text:
Williams Bros 1/32 Schoenfeldt Firecracker Kit First Look
By Ray Mehlberger
Date of Review | July 2008 | Manufacturer | Williams Bros |
Subject | Schoenfeldt Firecracker | Scale | 1/32 |
Kit Number | 32118 | Primary Media | Styrene |
Pros | Neat sleek 1930's racing plane | Cons | Nothing noticeable |
Skill Level | Basic | MSRP (USD) | Out of Production |
First Look
In the early 1930's, many designers began looking at the new four and six cylinder engines to install in the small racing planes. One of these designers was Keith Rider, an aeronautical engineer since 1915. The first of Rider's racers was an all wood airplane named the B-1. It was the start of the design features which became typical of the Rider airplanes. Two new racers were built, powered by Menasco engines. The R-1, powered by the six cylinder engine and the R-2, powered by the four cylinder version. The next two racers had conventional welded tube fuselages with sheet metal for the turtleback and forward cowling, wooden wings made from plywood and fabric covered. Both the R-4 and R-5 had six cylinder Manasco engines. These Rider built aircraft flew in the 1936 National Air Races.
William "Bill" Schoenfeldt was a local pilot in the 1930's, who became wealthy in Costa Rica. He returned in 1935 and went into real estate. At the 1936 Air Races at Mines Field (now Los Angeles International) he became interested in air racing. He purchased the Keith Rider R-4 and began modifications, to the extent it became potentially the fastest racer of all. The new and heavier Manasco Super Buccaneer C-654 made a very forward center of gravity that required a lead weight in the tail. Wheel brakes were installed, and were the cause of a nose over on landing at the St. Louis races, breaking the prop, after placing second in the first race.
A young man, named Tony LeVier, having some experience in air-fair racing, applied for the job of flying the Firecracker when first purchased by Schoenfeldt. However, it had already been offered to Gus Gotch, an older more experienced pilot. In the 1937 National Air Races, there were two Rider aircraft. Earl Ortman in the R-3, a larger radial engined version, and Gus Gotch in the R-4 "Firecracker". The 1937 Thompson Trophy Race was lengthened to 200 miles. The Menasco engine was dissembled and modified to gain more RPM. A skin type oil cooler replaced the curved top panel of the engine cowling. The Firecracker placed third in the Greve Trophy Race and seventh in the Thompson Trophy Race.
After the 1937 racing season, Schoenfeldt offered Tony LeVier the job of flying the Firecracker with the provision that Tony would take over the entire work of preparing the airplane for the 1938 racing season. Being an experienced aircraft mechanic, Tony was able to do most of the work himself, calling on friends for advice or other help when needed. With the airplane ready for test flying, Tony called Roger Don Ray, who had previously flown the R-4, for his advice on flying the airplane. Except for being out of trim to the left, the airplane and engine performed beautifully and small trim tabs were added to the ailerons which cured the trim problem.
In qualifying for the Oakland Race, Tony ran into a problem with gear retraction. The Firecracker accelerated so fast after take-off, cranking up the gear became impossible. The air pressure locked the gear about ¾ of the up position. Not the best thing to have to do at the start of a race. Tony won both the limited class races on the first day. In spite of fumes from a fuel leak and a drop in oil pressure, Tony finished third in the unlimited race behind Ortman and Turner.
For the 1938 National Air Races, overhaul of engine and fuel tank was made. Upon arrival at Cleveland, a test flight was made and Schoenfeldt told Tony to "see how fast the Firecracker can go". After several mild passes near 300 mph, Tony applied full throttle for a pass that topped 330 mph. However, the new special racing fuel burned a hole into the top of a piston during the pass. A complete overhaul was required before Tony qualified the next day at 260 mph.
At the 1938 Greve Trophy Race line up; pole position Art Chester, Tony LeVier, Harry Crosby, Joe Jacobson, Earl Ortman, and George Dory. The flag drops, take off, climb to crank gear up, nose down, four racing planes ahead. LaVier overtakes all but Chester. He passed Chester at lap 2, was passed by Chester on 4th lap. With his speed at 280mph he passed Chester on 5th lap, Chester was again in the lead on the 6th lap. Lead changed several more times. LeVier's engine misfiring, on the 10th lap and Tony reduced power to save the engine. Chester took the lead on lap 15, but cut a pylon and must recircle. Entering the 20th and last lap, Chester goes by like a rocket. LeVier applied full throttle to his sick engine and went by Chester like a faster rocket and wins by four seconds.
LeVier landed with a misfiring engine. With the switch off, he landed in an area full of chock-holes and ruts. Firecracker started porpoising, with each bounce increasing until landing gear struts broke with a bang – putting all landing gear loads on the spar which twisted tip to tip and ripped loose from the wing and fuselage. The Firecracker was out of the Thompson Race without a wing.
For the 1939 races, a new airfoil was used in building the new wing. Wheel-wells were arranged to allow full retraction. Previously, the wheels protruded below the wing surfaces. A new nose cowl was fabricated allowing better cooling for the engine and accessories. The "Jet" exhaust stacks were installed to use the thrust of expelled exhaust gases, for forward thrust from the engine. Another fuel tank was added behind the cockpit, because of extended distance of the Thompson Race. The rear center of gravity created when fuel was added, made the take-off highly dangerous.
The Firecracker was first to qualify at the 1939 National Air races, at a speed of 277,135mph. Roscoe Turner made the pole position at 297,767mph for the Thompson Race. LeVier made the pole position for the Greve Race. At the start of the Greve Race, Tony lost ground in his steep climb to crank up his landing gear. Art Chester and Harry Crosby are were well ahead as Tony headed for #1 pylon. Chester was passed in the 6th lap, as Tony hit 300mph. The engine began misfiring badly. Only one thing for Tony to do was land. Steve Wittman told Tony "try new magneto coils". The engine ran much smoother, after Bendix representatives furnished new magneto coils. Head had taken it's toll on the old coils at mid point in each race.
Seven racers lined up for the Thompson Race. With full tanks, "Firecracker's" center of gravity now at 43% is 15% behind the normal 28% center of gravity. Soft ground, created from rain, holds back and extended take off. In the air, steep climb – with full forward stick, crank up the gear at 500 ft, now Tony started to level flight. It seemed forever getting back on course. In the 5th lap, Tony passed Ortman and Chester. Fuel was gone from the rear tank and the center of gravity was now normal for the 7th lap. Turner had cut a pylon on the 2nd lap and circled it, passing LeVier. Tony had led the race from the 5th lap, until Turner caught and passed him with two laps to go. Tony mistakenly thought Turner had not lapped him and did not attempt to catch up, for the finish. At full throttle, the Firecracker was the faster airplane. The Firecracker was considered by all to be the fastest racing plane in the National Air Races.
Williams Brothers had a changing of the guard, in December of 2004. After 45 years in business, and founded by the late, original brothers Larry and Gainger, the immediate family could not continue the business. So, in March of 2005, all rights and assets required to produce the original products were purchased and moved from Los Osos, CA to Taylor, TX by Brett Industries, Inc.
To sustain the legacy of the original founders, the parent corporation will continue to operate under the brand name of "Williams Brothers Model Products". The return of the products back to production began in August of 2005, with shipments starting in late August.
With nearly 200 products needed, production will focus priorities in the order of wheels, guns, pilots, engines, aircraft kits, HO kits and accessories until inventory can sustain operations at reasonable levels.
At the time that my 20 year old kit was produced in the 80's, Williams Bros. was based in San Marcos, California.
The kit comes in an end-opening type box. The boxart shoes the R-4 Schoenfeldt Firecracker rounding a red and white checkered pylon. It is painted overall canary yellow
Except for the top of the engine cowling, which in 1938 – 1939 was left natural metal and highly polished. It carried the racing number "70" in red numerals shaded in orange on the fuselage sides and on top of the left wing and below the right wing., the registration number NX26IY was shaded the same and appeared on the top of the right wing and below the left wing. The registration number was repeated again in small black letters on the tail, An exploding firecracker appears on the cowling of the aircraft with the name Schoenfeldt across the center of it. This artwork appears on the other side of the cowling too, but without the Schoenfeldt on it. Tony LeVier's name appears below the cockpit in small letters.
Side panels of the box give color boxarts of other aircraft kits in the Williams Bros. Line.
In 1/32nd scale: the Seversky P-35/S2 fighter, the Wendell Williams racer and the Gee Bee R-1 and Gee Bee Z racers, a Caudron racer & a Sparrowhawk fighter.
In 1/72nd scale: the Boeing 247 airliner, the Northrop Gamma, the Douglas World Cruiser (shown with wheeled gear).
In 1/48th scale: the Ford Flivver aircraft and the Corben Super Ace.
The back of the box repeats all of these aircraft again as black and white photos of the models made up. Added to the 1/72nd ones is the Curtiss C-46 Commando and the World Cruiser is shown with floats, and the Martin B-10B bomber. Four different Pilot figures, offered in various scales and factory painted are shown, four machine guns, three aircraft engines and loose cylinders and wheels. You could get a price list from Williams Bros. for sending them a self-addressed stamped envelope. Their address appears here too So the box is a virtual catalog for Williams Bros. stuff. However, kit numbers are not given, nor the scales that the pilots, machine guns, engines and cylinders or wheels come in.
The kit contains a sealed cello bag that holds a large and a small medium gray parts tree and a single clear cockpit canopy piece.
The decal sheet and instructions complete the kit's contents. There is a slip in the kit that says that if you are missing a part or a part is defective to please contact Williams Brothers direct, with their address in San Marcos, CA.
The instructions consist of a single sheet that is folded in the center into 4 pages of 8 ½" x 11" (letter size) format.
Page 1 gives the history of the Firecracker.
Page 2 has a six-view line drawing of the Firecracker showing marking locations. These illustrations are said to have been done by Lion Graphics. There is a small black and white photo at the bottom of the page of the actual Firecracker sitting on a grass field with a control tower in the background.
Page 3 begins with "general information", painting instructions, construction instructions, acknowledgement of persons that helped with the design of the kit and references. Another black and white photo of the Firecracker surrounded by people appears at the bottom of the page.
Page 4 starts with a photo of the Firecracker (again in black and white) with Dusty Carter in the cockpit, in front of some hangars. This is followed by an exploded parts drawing to used for assembly of the model.
The first medium gray parts tree holds: 2 alternate noses (one for 1938 and one for 1939), the fuselage halves, the two bladed propeller, the landing gear doors, the landing gear oleos, the wheels, the horizontal tail surfaces, the cockpit floor, engine crankcase, engine firewall, pitot tube, tail props, instrument panel, rudder pedals and exhaust pipes etc. (31 parts)
The second smaller medium gray tree holds the upper and lower wing halves. (2 parts molded full span each)
The single cockpit transparency and decal sheet are next. In addition to the large decal sheet (already described above), there is a small decal of just the instrument panel gauges too.
I recommend the kit to those modelers with a few other kit's under their belts. Some things in Williams Bros. kits always need to be tweaked one way or the other as a rule.


