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[[File:Angus McBride - Saruman.gif|thumb|[[Angus McBride]] - Saruman]] | [[File:Angus McBride - Saruman.gif|thumb|[[Angus McBride]] - Saruman]] | ||
− | When [[Saruman]] returned from his travels into the east of [[Middle-earth]], he spent years in [[Minas Tirith]] examining its archives. It is possible that there he surmised that a [[palantír]] would still be located in [[Orthanc]].<ref>{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref> He offered to make Isengard his home and to command the defences of the West. This was welcomed by King [[Fréaláf]] of [[Rohan]] and [[Ruling Steward|Steward]] [[Beren (Steward of Gondor)|Beren]] of [[Gondor]] alike. In {{TA|2759}}, Saruman was given the | + | When [[Saruman]] returned from his travels into the east of [[Middle-earth]], he spent years in [[Minas Tirith]] examining its archives. It is possible that there he surmised that a [[palantír]] would still be located in [[Orthanc]].<ref>{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref> He offered to make Isengard his home and to command the defences of the West. This was welcomed by King [[Fréaláf]] of [[Rohan]] and [[Ruling Steward|Steward]] [[Beren (Steward of Gondor)|Beren]] of [[Gondor]] alike. In {{TA|2759}}, Saruman was given the [[Key of Orthanc]] in the ring of [[Isengard]] his abode, hoping that he would prove in important ally.<ref name="SV">{{S|V}}</ref> There he became important in the defence of the free lands of the West. In Orthanc he came upon the [[Orthanc-stone]], one of the seven seeing stones, but kept it secret and hidden, particularly from the White Council. He would later betray the Council by concealing his use of it. |
In {{TA|2851}}, the White Council met and Gandalf revealed that the evil presence in Dol Guldur was indeed Sauron and that he had returned, and urged an attack there. Saruman however believed that Sauron would be useful in his quest: allowing Sauron to build up his strength, the One Ring would reveal itself, and Saruman hoped to have sufficient strength to seize it first himself until that event. With this strategy in mind, Saruman overruled Gandalf. It soon became clear that Saruman desired to possess [[the One Ring]] himself.<ref name="AppTA">{{App|TA}}</ref> | In {{TA|2851}}, the White Council met and Gandalf revealed that the evil presence in Dol Guldur was indeed Sauron and that he had returned, and urged an attack there. Saruman however believed that Sauron would be useful in his quest: allowing Sauron to build up his strength, the One Ring would reveal itself, and Saruman hoped to have sufficient strength to seize it first himself until that event. With this strategy in mind, Saruman overruled Gandalf. It soon became clear that Saruman desired to possess [[the One Ring]] himself.<ref name="AppTA">{{App|TA}}</ref> |
Revision as of 07:59, 26 April 2013
This article or section needs more/new/more-detailed sources to conform to a higher standard and to provide proof for claims made. |
Saruman | |
Maia | |
Biographical Information | |
Other names | Curumo, Curunír, the White, Ring-maker, Of many colours, Sharkey |
Death | T.A. 3019 |
Physical Description | |
Gender | Male |
Hair color | White with strands of black[1] |
Gallery | Images of Saruman |
- "[Saruman] is great among the Wise. He is the chief of my order and the head of the Council. His knowledge is deep, but his pride has grown with it, and he takes ill any meddling. The lore of the Elven-rings, great and small, is his province. He has long studied it, seeking the lost secrets of their making (....)"
- ― Gandalf, The Shadow of the Past
Saruman the White (Third Age c. 1000 – 3019, existed in Middle-earth for 2019 years) was the first of the order of Wizards (or Istari) who came to Middle-earth as Emissaries of the Valar in the Third Age. He was the leader of the White Council. In Sindarin his name was Curunír, which meant "Man of Skill".
Contents |
The Ainur existed before Arda was created. Maiar were angelic creatures of lower order than the Valar. Curumo and Mairon were powerful Maiar of Aulë, until the later fell and became Sauron.[2]
In Valinor, a council was called by Manwë. This was likely in the middle of the Second Age, shortly after the creation of the Rings of Power. It was decided to send five emissaries to Middle-earth. These should be "mighty, peers of Sauron, yet forgo might, and clothe themselves in flesh" — Istari, or Wizards. One of those who went was Curumo (later in Sindarin Curunír, or in Westron Saruman).[3]
Saruman was one of those who volunteered, whereas the last one, Olórin, (later Gandalf) was commanded by Manwë to go. Saruman's jealousy of Gandalf began even here, when Varda said of Gandalf, who went as the third Istar that he was "not the third". Saruman was charged to take Aiwendil with him to please Yavanna, which he did not wish to do, and this led to contempt for the latter Wizard.[3]
Arrival in Middle-earth
Saruman arrived alone in a ship at Mithlond (the Grey Havens) in the west of Eriador around the year 1000 of the Third Age[4], and only Círdan knew his identity and his origin.
He went into the East of Middle-earth, as did the two Blue Wizards. After one and a half millennia he returned to the West, just as Sauron's power was growing again in Dol Guldur.
When the White Council was formed around T.A. 2463[4], Saruman was appointed its leader. Even then, he had begun to sense the resurgence of Sauron and to envy and desire his power, and especially his One Ring. Coincidentally, in that same year the One Ring was found by the creature Gollum[4], drawing the Dark Lord closer to the conflict that would eventually prove Saruman's undoing.
Chief of the White Council
When Saruman returned from his travels into the east of Middle-earth, he spent years in Minas Tirith examining its archives. It is possible that there he surmised that a palantír would still be located in Orthanc.[5] He offered to make Isengard his home and to command the defences of the West. This was welcomed by King Fréaláf of Rohan and Steward Beren of Gondor alike. In T.A. 2759, Saruman was given the Key of Orthanc in the ring of Isengard his abode, hoping that he would prove in important ally.[6] There he became important in the defence of the free lands of the West. In Orthanc he came upon the Orthanc-stone, one of the seven seeing stones, but kept it secret and hidden, particularly from the White Council. He would later betray the Council by concealing his use of it.
In T.A. 2851, the White Council met and Gandalf revealed that the evil presence in Dol Guldur was indeed Sauron and that he had returned, and urged an attack there. Saruman however believed that Sauron would be useful in his quest: allowing Sauron to build up his strength, the One Ring would reveal itself, and Saruman hoped to have sufficient strength to seize it first himself until that event. With this strategy in mind, Saruman overruled Gandalf. It soon became clear that Saruman desired to possess the One Ring himself.[4]
He soon found that Sauron had more knowledge of the possible location of the One Ring than he expected, and in T.A. 2941 he finally consented to an attack against Sauron at Dol Guldur at which point Sauron retreated to Mordor.
In T.A. 2953, the Wise gathered once more to debate about the Rings of Power. Saruman quieted the Council claiming to have the knowledge that the One Ring was lost forever in the Belegaer. Following their final meeting, Saruman took Isengard for his own and fortified it. Saruman, jealous and afraid of Gandalf, set spies to watch all his movements; thus he discovered the existence of the Shire and noted Gandalf's interest in it, and started sending agents in Bree and the Southfarthing.[4] As Lord of Isengard, Saruman began to bring trouble to Rohan by aiding its enemies.[7] Saruman's corruption was complete when, in circa T.A. 3000, he used the palantír of Orthanc and was enticed by Sauron.[4]
Either at this time or shortly before Saruman's studies of ring-lore paid off, and he seems to have emulated part of the skill of the Noldor of Eregion and created his own Ring. He probably used this to enhance his skills, and became an even greater enchanter with the power of his voice. It however seems unlikely that his Ring was as powerful as one of the Three Rings of the Elves, let alone the One Ring.
Sauron declared himself openly. In Mordor, he established contact with Saruman through the Ithil-stone his minions had captured from Minas Ithil. Through his jealousy towards Gandalf and his ever-growing pride and arrogance, and through the use of the palantír, wrestling in thought with the Enemy, Saruman became a servant of Sauron's will (although unintentionally, as his hopes were to gain the One Ring for himself).
War of the Ring
At about this time, in an attempt to control Rohan, Saruman bought the allegiance of King Théoden's chief advisor, Gríma, who then counselled the ailing king to do nothing about the steady resurgence of Sauron's armies. Saruman and Gríma's treachery would have crippled Rohan's military might, had not Gandalf interfered a year later and revealed to Théoden his right-hand man's true designs, healing the old king and revitalizing his political and military rule.
Saruman did not reveal his true intentions until Gandalf presented him with the discovery and location of the One Ring. On 10 July, T.A. 3018, Gandalf arrived at Isengard.[8] Saruman demanded that Gandalf submit to him and Sauron or fail. Saruman then stood forth as Saruman of Many Colours, and when Gandalf refused to join with him, he held him captive in Isengard.
