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Documentation: | ACS 2007 (3-Year Estimates) |
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Publisher: U.S. Census Bureau
Survey: ACS 2007 (3-Year Estimates)
Document: | Design and Methodology: American Community Survey |
citation: | Social Explorer; U.S. Census Bureau; Design and Methodology, American Community Survey. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2009. |
Chapter Contents
A term used in 2000 to describe the data that were asked of "100 percent" of the population in Census 2000. That is, questions that were collected for all people on both the census short-form and long-form questionnaires. In 2000, this included sex, relationship, age/ date of birth, Hispanic origin, race, and tenure.
One of four key dimensions of survey quality, accessibility refers to the ability of the data users to readily obtain and use survey products.
The average number of basic ACS items reported per person, including sex, age (counted double), relationship, marital status, Hispanic origin, and race. A questionnaire for an occupied unit must have an acceptability index of 2.5 or greater to be considered an interview.
One of four key dimensions of survey quality. Accuracy refers to the difference between the survey estimate and the true (unknown) value. Attributes are measured in terms of sources of error (for example, coverage, sampling, nonresponse, measurement, and processing).
The residential address list used in the 1990 census to label questionnaires, control the mail response check-in operation, and determine the nonresponse follow-up workload.
A post-Census 2000 Master Address File (MAF) improvement operation where Census Bureau staff reviewed commercial directories for 300 rural counties in 10 Midwestern states to obtain new city-style addresses for MAF records that did not contain a city-style address. Conducted in 2002, over 15,000 city-style addresses were associated with MAF records that previously lacked a city-style address.
A Census 2000 field operation to develop the address list in areas with predominantly non-city-style mailing addresses. A lister captured the address and/or a physical/ location description for each living quarters within a specified assignment area. The lister marked the location of each residential structure on a block map by placing a spot on the map indicating its location and assigning a map spot number. The lister also updated and corrected features on the map if necessary. This activity was called "prelist" in the 1990 census.
Geographic areas, usually with legally defined boundaries but often without elected officials, created to administer elections and other governmental functions. Administrative areas include school districts, voting districts, ZIP codes, and nonfunctioning Minor Civil Divisions (MCDs) such as election precincts, election districts, and assessment districts.
Imputation method required when values for missing or inconsistent items cannot be derived from the existing response record. In these cases, the imputation must be based on other techniques such as using answers from other people in the household, other responding housing units, or people believed to have similar characteristics. Such donors are reflected in a table referred to as an allocation matrix.
This periodic electronic newsletter informs data users and other interested parties about news, events, data releases, congressional actions, and other developments associated with the ACS.
The full set of testing, research, and development program activities that started in 1994 and continued until the ACS was fully implemented in 2005.
The period beginning in January 2005 during which the ACS interviewing of its housing unit sample was conducted in every county and Puerto Rico municipio as well as all American Indian and Alaska Native Areas and Hawaiian Homelands. The full implementation initial sample size is approximately 3 million addresses each year, and includes group quarters (GQ) facilities which were added beginning in January 2006.
The ACS demonstration program expanded from an initial four test counties in 1996 to 36 test counties in 1999. When the term ACS test site is used, it refers to data from these 36 counties.
An electronic system for access and dissemination of Census Bureau data on the Internet. The system offers prepackaged data products and user-selected data tables and maps from Census 2000, the 1990 Census of Population and Housing, the 1997 and 2002 Economic Censuses, the Population Estimates Program, annual economic surveys, and the ACS.
A Census Bureau term referring to the following types of areas: federal and state American Indian reservations, American Indian off-reservation trust land areas (individual or tribal), Oklahoma tribal statistical areas (in 1990 tribal jurisdictional statistical area), tribal designated statistical areas, state designated American Indian statistical areas, Alaska Native Regional Corporations, Alaska Native village statistical areas, and Hawaiian Homelands.
Imputation method in which values for a missing or inconsistent item can be derived from other responses from the sample housing unit or person. For example, a first name can be used to determine and assign the sex of a person.
