text:
I googled a bit, searching for opinions on this specific model. To my astonishment, I read in a review here that the reviewer
had a bit of trouble with the g-string coming out of tune recently
I was flabbergasted, really. Hellóóóóó, what's the big deal here, every time I tried (that was after finding out where the g-string was) it definitely sounded out of tune!!
[ 2 comments ] ( 46 views ) | permalink | ( 3 / 2169 )
I checked the symptoms and did a post-diagnosis so now I know what was going on with me the last week or so. It wasn't "just" a common cold, no, I had the flu!!
Oh yeah, and by the way, stophoest certainly doesn't have the effect the name (dutch for stop coughing) suggests. It's just a way of selling bad tasting candy to sick people like me. Well, paracetamol and lots of rest did the trick for me, like always.
[ add comment ] ( 6 views ) | permalink | ( 3 / 2096 )
Band of horses will perform in Paradiso, Amsterdam on 1.March 2008. It has been a while since we visited a concert, so this would be a nice opportunity.
[ add comment ] ( 14 views ) | permalink | ( 3 / 2076 )
I recently installed LinuxMCE in favor of M$ Vista. Vista is suckin' big time, period! It's a 10+ minute boot each time, and after 5 minutes or so the systems hangs completely. So I finally decided to dump it. Installation of LinuxMCE was a drag, but finally I got it installed. Playing music and watching movies works great, but somehow my Hauppauge PVR350 (including the infra red control) is not detected. That means I'm missing quite some of the media center experience (whatever that may be), and I'm unable to control the system using a remote control.
Now I see that there's a new beta available, based on Kubuntu 0710. I guess that means I have to spent some time reinstalling
[ add comment ] ( 2 views ) | permalink | ( 3 / 1955 )
Tested on my SL-C3100, this is a small bootable Poky 2.6.23 kernel with a copy of the Android OS from the SDK (qemu) emulator.
Installation on the Zaurus is done in the usual way:
1. Download zImage.bin, updater.sh, gnu-tar and android-root.tar.gz and copy the files to a SD card
2. Remove battery and power adapter cable
3. Wait for 5 seconds
4. Replace battery, close and lock battery cover
5. Attach power adapter cable
6. Keep OK button pressed while pressing on/off switch
7. From the Japanese menu, choose option 4 (Update), then 2 (SD) and finally Y
Flashing starts, and you are asked if you want to flash the kernel, if you want the microdrive to be formatted and if you want the root filesystem to be installed.
Accept all questions answering them with y
After flashing is complete, the machine is rebooted. Login with root and type /start to start Android.
This is the basic version, without any of the patches found across the Net.
Have fun, and share your results and findings of course!
[ add comment ] ( 4 views ) | permalink | ( 3 / 1863 )
Yesterday I was finally successful in running Android on my Zaurus SL-C3100. Build on a minimal 2.6.23 (Poky) linux kernel and the files and info from this blog I created a complete installable distro.
The speed is astonishing, I never thought a Java based OS would be able to be this responsive!
There's lot to be done of course. Touchscreen isn't working, as is networking, the display is in portrait mode on default and a lot of applications are still missing. But it's a nice begin!
Great to have this working on my Zaurus, moreover when you know that devices shipped with Android will be sold in the second half of 2008. So we're one of the happy few, and I like that.
[ add comment ] ( 7 views ) | permalink | ( 3 / 1759 )
When the news was spread that Google announced a mobile phone platform called Android I just took it for granted at that time. Always nice to have some serious competition in a smartphone world ruled by micro$oft and symbian. I have a weak spot for symbian somehow, since it's a psion initiative, and build on the experience psion had as manufacturer of PDA's that were always ahead of their time. But I like systems to be open, and symbian simply isn't. And micro$oft, well they sell OS'es still being alpha versions. Daily reboots and complete hangups are a common thing. Enough said, dump it, it's rubbish!
Some week ago I came across a post that some clever guys were successful in porting Android to the Zaurus. I'm always interested in initiatives like this. The more distro's available for the Zaurus, the better. Freedom of choice is a good thing after all.
That's when I started to gather some more information about Android. To my astonishment I read that it was based on a Linux kernel, and that most of the OS was build in Java. Linux and Java, this is a combination I like a lot!!
Java on my Zaurus has been an onging experience for me. I've build various JVM's like SableVM, JAMVM and of course the official Sun virtual machine. My experience: nice to be able to develop small console applications "on the road", but not good enough for serious applications based on a graphical GUI. Although it has a great geek-factor, it simply lacks speed to be very useful in real life.
But, I will certainly check this Android thing out and see if I can make it work on my Zaurus.
[ add comment ] ( 7 views ) | permalink | ( 2.9 / 1935 )


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From HaskellWiki
(add <hask> to (.) function) |
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;[http://hackage.haskell.org/package/hxt hxt]:The package [http://hackage.haskell.org/package/hxt hxt] forms the core of the toolbox. It contains a validating XML parser and a HTML parser, which tries to read any text as HTML, a DSL for processing, transforming and generating XML/HTML, and so called pickler for conversion from/to XML and native Haskell data. | ;[http://hackage.haskell.org/package/hxt hxt]:The package [http://hackage.haskell.org/package/hxt hxt] forms the core of the toolbox. It contains a validating XML parser and a HTML parser, which tries to read any text as HTML, a DSL for processing, transforming and generating XML/HTML, and so called pickler for conversion from/to XML and native Haskell data. | ||
+ | ;[http://hackage.haskell.org/package/HandsomeSoup HandsomeSoup]: HandsomeSoup adds CSS selectors to HXT. | ||
;[http://hackage.haskell.org/package/hxt-http hxt-http]: Native HTTP support is contained in [http://hackage.haskell.org/package/hxt-http hxt-http] and depends on package [http://hackage.haskell.org/package/HTTP HTTP]. | ;[http://hackage.haskell.org/package/hxt-http hxt-http]: Native HTTP support is contained in [http://hackage.haskell.org/package/hxt-http hxt-http] and depends on package [http://hackage.haskell.org/package/HTTP HTTP]. | ||
;[http://hackage.haskell.org/package/hxt-curl hxt-curl]:HTTP support via libCurl and package [http://hackage.haskell.org/package/curl curl] is in [http://hackage.haskell.org/package/hxt-curl hxt-curl]. | ;[http://hackage.haskell.org/package/hxt-curl hxt-curl]:HTTP support via libCurl and package [http://hackage.haskell.org/package/curl curl] is in [http://hackage.haskell.org/package/hxt-curl hxt-curl]. | ||
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More complex and complete examples of HXT in action | More complex and complete examples of HXT in action | ||
can be found in [[HXT/Practical]] | can be found in [[HXT/Practical]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | === The Complete Guide To Working With HTML === | ||
+ | |||
+ | Tutorial and Walkthrough: http://adit.io/posts/2012-04-14-working_with_HTML_in_haskell.html |
Revision as of 22:19, 24 April 2012
1 A gentle introduction to the Haskell XML Toolbox
The Haskell XML Toolbox (HXT) is a collection of tools for processing XML with Haskell. The core component of the Haskell XML Toolbox is a domain specific language consisting of a set of combinators for processing XML trees in a simple and elegant way. The combinator library is based on the concept of arrows. The main component is a validating and namespace aware XML-Parser that supports almost fully the XML 1.0 Standard. Extensions are a validator for RelaxNG and an XPath evaluator.
