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Pre-2014 Commission Meeting Minutes
Transportation Commission: Archived Minutes
July 22, 1998
Utah Transportation Commission
July 22, 1998
Logan, Utah
The regular meeting of the Utah Transportation Commission, held in the Logan City Council Chambers, 255 North Main Street, Logan, was called to order at 9:05 a.m. by Commission Vice Chairman, James G. Larkin. He welcomed those in attendance and introduced the Commission members. Commissioners Ted Lewis and Sheri Griffith were excused from the meeting.
Approval of Minutes
Commissioner Clyde moved to approve the minutes of the June 10, 1998 Commission meeting held in Salt Lake City. It was seconded by Commissioner Bodily and approved unanimously.
Public Comments
Vice Chairman Larkin turned the time over to Commissioner Bodily, who welcomed elected officials and others from the area attending the meeting. He invited those who were interested to make comments.
Mayor Gordon Olsen from Hyrum expressed his concerns about SR 165 and the need to widen the portion of the road from where it presently ends as a four lane road, south of Nibley, to about a mile into the city of Hyrum. It's a heavily traveled road for the south end of Cache County, and it's the only access road to Mountain Crest High School. He said the semaphore that is currently being constructed near the high school will certainly help to increase the safety, but there is a bigger safety problem where the four lane road merges into a two lane road. This unfinished portion of the road has been taken off the STIP, and they are asking for the Commission's consideration to put it back in the plans to be finished. Commissioner Larkin asked how the project got off the STIP. Clint Topham replied that when the STIP was balanced a few years ago, the project had to be divided because there wasn't enough money to do the whole thing, so only part got done. The discussion that followed centered on the boundaries of the Cache Metropolitan Planning Organization (CMPO), and the project not being located in the CMPO's area.
Commissioner Clyde asked what alternatives there are to bring this project into the planning process. Mr. Topham said that when an area lies outside of the urbanized area, then it's covered in the statewide planning process. There are two sources of fund that would be available. One would be Federal Aid STP funds, or any area statewide funds, and there would be competition from projects throughout the state for those funds. The other source would be Centennial Highway funds, but the Commission has essentially programmed that money for several years in advance. Mr. Topham said there is a continual, cyclical process of adopting a transportation improvement plan, and suggested that the best alternative would be working with Dyke LeFevre, Region One Director, in regards to the project.
Gordon (Joe) Kirby spoke to the Commission. He said he was asked by County Executive Lynn Lemon, to present the priority list for the county. Their number one priority is Highway 89 through Logan Canyon, number two is Highway 91 between Smithfield and the Idaho border. The third priority is Highway 165, fourth is the Cache Valley highway, and fifth is Highway 30.
Mayor Jack Draxler of North Logan expressed appreciation to the Commission for holding their meetings around the state. He also expressed appreciation for the traffic signal being constructed at 2500 North, but urged the Commission and the department to expedite the traffic signal at 2200 North where they have a serious safety problem at that intersection. Mayor Draxler then discussed planning along Main Street, or Highway 91, and the need for limited access, possibly frontage roads and rear access, and landscaping for aesthetics and safety. He asked how they would proceed with those kinds of things along Highway 91. Mr. Topham responded that they should work with Dyke LeFevre, but to also have some concept in mind of what they want to do. There are some federal aid enhancement funds available for those types of things, although they are kind of scarce. Mr. Topham said that program will be talked about later in the agenda. There was additional discussion regarding limited access.
Jim Gass, Executive Director of the CMPO, encouraged Mayor Draxler and the other mayors who make up the MPO, to use the MPO when it comes to planning. That's what their function is. He said they have been promoting access management along Highway 91 north of Logan, and also south of Logan on Highway 89/91. They are embarking on a work program for this year and beginning preliminary planning on access management, recognizing the importance of access management.
Bonnie James, Director of the Board of Directors for the Cache Chamber of Commerce, and also the liaison for their transportation committee, briefed the Commission on their transportation priority list. She said the handout has one correction. The next to the last priority should say complete not implement. Their priorities are to provide effective alternate north/south travel corridors; improve 1000 West to provide effective north/south corridors; realign the Highway 89/30 interchange to 400 North; widen Highway 91 from Smithfield to the Idaho border; implement and enforce access management along Highways 89 and 91; implement signal coordination project in Logan; complete the Logan Canyon project; and continue support of the Cache Valley corridor study.
Mayor Doug Thompson of Logan welcomed the Commission to Logan. He thanked the department for the work that has been done in the valley. The project he wanted to talk about today is the synchronization of Main Street. Traffic from the north and south funnels into Logan's Main Street resulting in a choke point. There are approximately 40,000 vehicles a day passing along Main Street. At times there is gridlock where intersections are blocked by vehicles, so the signal cycle is missed. This is a high priority for the city and the MPO, and the MPO has been very active in trying to develop projects which will relieve traffic on Main Street. Mayor Thompson said they received some money for the Cache Valley corridor, which can be spent on the synchronization project. The project has been in the development and planning stages for many years, but as a result, the prices have escalated. Therefore, the money that has been set aside is not sufficient. Mayor Thompson turned the time over to Ron Johnson.
Ron Johnson, Assistant City Engineer, discussed the signal synchronization project. He said it has been a priority for a number of years. The current project for synchronization extends from 400 South in Logan through the intersection at 1400 North. There are 22 signals in that corridor on Main Street, 100 East and 100 West. Of those, 13 are on UDOT highways. Mr. Johnson next addressed the funding issue. He said they are looking for some additional funding. Logan and the Cache MPO have put up $500,000 for this work. Because there are so many signals involved on UDOT highways, they are requesting participation and involvement from UDOT and the Commission to help keep this project alive and moving to improve the transportation in Cache Valley, and in Logan particularly. There was further discussion on funding and funding sources.
Gale Leetzow, a local businessman, said he has discussed with a number of people, ideas and problems with the downtown flow on Main Street. The major problem is people trying to park on Main Street. His recommendation is to eliminate Main Street parking between 200 South and 400 North, and to build a parking garage behind the Emporium to make up for the lack of parking on Main Street. With delivery trucks, FedEx trucks, etc. trying to park and make deliveries, they have no place to park. The eliminated parking spaces could be made into lanes for local deliveries only.
Jay Clark, President of the Cache Chamber of Commerce, said he disagrees with the elimination of parking. He feels that retail businesses survive and thrive off of walk in traffic and it would be a detriment to eliminate the parking on Main Street. But, everything is open for discussion and study. Mr. Clark referred to the Cache Chamber of Commerce list that Ms. James handed out, and said there was one project inadvertently left off the list. That is the widening of the highway between Nibley and Hyrum.
Wayne Reese, who works for the Cache County School District, said they operate the school busses in Cache County as well as Logan City. They don't own any roads, but they do pick up children on every one of them in the valley, and they do appreciate the improvements that have been made. He said one item that hasn't been properly spoken to is the highway between Smithfield and the Idaho border. Of all the roads that they transport children, that is the one that scares them the most. There are no shoulders so they can't pull off the highway to pick children up. Traffic has to be stopped, and with the speed of the traffic on that stretch of road, this is the most dangerous.
Marilyn O'Dell, Bonneville Resource Conservation and Development Council, asked to address something that doesn't concern the three area counties, but statewide. She mentioned a letter the Bonneville RC&D Council wrote to Director Warne requesting that the advisory council for the enhancement funds be reactivated, and that cities, counties and trail networks be represented. She suggested that Bonneville RC&D could be a member of that council since they have a wide representation on their council. Commissioner Bodily informed Ms. O'Dell that the issue will be discussed later in the agenda.
At the request of Commissioner Bodily, Dyke LeFevre gave an update on the status of projects anticipated in Logan Canyon and the funding. He also gave the local area presentation. He referred to a handout and discussed the list of projects in Rich, Cache and Box Elder Counties, with one project from Weber County. Guy Pulsipher, Cache County Council, asked about the project for the mile strip between Hyrum and Nibley. Mr. LeFevre reiterated that the project is not on the list because when the STIP was balanced, it was taken off the list because of lack of funds.
Ruth Maughan, Mayor of Wellsville, expressed appreciation to Mr. LeFevre for the help given in completing the light on Highway 91 at Rt. 103. It was a long time in the planning, but has been a real asset to the community.
Commissioner Larkin thanked Mr. LeFevre and the people in Region One for all their efforts. A short break was called.
Beaver County Request for Highway Impact Growth Grant
Beaver County Commissioner Chad Johnson introduced those who were with him, and briefly explained the item and who would be presenting what topics. He then turned the time over to Tristan DeMille. Mr. DeMille referred to a report that was handed out to the Commission indicating where funds were expended, and what future funds are needed. It also included a map. He talked about each of the four complexes that are being built by Circle 4 Farms, and about the roads to those complexes. He said $3.6 million in improvements have been made to the roads, with $1 million granted through the Transportation Commission and UDOT, and $2.6 million from other sources. Mr. DeMille went into detail on those improvements.
Doug Carriger spoke. He said they have gotten to this point because of cooperation with UDOT. The Region Four people have really helped in the improvements made this past year. And, the best way to progress in the future is by blending local monies with UDOT monies to get projects done. They can't rely totally on the state for funding, they know they have to provide local contributions. Now, with the projects they've finished, they want to move forward and complete a number of additional projects. The total of those road improvements add up to $10 million. He said they are asking UDOT for the highway impact growth funds in the amount of $2 million, $1 million this year and $1 million next year. They anticipate that Circle 4 will contribute $3 million. The FAS project of the M & M Road will be about another $2 million, and the county local funding will be about $3 million over the life of these projects.
Clint Topham explained the complexity of the situation. The legislation that was passed a year ago allowed the Commission to make a grant for highways in a county that had certain economic activity going on. Beaver County was the only county that qualified, but it limited it to the Centennial Highway Fund. The Commission put together a proposed program, over 10 years, for the Centennial Highway program, but only adopted the first year of it. No official action has been taken on anything beyond the first year. The second year will be done when the Commission adopts the STIP this year. To appropriate additional money to this project, $1 million would have to be taken out of another project on the Centennial Highway program. That's where the Commission will have to make a decision as far as priorities are concerned. Discussion ensued on funding.
Light Rail on 400 South
Bob Parry said that several months ago, Salt Lake City narrowed the alternative on the west/east light rail line to 300 South and 400 South, and had three different alternatives on each road. A few weeks ago, they eliminated that down to just a center running light rail on 400 South. That's when UDOT became very involved because there would be a lot of conflicts with light rail on UDOT's road, trying to maintain light rail, traffic, and businesses along 400 South. In the last few weeks, a lot of alternatives have been discussed. They continued looking at center rail and running the light rail on the side of the street, a single track on each side of 400 South. Mr. Parry then discussed the pros and cons of the center running rail and the side running rail. He said the center rail has less utility impacts, it accommodates a crossover track, which can go around accidents, and has less impact on driveways or right turns. On the other hand, the center running rail takes more right of way, has impacts on left turns, and has the biggest impact to the capacity of 400 South. There would also be snow plowing problems with snow being plowed right onto the sidewalks.
In regards to the side rail, Mr. Parry said less right of way would be needed and will allow for double left turns at every intersection. The department could still maintain 12 foot lanes and keep a wider sidewalk. The request for four car light rail platforms could be allowed, and it would be safer for pedestrians. They wouldn't be required to cross into the middle of the street. The negative aspects would be that it would hinder right turns at intersections. Snow plowing would be done from the center of the street onto the light rail tracks, causing problems if there is a large build up of snow. There are more utility relocations, and there would be no availability for a crossover track to be built with the side rails. Mr. Parry said light rail does have to be on the center of 400 South at some point east of downtown in order to use the transition curve to get to the U of U. There will have to be a crossover somewhere between 200 East and 700 East. Mr. Parry handed out a copy of, and discussed the light rail cross section for both the center running and side running light rail.
Rick Thorpe, UTA Project Manager for both the north/south and west/east light rail projects, said 400 South is very important to the success of the west/east light rail line. UTA's preference would be center running on 400 South, but they've made a lot of compromises. They believe side running can be made to work on 400 South. Their biggest concern is the right hand turns across the tracks on 400 South with side running tracks, and the safety concerns regarding autos turning in front of light rail vehicles. Mr. Thorpe said that one thing they would ask the department's assistance in, assuming this moves forward, is a cooperative effort between UTA, UDOT and the City of Salt Lake, to try and minimize as many of those driveway conflicts as possible in the section from 400 West to
200 East. There are approximately 45 driveways in that area, and whatever can be done to consolidate, relocate or eliminate the driveways would be beneficial to UDOT, UTA and the City.
Michael Packard, representing the Coalition for Accountable Government in Salt Lake, passed out and read some letters to the Commission. Mr. Packard was asked not to read the last letter, but to summarize it and make his comments. He said the west/east light rail is not going to perform its function, and it's going to be outrageously expensive for what it does. There are problems with the parking requirements, the intermodal system integration, land use, and visual aesthetics. There are also socio-economic problems. And, before this is approved, it needs to be demonstrated how the right turns will be accommodated, assuming the rails are put along the side of the street.
Director Warne said the department has worked for many hours, days, weeks, and months with the UTA and Salt Lake City in trying to bring resolution to this issue of light rail on 400 South. They have come to appreciate how important it is to have light rail on 400 South in the process that Salt Lake City has gone through to develop the downtown area. They've also come to appreciate from a functionality standpoint why 400 South is so important to the UTA in making the west/east light rail line work. The department has had some concerns about 400 South for some time. It is now a major access point into downtown and there is concern of how it's going to function and the impacts it would have on I-15. The ideal situation for UDOT is not to have light rail on 400 South. But, in the spirit of cooperation and understanding of how important this is to the UTA, the department has worked with them to come up with a solution. The side running rails is the one and only alternative that the department will approve.
Director Warne said he will send a letter to Salt Lake City and to UTA stating that the department will tentatively approve a side running configuration on 400 South between 400 West and 200 East. There are some technical issues that still need to be worked out, and there are a couple of important stipulations. Regardless of the configuration and final design, 85 feet of pavement in the center of the road will have to be preserved for UDOT to handle it's traffic flow. Also, if light rail has not begun construction by December 31, 2002, then UDOT reserves the right to revisit the whole permitting process. And, the permit of light rail on 400 South is contingent on the signing of a three way interlocal agreement between Salt Lake City, the UTA and UDOT. Without that agreement being signed and agreed to by all three parties, a permit will not be issued by UDOT for this configuration. Director Warne reiterated that the ideal solution is not to have light rail on 400 South at all, but through compromise this is a configuration that can be lived with and will serve UTA's purpose as well as UDOT's. And, the department will not entertain any further discussions on the center running configuration. It's time to move forward, to move on with the environmental work, and for UDOT to move on with the work of providing freeway systems in the state.
Chairman Brown asked for clarification on the configuration east of 200 East. Director Warne responded that the analysis shows that with the significant decline in traffic volumes past State Street, center running light rail could be accommodated continuing further east towards the U of U. Mr. Thorpe said it would be their preference to go to center running because past 200 East there are more shopping centers and businesses making things more difficult. Mr. Parry stated that between 200 East and 1300 East there are approximately 300 driveways. That would be a big conflict and very hard to handle safely. Commissioner Larkin said if there are no more questions, Director Warne would probably like some indication of support from the Commission.
Commissioner Eastman moved that the Commission endorse Director Warne's recommendation to Salt Lake City and the UTA. Commissioner Clyde seconded the motion and it passed unanimously.
Planning and Programming
Enhancement Projects