An ongoing MAF improvement activity completed twice a year (coinciding with the delivery sequence file (DSF) refresh of the MAF) where, through automated means, pairs of city-style addresses are identified as identical based on house number, street name, five-digit ZIP code, and within structure identifier (if one exists). These addresses are linked for future operations to control duplication.
The ACS program run on raw mail return data to determine whether or not a case goes to failed-edit follow-up. The name reflects the fact that it was originally done clerically. The operator checks for missing content and for large households (more than five members) and for coverage inconsistencies.
Software used primarily by Census Bureau field representatives for the purpose of locating an address or conducting an address listing operation. The ALMI combines data from the MAF and the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (TIGER®) System database to provide users with electronic maps and associated addresses. ALMI functionality allows users to edit, add, delete, and verify addresses, streets, and other map features, view a list of addresses associated with a selected level of geography, and view and denote the location of housing units on the electronic map.
A Web-based computer application designed to help subject matter analysts quickly review and approve ACS estimates.
The next generation of the ART. It is aimed at providing analysts with reports at a more detailed level than the previous version.
Tables that provide the most detailed estimates on all topics and geographic areas from the ACS. Base tables also include totals and subtotals. These tables form the data source for the "Derived Products." Base tables are also known as detailed tables.
The base weight for an address is equal to the inverse of the probability with which the address was selected for the sample as determined by the sample design. Since these weights are based only on the initial probability of selection, they are known as a priori to the data collection phase. This is the weight for a housing unit before any adjustments are made. The base weight is also known as the unbiased weight.
The Be Counted program provided a means for people who believed they were not counted to be included in Census 2000. The Census Bureau placed Be Counted questionnaires at selected sites that were easily accessible to and frequented by large numbers of people. The questionnaires also were distributed by the Questionnaire Assistance Centers and in response to requests received through Telephone Questionnaire Assistance.
An authoring application that produces an instrument used to collect data using computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) or computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI).
A subdivision of a census tract (or, prior to 2000, a block numbering area), a block is the smallest geographic entity for which the Census Bureau tabulates decennial census data. Many blocks correspond to individual city blocks bounded by streets, but blocks-especially in rural areas-may include many square miles and may have some boundaries that are not streets. The Census Bureau established blocks covering the entire nation for the first time in 1990. Previous censuses back to 1940 had blocks established only for part of the nation. Over 8 million blocks were identified for Census 2000.
A Census 2000 field operation to ensure the currency and completeness of the MAF within the mailout/mailback area. Listers traveled in their assignment areas to collect and verify information to ensure that their address listing pages (derived from the MAF) contained a mailing address for every living quarters. They especially looked for hidden housing units (such as attics, basements, or garages converted into housing units) and houses that appeared to be one unit but actually contained multiple housing units. They also updated and corrected their Census Bureau maps.
A subdivision of a census tract (or, prior to 2000, a block numbering area), a block group is a cluster of blocks having the same first digit of their four-digit identifying number within a census tract.
An annual survey of all counties and statistically equivalent entities, all or selected incorporated places and minor civil divisions, all or selected federally recognized American Indian reservations and off-reservation trust lands, and Alaska Native Regional Corporations, to determine the location of legal limits and related information as of January 1 of the survey year.
A tool used by field representatives that allows them to manage their interview assignments on their laptops.
The C2SS was an operational test conducted as part of the research program in Census 2000, and used the ACS questionnaire and methods to collect demographic, social, economic, and housing data from a national sample. This evaluation study gave the Census Bureau essential information about the operational feasibility of converting from the census long-form sample to the ACS.
A subdivision of a county that is a relatively permanent statistical area established cooperatively by the Census Bureau and state and local government authorities. Used for presenting decennial census statistics in those states that do not have well-defined and stable minor civil divisions that serve as local governments.
A statistical entity that serves as a statistical counterpart of an incorporated place for the purpose of presenting census data for a concentration of population, housing, and commercial structures that is identifiable by name, but is not within an incorporated place. CDPs usually are delineated cooperatively with state, Puerto Rico, Island Area, local, and tribal government officials, based on the Census Bureau guidelines. For Census 2000, CDPs did not have to meet a population threshold to quality for the tabulation of census data.