It must have been during Gandalf's captivity in Orthanc that Saruman began to build his army of Orcs, Dunlendings, and Uruk-hai, since Gandalf came to an as yet undestroyed Isengard. From the pinnacle of the tower Gandalf could see that Saruman was gathering an army of orcs and wolves in his pits and forges.[9] One can speculate that if matters had developed a little more slowly, his puppet Gríma would have gained full control over Rohan, and the Rohirrim would have been enslaved or destroyed.
Saruman's plans likely failed because he, like Sauron, was forced to reveal his hand early by Gandalf's subsequent escape, and therefore he had little time to perfect his plans. As Saruman considered himself "unfallen", he honestly believed he had a chance of converting Gandalf to his side, and felt honestly betrayed by Gandalf when he was refused.
Gandalf later escaped, and so Saruman's treachery became known to the rest of the White Council when Gandalf reported it during the subsequent Council of Elrond.
Saruman soon also betrayed his new master Sauron by lying to the Witch-king when he arrived at Isengard. Sauron had sent the Nazgûl searching for Baggins, who had found the One Ring years before, and the Shire, his home. Saruman pretended to know nothing about the Shire. But the Lord of Morgul and his company did not have the strength to assault the Ring of Isengard. He departed after Saruman told them that he believed Gandalf knew the whereabouts of the Ring. The Nazgûl later captured one of his Shire spies and Gríma on his way to Orthanc, seizing some maps and information about the Shire and exposing Saruman's double treachery. Caught now between both sides as a known traitor to both, Saruman put all efforts into obtaining the One Ring for himself.[10]
The failure to capture the Ring at Emyn Arnen further ruined Saruman's plans, as he was revealed as a traitor to Mordor now as well.
Saruman implemented a strategy of attacking Rohan, endeavouring to kill the King's son Théodred, sending spies to waylay Frodo Baggins on his flight from the Shire, and dispatching raiding parties on likely routes a company of the Ring might take to Gondor. Ironically, one of these parties captured Peregrin Took and Meriadoc Brandybuck and transported them to Fangorn Forest in time to mobilize the Ents. Gandalf also suspected Saruman had found (and destroyed) the remains of Isildur, who had worn the Ring before it had been lost.
Saruman's Shire network failed to capture Frodo Baggins, Gandalf rallied Rohan to victory, Éomer stopped his only partially successful raiding party, and control of Isengard was lost to the Ents. Aware he was utterly defeated, Saruman briefly considered repenting for his deeds, but at the last moment could not go through with it. He must have still had some hope he could somehow escape, and even that infinitely small chance was better than his certain humiliation at the hands of those he had tried to destroy. Saruman still made a final attempt to woo Théoden and Gandalf to his cause but failed: his staff was broken and he was dismissed from the order of the Istari.
Left out of the final stages of the War of the Ring, he eventually managed to convince his captors, the Ents, into letting him leave Isengard, proving that the magic of his voice still remained.
On their way, they were confronted by Gandalf, Celeborn, Galadriel and the Hobbits on their way to northern Dunland. They found them as traveling beggars and Saruman kicked Gríma to move on, as he exclaimed how he hated his master. Galadriel told Gríma that he was free to leave him but he did not reply.[11] He then went to the Shire, which his agent Lotho Sackville-Baggins (undisturbed by events elsewhere) had brought under control. Spending his final days as a small-time thug lord in Hobbiton known as Sharkey, he was eventually betrayed and killed by his own servant Gríma on 3 November, T.A. 3019, when even this operation fell apart after Frodo and Samwise Gamgee returned.Saruman, as a Maia, did not truly die, but his spirit lost its shape (much like Sauron's after the Downfall of Númenor and after his defeat by the Last Alliance). As a discorporated spirit, he should have been called to Mandos, but the tale implies that he was barred from returning. We may speculate that his spirit was left naked, powerless and wandering in Middle-earth (perhaps like Sauron's after the One Ring was destroyed).
In appearance, Saruman was as an old man with black hair. At the end of the Third Age, his hair and beard had turned mostly white — he had only black hairs about his lips and ears. He was tall, his face was long, and his eyes were deep and dark. He would appear in a white cloak, a habit he later changed into a cloak that changed colours as he moved.
He was not actually a Man, or even an Elf (as Men often suspected), but a Maia clothed in flesh — an Istar ((see Origins below). As such, he was immortal and extremely powerful, yet had limits on how far these powers could be used. His two most salient powers were his knowledge and his voice.
Knowledge of the "deep arts" (or magic, such as it is in Middle-earth) was of particular interest to Saruman, especially when relating to power—such as the Rings of Power and the far seeing palantíri. He was also deeply learned in ancient lore regarding powerful kingdoms such as Númenor, Gondor, and Moria.
His voice and speech were extremely convincing, more powerful than mere rhetoric. When he focused this power on a person or a group of people, he could sway their hearts, plant fears and sow lies as he pleased. According to the stature of the listener, this spell could last as long as the speech did, or it could take root in them and last forever.
Other powers include knowledge of machinery and chemistry, probably separable from explicit magic (for instance, the "blasting fire" employed by his Uruk-hai army in the battle of Helm's Deep, was probably some kind of explosive). Machinery and engines characterized both his fortified Isengard and his altered Shire. In this, he probably sought to emulate Sauron.
His science also extended to biological areas. He is believed to have crossbred Men and Orcs, creating a new race of Orcs unafraid of daylight, the Uruk-hai. His mannish spies in Bree were said to have Orc blood. He also employed birds in his service, although this might also be attributed to Radagast the Brown, ordering them to report to Orthanc, Saruman's stronghold.
Being regarded as more powerful than Gandalf (at least before Gandalf's "rebirth"), it's fair to assume he would also wield explicit magic similar to Gandalf, such as artificial light, locking spells, creating fire, etc.
Saruman, in his desire to imitate Sauron, attemped to forge for himself a Ring of Power. This he wore during the War of the Ring which he revealed when he called himself "Saruman the Ring-maker". He had great knowledge and lore of the magic rings created by Sauron and by the Elven-smiths, though at this time the full art of ring-making was lost and known only to Sauron and so Saruman's knowledge of the craft was incomplete. It is assumed that Saruman's Ring was the equivalent of one of the lesser rings in power and the any details of this power is not mentioned. It is also assumed that it too lost its power, if it had any, when the One Ring was destroyed, since Saruman's craft of ring-making was still based on Sauron's. When Gandalf was given Narya, the Ring of Fire, Saruman learned of the gift and resented it. This may be another reason why Saruman desired to have a ring of his own.
Saruman resembled Gandalf not only in appearance, but originally also somewhat in character, but unlike Gandalf, Saruman was proud. He saw himself as the most powerful of the Istari, expressing clear contempt for Radagast the Brown. Saruman was no fool (though he saw Radagast as one); he realized Gandalf's power, and eventually came to see him as an equal, and later as a superior, much to his distress. He became jealous of Gandalf, eventually convincing himself that Gandalf was scheming against him, which justified his own scheming against Gandalf and the rest of the White Council.
Saruman likely was true to his mission in the beginning, and actually believed in working to stop Sauron, but his pride and later arrogance (as well as his jealousy towards the Grey Wanderer) turned him into a traitor to the cause he had once served. Saruman's betrayal was not sudden, but slowly grew over time, until at last he had convinced himself that he could not have taken any other path, and that it was too late now to repent. This false belief kept him from taking his last chance at redemption, and because he must have realized this he only became more bitter, blaming Gandalf more than anyone else for his own downfall. In fact he only had himself to blame, but he refused to believe this.
Saruman "went mostly among men". He always sought power, and it lay in the hands of the kingdoms of Men.
No records speak of his earliest journeys into the east; after his return he became a servant of Gondor, receiving the keys to Orthanc from Beren as its warden. When Gondor weakened, he claimed Orthanc for his own without any formal declaration (or objection from Gondor), yet remained nominally an ally of Gondor and of Rohan.
When he turned to treachery, Saruman employed men mainly from Dunland, and agents from other lands, turning old grudges into fuel for new hatred. The Dunlendings were enticed with the old stories that they had once lived in Calenardhon before the Strawheads. The Dunlendings became his soldiers and it also seems probable that he used some of them to create Half-Orcs.
Gríma Wormtongue played a vital role in Saruman's plans: with Saruman's council Gríma began to weaken the king, estranging him from his other councilors and even his own kin, until Gríma had in effect become the leader of Rohan.
Saruman was once on good terms with the Elves, and was voted in as the leader of the White Council, a group of Elves and Istari united against Sauron.
Saruman knew that Gandalf had been given the third Elvish ring Narya by Círdan the Shipwright. This nurtured his jealousy of Gandalf and his resentment towards the Elves.
Saruman had little use for, or interest in, the Elves, who were declining and their lands were few and secretive; although they wielded marvellous powers and two Rings of Power, they were not useful nor accessible for Saruman's ambitions. Also, they succumbed less easily than other races to manipulation.
Even though Isengard lay very close to Lothlórien, Saruman had very little or no contact with it. Saruman never trusted Galadriel and he accused her of scheming for Gandalf at his expense.[12]
Saruman probably drew his original strength of Orcs from tribes in the Misty Mountains, and perhaps from Moria Orcs. He made use of Warg-mounted Orcs.