Contents |
2 Background
The Haskell XML Toolbox is based on the ideas of HaXml and HXML, but introduces a more general approach for processing XML with Haskell. HXT uses a generic data model for representing XML documents, including the DTD subset, entity references, CData parts and processing instructions. This data model makes it possible to use tree transformation functions as a uniform design of XML processing steps from parsing, DTD processing, entity processing, validation, namespace propagation, content processing and output.
HXT has grown over the years. Components for XPath, XSLT, validation with RelaxNG, picklers for conversion from/to native Haskell data, lazy parsing with tagsoup, input via curl and native Haskell HTTP and others have been added. This has led to a rather large package with a lot of dependencies.
To make the toolbox more modular and to reduce the dependencies on other packages, hxt has been split into various smaller packages since version 9.0.0.
3 Resources
3.1 Home Page and Repositoy
- The project home for HXT
- HXT on GitHub
- The git source repository on github for all HXT packages
3.2 Packages
All packages are available on hackage.
- hxt
- The package hxt forms the core of the toolbox. It contains a validating XML parser and a HTML parser, which tries to read any text as HTML, a DSL for processing, transforming and generating XML/HTML, and so called pickler for conversion from/to XML and native Haskell data.
- HandsomeSoup
- HandsomeSoup adds CSS selectors to HXT.
- hxt-http
- Native HTTP support is contained in hxt-http and depends on package HTTP.
- hxt-curl
- HTTP support via libCurl and package curl is in hxt-curl.
- hxt-tagsoup
- The lazy tagsoup parser can be found in package hxt-tagsoup, only this package depends on Neil Mitchell's tagsoup.
- hxt-xpath
- hxt-xslt
- hxt-relaxng
- The XPath-, XSLT- and RelaxNG-extensions are separated into hxt-xpath, hxt-xslt and hxt-relaxng.
- Basic packages
- There are some basic functionalities, which are not only of interest for HXT, but can be useful for other none XML/HTML related projects. These have been separated too.
- hxt-charproperties
- defines XML- and Unicode character class properties.
- hxt-unicode
- contains decoding function from various encoding schemes to Unicode. The difference of these functions compared to most of those available on hackage are, that these functions are lazy even in the case of encoding errors (thanks to Henning Thielemann).
- hxt-regex-xmlschema
- contains a lightweight and efficient regex-library. There is full Unicode support, the standard syntax defined in the XML-Schema doc is supported, and there are extensions available for intersection, difference, exclusive OR. The package is self contained, no other regex library is required. The Wiki page Regular expressions for XML Schema describes the theory behind this regex library and the extensions and gives some usage examples.
- hxt-cache
- A cache for storing parsed XML/HTML pages in binary from. This is used in the Holumbus searchengine framework and the Hayoo! API search for speeding up the repeated indexing of pages.
3.3 Installation
When installing hxt with cabal, one does not have to deal with all the basic packages. Just a
cabal install hxt
does the work for the core toolbox. When HTTP access is required, install at least one of the packages hxt-curl or hxt-http. All other packages can be installed on demand any time later.
3.4 Upgrade from HXT versions < 9.0
HXT-9 is not downwards compatible. The splitting into smaller packages required some internal reorganisation and changes of some type declarations. To use the main features of the core package, add an
import Text.XML.HXT.Core
The second major change was the kind of configuration and option handling. This was done previously by lists of key-value-pairs implemented as string. The growing number of options and the untyped option values have led to unreliable code. With HXT-9 options are represented by functions with type save argument types instead of strings. This option handling has to be modified when switching to the new version.
Examples copyXML and Pattern for a main program show the new form of options.
4 The basic concepts
4.1 The basic data structures
Processing of XML is a task of processing tree structures. This is can be done in Haskell in a very elegant way by defining an appropriate tree data type, a Haskell DOM (document object model) structure. The tree structure in HXT is a rose tree with a special XNode data type for storing the XML node information.
The generally useful tree structure (NTree) is separated from the node type (XNode). This allows for reusing the tree structure and the tree traversal and manipulation functions in other applications.
data NTree a = NTree a [NTree a] -- rose tree data XNode = XText String -- plain text node | ... | XTag QName XmlTrees -- element name and list of attributes | XAttr QName -- attribute name | ... type QName = ... -- qualified name type XmlTree = NTree XNode type XmlTrees = [XmlTree]
4.2 The concept of filters
Selecting, transforming and generating trees often requires routines, which compute not only a single result tree, but a (possibly empty) list of (sub-)trees. This leads to the idea of XML filters like in HaXml. Filters are functions, which take an XML tree as input and compute a list of result trees.
type XmlFilter = XmlTree -> [XmlTree]
More generally we can define a filter as
type Filter a b = a -> [b]
The first task is to build filters from pure functions, to define a lift operator. Pure functions are lifted to filters in the following way:
Predicates are lifted by mapping False to the empty list and True to the single element list, containing the input tree.
p :: XmlTree -> Bool -- pure function p t = ... pf :: XmlTree -> [XmlTree] -- or XmlFilter pf t | p t = [t] | otherwise = []
isA :: (a -> Bool) -> (a -> [a]) isA p x | p x = [x] | otherwise = []
A predicate for filtering text nodes looks like this
isXText :: XmlFilter -- XmlTree -> [XmlTree] isXText t@(NTree (XText _) _) = [t] isXText _ = []
Transformers -- functions that map a tree into another tree -- are lifted in a trivial way:
f :: XmlTree -> XmlTree f t = exp(t) ff :: XmlTree -> [XmlTree] ff t = [exp(t)]
Partial functions, functions that can't always compute a result, are usually lifted to totally defined filters:
f :: XmlTree -> XmlTree f t | p t = expr(t) | otherwise = error "f not defined" ff :: XmlFilter ff t | p t = [expr(t)] | otherwise = []
This is a rather comfortable situation, with these filters we don't have to deal with illegal argument errors. Illegal arguments are just mapped to the empty list.
When processing trees, there's often the case, that no, exactly one, or more than one result is possible. These functions, returning a set of results are often a bit imprecisely called nondeterministic functions. These functions, e.g. selecting all children of a node or all grandchildren, are exactly our filters. In this context lists instead of sets of values are the appropriate result type, because the ordering in XML is important and duplicates are possible.
Working with filters is rather similar to working with binary relations, and working with relations is rather natural and comfortable, database people know this very well.