text:
The Letter
A Total Spa 24 Setting Combo Shower Head is the sort of shower head you write home about. And who bothers to write home these days?
Dear Mom and Dad,
It was lovely to see you over Thanksgiving. After a few months using the dorm shower, I finally understood what you meant when you'd yell at me about how "one day (I'd) understand!" Today, truly, I feel I know the depth of what it truly means to be a responsible adult.
Why, you ask? The answer may shock you: because I now know what it is to have loved and lost. Of course, I mean the Total Spa 24 Setting Combo Shower Head in our family's bathroom. A shower head much unlike the one now in my dorm today.
I urge you, Mom and Dad. Each day when you wake, thank the Heavens for the 8 single and 16 combined flow patterns. Look to the rising sun and scream "Joy! Joy for the advanced 3-zone precision!" Cherish each day you have with the ergonomic handle, because, one day, you might find yourself without it. I have learned such a fate is a fate … worse than death.
I hope you are both well, and I am already looking forward to the Winter Break, when I will be able to see you, my college friends, and my beloved Total Spa 24 Setting Combo Shower Head once more. Also, please put some more money in my account when you get a chance, and thank you in advance for that.
Love from college,
- Experience your best shower ever with the Total Spa 24-setting ultra-luxury chrome shower head
- Choose from 8 single and 16 combined flow patterns
- Shower heads can be used separately or together for up to 24 different settings
- Advanced 3-zone precision flow dial with self-cleaning jets
- Click lever dial for easy turning
- 3-way water diverter with built-in adjustable angle mount diverts water flow where you want it
- Ergonomic handle gives you an extra-comfortable grip
- Crafted from plastic and stainless steel with premium chrome finish
- Installs in minutes without tools
- Includes 59" stainless steel super flexible hose
Shipping Note: Eligible for shipping to all 50 states
Warranty: Limited Lifetime Interlink
Specifications | |
5-Functions: |
Care: |
Package Measurements: | L 7.25" x W 2.75" x H 12" |
Flexible Hose Length: | 59" |
In the Box:
- (1) Total Spa 24 Setting Ultra Luxury Multi Shower
Sales Stats
- Speed to First Woot:
- 1m 7.990s
- First Sucker:
- james1986va
- Last Wooter to Woot:
- staceytoddwebster
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12 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
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Hi, I'm Tristan.
I'm an American writer and publisher currently living and traveling around the world. My personal blog is The Aloof, and I post there about my travels and adventures.
I've written and published a bunch of books, and you can view my Amazon author page here. My books include the following:
- 101 Rock Climbing Tips and Tricks
- SUV RVing: How to Travel, Camp, Sleep, Explore, and Thrive in the Ultimate Tiny House (And I started a new blog about SUV RVing too.)
- Hiking Arches National Park: An Opinionated Guide to the Park's Best Hikes
- A few books about trekking in Nepal
- A few books about blogging
- And a few books about various other things
For fun I've written books about things like poetry, zombies for babies, Spanish cognates, and vegetarian tyrannosaurus rexes.
I also started and run FKB.me, the best place to go if you want free Kindle books every day.
Some of my other side projects include ClimbingGIFs.com and @JustShowHN.


text:
Lin abused Hinrich tonight
Lin abused Hinrich tonight
Sponsored Links |
We should have resigned lin. Point blank period. I said it right after last season. Smh it hurts to see him ball on another team.
The triangle
He felt that one
Bye Bye Haters
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agreed. if it's any consolation to Knicks fan, Lin would've never found success on the Knicks. 'melo doesn't have Harden's willingness to work with Lin. i had the feeling the Woodson didn't like Lin either. nor did JR Smith. so Lin leaving was for the best of both sides...Knicks' chemistry and Lin's career.
I think Kidd would have balanced everything out. He's a coach on the court and our true vocal leader in the locker room. Jeremy would have been just fine here as the number one playmaker on this team. I think Melo and him would eventually learn to play with each other, both are smart players they would have made it work. And who cares about what J.R. thinks.
The wild card here is Kidd to me, if Kidd wasn't here, then their might have been issues in the locker room.
Last edited by Blitzace137; 12-26-2012 at 01:06 AM.
Look at this ish: Lin taking charges, blocking shots, steals, droppin' dimes, blowin' past Hinrich again and again, post ups against li'l Wayne (I mean Nate), floaters, jumpers, and my favorite moment: 4:57 in, Nate calls Lin a motherf---er and Lin blows by him for a layup.
Sponsored Links |


text:
Town Square
San Ramon Valley Fire receives second tech honor
Original post made on Apr 26, 2011
Read the full story here Web Link posted Monday, April 25, 2011, 12:13 PM
a resident of San Ramon
on Apr 26, 2011 at 7:50 am
Thank you for your above-and-beyond excellence SRVFPD and Congratulations.
a resident of Danville
on Apr 26, 2011 at 3:04 pm
who pays for the trip to DC and the strip clubs?
a resident of Vista Grande Elementary School
on Apr 26, 2011 at 5:08 pm
jrm is a registered user.
Isn't Sandee one of the ones on the board that has supposedly had oversight over the pension scandal and just rubber stamped the gravy train? She is enriching her pols at our expense....wake up folks...this is ridiculous...the strip club comment was tacky, but Sandee....we are now hip to the fact you have failed all your fiduciary responsibility to the taxpayers, please do not pose in front of the Flag in your pics anymore...thank God for the press.


