decide if any closed conducting pathways are present or not while the chemical and density composition affect the magnitude of the artifact as density of the metal present in a particular object is linearly related to the magnitude of artifact. Last factor that contribute to the severity of the artifact is the imaging technique. It depends on local field inhomogeneities and range of bandwidth used.
To reduce metal artifacts, several ways can be use including orientating the long axis of an implant or device parallel to the long axis of the external magnetic field. Another method that can be used are choosing the appropriate frequency encoding direction, using smaller voxel sizes, fast imaging sequences, increase readout bandwidth and avoid using gradient-echo imaging when metal is present. By reducing the slice thickness or expanding the FOV it will result in minimal reduce of intensity of artifact. However, if thin slice is used with increase frequency matrix, it will reduce the artifact moderately. Lastly Kaur (2006) state that 'using lower field strength MR systems. At the same time, some precautions should always be exercised. Object like scissors, keys, oxygen tanks, wheel chairs, trolleys, pens, etc. can get attracted towards the magnet iso-centre with high velocities up to 40 miles/h and can cause injuries to any individual in their path or can severely damage the magnet and its component'.
Figure 6 (a) Plain skiagram of the paranasal sinuses shows a small metal piece in the right frontal sinus (encircled). (b) Typical ferromagnetic artifacts seen on an SE T1 weighted axial image. Also the two components viz. stretching of the image and the high intensity line are marked on the image (arrows). Also pixel shift in the PEG direction was 19 pixels with
128 x128 matrix size. (image adapted from Kaur, 2007)
Generally, MRI is a very useful imaging modalities in diagnosing patients. However, artifacts is an expected outcome in MRI image. Recognizing those artifact is very essential for interpretation of image because in certain cases it may simulate disease or mask pathologic abnormalities. Even if the artifact cannot be completety removed in the image, knowledge of the radiologist is very important in radiologist as it will help to avoid misinterpretation.These artifacts may be caused either by physical limitation related to the higher field strength or by protocols used in the MRI machine itself. Many technical factor must be considered in order to choose sequence parameters that reduce the artifacts and optimize the diagnostic quality. The best way to remove some artifacts is to avoid them altogether by using up-to-date, well calibrated scanning hardware and appropriate pulse sequences, gradient waveforms and gating for application of interest. With time, the study of image artifacts will also lead to more accurate signal models and improvements in quantitative MRI.


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There are writers and futurists who are swimming upstream against a tide of people screaming about the sky falling. Ramez Naam is one of the them, offering practical tools and illuminating the power of imagination and initiative.
In The Infinite Resource: The Power of Ideas on a Finite Planet, Ramez describes a future full of prosperity and new ideas.
This is, of course, generally what has happened before. Even though the future never turns out exactly like we futurists or anyone else imagines it, our progress along the arrow of time has almost always been positive. We live longer and better lives, we live in less repressive societies, and we have more opportunities.
We still have problems. Maybe our most serious challenges so far. Ramez offers up solutions and plans that appear to be possible. He tells stories about our past to illuminate how we have prevailed before, and could do so again.
One of the things I particularly liked about The Infinite Resource is that Ramez's positions about the most functional roles for governments and businesses are very closely aligned to mine. He makes a strong case for government regulation where it's needed, but of the type that encourages innovation rather the stifling prescriptive regulation style that has never worked as well. He provides examples of how good regulation has worked to make the market stronger and to encourage new businesses and business practices. He also strongly supports the power of a functional free market. I'd call this book a celebration of practical capitalism with a progressive agenda meant to help us protect the Earth.
Note that some of the things Ramez talks about are not popular with environmentalists, but I encourage readers to keep an open mind and do independent research. There were a few ideas here where I had to do the same thing.
The Infinite Resource left me – an optimist – feeling even more positive about the future.
Some other ways to learn about this book:
Blog entry about the race to save the planet on Ramez's site. Video of Ramez talking at Ingnite Chicago.
This is one of a number of books I consider a resource for my Backing into Eden blog series.
3 Responses so far
1. on Jun 10th, 2013 at 5:36 am
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About Mike J.
Hi. My name is Mike J. I am a full time music instructor with over 30 years of experience teaching, performing and writing music. I teach both steel string guitar (acoustic or electric) and classical (nylon string) guitar as well as the electric bass and the ukulele.
I incorporate music theory into my lessons but can also teach theory by itself.
I cover rock, folk, pop, blues, jazz, gospel, country or classical. I teach fingerpicking and flat-picking. I strive to find a good balance each lesson between the study of reading, technique and music theory and learning songs you know and like.
I have had excellent results with this approach so that typically ¼ of my students have stayed and studied with me for over 3 years!
Here's an article I wrote on some of the reasons I enjoy teaching:
I look forward to the possibility of helping you reach your musical goals.
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Tekijä(t): | Tervonen-Gonçalves, Leena; Lehto, Juhani |
Nimeke: | Transfer of Health for All policy What, how and in which direction? A two-case study |
Vuosi: | 2004 |
Lehden nimi: | Health Research Policy and Systems |
Vol ja numero: |
Sivunumerot: | 1-13 |
Artikkelinumero: | 8 |
Tieteenala: | Terveystiede |
Julkaisun tyyppi: | Artikkeli aikakauslehdessä |
Kieli: | en |
DOI: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1478-4505-2-8 |
URN: | urn:nbn:uta-3-649 |
Tiivistelmä: | Background
This article explores the transfer of World Health Organization's (WHO) policy initiative Health for All by the Year 2000 (HFA2000) into national contexts by using the changes in the public health policies of Finland and Portugal from the 1970's onward and the relationship of these changes to WHO policy development as test cases. Finland and Portugal were chosen to be compared as they represent different welfare state types and as the paradigmatic transition from the old to new public health is assumed to be related to the wider welfare state development. Methods The policy transfer approach is used as a conceptual tool to analyze the possible policy changes related to the adaptation of HFA into the national context. To be able to analyze not only the content but also the contextual conditions of policy transfer Kingdon's analytical framework of policy analysis is applied. Conclusions Our analysis suggests that no significant change of health promotion policy resulted from the launch of HFA program neither in Finland nor in Portugal. Instead the changes that occurred in both countries were of incremental nature, in accordance with the earlier policy choices, and the adaptation of HFA program was mainly applied to the areas where there were national traditions. |
Lisätiedot: | BioMed Central Open access |