John Quick discussed the enhancement program and updated the Commission on the changes under the new transportation bill. He said that under the ISTEA bill an advisory committee had been established, but has since been dismissed. The project selection process was put on hold until the new legislation was examined as to how it would it would affect the enhancement program. With the new bill signed into law, Mr. Quick said they are looking for some direction from the Commission on how to proceed. TEA-21 continues the enhancement program with some minor changes, but it continues the original 12 activities. It now provides for provisions of safety and educational activities for pedestrians and bicycles. In the historic highway categories, tourists and welcome centers are now eligible, meaning that certain projects at rest areas could be eligible for enhancement funds. Wildlife undercrossings will provide access or crossings for threatened or endangered species. The final change is that money could be used for the establishment of transportation museums. Other changes and modifications make it easier for sponsors to sponsor projects and process those projects.
Mr. Quick said there have been several discussions on how to establish a program for these funds. There is $3.8 million for the 1998 year and an average of $4.5 million for the remaining five years. The funds for 1998 have essentially been programmed, but for the remaining five years it is being proposed that the funds be split between UDOT and an advisory committee. The advisory committee would screen projects and submit them to the Transportation Commission for approval. The UDOT split could be used for projects on the state highway system, including rest areas and pedestrian projects. The advisory split would be made open to all activities, but emphasis of membership and the committee would be based on bicycle, pedestrian, and landscape projects. The proposal is to create a new committee of seven members, a reduction from the original committee of thirteen members. On that committee would be four members from UDOT and three members from the outside. One would have bicycle/pedestrian interest, one would have landscape interest, and one would be of a general interest, possibly someone from the travel council or another group that has statewide interest. There is a high interest in this program. There were 72 projects in it last year. Further discussion focused on the funding, and the make up of the committee.
Chairman Brown asked if the Commission would have final say as to who actually constitutes the committee. Mr. Quick said that a list would be submitted to the Commission, who would then select the members. It would also be an advantage to have a Commissioner serve on the committee. Commissioner Clyde asked if there was enough outside representation? Mr. Quick said they wouldn't object to more. It would fulfill the intent of having more citizen input. Commissioner Clyde urged Mr. Quick to add two more members to the committee, for a total of nine members, four UDOT members and five outside members.
Commissioner Clyde moved to instruct the department to go ahead and reform the committee along the guidelines that have been given, and to proceed with the things that need to be done. It was seconded by Commissioner Bodily and passed unanimously.
Planning and Programming
STIP Amendment
Ogden Intermodal Transportation Center
Linda Toy said this is an amendment to the current year's STIP. The Wasatch Front Regional Council had $90,000 in STP Urban Area funds that were not programmed. They took an action at their main meeting to program those funds, to put $90,000 on the Ogden Intermodal Transportation Center. For procedural reasons, the Commission needs to adopt this as part of the FY 98 STIP so the WFRC can spend those funds.
Chairman Brown moved to amend the STIP as outlined. It was seconded by Commissioner Clyde and approved unanimously.
Planning and Programming
FY 99 Draft STIP
Welcome Center Contract Maintenance
Linda Toy said that normally this process would have been completed much sooner, but because of the delays for reauthorizing ISTEA, it was pushed back until July. The Commission went over the draft STIP in April with staff, and there aren't a lot of changes. She said they do expect to get through the public review process even with the shortened time schedule between now and the end of the fiscal year. The document will also be reviewed and approved by the FHWA by the end of the fiscal year. Ms. Toy pointed out that this is a balanced STIP. However, because it is a balanced STIP, it is going to affect some of the other programs within UDOT.
Clint Topham gave an explanation of the affects and changes in the state construction program. The department will have to reduce some of the things they have normally done for FY 99. The preservation program won't be fully funded, and traffic signals will be reduced. Also, the number of spot improvements will be reduced, as well as bridge preservation and contingency funds. That will allow the department to do the projects in the STIP without taking any additional projects off. An explanation was given as to the reason the total was reduced by $29 million. He did mention that the total for contractual maintenance was increased by $500,000 to account for some increased maintenance on rest areas, as well as taking care of the maintenance at some welcome centers that has been done by the Travel Council.
Dave Miles talked to the Commission about the welcome centers and rest areas. He said the task force, in working with the Travel Council, has recommended that UDOT take over a portion of the maintenance at the welcome centers and upgrade the level of service now performed at the welcome centers and rest areas. Mr. Miles introduced Spence Kinard and Margaret Godfrey of the Travel Council, and said the Mr. Kinard would like to address the Commission.
Mr. Kinard said that they have spent about a year looking at the problem with the welcome centers and rest areas, and for ways of improvement. The Division of Travel Development has responsibility for five welcome centers. A task force was formed that included Transportation Commissioners Clyde and Griffith, Travel Council Commissioners Overton and Hatch, and staff members from UDOT, the Travel Council, and FHWA. The task force addressed the issue of maintenance and operation and came up with a resolution, which defines the responsibility of UDOT as managing the maintenance of the rest area portion of the welcome centers, and the travel council, with their funds, taking on the visitor aspect of the welcome centers. The proposal offered will actually make some improvements in the basic operation of the five welcome centers, four of which are in most critical need. Mr. Kinard requested that the Commission accept the recommendation of the task force, to start the process, and do something about the great need for the welcome centers and rest areas that are out there.
Mr. Miles commented that the shift of responsibility that is outlined in the resolution involves UDOT taking over the maintenance of the restrooms in the welcome centers, litter pick up, and maintenance of the grounds. UDOT already does the snow removal and takes care of the parking lots. The cost of what the department is taking over is estimated to be about $40,000 per year for those five welcome centers. That is the first element of the request being made today. The second one deals with trying to raise the level of service not only at the welcome centers, but at the 25 rest areas statewide. Mr. Miles said that Dan Julio and John Holt will explain the proposals that are being looked at.
Mr. Julio said that a survey conducted showed that UDOT's customers thought the department was doing a good job in most areas, but they were least satisfied with the rest area maintenance. The department also did performance measures on the rest areas, and they were rated at a C- in service level. Some of the things that were rated included janitorial services, building utilities, condition of the building, landscaping, and operations. With those performance measures they were able to determine what it would take to increase the level of service. If $200,000 was taken out of what is currently in there, the level of service would drop to a D-. However, if $500,000 was added, the level of service could be increased from a C- to a B+ or an A-. That would certainly be more palatable for the customers, and would represent Utah better as a tourist oriented state.
Mr. Holt stated that currently the rest areas and the welcome centers are maintained partly by state forces and partly by contract cleaners, which is kind of a scattered arrangement. There is no continuity. Also, the contracts are at a minimum fee, and "you get what you pay for." The proposal is to request proposals from larger companies with experience in managing multiple rest areas. The department would essentially be looking for one management firm to take over all of the state rest areas. This is a system that has been used in Virginia for some time, and has recently been adopted in South Carolina. Mr. Holt said he recently visited several rest areas in Virginia. He then showed some slides and provided additional details on the rest areas there.
Director Warne said that the money being spent is to upgrade the rest areas. And, there are some cases where the restroom facilities, in conjunction with the welcome center, essentially serve as the rest area. The department felt it was appropriate to use transportation dollars where those restrooms are providing a rest area function. The department has been very careful in this arrangement to not spend money on the welcome center activities, things that are tourism related. Commissioner Clyde said he supports what is being done here. He has been on the task force and has been working with this very carefully. He said he is constantly amazed that there isn't more money coming from the department to support this very important activity in the state.
Commissioner Clyde moved to approve the resolution as designated, and encourage other sources of funding to step in and make the welcome centers what they should be. Commissioner Eastman seconded the motion, and it passed unanimously.
Mr. Topham said the department would also like a motion on the proposed FY 99 funds, shown on the handout the Commission received. It would allow the department to fully fund the STIP, and it would direct the other monies to those areas that money is normally set aside for. The FY 2000 numbers will be revisited at the next workshop.
Commissioner Bodily moved to approve the change in the use of state construction funds to that which is proposed for FY 99. It was seconded by Commissioner Clyde and passed unanimously.
Ms. Toy said that she needs a motion from the Commission to go ahead and advertise the draft STIP for public comment. Ms. Toy briefly went over some of the changes that were made since the April workshop.
Commissioner Clyde moved to approve advertising the draft STIP for public comment. It was seconded by Commissioner Bodily and passed unanimously.
Planning and Programming
Aeronautical Projects
Parowan Airport
Wendover Airport
Blanding Municipal Airport - Increase Request
Ogden - Hinckley Airport
Bob Barrett gave a brief update on the Logan/Cache County airport. He said it is probably the fastest growing aviation airport in the state, and it's a model that several other airports in the state will be following over the next 10-15 years. Mr. Barrett continued with the agenda items. The first project is a t the Parowan airport. The project was originally on the FY 99 capital improvement program, but because the $1 million project planned for Brigham City could not go ahead on schedule due to a number of environmental issues and other changes that weren't anticipated, those funds became available, so this project was moved up from FY 99. This project is to reconstruct runway 422 and widen it to 75 feet. The runway lighting will also be replaced. The total amount of money allocated to this project is $1,083,000, with $984,880 coming from the federal grant, and $49,060 each from the local sponsor and the state.
Commissioner Larkin asked if each of the projects needed to be acted on individually. Mr. Barrett said it is normally done that way. Commissioner Larkin requested that all four projects be presented and voted on once.
Mr. Barrett continued with the second project, the Wendover airport. This is a brand new grant in addition to the ones that have been approved before. This will be to pave a portion of runway 826 out to 8,000 feet. The runway will eventually be 10,000 feet by 150 feet. This project will also install medium intensity runway lights, taxiway lights, precision approach indicator lights, runway and identification lights, airfield signage, and a wind cone. It also includes $30,000 for payment to the Air Force for the last piece of land for the safety areas on the west end of the runway. The total cost of the project is $1,319,551, with $1,200,000 from a federal grant and $59,776 each from the applicant and the state.
The third project is at the Blanding Municipal airport. Mr. Barrett said that a year ago, the Commission approved a project to do a complete rehabilitation of the taxiway and apron at the Blanding airport. In the process of that project, the soil underlaying the existing apron was found not to be of the quality required to provide sufficient stability for the new pavement. The substandard soils were excavated, removed and replaced, resulting in a slight cost overrun. The increase being asked for is $38,921, of which the federal government will provide $35,394 and the state and local portions will be $1,763.
The last project is at the Ogden airport, and is a congressionally mandated project. It was not in the capital improvement program so state matching funds were not programmed. The City of Ogden was told that they would be responsible for the entire local match. The project is to provide security fencing around the entire airport. The reason this was congressionally mandated is because security fencing is normally only paid for under a federal grant at a commercial airport, and then only to provide adequate security within close range of the terminal building. Because of the increase in crime and vandalism at the airport, they are asking to have security fencing around the entire airport. The total cost will be $487,250, of which $443,105 will come from federal discretionary funds, and the entire local match will be borne by Ogden City at $44,145.
Commissioner Clyde moved to approve the four projects as presented by Mr. Barrett. It was seconded by Commissioner Eastman and approved unanimously.
Right of Way
Advanced Acquisitions on US 89
Hardship Acquisition - Shawn Heiden Property
Bob Fox said because of the prodding of Director Warne, the department was creative with the bond issue and instead of having $10 million for advanced acquisition, there will be $20 million. Instead of paying it back in five years, it will be paid back in seven years, with an interest payment in just one year, and the principal and interest for the remaining six years. Additional money of revenues will be accumulating, and by the end of seven years, will total $20 million. Mr. Fox briefly reviewed what has been done in the past six months. He then said today there are six more priority items from Region One and Region Two. Region One has five additional property owners who have come to them. Those acquisitions are estimated at about $1.2 million. In Region Two on Legacy Highway, there is a home there that is estimated at $150,000. Therefore, the total to acquire the six properties would be about $1.55 million. There was additional discussion on some of the difficulties being experienced in acquiring some properties.
Commissioner Eastman moved to approve the purchase of the hardship cases as presented. Commissioner Clyde seconded the motion and it passed unanimously.
Abandonment of Right of Way - Old SR 47 and Old SR 163 in San Juan County
Clint Topham said they thought this action had been taken care of several years ago. The department is trying to dispose of the property now. The Attorney General has advised the department that the Commission needs to take an official action abandoning this piece of road, which is what this resolution does.
Commissioner Bodily moved to proceed with the abandonment process. It was seconded by Commissioner Eastman and passed unanimously.
Logan Canyon Cooperating Advisory Team
Change in Membership
Rod Terry explained that this is a formality issue. As the Logan Canyon environmental impact statement was completed, a cooperative advisory team was created as part of the memorandum of understanding between UDOT, the Forest Service, and the FHWA. There are a few changes in membership that UDOT staff and the Commission need to approve. The changes would be that Brent DeYoung becomes UDOT's Project Manager replacing Rod Terry; Lauren Keller replaces Shawn Swanner as the environmental communities representative from the Citizens for the Protection of Logan Canyon; and Don Huefner, Mayor of Garden City replaces Bryce Nielson, the former Mayor of Garden City.
Commissioner Eastman moved to approve the changes in the committee as explained. It was seconded by Commissioner Bodily and passed unanimously.
TEA-21 Overview
Mike Ritchie gave a brief but detailed overview of the new TEA-21 bill. He showed several transparencies during his presentation and said the purpose of the overview is to inform the Commission about the Transportation Equity Act of the 21st Century. The bill is 8 ˝ months in getting here. It is a six year legislation from 1998 to 2003, and authorizes $217 billion for highways, highway safety, and transit safety. Further details and explanations were given by Mr. Ritchie.
Informational Items
Next Transportation Commission Meeting
The next Transportation Commission meeting will be held on Wednesday, August 12, 1998 in Syracuse, Utah. The September meeting was scheduled in conjunction with the Forest Highway tour. The tour will take place on September 10, 1998, and Commission meeting will be held on September 11, 1998 in Richfield, Utah.
The meeting adjourned at 1:34 p.m.
The following Commissioners, staff members and others were in attendance:
Glen E. Brown, Chairman
James G. Larkin, Vice Chairman
Hal M. Clyde, Commissioner
Dan R. Eastman, Commissioner
Stephen M. Bodily, Commissioner
LeAnn G. Abegglen, Commission Secretary
Thomas R. Warne, Executive Director
Clinton D. Topham, Deputy Director
Linda Toy, Program Development Director
John Quick, Program Development
Austin Baysinger, Program Development
Bob Parry, Program Development
Dave Miles, Engineer for Operations
Dan Julio, Maintenance
John Holt, Maintenance
Bob Fox, Chief, Right of Way
Jim Baird, Engineering Services
Bob Barrett, Director of Aeronautics
Max Ditlevsen, Comptroller
Jim Phillips, Procurement
Byron Parker, Legacy Parkway Project
Andrea Packer, Community Relations
Dyke LeFevre, Region One Director
Rod Terry, Region One
John Gunderson, Region One
Mike Ritchie, FHWA
Steve Greene, UTA
Rick Thorpe, UTA
Tim Harpst, Salt Lake City
Oliver Wischmeyer, PTG
Mark Teuscher, CPPO
Ralph Jackson, PTG
Bruce Vana, HWL
John Thomas, Sear-Brown
Robert Newhall, USU College of Agriculture
Gale Larson, LarWest Eng.
Bruce King, LarWest Eng.
Jay Clark, Cache Chamber of Commerce
Bonnie James, Cache Chamber of Commerce
Mayor Jack Draxler, North Logan
Verne Bray, Cache Chamber of Commerce
Gordon (Joe) Kirby, Cache County
Stuart King, American Stores
Steve Brertses, American Stores
Mayor Gordon Olson, Hyrum City
Larry Gittins, Hyrum City Council
Douglas Stipes, Hyrum City Council
Jerri Jensen, Cache Valley Mall
Dru Miller, Gossner Foods
Kelly Luthi, Gossner Foods
Clint Williams, First American Bank
LaGene Halverson, Richmond City
Marilyn O'Dell, Bonneville RC&D Council
Gale Leetzow, Logan Business Owner
Jeff Oyler, Davis County
Mayor Ruth Maughan, Wellsville City
Mayor Alma Leonhardt, Providence City
Russell Goodwin, North Logan
Todd Weston, Logan
Bonnie F. Nielsen, Hyrum City
Joe Campbell, Providence City Council
Spencer Kinard, Utah Travel Council
Doug Carriger, Beaver County
Richard Rollins, Beaver County
Chad Johnson, Beaver County Commission
Amy Pray, Standard Examiner
James Huppi, USU
Lynette Cartwright, North Logan City Council
Wayne Reese, Cache County School District
Brent Jensen, Hyrum City
Rodney Brown, Utah State University
Duaine Erickson, Smithfield City Council
Sue Sorenson, Logan
Sue Anne Thompson, Logan
Ron Bushman, Laidlaw Transit
Rod Blossom, Logan City
Geoff Straw, LTD
Denton Beecher, Box Elder County
Lee Allen, Box Elder County Commission
John Collom, Box Elder County
Jim Gass, CMPO/Smithfield
Tom Fisher, CMPO
Jan Pearce, Logan City Council
Margaret Godfrey, Utah Travel Council
Gene Sturzenegger, MK Centennial
Will Jefferies, WFRC
Joe Brown, GOPB
Mayor Doug Thompson, City of Logan
Ron Johnson, City of Logan
Guy Pulsipher, Cache County Council
Tristan DeMille, Beaver County
Michael Packard, Salt Lake City
Last Edited:


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Random Musings of a Lankan Girl
How often we wish for another chance, to make a fresh beginning. A chance to blot out our mistakes, And change failure into winning. It does not take a special time, to make a fresh start, It only takes the deep desire, To try with all our heart. To live a little better, To always be forgiving, To add a little sunshine, In a world which we're living Never give up in despair, Nor think you are through, For there's always a tommorow, A chance to start a new
Friday, March 30, 2012
When i am still...
Thursday, March 29, 2012
Wednesday, March 21, 2012
Be like a Duck...
Life quotes,
motivational quotes
Thursday, March 15, 2012
People cry...
Sorrow Quotes,
Thoughts of the day
Wednesday, March 14, 2012
Happiness is like a..
Tuesday, March 13, 2012
Monday, March 12, 2012
Sail Away.....
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thank you Jerome. I had also invited a friend with me to hunt a billie goat, and here is a pictures of both his and mine and a few more. me and my friend with our billies. mine seen from the side a few mood pictures my 2 good friends, one was our stalker there, and one hunting. we were enjoying the view of Loch Loman. cheers Rasmus
thanks, the goat is the biggest I have ever seen live, I am quite sure it will make sci gold, and rowland ward. in sci measurement if measured like a simple horned, it is 88 inches roughly. But no matter it gets, the hunt was great. About a 2km stalk in the scottish highlands. cheers Ras