text:
The Collected Poems Of Red Jordan Arobateau (1957 -1978) --3.
Paperback, 140 Pages
Prints in 3-5 business days
Approximately 800 poems were written by the author over a twenty-year time frame. Originally published in 33 chapbooks, in the 1970's in small chap books Red self-printed by mimeograph, machine copy, & stencil 'back in the day' before Xerox photo copy, which he distributed in the streets and gay bars. They were combined & republished in 1996, in a 2-volume poetry collection. THE AGE OF OM, and, THE IRON WOMAN. They contain Early Poems (1957-1967). Women's Liberation Poems (1970's). God Poems & Other Later Works (1976-1978). Some of the epic poems are COME TO THE BLACK MARKET, and THE CITY WHERE THERE'S FIRE!
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Product Details
- 9781300710707
- Copyright
- Red Jordan Arobateau (Standard Copyright License)
- Edition
- 8
- Publisher
- Published
- August 14, 2013
- Language
- English
- Pages
- 140
- Binding
- Perfect-bound Paperback
- Interior Ink
- Black & white
- Weight
- 0.58 lbs.
- Dimensions (inches)
- 6 wide x 9 tall
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text:
Irvine girl's crash death: justice 'impossible'
IRVINE – Ashton Sweet's mother yearns to meet the people who carry in their bodies living pieces of her daughter.
The 16-year-old California girl who received Ashton's heart.
The men, both married with children, who have her kidneys.
The baby boy and preteen girl who got portions of her liver.
"I just want to still feel connected to Ashton, and I believe that seeing them alive will help me do that," Elizabeth Sweet said. But she can't bring herself to reach out. "I'm afraid to write to them. It's so hard to find the right words. I don't want them to think I expect anything from them."
Ashton died one year ago this month when a suspected drunken driver with a previous DUI conviction drove his pickup into the sedan she was in at an Irvine intersection on Memorial Day weekend. She was just 14.
Her parents donated her organs to help others live.
The incident struck a nerve in Orange County, sparking sadness and anger, vigils and letters. Nearly 1,000 people attended the memorial service for Ashton, a fun-loving teenager with a knack for lifting spirits and helping others. The Northwood High freshman cheerleader hoped to attend culinary school and start a healthy food catering business.
Austin Jeffrey Farley, the suspect, is charged with murder in Ashton's death. He pleaded not guilty. His jury trial, which was to begin May 21, was postponed because one of his defense attorneys is sick and in the hospital. A new trial date has not been set. Farley, 27, remains in county jail.
The Irvine resident pleaded guilty 21 times to misdemeanor crimes before the crash, spending 50 days in county jail. In a previous DUI case, he was made aware that driving under the influence could cause the death of another person and that he could be charged with murder if that happened, according to the District Attorney's office.
The crash, just after 1 a.m. May 29, hurt three other teen girls and the Irvine dad who was driving them back from his daughter's 15th birthday celebration. One of the girls was rendered unconscious with a rib fracture, a lacerated spleen and a punctured lung, D.A. records show.
Ashton suffered fractures to her skull, clavicle, spinal column and ribs, a collapsed lung and severe trauma to her brain, according to a coroner's report. In the moments just after the collision, she still had a faint pulse and was breathing slightly, according to Irvine Police.
Farley and his girlfriend, who was with him, were not seriously hurt in the incident. County crime lab experts say he had a blood-alcohol level 2.5 times the legal limit to drive. At the scene, Farley emitted a strong odor of alcohol, slurred his speech and had bloodshot eyes, police reported. He is accused of running a red light.
The teen girls who survived the crash declined to comment for this story, but Michael Ghaemi, the dad who was driving them, said the collision and its aftermath still haunt him. Even now, a year later, he won't drive at night.
"I keep feeling like a car is coming my way, even though there isn't," he said.
Ghaemi started non-profit group Carry the Cause to raise funds for DUI awareness and prevention.
The crash shocked and brought together the Northwood High community.
"We're proud of how our students supported and cared for one another during this tragedy," Northwood High Principal Leslie Roach said. "They'll always remember the pain of losing Ashton ... it hopefully prompts them to think about their own actions, to make good choices and to enjoy the time they have together."
The vast memorial of flowers, candles and messages on the northeast corner of Culver Drive and Irvine Boulevard, where the crash occurred, is no longer there. But in September, the city of Irvine planted a crepe myrtle tree there in Ashton's memory.
"A tree is forever. It flowers with eternal color and is a reminder not only of what is, but what could have been," city spokesman Craig Reem said. "That tree is Ashton, and like her it is a thing of beauty."
A year after her death, Ashton's family is still reeling from the pain.
"The grief can be overwhelming," said David Pidcock, Ashton's stepfather. "It comes on without warning, all of a sudden."
Ashton's cell phone line remains on the family's wireless plan. They just don't want to remove it. They savor all hints of her presence.
"It's been a hard year," Elizabeth Sweet said. "It devastates a family, even when the family pulls together, as ours did. We haven't accomplished much, aside from processing our feelings and surviving. I suppose that's an accomplishment in and of itself. I was warned this tragedy could tear apart my family and marriage. So in that sense, we are blessed with a deeper family bond than we had before, but what a price we paid."
Despite her desire, Sweet is unsure when she'll reach out to the recipients of Ashton's organs.
At OneLegacy, the non-profit agency that handled their donations, the process for donor families and recipient patients meeting each other begins with one party sending a letter to the other anonymously through the agency. Only when both parties consent are their identities revealed, spokeswoman Elena de la Cruz said.
The agency declined to ask the recipients of Ashton's organs if they would speak with The Orange County Register.
Sweet plans to mark the anniversary of her daughter's death by visiting the intensive-care nurses who cared for her at Western Medical Center in Santa Ana and by donating gift certificates in the nurses' honor to non-profit group Families Forward. She will also join a memorial candlelight vigil planned at "Ashton's corner" on May 29, the date of the crash.
It's unclear when Farley's trial will start, but Sweet says she'll be there each day. When asked what sentence would reflect justice if he is found guilty, she pondered the question before answering.
"No amount of jail time, or even his life, could bring me satisfaction or peace," she said. "Justice for me and my family is simply impossible."
Contact the writer: email@example.com or 714-796-7951
- Hundreds remember girl killed in crash, Ashton Sweet
- Ashton Sweet 'lived up to her name'
- Man in deadly crash had 50 days in O.C. jail
- Irvine crash victim declared dead
- Prayer vigil held for cheerleader killed in crash
- Friends gather to remember teen at Irvine crash site
- How the crash happened
- Irvine collision ended teen celebration
- 1,000 attend funeral for Ashton Sweet
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text:
Center for Global Development (December 12, 2012), www.cgdev.org, (On Amazon)
Aaditya Mattoo and Arvind Subramanian
"This important book sets a sensible and specific way forward. It should be read by all involved in economic development and international action on climate change."—Lord Nicholas Stern, author of the Stern Review
International cooperation on climate change has floundered. With mutual recrimination between rich and poor countries, the zero-sum arithmetic of a shrinking global carbon budget, and shifting economic and bargaining power from old CO2 emitters to new—what Aaditya Mattoo and Arvind Subramanian call the "narrative," "adding up," and "new world" problems—the wonder is not the current impasse but belief that progress might be possible at all.
Each of these problems must be addressed in a radically different way. First, the old narrative of recrimination must give way to a narrative based on recognition of common interests. Second, leaders must shift the focus away from cutting emissions to generating technology. Third, the old "cash-for-cuts" approach must be abandoned for one that requires contributions from each country calibrated in magnitude and form to its current level of development and future prospects.


text:
/// Early Adopter: Autograph a Book or Sign a Permission Slip–All Electronically at the DocuSign Hackathon
It's a little surprising that even in today's world of decoded genomes, retina scanning and 128-bit encryption that the doddering old signature continues to plod along as the primary method of identity verification. But the concept of signing is about as ingrained in our culture as the handshake. We sign on the dotted line. We sign here. We sign there. We sign our life away. And even DocuSign made its name porting that oldest of identity verification methods over to the digital world. But last weekend, the software-as a-service provider did something it had never done before. The company filled coolers with beer, rented a nacho machine and opened its doors to a bunch of hackers who would vie for $25,000 in prize money to build new uses for an old service. That's because the world has changed in the eight years since DocuSign started, and business services aren't the only way forward now, at least according to Founder and Chief Strategy Officer Tom Gonser. "From a strategic perspective, we are going to put a lot more effort on the consumer side of this business than we have in the past," he said. But according to it's not really a problem of ink. It's one of paper. Gonser explained: "In replacing paper, you have to integrate with any system that paper interacted with." And taking the paper out of the equation isn't easy. Paper is interoperable. And it's the most readable file format–at least by humans. So, to get its hands on more consumers makes sense for DocuSign, considering a good portion of them now carry touchscreens around in their pockets and a little white fob allows anyone to accept credit card payments, complete with signature.
Read more here:
Early Adopter: Autograph a Book or Sign a Permission Slip–All Electronically at the DocuSign Hackathon


text:
Tuesday, July 25, 2006
thanks mati for mentioning the 40% off sale at the fabric store on mission. what a deal! i stocked up on some essentials and picked up a fun fabric (for 87 cents) which i'd make into a shirt if i knew how. must try to sew clothes. not sure why i haven't tried yet.
(now i have that beastie boys song about booty stuck in my head. they are fun to listen to on a hot day. i think i'll go find that funny old tape now.)
5 comments:
- briana said...
Buying sewing/craft notions is like buying candy for me. Actually, it's probably more like buying drugs... I peer into the paper bad all the way home to oogle my new delights. The colors that thread comes in are just the best.
I think you should make a shirt! What about one of those cute Built By Wendy patterns? I've only made pants, myself, so I'm looking at you to give me hope... - 9:43 AM
- amy rose said...
glad to hear i am not the only one collecting fabric, buttons, etc. for the day i learn to sew... which will hopefully be soon. it's all the crafty blogs i read, they are just so inspiring.
- mati rose said...
yay! i'm glad you went:) i bought a ridiculous amount of notions and i don't sew. i wanna learn how to sew shirts with you! like how i invite myself?
- kusink said...
Sorry about not keeping you posted! .... Jag mejlar dig en update asap ;-) Har du kvar din jobbadress?
- shash said...
briana: that's so funny. i totally kept looking in my bag at my threads yesterday too.
mati: yes, come over and we'll try to sew clothes! i feel like i should start with a skirt as they seem simpler? let's make a plan??
kusink: tack for uppdateringen! ojojoj! hot!
hi and good luck amy! - 7:07 PM