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Subject: | Does anyone know why Japanese people in Japan do not have middle names? |
Author: | ninjato (Authenticated as ninjato) |
Date: | June 18, 2010 at 6:00:38 PM |
Is the name kanji confusing enough to prevent middle or is this middle name thing never gotten to Japan?
Because this message is archived you cannot respond to it. |
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Goddamnit kitkat, you make me look late
30. All bumbling conjurers, clumsy squires, no-talent bards, and cowardly thieves in the land will be preemptively put to death. My foes will surely give up and abandon their quest if they have no source of comic relief.


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The failure of security firm G4S to provide sufficient staff to cover the London Olympic Games has been attributed to a computer failure. The computer system didn't calculate the correct number of staff required to work during the games and as a result the army had to be drafted in to make up the numbers.
Picture: AFP


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Friday, February 26, 2010
Gold for Kim Yuna
Go read Roboseyo's post about Kim Yuna.
I was thinking about how in my last post about Kim Yuna that the people watching had clearly never seen her James Bond program before, and realized that the women in Dunkin' Donuts didn't realize that Kim had clearly won - Asada would have had to give birth to baby Jesus on the ice to beat her - so I guess that explains their gloating over Asada flubbing the landing on one of her jumps. Explains it, but doesn't excuse it, it my eyes.
Kim Yuna not just won, she shattered her own previous records for long program and combined total, scoring 228.56 points (18 points more than her previous record). An outstanding performance on her part for both of her programs. You had to feel for Mao Asada, who must have known it would be impossible to top Kim's score (she came right after Kim). I watched them skating at the local Dunkin' Donuts, where half dozen customers (all young women) cheered in delight when Asada flubbed a landing. Nice, especially when it was clear Kim had already won. Asada still did well, at 205.50 she got the best combined score of her career, but it was just not good enough to beat Kim. At any rate it was nice to see Joannie Rochette overcome the personal tragedy of the past week to get bronze, and odd that the final top three were the same as the top three in the short program.
That's what the Google results for "Kim Yuna" are at the moment, and the top right picture of Kim and Asada links to my blog (here), resulting in some 6,800 hits Wednesday, and 4000 hits in the last hour. Fun.
[Update - 13604 hits in one day - Go Yuna!]
17 comments:
- Todd T said...
Yeah, I was in a restaurant and some ajjuma scoffed and gloated at the Japanese mistake. The rest of the customers were OK, though.
Disappointing. - Fri Feb 26, 02:21:00 PM
- matt said...
It was a chorus at Dunkin' Donuts, but then, hey, it was Dunkin' Donuts, right?
- Fri Feb 26, 02:24:00 PM
- kushibo said...
Maybe now the mad dogs of the Net will leave Jim Hewish alone. Or not.
- Fri Feb 26, 02:25:00 PM
- Katie said...
Check out this Yuna fan
http://www.funnyordie.com/videos/72d8c861ce/biggest-kim-yuna-fan-ever-watches-short-program - Fri Feb 26, 05:13:00 PM
- Donmacp said...
Great for her! I'm not a fan of any skater but of how she performed last night, I can really say she deserves the gold!
- Sat Feb 27, 12:59:00 AM
- The Canadian said...
Green Yet Grotesquely Ugly Canadian Uniform
Truly ugly Canadian Olympic uniforms made of recycled/recyclable materials. - Sun Feb 28, 12:18:00 AM
- Brian said...
Congratulations, that's an insane number of hits. You didn't put up the link to that old post, so I'm curious, how did you label the picture? Did you get any new comments to that post about the "rivalry"? I wonder if people actually read it, or simply opened the picture.
- Sun Feb 28, 08:57:00 AM
- Darth Babaganoosh said...
Canadian, what do the Beijing Summer Games uniforms have anything to do with Kim Yuna (or the Vancouver Winter Games)?
- Sun Feb 28, 09:43:00 AM
- kushibo said...
[Update - 13604 hits in one day - Go Yuna!]
Wow. I saw a bump of about a hundred or so over the past week from "Kim Yuna+nude," but nothing like that. - Sun Feb 28, 09:47:00 AM
- kushibo said...
Canadian, what do the Beijing Summer Games uniforms have anything to do with Kim Yuna (or the Vancouver Winter Games)?
Darth, The Canadian has been inundating dozens of Popular Gust posts with the same links over and over again. Thanks to post subscription, my own inbox this morning was flooded with dozens of emails from this mook. - Sun Feb 28, 09:49:00 AM
- matt said...
Thanks, it is pretty wild. The post in question is here, and I just translated the photo's Korean title: "we are rivals and friends". There haven't been any new comments about the rivalry - just a few about Yuna. Perhaps they just opened the photo.
When you look at Google now the photo is not on the front page, but is still near the top when you look in the Image Search. I "only" got 7600 hits yesterday.
"Kim Yuna+nude" - ah, the internet. And now, now - let's be kind to the 'Canadian' I obviously mean a lot to him, and after leaving 150+ spam comments over four or five hours on a Saturday night, it's clear he doesn't have a life. 150+ comments! It'd be funny if it wasn't so sad. - Sun Feb 28, 05:10:00 PM
- Christine said...
I had two students in the same classroom with their names as "Kim Yuna". Those were their actual names. Thankfully they went by English names in class.
I currently teach an actual Park Ji Sung. - Sun Feb 28, 07:52:00 PM
- The Canadian said...
Canada inspired by impromptu national anthem: "With Britain leading by one in the last end, the crowd began belting out "O Canada" en masse, forcing the curlers to halt play until the song ended." ""I thought it was hilarious," Murdoch said. "That's not something you're ever going to see ever again, is it? A curling game coming to a complete standstill due to the crowd cheering the national anthem. It's great to see." Go Canada!
- Tue Mar 02, 01:10:00 AM
- Darth Babaganoosh said...
Darth, The Canadian has been inundating dozens of Popular Gust posts with the same links over and over again. Thanks to post subscription, my own inbox this morning was flooded with dozens of emails from this mook.
Ah, I'd only seen one of his posts and didn't realize he was a spambot. Galbijim has it's own spambot problems, but they don't seem to be doing anything to stop them (maybe they are, but it's ineffectual?). - Tue Mar 02, 06:15:00 PM
- matt said...
Not a spambot, but a spammer.
- Tue Mar 02, 08:17:00 PM
- Darth Babaganoosh said...
Same diff.
- Wed Mar 03, 01:49:00 AM
- kushibo said...
Well, not exactly same same. If the spammer is who I believe it is, it's a person who has it in for matt, and that may make him more of a nuisance that's hard to get rid of. Spambots don't yet have the skill to have it in for someone — not yet.
- Wed Mar 03, 02:34:00 AM