A collective term referring to the types of geographic areas used by the Census Bureau in its data collection and tabulation operations, including their structure, designations, and relationships to one another.
The CIC program is a cooperative activity between the Census Bureau and the national nonprofit organizations representing interests of racial and ethnic communities. The program objective is to make census information and data available to the participating organizations for analysis, policy planning, and for further dissemination through a network of regional and local affiliates.
Population and housing information collected only on the census long form for a sample of households.
A small, relatively permanent statistical subdivision of a county delineated by a local committee of census data users for the purpose of presenting data. Census tract boundaries normally follow visible features, but may follow governmental unit boundaries and other nonvisible features; they always nest within counties. Designed to be relatively homogeneous units with respect to population characteristics, economic status, and living conditions at the time of establishment, census tracts average about 4,000 inhabitants.
An address that consists of a house number and street or road name; for example, 201 Main Street. The address may or may not be used for the delivery of mail, and may include apartment numbers/designations or similar identifiers.
The process of associating numeric codes with write-in strings. For example, the write-in associated with Place of Birth is turned into a three-digit code.
The ratio of the standard error (square root of the variance) to the value being estimated, usually expressed in terms of a percentage (also known as the relative standard deviation). The lower the CV, the higher the relative reliability of the estimate.
A post-Census 2000 MAF improvement program that provides a systematic methodology for enhancement and update of address and feature information. Designed to provide a rural counterpart to the update of the city-style addresses received from the U.S. Postal Services Delivery Sequence File, CAUS identifies and conducts listing operations in selected geographic areas suspected of experiencing growth that is either not available from or appears to be incomplete in the U.S. Postal Services Delivery Sequence File. Address and feature updates collected for CAUS are added to the MAF and the TIGER® System.
Comparison profiles are available from the ACS for 1-year estimates beginning in 2007. These tables are available for the United States, the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and geographic areas with a population of more than 65,000.
The ACS interview is classified as complete when all applicable questions have been answered on the mail form, or during a CATI or CAPI interview. The interview may include responses of "Don't Know" and "Refused" to specific questions.
A method of data collection in which the interviewer asks questions displayed on a laptop computer screen and enters the answers directly into a computer.
A method of data collection using telephone interviews in which the questions to be asked are displayed on a computer screen and responses are entered directly into a computer.
The sample estimate and its standard error permit the construction of a confidence interval that represents the degree of uncertainty about the estimate. Each ACS estimate is accompanied by the upper and lower bounds of the 90 percent confidence interval, or the 90 percent margin of error, from which a confidence interval can be constructed. A 90 percent confidence interval can be interpreted roughly as providing 90 percent certainty that the interval defined by the upper and lower bounds contains the true value of the characteristic.
The guarantee made by law (Title 13, United States Code) to individuals who provide census information, regarding nondisclosure of that information to others.
A collection of documents developed for members of Congress that explain how and why the ACS is conducted, its benefits, and how to obtain additional information. The Tool Kit originally was distributed as hard copies in 3-ring binders and is now available as a series of online portable document format (PDF) files.
The CPI program of the Bureau of Labor Statistics produces monthly data on changes in the prices paid by urban consumers for a representative basket of goods and services.
During the ACS weighting process, the intercensal population and housing estimates are used as survey controls. Weights are adjusted so that ACS estimates conform to these controls.
A process followed in Census 2000 whereby state, local, and tribal government officials could ask the Census Bureau to verify the accuracy of the legal boundaries used for Census 2000, the allocation of living quarters and their residents in relation to those boundaries, and the count of people recorded by the Census Bureau for specific living quarters.
The joint distribution of two or more data characteristics, where each of the categories of one characteristic is repeated for each of the categories of the other characteristic(s). A cross-tabulation in a base table is denoted where "BY" is used as the conjunction between characteristics; for example, "AGE BY SEX" or "AGE BY SEX BY RACE."
Monthly sample survey of the U.S. population that provides employment and unemployment estimates as well as current data about other social and economic characteristics of the population. Collected for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Census Bureau.