text:
The technothriller ebook LT. COMMANDER MOLLIE SANDERS started out as a screenplay written with my husband Mitchell R. Miller and originally titled "Triangle Trade."
Writing strong female characters is very important to both of us, so we choose as the protagonist a woman. And as Lt. Commander Mollie Sanders is a fictional character, we could choose to make her very good at certain skills – in the same way that Tom Cruise's character in the "Mission Impossible" films is very good at certain skills.
The screenplay "Triangle Trade" morphed into the screenplay "Lt. Commander Mollie Sanders," which was a 2005 Nicholls Fellowship competition quarterfinalist. (The Nicholls competition is run by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, the same people who run the Oscars.)
Mollie has a secret that motivates her to be the very best. And we decided to explore this motivation further in a prequel screenplay – "A Needle in a Haystack."
Mitch is a long-time member of the U.S. Naval Institute, whose monthly magazine provides excellent information that we often use in our writing. (He is also a member of the Association of Former Intelligence Officers.)
The U.S. Naval Institute magazine frequently features articles about the Coast Guard, including how the Coast Guard is tasked with defending two long shorelines (Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean) with a small budget.
When Mitch and I decided to write a prequel screenplay, we focused on highlighting the Coast Guard's plight in terms of limited resources to fight terrorism.
This meant that Mollie would have to help out the Coast Guard (she could not very well be in the Coast Guard in one screenplay and the Navy in the next).
Then I put the two screenplays together — and bridged them with a short story we wrote about Mollie working on the problem of IEDs — in order to create the technothriller ebook LT. COMMANDER MOLLIE SANDERS.
Thus far the technothriller has gotten rather good reviews except for some critical ones complaining:
• There are no problems with women being treated well in the military
• Mollie is unrealistic because she is a superwoman given how good she is at certain skills
• The Coast Guard and Navy would not cooperate the way they do in our technothriller
First, fictional characters are allowed to be bigger than life.
Second, we give Mollie a plausible reason why she would be driven to excel (to be revealed only when you have read the ebook). Plus she cannot stop a speeding train, jump over high buildings, or utilize any supernatural skills.
Third, since the Coast Guard detaches units to serve with the Navy, we do not see any reason why it is a stretch for our fictional Naval officer to serve with the Coast Guard.
(Mitch was a U.S. Army intelligence officer with the 18th MI Bn in Munich, Germany, from September 1970 to May 1972. I worked as a civilian for the 66th MI Gp in Munich at the end of 1971 and the beginning of 1972. We both know how even units within the same military branch can be resistant to working together.)
Fourth, while military men may want to believe that women have equality throughout the military community, they do not. For a year starting in November 2008 I was the co-host of a BlogTalkRadio show on military topics. The rape of female military personnel by male military personnel was one of the topics we covered.
Finally, this question of women serving on a submarine is not so easily handled.
As I'm a member of the Department of Defense's Bloggers Roundtable, I was privileged to hear "from the horse's mouth" about the plan for having the first women on an Ohio-class boomer submarine. (See the post "Technical Skills of Women Needed on Submarines" and note the senior female officer "chaperoning" the junior female officers.)
Mitch and I are imagining a sub much smaller than an Ohio-class boomer in which only one female officer is serving for the first time. Visualize how small the living and working spaces are on a sub. Can you really swear that old-timers would welcome with open arms any female serving on "their boat"?
In conclusion, you may enjoy our technothriller ebook or you may not enjoy it. But do keep in mind that this is FICTION!
The technothriller ebook LT. COMMANDER MOLLIE SANDERS is available for $2.99 on Kindle.


text: I am a German student in the Master program Environmental Management and Infrastructure Planning in Metropolitan Areas at the University of Wiesbaden, with focus on transportation and urban planning. I will graduate in August and I am very interested in studying and learning more about the field of transportation and urban planning in US regions. That is why i am looking for a 6-12 months planning internship in the USA. Does anybody know which companies, departments or authorities offer internship placements? Or do you have any advice for me?