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Hedgehog (Hh) signaling has emerged as a key growth pathway in human carcinogenesis and inappropriate Hh target gene activation drives the growth of tumors such as skin basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). Experimental support from 5ARO54780 facilitated approval by the FDA of the first therapy aimed at the Smoothened (Smo) receptor. While na?ve tumors responded, resistance appears to be common, reiterating the need for developing new therapies targeting the Gli transcription factors downstream of Smo. 5ARO54780 in the prior funding period focused on factors that regulate Gli activity and showed the importance of the primary cilium and the basal body-associated Missing-in- Metastasis. Moreover, a proteomics screen to identify druggable components isolated the oncogenic polarity kinase aPKC-?/? and demonstrated that aPKC-?/? plays a key role in hedgehog signaling, BCC tumor growth, and Smo inhibitor resistance. In tumors, aPKC-?/? phosphorylates and activates Gli1 within the regulatory region of the DNA binding domain at residue Gli T304. By contrast, phosphorylation within the linker region of the DNA binding domain appears to inhibit function, revealing a gap in our understanding how DNA binding domain modifications affect activity. Studies in the next funding period will test the hypothesis that aPKC-?/?-mediated DNA binding domain phosphorylation regulates Gli activity and Smo inhibitor resistance by: Determining the consequences of Gli DNA binding domain phosphorylation;Determining how aPKC phosphorylation affects the Gli- DNA interaction;and by 3) Determining the functional consequences of resistant human BCC tumor variants on BCC growth. Completion of the above aims will provide needed information about the pivotal Gli transcription factor and provide insights to help diagnose and treat na?ve and resistant hedgehog-dependent tumors.
Hedgehog pathway targeted therapy to block Smo has been recently approved, but resistance appears to be common, reiterating the need for new therapies targeting the Gli transcription factors downstream of Smo. 5ARO54780 in the prior funding period focused on Gli regulation, and although the oncogenic kinase aPKC-?/? was shown to play a key role in hedgehog signaling, skin basal cell carcinoma tumor growth, and Smo inhibitor resistance by phosphorylating and activating Gli1 within the DNA binding domain, the extent of phosphorylation and how it affects Gli function remain poorly understood. Studies in the next funding period will test the hypothesis that aPKC-?/?-mediated DNA binding domain phosphorylation regulates Gli activity and Smo inhibitor resistance, providing needed information to help diagnose and treat naive and resistant hedgehog-dependent tumors.
Yucel, Gozde; Van Arnam, John; Means, Paula Casey et al. (2014) Partial proteasome inhibitors induce hair follicle growth by stabilizing *-catenin. Stem Cells 32:85-92 |
Atwood, Scott X; Oro, Anthony E (2014) "Atypical" regulation of Hedgehog-dependent cancers. Cancer Cell 25:133-4 |
DeRouen, Mindy C; Oro, Anthony E (2009) The primary cilium: a small yet mighty organelle. J Invest Dermatol 129:264-5 |
Oro, Anthony E (2008) A new role for an old friend: NFAT and stem cell quiescence. Cell Stem Cell 2:104-6 |
Gao, Jing; DeRouen, Mindy C; Chen, Chih-Hsin et al. (2008) Laminin-511 is an epithelial message promoting dermal papilla development and function during early hair morphogenesis. Genes Dev 22:2111-24 |
Huntzicker, Erik G; Oro, Anthony E (2008) Controlling hair follicle signaling pathways through polyubiquitination. J Invest Dermatol 128:1081-7 |
Oro, Anthony E (2007) The primary cilia, a 'Rab-id'transit system for hedgehog signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 19:691-6 |