The concept used in the ACS to determine who should be considered a resident of a sample address. Everyone who is currently living or staying at a sample address is considered a resident of that address, except people staying there for two months or less. People who have established residence at the sample address and are away for only a short period of time are also considered to be current residents.
The Census Bureau offers a wide variety of general purpose data products from the ACS. These products are designed to meet the needs of the majority of data users and contain predefined sets of data for standard census geograpic areas, including both political and statistical geography. These products are available on the American FactFinder and the ACS Web site.
For users with data needs not met through the general purpose products, the Census Bureau offers "custom" tabulations on a cost-reimbursable basis, with the ACS Custom Tabulation program. Custom tabulations are created by tabulating data from ACS microdata files. They vary in size, complexity, and cost depending on the needs of the sponsoring client.
For users with data needs not met through the general purpose products, the Census Bureau offers "custom" tabulations on a cost-reimbursable basis, with the ACS Custom Tabulation program. Custom tabulations are created by tabulating data from ACS microdata files. They vary in size, complexity, and cost depending on the needs of the sponsoring client.
The repository for all data captured from mail return forms and by CATI and CAPI Blaise instruments.
Data products containing estimates of key demographic, social, economic, and housing characteristics. Data swapping is done by editing the source data or exchanging records for a sample of cases. A sample of households is selected and matched on a set of selected key variables with households in neighboring geographic areas that have similar characteristics. Because the swap often occurs within a neighboring area, there is usually no effect on the marginal totals for the area or for totals that include data from multiple areas.
De facto means "in fact." A de facto residence rule would define survey residents as all people living or staying at the sample address at the time of the interview without considering other factors such as the amount of time they will be staying there. Such a rule would exclude people away from a regular residence even if they were away for only that one day. The ACS is using a de facto residence rule when determining the residents of GQ facilities eligible to be sampled and interviewed for the survey.
A U.S. Postal Service (USPS) computer file containing all mailing addresses serviced by the USPS. The USPS continuously updates the DSF as its letter carriers identify addresses for new delivery points and changes in the status of existing addresses. The Census Bureau uses the DSF as a source for maintaining and updating its MAF.
A post-Census 2000 program associated with coverage improvement operations, address list development, and automated listing for the CAUS and demographic household surveys. The program uses automated listing methods to update the inventory of living quarters, and also updates the street network in selected blocks.
Derived products are informational products based largely on estimates from the base tables.
Statistical methods used in the tabulation of data prior to releasing data products to ensure the confidentiality of responses. See Confidentiality .
A board comprised of Census Bureau staff who review and must approve all data products based on disclosure avoidance rules before they can be released to the public.
An Internet application used by ACS subject-matter analysts to show the status of edit review and to relay analysts relevant comments.
Numerical values obtained from a statistical sample and assigned to a population parameter. Data produced from the ACS interviews are collected from samples of housing units. These data are used to produce estimates of the actual figures that would have been obtained by interviewing the entire population using the same methodology.
Research and evaluation conducted by Census Bureau staff and external experts to assess a broad set of topics including the feasibility and the quality of the data products produced by the ACS.
Data collection activity of mail response records designed to collect missing information. Mail returns failing the automated clerical review edit are contacted by telephone.
A long-term program of information and technical partnership with federal agencies. The FAIP is designed to establish a relationship with each agency that will identify the unique opportunities and challenges it faces in using ACS data. The program targets assistance based on the needs and resources of each federal agency in order to help the agency make a smooth transition to using ACS data.
Published by the Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), the Federal Register is the official daily publication for rules, proposed rules, and notices of federal agencies and organizations, as well as executive orders and other presidential documents. Information describing proposed data collection must be posted on the Federal Register for public review and comment for a 30-day period and must take place before the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) can provide final clearance for the data collection.
FSCPEs are state level organizations, designated by their respective governors, to work cooperatively with the Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program in the production of subnational population estimates and in making data broadly available to the public.
A Census Bureau employee who interviews people to obtain information for a census or survey.
A process that allows a user to download large files and datasets from American FactFinder.