Two first examples for working with nondeterministic functions are selecting the children and the grandchildren of an XmlTree which can be implemented by
getChildren :: XmlFilter getChildren (NTree n cs) = cs getGrandChildren :: XmlFilter getGrandChildren (NTree n cs) = concat [ getChildren c | c <- cs ]
4.3 Filter combinators
Composition of filters (like function composition) is the most important combinator. We will use the infix operator(>>>) :: XmlFilter -> XmlFilter -> XmlFilter (f >>> g) t = concat [g t' | t' <- f t]
getGrandChildren :: XmlFilter getGrandChildren = getChildren >>> getChildren
getTextChildren :: XmlFilter getTextChildren = getChildren >>> isXText
(<+>) :: XmlFilter -> XmlFilter -> XmlFilter (f <+> g) t = f t ++ g t
Combining elementary filters with (>>>) and (<+>) leads to more complex functionality. For example, selecting all text nodes within two levels of depth (in left to right order) can be formulated with:
getTextChildren2 :: XmlFilter getTextChildren2 = getChildren >>> ( isXText <+> ( getChildren >>> isXText ) )
Exercise: Are these filters equivalent or what's the difference between the two filters?
getChildren >>> ( isXText <+> ( getChildren >>> isXText ) ) ( getChildren >>> isXText ) <+> ( getChildren >>> getChildren >>> isXText )
Of course we need choice combinators. The first idea is an if-then-else filter, built up from three simpler filters. But often it's easier and more elegant to work with simpler binary combinators for choice. So we will introduce the simpler ones first.
One of these choice combinators is calledfollows:
orElse :: XmlFilter -> XmlFilter -> XmlFilter orElse f g t | null res1 = g t | otherwise = res1 where res1 = f t
guards :: XmlFilter -> XmlFilter -> XmlFilter guards g f t | null (g t) = [] | otherwise = f t when :: XmlFilter -> XmlFilter -> XmlFilter when f g t | null (g t) = [t] | otherwise = f t
These choice operators become useful when transforming and manipulating trees.
4.4 Tree traversal filter
A very basic operation on tree structures is the traversal of all nodes and the selection and/or transformation of nodes. These traversal filters serve as control structures for processing whole trees. They correspond to the map and fold combinators for lists.
The simplest traversal filter does a top down search of all nodes with a special feature. This filter, calleddeep :: XmlFilter -> XmlFilter deep f = f `orElse` (getChildren >>> deep f)
Example: Selecting all plain text nodes of a document can be formulated with:
deep isXText
Example: Selecting all "top level" tables in a HTML documents looks like this:
deep (isElem >>> hasName "table")
multi :: XmlFilter -> XmlFilter multi f = f <+> (getChildren >>> multi f)
4.5 Arrows
We've already seen, that the filterstype XmlIOFilter = XmlTree -> IO [XmlTree]
for working in the IO monad.
Sometimes it's appropriate to thread some state through the computation like in state monads. This leads to a type like
type XmlStateFilter state = state -> XmlTree -> (state, [XmlTree])
And in real world applications we need both extensions at the same time. Of course I/O is necessary but usually there are also some global options and variables for controlling the computations. In HXT, for instance there are variables for controlling trace output, options for setting the default encoding scheme for input data and a base URI for accessing documents, which are addressed in a content or in a DTD part by relative URIs. So we need something like
type XmlIOStateFilter state = state -> XmlTree -> IO (state, [XmlTree])
A filter discussed above has all features of an arrow. Arrows are introduced for generalising the concept of functions and function combination to more general kinds of computation than pure functions.
A basic set of combinators for arrows is defined in the classes in theIn HXT there are four types instantiated with these classes for pure list arrows, list arrows with a state, list arrows with IO and list arrows with a state and IO.
newtype LA a b = LA { runLA :: (a -> [b]) } newtype SLA s a b = SLA { runSLA :: (s -> a -> (s, [b])) } newtype IOLA a b = IOLA { runIOLA :: (a -> IO [b]) } newtype IOSLA s a b = IOSLA { runIOSLA :: (s -> a -> IO (s, [b])) }
The first one and the last one are those used most frequently in the toolbox, and of course there are lifting functions for converting general arrows into more specific arrows.
Don't worry about all these conceptual details. Let's have a look into some Hello world examples.
5 Getting started: Hello world examples
5.1 copyXML
The first complete example is a program for copying an XML document
module Main where import Text.XML.HXT.Core import Text.XML.HXT.Curl -- use libcurl for HTTP access -- only necessary when reading http://... import System.Environment main :: IO () main = do [src, dst] <- getArgs runX ( readDocument [withValidate no ,withCurl [] ] src >>> writeDocument [withIndent yes ,withOutputEncoding isoLatin1 ] dst ) return ()
If only file access is necessary, this option and the import can be dropped. In that case the program does not depend on the libCurl binding.
The tree read in is piped into the output arrow. This one again is controlled by a set of system options. TheWe've omitted here the boring stuff of option parsing and error handling.
Compilation and a test run looks like this:
hobel > ghc --make -o copyXml CopyXML.hs hobel > cat hello.xml <hello><haskell>world</haskell></hello> hobel > copyXml hello.xml - <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> <hello> <haskell>world</haskell> </hello> hobel >
The mini XML document in file hello.xml is read and a document tree is built. Then this tree is converted into a string and written to standard output (filename: -). It is decorated with an XML declaration containing the version and the output encoding.
For processing HTML documents there is a HTML parser, which tries to parse and interpret rather anything as HTML. The HTML parser can be selected by calling
5.2 Pattern for a main program
A more realistic pattern for a simple Unix filter like program has the following structure:
module Main where import Text.XML.HXT.Core import Text.XML.HXT.... -- further HXT packages import System.IO import System.Environment import System.Console.GetOpt import System.Exit main :: IO () main = do argv <- getArgs (al, src, dst) <- cmdlineOpts argv [rc] <- runX (application al src dst) if rc >= c_err then exitWith (ExitFailure (0-1)) else exitWith ExitSuccess -- | the dummy for the boring stuff of option evaluation, -- usually done with 'System.Console.GetOpt' cmdlineOpts :: [String] -> IO (SysConfigList, String, String) cmdlineOpts argv = return ([withValidate no], argv!!0, argv!!1) -- | the main arrow application :: SysConfigList -> String -> String -> IOSArrow b Int application cfg src dst = configSysVars cfg -- (0) >>> readDocument [] src >>> processChildren (processDocumentRootElement `when` isElem) -- (1) >>> writeDocument [] dst -- (3) >>> getErrStatus -- | the dummy for the real processing: the identity filter processDocumentRootElement :: IOSArrow XmlTree XmlTree processDocumentRootElement = this -- substitute this by the real application
This program has the same functionality as our first example, but it separates the arrow from the boring option evaluation and return code computation.
