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Difference between revisions of "RPi Distributions"
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| [http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=87&t=40664 openSUSE] | | [http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=87&t=40664 openSUSE] | ||
− | | 2013- | + | | 2013-12-06 |
| 2012-07-30 | | 2012-07-30 | ||
− | | Linux 3 | + | | Linux 3.11 |
| [http://www.opensource.org/licenses/index.html OSI mixed] (GPLv2 BSD etc) | | [http://www.opensource.org/licenses/index.html OSI mixed] (GPLv2 BSD etc) | ||
| 28 MiB (inc. X11) | | 28 MiB (inc. X11) | ||
| {{yes}} | | {{yes}} | ||
| [http://www.zq1.de/~bernhard/linux/opensuse/raspberrypi-opensuse-latest.img.xz raw image] | | [http://www.zq1.de/~bernhard/linux/opensuse/raspberrypi-opensuse-latest.img.xz raw image] | ||
− | | [https://build.opensuse.org/project/show?project=openSUSE%3AFactory%3AARM | + | | [https://build.opensuse.org/project/show?project=openSUSE%3AFactory%3AARM 6300] |
| root:linux | | root:linux | ||
| icewm | | icewm |
Revision as of 09:17, 4 January 2014
Back to the Hub.
Software & Distributions:
Software - an overview.
Distributions - operating systems and development environments for the Raspberry Pi.
Kernel Compilation - advice on compiling a kernel.
Performance - measures of the Raspberry Pi's performance.
Programming - programming languages that might be used on the Raspberry Pi.
Available Distributions
What is armhf
The Debian Squeeze image originally issued by the Raspberry Pi foundation as the recommended distribution used "soft float" settings. The foundation found it necessary to use the existing Debian port for less capable ARM devices due to time and resource constraints during development of the Raspberry Pi. Therefore, it does not make use of the Pi's processor's floating point hardware - reducing the Pi's performance during floating point intensive applications - or the advanced instructions of the ARMv6 CPU.
The official Raspberry Pi distributions are now optimized for ARMV6 and for "hard float" which should have better performance on certain CPU intensive tasks.
There are some info on the news groups that "hard float" optimization can speed up floating point operating up to 10x, please read detailed discussion on the Raspberry Pi forums.
Distribution | Latest | First | Type | License | Memory footprint | armhf | Image/Installer | Packages | Username:Password | default GUI | |
Arch Linux ARM | 2013-07-22 | 2012-03-01 | Linux | OSI GPLv2 | Yes | raw image | 4,604 | root:root | none | ||
BerryTerminal | 2013-03-21 (beta) | 2012-06-02 | Linux | No | Image | N/A | ltsp | ||||
Bodhi Linux | 2013-01-25 (raspbian/wheezy) | 2012-06-12 (wheezy) | Raspbian | Core: OSI mixed (GPLv2 BSD etc) | Yes | img+md5sum | 35,000+ ARMHF |
pi/bodhilinux (sudo su root/bodhilinux) |
Enlightenment | ||
Debian ARM | 2012-04-19 (Squeeze) | 2012-02-16 (Squeeze) | Linux | Core: OSI mixed (GPLv2 BSD etc) | No | raw image | 20,000+ | pi:raspberry | ? | ||
Fedora Remix | 2013-05-22 (F18) | 2012-07-07 (F14) | Linux | OSI mixed (GPLv2 BSD etc) | Yes | Fedora RPM: installer Windows Zip: installer Other Linux: Python script |
16,464? | N/A | Xfce | ||
Gentoo Linux | 2013-08-16 | 2012-04-27 | Linux | GPLv2 | ~23 MiB | Yes | Wiki article Quick Install Guide stage3 tarball |
IPFire | 2012-06-27 (2.11) | 2012-06-27 (2.11) | Linux | Open Source | ~20 MiB | No | raw image (404 error from their own website) | 144 | N/A | none | |
Kali | 2013-03-11 | 2013-03-11 | Linux | ? | ? | No | image | ? | root:toor | XFCE4 | |
Meego MER + XBMC | 2012-04-27 (0.2) | 2012-04-11 (0.1) | Linux (embedded) | OSI mixed (GPLv2 BSD etc) | ~34 MiB + XBMC | No | ~320 (core) | N/A | XBMC | ||
Moebius | 2013-05-06 (1.1.0) | 2012-08-01 (1.0.0) | Raspbian | (GPLv2) | ~20 MiB | Yes | Raw Image | (core) + Raspbian Repositories | root: raspi | none | |
openSUSE | 2013-12-06 | 2012-07-30 | Linux 3.11 | OSI mixed (GPLv2 BSD etc) | 28 MiB (inc. X11) | Yes | raw image | 6300 | root:linux | icewm | |
OpenWRT | 2013-04-03 | 2012-08-15 | Linux | OSI mixed (GPLv2 BSD etc) | 3,3MiB | No | Image | 3358 | first login with telnet set your SSH pw |
LuCI | |
PiBang Linux | 2013-10-14 | 2012-10-29 | Linux_3.6.11 & SystemD | Core: OSI mixed (GPLv2 BSD etc) | Yes | Latest image | (user created at first boot) | Openbox,i3wm | |||
PwnPi | 2012-06-29 (Squeeze) | 2012-05-26 (Squeeze) | Linux | GNU General Public License version 3.0 | No | Image | 20,000+ | root:toor | xfce | ||
QtonPi | 2012-05-27 (0.2) | 2012-05-07 (0.1) | Linux | No | qt 5 sdk + sdcard image | root:rootme qtonpi:qtonpi |
? | ||||
VPNbian | 2013-09-22 | 2013-09-22 Linux 3.6.11+ 2012-05-28 (Wheezy) |
Linux | Core: OSI mixed (GPLv2 BSD etc) | ~40 MiB w/o desktop | Yes | vpn & airport image vpn image |
35,000+ | root:raspberry |
none | |
Raspbian | 2013-05-25 | 2012-05-28 (Wheezy) | Linux | Core: OSI mixed (GPLv2 BSD etc) | ~30 MiB w/o desktop | Yes | pi image list qemu image |
35,000+ | root:hexxeh root:raspbian pi:raspberry |
LXDE Openbox | |
OpenELEC | 2013-10-17 (3.2.3) | 2012-05-10 | Linux 3.10.16 (embedded) | OSI mixed (GPLv2 BSD etc) | 95 MiB (incl. XBMC) | Yes | - Official Downloadsite - Install instructions |
~140 (+ 7 via xbmc) | root:openelec (ssh only) |
XBian | 2013-07-14 | 2012-07-29 | Raspbian | OSI mixed (GPLv2 BSD etc) | Yes | Windows installer Latest images Install instructions |
35,000+ | xbian:raspberry | XBMC | ||
raspbmc | 2013-06-16 | 2012-06-30 (Squeeze) | Raspbian | custom | Yes | linux installer windows installer |
20,000+ | pi:raspberry | XBMC | ||
RISC OS | 2012-11-01 (5.19 RC6) | 2012-07-09 (5.19) | RISC OS | Shared Source | No | Latest official image |
(not applicable) | RISC OS WIMP | |||
SliTaz | 2012-12-14 (cooking) | 2012-05-29 (4.0) | Linux 3.2.27 | GPLv2 | ~10 MiB | Yes | raw image | 260 | root:root | Openbox ? | |
Aros hosted on Raspbian Limited Demo | 2012-06-14 | 2012 | Mixed Debian6 and Aros | Mixed - GPLv2 and APL (MPL derivative) | <~50 MiB | No | Binaries and run ./where/ever/AEROS/boot/AROSbootstrap | pi:raspberry | Aros Wanderer | ||
Plan9 | 2013-09-23 | 2012-11-12 | Plan 9 | Lucent | Yes | raw image | Rio | ||||
SlaXBMCRPi | 2013-02-19 [14.0] | 2013-02-19 [14.0] | Linux 3.6.11+ | OSI mixed (GPLv2, GPLv3, BSD etc.) BCL For Java SE |
No | Raw Image (Developer) Raw Image (Minimal) Manual Installer Install Instructions (Windows/Linux) |
366 (+ Official SlackwareARM 14.0 Packages) |
root:slaxbmcrpi | Fluxbox , autostart into XBMC | ||
PiMAME | 2013-08-25 | 2012-12-01 | Linux | Core: OSI mixed (GPLv2 BSD etc) | Yes | raw image | pi:raspberry | none | |||
PiBox | 2013-07-14 | 2013-07-14 | Linux/Buildroot | OSI Mixed | Yes | image (Source, rootfs, staging tree, install images, SD card builder) | root:pibox | Blackbox | |||
pipaOS | 2013-06-25 | 2013-02-10 | Linux | Core: OSI mixed (GPLv2 BSD etc) | ~32 MiB | No | Image | 37.500 | sysop:posys with sudo root privileges | none | |
Raspberry WebKiosk | 2013-11-28 | 2013-11-26 | Raspbian | GPLv2 | Yes | raw image | Browser-only: Chromium | ||||
Raspberry Digital Signage | 2013-11-12 | 2013-06-06 | Raspbian | GPLv2 | Yes | raw image | Browser-only (restricted fullscreen): Chromium, Firefox or Midori |
Discuss: Forum at raspberrypi.org
Fedora Remix
The Raspberry Pi Fedora Remix is a Linux software distribution for the Raspberry Pi computer. It contains software packages from the Fedora Project (specifically, the Fedora ARM secondary architecture project), packages which have been specifically written for or modified for the Raspberry Pi, and proprietary software provided by the Raspberry Pi Foundation for device access.