A code assigned to a CATI or CAPI case at the conclusion of the data collection which characterizes the status of the case, such as "completed occupied interview" or "respondent refusal noninterview."
ACS first stage sampling maintains five 20 percent partitions of the MAF by determining which addresses were in the first stage sample 4 years prior and excluding them. This ensures that no address is in sample more than once in any 5-year period. The first phase sample is the universe from which the second phase sample is selected.
Estimates based on 5 years of ACS data. These estimates are meant to reflect the characteristics of a geographic area over the entire 60-month period and will be published for all geographic areas down to the census block group level.
A general purpose government that has the legal capacity to elect or appoint officials, raise revenues, provide surveys, and enter into contracts.
The process whereby write-in answers to Hispanic origin, race, ancestry, and language are categorized into codes. This is accomplished using an automated system approach, relying on a set of growing dictionaries of write-ins against which responses are computer matched. Responses that are not found in the dictionaries are sent to subject matter experts who code them. These new responses are added to the computer dictionaries for subsequent use.
The assignment of an address, structure, key geographic location, or business name to a location that is identified by one or more geographic codes. For living quarters, geocoding usually requires identification of a specific census block.
A geographic summary level specifies the content and the hierarchical relationships of the geographic elements that are required to tabulate and summarize data. For example, the county summary level specifies the state-county hierarchy. Thus, both the state code and the county code are required to uniquely identify a county in the United States or Puerto Rico.
A federal agency responsible for producing, procuring, and disseminating printed and electronic publications of the Congress as well as the executive departments and establishments of the federal government.
The smallest measure of size associated with a given block. It is used in the sample selection operation to determine the initial sampling rate at the block level.
A GQ facility is a place where people live or stay that is normally owned or managed by an entity or organization providing housing and/or services for the residents. These services may include custodial or medical care, as well as other types of assistance. Residency is commonly restricted to those receiving these services. People living in GQ facilities are usually not related to each other. The ACS collects data from people living in both housing units and GQ facilities.
A Blaise-based automated survey instrument that field representatives (FR's) use to collect new or updated information about a GQ facility. Questions in this survey include facility name, mailing and physical address, telephone number, GQ contact name and telephone number, special place name, and the GQ facilitys maximum occupancy and current number of people staying in the GQ facility.
A post-Census 2000 MAF improvement operation implemented to correct errors (mostly census block geocodes) associated with college dormitories in MAF and TIGER®. Conducted by Census Bureau staff, source materials for over 20,000 dormitories were reviewed and used to identify and correct MAF/TIGER® errors.
This form is preprinted with information such as GQ name and control number for sample GQ facilities. It is used by FR's when the GQ administrator is unable to provide a list of names or occupied bed locations for person-level sample selection.
The expected population of a given GQ facility divided by 10. It is used in the sample selection operation to determine the universe of sample units to be sampled. A sample unit is a cluster or group of 10 people.
An approach for filling in missing answers with information from like households or persons, with donors determined by geographic location or specific characteristics reported. Hot deck imputation continually updates matrices with data from donors with acceptable data and then provides values from such matrices to recipients who need data.
A household includes all the people who occupy a housing unit that meet all the residence rules of a survey or census.
A house, apartment, mobile home or trailer, a group of rooms, or a single room occupied as separate living quarters, or if vacant, intended for occupancy as separate living quarters. Separate living quarters are those in which the occupants live separately from any other individuals in the building and have direct access from outside the building or through a common hall. For vacant units, the criteria of separateness and direct access are applied to the intended occupants whenever possible.
When information is missing or inconsistent, the Census Bureau uses imputation methods to assign or allocate values. Imputation relies on the statistical principle of "homogeneity," or the tendency of households within a small geographic area to be similar in most characteristics.
An automated telephone application which allows the caller to hear prerecorded responses to frequently asked questions. The caller may proceed through the application by entering numbers from the telephone key pad or by speaking responses to select which messages he/she wants to hear. The caller may also elect to speak to an interviewer instead of listening to the recorded responses.