He also bred Orcs in Isengard, eventually creating crossbreeds of Orcs and Men (probably Dunlendings). This programme apparently also involved feeding these Orcs Man-flesh.
His Uruk-hai army displayed great discipline and fierce loyalty, in addition to the other improvements such as height, strength, endurance and resistance to sunlight. There also appears to have been middle stages between Men and the Uruk-hai, Men with varying degrees of Orkish appearance. These were reported by Pippin and Merry to have been part of Saruman's regular army, but were not Uruk-hai, since the hobbits would have recognized these from their earlier capture.
Saruman's servants called him "Sharkey" both in Isengard and later in the Shire.
Saruman made contact with the Ents in Fangorn Forest shortly after he settled in Isengard. The oldest of the Ents, Treebeard received him and gave him free access to the forest.
Saruman also consulted with Treebeard, learning much old lore that the Ents would have remembered from ancient times. Saruman did not return this favour, but only listened.
The Ents saw Saruman's treachery early, and became very concerned, primarily with Saruman's Orcs felling trees on the edge of Fangorn for use in the furnaces of Isengard—or sometimes for no reason at all.
The Ents also appear to have had a sense of order, how things should be, that Saruman encroached upon. The crossbreeding of Men and Orcs particularly alarmed them, out of proportion to other concerns enemies of Saruman might have had. Also alarming was the pure fact of his treachery — the Istari were supposed to have a special responsibility.
Saruman used the Ents and the Fangorn forest without concern for the consequences. He clearly misjudged the Ents' abilities and will to act. This might not have been as incautious as it seemed, since major contributing factors to the Ent's actions were advice and requests from Gandalf, and concern about the rising power of Sauron (and their wish to support the front-line troops of the war, Rohan and Gondor).
Saruman clearly had the ability to understand the minds of the Ents when he found it useful. He managed to talk Treebeard into setting him free from Orthanc by pushing just the right buttons — Ents dislike the concept of caging up any creature.
The race of Hobbits and their lands seemed too insignificant to interest Saruman: until he took notice of Gandalf's special concern for them. Studying Gandalf made him focus gradually more and more on the Hobbits and The Shire. For a period he actually travelled there in secret, mapping out the lands. Gandalf was aware of this, but at this point only amused.
He began smoking pipe-weed (a habit of the Hobbits that Gandalf had picked up), also in secret. His demand for tobacco opened up trading between The Shire and Isengard, and the power his money could wield there and the corruption it could cause began to fascinate him. Some of his agents went in secret, and some were known to Gandalf and the Rangers.
His anger towards the Hobbits may possibly stem from the attention Gandalf showed them. It certainly strengthened immensely when he discovered that the Hobbits had "conspired" with Gandalf to keep the One Ring from him.
This, and the sudden urgency caused by the Ringwraiths' hunt for the Ring-bearer from The Shire to Rivendell, made him increase his activity in the area, leading to a build-up of power that would lead to virtual conquest of The Shire.
He might also later have blamed the ruin of Isengard by the Ents on Peregrin Took and Meriadoc Brandybuck, who clearly catalysed events.
This all came together when Saruman escaped from the Ents and retired to The Shire and his thug regime in place there. It appears he immediately switched the focus of this operation to wanton destruction: pollution, murder, fire, chopping down trees for no reason, a last blow against Hobbits and Gandalf.
At his final utter defeat by a Hobbit uprising, his life was spared even when he tried to assassinate Frodo Baggins. At this moment he actually conceded a short-lived respect to Frodo.
Saruman was supposedly eager to go to Middle-earth, against Manwë's counsel. After his 'death' he was apparently barred from returning to Valinor, and therefore was denied reincarnation and condemned to waft away and disappear like so much smoke. Sauron, in origin a Maia of Aulë like Saruman, amazed and frightened him. During the height of his arrogance Saruman thought to supplant Sauron as the Dark Lord, but in the end he found himself meddling with a spirit of far greater power than himself.
Saruman grudgingly brought with him Radagast as a companion from Valinor, at the request of Yavanna, yet still managed to arrive alone, and first. Shortly after, he went into the East with the two Blue Wizards, and later returned alone. There he may have wrought many great works to diminish the influence of the Enemy.
Radagast, even though Saruman scorned him, served Saruman very usefully (and wholly unintentionally, as he admitted "he had just the wit to play the part I set him"—that of persuading Gandalf to come to Isengard). Radagast also sent birds to Saruman and Gandalf to report the different happenings in Middle-earth.
Saruman had always been jealous of Gandalf, and knew that he was keeping secrets from him, such as his suspiction about Bilbo's Ring and Narya, secret.
Gandalf also suspected Saruman of plotting to gain the One Ring for himself, and hinted at this at a meeting of the White Council. Gandalf blew nine small smoke rings and one great one that wavered a bit, seeming almost palpable, and yet blew away, symbolizing (almost prophetic of) Saruman's failure in achieving the One for himself.
In general, Saruman must have viewed Gandalf as his only peer, and as such to be feared and treated with (although not necessarily shown) respect. He always kept a watchful eye open for Gandalf's doings, and actually picked up the habit of smoking pipe-weed by sending out spies tailing Gandalf to the Shire.
When matters came to a head, Saruman sought to make Gandalf an ally in his plans. This was probably not just out of practical politics, but also of respect and a sense of companionship and shared destiny. And possibly out of hope, being daunted by the proposition of becoming Sauron's servant alone.
Nevertheless, Saruman exercised more power than Gandalf, even with the ring Narya, as became clear when he placed Gandalf under arrest at the pinnacle of Orthanc. The text does not make it clear whether Saruman lost power or whether Gandalf gained power, but when Gandalf returned as "Gandalf the White", he could summon Saruman at his will, forcibly keep him in his presence, and finally break Saruman's staff (with whatever implications that might have had for Saruman's powers).
Saruman several times came very close to setting aside his pride and to asking Gandalf for pity and help. The closest call came when the Ringwraiths (on their way to the Shire) arrived at Isengard while Gandalf still remained in captivity there. Saruman, realizing his predicament, actually went to seek Gandalf's pardon, only to find his erstwhile captive missing from the top of Orthanc.
Saruman had control over many birds, probably through Radagast. These spied for him and brought him news. In addition, the Orcs Saruman took in his armies had amongst them Wargs, a sort of intelligent demon-wolf.
The name Saruman is a Mannish translation of Quenya Curumo, his original name in Valinor as a Maia; and Sindarin Curunír which is supposedly the same name (with the ending -ndîr "man"). All names mean "Skilled Man" (root curu "skill").[13][source?]
Saruman is derived from Old English: the root word searu means "device, design, contrivance, art" and the whole name means "man of skill".[13]
His name among the Elves was Curunír Lân (lenited glân "white").[source?]
As a scholar, Tolkien would also have been well aware of the name of a similarly-named historic 'head of his order', Jaruman.
Portrayal in Adaptations
1955: The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series):
- The voice of Saruman is provided by Robert Farquharson.
1978: The Lord of the Rings (1978 film):
- Fraser Kerr provided the voice of Saruman. From early on in the production, it was decided that "Saruman" and "Sauron" sounded too much alike, and might confuse viewers. On concept art, Saruman is called "Ruman",[14] but prior to recording, this was changed to "Aruman". However, during recording, it was again changed, to "Saruman". Because of this late change, several instances of "Aruman" remain in the finished film.
1979: The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series):
- The voice of Saruman is provided by James Arrington.
1981: The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series):
- Peter Howell played Saruman. Because the series follows a chronological timeline rather than the flashbacks of the books, Saruman's betrayal is brought out much sooner than in the book.
2001-03: The Lord of the Rings (film series):
- Saruman was played by Christopher Lee. The film did not depict Saruman's adoption of the title "Saruman of Many Colours". The film also did not include the Scouring of the Shire, but Saruman's last appearance was in Isengard, showing his encounter with Gandalf and Théoden. In the extended edition of The Return of the King, Gríma stabs Saruman in the back, causing him to fall on a spiked wheel below the tower of Orthanc.
2003: The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game):
- Though Christopher Lee provided the voice of Saruman for many scenes, the only visual appearance of the Wizard of from re-used movie clips, his voice is played over several Gandalf's actions though.
2003: The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring:
- Saruman is one of the "Hero" units of the Servants of Sauron, the game also depicts his creation of the Uruk-hai.
2004: The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth:
- Saruman is the main "Hero" unit of Isengard faction, the evil campaign follows his despoilment of both Isengard and the Fangorn Forest, war on Rohan and later conquest of the outlying lands.
2006: The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II:
- Saruman is still the main "Hero" unit of Isengard faction, but plays no role in the storyline.
2011: The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard:
- Through frequently referred to in-game since 2007, Saruman made no visual appearance until 2011 and the Rise of Isengard expansion. Many quests in the game display the stretch of the White Hand - Saruman's minions are present in Shire as early as T.A. 3018, as well as Bree-land, Lone-lands, Eregion, Enedwaith, Dunland, Gap of Rohan, outskirts of the Fangorn Forest and even Moria.