Debian (Squeeze/6.x)
Debian was the default distribution on the Alpha boards. Boot time depends on width & speed of SD-card. Alpha board boot into Debian prompt (no GUI) was timed taking about 34 seconds.
The Debian distro for Raspberry Pi is the Cambridge reference filesystem, which is a fully functional Debian Squeeze installation containing LXDE (desktop) and Midori (browser); development tools; and sample code for accessing the multimedia functionality on the device.
Arch Linux ARM is based on Arch Linux, which aims for simplicity and full control to the end user. It provides a lightweight base structure that allows you to shape the system to your needs. For this reason, the Arch Linux ARM image for the Raspberry Pi does not come with a graphical user interface, though you can easily install one yourself. Please note that the Arch distribution may not be suitable for beginners.
Arch Linux ARM is on a rolling-release cycle that can be updated daily through small packages instead of huge updates every few months.
More information is available at http://archlinuxarm.org
Raspberry Pi + Debian = Raspbian. A project to create a hard float port of Debian Wheezy (7.x) armhf for the Raspberry Pi. The intent of Raspbian is to bring to the Raspberry Pi user 10,000s of pre-built Debian packages specifically tuned for optimal performance on the Raspberry Pi hardware. The project is still in it's early phases, but the major push to rebuild nearly all Debian packages for the Raspberry Pi is expected to be completed by early June, 2012 (only several hundred packages remain as of June 1st). After that, efforts will focus on making Raspbian the easiest to use, most stable and best performing Linux distribution available for the Raspberry Pi.
More information is available at http://www.raspbian.org
A very compact ARM HF debian based distribution, it fits in a 1Gb SD card, has autoresizing features to better adapt to your SD card size and uses Raspbian huge repositories for installing everything you need. A wise configuration and a small memory footprint are ideal for an headless machine or for interacting with real word I/O devices, take a look at Moebius Website
Raspbian Server Edition
It's a stripped version of Raspibian with some other packages
Red Sleeve Linux
Red Sleeve Linux is a Linux distribution that aims to bring the RHEL clone design to the ARM architecture. There are images for several ARM devices including the Raspberry Pi.
IPFire is an Open Source firewall distribution for x86 and ARM-based systems. It turns the Raspberry Pi computer into a small router for home networks and very small businesses. As the Raspberry Pi computer comes with only one NIC, it works perfectly as a 3G router without plugging in additional hardware.
The generally small system that provides essential services for networks can be enhanced by addons which add new features to IPFire. So the system can be turned into a file server and much more.
More information is available at http://www.ipfire.org
Raspberry Pi Thin Client
Thin Client project want to create a very low price thin client over Raspberry Pi board! Microsoft RDC, Citrix ICA & VMWare View
BerryTerminal is a minimal Linux distribution designed to turn the Raspberry Pi mini computer into a low-cost thin client. It allows users to login to a central Edubuntu or other LTSP server, and run applications on the central server
GeeXboX ARM
GeeXboX is a free and Open Source Media-Center purposed Linux distribution for embedded devices and desktop computers. GeeXboX is not an application, it's a full-featured OS, that one can boot as a LiveCD, from a USB key, an SD/MMC card or install on its regular HDD. The GeeXboX distribution is lightweight and designed for one single goal: embed all major multimedia applications as to turn your computer into an HTPC.
The Android Transporter allows you to share display content wirelessly with remote screens in real time. Please be aware that the Transporter is still a technology study and it is missing the maturity of a full-featured product. However, we think that the Android Transporter is already exciting enough to let you play around with it. We believe that with the recently released Miracast standard you will get a very similar technology in upcoming Android devices, and we are considering making the Transporter compliant with the Miracast specs.
QUICK START GUIDE Let's start with the Asus Nexus 7. By installing the Android Transporter firmware on your Asus Nexus 7 all data on the device will be removed including the contents of the /sdcard directory! So maybe you want to backup some data before you begin. To start, enable USB debugging on your Nexus 7 by switching on this option under Settings -> Developer options. Next, unlock the bootloader of your Nexus 7 device. This will void your device warranty and it will also do a factory reset! Install the adb and fastboot utilities. On Microsoft Windows you will also need Google's USB drivers. Just search the Internet for instructions how to install this tools. Unlocking the bootloader is done by getting the device into the bootloader using the adb reboot bootloader command. Now unlock it with the fastboot oem unlock command. Download the Android Transporter firmware for the Asus Nexus 7 and unpack it. Reboot your Nexus 7 device into the bootloader using adb reboot bootloader. In the Android-Transporter directory you will find the flash script, which is called flash-all.sh. Be aware that the fastboot utility has to be available in the PATH environment for the flash script. Execute the flash script. Your Asus Nexus 7 is now ready. To switch back to the original Nexus 7 firmware image you should first download it fromGoogle's factory images site. Then you can flash the original firmware image using the same instructions that you used to flash the Android Transporter firmware image.
Let's move on to the Raspberry Pi. Download the Android Transporter firmware for the Raspberry Pi and unpack it. Insert an SD card into your card reader and flash the firmware image using the dd utility: sudo dd bs=1M if=esrlabs-rpi-android-transporter-2012-10-02.img of=/dev/sdX. Substitute /dev/sdX with the real SD card device name. For more information on flashing the Raspberry Pi see the Embedded Linux Wiki page for the Raspberry Pi. The Raspberry Pi is now also ready.
Next, you have to set up the networking between the two devices. You can either connect both devices to your home router or you can make use of the Raspberry Pi Wi-Fi hotspot. Both scenarios require the Raspberry Pi to be plugged into your home router. The Wi-Fi hotspot works with USB Wi-Fi adapters that are supported by the Realtek rtl8192cu Linux driver. We tested the Wi-Fi hotspot with the Netgear N150 Microadapter and with the Asus N13 Wi-Fi Stick. It works well with both Wi-Fi sticks except that we occasionally had some power consumption issues with the Asus device. If you want to make use of the Wi-Fi hotspot plug in the stick before the Raspberry Pi starts up. The network name of the Wi-Fi hotspot is RaspberryPiAP and the default password is E.S.R.Labs. The Wi-Fi hotspot may have the advantage that the Android Transporter has its own dedicated network to minimize the latency jitter during screen mirroring. If you connect both devices to your home router please make sure that the Wi-Fi transmitting power of your router is set to high. Otherwise you may experience high packet loss, which is bad for the Android Transporter.