text:
Patent application title: CHARGED PARTICLE BEAM MASKING FOR LASER ABLATION MICROMACHINING
Marcus Straw (Portland, OR, US)
Marcus Straw (Portland, OR, US)
Milos Toth (Portland, OR, US)
Steven Randolph (Portland, OR, US)
Steven Randolph (Portland, OR, US)
Michael Lysaght (Tigard, OR, US)
Mark Utlaut (Scappoose, OR, US)
Mark Utlaut (Scappoose, OR, US)
FEI Company
IPC8 Class: AA61N500FI
USPC Class:
Class name: Radiant energy irradiation of objects or material ion or electron beam irradiation
Publication date: 2010-05-27
Patent application number: 20100127190
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Patent application title: CHARGED PARTICLE BEAM MASKING FOR LASER ABLATION MICROMACHINING
Milos Toth
Steven Randolph
Michael Lysaght
Mark Utlaut
Origin: AUSTIN, TX US
IPC8 Class: AA61N500FI
USPC Class:
Publication date: 05/27/2010
Patent application number: 20100127190
An improved method for substrate micromachining. Preferred embodiments of
the present invention provide improved methods for the utilization of
charged particle beam masking and laser ablation. A combination of the
advantages of charged particle beam mask fabrication and ultra short
pulse laser ablation are used to significantly reduce substrate
processing time and improve lateral resolution and aspect ratio of
features machined by laser ablation to preferably smaller than the
diffraction limit of the machining laser.Claims:
1. A method of forming a microscopic or nanoscopic structure on a
substrate using a laser beam, the laser having a spot size,
comprising:depositing a mask pattern on the substrate using charged
particle beam-assisted deposition, the charged particle beam having a
sub-micron spot size and the mask protecting portions of the substrate
that are covered by the mask; anddirecting an ultra-fast pulsed laser
beam toward the substrate surface, the laser beam having a spot size that
is larger than the spot size of the charged particle beam, the laser beam
processing a portion of the substrate that is not covered by the mask to
produce features in the substrate, the features produced in the substrate
having a dimension smaller than the laser spot size.
2. The method of claim 1 in which depositing a mask pattern on the substrate using charged particle beam-assisted deposition includes providing a precursor gas at the substrate surface and directing a focused ion beam or a focused electron beam toward the substrate surface to dissociate the precursor gas and deposit a masking material.
3. The method of claim 2 in which directing an ultra-fast pulsed laser beam toward the substrate surface includes directing toward the substrate an ultra-fast pulsed laser beam having sufficient fluence to ablate the substrate material.
4. The method of claim 1 in which depositing a mask pattern on the substrate surface includes depositing a pattern that absorbs sufficient laser radiation to prevent damage from the laser beam to the substrate under the mask.
5. The method of claim 1 in which depositing a mask pattern on the substrate surface includes depositing a pattern that reflects sufficient laser radiation to prevent damage from the laser beam to the substrate under the mask.
6. The method of claim 1 in which directing an ultra-fast pulsed laser beam toward the substrate surface includes directing a femtosecond laser or a picosecond laser.
7. The method of claim 1 in which depositing a mask pattern on the substrate surface includes depositing multiple layers of materials to form the mask.
8. The method of claim 7 in which depositing a mask pattern includes depositing a mask pattern in which at least one area of the mask pattern has a property different from that property in other areas of the mask pattern, the different property in the at least one area providing a different level of protection to the substrate to produce different processing of the substrate corresponding to the at least one area.
9. A method of forming a microscopic structure on a substrate using a laser beam, the laser beam having a spot size, comprising:forming a mask on the substrate surface using a fabrication process capable of producing mask features smaller than the laser beam spot size; anddirecting the laser beam toward the substrate surface, the laser beam having a spot size that is larger than the smallest design features of the mask, the mask protecting portions of the substrate that are covered by the mask to produce features in the substrate by laser processing, the features in the processed substrate being smaller than the laser beam spot size.
10. The method of claim 9 in which forming a mask on the substrate surface includes forming a mask using electron beam-assisted deposition or ion-beam assisted deposition.
11. The method of claim 9 in which forming a mask on the substrate surface includes forming a mask using photolithography.
12. The method of claim 9 in which forming a mask pattern on a substrate surface includes depositing a pattern that absorbs sufficient laser radiation to prevent damage to the substrate under the mask from the laser beam.
13. The method of claim 9 in which forming a mask pattern on the substrate surface includes depositing a pattern that reflects sufficient laser radiation to prevent damage to the substrate under the mask from the laser beam.
14. The method of claim 9 in which directing the laser beam toward the substrate surface includes directing an ultra-fast pulsed laser beam toward the substrate surface.
15. The method of claim 14 in which directing an ultra-fast pulsed laser beam toward the substrate surface includes directing a femtosecond laser or a picosecond laser.
16. The method of claim 9 in which forming a mask pattern on the substrate surface includes depositing multiple layers of materials to form the mask.
17. The method of claim 9 in which directing the laser beam toward the substrate surface includes selectively removing the substrate material and leaving mask material to protect masked portions of the substrate.
18. The method of claim 9 in which directing a laser beam toward the substrate surface includes heating a portion of the substrate to initiate a chemical reaction.
19. The method of claim 9 in which directing a laser beam toward the substrate surface includes initiating a photochemical reaction.
20. The method of claim 9 in which directing a laser beam toward the substrate surface includes removing material form the substrate in regions not covered by the mask.
21. A method of forming a microscopic structure on a substrate using a laser beam, the laser beam having a spot size, comprising:forming a mask using a fabrication process capable of producing mask features smaller than the laser beam spot size; anddirecting the laser beam toward the mask and then to substrate surface to produce features in the substrate by laser ablation, the laser beam having a spot size that is larger than the smallest design features of the mask and the beam producing in the processed substrate features having a dimension smaller than the laser beam spot size, the mask preventing portions of the substrate from being ablated.
22. A system for fabricating microscopic structures at a substrate surface, comprising:a charged particle system, includinga source of charged particles;a focusing column for forming a beam of charged particles from the source of charged particles and for focusing and scanning the beam of charged particles onto the substrate surface; anda gas injection system for supplying a precursor gas that reacts in the presence of the charged particles beam;an ultrafast pulsed laser column; anda computer programmed to direct the charged particle beam in the presence of the precursor gas in a pattern to form a mask on the substrate surface and to direct the laser beam to process unmasked areas of the substrate to produce features on the substrate having a dimension smaller than the spot size of the laser beam.
[0001]The present invention relates generally to fabricating microstructures, and more particularly, to laser micromachining.
[0002]Removing material from a substrate to form microscopic or nanoscopic structures is referred to as micromachining, milling, or etching. Lasers beams and charged particle beams are two particular technologies used for micromachining. Each has advantages and limitations in various applications.
[0003]Laser systems use several different mechanisms for micromachining. In some processes, the laser is used to supply heat to a substrate to induce a chemical reaction. The reaction occurs only in the heated areas. The heat tends to diffuse to an area larger than the laser beam spot, making the resolution of the process poorer than the laser spot size. Another mechanism used in laser micromachining is photochemical etching, in which the laser energy is absorbed by individual atoms or molecules of the substrate, exciting them into a state in which they can chemically react with an etchant. Photochemical etching is limited to materials that are photochemically active. Another mechanism used in laser machining is laser ablation, in which energy supplied rapidly to a small volume causes atoms to be expelled from the substrate without heating the substrate. Laser ablation using a fast-pulsed, femtosecond laser is described, for example, in U.S. Re. 37,585 to Mourou for "Method for Controlling Configuration of Laser Induced Breakdown and Ablation." Femtosecond laser ablation overcomes some of the limitations of the processes described above.
[0004]Charged particle beams include ion beams and electron beams. Ions in a focused beam typically have sufficient momentum to micromachine by physically ejecting material from a surface. Because electrons are much lighter than ions, electron beams are typically limited to removing material by inducing a chemical reaction between an etchant vapor and the substrate. Ions beams typically are generated from a liquid metal ion source or by a plasma ion source. The spot size of a charged particle beam depends on many factors, including the type of particles and the current in the beam. A beam with low current can typically be focused to a smaller spot and therefore produce a smaller structure than a beam with high current, but a low current beam takes longer to micromachine a structure than a high current beam.
[0005]Lasers are typically capable of supplying energy to a substrate at a much higher rate than charged particle beams, and so lasers typically have much higher material removal rates than charged particle beams. The wavelength of lasers, however, is much larger than the wavelength of the charged particles in the charged particle beams. Because the size to which a beam can be focused is, in part, limited by the beam wavelength, the minimum spot size of a laser beam is typically larger than the minimum spot size of a charged particle beam. A. P. Joglekar et al, in "Optics at critical intensity: Applications to Nanomorphing," Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, vol. 101, no. 16, pp. 5856-5861 (2004) ("Joglekar et al.") shows that features smaller than the wavelength can be achieved using laser pulses shorter than about 10 picoseconds near the critical intensity for .ablation The impact of small deviations in pulse energy on the resulting feature makes this process difficult to repeat consistently.
[0006]While a charged particle beam typically has greater resolution than a laser beam and can micromachine an extremely small structure, the beam current is limited and the micromachining operation can be unacceptably slow. Laser micromachining, on the other hand, is generally much faster, but the resolution is inherently limited by the longer beam wavelength.
[0007]One way to take advantage of both the faster micromachining capability of lasers and the higher precision of charged particle beams is to sequentially process a sample. Sequential processing is described, for example, by M. Paniccia et al. in "Novel Optical Probing and Micromachining Techniques for Silicon Debug of Flip Chip Packaged Microprocessors," Microelectronic Engineering 46 (pp. 27-34 1999) ("Paniccia"). Paniccia et al. describe a known technique for accessing the active portion of a semiconductor flip chip using laser-induced chemical etching to remove the bulk of material, and then using a charged particle beam for the final, more precise micromachining. A problem with sequential processing is determining when to stop the faster, less precise laser micromachining and to begin the more precise charged particle beam processing. If the laser processing is stopped too soon, excess material will remain for removal by the charged particle beam. If the laser processing is stopped too late, the work piece will be damaged. Determining when to stop processing is referred to as "endpointing." While there are several known methods for detecting when a micromachining process cuts through a first material to expose a second material, it is typical to stop laser processing before a change in material is reached, and so determining the end point is more difficult.
[0008]While sequential processing--laser processing a sample followed by particle beam processing--has its advantages, there remain problems of the endpointing and of the relatively low resolution of the original laser processing.
[0009]An object of the invention is to provide an improved method for laser processing.
[0010]A preferred embodiment includes providing a mask through which a sample is exposed to a laser beam. The mask is fabricated through processes that provide a higher mask resolution than is typically achievable through conventional laser beam processing, thereby allowing for higher resolution processing of the sample than would be possible by laser processing without the mask.
[0011]The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and specific embodiments disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.
[0012]For a more thorough understanding of the present invention, and advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0013]FIG. 1 shows a beam system for use with the present invention;
[0014]FIG. 2 is a flowchart of the steps of the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
[0015]FIG. 3A shows a cross sectional view of a sample substrate to be modified in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
[0016]FIG. 3B shows the substrate of FIG. 3A with a portion of a mask deposited thereon;
[0017]FIG. 3c shows laser ablated regions of the sample substrate;
[0018]FIG. 3D shows the processed substrate with the mask removed;
[0019]FIG. 4 is an image of a result of the method of a preferred embodiment of the present invention, showing a C- and Ga- doped SiOx mask via FIB and a [TEOS+H2O] deposition precursor onto a silicon substrate, with subsequent machining with a focused beam of an ultra-short pulse laser; and
[0020]FIG. 5 is an image of the result of FIG. 4, further showing a cross-sectioned portion to reveal the lack of damage by the laser ablation to the underlying silicon substrate.
[0021]Although those of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize many alternative embodiments, especially in light of the illustrations provided herein, this detailed description is exemplary of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, the scope of which is limited only by the appended claims.
[0022]Preferred embodiments of the present invention fabricate a high resolution mask through a process such as charged particle beam processing. The work piece is subsequently exposed to a laser beam through the mask, the mask blocking or restricting portions of the work piece to the laser beam exposure. The mask is preferably fabricated directly on the work piece surface. The terms "work piece," "sample," and "specimen" are used interchangeably in this application.
[0023]In one preferred embodiment, the mask is deposited directly onto the work piece surface using charged particle beam-induced deposition. An ultra short laser pulse is then directed toward the work piece surface. Because the diameter of the laser beam is typically greater than the feature size of the mask, the laser beam will impact both the masked and unmasked areas, but due to the difference in the ablation threshold of the mask material and the ablation threshold of the sample, the effects of the laser beam on the work sample will be different on the masked area than on the unmasked area. This difference is used to create structures. Because the resolution of the created features depends on the resolution of the mask, embodiments of the present invention typically provide for fabrication of features having improved lateral resolution and aspect ratios compared to conventional laser micromachining.
[0024]Some embodiments of the present invention can be performed using an apparatus that includes a charged particle beam column and a laser system, both of which direct beams to a sample in a vacuum chamber, the beams preferably being approximately coincident. A single system that includes both a laser source and a charged particle beam source in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/664,247, assigned to FEI Company of Hillsboro, Oreg., the assignee of the present invention. In other embodiments the mask can be applied in one system, and the laser processing, which does not require a vacuum, can be performed in a different system.
[0025]FIG. 1 shows a system 100 for use with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. A laser 102 directs a beam 103 to a sample 104, which includes a substrate material 106 and a mask 108. The mask may be fabricated by any suitable method, such as by charged particle beam-induced deposition. Laser 102 is preferably capable of being operated at a fluence greater than the ablation threshold of the material being machined. Sample 104 is typically positioned on a precision stage 109, which preferably can translate the sample in the X-Y plane, and more preferably can also translate the work piece in the Z-axis, as well as being able to tilt and rotate the sample for maximum flexibility in fabricating three dimensional structures. System 100 optionally includes one or more charged particle beam columns 130, such as an electron beam column, an ion beam column, or both, which can be used for depositing mask 108 or for other processing or imaging task. Charged particle beam 130 typically includes a source 132 of charged particles; a focusing column 134 for forming a beam of charged particles from the source of charged particles and for focusing and scanning the beam of charged particles onto the substrate surface; a secondary particle detector 136, typically a scintillator-photomultiplier detector, for forming an image of the sample 104; and a gas injection 138 system for supplying a precursor gas that reacts in the presence of the charged particles beam.
[0026]When charged particle beam column 130 or secondary particle detector 138 are used, the substrate is maintained in a vacuum. In some embodiments, an additional detector 110 detects emissions 112, such as x-rays or other photons from the sample 104 to determine when a machining process is complete. The emissions 112 change as the mask 108 or the substrate material 106 is removed or uncovered. Such endpointing processes are described in U.S. Pat. App. No. 61/079,304 for Jul. 9, 2009 for "Method and Apparatus for Laser Machining," which is hereby incorporated by reference. A computer 120 controls the system 100 and a display 122 displays an image of the sample for the user.
[0027]FIG. 2 is a flow chart that shows the steps of a preferred embodiment of the present invention. In step 202, a mask is created on the surface of the substrate using, for example, an additive or reductive technique. In the former case, the mask material is deposited directly to the substrate surface in the desired pattern, for example, using e-beam or FIB induced deposition. Reductive methods involve the global application of a mask material, which is subsequently patterned, for example, by removing material using a FIB or electron beam etching or photolithography. Other techniques that can be used to form a mask include, for example, electro deposition onto a conductive pattern deposited, for example, using charged particle beam deposition or photolithography. The mask is preferably fabricated directly on the surface of the substrate to improve lateral resolution and aspect ratio of features to be machined by the subsequent laser ablation process.