- In the storyline of Rise of Isengard Saruman first appears buying the loyalties of the Dunlending clans, bringing with him riches and maintaining a friendly appearance. He also still keeps his affairs in Rohan private, to the point that when a Rohirrim questions the desolation of Nan Curunir and the presence of Trolls in Isengard, the Wizard manages to use his voice to convince him that it was all for the good cause. At one point, traitorous Dunlendings capture the player and send him to Saruman as a gift - once again the Wizard maintains a friendly and noble appearance, trying to discern the location of The Ring, before the player escapes.
- A major storyline is derived from a single line in The Fellowship of the Ring, where Saruman calls himself "Ring-forger". Long having researched the Rings of Power, Saruman sends his minions to pillage what remains of Ring-Forges of Eregion, looking for any knowledge of ancient Elven smiths that have remained here. Using that lore, he constructs a massive Ring-Forge under Isengard, where he creates five lesser rings and a master one to command them. He keeps the master ring to himself and gives the other to his most trusted lieutenants, though none of the mortals are prepared for it and are turned into monstrosities. A large forces of players defeats them one by one, reclaiming lesser rings and later uses those rings to turn upon the master one. In the ensuing fight Saruman's ring is destroyed shortly before the Battle of Hornburg, and with it the lesser ones lose their power.
2012-14: The Hobbit (film series):
- Christopher Lee will reprise his role as Saruman.[15]
See also
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Two Towers, "The Voice of Saruman"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, "Valaquenta: Account of the Valar and Maiar According to the Lore of the Eldar"
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "The Istari"
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix B, "The Third Age"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "The Palantíri"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, "Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The House of Eorl", "The Kings of the Mark"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix B, "The Great Years"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring, "The Council of Elrond"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "The Hunt for the Ring"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "Many Partings"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "Many Partings"
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull (eds), The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion, p. 81
- ↑ 1978 - The Lord of the Rings Gallery at Ralphbakshi.com (accessed 26 March 2011)
- ↑ "Christopher Lee will star in the Hobbit prequel" dated 8 February 2011, The Telegraph (accessed 21 December 2011)
Ainur | ||
Valar | Lords | Manwë · Ulmo · Aulë · Oromë · Mandos · Irmo · Tulkas · |
Queens | Varda · Yavanna · Nienna · Estë · Vairë · Vána · Nessa | |
Maiar | Aiwendil · Arien · Blue Wizards · Curumo · Eönwë · Ilmarë · Mairon · Melian · Olórin · Ossë · Salmar · Tilion · Uinen | |
Wizards | Saruman · Gandalf · Radagast · Blue Wizards | |
Evil | Sauron · Balrogs (Gothmog · Durin's Bane) | |
Music · Valarin · Almaren · Valinor · Valmar · Second Music • italics indicates Aratar |


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There are people groups who still have no one to tell them about Jesus. Millions of people who would respond to Christ if they only knew. We need people who are willing and equipped to go.
Lu 10:2 He told them, "The harvest is plentiful, but the workers are few. Ask the Lord of the harvest, therefore, to send out workers into his harvest field.
Lord, I thank You for pursuing me when I didn't know you. I thank You for putting people in my life and bringing people across my path that were willing to introduce me to the lover of my soul.
I know it is not Your will that any should perish, so I lift up the
to You now. I ask You Lord of the harvest to send forth workers into the harvest field of the
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All our articles on Costs & tariffs in one place. Find everything here from the latest news, reviews and rumours.
We take a look at how the updated 3310 compares to the classic phone.
We take a look at the most impressive handsets at this year's Mobile World Congress.
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The G6 is a much better smartphone than its predecessor.


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The flat style gas oven igniter included in this kit has a body length of 3-3/4 inches. This kit comes with all of the pieces you need to replace longer ceramic igniters, though this kit can also replace short igniters. This igniter has an amperage range of 3.3 - 3.6 and does NOT replace round style oven igniters.
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text: Market View Video: Market View: How poor box office sales may help your portfolio Add to ... The Globe and Mail Published Monday, Sep. 10, 2012 1:26PM EDT Last updated Monday, Sep. 10, 2012 1:26PM EDT The Globe's David Berman explains how long-term bets on slumping movie company stocks could pay off Watch More Video: Why Apple now appeals to a different type of investor How Mattel moved Barbie back into her dream house 'Breaking Mad': Potential government shutdown summed up in two TV shows BlackBerry lets the numbers speak for themselves Surprise: Canada's private companies see blue skies ahead Why the BlackBerry-Fairfax deal just might work What you need to know about Canada's wireless spectrum auction National securities regulator? Mini skirts will come back first Gluskin Sheff's Bill Webb on thinking globally in 2013 The latest bump for the Blackberry roller coaster What Gluskin Sheff's Bill Webb is buying Why 'tapering' will be the most important word the market hears today Why investors should be thanking Microsoft Why Barrick's shareholders are pushing for change David Rosenberg: U.S. housing may dip, but the economy should do fine Will BlackBerry break apart? David Rosenberg: Get ready for rising inflation and a bear market in bonds Why Lululemon's stock price is wearing thin Who are Canada's 1 per cent? Pension plans say 'no thanks' to BlackBerry CGX-TCineplex IncLatest Price$50.19-0.08(-0.16%)Updated March 30 4:00 PM EDT. Delayed by at least 15 minutes. Comments Share via email Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on LinkedIn Print More Related to this Story Market View Video: Market View: Loonie hits year high, cross-border shoppers rejoice Video: Netflix CEO sees Canadian growth, but Canadian ISP cap limits still a problem Market View Video: Midday Markets: Snacking on earnings, from Cineplex to Canadian Tire Follow us on Twitter: @GlobeInvestor


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OVERDOSE: If overdose is suspected, contact a poison control center or emergency room immediately. US residents can call their local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. Canada residents can call a provincial poison control center. Symptoms of overdose may include: severe stomach pain, vomit that looks like coffee grounds, extreme drowsiness, slow/shallow breathing.
NOTES: Do not share this medication with others.Keep all regular medical and laboratory appointments. Laboratory and/or medical tests (including kidney function tests) may be performed to check for side effects. Consult your doctor for more details.This medication has been prescribed for your current condition only. Do not use it later for another condition unless your doctor directs you to do so. A different medication may be necessary in that case.
MISSED DOSE: For the best possible benefit, it is important to receive each scheduled dose of this medication as directed. If you are using this drug on a regular schedule (not "as needed") and you miss a dose, contact your doctor or pharmacist immediately to establish a new dosing schedule. Do not double the dose to catch up.
STORAGE: Store at room temperature away from light and moisture. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep all medications away from children and pets.Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company.
Information last revised July 2013. Copyright(c) 2013 First Databank, Inc.
Quick GuideChronic Pain: Causes and Solutions
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It's Elementary (Scrapbook)
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a place for zinesters - writers and readers
Started this discussion. Last reply by False Start Distro Mar 6, 2010.
We invite you to take part in the First International Exhibition "ZINESHOW" in Ukraine. Participation is free. Any technique. Any theme and format. No return. Deadline: 15/04/2013. Exhibition on the blog http://zineshow.blogspot.com All works will be exhibited also in the gallery "tymutopiyapres" http://tymutopiyapres.blogspot.com is not a commercial gallery. Welcomed but not "necessarily" summary of your zine or about you or your creative work (this is necessary for further elucidation of the project and possible documentation). Zines for the exhibition please send air mail: "Zineshow" A/C 9875, Sadivnycha 19/1, 79038, Lviv, Ukraine.
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Summer Reading
Numerous studies have shown that summer reading and learning programs help ensure that children and teens retain critical reading and academic skills they acquired during the school year.
General Summer Programming Resources
Online Community for Teen Summer Reading & Learning Programs
Visit and participate in YALSA's online community for summer reading. Find and share ideas!
Programming & Contest Ideas
Share your programming and contest ideas via the links below. You may also find some good resources on YALSA's Calendar of Teen Programming Ideas.
Partnerships & Collaboration
If you have any resources or tips about partnering with community organizations for summer reading programs, please feel free to add them below:
- Summer Learning Day will be celebrated June 21st, 2012. It's administered by the National Summer Learning Association. Many times libraries get overlooked by summer learning and After School Programs as places where youth go to learn, to pursue interests and/or for entertainment. When libraries participate in events like Summer Learning Day, it can help raise their visibility with these two important groups.
Summer Programming & Advocacy
Make sure your elected officials and stakeholders are aware of the great services and resources you provide over the summer. Here are some resources and activities to help you accomplish that.
- District Days
- Advocating for Teen Services in Libraries
- Resolution on Ensuring Summer Reading Programs for all Children & Teens (passed by ALA Council, June 2010)
Tapping Volunteers to Help with Summer Programs
- The California State Library offers resources for libraries who want to recruit and use volunteers. The resources are available from their web site.