Official Census Bureau estimates of the population of the United States, states, metropolitan areas, cities and towns, and counties; also official Census Bureau estimates of housing units (HUs).
These are codes assigned to a sample GQ assignment in the GQFQ system by a field representative when scheduling a personal visit to a sample ACS GQ facility, when additional research is needed to locate the GQ facility, or when a return visit to the GQ facility is needed to obtain additional survey information.
Interpolation is frequently used in calculating medians or quartiles based on interval data and in approximating standard errors from tables. Linear interpolation is used to estimate values of a function between two known values. Pareto interpolation is an alternative to linear interpolation. In Pareto interpolation, the median is derived by interpolating between the logarithms of the upper and lower income limits of the median category.
A process in which CATI supervisors, for quality control purposes, listen to interviewers while they are conducting interviews with respondents to assure that the interviewer is following all interviewing procedures correctly. The interviewer is not told when the supervisor is listening, but is given feedback on his/her performance after the monitoring.
The failure to obtain valid responses or responses consistent with other answers for individual data items.
Subgroups of the original tabulation universe, especially by race, Hispanic origin, ancestry, and tribal groups. For example, many ACS base tables are iterated by 9 race and Hispanic origin groups.
An edit which looks at the combination of multiple variables related to a person's employment and income, thereby maximizing the information used for filling any missing related variables.
An operation in which keyers use a software program to capture questionnaire responses by typing responses directly into the scanned image of a questionnaire displayed on their work station screen.
An operation in which keyers use a software program to capture questionnaire responses from a hard-copy of the questionnaire.
A geographic entity whose origin, boundary, name, and description result from charters, laws, treaties, or other administrative or governmental action, such as the United States, states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Island Areas, counties, cities, boroughs, towns, villages, townships, American Indian reservations, Alaska Native villages, congressional districts, and school districts. The legal entities and their boundaries that the Census Bureau recognizes are those in existence on January 1 of each calendar year.
A method of decennial census data collection in some of the more remote, sparsely populated areas of the United States and the Island Areas, where many of the households do not have mail delivery to city-style addresses. Enumerators list the residential addresses within their assignment areas on blank address register pages, map spot the location of the residential structures on Census Bureau maps, and conduct an interview for each household.
A Census 2000 program, established in response to requirements of Public Law 103-430, that provided an opportunity for local and tribal governments to review and update individual address information or block-by-block address counts from the MAF and associated geographic information in the TIGER® database. The goal was to improve the completeness and accuracy of both computer files. Individuals working with the addresses had to sign a confidentiality agreement before a government could participate. Also called the Address List Review Program.
The decennial census long-form questionnaire was used to survey a sample of the U.S. population. It contained the questions on the census short form and additional detailed questions relating to the social, economic, and housing characteristics of each individual and household.
Represents the low end of the 90 percent confidence interval of an estimate from a sample survey. A 90 percent confidence interval can be interpreted roughly as providing 90 percent certainty that the true number falls between the upper and lower bounds.
The address used by a living quarters, special place, business establishment, and the like for mail delivery by the USPS. It can be a house number and street or road name, which may be followed by an apartment, unit, or trailer lot designation; a building or apartment complex name and apartment designation; a trailer park name and lot number; a special place/GQ facility name; a post office box or drawer; a rural route or highway contract route, which may include a box number; or general delivery. A mailing address includes a post office name, state abbreviation, and ZIP Code. A mailing address may serve more than one living quarters, establishment, and so on.
A method of data collection in which the USPS delivers addressed questionnaires to housing units. Residents are asked to complete and mail the questionnaire to a specified data capture center.
The annual ACS sample is chosen in two phases. During the first phase, referred to as the main phase, approximately 98 percent of the total ACS sample is chosen. The main phase sample addresses are allocated to the 12 months of the sample year. The second phase, referred to as supplemental sample selection, is implemented to represent new construction.
The Census Bureau's official inventory on known living quarters (housing units and GQ facilities) and selected nonresidential units (public, private, and commercial) in the United States. The file contains mailing and location address information, geocodes, and other attribute information about each living quarters. The Census Bureau continues to update the MAF using the USPS DSF and various automated, computer-assisted, clerical, and field operations.