[0028]In a mask applied directly onto the work piece, the mask material preferably has an ablation threshold higher than that of the substrate material to be micromachined. In addition, the optical transmissivity of the mask is preferably sufficiently low so as to prevent damage to the underlying substrate through the mask. That is, the mask material is preferably not transparent to, and preferably reflects, the incident laser radiation and not affected by it. Mask transmittance is controlled by both the composition and thickness of the masking material. While it is desirable that the mask be unaffected by the laser, in some embodiments, the mask is affected by the laser, but is sufficiently robust to prevent damage to the substrate during the micromachining operation.
[0029]Preferred embodiments include creating a mask that comprises a "graded" structure, that is, a mask with varying degrees of thicknesses, materials, densities or other properties that influence the amount of optical transmission in different areas of the mask. The mask properties are preferably such that the mask is not removed by the laser processing or, if the mask is removed by the laser processing, it is removed at a sufficiently slow rate so that the substrate under the mask is protected until the processing of the unprotected substrate is completed. The mask properties can be controlled to create three-dimensional structures. For example, the mask may have different thicknesses or be made of different materials in different areas, so that portions of the mask are removed by the laser after a period of micromachining, which then allow the substrate under those mask portions to be processed, so that areas that become exposed after the processing has begun are processed less than areas that had no mask at the beginning of the processing.
[0030]In one preferred embodiment, the mask is fabricated as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/766,680, titled "High Resolution Plasma Etch," which is assigned to FEI Company of Hillsboro, Oreg., the assignee of the present invention, hereby incorporated by reference. As described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/766,680, a focused beam having a beam diameter preferably in the range of 1 nm to 100 μm, and more commonly in the range of 1 nm to 10 nm, is used to fabricate a protective layer to mask a portion of the substrate surface. This charged particle beam method typically produces higher definition protective layers than are available through photolithographic means. The charged particle beam can be used to deposit the mask using charged-particle beam deposition, or to pattern a layers previously deposited using a process such as sputtering, plasma deposition, chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, or pouring a liquid mask material onto a spinning substrate, as is typically done with applying photoresist. The beam processes as described therein create precisely defined protective mask patterns on a substrate surface. For example, beam deposition can produce surface features such as line widths of less than about 10 nm.
[0031]A method for electron beam-induced deposition is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,753,538 to Musil, et al. entitled "Electron Beam Processing," which is herein incorporated by reference. Musil describes using an electron beam to deposit material by inducing a chemical reaction in a precursor gas that decomposes in the presence of the electron beam to leave an appropriate material on a surface. Preferable deposition precursor gasses include, for example, styrene (C6H5CH═CH2) for depositing a carbon protective mask, and WF6 (tungsten hexafluoride) or W(CO)6 (tungsten hexacarbonyl) for depositing a tungsten-rich protective mask that is resistant to oxygen-based carbon etch precursors such as H2O. Precursor gases that result in the deposition of an oxide layer include, for example, TEOS (tetraethylorthosilicate), which deposits a silicon oxide protective mask. Other precursors for electron beam deposition are known and can be used as well. Examples include perdeuterated gallium azide (D2GaN3) and Pt(PF3)4 (tetrakis (trifluorophosphane) platinum) for the deposition of masks rich in GaN and Pt, respectively.
[0032]Alternatively, an ion beam can be used to deposit material forming the protective mask. In an ion beam deposition process, a gas is directed toward a surface and a finely focused or a defocused ion beam, typically comprising gallium ions from a liquid metal gallium ion source, decomposes gas molecules absorbed on the substrate surface, causes nonvolatile decomposition products to be deposited. A process for depositing metal material using a FIB is described, U.S. Pat. No. 4,609,809 to Yamaguchi, et al. for "Method And Apparatus For Correcting Delicate Wiring of IC Device," which describes the use of a tungsten precursor gas compound in the presence of the FIB to deposit tungsten upon a substrate surface. Other precursor gases that decompose in the presence of a FIB to deposit a material and can be used with the invention are described, for example, in Handbook of Charged Particle Beam Optics, Ed. Jon Orloff, CRC Press (1997). The ion beam can be focused to a point or shaped, as described for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,977,386 for "Angular Aperture Shaped Beam System and Method" to Gerlach et al., which patent is assigned to the assignee of the present invention. The term "focused beam" as used herein includes a shaped beam.
[0033]In step 204, a laser beam is directed toward the substrate at an area to be micromachined and the substrate is modified through laser ablation. The ablation threshold is an intrinsic property of the substrate material, and skilled persons can readily determine empirically or from the literature the ablation threshold for various materials. A silicon substrate, for example, has a single pulse ablation threshold of about 170 mJ/cm2, and so the laser fluence should preferably be just above this value for micromachining silicon in accordance with the invention. A preferred laser beam has energy in the range of 10 nJ to 1 mJ, and a fluence in the range of 0.1 J/cm2 to 100 J/cm2. In one preferred embodiment for milling a silicon substrate, the laser beam has a fluence of 150 mJ/cm2, a pulse duration of 150 fs, and a spot size of 2 Mm. In another embodiment, a laser beam has an energy of 30 nJ and a fluence of 0.4 J/cm2.
[0034]Embodiments of the invention could use any type of laser, now existing or to be developed, that supplies sufficient fluence. A preferred laser provides a short, that is, nanosecond to femtosecond, pulsed laser beam. Suitable lasers include, for example, a Ti:Sapphire oscillator or amplifier, a fiber-based laser, or a ytterbium or chromium doped thin disk laser.
[0035]An "endpointing" process, such as one of the processes described in U.S. Pat. App. No. 61/079,304 is optionally used to determine whether or not the micromachining is completed. For example, if the laser is being used to uncover a buried material, a change in the emissions can be used to indicate that the laser micromachining has cut through, or nearly cut through, the covering material. If a change in the emissions indicates that the laser micromachining has cut through, or nearly cut through, the covering material or mask, then the process is altered, for example, by stopping the laser beam, changing a laser's parameters, such as the fluence per pulse, changing a gas flow, blanking an electron or an ion beam, or moving a stage that supports the sample. Emissions can be monitored continuously or periodically. If emissions are monitored periodically, the period should be sufficiently small to prevent unacceptable damage to the underlying material if the covering material is completely removed between monitoring periods. In some embodiments, a charged particle beam, such as an electron beam, can be used to generate an endpointing signal for laser micromachining. The electron beam could be, for example, coincident with the laser beam during laser ablation and used concurrently or sequentially with the laser beam. If cathodoluminescence or backscattered electrons are used as the endpointing signal, the electron beam energy can be adjusted to tune the "look-ahead" capability of the endpointing. Decision step 206 determines if micromachining is complete, either by imaging the work piece, observing emissions or determining that a predetermined amount of time has passed, or that a predetermined amount of laser energy has been delivered. If it is not complete, the process could optionally continue with step 204.
[0036]Optional step 207 includes removing the mask, for example, using a wet or dry etch process that selectively etches the mask and leaves the substrate substantially unaffected. To this end, the masking material is preferably etched such that it can be selectively removed. For example, if the substrate is made of Si or SiOx and the mask is made of a carbon compound, then the mask can be removed using an ex-situ delocalized selective chemical etch including, for instance, a "piranha" wet etch process or an oxygen plasma dry etch process to selectively remove the carbon mask without damaging the underlying SiOx. A piranha etch typically includes a mixture of 98% H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) and 30% H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) in volume ratios of 2-4:1, the mixture so-named because of its voracious ability to remove organics, typically in preparation of subsequent use of HF for etching. Fluorinated gas plasmas, such as SF6, CHF3 and CF4 mixed with oxygen are also known to selectively etch a tungsten mask over a silicon substrate on the order of about 2.4:1 and are considered for this step 206 where appropriate materials are used as discussed above. Conversely, if the mask material is SiOx and the substrate is silicon, then HF wet etch or buffered oxide etch may be used to selectively remove the mask. Appropriate gas mixture ratios using fluorocarbon gases such as CF4 and CHF3 blends may be used to dry etch SiOx preferentially with substantial selectivity to the exposed silicon.
[0037]FIGS. 3A through 3D illustrate the results of the steps of the flowchart of FIG. 2. FIG. 3A shows the substrate 300 to be processed. FIG. 3B shows the result of step 202, in which a portion of a mask 302 is deposited onto the substrate 300. Mask 302 has portions 304 that are subject to machining by the laser and portions 306 that are sufficiently robust to protect the substrate during the entire laser machining step. Substrate 300 includes unmasked regions 308, masked regions 310 covered by mask portions 306, and a masked region 312 covered by mask portion 304, which only partly protects the substrate during processing. FIG. 3c shows the result of the process of step 204, in which laser 318 has machined holes 320 to a predetermined depth at unmasked regions 308 and has machined a hole 322 to a predetermined depth less than that of region 308 at region 312. Portions 306 of mask 302 are essentially undamaged by the laser beam and the underlying substrate areas 310 are intact. The diameter of laser beam 318 is larger than the diameter of holes 320 and hole 322 demonstrating the production of features having a higher resolution than that of the laser beam. In the embodiment shown, laser beam 318 is scanned from the position shown in FIG. 3c to the right in order to machine the other hole 320 and hole 322. Alternatively, a broader beam could be used that machines both holes 320 and hole 322 without scanning. The beam diameter is preferably sufficiently small to provide sufficient fluence to ablate the substrate material. FIG. 3D shows the result of optional step 207, in which the mask is selectively removed from the substrate.
[0038]FIGS. 4 and 5 show results from an experiment in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in which C- and Ga- doped amorphous SiOx mask lines 402 were deposited onto a silicon substrate 400 by a FIB and a deposition precursor composed of a mixture of TEOS and water vapor. A focused beam of an ultra short pulse (USP) femtosecond laser was then used to ablate lines 404 across the mask lines 402. FIG. 5 in particular shows a C- and Ga- doped SiOx mask line 402 cross-sectioned 500 to reveal no damage to the underlying Si substrate 400 by the laser ablation process. It is noted that the laser-machined lines 404 seen in FIGS. 4 and 5 show pronounced thermal damage that is much greater than that characteristic of optimized, near-threshold micromachining. The excess damage is useful for illustrating the effectiveness of the masking technique by cross-sectional imaging in a dual beam system (rather than by TEM of the mask-substrate interface).
[0039]A preferred method or apparatus of the present invention has many novel aspects, and because the invention can be embodied in different methods or apparatuses for different purposes, not every aspect need be present in every embodiment. Moreover, many of the aspects of the described embodiments may be separately patentable.
[0040]While the use of a mask has been described with laser ablation using an ultrafast pulsed laser, a mask can also be used to improve the resolution for other types of laser processing as in, for example, photochemical processing, in which the mask shields the substrate from the laser energy or from contact with an etchant chemical. In heat-induced laser reactions, the mask can prevent reaction at the substrate by either causing the reaction on the mask, which can later be removed, or by shielding the substrate from the reactant. The mask can also be used with a laser deposition process, for example, by either depositing material onto a mask, which is later removed, or by using a transparent mask which prevents the reactant from reaching the heated substrate.
[0041]In some embodiments, a mask may also be fabricated on a substrate other than the work piece, such as a quartz substrate, and placed in contact with the work piece. A mask could also be placed so that the work piece is within the near-field of the mask, that is, less than about a wavelength from the work piece. A separate contact or proximity mask is not preferred because the ablated material is likely to deposit onto the mask. A mask may be positioned further from the work piece, and then the laser transmitted through or reflected from the mask onto the work piece to ablate material from the work piece surface.
[0042]Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made to the embodiments described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.
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text:
Value maximization from corn fractionation: feed, greenhouse gas reductions, and cointegration of ethanol and livestock
No abstract is available for this item.
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Length: | |
Date of creation: | 2008 |
Handle: | RePEc:ags:fftrin:48714 |
Contact details of provider: | Postal: 1211 West 22nd St., Suite 216, Oak Brook, IL 60523-2197 Phone: (630) 571-9393 Fax: (630) 571-9580 Web page: http://www.farmfoundation.org/ More information through EDIRC |
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Feng, Hongli & Rubin, Ofir D. & Babcock, Bruce A., 2008. "Greenhouse Gas Impacts of Ethanol from Iowa Corn," Lifecycle Carbon Footprint of Biofuels Workshop, January 29, 2008, Miami Beach, Florida 49101, Farm Foundation.
- Elobeid, Amani & Tokgoz, Simla & Hayes, Dermot J. & Babcock, Bruce A. & Hart, Chad E., 2007.
"Long-Run Impact of Corn-Based Ethanol on the Grain, Oilseed, and Livestock Sectors: A Preliminary Assessment, The,"
Staff General Research Papers Archive
12717, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
- Amani Elobeid & Simla Tokgoz & Dermot J. Hayes & Bruce A. Babcock & Chad E. Hart, 2006. "Long-Run Impact of Corn-Based Ethanol on the Grain, Oilseed, and Livestock Sectors: A Preliminary Assessment, The," Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) Publications 06-bp49, Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) at Iowa State University.
- Amani Elobeid & Simla Tokgoz & Dermot J. Hayes & Bruce A. Babcock & Chad E. Hart, 2006. "Long-Run Impact of Corn-Based Ethanol on the Grain, Oilseed, and Livestock Sectors: A Preliminary Assessment, The," Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) Publications 06-bp49, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) at Iowa State University.
- Bryan E. Melton & W. Arden Colette & Richard L. Willham, 1994. "Imputing Input Characteristic Values from Optimal Commercial Breed or Variety Choice Decisions," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 76(3), pages 478-491.
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text:
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HDMI ARC no longer works on HTS5120/12
I connected my Samsung UE32D6500 to my soundbar HTS5120/12. Anynet worked like a charm for 5 months until today when it occurred the following problems:
In setup menu HDMI ARC is greyed out even after rescanning connections and it is not available with the source button on remote control;
Tv recognizes the soundbar but when trying to connect via the tv, tv says "Anynet device not connected";
Soundbar tries to connect to tv when this latter is turned on, but connection fails and soundbar returns to original audio source instead of displaying "Hdmi Arc" on soundbar screen; however, volume controls appear to work and it is possible to control the soundbar via the tv remote control and vice versa.
I have tried the following solutions:
Updating firmware on both devices;
Unplugging both devices for a long time;
Disabling and re-enabling Anynet on the Tv.
Before Anynet stopped working, I did not to anything, no power cuts, no configurations of any sort, just using the dvices normally.
Any ideas?
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text:
The last enclosure we drew up for you would be an in house build more then likely though. I want to see it built, I bet it will be sick in the end.
Printable View
Haha. As long as I end up with a box in the end, it all works. Sorry I haven't gotten back with a definite yet. Still cold and I kinda want to pull my current box out for measuring and envisioning. In order to pull that out, I have to pull the rear seats and the amps mounted on them though lol. I'll be in touch.
I've done this in the past with no problems Rabbit. Should work out very well! Just to let you know it has been done and to assure those who think about it that this is a good offering. I still offer it myself, but only upon request. You would be a fool not to offer it as a service! :D
about how much would the end consumer be saving in shipping, or would there be a reduction in the cost as well because you dont have to build them yourselves?
Hmmmm... I may try this as well but my luck Id fuck it up and just have to have another one built lol
It would certainly be a nice option, especially for enclosures that aren't a series of right-angle cuts.
We have done it in the past for larger then normal enclosures and we had some success with it.
I know several others have done this in the past, but I have to make sure the overall cost is fair to the buyer and us of course. I suppose that is the more interesting part to figure out. This is something that we do plan on starting to offer and with in the next few days. Just have to figure out an overall cost as it would of course be cheaper then getting an enclosure built here.
I just seen it a few min ago..I more then likely won't getting back to you until mid day monday if that is ok though. I need to put some time in with the wifey before I get murdered or something lol..... I also want to get this DIY thing lined up and going fairly quickly as there seems to be more then enough interest to warrant this option.
Pro Rabit have you looked into getting full mdf sheets yet?
the 8x8 or 8x16 sheets can get them cheaper and help cut some costs if u do alot of boxes a month a pain to work with at first.. just another option
Ami Creations offered DIY kits at affordable prices. I believe his name was Mike? idk what happened to ami creations though
Yea, I did look into larger sheets, but we have to special order them to get them. We do save, but not enough to warrant picking them up right now. Unless I wanted to get around $5k worth of wood at once anyway.
AMI had several issues over the years. They eventually changer their name and stayed with local business. I have heard that they plan to return to online sales, but have yet to see anything from them. The few times they (mike and others) posted, they used the same layout as they did with AMI and various members would get upset with past issues. Long story short..they are no longer around..well as far as online sales go anymore.
I tried to look up his old pricing structure for DIY kits but I could not find any of his old listings.
I have him on my gmail chat friends list, ill talk to him and PM you to give you a general idea.
i just found one of his old listings actually lol