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Learn about this topic in these articles:
...environment similar to that of the present southwestern Pacific Ocean. Rocks were accreted onto the ancient African continent, the margin of which was then near the present Nile River, by
subduction processes identical to those observed today. (Subduction involves the descent of the edge of one lithospheric plate beneath that of another where two such plates collide.)
facies production
Different types of tectonic processes produce different associations of metamorphic facies in the field. For example, regions associated with
subduction of oceanic material beneath either oceanic or continental crust are characterized by blueschist, greenschist, and eclogite facies rocks, whereas areas thought to reflect continent-continent collision are more typically distinguished by...
It is clear that there was probably easterly directed
subduction in western North America during the Devonian. Relics of this process are incorporated into the Cordilleran mountain chain as discrete terranes that were accreted to the continent during or after the Devonian. The clearest evidence is from the mid-Famennian Antler orogeny, during which a tectonic event resulted in clastic material...
Because of the continued
subduction of the Indian peninsula against the Eurasian Plate, the Himalayas and the associated eastern ranges remain tectonically active. As a result, the mountains are still rising, and earthquakes—often accompanied by landslides—are common. Several since 1900 have been devastating, including one in 1934 in what is now Bihar state that killed more than...
lithospheric plates
...When a continental plate and an oceanic plate come together, the leading edge of the oceanic plate is forced beneath the continental plate and down into the asthenosphere—a process called
subduction. Only the thinner, denser slabs of oceanic crust will subduct, however. When two thicker, more buoyant continents come together at convergent zones, they resist
subduction and tend to...
...or rhyolitic, magmas and andesitic magmas are generated at convergent plate boundaries where the oceanic lithosphere (the outer layer of the Earth composed of the crust and upper mantle) is subducted so that its edge is positioned below the edge of the continental plate or another oceanic plate. Heat will be added to the subducting lithosphere as it moves slowly into the hotter depths...
North America
...Plate (east) along transform faults. To the north, in British Columbia, this movement has been along the offshore Queen Charlotte Fault, while in California it has been along the San Andreas Fault. Subduction (crustal sinking) is not currently occurring in these two areas. Seismic activity, particularly in California, is considerable along the transform faults. After Alaska, California is the...
plate tectonics
Because the plates form an integrated system, it is not necessary that new crust formed at any given divergent boundary be completely compensated at the nearest
subduction zone, as long as the total amount of crust generated equals that destroyed.
...on when the process started. This is a matter of ongoing debate among geologists. The principal problem is that almost all oceanic crust older than about 200 million years has been obliterated by
subduction. Some of the other hallmarks of
subduction—such as the high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphic belts and the preservation of ophiolites—are very poorly represented in...
regional metamorphism
...and continental lithospheric plates such as the circum-Pacific region, the denser oceanic plate is subducted (carried into Earth's mantle) beneath the more buoyant continental lithosphere. Rapid
subduction of the cool oceanic lithosphere perturbs the thermal regime in such a way that high pressures can be obtained at relatively low temperatures, thereby generating blueschists and eclogites...
South America
The passive margins of the early Paleozoic were partially activated by
subduction of oceanic crust (i.e., the forced descent of oceanic crust beneath the leading edge of an overriding continental plate) during late Cambrian to Ordovician times (about 500 to 470 million years ago). When the oceanic crust was totally consumed,
subduction ceased and a series of small continental...
...million years ago this complex geologic matrix began to be uplifted as the eastern edge of the Nazca Plate was forced under the western edge of the South American Plate (i.e., the Nazca Plate was subducted), the result of the latter plate's westward movement in response to the opening of the Atlantic Ocean to the east. This
subduction-uplift process was accompanied by the intrusion of...