- Apply by Jan. 1st for a 1,000 grant to support the use of teen interns in your summer programming.
Summer Reading
YALSA's Recommended Summer Reading Lists
- Librarians' Choice: 100 Super Summer Reads for Teens: add your recommendations here for great summer reads for teens. After completing a school year of assignments and required reading, these titles are meant to offer some lighter leisure reading.
- 2013 Teens' Top Teen Nominations: encourage teens to read these nominations over the summer so they can vote online for their favorites in Aug. and Sept. Winners will be announced during Teen Read Week (the third week of every October). The ten titles with the most votes become YALSA's official 2013 Teens' Top Ten list. Share your Ideas for Using the Teens' Top Ten on this wiki. The nominees are a great fit for teens who want a break from schoolwork, as the titles tend to be lighter reads.
- Best of the Best: YALSA's Best of the Best list features a variety of book lists and award winning books for young adults.
For more book lists and book awards, visit YALSA's website
Suggested Titles for CSLP's Spark a Reaction theme
Please add your recommendations below:
- STEM Reads for Teens --.pdf file (free, downloadable pamphlet from YALSA)
Reading Lists on the Web
Please add any lists you've found useful below:
This recommended reading list, from the Parkway School District in Chesterfield, Missouri, includes cover art, a brief summary, the copyright date and the genre of books for students entering grade 6-9. This reading list includes fiction and some nonfiction, both in a variety of genres.
This recommended reading list of fiction and nonfiction is from the Parkway School District in Chesterfield, Missouri. It includes cover art, a brief summary, the copyright date and the genre of recommended books for teens entering grade 9-12.
- Massachusetts Summer Reading Lists This page provides links to all the Massachusetts school's summer reading lists.
Resources for Reaching English Language Learners and Struggling Readers
This list is by no means inclusive. There are many approaches to serving English Language Learners and struggling readers.
- Be aware of the service organizations in your area and think about partnering and collaborating with other groups in your community.
- Partner with the ELL teachers in the local school district to promote your SRP and summer reading in classrooms before school lets out to highlight ELL/Struggling Reader specific titles through booktalks, book lists etc.
- Try developing and implementing programming for ESL teens in locations outside the library. You may be able to reach many more teens by going to them.
Some studies that should be helpful:
- Summer Reading: English Language Learners at the Library
- Reading Takes You Places: A Study of a Web-based Summer Reading Program
- Report of the National Reading Panel: Teaching Children to Read
- "I Hate to Read - Or Do I?": Low Achievers and Their Reading
- A Program to Provide Educational Enrichment to Disadvantaged In-School Neighborhood Enrollees During the Summer
- The Dominican Study: Public Library Summer Reading Programs Close the Reading Gap
- A Two-Year Analysis of Reading and Study Skills Gains during an Intensive Educational Summer Program
- Summer Program Helps Adolescents Merge Technology, Popular Culture, Reading, and Writing for Academic Purposes
- The Importance of Summer Reading: Public Library Summer Reading Programs and Learning
If you have any resources or tips about reaching English language learners for summer reading programs, please feel free to add them below:
- entubiblioteca.org (this web site from ALA has Spanish language resources for both librarians and for library users)
- English Language Learners: Good Reads (go here to view or add lists of recommended reading)
- YALSA's on-demand webinar " Don't Get Lost in Translation: Connect with Your Teens Through Summer Reading" Slides from PowerPoint
This was webinar was presented by Francisco Vargas Youth Services Manager at the Yuma County Library District. Francisco discusses ways librarians can use their summer reading program to reach out the English Language Learner teens in their community. Learn about many ELL friendly program ideas as well as multiple recommended reads!
Additional Resources
ALA. ALA Library Fact Sheet 17 (basic info about library summer reading programs and links to additional resources, including related research)
ALA. Resolution on Ensuring Summer Reading Programs for all Children & Teens (passed by ALA Council, June 2010)
ALA. "Summer Reading." ALA Professional Tips Wiki.
California Summer Reading Outcomes Initiative
Collaborative Summer Library Program
Dominican University. Public Library Programs Close the Summer Reading Gap (the IMLS funded this study & report, which was released in June 2010)
Evaluating Summer Reading Programs
Johns Hopkins Center for Summer Learning www.summerlearning.org/ (articles, research and more)
Kan, Katharine, for YALSA. Sizzling Summer Reading Programs for Young Adults, 2nd ed. American Library Association. 2006.
Minkel, Walter. Study: Summer Reading Helps Students, School Library Journal. 2/1/02.
National Summer Learning Association. Summer learning webinars (free archived webinars)
Reading is Fundamental. Keeping Kids off the Summer Slide
Reading Rockets. Summer Reading Resources (includes tips for parents and teachers)
Summer Matters (summer learning campaign from California)
USA Today. "Free Books Block 'Summer Slide' in Low Income Students" (June 1, 2010)
"VOYA's Best High School Summer Reading List 2005" VOYA, February 2006.
Wallace Foundation. Getting to Work on Summer Learning: Recommended Practices for Success, August 2013.
YALSA. free bookmarks. Follow the link to access free downloadable bookmarks featuring all of YALSA's latest literary award winners . YALSA. "Teen Reading Guide for Parents and Caregivers." 2006. A free, reproducible pamphlet to photocopy and distribute.


text:
Circulation. Cardiovascular Imaging
Holdings: Vol. 1, no. 1 (July 2008)-present
Special instructions: *BACK ISSUES NOTICE* We have online access to some issues as part of the LWW Legacy Archive Collection which was a project to locate and image back issues of LWW journals from their inception up through December 1999.
While OVID made every effort to locate all issues of each journal, they were unable to source about 2% of the Collections back issues.
For USC users only. Requires USC network connection.


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Call 844.344.3536 For Trade Pricing
This item is no longer available. Our Lighting Experts are standing by to assist you with locating a suitable replacement. Please call 866.344.3875 for assistance.
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Favre, Eugene Joseph (1893) › Page 2 - Fold3.com
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WWII "Old Man's Draft" Registration CardsEach card contains the registrant's name, age, birth date and place, residence, employer, and physical description. After Pearl Harbor, the U.S. initiated a draft that reached beyond younger age groups. This registration was not intended to be used for military service, but to provide a complete inventory of manpower resources that could be used for national service. Registration on April 27, 1942, included men not already in the military who were born on or between April 28, 1877, and February 16, 1897.
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31 March 2017 | The on-line newspaper devoted to the world of transports | 00:37 GMT+2 |
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New editing much more user friendly and no more lag or anything out of sync!!!