When you now connect your Nexus 7 to the Wi-Fi network and start the Android Transporter you should see the Raspberry Pi in the list of available media hubs. The Raspberry Pi has announced itself as media sink via service discovery. Just tap on the Raspberry Pi item to start the screen mirroring. If you want to stop the screen mirroring just pull down the notification bar and click the Android Transporter "Switch off" item.
By default the Android Transporter will make use of the H.264 over RTP over UDP streaming protocols according to RFC3984. If you are in a building with a lot of Wi-Fi networks, it may be possible that the Android Transporter does not work really well because of high packet loss. If that is the case you should switch to the H.264 over RTP over TCP streaming protocols according to RFC3984 and RFC4571. You can do this in the preferences of the Android Transporter app. The latency will typically be around 20-30ms higher when using the reliable TCP transport protocol.
Enjoy the Android Transporter tech demo .
The Android Transporter is a custom ROM and not an app since we had to make adjustemts to various parts of the Android platform to make it happen.
None of the currently available solutions do a perfect job with running XBMC on the Pi, however OpenELEC comes by far the closest, in spite of its locked down nature.
This fork aims to remedy the very few flaws in its implementation and to focus 100% on the Pi, while also sticking to the upstream and incorporating its updates.
•Low idle CPU usage (< 15%) •Smoother and more responsive •Built in XBMC addons: iPlayer, custom fixed version of Demand 5, various unofficial repos •iPlayer, 4oD, Demand 5, ITV Player, SportsDevil all fully tested+working •Improved wifi connectivity •Added test-connman scripts for easy wifi setup •Added wireless_tools (iwconfig etc.) •Added rndis_wlan wifi driver (broadcom 4320 chipset) •Easy SD card installation script for building from source
OpenELEC is an embedded operating system built specifically to run XBMC, the open source entertainment media hub. The idea behind OpenELEC is to allow people to use their Home Theatre PC (HTPC) like any other device you might have attached to your TV, like a DVD player or Sky box. Instead of having to manage a full operating system, configure it and install the packages required to turn it into a hybrid media center, OpenELEC is designed to be simple to install, manage and use, making it more like running a set-top box than a full-blown computer.
- OpenELEC Mainsite
- In February 2012, OpenELEC.tv announced their ARM port for Raspberry Pi
- OpenELEC forum thread
- RaspberryPi forum thread
- Raspberry Pi build instructions for OpenELEC
Raspbmc is a minimal Linux distribution based on Debian that brings XBMC to your Raspberry Pi. This device has an excellent form factor and enough power to handle media playback, making it an ideal component in a low HTPC setup, yet delivering the same XBMC experience that can be enjoyed on much more costly platforms. Raspbmc is brought to you by the developer of the Crystalbuntu Linux Distribution, which brings XBMC and 1080p decoding to the 1st generation Apple TV.
XBian is a small, fast and lightweight media center distro for the Raspberry Pi, based on a minimal Raspbian image. It's slogan is "XBMC on raspberry pi, bleeding edge" and thus it's main focus is delivering the fastest XBMC solution for the Raspberry Pi. Thereby making most of the commercial media-center products obsolete...
- Fits on a 1GB SD card
- Low RAM and CPU usage
- Very smooth UI
- Auto mount USB
- AFP support
- NFS support
- AirPlay support
- CEC support
- Lirc support
- PVR support
- Kernel 3.10.9
- Performance as the default governor
- Out of the box support for almost all wlan adapters
- User friendly configuration tool xbian-config
- Source code on github
- Large community
- Debian based Apt repo so keeping your system up-to-date is easy.
What is RasPlex? RasPlex is an Entertainment Center Solution for Raspberry Pi Simply put, RasPlex lets you turn your TV into a Smart TV. Similar to the AppleTV, but completely free and open source, RasPlex is basically a set-top box. Once RasPlex is stable, it will have support for legacy console game emulation (NES, SNES, etc), as well as Plex Channels (Netflix, Crackle, Youtube, etc). RasPlex is a Plex Home Theater Client More technically stated, RasPlex is a complete port of Plex Home Theater (formerly Plex Media Center) for Raspberry Pi. RasPlex currently runs on OpenELEC for reasons of limited man power, but there is a working raspbian port that just needs some time to be brought up to speed. RasPlex was created on Gentoo linux, but that port has since been abandoned for performance reasons. We regularly merge in changes from Plex Home Theater and OpenELEC. Once things cool off a bit and we are more stable (or we get the man power), we will maintain a raspbian release as well. RasPlex is the Perfect Companion to a Plex Media Server Many people will use expensive computers as Plex Clients, or have to go through the inconvenient of plugging a computer in to their TV every time they want to use Plex. With RasPlex, just plug it in and you're media is always ready. Put one on every TV, and have your media everywhere! You can even put RasPlex on your friend's TV's, and watch your media remotely.
PwnPi is a Linux-based penetration testing dropbox distribution for the Raspberry Pi. It currently has 181 network security tools pre-installed to aid the penetration tester. It is built on the debian squeeze image from the raspberry pi foundation's website and uses Xfce as the window manager
Description This debian squeeze image created to perform "pwn plug" type of attacks using Raspberry pi. pleas look at the wiki for further details Wiki
Kali Linux Features
Kali is a complete re-build of BackTrack Linux, adhering completely to Debian development standards. All-new infrastructure has been put in place, all tools were reviewed and packaged, and we use Git for our VCS.
- More than 300 penetration testing tools: After reviewing every tool that was included in BackTrack, we eliminated a great number of tools that either did not work or had other tools available that provided similar functionality.
- Free and always will be: Kali Linux, like its predecessor, is completely free and always will be. You will never, ever have to pay for Kali Linux.
- Open source Git tree: We are huge proponents of open source software and our development tree is available for all to see and all sources are available for those who wish to tweak and rebuild packages.
- FHS compliant: Kali has been developed to adhere to the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard, allowing all Linux users to easily locate binaries, support files, libraries, etc.
- Vast wireless device support: We have built Kali Linux to support as many wireless devices as we possibly can, allowing it to run properly on a wide variety of hardware and making it compatible with numerous USB and other wireless devices.
- Custom kernel patched for injection: As penetration testers, the development team often needs to do wireless assessments so our kernel has the latest injection patches included.
- Secure development environment: The Kali Linux team is made up of a small group of trusted individuals who can only commit packages and interact with the repositories while using multiple secure protocols.
- GPG signed packages and repos: All Kali packages are signed by each individual developer when they are built and committed and the repositories subsequently sign the packages as well.
- Multi-language: Although pentesting tools tend to be written in English, we have ensured that Kali has true multilingual support, allowing more users to operate in their native language and locate the tools they need for the job.
- Completely customizable: We completely understand that not everyone will agree with our design decisions so we have made it as easy as possible for our more adventurous users to customize Kali Linux to their liking, all the way down to the kernel.
- ARMEL and ARMHF support: Since ARM-based systems are becoming more and more prevalent and inexpensive, we knew that Kali's ARM support would need to be as robust as we could manage, resulting in working installations for both ARMEL and ARMHF systems. Kali Linux has ARM repositories integrated with the mainline distribution so tools for ARM will be updated in conjunction with the rest of the distribution. Kali is currently available for the following ARM devices:
rk3306 mk/ss808 Raspberry Pi ODROID U2/X2 Samsung Chromebook
Kali is specifically tailored to penetration testing and therefore, all documentation on this site assumes prior knowledge of the Linux operating system. Install Download If all you want to do is to install Kali on your Raspberry Pi, follow these instructions:
- 1.Get a nice fast 8 GB (or more) SD card. Class 10 cards are highly recommended.
- 2.Download the Kali Linux Raspberry Pi image from our downloads area.
- 3.Use the dd utility to image this file to your SD card.
On windows you can use win32 disk imagier Guide how to usewin32 disk imagier
Alert! This process will wipe out your SD card. If you choose the wrong storage device, you may wipe out your computers hard disk.