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Lubbock Sinkhole Traced to Early 1900's
News Monday, September 9th, 2013LUBBOCK, Texas (AP) _ Lee Smithwick knew something was weird when his sprinkler disappeared. As he was watering the lawn of his West Texas home, a hole opened in his yard. The sprinkler ended up in a tunnel that had collapsed. Now, Texas Tech historians are trying to figure out what's beneath Smithwick's property. Texas Tech curator Scott White says the tunnel is an "interesting mystery." KCBD-TV reports the experts believe the tunnel constructed after a rail line was extended in the early 1900s. It's likely the city will order the tunnel filled in for safety reasons.
Short URL: http://wtaw.com/?p=68925
Posted by Bill Oliver on Sep 9 2013. Filed under News.


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The explosive yield of a nuclear weapon is the amount of energy that is discharged when a nuclear weapon is detonated, expressed usually in the equivalent mass of trinitrotoluene (TNT), either in kilotons (thousands of tons of TNT) or megatons (millions of tons of TNT), but sometimes also in terajoules (1 kiloton of TNT = 4.184 TJ). Because the precise amount of energy released by TNT is and was subject to measurement uncertainties, especially at the dawn of the nuclear age, the accepted convention is that one kt of TNT is simply defined to be 1012 calories equivalent, this being very roughly equal to the energy yield of 1,000 tons of TNT.
Contents |
In order of increasing yield (most yield figures are approximate):
Bomb | Yield | Notes | |
kt TNT | TJ | ||
Davy Crockett | 0.01–1 | 0.042–4.2 | variable yield tactical nuclear weapon—mass only 23 kg (51 lb), lightest ever deployed by the United States (same warhead as Special Atomic Demolition Munition and GAR-11 Nuclear Falcon missile) |
Hiroshima's "Little Boy" gravity bomb | 12–15 | 50–63 | gun type uranium-235 fission bomb (the first of the two nuclear weapons that have been used in warfare) |
Nagasaki's "Fat Man" gravity bomb | 20–22 | 84–92 | implosion type Plutonium-239 fission bomb (the second of the two nuclear weapons used in warfare) |
W76 warhead | 100 | 420 | Twelve of these may be in a MIRVed Trident II missile; treaty limited to eight |
B61 nuclear bomb | various |
W87 warhead | 300 | 1,300 | Ten of these were in a MIRVed LG-118A Peacekeeper. |
W88 warhead | 475 | 1,990 | Twelve of these may be in a Trident II missile (treaty limited to eight) |
Ivy King device | 500 | 2,100 | second most powerful pure fission bomb, 60 kg uranium, implosion type |
Orange Herald | 700 | 2,900 | most powerful pure fission bomb, UK |
B83 nuclear bomb | variable | up to 1.2 megatonnes of TNT (5.0 PJ); most powerful US weapon in active service | |
B53 nuclear bomb | 9,000 | 38,000 | most powerful US warhead; no longer in active service, but 50 are retained as part of the "Hedge" portion of the Enduring Stockpile; similar to the W-53 warhead that has been used in the Titan II Missile; decommissioned in 1987 |
Castle Bravo device | 15,000 | 63,000 | most powerful US test |
EC17/Mk-17, the EC24/Mk-24, and the B41 (Mk-41) | various | most powerful US weapons ever: 25 megatonnes of TNT (100 PJ); the Mk-17 was also the largest by size and mass: about 20 short tons (18,000 kg); the Mk-41 had a mass of 4800 kg; gravity bombs carried by B-36 bomber (retired by 1957) | |
The entire Operation Castle nuclear test series | 48,200 | 202,000 | the highest-yielding test series conducted by the US |
Tsar Bomba device | 50,000 | 210,000 | USSR, most powerful nuclear weapon ever detonated, mass of 27 short tons (24,000 kg), in its "full" form (i.e. with a depleted uranium tamper instead of one made of lead) it would have been 100 megatonnes of TNT (420 PJ). |
All nuclear testing | 510,000 | 2,100,000 | total energy expended during all nuclear testing.[1] |
As a comparison, the blast yield of the GBU-43 Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb is 0.011 kt, and that of the Oklahoma City bombing, using a truck-based fertilizer bomb, was 0.002 kt. Most artificial non-nuclear explosions are considerably smaller than even what are considered to be very small nuclear weapons.
The yield-to-weight ratio is the amount of weapon yield compared to the mass of the weapon. The theoretical maximum yield-to-weight ratio for fusion weapons is 6 megatons of TNT per metric ton (25 TJ/kg).[1] The practical achievable limit is somewhat lower, and tends to be lower for smaller, lighter weapons, of the sort that are emphasized in today's' arsenals, designed for efficient MIRV use, or delivery by cruise missile systems. The 25 MT yield option reported for the Mk-41 would give it a yield-to-weight ratio of 5.2 megatons of TNT per metric ton. While this would require a far greater efficiency than any other U.S. weapon (at least 40% efficiency in a fusion fuel of lithium deuteride), this was apparently attainable. In 1963 DOE declassified statements that the U.S. had the technological capability of deploying a 35 MT warhead on the Titan II, or a 50-60 MT gravity bomb on B-52s. Neither weapon was pursued, but either would require yield-to-weight ratios superior to a 25 MT Mk-41. For current smaller US weapons, yield is 600 to 2200 kilotons of TNT per metric ton. By comparison, for the very small tactical devices such as the Davy Crockett it was 0.4 to 40 kilotons of TNT per metric ton. For historical comparison, for Little Boy the yield was only 4 kilotons of TNT per metric ton, and for the largest Tsar Bomba yield was 2 megatons of TNT per metric ton (deliberately reduced from about twice as much). The largest pure-fission bomb ever constructed had a 500 kiloton yield, which is probably in the range of the upper limit on such designs. Fusion boosting could likely raise the efficiency of such a weapon significantly, but eventually all fission-based weapons have an upper yield limit due to the difficulties of dealing with large critical masses. However there is no known upper yield limit for a fusion bomb. Because the maximum theoretical yield-to-weight ratio is about 6 megatons of TNT per metric ton, and the maximum achieved ratio was apparently 5.2 megatons of TNT per metric ton, there is a practical limit on air delivery of the weapon. Note that most later generation weopons have eliminated the very heavy casing once thought needed for the nuclear reactions to occur efficiently - this greatly increases the achievable yield-to-weight ratio. For example, the Mk-36 bomb as built had a yield-to-weight ratio of 1.25 megatons of TNT per metric ton. If the 12,000 pound casing of the Mk-36 was reduced by 2/3s, the yield-to-weight ratio would have been 2.3 megatons of TNT per metric ton which is about the same as the later generation, much lighter 9 megaton Mk/B-53 bomb. Delivery size limites can be estimated to acertain limits to delivery of extremely high yield weapons. If the full 250 metric ton payload of the Antonov An-225 could be used, a 1.3 gigaton bomb could be delivered. Likewise the maximum limit of a missile-delivered weapon is determined by the missile payload capacity. The large Russian SS-18 ICBM has a payload capacity of 7200 kg, so the calculated maximum delivered yield would be 37.4 megatons of TNT and a Saturn V scale missile could deliver over 120 tons with a yield of about 700 megatons. Again, it is helpful for understanding to emphasize that large single warheads are seldom a part of today's arsenals, since smaller MIRV warheads are far more destructive for a given total yield or payload capacity. This effect, which results from the fact that destructive power of a single warhead scales approximately as the 2/3 power of its yield, more than makes up for the lessened yield/weight efficiency encountered if ballistic missile warheads are scaled-down from the maximal size that could be carried by a single-warhead missile.
The following list is of milestone nuclear explosions. In addition to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the first nuclear test of a given weapon type for a country is included, and tests which were otherwise notable (such as the largest test ever). All yields (explosive power) are given in their estimated energy equivalents in kilotons of TNT (see megaton). Putative tests have not been included.
Date | Name | Yield (kT) | Country | Significance |
1945-07-16 | Trinity | 19 | USA | First fission device test, first plutonium implosion detonation |
1945-08-06 | Little Boy | 15 | USA | Bombing of Hiroshima, Japan, first detonation of an enriched uranium gun-type device, first use of a nuclear device in military combat |
1945-08-09 | Fat Man | 21 | USA | Bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, last use of a nuclear device in military combat |
1949-08-29 | RDS-1 | 22 | USSR | First fission weapon test by the USSR |
1952-10-03 | Hurricane | 25 | UK | First fission weapon test by the UK |
1952-11-01 | Ivy Mike | 10,400 | USA | First cryogenic fusion fuel "staged" thermonuclear weapon, primarily a test device and not weaponized |
1953-08-12 | Joe 4 | 400 | USSR | First fusion weapon test by the USSR (not "staged") |
1954-03-01 | Castle Bravo | 15,000 | USA | First dry fusion fuel "staged" thermonuclear weapon; fallout accident |
1955-11-22 | RDS-37 | 1,600 | USSR | First "staged" thermonuclear weapon test by the USSR (deployable) |
1957-11-08 | Grapple X | 1,800 | UK | First (successful) "staged" thermonuclear weapon test by the UK |
1960-02-13 | Gerboise Bleue | 70 | France | First fission weapon test by France |
1961-10-31 | Tsar Bomba | 57,000 | USSR | Largest thermonuclear weapon ever tested—scaled down from its initial 100 Mt design by 50% |
1964-10-16 | 596 | 22 | PR China | First fission weapon test by the People's Republic of China |
1967-06-17 | Test No. 6 | 3,300 | PR China | First "staged" thermonuclear weapon test by the People's Republic of China |
1968-08-24 | Canopus | 2,600 | France | First "staged" thermonuclear test by France |
1974-05-18 | Smiling Buddha | 12 | India | First fission nuclear explosive test by India |
1998-05-11 | Pokhran-II | 60[2] | India | First potential fusion/boosted weapon test by India; first deployable fission weapon test by India |
1998-05-28 | Chagai-I | 36-40 [3] | Pakistan | First fission weapon test by Pakistan |
2006-10-09 | 2006 North Korean nuclear test | ~1 | North Korea | First fission plutonium-based device tested by North Korea; likely resulted as a fizzle |
2009-05-25 | 2009 North Korean nuclear test | 5-15 | North Korea | First successful fission device tested by North Korea |
"Staging" refers to whether it was a "true" hydrogen bomb of the so-called Teller-Ulam configuration or simply a form of a boosted fission weapon. For a more complete list of nuclear test series, see List of nuclear tests. Some exact yield estimates, such as that of the Tsar Bomba and the tests by India and Pakistan in 1998, are somewhat contested among specialists.
Yields of nuclear explosions can be very hard to calculate, even using numbers as rough as in the kiloton or megaton range (much less down to the resolution of individual terajoules). Even under very controlled conditions, precise yields can be very hard to determine, and for less controlled conditions the margins of error can be quite large. Yields can be calculated in a number of ways, including calculations based on blast size, blast brightness, seismographic data, and the strength of the shock wave. Enrico Fermi famously made a (very) rough calculation of the yield of the Trinity test by dropping small pieces of paper in the air and measuring at how far they were moved by the shock wave of the explosion.
A good approximation of the yield of the Trinity test device was obtained from simple dimensional analysis by the British physicist G. I. Taylor. Taylor noted that the radius R of the blast should initially depend only on the energy E of the explosion, the time t after the detonation, and the density ρ of the air. The only number having dimensions of length that can be constructed from these quantities is:
Using the picture of the Trinity test shown here (which had been publicly released by the U.S. government and published in Life magazine), Taylor estimated that at t = 0.025 s the blast radius was 140 metres. Taking ρ to be 1 kg/m³ and solving for E, he obtained that the yield was about 22 kilotons of TNT (90 TJ). This very simple argument agrees within 10% with the official value of the bomb's yield, 20 kilotons of TNT (84 TJ), which at the time that Taylor published his result was considered highly-classified information. (See G. I. Taylor, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A201, pp. 159, 175 (1950).)
Where this data is not available, as in a number of cases, precise yields have been in dispute, especially when they are tied to questions of politics. The weapons used in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, for example, were highly individual and very idiosyncratic designs, and gauging their yield retrospectively has been quite difficult. The Hiroshima bomb, "Little Boy", is estimated to have been between 12 and 18 kilotonnes of TNT (50 and 75 TJ) (a 20% margin of error), while the Nagasaki bomb, "Fat Man", is estimated to be between 18 and 23 kilotonnes of TNT (75 and 96 TJ) (a 10% margin of error). Such apparently small changes in values can be important when trying to use the data from these bombings as reflective of how other bombs would behave in combat, and also result in differing assessments of how many "Hiroshima bombs" other weapons are equivalent to (for example, the Ivy Mike hydrogen bomb was equivalent to either 867 or 578 Hiroshima weapons — a rhetorically quite substantial difference — depending on whether one uses the high or low figure for the calculation). Other disputed yields have included the massive Tsar Bomba, whose yield was claimed between being "only" 50 megatonnes of TNT (210 PJ) or at a maximum of 57 megatonnes of TNT (240 PJ) by differing political figures, either as a way for hyping the power of the bomb or as an attempt to undercut it.


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The Employment Appeal Tribunal (EAT) has handed down an important decision for UK employers, limiting the right of workers to carry forward holiday entitlement accrued during a period of long-term sickness absence.
Under European law, workers are entitled to a minimum of four weeks' paid holiday each year, which equates to 20 days for full-time workers.
The United Kingdom's Working Time Regulations go further than this and provide UK workers with a minimum entitlement of 5.6 weeks' paid holiday each year, which equates to 28 days for full-time workers.
The interplay between workers' rights to holiday and how those rights are impacted by sick leave has been the subject of much debate in recent years. A particular issue has been to what extent a worker on long-term sick leave, who has been unable to take holiday due to sickness, is entitled to carry forward accrued but untaken holiday to a subsequent holiday year.
In 2012, the Court of Appeal confirmed that workers could carry forward the minimum four week entitlement derived from European law. The Court did not, however, clarify whether the additional 1.6 weeks enjoyed by UK workers ought to be treated in the same way.
That question has now been addressed by the EAT in Sood Enterprises Limited v Healy.
What Did the EAT Decide?
The EAT confirmed that, unless agreed otherwise between the parties, a worker's right to carry forward accrued holiday applies only to the minimum four weeks provided for by European law. There is no entitlement, in such circumstances, for a worker to carry forward the additional 1.6 weeks provided for by UK legislation.
What Does This Mean for Employers?
This decision is good news for employers. It limits exposure to holiday pay in respect of workers who are absent on long-term sick.
Provided his or her employment contract is drafted appropriately, a worker on long-term sick leave will now only be able to carry forward a maximum of four weeks' holiday in respect of any given year, as opposed to 5.6 weeks.
With the benefit of this additional clarity, now is a good time for employers to review the sickness and holiday provisions of HR policies and employment contracts.
See more
DISCLAIMER: Because of the generality of this update, the information provided herein may not be applicable in all situations and should not be acted upon without specific legal advice based on particular situations.
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Where do I go to find housing/shelter information?
Published 01/04/2007 02:07 PM |
Updated 03/11/2016 09:47 AM
Where do I go to find housing/shelter information?
Emergency Shelters can be found or call 211 (First Call) or State Department of Health, Family Helpline @ 800) 433-0746.
Subsidized Housing or Section 8 please call: 800-872-0371
Indiana Housing Community Development Authority Programs:assist in purchasing a home or call: 800-872-0371
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- Full Product description
Serve up an ace when you present him with the gift of Andy Roddick EDT. Ex world No 1 Tennis player Andy Roddick is known for his uncompromising style and he has carried this intensity into the his signature fragrance. Masculine to the core and not afraid to show it, Andy Roddicks EDT is for the man who knows what it is to strive constantly for his goal. The opening serve of the Andy Roddick 50ml EDT scent is clean, modern and sexy with a mix of citrus and lavender cleansing the senses and opening the mind. The Andy Roddick fragrance then returns with sweet spices before smashing a winner with base notes of Oriental Woods. Enticing and uncompromising, sexy and stylish, the Andy Roddick EDT is the fragrance for the sporty man who cares. A gift of Andy Roddick EDT is a trophy for the winner of your heart.
- Delivery Options
FREE deliveries are available when you spend over £40 on a single transaction and you select standard delivery service.
Standard Tracked Delivery charges = £2.95.
Express Next Day Tracked Delivery chages = £4.99
UK Delivery Times
Standard Delivery is estimated to take 3 - 5 working days after dispatch from our warehouse. All orders are picked within 1 - 2 working days.
Order cut-off for standard delivery service is 2pm and fror our express delivery service it is 12pm. Orders placed after 2pm and 12pm respectively will be treated, for the purpose of delivery, as having been placed the next working day. Working Days are defined as Monday – Friday (Excluding weekends, bank and public holidays)- therefore any orders placed after 2pm on Friday will not be processed until Monday.Delivery will be made through Yodel. Your order can be delivered anytime between 7am and 9pm and not necessarily delivered with your everyday post and if you are not in at the time of delivery, a card should be left by Yodel telling you where your order is being held. All delivery timescales are approximate and subject to availability, precise timing cannot be specified.