In line (0) the system is configured with the list of options. These options are then used as defaults for all read and write operation. The options can be overwritten for single read/write calls by putting config options into the parameter list of the read/write function calls.
The interesing line is (1).
root node. This root node is a node above the XML document root element. The node above the XML document root element is neccessary because of possible other elements on the same tree level as the XML root, for instance comments, processing instructions or whitespace.
Furthermore the artificial root node serves for storing meta information about the document in the attribute list, like the document name, the encoding scheme, the HTTP transfer headers and other information.
To process the real XML root element, we have to take the children of the root node, select the XML root element and process this, but remain all other children unchanged. This is done with
all children of a node. All results form processing the list of children from the result node.
The structure of internal document tree can be made visible
e.g. by adding the optionThis will emit the tree in a readable text representation instead of the real document.
In the next section we will give examples for the
5.3 Tracing
There are tracing facilities to observe the actions performed and to show intermediate results
application :: SysConfigList -> String -> String -> IOSArrow b Int application cfg src dst = configSysVars (withTrace 1 : cfg) -- (0) >>> traceMsg 1 "start reading document" -- (1) >>> readDocument [] src >>> traceMsg 1 "document read, start processing" -- (2) >>> processChildren (processDocumentRootElement `when` isElem) >>> traceMsg 1 "document processed" -- (3) >>> writeDocument [] dst >>> getErrStatus
In (0) the system trace level is set to 1, in default level 0 all trace messages are suppressed. The three trace messages (1)-(3) will be issued, but also readDocument and writeDocument will log their activities.
How a whole document and the internal tree structure can be traced, is shown in the following example
... >>> processChildren (processDocumentRootElement `when` isElem) >>> withTraceLevel 4 (traceDoc "resulting document") -- (1) >>> ...
In (1) the trace level is locally set to the highest level 4. traceDoc will then issue the trace message, the document formatted as XML, and the internal DOM tree of the document.
6 Selection examples
6.1 Selecting text from an HTML document
Selecting all the plain text of an XML/HTML document can be formulated with
selectAllText :: ArrowXml a => a XmlTree XmlTree selectAllText = deep isText
In this case, where the selected nodes are all leaves, these would give the same result.
6.2 Selecting text and ALT attribute values
Let's take a bit more complex task: We want to select all text, but also the values of the alt attributes of image tags.
selectAllTextAndAltValues :: ArrowXml a => a XmlTree XmlTree selectAllTextAndAltValues = deep ( isText -- (1) <+> ( isElem >>> hasName "img" -- (2) >>> getAttrValue "alt" -- (3) >>> mkText -- (4) ) )
The whole tree is searched for text nodes (1) and for image elements (2), from the image elements the alt attribute values are selected as plain text (3), this text is transformed into a text node (4).
6.3 Selecting text and ALT attribute values (2)
Let's refine the above filter one step further. The text from the alt attributes shall be marked in the output by surrounding double square brackets. Empty alt values shall be ignored.
selectAllTextAndRealAltValues :: ArrowXml a => a XmlTree XmlTree selectAllTextAndRealAltValues = deep ( isText <+> ( isElem >>> hasName "img" >>> getAttrValue "alt" >>> isA significant -- (1) >>> arr addBrackets -- (2) >>> mkText ) ) where significant :: String -> Bool significant = not . all (`elem` " \n\r\t") addBrackets :: String -> String addBrackets s = " [[ " ++ s ++ " ]] "
This example shows two combinators for building arrows from pure functions.
The first one7 Document construction examples
7.1 The Hello World document
The first document, of course, is a Hello World document:
helloWorld :: ArrowXml a => a XmlTree XmlTree helloWorld = mkelem "html" [] -- (1) [ mkelem "head" [] [ mkelem "title" [] [ txt "Hello World" ] -- (2) ] , mkelem "body" [ sattr "class" "haskell" ] -- (3) [ mkelem "h1" [] [ txt "Hello World" ] -- (4) ] ]
To write this document to a file use the following arrow
root [] [helloWorld] -- (1) >>> writeDocument [withIndent yes] "hello.xml" -- (2)
document is wrapped into a so called root node (1). This complete document is written to "hello.xml" (2).
a whole document tree with such a root node. Before writing, the document is
indented (text nodes, and an XML declaration with version and encoding is added. If the indent option is not given, the whole document would appears on a single line:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <html> <head> <title>Hello World</title> </head> <body class="haskell"> <h1>Hello World</h1> </body> </html>
The code can be shortened a bit by using some of the convenient functions:
helloWorld2 :: ArrowXml a => a XmlTree XmlTree helloWorld2 = selem "html" [ selem "head" [ selem "title" [ txt "Hello World" ] ] , mkelem "body" [ sattr "class" "haskell" ] [ selem "h1" [ txt "Hello World" ] ] ]
In the above two examples the arrow input is totally ignored, because
of the use of the constant arrow7.2 A page about all images within a HTML page
A bit more interesting task is the construction of a page containing a table of all images within a page inclusive image URLs, geometry and ALT attributes.
The program for this has a frame similar to thebut the rows of the table must be filled in from the input document. In the first step we will generate a table with a single column containing the URL of the image.
imageTable :: ArrowXml a => a XmlTree XmlTree imageTable = selem "html" [ selem "head" [ selem "title" [ txt "Images in Page" ] ] , selem "body" [ selem "h1" [ txt "Images in Page" ] , selem "table" [ collectImages -- (1) >>> genTableRows -- (2) ] ] ] where collectImages -- (1) = deep ( isElem >>> hasName "img" ) genTableRows -- (2) = selem "tr" [ selem "td" [ getAttrValue "src" >>> mkText ] ]
With (1) the image elements are collected, and with (2) the HTML code for an image element is built.
Applied to http://www.haskell.org/ we get the following result (at the time writing this page):
<html> <head> <title>Images in Page</title> </head> <body> <h1>Images in Page</h1> <table> <tr> <td>/haskellwiki_logo.png</td> </tr> <tr> <td>/sitewiki/images/1/10/Haskelllogo-small.jpg</td> </tr> <tr> <td>/haskellwiki_logo_small.png</td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>
When generating HTML, often there are constant parts within the page, in the example e.g. the page header. It's possible to write these parts as a string containing plain HTML and then read this with
a simple XML contents parser calledThe example above could then be rewritten as
imageTable = selem "html" [ pageHeader , ... ] where pageHeader = constA "<head><title>Images in Page</title></head>" >>> xread ...