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Monday, January 25, 2010
I have some big big plans up my sleeves for my thesis show. Big plans. I'm a little bit beside myself with excitement. It's mostly a secret but over the coming weeks I'll reveal a little bit at a time with pics. Keep an eye out!
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View BillieAchilleos's: | home | workshop | projects (1) | blog (1) | reviews (0) | forum topics (1) | buddies (0) | favorites (1) | activity log |
The Right wood burning stove? - 6 replies Hello, I'm setting up my first workshop and am torn between what kind of stove I want to heat it? The building is at the back of my uncles garden and so has no direct plumbing or heating system. My hands are terribly sensitive to the cold and good heating is imperitive for me to work in the winter months. I wasn't keen on the idea... |


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Tag Archives: playing house
My Son Wants to be a Mommy, Not a Daddy
His name was Aaron. He had stick-straight, baby-fine blonde hair that fell in his eyes. He had glasses and was tall for his age. We were in early elementary school and I could always count on my persuasive powers to … Continue reading →


text:
PowerShares and Deutsche Bank, partners on a suite of exchange-traded notes targeting commodities and several international bond markets, have rolled out a pair of ETNs designed to target changes in inflation expectations. The new notes will be linked to indexes that are designed to measure the market's expectations of future inflation implied by the difference in yields between a position in U.S. TIPS and an offsetting position in Treasuries with approximately equivalent terms to maturity. The new ETNs include:
- PowerShares DB US Inflation ETN (INFL): This note is linked to the DBIQ Duration-Adjusted Inflation Index, which consists of a long position in TIPS and a short position in Treasuries with approximately the same duration.
- PowerShares DB US Deflation ETN (DEFL): This note is linked to the DBIQ Duration-Adjusted Deflation Index. That index combines a short position in TIPS with a long position in U.S. Treasuries.
Better Than TIPS?
To understand the objectives of these new products, it is useful to consider the impact that changes in the market's expectations on inflation will have on asset prices. When investors' inflation expectations increase (i.e., they believe future inflation will be greater than previously predicted), TIPS should outperform otherwise similar Treasuries. When expectations for future inflation decline, Treasuries should perform better than inflation-protected bonds. By using a long / short approach, these new ETNs will essentially isolate the component of returns attributable to changes in expectations of inflation–without exposing investors to the various other factors that can impact the value of fixed income securities.
The massive injections of capital into the global financial system in recent years have led to increased anxiety over the prospect of heightened inflation in coming years, since increases to the money supply tend to eventually cause increases in CPI. Many investors have turned towards inflation-protected bonds, or TIPS, as a means of protecting assets from the adverse impact of inflation. Generally, the principal value of TIPS adjusts with changes in CPI; if inflation accelerates, the value of a the maturity payment due to investors also climbs.
ETFs have become a popular tool for accessing TIPS; there are now a dozen ETFs in the Inflation-Protected Bonds ETFdb Category with aggregate assets of more than $25 billion (the lion's share of that total is in TIP). But despite the tremendous popularity, there are some potential limitations as inflation hedges–which could cause investors some unexpected pain in coming years. For starters, inflation-protected bonds are still bonds–which means that values tend to decline when interest rates rise. Because inflationary pressures often lead to rate hikes, there can be obvious drawbacks to holding TIPS in inflationary environments [see 25 ETFs To Combat Inflation].
Because the new ETNs combine long and short positions, the interest rate risk of these products is essentially zero. By stripping out this component, the new "inflation ETNs" isolate returns that are attributable primarily to changes in expectations of future inflation while eliminating other noise that contributes to returns of more traditional inflation hedges. That makes INFL a potentially much more useful tool for adding inflation protection to a portfolio than TIP or other ETFs that maintain only long positions in inflation-protected bonds [see Inflation: A Threat To Your Portfolio?].
"We are pleased to expand our successful exchange-traded platform to now include TIPS-based products," said Martin Kremenstein, Chief Investment Officer of db-X North America. "By establishing an offsetting position in U.S. Treasuries and neutralizing the impact of changes in the interest rates, we believe the PowerShares DB US Inflation and Deflation ETNs can more effectively target long or short exposure to inflation for investors."
Inflation ETF Options
In addition to the various ETFs focusing on inflation-protected bonds, there are a number of other products that are designed to function as inflation hedges. WisdomTree offers an actively-managed Global Real Return Fund (RRF) that combines inflation-protected bonds with various commodities, while IndexIQ's Real Return ETF (CPI) holds a core of short-term bonds surrounded by other asset classes.
Disclosure: No positions at time of writing.