Oddity Archive: Episode 122 – DBX Noise Reduction System
And welcome to the Oddity Archive…the show that rapidly contracts and expands—but clearly not rapidly enough. Related
Cartoon Corner: How Much is Kingdom Hearts
15 years of light, darkness and hearts but have you ever wondered how much Kingdom Hearts is worth to a fan? Related
Stuff You Like 149: Challenges of the Deeps
Rainbow sprinkles, tortured food metaphors and pulpy sci-fi you just might love. Related
Shark Plays: Happy Wheels Part 6
Drowning in Footwear: Thank You, JR
The DangerZone Goes to Agamacon 2017
Danny South took some pictures at Agamacon 2017. The complete photo gallery can be found here: Agamacon 2017 Related
Splatoon 2: Test Fire – First Time Playing Spla2oon
To be honest this is the first time I've ever played a Splatoon game, as I don't have a WiiU. The motion controls completely threw me off in the first match, so I definitely had to change them. Related
Perplexing Pixels: Ghost Recon: Wildlands (PS4) (review/commentary)
In this episode, Attack Slug attempts to teach Grim how to play Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Wildlands. Related
DVD Shelf Foreign Flix Ep 22: Ninja Scroll
In his very first review of an animated movie, Andy takes a look back at the acclaimed 1993 Japanese anime film, Ninja Scroll! Related
Oddity Archive: Episode 121.5 – Ben's Junk: RCA Selectavision CED Player (SGT 250)
I was downright embarrassed by my old CED Player (see the CED episode). Obviously, an upgrade was in order. Related
Team Gothic Kid Gaming: Dead Rising 3 Part 9
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FreeBSD Man Pages
home | helpMBUF(9) FreeBSD Kernel Developer's Manual MBUF(9) NAME mbuf -- memory management in the kernel IPC subsystem SYNOPSIS #include <sys/param.h> #include <sys/systm.h> #include <sys/mbuf.h> Mbuf allocation macros MGET(struct mbuf *mbuf, int how, short type); MGETHDR(struct mbuf *mbuf, int how, short type); MCLGET(struct mbuf *mbuf, int how); MEXTADD(struct mbuf *mbuf, caddr_t buf, u_int size, void (*free)(void *opt_arg1, void *opt_arg2), void *opt_arg1, void *opt_arg2, short flags, int type); MEXTFREE(struct mbuf *mbuf); MFREE(struct mbuf *mbuf, struct mbuf *successor); Mbuf utility macros mtod(struct mbuf *mbuf, type); M_ALIGN(struct mbuf *mbuf, u_int len); MH_ALIGN(struct mbuf *mbuf, u_int len); int M_LEADINGSPACE(struct mbuf *mbuf); int M_TRAILINGSPACE(struct mbuf *mbuf); M_MOVE_PKTHDR(struct mbuf *to, struct mbuf *from); M_PREPEND(struct mbuf *mbuf, int len, int how); MCHTYPE(struct mbuf *mbuf, u_int type); int M_WRITABLE(struct mbuf *mbuf); Mbuf allocation functions struct mbuf * m_get(int how, int type); struct mbuf * m_getm(struct mbuf *orig, int len, int how, int type); struct mbuf * m_getcl(int how, short type, int flags); struct mbuf * m_getclr(int how, int type); struct mbuf * m_gethdr(int how, int type); struct mbuf * m_free(struct mbuf *mbuf); void m_freem(struct mbuf *mbuf); Mbuf utility functions void m_adj(struct mbuf *mbuf, int len); void m_align(struct mbuf *mbuf, int len); int m_append(struct mbuf *mbuf, int len, c_caddr_t cp); struct mbuf * m_prepend(struct mbuf *mbuf, int len, int how); struct mbuf * m_copyup(struct mbuf *mbuf, int len, int dstoff); struct mbuf * m_pullup(struct mbuf *mbuf, int len); struct mbuf * m_pulldown(struct mbuf *mbuf, int offset, int len, int *offsetp); struct mbuf * m_copym(struct mbuf *mbuf, int offset, int len, int how); struct mbuf * m_copypacket(struct mbuf *mbuf, int how); struct mbuf * m_dup(struct mbuf *mbuf, int how); void m_copydata(const struct mbuf *mbuf, int offset, int len, caddr_t buf); void m_copyback(struct mbuf *mbuf, int offset, int len, caddr_t buf); struct mbuf * m_devget(char *buf, int len, int offset, struct ifnet *ifp, void (*copy)(char *from, caddr_t to, u_int len)); void m_cat(struct mbuf *m, struct mbuf *n); u_int m_fixhdr(struct mbuf *mbuf); void m_dup_pkthdr(struct mbuf *to, struct mbuf *from); void m_move_pkthdr(struct mbuf *to, struct mbuf *from); u_int m_length(struct mbuf *mbuf, struct mbuf **last); struct mbuf * m_split(struct mbuf *mbuf, int len, int how); int m_apply(struct mbuf *mbuf, int off, int len, int (*f)(void *arg, void *data, u_int len), void *arg); struct mbuf * m_getptr(struct mbuf *mbuf, int loc, int *off); struct mbuf * m_defrag(struct mbuf *m0, int how); struct mbuf * m_collapse(struct mbuf *m0, int how, int maxfrags); struct mbuf * m_unshare(struct mbuf *m0, int how); DESCRIPTION An mbuf is a basic unit of memory management in the kernel IPC subsystem. Network packets and socket buffers are stored in mbufs. A network packet may span multiple mbufs arranged into a mbuf chain (linked list), which allows adding or trimming network headers with little overhead. While a developer should not bother with mbuf internals without serious reason in order to avoid incompatibilities with future changes, it is useful to understand the general structure of an mbuf. An mbuf consists of a variable-sized header and a small internal buffer for data. The total size of an mbuf, MSIZE, is a constant defined in <sys/param.h>. The mbuf header includes: m_next (struct mbuf *) A pointer to the next mbuf in the mbuf chain. m_nextpkt (struct mbuf *) A pointer to the next mbuf chain in the queue. m_data (caddr_t) A pointer to data attached to this mbuf. m_len (int) The length of the data. m_type (short) The type of the data. m_flags (int) The mbuf flags. The mbuf flag bits are defined as follows: /* mbuf flags */ #define M_EXT 0x0001 /* has associated external storage */ #define M_PKTHDR 0x0002 /* start of record */ #define M_EOR 0x0004 /* end of record */ #define M_RDONLY 0x0008 /* associated data marked read-only */ #define M_PROTO1 0x0010 /* protocol-specific */ #define M_PROTO2 0x0020 /* protocol-specific */ #define M_PROTO3 0x0040 /* protocol-specific */ #define M_PROTO4 0x0080 /* protocol-specific */ #define M_PROTO5 0x0100 /* protocol-specific */ #define M_PROTO6 0x4000 /* protocol-specific (avoid M_BCAST conflict) */ #define M_FREELIST 0x8000 /* mbuf is on the free list */ /* mbuf pkthdr flags (also stored in m_flags) */ #define M_BCAST 0x0200 /* send/received as link-level broadcast */ #define M_MCAST 0x0400 /* send/received as link-level multicast */ #define M_FRAG 0x0800 /* packet is fragment of larger packet */ #define M_FIRSTFRAG 0x1000 /* packet is first fragment */ #define M_LASTFRAG 0x2000 /* packet is last fragment */ The available mbuf types are defined as follows: /* mbuf types */ #define MT_DATA 1 /* dynamic (data) allocation */ #define MT_HEADER MT_DATA /* packet header */ #define MT_SONAME 8 /* socket name */ #define MT_CONTROL 14 /* extra-data protocol message */ #define MT_OOBDATA 15 /* expedited data */ The available external buffer types are defined as follows: /* external buffer types */ #define EXT_CLUSTER 1 /* mbuf cluster */ #define EXT_SFBUF 2 /* sendfile(2)'s sf_bufs */ #define EXT_JUMBOP 3 /* jumbo cluster 4096 bytes */ #define EXT_JUMBO9 4 /* jumbo cluster 9216 bytes */ #define EXT_JUMBO16 5 /* jumbo cluster 16184 bytes */ #define EXT_PACKET 6 /* mbuf+cluster from packet zone */ #define EXT_MBUF 7 /* external mbuf reference (M_IOVEC) */ #define EXT_NET_DRV 100 /* custom ext_buf provided by net driver(s) */ #define EXT_MOD_TYPE 200 /* custom module's ext_buf type */ #define EXT_DISPOSABLE 300 /* can throw this buffer away w/page flipping */ #define EXT_EXTREF 400 /* has externally maintained ref_cnt ptr */ If the M_PKTHDR flag is set, a struct pkthdr m_pkthdr is added to the mbuf header. It contains a pointer to the interface the packet has been received from (struct ifnet *rcvif), and the total packet length (int len). Optionally, it may also contain an attached list of packet tags (struct m_tag). See mbuf_tags(9) for details. Fields used in offloading checksum calculation to the hardware are kept in m_pkthdr as well. See HARDWARE-ASSISTED CHECKSUM CALCULATION for details. If small enough, data is stored in the internal data buffer of an mbuf. If the data is sufficiently large, another mbuf may be added to the mbuf chain, or external storage may be associated with the mbuf. MHLEN bytes of data can fit into an mbuf with the M_PKTHDR flag set, MLEN bytes can otherwise. If external storage is being associated with an mbuf, the m_ext header is added at the cost of losing the internal data buffer. It includes a pointer to external storage, the size of the storage, a pointer to a function used for freeing the storage, a pointer to an optional argument that can be passed to the function, and a pointer to a reference counter. An mbuf using external storage has the M_EXT flag set. The system supplies a macro for allocating the desired external storage buffer, MEXTADD. The allocation and management of the reference counter is handled by the subsystem. The system also supplies a default type of external storage buffer called an mbuf cluster. Mbuf clusters can be allocated and configured with the use of the MCLGET macro. Each mbuf cluster is MCLBYTES in size, where MCLBYTES is a machine-dependent constant. The system defines an advisory macro MINCLSIZE, which is the smallest amount of data to put into an mbuf cluster. It is equal to MHLEN plus one. It is typically preferable to store data into the data region of an mbuf, if size permits, as opposed to allocating a separate mbuf cluster to hold the same data. Macros and Functions There are numerous predefined macros and functions that provide the developer with common utilities. mtod(mbuf, type) Convert an mbuf pointer to a data pointer. The macro expands to the data pointer cast to the pointer of the specified type. Note: It is advisable to ensure that there is enough contiguous data in mbuf. See m_pullup() for details. MGET(mbuf, how, type) Allocate an mbuf and initialize it to contain internal data. mbuf will point to the allocated mbuf on success, or be set to NULL on failure. The how argument is to be set to M_WAITOK or M_NOWAIT. It specifies whether the caller is willing to block if necessary. A number of other functions and macros related