IO monad, so it can be used in any context, but therefore the error handling
is very limited.7.3 A page about all images within a HTML page: 1. Refinement
The next refinement step is the extension of the table such that it contains four columns, one for the image itself, one for the URL,
the geometry and the ALT text. The extendedhas the following form:
genTableRows = selem "tr" [ selem "td" -- (1) [ this -- (1.1) ] , selem "td" -- (2) [ getAttrValue "src" >>> mkText >>> mkelem "a" -- (2.1) [ attr "href" this ] [ this ] ] , selem "td" -- (3) [ ( getAttrValue "width" &&& -- (3.1) getAttrValue "height" ) >>> arr2 geometry -- (3.2) >>> mkText ] , selem "td" -- (4) [ getAttrValue "alt" >>> mkText ] ] where geometry :: String -> String -> String geometry "" "" = "" geometry w h = w ++ "x" ++ h
(2) is the column from the previous example but the URL has been made active by embedding the URL in an A-element (2.1). In (3) there are two
new combinators,geometry spec. (4) adds the ALT-text.
7.4 A page about all images within a HTML page: 2. Refinement
The generated HTML page is not yet very useful, because it usually contains relative HREFs to the images, so the links do not work. We have to transform the SRC attribute values into absolute URLs. This can be done with the following code:
imageTable2 :: IOStateArrow s XmlTree XmlTree imageTable2 = ... ... , selem "table" [ collectImages >>> mkAbsImageRef -- (1) >>> genTableRows ] ... mkAbsImageRef :: IOStateArrow s XmlTree XmlTree -- (1) mkAbsImageRef = processAttrl ( mkAbsRef -- (2) `when` hasName "src" -- (3) ) where mkAbsRef -- (4) = replaceChildren ( xshow getChildren -- (5) >>> ( mkAbsURI `orElse` this ) -- (6) >>> mkText -- (7) )
(1). This arrow uses the global system state of HXT, in which the base URL of a document is stored. For editing the SRC attribute value, the attribute list
of the image elements is processed withThe resulting String value is converted into a text node forming the new attribute value node (7).
Because of the use of the global HXT state in8 Transformation examples
8.1 Decorating external references of an HTML document
In the following examples, we want to decorate the external references in an HTML page by a small icon, like it's done in many wikis. For this task the document tree has to be traversed, all parts except the intersting A-Elements remain unchanged. At the end of the list of children of an A-Element we add an image element.
Here is the first version:
addRefIcon :: ArrowXml a => a XmlTree XmlTree addRefIcon = processTopDown -- (1) ( addImg -- (2) `when` isExternalRef -- (3) ) where isExternalRef -- (4) = isElem >>> hasName "a" >>> hasAttr "href" >>> getAttrValue "href" >>> isA isExtRef where isExtRef -- (4.1) = isPrefixOf "http:" -- or something more precise addImg = replaceChildren -- (5) ( getChildren -- (6) <+> imgElement -- (7) ) imgElement = mkelem "img" -- (8) [ sattr "src" "/icons/ref.png" -- (9) , sattr "alt" "external ref" ] [] -- (10)
This arrow applies an arrow to all nodes of the whole document tree.
The transformation arrow applies theall A-elements (3),(4). This arrow uses a bit simplified test (4.1) for external URLs.
selecting the current children (6) and adding an image element (7).
The image element is constructed withan element name, a list of arrows for computing the attributes and a list of arrows for computing the contents. The content of the image element is
empty (10). The attributes are constructed withthe name value pair of arguments.
8.2 Transform external references into absolute references
In the following example we will develop a program for editing a HTML page such that all references to external documents (images, hypertext refs, style refs, ...) become absolute references. We will see some new, but very useful combinators in the solution.
The task seems to be rather trivial. In a tree travaersal all references are edited with respect to the document base. But in HTML there is a BASE element, allowed in the content of HEAD with a HREF attribute, which defines the document base. Again this href can be a relative URL.
We start the development with the editing arrow. This gets the real document base as argument.
mkAbsHRefs :: ArrowXml a => String -> a XmlTree XmlTree mkAbsHRefs base = processTopDown editHRef -- (1) where editHRef = processAttrl -- (3) ( changeAttrValue (absHRef base) -- (5) `when` hasName "href" -- (4) ) `when` ( isElem >>> hasName "a" ) -- (2) where absHRef :: String -> String -> String -- (5) absHRef base url = fromMaybe url . expandURIString url $ base
The tree is traversed (1) and for every A element the attribute list is processed (2). All HREF attribute values (4) are manipulated
byan absolut URI. In this first step we only edit A-HREF attribute values. We will refine this later.
The second step is the complete computation of the base URL.
computeBaseRef :: IOStateArrow s XmlTree String computeBaseRef = ( ( ( isElem >>> hasName "html" -- (0) >>> getChildren -- (1) >>> isElem >>> hasName "head" -- (2) >>> getChildren -- (3) >>> isElem >>> hasName "base" -- (4) >>> getAttrValue "href" -- (5) ) &&& getBaseURI -- (6) ) >>> expandURI -- (7) ) `orElse` getBaseURI -- (8)
Input to this arrow is the HTML element, (0) to (5) is the arrow for selecting the BASE elements HREF value, parallel to this the system base URL is read
withof a BASE element. in this case we take the plain document base (8). The selection of the BASE elements is not yet very handy. We will define a more general and elegant function later, allowing an element path as selection argument.
In the third step, we will combine the to arrows. For this we will use
a new combinatoris the following: We need the arrow input (the document) two times, once for computing the document base, and second for editing the whole document, and we want to compute the extra string parameter for editing of course with the above defined arrow.
The combined arrow, our main arrow, looks like this
toAbsRefs :: IOStateArrow s XmlTree XmlTree toAbsRefs = mkAbsHRefs $< computeBaseRef -- (1)
this pattern occurs rather frequently, so ($<) becomes very useful.
Programming with arrows is one style of point free programming. Point free programming often becomes unhandy when values are used more than once.
One solution is the special arrow syntax supported by ghc and others, similar to the do notation for monads. But for many simple cases theis sufficient.
To complete the development of the example, a last step is neccessary: The removal of the redundant BASE element.
toAbsRefs :: IOStateArrow s XmlTree XmlTree toAbsRefs = ( mkAbsHRefs $< computeBaseRef ) >>> removeBaseElement removeBaseElement :: ArrowXml a => a XmlTree XmlTree removeBaseElement = processChildren ( processChildren ( none -- (1) `when` ( isElem >>> hasName "base" ) ) `when` ( isElem >>> hasName "head" ) )
In this function the children of the HEAD element are searched for
a BASE element. This is removed by aplying the null arrowto the input, returning always the empty list.
for selecting the right subtree that is rather common in HXT applications
isElem >>> hasName n1 >>> getChildren >>> isElem >>> hasName n2 ... >>> getChildren >>> isElem >>> hasName nm
For this pattern we will define a convenient function creating the arrow for selection
getDescendents :: ArrowXml a => [String] -> a XmlTree XmlTree getDescendents = foldl1 (\ x y -> x >>> getChildren >>> y) -- (1) . map (\ n -> isElem >>> hasName n) -- (2)
The name list is mapped to the element checking arrow (2),
the resulting list of arrows is folded withand becomes more readable:
computeBaseRef :: IOStateArrow s XmlTree String computeBaseRef = ( ( ( getDescendents ["html","head","base"] -- (1) >>> getAttrValue "href" -- (2) ) ... ...