text:
It was brought up by Nimja that we can create Civ 5 faction mods that could add BrikWars factions to Civ 5. I took the liberty of writing the stats and such for each faction.
I started with Trattoria.
Meritocratic Republic of Trattoria (Trattoria)
Spoiler: show
Emerian Empire and United Commonwealths (Emeria)
Spoiler: show
More later


text:
Find given that
but ans is
Printable View
Find given that
but ans is
You have taken, .
This is incorrect (substitute n=2 and the right hand side becomes undefined).
Much easier is to treat the summation without breaking it apart into two pieces.
You have to evaluate,
When r=1;
When r=2;
When r=3;
When r=n-1;
When r=n;
Adding all these together you will get the correct answer.
wait, i think i see it, is this the method of differences?
At this stage, you can just map the summands to each other, by, say, replacing r with r+1 for the first one:
Doing the above might seem bit hard/weird at first, but after few times it becomes so natural that you will never again want to write out terms and stuff! :]
Hello, Punch!
Write out the terms . . .
. .
Inside the brackets, all terms cancel out except the first and last terms.
. .
Therefore: .


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text:
REVEL for Effective Practices in Early Childhood Education Building a Foundation with Loose-Leaf Version
, by Bredekamp, Sue- ISBN: 9780134401096 | 0134401093
- Cover: Package
- Copyright: 1/12/2016
This package includes the REVEL™ access card and loose-leaf version.
REVEL is Pearson's newest way of delivering our respected content. Fully digital and highly engaging, REVEL replaces the textbook and gives students everything they need for the course. Informed by extensive research on how people read, think, and learn, REVEL is an interactive learning environment that enables students to read, practice, and study in one continuous experience—for less than the cost of a traditional textbook.
Early childhood authority, Sue Bredekamp, designed Effective Practices in Early Childhood Education: Building a Foundation to prepare a new generation of teachers who can make a difference in children's lives and education. Written with a clear and engaging presentation, this intriguing text provides the building blocks for understanding developmentally appropriate, effective practices in early childhood education. Bredekamp shows how effective teaching practices can make a difference in the lives of young children by focusing on three key themes: intentional teaching, challenging and interesting curriculum, and evidence-based, effective practices. The Third Edition is updated with the latest research impacting policy and practice to help teachers thrive in the dynamic field of early education.
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Electronics & Wiring
Electronics & Wiring
Electronics & WiringIf you're looking to add electronic devices to enhance the safety and comfort of your motorcycle, you're in the right place. Browse from a large selection of wiring, fuse blocks, device mounts and cradles made for your motorbike that will get the job done. We carry the best, most innovative and high quality motorcycle electronic and wiring products from tried, tested and true brands like 3BR Power Sports, AdMore Lighting, Battery Tender, Denali, DrySpec, Garmin, GoPro, Interphone, RAM Mounts, Sena, SW-MOTECH and many more. Shop with us to stay powered up and connected with wiring and electrical components made for motorcyclists and their motorcycles. |
SW-MOTECH Universal GPS Mount Kit | Medium Navi Bag
$83.95 -
GARMIN Tire Pressure Monitor Sensor for Select Zumo GPS Units | For Metal Valve Stems
$69.99 -
Garmin motorcycle mounting bracket for Zumo 400, 450, 500, and 550 GPS Navigation System (replacement)
$85.00 -
SPOT Trace GPS Theft Alert System
$119.99 $99.95
Trail Tech Voyager GPS - KTM, Husaberg, Husqvarna, Gas Gas
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SENA SR10 Bluetooth Two-Way Radio Adapter
$199.00 $179.95 -
GARMIN City Navigator North America NT - Canada SD card
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Trail Tech Voyager GPS for Suzuki DR-Z400, RMZ450 & Kawasaki KLX400
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GARMIN zūmo® 595LM Premium GPS Motorcycle Navigator with Lifetime Map Updates
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Garmin Montana 610t Camo GPS
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Garmin Montana 610 GPS
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Garmin Montana 680t GPS With Preoloaded Topographic Maps
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DENALI Switched Power Adapter


text:
Eastern Shore Community College Majors |
Graduation rate data not available for this college.
The life of a college student is awesome. But it's also expensive. Every year you spend at college costs money.
If saving money is important, look for a college that fits you well and provides the support you need to finish your degree on-time.
It's okay to change majors, repeat a class to improve your grade, or take some extra classes that interest you. But it's going to cost you. Ask colleges what support they offer to help you plot a course to graduating on time.
Can't make it to the campus? This college has remote classroom options.
BUSINESS, MANAGEMENT, MARKETING, AND RELATED SUPPORT SERVICES | Associate |
Business Administration, Management and Operations, Other | 6 |
Business Operations Support and Secretarial Services, Other | 6 |
FAMILY AND CONSUMER SCIENCES/HUMAN SCIENCES | Associate |
Child Care Provider/Assistant | 8 |
HEALTH PROFESSIONS AND RELATED PROGRAMS | Associate |
Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiographer | - |
LIBERAL ARTS AND SCIENCES, GENERAL STUDIES AND HUMANITIES | Associate |
Liberal Arts and Sciences/Liberal Studies | 45 |
MECHANIC AND REPAIR TECHNOLOGIES/TECHNICIANS | Associate |
Industrial Electronics Technology/Technician | 6 |
I am currently taking 17 credits, which is a lot. However, I find that I am also learning a lot. My biology teacher is very informative and everyday I learn…
Pretty good!!…


text:
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Vineyard in Temecula Valley
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Bruce Moore said (8 Dec 2010):
i love this well captured, inspires the viewer to open a bottle of wine