text: RuPaul's Drag Race Throws A Party & Crowns A WinnerDodai Stewart4/26/11 1:50pmFiled to: WatchRupaul's drag racerupaulRajaManila LuzonCarmen carreradrag queensDragTVReality TVCelebrityEventstweetFb89EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink I'll be honest: I was rooting for my girl Alexis Mateo, because she seems so super sweet. And then, I had this vision that maybe Manila would win, because she has been so consistent. But of course, the winner is… Raja. Naturally. It seemed kind of obvious from the beginning that Raja was blowing the judges away with her high fashion sense and untouchable, frosty attitude. I spoke with Raja at the finale party last night, and she said: One of the most rewarding things about the show, for me, is getting to reach out to kids. Little sissy youth, little butch youth, little boys and girls who feel like they might be born in the wrong body. Kids who feel different, or get picked on. Having those kids write to me and email me — they're so cute! They're 13 years old, telling me how seeing me has allowed them to open up conversations with their families. In some ways I wish I had someone to look up to… But I did, actually: RuPaul." I kind of warmed up to Raja after that, to be honest. And then, when I went home and watched the show, I discovered that Raja is a Gemini, like me. Wonder twins.So: Pics from the finale party! Raja also told me she recently watched a Jersey Shore marathon and was really into it. "It was a really fascinating social experiment, and I enjoyed the tragedy of it all," she explained.Manila told me her favorite challenge was the sci-fi/space episode, because she loves being "wacky and geeky." She also loved doing a song for RuPaulapalooza, and said, "Ke$ha, move over!" When I said i'd love to see a Mania Luzon video, Manila joked: "It'll have to be on a wide screen, honey, just to get all my hair in the shot."I asked Alexis Mateo if she still keeps in touch with Slava. She said that they text, and write on each other's Facebook walls, and so on. Matt Cherette from Gawker was with me, wearing a Pac-man shirt, and Alexis said that she loved it, and loved Atari. "That's how our generation learned to give handjobs," she laughed.Mimi Imfurst!Mariah was dressed like the white swan and the black swan.I was so psyched to be there, I was like a kid in a drag queen candy store.Miss Stacey Layne Matthews.It seemed like maybe Yara was wasted, but then again, that might just be her personality?Carmen Carrera and her hot hot husband were there. Also, if you have not seen this, then, um, yeah. (NSFW-ish)You could hear Shangela saying "Hallelu!" from across the room. Also, while Manila and Raja were about nine feet tall, Shangela was about 5'5". In heels. Surprising!BTW, In case you didn't notice: Manila dressed like she'd won.Reply89 repliesLeave a reply


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The Eagles kick off FBS and the 2014 season on the road at NC State. Preview and analysis. Brought to you by Franklin Toyota, the Georgia Southern Athletic Department and Wal Mart of Statesboro.
2014-08-29 15:48:41
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About the San Antonio Select Sale
Underwritten By Don Pedro Mexican Restaurant
The San Antonio Select Sale is an elite Quarter Horse and Paint Horse auction for buyers and sellers.
The San Antonio Select Sale & San Antonio Ranch Gelding Sale will be offering at public auction over 300 registered Quarter Horses & Paint Horses. These two sales offer the buyer a selection of quality consignments consisting of the top bloodlines in the nation, excellent conformation, performance horses for any aspect of riding and one of the largest selections of color available anywhere.
Schedule of Events
Select Horse Sale Exhibition - February 17, 2017 | 5:00pm | Expo Hall
Select Horse Sale - February 18, 2017 | 11:00am | Auction Barn
For More Information or to Receive a Sale Catalog, Contact:
Segraves & Associates
P.O. Box 224, Midlothian, Texas 76065
Phone: (972) 775-2880
Website: www.DDSegraves.com
Email: [email protected]


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Tuesday, November 9, 2010
☞ DWELL: 235 West 136th Street Brownstone
The 16 foot wide townhouse at 235 West 136th Street has been on the market a couple of weeks and the SRO status building has some good and bad things going for it. First of all, the block between FDB/8th Avenue and ACP/7th Avenue at this part of the village is definitely quite charming. All of the townhouses are intact and not really a shell in sight. Also, subway access is only an avenue and a half over in either direction at 135th Street and there's even a Certificate of Non Harassment in place. So the big issue here would be converting this chopped up building (that doesn't have any interior photos to show) into a single or 2-family home. As far as amenities, the general area still doesn't have too much going on so it's a purely residential block. At the initial asking of $995K, it will be interesting to see what the townhouse finally goes for. Thoughts on an SRO at this price range?
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text: BRAVE CONDITION: Cost 3 or more. [LV1] (When Summoned) Deploy all purple, green and blue nexus cards in your trash to your field without paying the cost. [When Braved] (Each Player's Attack Step) When a spirit with a cost of 4 or less attacks, after that battle, the attack step is over.


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Epic Bible College Majors |
The life of a college student is awesome. But it's also expensive. Every year you spend at college costs money.
If saving money is important, look for a college that fits you well and provides the support you need to finish your degree on-time.
It's okay to change majors, repeat a class to improve your grade, or take some extra classes that interest you. But it's going to cost you. Ask colleges what support they offer to help you plot a course to graduating on time.
This college offers weekend classes.
LIBERAL ARTS AND SCIENCES, GENERAL STUDIES AND HUMANITIES | Associate | Bachelor |
General Studies | 5 | - |
THEOLOGY AND RELIGIOUS VOCATIONS | Associate | Bachelor |
Pre-Theology/Pre-Ministerial Studies | 27 | - |
Theological and Ministerial Studies, Other | - | 25 |
This college is very serious about academics and does not go easy on you. This is a good thing, because they push you so that you do your best in…
They do push you to do your best.…


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Tuesday, March 5, 2013
Reader Spotlight - Shelia Badillo's School Set-Up
Shelia has been so nice sharing her amazing photos with us and sent in some more featuring her area designated for playing school with her and her daughter's dolls. We love all the little details and accessories that she has made or picked up here and there. She shared that the desk was actually an unfinished wood step that she found at AC Moore.
Here is an over view shot of the classroom in it's entirety. Looks like someone knows the answer to something! So much fun! Thanks so much Sheila for sharing these photos with us at AG Doll Play!
10 comments :
- TheresaMarch 6, 2013 at 8:17 AM
Way too cute! Love it. BTW, Been looking for a handwriting alaphbet strip like that for my daughter to create her own room. Anyone know where to find a printable like that?
ReplyDelete @ Theresa, there are a whole bunch of school type fonts here: http://www.dafont.com/theme.php?cat=602
You could type out your own alphabet and print it off in sections and put it together!! Good luck and if you make one please share a photo with us on the Facebook page, we'd love to see it!- AnonymousNovember 6, 2013 at 9:10 PM
Yeah, where did you get the bookshelf? I need ideas for improvements for my doll school, any ideas? I would love it if you gave me some ideas
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Coined "The Popular City in Texas", Washington TX offers visitors good two worlds. Towards the south from the popular and bustling city, is a metropolitan skyline; that features tile mosaic murals, hidden fountains, arched bridges and stunning architectural design/detail. To the north, the rolling landscape with the Texas Hill Country, provides sightseers with the tranquility and ambiance; of the picturesque countryside.
Twenty million tourists visit the city, and it is beautiful sights/attractions; every year. It's inspired Tourism, to become a major focus; of San Antonio's diversified economy. Records show that welcome guests and visitors, contribute substantially on the city's coffers. Actually, recent reports demonstrate that Seattle, washington Tourism, employs 94,000 citizens and it has an 8.7 most important economic impact; on the local economy and community.
The consistent mild temperatures in Texas, guarantees that eager visitors will have ample possibility to benefit from the breathtaking sights; and thrilling adventures. Regrettably though, this climactic blessing comes with a price; for homeowners and local bug control specialist. The warm climate, along with the introduction of homes and landscaping on the region, has encouraged multiplication of pest problems. The most common problems encountered by residents and exterminators, include: Texas Fire Ants, Spiders and Scorpions. The immediate concern of local residents and city officials, is that an unsuspecting guest or visitor, will inadvertently fall victim to an agonizing sting or bite; ruining a typically tremendous evening, visit or vacation.
Rest assured, dependable pest control specialists in the area, including exterminators in Austin and Houston Texas; wage a day-to-day battle contrary to the unwanted pest invaders. Their ongoing efforts are driven by a strong resolve for ensure a safe and comfortable home and community; for Dallas residents and their welcome visitors.