An even more general and flexible technic are the XPath expressions available for selection of document parts defined in the module
computeBaseRef = ( ( ( getXPathTrees "/html/head/base" -- (1) >>> getAttrValue "href" -- (2) ) ...
Even the attribute selection can be expressed by XPath, so (1) and (2) can be combined into
computeBaseRef = ( ( xshow (getXPathTrees "/html/head/base@href") ...
XPath result, an XmlTree, into a string.
XPath defines a full language for selecting parts of an XML document. Sometimes it's rather comfortable to make selections of this type, but the XPath evaluation in general is more expensive in time and space than a simple combination of arrows, like we've
seen it in8.3 Transform external references into absolute references: Refinement
In the above example only A-HREF URLs are edited. Now we extend this to other element-attribute combinations.
mkAbsRefs :: ArrowXml a => String -> a XmlTree XmlTree mkAbsRefs base = processTopDown ( editRef "a" "href" -- (2) >>> editRef "img" "src" -- (3) >>> editRef "link" "href" -- (4) >>> editRef "script" "src" -- (5) ) where editRef en an -- (1) = processAttrl ( changeAttrValue (absHRef base) `when` hasName an ) `when` ( isElem >>> hasName en ) where absHRef :: String -> String -> String absHRef base url = fromMaybe url . expandURIString url $ base
The arrow applied to every element is extended to a sequence of
To process all possible HTML elements, this sequence should be extended by further element-attribute pairs.
This can further be simplified into
mkAbsRefs :: ArrowXml a => String -> a XmlTree XmlTree mkAbsRefs base = processTopDown editRefs where editRefs = foldl (>>>) this . map (\ (en, an) -> editRef en an) $ [ ("a", "href") , ("img", "src") , ("link", "href") , ("script", "src") -- and more ] editRef = ...
so the above code can be simplified to
mkAbsRefs :: ArrowXml a => String -> a XmlTree XmlTree mkAbsRefs base = processTopDown editRefs where editRefs = seqA . map (uncurry editRef) $ ...
9 More complex examples
9.1 Serialization and deserialisation to/from XML
Examples can be found in HXT/Conversion of Haskell data from/to XML
9.2 Practical examples of HXT
More complex and complete examples of HXT in action can be found in HXT/Practical
9.3 The Complete Guide To Working With HTML
Tutorial and Walkthrough: http://adit.io/posts/2012-04-14-working_with_HTML_in_haskell.html


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FON Access Points for Ireland - FON offers you a new Points of Interest service (POIs). This allows you to download FONspots directly to your navigation device.
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Download the POIs to the most common navigation devices: For GPS Exchange Format (.gpx), for Garmin and Navman (.csv), for Tom Tom (.ov2) or even for Google Earth (.kml)
Most GPSs, PDAs and other navigation devices allow you to store POI data. A Point of Interest shows the location of a restaurant, Gas Station, and now a FONspot on your navigation device's maps. Finding a FONspot was never this easy!
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Archive for the 'McFARLANE David' Category
Building Paradise by David Mcfarlane, guest review by Karenlee Thompson
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Our Next 40 Years Begins Now
On Tuesday, March 8, Starbucks marks its 40th year – and as part of the celebration, we'll start rolling out the new logo we announced a few months back.
The first place you'll probably see the new logo is on the cup of your favorite beverage. It could be a while before the signage in your neighborhood store is changed – it takes a while to update 16,500 stores!
For communication professionals and design nerds like me, this is an exciting time. Watching the reaction to any new logo is fascinating, because people can hold such passionate attachments to these marks. The comments on our Facebook page and blog posts were decidedly mixed – some of you don't like the new look at all, some of you think you'll love it once you get used to it. (Honestly, that was pretty much the reaction we were expecting.) The verdict from the design community has generally been more positive, and even the voice behind the hilarious (but fake) Gap Logo Twitter account lent support.
For those of you who aren't sold on the new mark, all I ask is this: give it time. As you start to see it out in the world, I hope you'll start to appreciate the simplicity and elegance of the new design. I like the new mark because I feel that we've unleashed the Siren, a mythological figure who represents the romance and creativity that inspired the founders of Starbucks 40 years ago. I hope that unleashing that energy – that mojo – will keep us (and you) inspired for the next 40 years.


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- Distressed graphic washed t-shirt
- Raw edge details
- Body length 25" on size medium
- Model Info: Height: 5'10" | Bust: 34 1/2" | Waist: 27" | Hip: 38 1/2" | Wearing Size: Small
- 100% Cotton.
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NEW ZEALAND | 1992 | 30 | Soap . Drama |
"Shortland Street" is a serial medical drama centred around the lives and loves of the staff and patients of Shortland Street Hospital; an engaging and entertaining mix of medical crisis, human drama, romance and suspense. Set in the high-pressure environment of an inner city district hospital, Shortland Street follows the day to day romances and professional dilemmas of a team of caring professionals, committed to their patients, and to each other. The series has drawn acclaim for its handling of issues such as safe sex, AIDS, child abuse, alcoholism, cot death and suicide. Shortland Street is New Zealand's longest running drama series. |
Episode Title: | Episode 368 | ||
Airs: | 1993-10-20 at 19:30 |


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Posted on 11/22/2012 8:20:56 PM PST by prairiebreeze
BEAUMONT, Texas (AP) Two people died and more than 80 people were hurt Thursday when at least 100 vehicles collided in Southeast Texas in a pileup that left trucks twisted on top of each other and authorities rushing to pull survivors from the wreckage.
The collision occurred in extremely foggy conditions at about 8:45 a.m. Thanksgiving Day on Interstate 10 southwest of Beaumont, a Gulf Coast city about 80 miles east of Houston.
A man and a woman were killed in a Chevy Suburban SUV crushed by a tractor trailer, the Texas Department of Public Safety told KFDM-TV.
Officials at Acadian Ambulance service said at least 51 people have been taken to area hospitals and at least eight are critically hurt.
According to DPS, a crash on the eastbound side of the highway led to other accidents in a dangerous chain reaction. There were multiple crashes on the other side of the highway as well.
Jefferson County Sheriff's Office Deputy Rod Carroll told The Associated Press the fog was so thick that deputies didn't immediately realize they were dealing with multiple accidents.
"It is catastrophic," Carroll said. "I've got cars on top of cars."
(Excerpt) Read more at news.yahoo.com ...
Every time I read about another 100+ car pileup in Texas I just can't figure out how it could happen. I mean, if the roads are icy, don't you slow down? If there is limited visibility from fog, don't you slow down?
/puzzled headshake
Fog like that on a busy multilane interstate, you don't know what to do. Keep moving and hit somebody, stop and get hit. I guess you could try to pull over as far right on the emergency lane as possible, exit the vehicle and get behind the guardrail until the fog clears. Not much else you can do.