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Gene Therapy for Fanconi Anemia
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- How to Read a Study Record
Condition | Intervention | Phase |
Fanconi Anemia |
Procedure: Bone Marrow Aspiration Biological: Filgrastim Biological: Genetically Engineered Hematopoietic Stem Progenitor Cells Other: Laboratory Biomarker Analysis Drug: Methylprednisolone Drug: Plerixafor Drug: Prednisone |
Phase 1 |
Study Type: | Interventional |
Study Design: | Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment Masking: No masking Primary Purpose: Treatment |
Official Title: | Gene Transfer for Patients With Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group A (FANCA) |
- Development of insertional mutagenesis or hematologic malignancy [ Time Frame: Up to 15 years ]Adverse events will be graded by CTCAE, version 4.
- Development of replication competent lentivirus [ Time Frame: Up to 15 years ]Adverse events will be graded by CTCAE, version 4.
- Hematological and non-hematological organ toxicity [ Time Frame: Up to 15 years ]Adverse events will be graded by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), version 4.
- Demonstrable functional expression by growth of recipient cells in mitomycin C [ Time Frame: 3 months ]Blood and bone marrow cells will be assayed for viability of cultured cells and hematopoietic colonies in the presence of the chemotherapy drug and deoxyribonucleic acid crosslinking agent, mitomycin C.
- Detectable levels of transduced cells in blood and marrow [ Time Frame: Up to 1 year ]Blood and bone marrow samples will be assayed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.
- Efficacy of G-CSF and plerixafor mobilization in FA patients [ Time Frame: Up to 15 years ]
- Efficacy of lineage depletion of bone marrow or mobilized cell product [ Time Frame: Up to 15 years ]
- Improved blood counts [ Time Frame: Up to 15 years ]Complete blood counts will be monitored, initially weekly, then monthly during the first year, then quarterly during the 2nd year after infusion.
- Transduction efficiency [ Time Frame: Day 0 ]After completion of lentiviral transduction, the percent gene modified cells will be determined by molecular studies.
Estimated Enrollment: | 10 |
Study Start Date: | February 22, 2012 |
Estimated Primary Completion Date: | December 2017 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure) |
Arms | Assigned Interventions |
Experimental: Treatment (hematopoietic stem progenitor cells)
STEM CELL MOBILIZATION: Patients receive filgrastim SC BID on days 1-6. Patients receive plerixafor SC QD on days 4-6. BONE MARROW HARVEST FOR CELL COLLECTION: Patients with inadequate PBSC counts undergo bone marrow harvest for collection of stem/progenitor cells. REINFUSION: Patients receive methylprednisolone IV or prednisone PO on days -1 to 7 and undergo reinfusion of genetically modified hematopoietic progenitor cells on day 0. |
Procedure: Bone Marrow Aspiration
Undergo bone marrow harvest
Biological: Filgrastim
Given SC
Other Names:
Biological: Genetically Engineered Hematopoietic Stem Progenitor Cells
Undergo infusion of genetically modified hematopoietic progenitor cell therapy
Other Name: Genetically Engineered HSPCs
Other: Laboratory Biomarker Analysis
Correlative studies
Drug: Methylprednisolone
Given IV
Other Names:
Drug: Plerixafor
Given SC
Other Names:
Drug: Prednisone
Given PO
Other Names:
Detailed Description:
I. To determine the safety of lentiviral gene transfer for patients with Fanconi anemia complementation group A (FANCA).
I. To determine the feasibility and efficacy of filgrastim (G-CSF) and plerixafor mobilization in FA patients.
II. To determine the feasibility and efficacy of lineage depletion of bone marrow or mobilized apheresis product.
III. To determine the transduction efficiency for human FA patient hematopoietic progenitor cells transduced with a clinical grade lentiviral vector encoding the gene for Fanconi anemia complementation group A.
IV. To determine if gene transfer using the clinical grade vector will result in phenotypic correction of gene modified cells by in vitro assays.
V. To determine if infusion of FANCA gene-modified cells will result in engraftment and persistence of gene-modified cells and improvement in blood counts in FA patients.
STEM CELL MOBILIZATION: Patients receive filgrastim subcutaneously (SC) twice daily (BID) on days 1-6. Patients receive plerixafor SC once daily (QD) on days 4-6.
BONE MARROW HARVEST FOR CELL COLLECTION: Patients with inadequate PBSC counts undergo bone marrow harvest for collection of stem/progenitor cells.
REINFUSION: Patients receive methylprednisolone intravenously (IV) or prednisone orally (PO) on days -1 to 7 and undergo reinfusion of genetically modified hematopoietic progenitor cells on day 0.
After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up periodically for 15 years.
Ages Eligible for Study: | 4 Years and older (Child, Adult, Senior) |
Sexes Eligible for Study: | All |
Accepts Healthy Volunteers: | No |
Inclusion Criteria:
- FA demonstrated by a positive test for increased sensitivity to chromosomal breakage with mitomycin C or diepoxybutane performed by a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) or College of American Pathologists (CAP) approved laboratory
- FA complementation group A as determined by somatic cell hybrids, molecular characterization, western blot analysis, or acquisition of mitomycin C resistance after in vitro lentiviral transduction with a vector bearing the complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) for Fanconi complementation group A
- Bone marrow analysis demonstrating normal cytogenetics, and no more than 5% of cells with a single clonal abnormality by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) panel within 3 months of stem cell collection
- Signed informed consent by the patient or legally authorized representative
- Absolute neutrophil count >= 0.5 x 10^9/L
- Hemoglobin >= 8 g/dL
- Platelet count >= 20 x 10^9/L and able to achieve a platelet count of >= 50 x 10^9/L with transfusion support
- Adequate hepatic function with aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) < 5 x upper limit of normal (ULN)
- Adequate renal function with creatinine (Cre) =< 1.5; if greater, then glomerular filtration rate (GFR) > 60 mL/min/1.73 m^2 as calculated by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation
- Adequate pulmonary function with corrected diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) > 50% in those for whom this study can be performed
- For subjects < 17 years of age, Modified Lansky Play-Performance Score of >= 70%; for subjects 17 and older, Karnofsky score of >= 70%
Exclusion Criteria:
- Non-hematopoietic malignancy where the expected survival is less than 2 years
- Myelodysplastic syndrome as defined by World Health Organization (WHO) criteria
- Acute myeloid leukemia as defined by WHO criteria
- Pregnancy or lactation; females of childbearing potential and males who are admitted to the study will be advised that the study procedures and study drugs may be teratogenic, and they will be required to take adequate measures to prevent conception for the duration of the study
- Concurrent enrollment in any other study using an investigational drug
- Physical or emotional status that would prevent informed consent, protocol compliance, or adequate follow-up
Patients for whom an human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matched sibling donor bone marrow transplant is being actively pursued will not be eligible for study until it is determined that no sibling donor is available or that a stem cell transplant is not feasible during the time the patient might be on study
- No patient will be included in this study as an alternative to a clinically indicated HLA matched sibling donor stem cell transplant
- If an HLA matched sibling donor is identified, but stem cell or marrow collection is not feasible (e.g., donor is in utero, is a newborn from whom cord blood was not collected, or is unable to undergo a donation procedure because of ill health), a patient may be included in the study at the discretion of the investigators
- Significant associated diseases including documented human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, uncontrolled hypertension (diastolic blood pressures > 95%ile for age), unstable angina, congestive heart failure (> New York Heart Association [NYHA] class II), poorly controlled diabetes (hemoglobin A1c [Hgb A1c] > 7%), coronary angioplasty within 6 months, myocardial infarction within the last 6 months, or uncontrolled atrial or ventricular cardiac arrhythmia, abnormal coagulation, persistent abnormal urinalysis reflecting intrinsic renal disease
- Active ongoing viral, bacterial, or fungal infection
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01331018
United States, Washington | |
Fred Hutch/University of Washington Cancer Consortium | Recruiting |
Seattle, Washington, United States, 98109 | |
Contact: Pamela S. Becker 206-288-7369 firstname.lastname@example.com | |
Principal Investigator: Pamela S. Becker | |
Principal Investigator: Hans-Peter Kiem |
Principal Investigator: | Pamela Becker | Fred Hutch/University of Washington Cancer Consortium |
Responsible Party: | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center |
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: | NCT01331018 History of Changes |
Other Study ID Numbers: |
2097.00 NCI-2011-00202 ( Registry Identifier: CTRP (Clinical Trial Reporting Program) ) 2097.00 ( Other Identifier: Fred Hutch/University of Washington Cancer Consortium ) P30CA015704 ( US NIH Grant/Contract Award Number ) |
Study First Received: | March 16, 2011 |
Last Updated: | January 30, 2017 |
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Anemia Fanconi Anemia Fanconi Syndrome Anemia, Hypoplastic, Congenital Anemia, Aplastic Hematologic Diseases Bone Marrow Diseases Genetic Diseases, Inborn DNA Repair-Deficiency Disorders Metabolic Diseases Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors Kidney Diseases Urologic Diseases Metabolism, Inborn Errors Prednisolone acetate |
Methylprednisolone acetate Cortisone acetate Prednisone Methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate Prednisolone Cortisone Prednisolone hemisuccinate Prednisolone phosphate Lenograstim JM 3100 Anti-Inflammatory Agents Glucocorticoids Hormones Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists |
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on March 29, 2017