An operation in which census staff try to find the location of addresses from the USPS that did not match to the records in the TIGER® database. Staff use atlases, maps, city directories, and the like to locate these addresses and add their streets and address ranges to the TIGER® database.
A post-Census 2000 MAF improvement activity where census staff reviewed and corrected map spot inconsistencies in over 1,800 counties. Over 75,000 MAF records in nonmailout/mailback blocks were corrected. The most common types of MAF corrections were the assignment of map spots to MAF records such that they are consistent with the TIGER® database, and the identification and linkage of duplicate MAF records.
Some ACS products provide an MOE instead of confidence intervals. An MOE is the difference between an estimate and its upper or lower confidence bounds. Confidence bounds can be created by adding the MOE to the estimate (for the upper bound) and subtracting the MOE from the estimate (for the lower bound). All published ACS MOEs are based on a 90 percent confidence level.
A generic term used to refer to the estimated size of a specific administrative or statistical area. It is used in the sample selection operation to determine the initial sampling rate at the block level.
Also referred to as "response error," measurement error occurs when the response received differs from the "true" value as a result of the respondent, the interviewer, the questionnaire, the mode of collection, the respondents record-keeping system(s) or other similar factors.
This measurement represents the middle value (if n is odd) or the average of the two middle values (if n is even) in an ordered list of data values. The median divides the total frequency distribution into two equal parts: one-half of the cases fall below the median and one-half of the cases exceed the median. Medians in the ACS are estimated using interpolation methods.
Information about the content, quality, condition, and other characteristics of data. Metadata related to tables presented in American FactFinder can be found by clicking on column headings or by clicking "Help" and then "Census Data Information."
A primary governmental and/or administrative subdivision of a county, such as a township, precinct, or magisterial district. MCDs exist in 28 states and the District of Columbia. In 20 states, all or many MCDs are general-purpose governmental units: Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wisconsin. Most of these MCDs are legally designated as towns or townships.
Three- and five-year estimates based on multiple years of ACS data. Three year estimates will be published for geographic areas with a population of 20,000 or more. Five year estimates will be published for all geographic areas down to the census block group level.
A data product that includes easy-to-read descriptions for a particular geography.
The permanent Census Bureau processing facility in Jeffersonville, Indiana. Until 1998, it was called the Data Preparation Division.
A mailing address that does not use a house number and street or road name. This includes rural routes and highway contract routes, which may include a box number; post office boxes and drawers; and general delivery.
A sample address which was eligible for an interview, but from which no survey data was obtained.
Error caused by survey failure to get a response to one or possibly all of the questions. Nonresponse error is measured in the ACS by survey response rates and item nonresponse rates.
An operation whose objective is to obtain complete survey information from housing units for which the Census Bureau did not receive a completed questionnaire by mail. In the ACS, telephone and personal visit methods are used for nonresponse follow-up.
Total survey error can be classified into two categories-sampling error and nonsampling error. Errors that occur during data collection (for example, nonresponse error, response error, and interviewer error) or data capture fall under the category of nonsampling error.
OMB assists the President in the development and execution of policies and programs. OMB has a hand in the development and resolution of all budget, policy, legislative, regulatory, procurement, e-government, and management issues on behalf of the President. OMB is composed of divisions organized either by agency and program area or by functional responsibilities. However, the work of OMB often requires a broad exposure to issues and programs outside of the direct area of assigned responsibility. In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, the Census Bureau submits survey subjects, questions, and information related to sampling, data collection methods, and tabulation of survey data to OMB for approval and clearance.
Response rates for data collection operations conducted in the ACS-Mail, CATI, CAPI, and FEFU operations.
Technology that uses a digital image of a completed questionnaire and computer software to read and interpret the marking of a response category and to convert that mark into an electronic response to the survey question.
Extent to which a frame includes units from the target population more than once, giving the unit multiple chances of selection, as well as the extent to which the frame includes units that are not members of the target population.