I have been in one white-out here, in which I could not figure out what to do - luckily I was NOT on a highway, and it soon passed, but I literally could see nothing outside my cr except white everywhere, and it all looked the same. It was very dis-orientating. I imagine thick fog would be similar. BTW, these things (fog) happen in other parts of the country too. One thing that MIGHT help is for everyone to slow down, but not too suddenly (or no one vehicle should slow down too suddenly, unless all do).
I've only experienced whiteout conditions once in my life while driving, it is similar. I was on whatever interstate goes north from Minneapolis to St. Cloud, wind kicked up and boom, couldn't see a blessed thing other than the tail lights of the car directly in front of me. Followed them off the edge of the pavement and nearly got the rental stuck.
Do people really need speed limit signs to have half a brain when road conditions are crappy?
The fog was an issue, but all things considered really a rather minor one until the sun in all its glory popped over the east horizon. The unusually and immediate bright light, hitting the fog blinded the drivers and it was impossible for them to see anything. Initial reaction under these extreme circumstances is fear and I am sure people's first instinct was to hit their breaks. From there on it was all downhill. Spotty ground fog is pretty common all throughout our area, not a really big deal and something you adjust to. This situation was more like something you might see every 20 years or so.
I-10 is a major artery across the U.S. and has a WHOLE LOT of truck traffic, sometimes wall to wall. The drive to/from Houston and Beaumont has never been one for the faint of heart.
Fortunately we don't have a whole lot of ice in Houston but when it gets to around 40 degrees we have black ice on all of the overpasses and bridges, of which there are many. There presents a whole other set of problems.
Reduced speed limit precedes the fog bank, so yes, it's reduced injuries and fatalities considerably. It serves as a warning system, seeing the speed limit drop and if it drops a lot, you know it's bad before you're in the thick of it, can't even see the lines on the road and can't decide whether to keep moving so you won't get hit, or stop so you won't hit somebody.
So sorry for those who died or were injured.
We deal with something called Tule Fog here in California's Central Valley — when I first saw this story I assumed that was where the pile-up took place. The fog is SO thick you can't see to the end of the hood of your car!! I remember my father once getting out of the car and walking along the right side front fender guiding my mother until we could exit the freeway.
Highway Patrol says to move over to the right as quickly and carefully as possible, put your tire on the white line along the right side of the right line and follow it until you find an exit and then get off the freeway. They also
recommend NOT getting out of your car, apparently you're safer inside than out.
Back in my truck driving days I had a similar situation in Oklahoma. Visibility went from great, to none. It's a very lonely feeling. On one hand, I knew I could pull over to the shoulder and I would be fine but if I pulled over, there was a decent chance a car would rear-end my trailer. I did not want to be partially responsible for killing anyone.
I never did pull over, I slowed to 50 and prayed. Got lucky....
The pile ups happen because someone slowed down. As much as you want to, you don't slow down in fog. I hate driving in dense fog. It is the worst. One time I just took a chance that what I saw was an exit. Luckily it was. Until then I just followed the tall lights of a truck in front of me at 50 mph.
50 seems to be the speed
Doesn't it depend on the extent of the fog? The incident I described as having experienced (in the EXACT same vicinity of SE Texas, thirty years ago), you could not SEE the road in front of the car's hood. The hood ornament was almost unseeable. Seriously. The only way to even stay on the road was going around ten miles per hour, with my head half-outside the car window, just to spot the stripes on the road. And the highway was a virtual levee, with swampy marshlands on both sides. Nowhere to turn off. Hair-raising experience. Worst I've ever encountered, bar none. Unreal.
Wow.. Good luck, pal.
Advise that at least 98 drivers in this wreck followed.
I've been in it before. I could see one stripe in the road in front of me and the tail lights intermittently of the truck in front of me. If someone had stopped, or if I had stored it would have been a pile up. You don't stop in fog.slow, don't stop. It ain't a great option but there is no other.
I should have said you dont stop, not that you dont slow
Drive with lights on low beam. High beams will only be reflected back off the fog and actually impair visibility even more.
Reduce your speed -- and watch your speedometer. Fog creates a visual illusion of slow motion when you may actually be speeding.
Listen for traffic you cannot see. Open your window a little, to hear better.
Use wipers and defrosters as necessary for maximum visibility.
Use the right edge of the road or painted road markings as a guide.
Be patient. Do not pass lines of traffic.
Do not stop on a freeway or heavily traveled road. If your car stalls or becomes disabled, turn your vehicle's lights off, and take your foot off of the brake pedal. People tend to follow tail lights when driving in fog. Move away from the vehicle to avoid injury.
From another source,http://www.drive-safely.net/driving-in-fog.html
Sometimes, foggy conditions just becomes too thick. You know your limits. If you find that you're exceeding your comfort zone, it might be best to stop until the fog lifts. But this is an extremely dangerous situation! If you can't see, either can anyone else. Try to get as far off the road as possible. Pull into a driveway, parking lot, rest area, side street, or any other place where you can get away from heavy traffic flow. But if the roadway shoulder is your only option, pull way over. Go into the grass if necessary. If there's a curb, drive over it and park on the other side of the curb. Stay buckled up and turn your lights off! If you leave your lights on, people might think you are driving on the roadway and rear-end you. Make sure your foot is off the brake pedal, and do not use your flashers. Keep all your lights off. If there is shelter nearby, try to get there quickly. Otherwise, stay in your car and stay buckled up.
I had two occasions like that: one was in Spain, where I had to look down through my opened driver's door to look down to follow the center line. While creeping along, it didn't occur to me that someone elsecoming from the opposite directioncould have the same idea!
The other was recently in Florida, needing to cross a 4-lane highway. I rolled both windows down and listened for traffic before crossing. :-/
Here is a link describing the various state DOT efforts and countermeasures dealing with highways prone to poor visibility, fog in particular.
The automated, visibility controlled variable speed limit system in use for decades on I-40 west of Asheville, NC is described in some detail including early bugs in the system as well as cost of implementation.
Many states have similar efforts.
Texas had no countermeasures in place, according to the study.
In Jan of this year Hwy 73 which is a few miles south and runs parallel to IH-10 had a major pileup of vehicles (79 or so). Apparently fog and smoke from burning marsh grass causing limited visibility was a factor.
Is there a paper mill nearby? That's one thing I noticed reading through the link I posted, just how many fog prone areas were near paper mills.
The road J&P traveled to see their sister, Sarah?
Zero visibility in a matter of seconds does not compute with most people.
Twice I have seen a fog hit so quick and heavy, that it obstructs your visibility
to half way down your hood, and within seconds.
Once it was in a very rural area northwest of Houston by about an hour - but
in a low lying area, and the other time it occurred about 45 miles outside of
Amarillo, Tx.