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Exploiting Infinite Variance Through Dummy Variables In Nonstationary Autoregressions
We consider estimation and testing infinite-order autoregressive models with a (near) unit root and infinite-variance innovations. We study the asymptotic properties of estimators obtained by dummying out ?large?innovations, i.e., exceeding a given threshold. These estimators reflect the common practice of dealing with large residuals by including impulse dummies in the estimated regression. Iterative versions of the dummy-variable estimator are also discussed. We provide conditions on the preliminary parameter estimator and on the threshold which ensure that (i) the dummy-based estimator is consistent at higher rates than the OLS estimator, (ii) an asymptotically normal test statistic for the unit root hypothesis can be derived, and (iii) order of magnitude gains of local power are obtained.
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
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Volume (Year): 29 (2013)
Issue (Month): 06 (December)
Pages: 1162-1195
Handle: | RePEc:cup:etheor:v:29:y:2013:i:06:p:1162-1195_00 |
Contact details of provider: | Postal: Cambridge University Press, UPH, Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge CB2 8BS UK Web page: http://journals.cambridge.org/jid_ECT Email: |
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Carlos Santos & David Hendry & Soren Johansen, 2008.
"Automatic selection of indicators in a fully saturated regression,"
Computational Statistics,
Springer, vol. 23(2), pages 317-335, April.
- David Hendry & Søren Johansen & Carlos Santos, 2008. "Automatic selection of indicators in a fully saturated regression," Computational Statistics, Springer, vol. 23(2), pages 337-339, April.
- Pagan,Adrian & Ullah,Aman, 1999.
"Nonparametric Econometrics,"
Cambridge Books,
Cambridge University Press, number 9780521355643, December.
- Pagan,Adrian & Ullah,Aman, 1999. "Nonparametric Econometrics," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521586115, December.
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text:
Once again, a primary election has passed, and once again, thousands of voters were excluded from participating in the democratic process.
Pennsylvania has closed primaries, meaning that voters have to be registered to vote with one of the two major political parties to be able to vote. It also means that there were more than a million voters in the commonwealth who were unable to cast ballots in Tuesday�s primary.
Now, you could conclude that those independents, if they wanted to, could have registered as Democrats just for the primary.
But for many independents, it�s a matter of principle, remaining independent of political parties, and they believe they should not have to violate that principle for political expediency.
It�s about time that Pennsylvania update its election laws to make primaries more inclusive.
There is also the injustice of independent, nonaffiliated taxpayers helping to paying the costs of primaries (about $20 million) in which they are forbidden to vote.
It�s not a new thing. Legislators have tried and failed. Former state Rep. Eugene DePasquale, now the state�s auditor general, introduced bills to open Pennsylvania primaries, and they went nowhere. They didn�t even get a hearing before a committee.
This year, state Sen. Rob Teplitz, a Dauphin County Democrat, and Rep. Bryan Cutler, a Lancaster County Republican, have co-sponsored a bill that would open up primaries to independent voters, as a part of a bipartisan government reform effort.
The bill would allow independent voters to choose which primary they wanted to cast ballots in without having to change their registration.
That makes sense and allays concerns from the two dominant political parties wary that voters will use the open process to sabotage candidates � for instance, Democrats voting in Republican primaries to oust incumbents and perhaps face a more easily defeated opponent in the fall.
Once again, it seems unlikely that the bill will ever get a hearing, much less a vote.
The two established political parties fear they will lose control of the process, that some of the power that their leaders now hold will trickle down to the electorate. Politics, they seem to be saying, is much too serious to be left to the voters.
It�s the same kind of attitude that permeates the party�s seemingly ongoing battle to thwart efforts by third-party candidates, whether they be from the Constitution, Libertarian or Green parties. It is much less about democracy and its healthy function than it is about keeping a firm grasp on power.
It was kind of amusing that the only attention the bill has received, according to Watchdog.org, was when some middle-schoolers, hosted by Sen. Teplitz, were recognized by the Senate for writing an essay expounding on the merits of open primaries. The students wrote, �We just believe that most American beliefs are a melting pot of both Republican and Democratic ideals.�
After Sen. Teplitz introduced the students and their social studies teacher, Lt. Gov. Jim Cawley, presiding over the Senate, said, �Would the guests of Sen. Teplitz please rise so that the Senate may give you its usual warm welcome.�
That was nice. Of course, you could substitute �bum�s rush� for �warm welcome� and it would have been more accurate. Hey, nice job kids. Now get lost.
The results of the primary show how important this is.
Statewide, turnout was about 20 percent in the May 20 Democratic primary. Locally, turnout in Chester County was 18 percent, in Montgomery County, 25 percent and in Berks County, 16 percent. In York County, Mr. Wolf�s home, voter turnout was 21 percent.
It would seem that those numbers should be higher and that our lawmakers should be looking for ways to make the process more inclusive, to encourage voters to go to the polls, rather than seeking to maintain their grasp on power.
Unfortunately, as experience has taught us, that�s unlikely.