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Subject: | Re: I want to be the first to say... |
Author: | Holly (guest, 184.108.40.206) |
Date: | December 2, 2002 at 4:06:27 PM |
Reply to: | Re: I want to be the first to say... by Yahalome |
ahh, we were going to have fish but then my dad and bro said no. but they said yes the first time we asked them! :)
Because this message is archived you cannot respond to it. |
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A British airline stewardess has fallen to her death from a high-rise building in the United Arab Emirates city of Dubai.
Evelyn Clarke, originally from Ayrshire in Scotland, is believed to have died of multiple injuries after falling from the tower block following an evening out.
According to reports, the 30-year-old - who worked mainly for the Emirates airline - was not suffering any personal problems prior to her death, and Dubai police are not believed to be investigating the incident as a suicide.
A spokesman for the Foreign Office told Scotland's Evening Times: "We can confirm the death of a British national on April 7 in Dubai. We are providing consular assistance."
Police are said to be interviewing the last people to see Ms Clarke alive, although there was no comment on the circumstances of her death, or whether anyone else may have been involved.
A Facebook page has appeared in acknowledgement of Ms Clarke's death, where friends and colleagues have posted tributes to her. So far the page has amassed over 700 'likes'.
Natalie Gibson said: "Sometimes things knock you for 6, another beautiful person taken from us, sleep peacefully sweetheart."
Jamie Senadhira wrote: "Such sad news today hearing of the loss of Evelyn Clarke - you will be missed - far to [sic] young to leave us #RIP"
Laura Kelly, added: "RIP Evelyn Clarke, such sad news. Your (sic) with the angels now xx"
The Evening Times reported another friend as posting a picture on the page with an accompanying message that read: "This is the way Evelyn looked at life, always smiling, always happy…She wanted to travel the world and see as much as possible, she couldn't get enough of it".
The message went on: "Her positive attitude and energy could light up the whole sky…Those who have met her will never forget her."
Ms Clarke's death comes less than a month after another British woman fell to her death from a high rise building in Dubai.
Abbie Emmett, of Addlestone in Surrey, died just days into her honeymoon following a wedding in South Africa.
The 27-year-old is believed to have accidentally fallen from an open window.
- More about:
- Diplomacy
- Foreign And Commonwealth Office
- Scotland


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Abraham Edward John Sanford (1906-1982) |
Abraham Edward John Sanford
Another name for Abraham was Jack. General Notes: Was a professional fisherman and also worked for the S E C. Research Notes: BDM information courtesy of genealogist Sue Pringle (nee Sanford) Noted events in his life were: • Occupation: Professional fisherman & later worked for State Electricity Comission (SEC). • Registered Death, 1982, Yarra, Vic, Australia. 8743 • Occupation: Boilermaker. (as per death certificate) Abraham married Alice Agnes Taylor on 2 Jun 1928 in Clifton Hill, Vic., Australia. (Alice Agnes Taylor was born on 1 Nov 1907 in Collingwood, Victoria, Australia, died on 4 Oct 1998 in Brunswick East, Vic., Australia and was buried on 8 Oct 1998 in Fawkner Cemetery, Vic., Australia.) |
Table of Contents | Surnames | Name List
This Web Site was Created 25 Feb 2017 with Legacy 8.0 from Millennia


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More About FLUFFYWONKENOBE
Visit My SparkPage Send Me SparkMail
Recipes I've Shared:
my home-made version of Wendy's seasonal offering
I served this with "Baked Chicken Breast with Swiss cheese and Asparagus" by RAINBOWCO - put potatoes in same dish to bake. Awesome!
Using turkey sausage and skim milk "skinnies" down an old favorite breakfast treat!
This is a delicious, extremely simple dish to make! I serve it with rice.
This recipe is very quick & easy to make and tastes great! I would have added onions but I was out; try it with onions if you like!
I had pork chops thawed and wanted pasta so I came up with this recipe - it's delicious!
I make this up in a large Tupperware container and keep on hand all winter long! Makes a wonderfully rich, hot chocolate drink!
A wonderfully tangy sauce adds delicious flavor to simple pork chops - a very easy recipe!!
The original recipe is made in a 13x9 glass dish with a graham cracker crust but you can also make this dessert in a large glass bowl without the crust.
Lighter version of Broken Glass Pudding - this version does not have the graham cracker crust.
This makes a beautiful and flavorful dessert for special dinners!
a gentle citrus flavor added to a basic chicken stir-fry gives it a little zing!
You can't get much easier than this and the flavor is incredible!
Vitamin-packed, 6 grams of fiber - great way to start your day!
Declicate seasonings give this meal a mediterranean flair! Make for one person or double the recipe for two!
Tomato soup straight from the can just doesn't appeal to me, so I sparked it up a bit! Great for those cold, rainy January days!
Easy pasta dish for 2 people. Or for one with a meal for another day!
original recipe by DBOWYER1 (Penne Casserole w/Ground Beef)
This light & fluffy dish can be used as either a side dish or dessert. Delicious!
A great low-fat side dish for Thanksgiving dinner! Attractive presentation, and taste delicious! The original recipe was found at www.lowfatcooking.about.com - I changed the marinade ingredients to reduce the calories a bit
A quick, easy & flavorful dish! Just add your choice of vegetable or salad for a complete meal!
A large batch of Chili for those large get-togethers! Extremely easy to prepare!
I combined 2 recipes contributed by Sparkpeople members (Seasoned Red Potatoes by Ericasimps & Red Pepper & Lemon baked Chicken by QLRLMB05) to make this dish. I used red, green & yellow bell peppers. This dish has a very tangy, meditteranean flavor - wonderful! Thanks to ericasimps & QLRLMB05 for the original recipes!
My Taco Casserole made with ground turkey and fat-free cheese
Full meal in one dish! (recipe found on Facebook)
Recipes I've Rated:
- Stuffed Chicken Breasts
- Low-Carb Lettuce Wraps
- Nick's Tangy Pork Chops
- Baked Chicken with Garlic and Sun Dried Tomatoes
- Cocoa Crusted Pork Tenderloin
- Roasted Pork Chops with Sweet Potatoes & Apples
- Baked Chicken Breast with Swiss Cheese and Asparagus
- Slow Cooker Pinto Beans w/ Smoked Ham Hocks
- Easy Lemon Chicken
- French Onion Cubed Steak
- Spinach-Berry Salad
- Chicken Citrus Salad
- Garlic Brown Sugar Chicken
- Easy Zucchini Parmesan
- Creamy Ranch Pork Chops & Rice
- Spinach with Golden Raisins and Pine Nuts
- red pepper and lemon baked chicken
- Pumpkin Bars
- Honey Garlic Pork Chops
- Honey Ginger Pot Roast
- Chicken Curry
- Cashew Beef and Broccoli Stir-Fry
- Pork fajita
- Stuffed Green Peppers
- Israeli Salad
- Savannah Salmon Patty
- Smothered Pork Chops
- Grilled Lemon Chicken
- Slow Cooker Pork Roast or Chops
- Keema (Ground Beef Casserole)
- Ground Beef Curry
- Broiled Asparagus
- Turkey Enchiladas


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Um.... what?
8 comments:
- Maren said...
Oh there's lots more out there. Kids love this stuff. /former Children's Dept shelver
*Everyone Poops
*Where's the Poop?
*It Hurts When I Poop! - February 25, 2009 at 10:52 PM
- Teacherninja said...
What's brown and sounds like radar?
Pooooooooooop. - February 26, 2009 at 11:25 AM
My FAVORITE children's book: The Story of Mister Mole Who Went In Search of Whodunit (Werner Holzwarth)
Hint: He is NOT wearing a hat.
-- Feral Boy
p.s. What's brown and sounds like a bell?
DUNNNNNGGGGG - February 26, 2009 at 3:38 PM
- JamiSings said...
Maybe we should fix the moose up with the constipated lady from the cover of Silence Fell. It might cancel out their pooping problems.
- February 26, 2009 at 4:17 PM
- BikerPuppy said...
Maren, I once saw a video clip of Patrick Stewart reading Everyone Poops. I still laugh when I think about it. Here he is, very serious face, a Shakespearean actor (not to mention Cpt. Jean-Luc Picard!) reading out loud about poop! It's probably on YouTube somewhere.
- February 27, 2009 at 11:22 AM
- Lyndee said...
*snort* BAHHH HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA
HAHAHAHAHAHA *gasp* HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA
HAHAHhahahaha. heh heh. *wipes eyes*
Ohhh man. Thank you. I needed that. - March 1, 2009 at 12:50 AM
- The.Effing.Librarian said...
did you ever see the book I made called Poop, that took me over an hour to draw??? -poop book-
look at it please... I like it so much! - March 6, 2009 at 6:34 PM
- punkeymonkey529 said...
now I can't stop laughing....
- May 6, 2010 at 8:08 PM