This process can take a while depending on your USB storage device speed and image size. Once the dd operation is complete, boot up your Rasberry Pi with the SD card plugged in. You will be able to log in to Kali (root / toor) and startx. That's it, you're done!
i2pBerry is a Raspberry Pi distribution that comes preinstalled with the i2p darknet software. Once you write it to your SD card and boot it up you will be able to instantly connect to the i2p network. You will also be improving the network by adding some of your bandwidth to help users in countries with firewalls connect to the true internet. With the added benifit of torrenting without your ISP snooping on your downloads.
i2pBerry comes preconfigured with a SSH server for headless operation, it is based on Debian Squeeze and has over 20,000 packages ready to be installed.
Bodhi Linux is a small Linux distribution using the Enlightenment window manager and the ARM build is based on Debian.
If you hit any snags or find bugs with this image please let us know in the R_Pi section of our user forums so we can improve this release.
- ARMHF announced for Bodhi Linux on R_Pi
- Release Announcement from Bodhi Developer Blog
- Download from sourceforge
- what-about-the-raspberry-pi Forum thread
Alpha Release | Link Alpha Bodhi R_Pi) User/Password: bodhi/bodhi root/raspberry Beta Release | Link Beta Bodhi R_Pi User/Password: pi/bodhilinux Root: sudo su root/bodhilinux
Bodhi Linux moves ARM Branch to ARMHF Download newest Release from Sourcforge The R_Pi Bodhi build is built directly on top of Raspbian and incorporates all of their changes and improvements.
Gentoo Linux is a source based rolling-release distribution which emphasizes choice and flexibility. Gentoo ARM aims to be the most up to date and fastest ARM distribution available.
A Quick Start Guide exists how to install Gentoo on the Raspberry Pi.
Gentoo Section on the official Raspberry Pi forum.
Adafruit - Occidentalis v0.1
http://learn.adafruit.com/adafruit-raspberry-pi-educational-linux-distro/occidentalis-v0-dot-1 Occidentalis v0.1. Rubus occidentalis is the black raspberry. It is derived from Raspbian Wheezy July 15 Made a few key changes to make it more hardware-hacker friendly!
- I2C and hardware SPI support
- I2C/SPI modules initialized on boot
... Please keep in mind, adafruit is not full time linux distro maintainers - we will try to fix any bugs we find but this distro is not for beginners or people who are new to linux!
Tiny Core Linux
What is Tiny Core?
First, if you don't know what Linux and distributions are, you should read some interesting and conflicting definitions of Linux. Then, read about distributions. In short, the Tiny Core distribution is like a customized version of the Linux kernel and other tools
RISC OS is a fast and lightweight computer operating system designed in Cambridge, England by Acorn. First released in 1987, its origins can be traced back to the original team that developed the ARM microprocessor. RISC OS includes BBC BASIC which was primarily conceived to teach programming skills as part of the BBC computer literacy project.
- RISC OS Open (ROOL) has released the sources. Community members have ported the OS to the BeagleBoard and similar hardware
- In November 2011, RISCOScode.com announced that RISC OS will be available as an alternative OS for Raspberry Pi
from launch - RaspberryPi forum thread
- ROOL forum thread
- http://www.pilearn.com/Pages/Page1001.html
Commodore Pi
What It Is... The goal of this project is to develop a native Commodore 64 emulator and operating system for the Raspberry Pi, with the following features: •Fast boot up time - nearly instant on •Output to HDMI and composite video sources •GPIO pin connection to external devices (hooks via the kernal code) •Ethernet connection •USB Connections •Access to the full RAM of the Pi possibly via bank switching •Multitasking by means of multiple emulation cores •Modern graphics modes Think of the project as a Commodore 64 operating system. It is based on the Comeback64 emulator. The goal will be to include all of the expected emulation features such as SID sound, sprites, joystick connectivity, REU access, etc. In time, even the emulation speed could be changed, as well as additional modern graphics modes. Links
Just copy to your Raspian card. It has only been tested on composite output
A lot of issues come from people not knowing how to do it right, e.g. just dropping the img file onto an SD card. So I've customised a GParted LiveCD ISO and written up a custom script to *hopefully* install a distro straight onto an SD card. This is a very early iteration of this idea, but hopefully will develop into something useful.
At the moment, essentially what it will do is
- 1. Grab the list of Distros from the RPI Download page
- 2. Let the user select which distro he wants to install
- 3. Select the Disk device that he wants to install it onto
- 4. dd the image onto the disk device.
- 5. Flash OS from zip file on SD Card:
- 6. Reset SD Card: This will format an SD Card back to defaults, i.e. one vfat partition.
- Download
- Main site
PiBang Linux
PiBang linux is a Raspbian based distribution. PiBang is inspired by Crunchbang Linux, an i686 and x86_68 Debian based distribution. It comes preconfigured with many helpful scripts and pipemenus as well as a fork of Raspi-config with increases functions such as support for changing the user and hostname. PiBang is also one of the heavier Rasperry Pi distributions boasting a complete package set with favorites such as Abiword, OMXPlayer, GIMP, and VLC all pre-installed.
Plan 9
Plan 9 is a distributed operating system originally designed and implemented by Ken Thompson, Rob Pike, Dave Presotto, and Phil Winterbottom @ Bell Labs. It is a lean operating system that has been ported to super computers such as IBM's Blue Gene down to tiny boards such the RaspberryPi.
- Distribution disk image
- Plan9 subforum @ raspberryPi.org
- Acme editor tutorial
- Plan 9 Main page
- Plan 9 wiki
NetBSD is an operating system based off 4.3BSD and is geared towards embedded systems. There has been an unofficial public release here comments about the release here
Details of the FreeBSD port Dowload here
SlaXBMCRPi is a minimal Linux distribution based on Slackware ARM that brings a full featured XBMC solution to your Raspberry Pi. It allow the user to exit from XBMC to the Desktop should he need to perform typical desktop tasks (browsing, text editing etc.).
There are two pre-built images available:
Developer: It is 3.2GB and contain all development packages required to compile the Linux kernel, XBMC and other XBMC related (or not) packages
Minimal: It is 1.8GB and contain only the packages required to run XBMC. (Does not include firefox and other GUI apps)
- Main Site
- Developer Image
- Minimal Image
- Manual Installation Packages
- Source Code
- Installation Instructions (Windows/Linux)
Raspberry Pi distribution geared towards emulating video games. Maintained by Shea Silverman
PiBox provides a build system based on Crosstool-NG, Buildroot/Busybox, the Linux kernel, Rasperry Pi firmware and installation tools to create a base system that can be installed to an SD card to boot a Raspberry Pi. The base system serves as a foundation on which opkg based extensions such as XBMCBox can be installed. PiBox is intended as a build system, though binary release are made available to try out the system. It's current focus is to provide a lightweight system for providing services (wifi webcam, media server, platform for DLP display) for travel trailers, though this is just an initial target audience. Wifi requires manual configuration of USB ids in /etc/usbhandler.conf. RTL8187B based adapters are recommended.
PiBox Development Platform is the official name of the core build system. It provides the platform on which the following two products are based.
PiBox Media Server is a purpose-specific implementation built on PiBox with a goal of providing a media server that can stream webcam video and stream video files as well as serve them over NFS and SMB. This is accomplished by adding custom opkg installs on the base PiBox development platform. The PiBox Media Server can be used as a node on a network or as a wireless access point. Additionally, PiBox Media Server will include (over time) support for sensor management making it similar to a home monitoring system.
PiBox Media Player is a purpose-specific implementation built on PiBox with a goal of providing a media player based on XBMC and other media players. The player is intended to integrate with PiBox Media Server over wifi with the server acting as a wireless access point. HDMI-based DLP projectors for use as a personal Drive In Theater experience. This is also accomplished by adding custom opkg installs on the base PiBox development platform.