to mbufs have the same argument because they may at some point need to allocate new mbufs. Historical mbuf allocator (See HISTORY section) used allocation flags M_WAIT and M_DONTWAIT. These constants are kept for compati- bility and their use in new code is discouraged. MGETHDR(mbuf, how, type) Allocate an mbuf and initialize it to contain a packet header and internal data. See MGET() for details. MEXTADD(mbuf, buf, size, free, opt_arg1, opt_arg2, flags, type) Associate externally managed data with mbuf. Any internal data contained in the mbuf will be discarded, and the M_EXT flag will be set. The buf and size arguments are the address and length, respectively, of the data. The free argument points to a function which will be called to free the data when the mbuf is freed; it is only used if type is EXT_EXTREF. The opt_arg1 and opt_arg2 argu- ments will be passed unmodified to free. The flags argument speci- fies additional mbuf flags; it is not necessary to specify M_EXT. Finally, the type argument specifies the type of external data, which controls how it will be disposed of when the mbuf is freed. In most cases, the correct value is EXT_EXTREF. MCLGET(mbuf, how) Allocate and attach an mbuf cluster to mbuf. If the macro fails, the M_EXT flag will not be set in mbuf. M_ALIGN(mbuf, len) Set the pointer mbuf-_m_data to place an object of the size len at the end of the internal data area of mbuf, long word aligned. Applicable only if mbuf is newly allocated with MGET() or m_get(). MH_ALIGN(mbuf, len) Serves the same purpose as M_ALIGN() does, but only for mbuf newly allocated with MGETHDR() or m_gethdr(), or initialized by m_dup_pkthdr() or m_move_pkthdr(). m_align(mbuf, len) Services the same purpose as M_ALIGN() but handles any type of mbuf. M_LEADINGSPACE(mbuf) Returns the number of bytes available before the beginning of data in mbuf. M_TRAILINGSPACE(mbuf) Returns the number of bytes available after the end of data in mbuf. M_PREPEND(mbuf, len, how) This macro operates on an mbuf chain. It is an optimized wrapper for m_prepend() that can make use of possible empty space before data (e.g. left after trimming of a link-layer header). The new mbuf chain pointer or NULL is in mbuf after the call. M_MOVE_PKTHDR(to, from) Using this macro is equivalent to calling m_move_pkthdr(to, from). M_WRITABLE(mbuf) This macro will evaluate true if mbuf is not marked M_RDONLY and if either mbuf does not contain external storage or, if it does, then if the reference count of the storage is not greater than 1. The M_RDONLY flag can be set in mbuf-_m_flags. This can be achieved during setup of the external storage, by passing the M_RDONLY bit as a flags argument to the MEXTADD() macro, or can be directly set in individual mbufs. MCHTYPE(mbuf, type) Change the type of mbuf to type. This is a relatively expensive operation and should be avoided. The functions are: m_get(how, type) A function version of MGET() for non-critical paths. m_getm(orig, len, how, type) Allocate len bytes worth of mbufs and mbuf clusters if necessary and append the resulting allocated mbuf chain to the mbuf chain orig, if it is non-NULL. If the allocation fails at any point, free whatever was allocated and return NULL. If orig is non-NULL, it will not be freed. It is possible to use m_getm() to either append len bytes to an existing mbuf or mbuf chain (for example, one which may be sitting in a pre-allocated ring) or to simply per- form an all-or-nothing mbuf and mbuf cluster allocation. m_gethdr(how, type) A function version of MGETHDR() for non-critical paths. m_getcl(how, type, flags) Fetch an mbuf with a mbuf cluster attached to it. If one of the allocations fails, the entire allocation fails. This routine is the preferred way of fetching both the mbuf and mbuf cluster together, as it avoids having to unlock/relock between allocations. Returns NULL on failure. m_getclr(how, type) Allocate an mbuf and zero out the data region. m_free(mbuf) Frees mbuf. Returns m_next of the freed mbuf. The functions below operate on mbuf chains. m_freem(mbuf) Free an entire mbuf chain, including any external storage. m_adj(mbuf, len) Trim len bytes from the head of an mbuf chain if len is positive, from the tail otherwise. m_append(mbuf, len, cp) Append len bytes of data cp to the mbuf chain. Extend the mbuf chain if the new data does not fit in existing space. m_prepend(mbuf, len, how) Allocate a new mbuf and prepend it to the mbuf chain, handle M_PKTHDR properly. Note: It does not allocate any mbuf clusters, so len must be less than MLEN or MHLEN, depending on the M_PKTHDR flag setting. m_copyup(mbuf, len, dstoff) Similar to m_pullup() but copies len bytes of data into a new mbuf at dstoff bytes into the mbuf. The dstoff argument aligns the data and leaves room for a link layer header. Returns the new mbuf chain on success, and frees the mbuf chain and returns NULL on failure. Note: The function does not allocate mbuf clusters, so len + dstoff must be less than MHLEN. m_pullup(mbuf, len) Arrange that the first len bytes of an mbuf chain are contiguous and lay in the data area of mbuf, so they are accessible with mtod(mbuf, type). It is important to remember that this may involve reallocating some mbufs and moving data so all pointers referencing data within the old mbuf chain must be recalculated or made invalid. Return the new mbuf chain on success, NULL on fail- ure (the mbuf chain is freed in this case). Note: It does not allocate any mbuf clusters, so len must be less than or equal to MHLEN. m_pulldown(mbuf, offset, len, offsetp) Arrange that len bytes between offset and offset + len in the mbuf chain are contiguous and lay in the data area of mbuf, so they are accessible with mtod(mbuf, type). len must be smaller than, or equal to, the size of an mbuf cluster. Return a pointer to an intermediate mbuf in the chain containing the requested region; the offset in the data region of the mbuf chain to the data contained in the returned mbuf is stored in *offsetp. If offp is NULL, the region may be accessed using mtod(mbuf, type). If offp is non- NULL, the region may be accessed using mtod(mbuf, uint8_t, +, *offsetp). The region of the mbuf chain between its beginning and off is not modified, therefore it is safe to hold pointers to data within this region before calling m_pulldown(). m_copym(mbuf, offset, len, how) Make a copy of an mbuf chain starting offset bytes from the begin- ning, continuing for len bytes. If len is M_COPYALL, copy to the end of the mbuf chain. Note: The copy is read-only, because the mbuf clusters are not copied, only their reference counts are incremented. m_copypacket(mbuf, how) Copy an entire packet including header, which must be present. This is an optimized version of the common case m_copym(mbuf, 0, M_COPYALL, how). Note: the copy is read-only, because the mbuf clusters are not copied, only their reference counts are incre- mented. m_dup(mbuf, how) Copy a packet header mbuf chain into a completely new mbuf chain, including copying any mbuf clusters. Use this instead of m_copypacket() when you need a writable copy of an mbuf chain. m_copydata(mbuf, offset, len, buf) Copy data from an mbuf chain starting off bytes from the beginning, continuing for len bytes, into the indicated buffer buf. m_copyback(mbuf, offset, len, buf) Copy len bytes from the buffer buf back into the indicated mbuf chain, starting at offset bytes from the beginning of the mbuf chain, extending the mbuf chain if necessary. Note: It does not allocate any mbuf clusters, just adds mbufs to the mbuf chain. It is safe to set offset beyond the current mbuf chain end: zeroed mbufs will be allocated to fill the space. m_length(mbuf, last) Return the length of the mbuf chain, and optionally a pointer to the last mbuf. m_dup_pkthdr(to, from, how) Upon the function's completion, the mbuf to will contain an identi- cal copy of from-_m_pkthdr and the per-packet attributes found in the mbuf chain from. The mbuf from must have the flag M_PKTHDR initially set, and to must be empty on entry. m_move_pkthdr(to, from) Move m_pkthdr and the per-packet attributes from the mbuf chain from to the mbuf to. The mbuf from must have the flag M_PKTHDR initially set, and to must be empty on entry. Upon the function's completion, from will have the flag M_PKTHDR and the per-packet attributes cleared. m_fixhdr(mbuf) Set the packet-header length to the length of the mbuf chain. m_devget(buf, len, offset, ifp, copy) Copy data from a device local memory pointed to by buf to an mbuf chain. The copy is done using a specified copy routine copy, or bcopy() if copy is NULL. m_cat(m, n) Concatenate n to m. Both mbuf chains must be of the same type. N is still valid after the function returned. Note: It does not han- dle M_PKTHDR and friends. m_split(mbuf, len, how) Partition an mbuf chain in two pieces, returning the tail: all but the first len bytes. In case of failure, it returns NULL and attempts to restore the mbuf chain to its original state. m_apply(mbuf, off, len, f, arg) Apply a function to an mbuf chain, at offset off, for length len bytes. Typically used to avoid calls to m_pullup() which would otherwise be unnecessary or undesirable. arg is a convenience argument which is passed to the callback function f. Each time f() is called, it will be passed arg, a pointer to the data in the current mbuf, and the length len of the data in this mbuf to which the function should be applied. The function should return zero to indicate success; otherwise, if an error is indicated, then m_apply() will return the error and stop iterating through the mbuf chain. m_getptr(mbuf, loc, off) Return a pointer to the mbuf containing the data located at loc bytes from the beginning of the mbuf chain. The corresponding off- set into the mbuf will be stored in *off. m_defrag(m0, how) Defragment an mbuf chain, returning the shortest possible chain of mbufs and clusters. If allocation fails and this can not be com- pleted, NULL will be returned and the original chain will be unchanged. Upon success, the original chain