text:
Cindy's Coming to Terms with Chronic Pain
My journey with chronic pain has been fraught with denial and depression. I am 60 now and had to face the fact that my pain isn't going away and that I have to learn to live with it.
I was diagnosed with Fibromyalgia 16 years ago after a shoulder injury. Before that diagnosis, I had lived with back problems and the results of severe whiplash - but it is Fibromyalgia that really changed my life. I was no longer able to be "Superwoman", or, as my doc put it, "not invincible anymore". That realization really didn't hit home until 7 years ago when I developed intense back and neck pain which sent me to an Orthopaedic surgeon. After conducting tests, he said that I required surgery on my back and four levels of my neck. I was also told I had spinal stenosis, arthritis, bone spurs, degenerative disk disease and possible multiple sclerosis. Immediately after my diagnosis, my insurance company raised my rates to the point where I was no longer able to keep my health insurance, leaving me few options - surgery wasn't one of them. I was really depressed at the thought of living with this additional pain and unable to work full time. Everything seemed to go downhill from that point.
A few years ago, my sister-in-law hinted that I should file for disability. I told her I would not do that while there was still hope of recovery. I wasn't ready to give up or admit it was that bad. I kept my denial close to me; it was my closest friend during those dark years, but my sister-in-law never stopped insisting that I face reality and deal with my pain. Last year it became obvious to me that I needed help. I found a new doctor who was willing to listen to me and decided to keep a "health journal", but it was just too much paperwork to carry around. Then it occurred to me that there might be an app I could put on my smart phone. I searched and, to my joy, found one that had everything I needed and more! In January, I downloaded Manage My Pain for Android and began to record my symptoms. It only takes a few minutes and is conveniently stored on my phone which I always keep with me anyway.
I discovered I could customize the app with locations, symptoms, triggers and treatments specific to my condition. Charts, graphs and calendars let me see my history at a glance. It really helps me to see how certain activities like driving and sitting increase my pain levels. More importantly, I now have reports and summaries to print out for my doctors and lawyer that show exactly what is happening with my health.
It still isn't easy living with chronic pain but I feel much better about my situation since I traded my denial for reality. I am so grateful for Manage My Pain - it's an awesome app that has really changed my life.
Read more user stories here