Status of all projects are available from the News section of the issue tracker
Developers are wanted to help in adding new features and cross compiling additional packages. Also, feel free to fork the PiBox Development Platform for your own custom distribution. The aim is to make an easy to use meta-build, making creation of a custom distribution as simple as possible.
Created and maintained by Michael J. Hammel
Announced distributions
The following distributions have been announced and may have been publicly demonstrated but distributions are not generally available quite yet.
https://en.opensuse.org/Portal:ARM OpenSuSE Arm Port exist quite of many Years .
Since July 2012 it been avalible as well for The RPI.
The Image Status are currenty betta still , but works . The OpenSuSE RPi image are made Minimalistic , without Yast !!
Install required Software are quite simple with zypper , same as on x86.
Current Infomations gathered at the RPI Forum http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewforum.php?f=87
Chromium OS
Details about the work Chromium OS is Google own version of linux os
Meego MER & XBMC
The MeeGo MER project provides a Linux-based, open source software platform for the next generation of computing devices. The MeeGo MER software platform is designed to give developers the broadest range of device segments to target for their applications, including netbooks, handheld computing and communications devices, in-vehicle infotainment devices, smart TVs, tablets and more – all using a uniform set of APIs based on Qt. XBMC is an award-winning free and open source (GPL) software media player and entertainment hub for digital media. Meego TV 1.2 uses XBMC as a reference GUI (that is, a starting point for creating a custom GUI).
- http://www.madeo.co.uk/?p=783
- http://www.madeo.co.uk/?page_id=605
- http://wiki.meego.com/User:Vgrade#Raspberry_Pi
- http://wiki.merproject.org/wiki/Community_Workspace/RaspberryPi
- https://github.com/xbmc/xbmc-rbp
Puppy Linux is designed to be a small tiny Linux distribution (<100MB). One distro version of Puppy for ARM is SAP6 Debian6 armel binaries and another PuppiPlan all under the Puppy initiative. Puppy Linux is going back to his roots. Designed to run from 256MB ram. Making every bit count. Join the Puppy geek adventure for 2012. Woof Woof
OpenWrt is described as a Linux distribution for embedded devices. The Rpi is now supported by the Attitude Adjustment (12.09-beta) release available here:
OpenWrt Wiki for R_pi http://wiki.openwrt.org/toh/raspberry_pi
Related links:
- http://www.zoobab.com/raspberry-pi-openwrt
- http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.embedded.openwrt.devel/14815
- openWRT Thread about Raspberry Pi status
RPi-Buildroot is a set of Makefiles and patches that make it easy to generate a complete customized embedded Linux system for your Raspberry Pi. This distro is based on Buildroot so it's perfect for somebody looking to build a trimmed down or task-specific system.
Please note that this distro is intended for advanced users.
- More Information
- Git Repository
- Test-drive SD card images and toolchain
- Marshmallow Entertainment System
Aros Hosted on Linux
Aros is an open source Amiga like operating system (OS) at the api level. This version runs as a task under Linux to take advantage of the drivers available inside the GNU Linux OS core.
Related links
- http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=35843&forum=48
- http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/tag/aros
- Youtube videos
- http://www.amiga.org/forums/archive/index.php/t-62135.html
Other Distributions
These are other popular distributions that are often asked about for Raspberry Pi but are not available.
Ubuntu was initially planned to be the default distribution, but the current version of Ubuntu only supports ARMv7 onwards, not the ARMv6 architecture used by the Raspberry Pi's processor. Therefore Ubuntu does not work on Raspberry Pi, and there is no further information about this changing in the near future.
A bug report on this subject was submitted to Ubuntu's bug tracker. The responses to that bug include an unofficial viewpoint from a Canonical employee, outlining the amount of work required to support ARMv6 (and therefore, potentially, Raspberry Pi). See Bug 848154


text:
Western Digital's VelociRaptor 1TB hard drive Is there any hope for high-performance mechanical drives? We test WD's latest 10k-RPM VelociRaptor 1TB against a diverse array of competitors to find out. Type: Feature article Tags: Storage Servers Workstations |
161 |
OCZ's RevoDrive 3 X2 240GB solid-state drive Using virtualization voodoo, the RevoDrive 3 X2 combines four SandForce-based SSDs on a single PCIe card purportedly capable of transfer rates up to 1500MB/s. ... Type: Feature article Tags: Storage Servers Workstations |
61 |
TR's March 2012 system guide Not much new hardware has come out since we published our last guide in December, but this edition is still choc-full of small, incremental... Type: Feature article Tags: Systems Workstations |
217 |
TR's Christmas 2011 system guide With our latest system guide, we've attempted to weather the surge in hard-drive prices while taking advantage of some of the latest hardware releases.... Type: Feature article Tags: Systems Workstations |
82 |
Life in the lab with Noctua's CPU coolers We rarely review CPU coolers here at TR, but we've spent a few months working with a trio of Noctua designs that are really quite... Type: Feature article Tags: CPUs Cooling |
64 |
TR's fall 2011 system guide Join us as we reveal the latest updates and additions we've made to our four classic builds: the $600 Econobox, $900 Utility Player, $1,500 Sweeter... Type: Feature article Tags: Systems Workstations |
167 |
TR's back-to-school system guide In this edition of the guide, we've freshened up our base builds and added a $700 dorm PC for folks heading to college this fall. Type: Feature article Tags: Systems Workstations |
43 |
TR's Summer 2011 system guide AMD's next wave of processors may be on the horizon, but some of us need to upgrade sooner rather than later. So, here's a Type: Feature article Tags: Systems Workstations |
118 |
The making of Damagebox 2011 I'll admit to being like the proverbial plumber with a leaky sink. When it comes to my own primary personal computer, I've been borderline neglectful... Type: Feature article Tags: Cases Cooling Systems |
92 |
AMD's SB800-series fan speed controller exposed We've long bemoaned the sorry state of BIOS-level fan speed controls, but AMD's SB800-series south bridge chips have a lot to offer on that... Type: Feature article Tags: Motherboards Chipsets Cooling |
66 |
A quick look at Corsair's A50 and A70 CPU coolers Corsair has broadened its portfolio with a pair of reasonably priced CPU heatsinks. We take a quick look at what the A50 and A70... Type: Feature article Tags: Cooling |
35 |
Opteron 4100 series aims for the clouds After telegraphing its intentions for quite some time, AMD followed through today with the official unveiling of the Opteron 4100 series of processors. Type: Feature article Tags: CPUs Servers Workstations |
48 |
Western Digital's VelociRaptor VR200M hard drive Every time WD has released a new Raptor, the performance bar for desktop hard drives has been raised. But the new 600GB VelociRaptor VR200M enters... Type: Feature article Tags: Storage Servers Workstations |
132 |
The pool wants you! As Chicago said back in 1970, does anybody really know what time it is?... Type: Blog post Tags: Internet Linux-Unix Networking |
39 |
Corsair's H50 all-in-one CPU water cooler Corsair has developed a new Hydro Series H50 CPU water cooler, and we've put the factory-sealed, all-in-one unit through the wringer against some of its... Type: Feature article Tags: Cooling |
44 |
Battle of the elements: air vs. water CPU cooler showdown Water cooling is typically complicated and expensive, but you can now buy factory-sealed, all-in-one kits for little more than a high-end air cooler. Join... Type: Feature article Tags: Cooling |
73 |
A look at four X25-E Extreme SSDs in RAID Intel's X25-E Extreme SSD is easily the fastest flash drive on the market. Heck, it's just about the quickest 32GB you can plug into a... Type: Feature article Tags: Storage Servers Workstations |
92 |
ACard's ANS-9010 Serial ATA RAM disk We haven't heard much about RAM disks since Gigabyte's i-RAM, but now ACard has one that supports up to 64GB of DDR2 memory, has dual... Type: Feature article Tags: Storage Servers Workstations |
124 |
Aorus gives its GTX 1070 the triple-fan treatment | 1 |

subset: commoncrawl


text:
On Tuesday, November 6, 2012, we kicked off an activation reminder project aimed to stimulate growth on Yammer networks. This was a one-time email campaign where users (who were previously invited but had not yet accepted those invitations) were sent one last reminder.