text:
Old Peabody Pew Signed by Kate Douglas Wiggin 1907
Click thumbnails for expanded view.
Old Peabody Pew by Kate Douglas Wiggin. A Christmas Romance of a Country Church. Boston, MA. Houghton Mifflin. 1907. Eighth Printing. Hardcover. Illustrated by Alice Barber Stephens. Signed by Author. Very Good with no dust jacket. Edges bumped and worn. Previous owner's name inside. Bookplate. 143 pages.
Gibson's Books and West Station Antiques
- Owens Cross Roads, Alabama
- Seller Since 1990
- View Storefront
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Free ShippingItem Details:
- Reference #
- 11085
- Quantity
- 1
- Category
- Books, Paper & Magazines
- Department
- Antiques
- Year
- 1907
- Shipping
- Free Shipping
- Dimensions
- Width: 0 inch
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- Weight: 0 pound
- Condition
- very good
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Valuable Freehold Business Premises Situate in the Market Place, Banbury. The Valuable Freehold House [original auction poster]. -
Postcard of Washington's Pew, Interior of Christ Church, Alexandria, Virginia


text:
Receive a step-by-step procedure for the interview process from job opening to candidate placement and to provide participants with the opportunity to practice effective interviewing skills.The recruitment/selection process is a key component of a company's overall human resource strategy. It is the opportunity to match demonstrated capability to the candidate's specific knowledge, skills, attributes or competencies and to determine how they fit the company's existing need.To ensure you are being highly efficient in the utilization of your people resource, you need to make sure that your selection process is as crisp, exact and precise as possible. Every open position is an opportunity to assess the position's link to your overall business needs and plans.The interview process, by nature, is filled with potential challenges, not the least of which is hiring someone who is not the best match for the job. Utilizing an approach known as behavior- based interviewing should lead to better selection of employees and therefore reduce costs associated with turnover.Agenda
Webcasts, audio conferences, and podcasts are presentations that you attend via the Internet, phone, or mobile device at a specified date and time for "live" versions, or at your convenience for "recorded" and "On-Demand" versions.
The live versions are interactive, meaning that participants can ask questions in real time, plus are a very cost-effective form of training because 1) you receive fast, convenient learning without any out-of-office time; 2) you can invite as many colleagues as you'd like to listen in on a single phone line; 3) you incur no travel expenses; and 4) you and your colleagues are back at work immediately after the session ends!
And though with recorded versions you do lose the ability to ask questions, you gain the ability to hear the presentation numerous times and to share it with others in your office.
Handout materials and the phone number for live presentations are made available to you prior to the event via email from the presenter and from the "MyAccount" link on the menu bar. Copies of the presentations are included with recorded versions.
How To Keep HR From Being The Employee Complaint Department
Rules And Requirements For Employee Expense Reimbursements
Garnishments, Child Support Orders, And Other Levies
Internal Investigations Certificate Program
Dress Code Policy Do′s and Don′ts
How To Deal With Employees Who Are Chronically Late Or Absent
Executive Taxation
Certificate Program In FMLA &ADA Compliance
Reasonable Or Unreasonable Accommodation? How To Identify Disabilities And Handle Employee Issues - Without Violating The ADA
Certificate Program For HR Generalists
Assertiveness Skills For HR Professionals
HRCI / SHRM 60 Hour Re-Certification Training Suite
IRS Rules For Travel Pay
Dealing with Difficult People
9 Ways To Spot, Handle, and Reduce Workers′ Comp Fraud
How To Use PTO To Reduce Absenteeism