will be freed and the new chain will be returned. how should be either M_WAITOK or M_NOWAIT, depending on the caller's preference. This function is especially useful in network drivers, where cer- tain long mbuf chains must be shortened before being added to TX descriptor lists. m_collapse(m0, how, maxfrags) Defragment an mbuf chain, returning a chain of at most maxfrags mbufs and clusters. If allocation fails or the chain cannot be collapsed as requested, NULL will be returned, with the original chain possibly modified. As with m_defrag(), how should be one of M_WAITOK or M_NOWAIT. m_unshare(m0, how) Create a version of the specified mbuf chain whose contents can be safely modified without affecting other users. If allocation fails and this operation can not be completed, NULL will be returned. The original mbuf chain is always reclaimed and the reference count of any shared mbuf clusters is decremented. how should be either M_WAITOK or M_NOWAIT, depending on the caller's preference. As a side-effect of this process the returned mbuf chain may be com- pacted. This function is especially useful in the transmit path of network code, when data must be encrypted or otherwise altered prior to transmission. HARDWARE-ASSISTED CHECKSUM CALCULATION This section currently applies to TCP/IP only. In order to save the host CPU resources, computing checksums is offloaded to the network interface hardware if possible. The m_pkthdr member of the leading mbuf of a packet contains two fields used for that purpose, int csum_flags and int csum_data. The meaning of those fields depends on the direction a packet flows in, and on whether the packet is fragmented. Henceforth, csum_flags or csum_data of a packet will denote the corresponding field of the m_pkthdr member of the leading mbuf in the mbuf chain containing the packet. On output, checksum offloading is attempted after the outgoing interface has been determined for a packet. The interface-specific field ifnet.if_data.ifi_hwassist (see ifnet(9)) is consulted for the capabili- ties of the interface to assist in computing checksums. The csum_flags field of the packet header is set to indicate which actions the interface is supposed to perform on it. The actions unsupported by the network interface are done in the software prior to passing the packet down to the interface driver; such actions will never be requested through csum_flags. The flags demanding a particular action from an interface are as follows: CSUM_IP The IP header checksum is to be computed and stored in the corresponding field of the packet. The hardware is expected to know the format of an IP header to determine the offset of the IP checksum field. CSUM_TCP The TCP checksum is to be computed. (See below.) CSUM_UDP The UDP checksum is to be computed. (See below.) Should a TCP or UDP checksum be offloaded to the hardware, the field csum_data will contain the byte offset of the checksum field relative to the end of the IP header. In this case, the checksum field will be ini- tially set by the TCP/IP module to the checksum of the pseudo header defined by the TCP and UDP specifications. On input, an interface indicates the actions it has performed on a packet by setting one or more of the following flags in csum_flags associated with the packet: CSUM_IP_CHECKED The IP header checksum has been computed. CSUM_IP_VALID The IP header has a valid checksum. This flag can appear only in combination with CSUM_IP_CHECKED. CSUM_DATA_VALID The checksum of the data portion of the IP packet has been computed and stored in the field csum_data in network byte order. CSUM_PSEUDO_HDR Can be set only along with CSUM_DATA_VALID to indicate that the IP data checksum found in csum_data allows for the pseudo header defined by the TCP and UDP specifications. Otherwise the checksum of the pseudo header must be calculated by the host CPU and added to csum_data to obtain the final checksum to be used for TCP or UDP vali- dation purposes. If a particular network interface just indicates success or failure of TCP or UDP checksum validation without returning the exact value of the checksum to the host CPU, its driver can mark CSUM_DATA_VALID and CSUM_PSEUDO_HDR in csum_flags, and set csum_data to 0xFFFF hexadecimal to indicate a valid checksum. It is a peculiarity of the algorithm used that the Internet checksum calculated over any valid packet will be 0xFFFF as long as the original checksum field is included. STRESS TESTING When running a kernel compiled with the option MBUF_STRESS_TEST, the fol- lowing sysctl(8)-controlled options may be used to create various fail- ure/extreme cases for testing of network drivers and other parts of the kernel that rely on mbufs. net.inet.ip.mbuf_frag_size Causes ip_output() to fragment outgoing mbuf chains into fragments of the specified size. Setting this variable to 1 is an excellent way to test the long mbuf chain handling ability of network driv- ers. kern.ipc.m_defragrandomfailures Causes the function m_defrag() to randomly fail, returning NULL. Any piece of code which uses m_defrag() should be tested with this feature. RETURN VALUES See above. SEE ALSO ifnet(9), mbuf_tags(9) HISTORY Mbufs appeared in an early version of BSD. Besides being used for net- work packets, they were used to store various dynamic structures, such as routing table entries, interface addresses, protocol control blocks, etc. In more recent FreeBSD use of mbufs is almost entirely limited to packet storage, with uma(9) zones being used directly to store other network- related memory. Historically, the mbuf allocator has been a special-purpose memory allo- cator able to run in interrupt contexts and allocating from a special kernel address space map. As of FreeBSD 5.3, the mbuf allocator is a wrapper around uma(9), allowing caching of mbufs, clusters, and mbuf + cluster pairs in per-CPU caches, as well as bringing other benefits of slab allocation. AUTHORS The original mbuf manual page was written by Yar Tikhiy. The uma(9) mbuf allocator was written by Bosko Milekic. FreeBSD 11.0 March 11, 2015 FreeBSD 11.0
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For delivery charges to Highlands, Islands and outlying areas, please contact our
Customer Service Team.
For deliveries into Hong Kong and Singapore, we offer a dedicated air and sea service.
For more details regarding delivery to Hong Kong, Singapore and all other destinations, please view our
International Delivery information page.
Spirits cannot travel on our services to Hong Kong, Singapore or Macau and require separate shipments. Please contact our
Customer Service Team for further information.
Our storage costs are highly competitive. We will happily accept cases or single bottles, charging pro-rata based on the number of bottles and length of storage period.
Unlike many other wine companies, our service includes storage of duty paid wines as well as in bond from any reputable source, not just those bought through FINE+RARE.
Please visit our F+R Storage information page for more details.
FINE+RARE can arrange delivery of your wines to your personal fine wine storage account:
Deliveries within London City Bond or to a Vinotheque storage account are charged at £ 8 + VAT for up to 10 cases (12x75cl or equivalent).
Deliveries to all other storage providers are charged at £ 16 + VAT for up to 10 cases (12x75cl or equivalent).
Please contact our Customer Service Team if you have any questions.


text:
5:00 pm
Priceless Antiques Roadshow
Specialist Penny Brittain explains how she saved a valuable piece of porcelain from being used for target practice. The show also follows a lucky ROADSHOW visitor all the way to the bank.G
5:30 pm
Rick Steves' Europe
"North England's Lake District and Durham"
Rick hikes through the green mountain playground of the Cumbrian Lake District. He tours a slate mine and conquers stony summits. He also meets local residents, their dogs and sheep; plays cricket, hikes Hadrian's Wall; and is dazzled by Durham's Norman cathedral.G
6:00 pm
European Journal
"The Abortion Debate Flares In Ireland"
Ireland: Abortion - yes or no: In Ireland the debate on abortion legislation has flared up again. The trigger was the death of a woman who was not allowed to terminate. Since then, thousands have taken to the streets to vent their anger against the strict ban on abortion. D
6:30 pm
BBC Newsnight
7:00 pm
The Lawrence Welk Show
"Songs of the 70's"
The cast sets the mood with "Tie a Yellow Ribbon." Johnny Zell and the band play "Feelings." Guy and Ralna sing "I Write the Songs", and Ava Barber sings "Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue."G
8:00 pm
Are You Being Served?
"Christmas 1981"
Staff members of Grace Brothers decide that the 90th birthday of old Mr. Grace calls for a special celebration. Their idea that a search of the Grace family tree to create a special coat of arms for the old gentleman produces astonishing results!G
8:31 pm
Keeping Up Appearances Christmas Specials
Hyacinth buys tickets for a holiday cruise on the Queen Elizabeth 2, looking forward to meeting a better class of person than one meets in such circumstances. Unknown to her, Onslow wins tickets for the same voyage.G
9:31 pm
"Christmas 2011"
When granddad is taken seriously ill, he is planted in the hospital from hell, which is likely to disrupt everyone's holiday. Meanwhile, Sue's friend Jean is looking after the Brockman house with her ex-con boyfriend.G
10:30 pm
My Family
"Abi Ever After"
On the eve of their big day, Roger and Abi get cold feet thanks to their respective mothers. For this accident-prone pair, anything could happen before the ceremony, and apparently Ben comparing marriage to "being in a boxing ring" has not been helpful.G
11:00 pm
Doctor Who Series
"The Doctor's Wife"
The Doctor follows a Time Lord distress signal to a mysterious asteroid in a Bubble Universe, unsure if there could be another living Time Lord out there. But the asteroid hides a secret, which could threaten the existence not only of the TARDIS crew, but of the TARDIS itself.G