Emails of this kind will not be sent to these users again, unless they are re-invited by an active user.
Despite our thorough checks and balances, we did not include the "user state" on one of the lines of code that ensures the user who sent the invitation originally is still an active user on the network. Because of that, some of these reminders were sent from inactive Yammer accounts.
We realize that this has caused some confusion and alarm. We can assure you this is not a security breach of any kind.
We apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused. Going forward, we have added steps to our checks and balances process that will prevent this from happening again.


text:
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text:
Mitchell Baalman stands for a portrait in a field of sunflowers on his family's 12,000-acre farm outside of Hoxie, Kan., on Thursday, Oct. 11, 2012. As historically dry conditions continue, farmers from South Dakota to the Texas panhandle rely on the Ogallala Aquifer, the largest underground aquifer in the United States, to irrigate crops. After decades of use, the falling water level ? accelerated by historic drought conditions over the last two years ? is putting pressure on farmers to ease...
more »
» View Tristan Spinski
Page Link: |


text:
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text:
Dribbble is a show and tell community for designers
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text:
Udon noodles of North American family organic spring wheat 80% and Lundberg® organic short grain rice 20%, with a bit of Eden Sea Salt. Crafted at the Sobaya Company of Montréal, Canada, its shape and thickness is similar to linguine. Delicious in dashi - a shoyu soy sauce kombu broth, stir-fries, soups, salads, sushi, or with a favorite sauce. Rich in thiamin B1, it provides healthy fiber, protein, complex carbs, iron, magnesium, and zinc. Low sodium. Bulk packed, poly bag in a recycled and recyclable corrugated box.
Eden Wheat and Rice Organic Udon of North American family organic spring wheat 80% and Lundberg® organic short grain rice 20%, with a bit of Eden Sea Salt. Crafted at the Sobaya Company of Montréal, Canada using the same roll-and-cut process used for Udon and Soba in Japan. Sobaya Company imported Japanese equipment for North America's only certified organic, traditional soba and udon noodle factory. They make the finest soba and udon in the Western hemisphere. Udon's shape and thickness is similar to linguine's.
Eden Wheat and Rice Organic Udon begins with freshly milled, Eden selected grain. Flour is kneaded with pure water and fine sea salt. Salt binds the dough, enhances flavor, and preserves the dried pasta. Dough is rolled out and folded onto itself eight times, then cut to length. Long strands of noodles are lifted onto racks, rolled into drying rooms, and allowed to dry slowly for up to two days depending upon thickness and ambient temperature/humidity. Dutifully tended, they are hand-cut and packed when perfectly finished. Patience and a no-shortcut approach create superior texture, flavor, and ultimately well nourished well-being.
Ecological Packaging
All Eden traditional Japanese organic pasta is packed in boxes made from recycled and recyclable paperboard, one of the most environmentally friendly packages available. According to the 100% Recycled Paperboard Alliance (RPA100.com), "Fourteen trees are saved for each ton of paperboard converted to 100% recycled paperboard. Trees are critical to the sequestration of CO2 (a greenhouse gas) in North America. For each ton of paperboard converted to 100% recycled paperboard, an equal amount of recovered fiber has been diverted from municipal landfills. Production of 100% recycled paperboard uses 50% less energy than virgin grades of paperboard, thus significantly reducing greenhouse gases released into the environment."
Commercial pasta is highly refined chemically treated flour, processed in minutes through teflon dies and ultra high heat or microwave drying resulting in inferior flavor, diminished nutrition, and dubious value. Eden Organic Wheat and Rice Udon is a wise choice. Light, delicious and nourishing because it's made with patience, care, the best grain, and handling that enhances its value.
Nutritional Facts
According to the FDA, "Low fat diets rich in fiber-containing grain products, fruits, and vegetables may reduce the risk of some types of cancer, a disease associated with many factors." Eden Wheat and Rice Organic Udon is low in fat and a good source of healthy fiber. Also, "Diets low in sodium may reduce the risk of hypertension or high blood pressure, a disease with many factors." Eden Wheat and Rice Organic Udon is low sodium, an excellent source of thiamin B1, and a good source of protein, iron, magnesium, zinc, and niacin B3.
Eden organic traditional Japanese pastas are delicious, strengthening and nourishing. With so many different flavors of Eden pastas (and beans, sea veggies, condiments, and much more ... ) you can easily make healthy meals from your pantry in satisfying variety. Delicious in dashi - shoyu soy sauce kombu noodle broth and ideal in salads and stir-fries, with a dipping sauce, or any way you enjoy pasta.
Traditional Cooking Instructions for Japanese Noodles
Soba and Udon can be boiled just like other pasta or you can use a traditional Japanese cooking method which takes a little longer but is well worth it. This method is called the shocking method, cold water is added to boiling water several times during the cooking process creating a firmer, al dente noodle. For this method place 2 quarts of cold water in a large pot, cover, and bring to a boil. Remove the cover, add the noodles, and stir to prevent sticking. As soon as the water comes to a boil again, add enough cold water to stop the water from boiling (about a 1/2 cup). Bring to a boil again, and add cold water again. Repeat one or two additional times until the noodles are done. Periodically check the noodles by removing a strand and biting or cutting it in half. If the center of the noodle strand is white and the outside is darker, the noodles are not done. When the center of the noodle is the same color as the outside, and the noodles are firm yet tender to the bite they are done. Rinse cooked Udon and Soba noodles under cold water. This lowers sodium and prevent clumping.
Name | Wheat & Rice Udon, Organic |
Item Number | 101735 |
Ingredients | Organic Brown Rice, Stone Ground Organic Spring Wheat, Sea Salt |
Package Size | 10 lb |
Package Size Metric | 4.5 kg |
UPC Code Each | 024182210354 |
UPC Code Case | No |
Low Sodium | Yes, 140 mg or less per serving |
Good Source of Fiber | Yes, 2.5 g to 4.9 g per serving (10% to 19% DV) |
Pareve | Yes |
Low Fat | Yes, 3 g or less per serving |
Macrobiotic | Yes |
Organic | Yes |
Non GMO | Yes |


text:
IncrediMail is a free email program that manages all your email messages, communications, contact details, and email transactions. IncrediMail is all about having fun with your email.
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text:
Submit News
New Paper Estimates 74 Percent of Warming is Manmade
Jason Mick
December 26, 2011 12:22 PM
Recipient E-mail
Sender E-mail
Paper questionably assumes no add'l feedback to warming will occur, drops last five years of ocean data
Markus Huber and
Reto Knutti
, researchers at the
ETH Zurich
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science
, earlier this month published an interesting research letter in the peer-reviewed journal
Nature Geoscience
, entitled "
Anthropogenic and natural warming inferred from changes in Earth's energy balance
". This letter is significant, as it appears to be the first climatology work to try to extensively model warming from an energy balance perspective. This represents a major step forward in trying to understand a model global warming.
Ultimately, the paper tries to assign a percent blame to mankind for the current warming. However, there is good cause to debate the validity of these final conclusions, given some of the paper's rather naïve methodology. It is here that the paper falls back on the mistakes of some of its predecessors in perhaps oversimplifying the system.
I. Mankind is Contributing to Warming the Earth
Whether it's one trillionth of a degree Celsius or one degree Celsius, there's one thing most scientific-minded observers of the warming debate can agree upon -- mankind is responsible for some part of the Earth's recent warming trend.
Basic physics tells us carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, as is methane. Mankind has emitted a lot of carbon dioxide and methane in the last 100 years, and atmospheric monitoring has shown a discrete rise in levels of these greenhouse gases.
The greenhouse gases trap heat. So mankind is clearly responsible for some quantifiable amount of the warming effect.