text:
HI De Draecke Gent
In an excellent location in a quiet street right in the centre of Gent, the renewed hostel is just 150m from the famous medieval Castle of the Counts. Retaining a period facade, it offers a high standard of accommodation with 30 rooms all with private bathrooms. Facilities include Free WiFi (in-room), bar, and self-service restaurant. A great buffet style breakfast & sheets are FREE. The hostel has WiFi internet, you can use your own laptop or the internet kiosk at the hostel. The hostel's bar with a great choice of Belgian beers may be the perfect starting point to discover this city with 55.000 students. There is always something to do. Museums, pubs, shops, restaurants, theaters ... are all within walking distance. Although the hostel is only open until 11pm, guests have 24h/24h acces, NO LOCKOUT NO CURFEW. Rooms are available from 3pm. If possible, please check in between 3pm & 10:30pm. This hostel is part of the Flemish Youth Hostels Association , which is a membership organization. As of January 1st 2014 onwards, the prices quoted include a 1-day membership fee. Discounts are not available for members of VJH (Belgium) or Hostelling International as part of this booking. |
Availability & Rates
To view availability and prices please select dates and click 'Update Dates'Hostel Facilities & Policies
- Bar
- Bicycle parking
- Free Breakfast
- Cable TV
- Common Room
- Credit Cards Accepted
- Free City Maps
- Free WiFi
- Internet Access
- Linen Included
- Security Lockers
- Luggage Storage
- Non Smoking
- Parking
- Reading Light
- Steam Room
Cancellation Policy
This property has a 1 day cancellation policy. Failure to cancel within this time will result in a cancellation charge equal to the first night of your stay.Must-Read Hostel Info
This property has specific Terms & Conditions.You must check-in before 23.00hrs or contact us to make alternative arrangements
This hostel is part of the Flemish Youth Hostels Association , which is a membership organization. From January 1st 2014 onwards, the prices quoted include a 1-day membership fee. Discounts are not available for members of VJH (Belgium) or Hostelling International as part of this booking
DirectionsShow MapHide Map
Comming by train from Gent Sint-Pieters station, take tram nr 1 - 10 or 11 and get off at the 'Gravensteen' castle. Than follow the tram for aprox. 100m, take the 1st street on the right (Gewad) & again 1st on the right.(St-Widostraat)
The hostel is at the end of the street just in front of the square.
Travelling by car: if you have a GPS, enter 'Lievekaai' as street and you should have no problems finding the hostel. (Lievekaai = square in front of hostel).
If you don't have a GPS, please contact the hostel for instructions. Due to the large number of one way streets, Gent is not the easiest town in Belgium to drive around. (except for locals)
Located Near
The city centre, behind the 'Gravensteen' Castle


text:
The Redlands Bicycle Classic will soon mark its 30th anniversary with the addition of a fifth day of racing and the return of Highland to the lineup.
The city has not been part of the race since 2003.
âWeâre absolutely thrilled to be back in Highland,â said Scott Welsh, a spokesman for the classic.
The feeling is mutual.
âI think itâs a great opportunity to let everybody get to witness professional biking,â said Highland Mayor Sam Racadio. âItâs something the community can get involved in,â whether by volunteering or watching the race.
The classic kicks off Wednesday, April 2, in Highland and continues Thursday in Big Bear, Friday in Beaumont and Saturday and Sunday in Redlands. Around 300 men and women, members of 26 teams, will be racing the streets.
Welsh said the classic stopped racing in Highland because new mandates came down from UCI, or Union Cycliste Internationale, the governing body of bicycle racing and then later, the classic scaled back its number of race days.
âIt wasnât a matter of us not wanting to be in Highland, or Highland not wanting us to be there,â Welsh said.
Itâs been at least eight years that the race has been four days long, instead of five.
The racers are part of the reason itâs again a five-day series and that Highland is back in the lineup. The raceâs technical director, Ken Kramer, said the cyclists always want a longer race and they always wanted Highland to come back.
Also, Kramer said the San Manuel Band of Mission Indians wanted the race in their backyard. The racers will gather at San Manuel Village, a mixed-use development that includes the Hampton Inn. Kramer said an elaborate set-up is planned.
San Manuel has been a presenting sponsor of the classic since the 2013 race and Kramer said the tribeâs support allows for a fifth day of racing.
The Highland course is the same one from years past. The men will be riding 20 laps, for a total of 58.7 miles, while the womenâs race calls for 14 laps, or 41.9 miles.


text:
SNUGGLERS COVE, romantic, coastal, pet-friendly, enclosed garden, in Beadnell, Ref 920896
From $349 / week
Description from the manager
Description from the manager
Bedrooms: 1
/Bathrooms: 1
/Sleeps: 2
/Type: House
Book this 1 bedroom, 1 bathroom house in Beadnell today! A total of 2 people can sleep here comfortably.
No travelers have shared a review of this property yet.
Costs vary, with the average weekly rate as low as $280.00 to as high as $766.00, depending on travel dates.
The owner responds to 100% of inquiries and last updated the property's calendar 9 days ago.
About the manager
About the manager
Sykes Cottages
Sykes Cottages
- Response rate: 100%
- Response time: A few hours
- Calendar updated: 9 days ago
Overall rating:
4.7 / 5.0
Proximity to TripAdvisor's Top Beadnell Attractions
Proximity to TripAdvisor's Top Beadnell Attractions
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text: It's A Bad Time For A "Pressure Cooker Redeems Itself" StoryBarry Petchesky4/19/13 3:49pmFiled to: media meltdownsboston bombingpressure cookersfoodmedia15EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink GIF Just chalk this one up to unfortunate timing. Advertisement Upon hearing complaints that this story has been running in papers around the country, after pressure cookers were used in the Boston Marathon bombings, Jim Romenesko got to the bottom of it.The AP's story moved last Friday, and ran in various food sections on their scheduled days. It's not insensitivity, just unobservance. Advertisement [Romenesko]


text:
England Handwriting
Since around the 9th century, English has been written in the Latin alphabet, which replaced Anglo-Saxon runes. The spelling system, or orthography, is multilayered, with elements of French, Latin and Greek spelling on top of the native Germanic system; it has grown to vary significantly from the phonology of the language. The spelling of words often diverges considerably from how they are spoken.
The following image shows the simplified relationship between various scripts leading to the development of modern lower case of standard Latin alphabet used in England and that of the modern variants, fraktur (used in Germany until recently) and gaelic (Ireland).
- Several scripts coexisted such as half-uncial and uncial, which derive from Roman cursive and greek uncial, and visigothic, Merovingian (Luxeuil variant here) and Beneventan. The carolingian scrip was the basis for blackletter and humanist minuscule. What is commonly called "gothic writing" is technically called blackletter (here Textualis quadrata) and is completely unrelated to visigothic script.
- The letter j is i with a flourish, u and v are the same letter in early scripts and were used depending on their position in insular half-uncial and caroline minuscule and later scripts, w is a ligature of vv, in insular the rune wynn is used as a w (three other runes in use were the thorn (þ), ʻfé' (ᚠ) as an abbreviation for cattle/goods and maðr (ᛘ) for man).
- The letters y and z were very rarely used, in particular þ was written identically to y so y was dotted to avoid confusion, the dot was adopted for i only after late-caroline (protgothic), in benevetan script the macron abbreviation featured a dot above.
- Lost variants such as r rotunda, ligatures and scribal abbreviation marks are omitted, long s is shown when no terminal s (surviving variant) is present.
- Humanist script was the basis for Venetian types which changed little until today, such as Times New Roman (a serifed typeface)
Written accents
Unlike most other Germanic languages, English has almost no diacritics except in foreign loanwords (like the acute accent in café), and in the uncommon use of a diaeresis mark (often in formal writing) to indicate that two vowels are pronounced separately, rather than as one sound (e.g. naïve, Zoë). Words such as décor, café, résumé/resumé, entrée, fiancée and naïve are frequently spelled both with or without diacritics. Some accented words are used in both male and female versions, for example fiancée (female) and fiancé (male). Both spellings are mostly with the accent, but they may be written without the accent. The female word née in English refers to "maiden name" or literally "born as". The male version né is seldom used for a man, unless in rare cases where a man had changed his name by deed poll or on marriage or as an alias.
Some English words retain diacritics to distinguish them from others, such as resumé, exposé, lamé, öre, pâté, piqué, and rosé, though these are sometimes also dropped (for example, melée/melee and résumé/resumé, is often spelt resume in the United States (as the US equivalent of curriculum vitae). To clarify pronunciation, a small number of loanwords may employ a diacritic that does not appear in the original word, such as maté, from Spanish yerba mate, or Malé, the capital of the Maldives, following the French usage.
Case comparison
Here is a comparison of the upper case (majuscule) and lower case (minuscule) versions of each letter used in the English language. The exact representation will vary according to the font used.
Upper Case: | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |
Lower Case: | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z |
- English language - Wikipedia