text:
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. |
by Staff Writers Buenos Aires (UPI) Mar 1, 2012
Argentina indicated Thursday that it's pleased that Britain wants the European Union to intervene in the Falklands sovereignty dispute. The Argentine comments came after the country's senior London diplomat Osvaldo Marsico was hauled before the British Foreign Office to explain Industry Minister Debora Giorgi's calls to cut imports from Britain. Exactly what Britain asked the EU to do remains unclear but Argentina is celebrating a mention of the EU in British Foreign Office comments as a breakthrough in its effort to internationalize the sovereignty claim. Military-ruled Argentina invaded the Falklands, a British Overseas Territory, in 1982 but was repulsed by Britain in a 74-day conflict. The war cost the lives of 649 Argentine troops, 255 British troops and three Falkland Islanders. Argentina under civilian rule revived the sovereignty issue. Argentine President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner has taken her claim to international organizations, arguing British rule over the South Atlantic islands is a vestige of colonialism. The diplomatic escalation has coincided with United Kingdom-backed exploration for oil in the Falklands waters. Argentina has sought its Latin American neighbors' support in the dispute, tried to blockade Falklands shipping and discourage air links with the territory. The reported trade boycott is the latest escalation. Argentine media said industry and business leaders were contacted by the Industry Ministry, which asked them to stop buying British goods. Company chiefs were approached by Trade Ministry officials, including Giorgi herself in some cases, the reports said. The ministry's contacts targeted traders importing from Britain and took exception to recent increases in the volumes of imports from Britain. The traders were told to look for alternatives to British suppliers, the reports said. The traders were told by Trade Ministry officials in no uncertain terms the government looked to encouraging trade with foreign partners who respected Argentina's "territorial sovereignty," the reports said. British officials said Argentine curbs on trade, if implemented, wouldn't be in the interest of Argentina. "We made clear that such actions against legitimate commercial activity were a matter of concern not just for the U.K., but for the EU as a whole, and that we expect the EU to lodge similar concerns with Argentine authorities," a Foreign Office statement said after Marsico was summoned for an explanation. The European Union has said it would seek diplomatic proceedings with Argentina to try and solve the trade conflict. An Argentine Foreign Affairs Ministry statement said "Argentina is pleased to see that the U.K. government has finally resorted to an international organization to find a diplomatic solution to the Malvinas issue." "Malvinas" is Argentina's term for the Falkland Islands. British officials say the Argentine position is counterproductive because Britain, a major investor in Argentina, exercises considerable influence in Argentina's economy. Global Trade News
. |
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text:
A well-paced century from James Marshall saw New Zealand A through to a six-wicket win over England A in the second one-day match at Pukekura Park in New Plymouth.
Chasing England's 284 for nine, New Zealand cruised through with nearly four overs to spare, finishing on 285 for four in the 47th over.
Marshall finished the day on an unbeaten 125 off 112 balls, including 11 fours, while captain Gareth Hopkins provided valuable support with 66 off 67.
England A's innings was built around a 102-run second-wicket partnership at a run-a-ball between opener Joe Denly and Jonathan Trott.
Denly became the first of spinner Nathan McCullum's victims when he was caught in the deep for 68 off 78 balls while Trott was run out soon afterwards by James Marshall for 48 off 51.
Wicketkeeper Ben Scott struck 31 and Wellington-contracted allrounder Graham Napier 22 to provide the late fireworks.
McCullum finished with the best figures of two for 41 while Brendon Diamanti snared two for 49 with his medium pace.
The teams will contest a Twenty20 international at Pukekura Park on Thursday to end England A's tour.


text:
And Jonathan Isaby of the Taxpayer's Alliance questioned if the MoD "had its priorities right".
But the MoD said they hired the consultants instead of having them "in-house".
Defence chiefs blow £91MILLION on experts as thousands of British troops face the axe - Daily Express
August 14, 2016 at 8am - 11am


text:
Fenfire Loom - Summary
Group identification
Id: #4218
System Name: loom
Name: Fenfire Loom
Group Type: non-GNU software and documentation
Search in this Group
This project is not part of the GNU Project.
This project has not yet submitted a short description. You can submit it now.
Registration Date: Sun Mar 30 16:44:23 2003
License: GNU Lesser General Public License
Development Status: 0 - Undefined
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text:
Reader feedback is one of the things that helps us build a better newspaper at The Press-Enterprise, and Inland readers arenât shy about sharing their questions, comments and suggestions.
I get plenty of emails, phone calls, and letters about what makes the PE great and sometimes several thumbs downs.
We recently had a focus study taking a look at what our readers enjoyed, disliked, wanted more of.
And most of what we learned in that study echoed the emails, phone calls and letters I receive. If I have been remiss in returning your call or email, I apologize. I try my best but there are many to return.
And, although we work hard every day to get things right, and deliver the best-possible newspaper to our readers, here are a few darts thrown when readers didnât agree:
Photos are too large.
Not enough local sports.
What is the Inland SoCal Register?
The puzzles have repeated and the TV listings were incorrect on the same day.
Here are few thumbs ups for work you really appreciated:
Great local news.
A brand I trust.
Interesting variety of stories.
The paper is on its way up.
Itâs been several months since ownership has changed hands.
Like many of you, I am certain The Press-Enterprise has never been better, but we are working to make it even greater. We never want to be boring, uninteresting or uninvolved in our mission: community building, great journalism and oversight of our cities and regions.


text:
White Terrier Nanoblock Set
The smallest blocks can now build the smallest of dogs with the White Terrier Nanoblock Set! This special Nanoblock Mini Series pouch contains the ingredients needed to make a palm-sized pooch and its food dish. The challenging building set engages adults and children alike with full color instructions and more than 110 tiny pieces! Finished terrier measures 2.25"W x 2"D x 2"H.
From Nanoblock |
Item # 58104 OA
- Price:
- $9.95
- Customer Reviews:
- Currently 0/5 Stars.
- Recommended Age:
- 8 years and up
- Usually Ships:
- within 24 hours
- Construct a tiny white terrier and food dish with the smallest blocks in the world
- Nanoblock Sets are a popular Japanese toy—licensed for the U.S.
- Includes instructions and more than 110 pieces
- Finished terrier measures 2.25"W x 2"D x 2"H
- WARNING: CHOKING HAZARD - Small parts. Not for children under 3 yrs.