Both times it lifted enough to see 10-15ft past the hood within minutes,
but both hit so rapidly there was barely enough time to pull off onto the shoulder.
Lot of rice fields in that area.
Closest mill would be some 35 miles or so north but dense fog is a fairly common thing all along the IH-10 corridor TX, LA, MS, etc when the atmospheric conditions are right.
They call it an interstate highway for a reason.
When you are smart enough to know what that means, they maybe we'll listen to your comments.
Now go back to your tricycle, and don't leave the driveway.
You might want to lay off the insults unless you know who you are talking to.
Sorry, I didn't know you were commenting on your own driving skills, I thought you were commenting on the driving skills of the rest of us in the state.
Stick to your tricycle when there's fog. The rest of us will be safer.
Every light rain causes accidents in all the large cities on the interstates.
You might want to lay off the insults.
Considering the proximity of Beaumont to the LA border, and the fact that IH-10 is the southern route for truck traffic and vacationers, I'll bet you a dollar to a donut that there were numerous casualties from non-Texas residents.
You might want to take your own advice.
A light rain on city streets is far worse than a heavy rain.
A heavy rain washes the crap off the street, a light rain turns it into what can best be described as grease.
It happens everywhere, not just Texas.
There's a spot south of Flagstaff (AZ) where this periodically happens... You're on an 8,000+ foot mountain with just a little guard rail to keep you from going over the edge. The fog came up on us so fast that we could barely get over to the edge of the road. Luckily, someone was pulled off ahead of us too and we just had enough shoulder. It was the scariest thing ever. We kept our seatbelts on and just prayed we didn't get hit (well, not like the seatbelts would have helped much going over that much mountain, but still).
Yesterday morning, because of the lay of the land, visibility from my front porch was about a half mile looking east and less than 100 yards looking west. I could make out the top of the trees at 75 yards.
Patchy fog in this area is like hitting a wall, it's just that fast and people just don't get it.
If it's a ground fog a truck driver in his cab may be above the heavy fog line. His visibility will be completely different than a driver in a small car.
Even the best driver isn't prepared for it.
With the number of trucks involved most probably were from out of state.
Doesn't stop the snarky comments though does it.
I was behind this pile-up yesterday, going to a relative's house for Thanksgiving. I can't say what the fog was like at the point of the pile-up, because we never made it that far, but the fog we went through was NOT zero visibility. We could see at least a quarter of a mile, and had no problem seeing the cars in front of us for a good way.
Perhaps 30 minutes before we came upon the road block and were diverted onto another highway, my husband commented that people were driving too fast in the fog and he made it a point to back off and leave a greater distance between our vehicle and the ones ahead of us.
There were at least 5 cars of people at our Thanksgiving dinner that had planned to travel that stretch of highway that morning, not in a caravan, all separately. Fortunately, we all made it through without being involved, and were just detoured and delayed by few minutes.
Closest I can come to describing it would be to imagine everybody's headlights suddenly shut off, there are no street lights, no light of any kind, you're just in a sort of limbo, you get disoriented and couldn't tell whether you were up, down or sideways. You can hear tires screeching, crashes and people yelling, but you have absolutely no clue where they are.
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Wow, I don't think I would have been brave enough to cross that four-lane highway.
What I always loved when I lived in snow country was not being able to see past the inside of the windshield. when that happened I would drive looking out the passenger side window to guage how close I was to the guarde rail to make sure I kept driving straight.
Really glad I no longer have to drive all those miles for a living.
Well, I was driving to a major automobile race track to instruct beginning race car drivers. ;)
Yeah, I've had that happen to me just south of Flagstaff too.
But the worst case I ran into was just south of Denver on I-25 on Monument Pass. Not much of "pass" by Colorado standards, actually pretty similar to interstate just south of Flagstaff, just windy enough that there's some blind corners where you can enter the corner in full clear and run into a zero visibility fog bank in the middle of the turn.
And just like Flagstaff, just a little band of Armco between you and a several hundred foot drop.
Yikes! I forgot to say that was I-17 (as you know) — and you'd think it would be marked. There are so many spots marked "icy bridge" or "watch for ice" or whatever — maybe "watch for fog" would be helpful. I had no idea it was so common there, until after it happened to us and then all of our friends said "oh yeah, that happened to us too." (We only go up there about once every couple of years.)
Oh, scary about Denver.
I'm sorry I'm replying so late to your comment, PNSN. After Sarah's passing, I gradually felt the energy drain out of my body, and I've been resting for long periods. Yes. This was the same section of I-10 on which Joe and Paula were traveling, although they were farther west when the pileup occurred. If they had departed from home a little later, they might have been involved. I will never forget the wonderful outpouring of prayer and concern over the past few days and neither will they. There is much to be done in El Paso, as the body must be transported to New Mexico for the funeral. Paula is the eldest, the executor, and an attorney, so she is busy and that is good. I will have some final news and "thank you's" from the family in a few days. You are on my ping list for Sarah, PNSN. Thank you, and God bless!
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text:
SO8318 : Grade II listed former All Saints Church, Gloucester
taken 5 years ago, near to Gloucester, Gloucestershire, Great Britain
Listed Buildings and Structures
Listed buildings and structures are officially designated as being of special architectural, historical or cultural significance. There are over half a million listed structures in the United Kingdom, covered by around 375,000 listings.
Listed status is more commonly associated with buildings or groups of buildings, however it can cover many other structures, including bridges, headstones, steps, ponds, monuments, walls, phone boxes, wrecks, parks, and heritage sites, and in more recent times a road crossing (Abbey Road) and graffiti art (Banksy 'Spy-booth') have been included.
In England and Wales there are three main listing designations;
Grade I (2.5%) - exceptional interest, sometimes considered to be internationally important.
Grade II* (5.5%) - particularly important buildings of more than special interest.
Grade II (92%) - nationally important and of special interest.
There are also locally listed structures (at the discretion of local authorities) using A, B and C designations.
In Scotland three classifications are also used but the criteria are different. There are around 47,500 Listed buildings.
Category A (8%)- generally equivalent to Grade I and II* in England and Wales
Category B (51%)- this appears generally to cover the ground of Grade II, recognising national importance.
Category C (41%)- buildings of local importance, probably with some overlap with English Grade II.
In Northern Ireland the criteria are similar to Scotland, but the classifications are:
Grade A (2.3%)
Grade B+ (4.7%)
Grade B (93%)
read more at wikipedia Link
year taken
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- Grid Square
- SO8318, 1181 images (more nearby )
- Photographer
- Jaggery (find more nearby)
- Image classification?
- Geograph
- Date Taken
- Friday, 13 April, 2012 (more nearby)
- Submitted
- Tuesday, 17 April, 2012
- Geographical Context
- Subject Location
OSGB36: SO 836 181 [100m precision]
WGS84: 51:51.6743N 2:14.3732W - Camera Location
- View Direction
- EAST (about 90 degrees)
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