Global warming is symptomatic of either an excess incoming energy flow or an deficient outoging energy flow, thus the energy balance is a good means of examining warming.
[Image Source: Learner.org]
The important questions are:
of recent warming (%) is mankind responsible for?
How far can the system go before reaching equilibrium?
It is here, though, that the logical "skeptic" and some climatologists diverge. Some researchers claim that both of these questions have
been, more or less, definitively answered
Scientifically-grounded skeptics
, on the other hand, argue that much of the current work has been simply in fitting
weak models
to data sets, leading to potentially misleading conclusions.
The new work, for its part, does do an admirable job pointing out some of the shortcomings of the current modeling approach. The authors write:
The optimal fingerprint detection and attribution framework provides a rigorous, statistical method to quantify the contributions of different external forcings and internal variability to the observed climate changes. In essence, it is based on a regression of the observations onto model simulated patterns and relies on the spatio-temporal response patterns from different forcings being clearly distinct. The assumptions are that climate models simulate the spatial patterns reasonably well and that regional responses from different forcings can be scaled and combined linearly. The global energy budget is not necessarily conserved and observed changes in the energy budget are not considered. Previous studies showed that observed patterns of surface air temperature provide a constraint on the human contribution to the observed warming.
In other words, past studies have taken temperature observations, assumed that we know exactly how much temperature increase is caused per unit forcing (e.g. per unit CO2), and linearly combined forcings to find a model that fits current temperature rises.
The new work attempts to combine forcings linearly and assumes no additional feedback, much like past works. [Image Source: ETH Zurich]
II. Looking at the Energy Balance
The new work alters this approach slightly, by using the energy balance, rather than the temperature, as the target to fit to. But ultimately its conclusions may be skewed by the fact that it, like its temperature-based predecessor, uses a simplistic approach in which inputs' contributions:
Scale linearly
Are additive
Are of equal efficacy (from the paper: "We assume that all forcing agents have equal efficacy.")
This is a rather simplistic model, although the analysis was complex with "thousands of model simulations".
The paper's ultimate conclusion is that:
Our results show that it is extremely likely that at least 74% (±12%, 1σ) of the observed warming since 1950 was caused by radiative forcings, and less than 26% (12%) by unforced internal variability. Of the forced signal during that particular period, 102% (90-116%) is due to anthropogenic and 1% (-10 to 13%) due to natural forcing.
The authors conclude that man is responsible for 74 percent of warming.
The paper shows that the model was fit well with recent historic temperatures.
[Image Source: ETH Zurich]
The paper claims that mankind is responsible for 74 percent of warming via greenhouse gases,once the offsetting contribution of aerosols is considered. [Image Source: ETH Zurich]
This is a fascinating conclusion, because if correct it provides a much more straightforward assignment of blame to mankind, using what appears to be a more scientifically sound methodology (i.e. the energy balance).
III. The Blame Game -- Maybe Not Quite So Accurate
Unfortunately there are some significant issues with the paper which cause its conclusions to be brought into question.
One notable is the issue is whether the scaled forcings are truly of "equal efficacy". It's quite possible that different forcings could operate fundamentally differently, given where they put their heat (e.g. atmosphere v. ocean, etc.). Problematically, the paper's authors fail to provide much explanation of why they think this approach is truly valid.
Secondly the study's methodology section states that another potentially problematic assumption was made:
It is assumed that the feedbacks are constant over time and the forcing uncertainty can largely be captured by a time-independent scaling factor.
This gets back to question 2 of the big questions previously raised -- "How far can the system go before reaching equilibrium?"
The model essentially is assuming that the Earth is going to sit here warming, without any significant cooling counter-effect being produced. Geological record, as well as scientific common sense would cast doubt on this notion. To give on example, past warming has altered sea currents, leading to a net cooling trend.
Finally, the paper admits that something strange is going on heat balance-wise with the ocean:
Ocean heat uptake for 3,000m depth is also larger, but the model is only constrained using data to 700m depth. Furthermore, uncertainties in ocean heat uptake are large and differences between various reconstructions are significant. The near constant ocean temperature over the past five years are not simulated by the model and its causes remain unclear.
For some reason the ocean temperatures have flatlined. But the papers ignore this data, opting to only use the data that indicates nice, homogenous warming.
The energy balance results are compared with observational data, but the researchers questionably neglect comparisons for the last five years of ocean data.
[Image Source: ETH Zurich]
Thus, at the end of the day while this paper makes some progress in adopting a more sensible metric for quantifying warming (energy balance) and uses some impressive simulation techniques (e.g. the neural network trained to performing the BERN2.5D model Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations), the uncertainty in its conclusions is likely understated.
Is mankind responsible for some amount of warming? Certainly -- again, basic physics tells us this. But is this warming permanent and linearly scaling with greenhouse gas emissions? The answer there is far less certain.
It would be terrifically convenient to blindly accept the paper's conclusion and take it as dogma that mankind is responsible for 74 percent of warming. Unfortunately taking a look at the paper's methodology from an analytical and scientific perspective reveals that doing so is likely folly.
The authors deserve praise for applying the energy balance and for providing explicit qualifications for some of the key assumptions and shortcomings of their work. But the paper does not definitively pin what percent of warming mankind is to blame for. As
X Files
states, "The truth is out there."
[Image Source: Sustainable Blog]
It is important for politicians to bear this state of uncertainty in mind, when deciding on whether to adopt more costly means of "fighting" global warming by cutting greenhouse gas emissions. Some methods like
deploying nuclear energy
or funding
novel solar energy research
represent lower cost, lower risk scenarios, in which mankind would still benefit in other ways, even if the warming threat proves overstated. But when it comes to more extreme actions, such as adopting
meat rationing
carbon credits (wealth redistribution) schemes
, it seems a bit premature to resort to such expensive schemes given the lack of definitive understanding.
ETH Zurich [PDF draft]
"Spreading the rumors, it's very easy because the people who write about Apple want that story, and you can claim its credible because you spoke to someone at Apple." -- Investment guru Jim Cramer
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text:
We are living in an age of unprecedented language creation. Between the explosion of languages on the JVM and the new native languages, we find ourselves with a happy surfeit of very interesting choices. These options are not just the toy creations of comp-sci undergraduates, but sophisticated products with extensive libraries and active communities. Where they tend to be weak, however, is in tooling. And unfortunately, for many language developers, tooling is a metaphor for the coding front end: They strive to create editor plugins to provide basic syntax assistance. The more important support for debugging is often consigned to the use of printf-
like statements to dump trace
statements and variables' contents to the console.
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I have always found this substitution of printf
for debugging to be a profoundly wrong conflation of two concepts. Yet, because we've all had the experience of using printf
or its equivalents to help chase down bugs, we tend to go along with the proposal. Some well-known developers even proclaim their preference for print
statements. Consider this statement from "Uncle Bob" Martin in a post decrying the use of debuggers: "The kinds of bugs I have to troubleshoot are easily isolated by my unit tests, and can be quickly found through inspection and a few judiciously placed print
statements." (I'm not singling out Martin here. He's certainly not the only person who holds this opinion.)
There are multiple aspects of printf
statements that make them very poor substitutes and, in fact, at times dangerous tools.
Location. Martin advises "judiciously placed print statements." Well, if you're in a serious debugging mode, judiciously placing printf
is a very difficult thing to do. It implies some strong knowledge of the nature of the cause of the defect you're chasing. My experience is that, frequently, you get the first attempt at printf
wrong, and then must start to guess where else to place the statements. Sometimes, it's not even guessing: You need to put them at several upstream points to coarsely locate where a variable unexpectedly changes values. Finally, when you get the right location, you must then add new statements to track down why the variable is changing. It's a mess that brings me to the second point.
Time cost. Every print
statement means another compilation and link step. Because of the time this consumes, there is considerable motivation to put in many more statements at each pass, so as to trap the defect wherever it might possibly occur. The result is code literally littered with dump
Complexity. While conceptually nothing is simpler than dumping a variable to the console, in fact, it's no trivial matter. This is particularly true of data structures, especially those containing pointers. Now, the print
statement must explain what it's dumping and format it correctly. Really subtle bugs might require multiple lines of extracting and formatting code before the dump
statement is useful. Debuggers handle this transparently and allow you to walk lists and arrays with no difficulty.
Heisenberg effect. Print
statements can occasionally have unintended consequences on the executing code. This is particularly true in parallel programming because of the problem that print
statements will be dumped simultaneously to the console and turn the data into unreadable garbage. To avoid this, some kind of mutual exclusion becomes necessary, which immediately changes the execution pattern and performance profile of the code. (Not to mention the complexity of setting this up.)
Clean up. Congratulations, you found the bug! Now, it's time to clean up your print
statements. Unless you were very careful about tracking where you placed them, chances are fair that you'll miss one or two. When it shows up in testing later on, you'll need to dive back into the code for a quick nip and tuck. In practice, however, these statements especially if they including formatting logic for dumping data structures aren't actually removed. Rather, they are simply commented out in case they're needed again; thereby leaving unneeded trash strewn throughout the codebase.
In almost every dimension, the dumping of variables to the console is an inferior alternative to using the debugger. It takes just as long, if not longer, to find defects, and the practice inserts detrimental artifacts into the codebase.
When I hear developers say that they're happy debugging with print
statements (frequently stated with the inflection of "I'm old school and like doing things with simple tools"), I know that they're not likely to be working on large projects and are definitely not working with parallel code. Likewise, when I hear of a new language that recommends print
statements as the way to debug the code, I want to address the suggestion by asking, Why don't you just come out and say it? You don't support debugging yet.
— Andrew Binstock
Editor in Chief
Twitter: platypusguy


text:
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170 |
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Snooping Timbuk2's camera messenger bag For more than a decade, I lugged my notebook in a simple shoulder bag. I suppose you'd call it a messenger-style bag today, but... Type: Blog post Tags: Mobile computing Personal tech |
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Breaking the broken Last week, Apple updated its iBooks app for all iOS devices. The world, even the book nerd world, did not break out into flash mobs... Type: Blog post Tags: Mac Personal tech Copyright |
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Aorus gives its GTX 1070 the triple-fan treatment | 1 |


text:
The European Patent Office will grant patent rights over the use of CRISPR in all cell types to a University of California team, contrasting with a recent decision in the U.S.
Histone acetylation levels keep intracellular pH in check.
Histone acetylation levels keep intracellular pH in check.
Professor, Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology. Age: 40
Microbes affect weight loss; dozens of cancer-linked genes identified; a climate change scientists speaks out about personal attacks; isolation among elderly linked to death
Microbial changes in the gut contribute to a patient's ability to slim down after gastric bypass surgery.
Venom-based drugs for pain; microbes in the deep ocean; altruistic, suicidal bacteria; a call for open access; clinical sequencing; the newest genomes
Researchers show that a bacterium's self-sacrifice can benefit its community, even when the members are not strongly related.
Researchers find remarkably active bacteria in the Mariana Trench, where they live under pressure 1,000 times greater than at the surface.
Federal research agencies, such as the NIH, EPA, and NSF, are improving communication between their scientists and journalists, but most can do better.
Rock samples from deep within the Earth's oceanic crust contain chemosynthetic microbial life.
Team member and opponents exchange microbes by slamming into each others' shoulders during the game.


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The JUGS Quick-Snap Square Screen for Baseman is great protection for your players at practice. It is 6 1/2 ' H x 6' W and can be used to protect any infielder during drills. Assembly takes about 1 and 1/2 minutes.
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The fold and clip legs make screens easy to store in any size of space. The JUGS Quick-Snap Protective Screens come weather treated and with 1 3/8 galvanized-steel piped frames, so they are built to last. All JUGS Quick-Snap Protective Screens come with a heavy-duty nylon carrying bag for storage and makes it easy to take it with you to practices and games. These Quick-Snap Protective Screens are perfect for traveling teams, they can go from the carrying bag to being set-up in a few minutes!
To make your shopping experience at Unique-Sports.com the easiest possible, when it says "free shipping", we have a single price - and that's all you pay (unless you want it a bit faster...and we make that easy too!) Other stores may have similar prices, but once you add the hidden costs like extra shipping "options", handling, taxes and more, you'll find that no sporting equipment shopping experience is quite like ours.
Orders on in stock merchandise that are received before 12:00pm Central Standard Time will be fulfilled within the same day. Most orders will be delivered within 7 business days from the date of shipping. Weekends and Holidays are excluded. Most orders are shipped UPS Ground, which is free of charge.
Free Shipping is a big part of what makes your shopping experience here UNIQUE! If you have any questions about our Free Shipping policy, or if you need something shipped quicker (next day, two day, or 3 day), just call our Customer Care team at 1-800-297-0747 or email us at email@example.com
The first JUGS product, a curveball-pitching machine, has become the most revolutionary training aid for all phases of the game of baseball. JUGS developed the curveball machine more than 40 years ago and began a revolution in baseball and softball training. JUGS has gone on to develop machines for other sports, however their bread-and-butter remains baseball and softball pitching machines and field equipment. JUGS has also have developed a premier line of hitting nets, batting cages, protective screens, balls, and field accessories.
The JUGS name has become synonymous with baseball, and the blue and white machines have become a common sight on middle school, high school, college, and professional baseball fields and practice facilities worldwide.
It is a staggering fact that ninety-four percent of all baseball players entering professional baseball in the last thirty years have helped develop their skills with the help of JUGS at some point in their life!
In a very short time, almost all college national championship teams and contenders, as well as state high school champions were using JUGS equipment at some point. Word spread quickly among baseball coaches about how JUGS was helping build championship teams. Articles in trade magazines sang its praises. Sports Illustrated covered the machine on three different occasions and predicted that JUGS would revolutionize baseball. The recognition of JUGS reached its zenith when Paulson appeared on national TV to demonstrate the machine with ''Mr. October," Reggie Jackson.
With 40 years of precision tuning under their belt, JUGS has created an extremely reliable and hard-working pitching machine that often lasts decades. JUGS also has great customer service and a 5 year warranty on their pitching machines. If you were to ever have problems with your JUGS batting machine, the JUGS customer service department is always responsive and willing to go the extra mile for you to make the situation right. This, coupled with their 5 year warranty, almost guarantees that if you are not happy with your JUGS hitting machine they will do everything possible to make the situation right.
JUGS pitching machines can be up to 50% higher than other pitching machines in some situations, however you need to weigh quality of JUGS when making a serious investment like this. You are almost guaranteed that if you purchase a JUGS machine you will be happy or JUGS will do everything in their power to make you happy.
Today, over 105,000 teams use a JUGS machine at their practices. In fact, the most widely used pitching machines in the world are made by JUGS. JUGS quick-Snap and fixed frame l-screens and fielders screens are almost as ubiquitous. JUGS other popular products such as the JUGS Instant Screen, JUGS Complete Travel Screen and JUGS Lite Flite Practice Machines are amongst our best selling products. JUGS batting cages, batting cage frames, batting cage nets, and cage accessories are of the highest quality, and recommended by coaches everywhere.
Unique-Sports has been a trusted resource for sports equipment and accessories for over 13 years. Unique-Sports is an invaluable online resource for athletes, coaches, youth leagues, and scholastic sports programs across the United States. The Unique-Sports team is comprised of former athletes, current athletes, coaches, and sports enthusiasts who have hands-on experience in the use and benefit of sports equipment and accessories. If you have any questions about this product, please do not hesitate to contact us at 1-800-297-0747.
A member of the Unique-Sports team will be happy to research this product or any other product you may be interested in, help you customize a solution for your exact needs, or make product recommendations based on your budget or intended use. We have the lowest prices on sports equipment and accessories online…guaranteed!
Our prices, selection, and quality are unbeatable - but our love of the game... that's what makes us UNIQUE!


text:
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