An estimate based on information collected over a period of time. For ACS the period is either 1 year, 3 years, or 5 years.
An estimate based on one point in time. The decennial census longform estimates for Census 2000 were based on information collected as of April 1, 2000.
Intercensal estimates used in weighting ACS sample counts to ensure that ACS estimates of total population and occupied housing units agree with official Census Bureau estimates.
The PSU for the housing unit sample selection is the address. For the GQ sample selection it is groups of ten expected interviews. For the small GQ sample selection operation it is the GQ facility. All residents of small GQ facilities in sample are included in the person sample.
Error introduced in the postdata collection process of taking the responses from the questionnaire or instrument and turning those responses into published data. Thus, processing error occurs during data capture, coding, editing, imputation, and tabulation.
An area that defines the extent of territory for which the Census Bureau releases Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) records.
Computerized files that contain a sample of individual records, with identifying information removed, showing the population and housing characteristics of the units and people included on those forms.
This system is the PUMS version of EMMA, and is used by analysts to communicate with the data processing team about their review of the PUMS files.
The systematic approach to building accuracy and completeness into a process.
Various statistical methods that validate that products or operations meet specified standards.
A measure of the quality of a particular return which is used when there are multiple returns for a particular sample unit.
Statistics that provide information about the quality of the ACS data. The ACS releases four different quality measures with the annual data release: 1) initial sample size and final interviews; 2) coverage rates; 3) response rates, and; 4) item allocation rates for all collected variables.
An iterative procedure whereby a series of ratio adjustments are performed and then repeated. Each ratio adjustment corresponds to a dimension of the raking matrix. The goal of the procedure is to achieve a high degree of consistency between the weighted marginal totals and the control totals used in the ratio adjustment. The raking ratio estimator is also known as iterative proportional fitting.
Ranking tables are tables and related graphics that show the rank order of a key statistic or derived measure across various geographic areas, currently states, counties, and places.
Variables on data files that are the result of combining values from more than one variable.
Time interval to which survey responses refer. For example, many ACS questions refer to the day of the interview; others refer to the "past 12 months" or "last week."
One of 12 permanent Census Bureau offices established for the management of all census and survey operations in specified areas.
One of four key dimensions of survey quality. Relevance is a qualitative assessment of the value contributed by the data. Value is characterized by the degree to which the data serve to address the purposes for which they are produced and sought by users (including mandate of the agency, legislated requirements, and so on.)
Rural areas in Alaska which are difficult to access. In these areas, all ACS sample cases are interviewed using the personal visit mode. Field representatives attempt to conduct interviews for all cases in specific areas of remote Alaska during a single visit. All sample cases in remote Alaska are interviewed in either January through April or September through December.
The series of rules that define who (if anyone) is considered to be a resident of a sample address for purposes of the survey or census.
The person supplying survey or census information about his or her living quarters and its occupants.
The respondents failure to provide the correct answer to a survey question for any reason, such as poor comprehension of the question meaning, low motivation to answer the question, inability to retrieve the necessary information, or an unwillingness to answer the question truthfully.
The response options for a particular survey question shown on the paper questionnaire, read to the respondent in a CATI interview or read or presented on a flashcard to the respondent in a CAPI interview.
Also referred to as measurement error, response error is any error that occurs during the data collection stage of a survey resulting in a deviation from the true value for a given survey question or questions. Errors made by respondents, interviewer errors such as misreading a question or guiding the response to a particular category, and poorly designed data collection instruments or questionnaires all contribute to response error.
A rolling sample design jointly selects k nonoverlapping probability samples, each of which constitutes 1/ F of the entire population. One sample is interviewed each time period until all of the sample has been interviewed after k periods.
Geographic and statistical entities eligible to be used in determining the sampling strata assignment.
Errors that occur because only part of the population is directly contacted. With any sample, differences are likely to exist between the characteristics of the sampled population and the larger group from which the sample was chosen.
Any list or device that, for purposes of sampling, delimits, identifies, and allows access to the sampling units, which contain elements of the sampled population. The frame may be a listing of persons, housing units, businesses, records, land segments, and so on. One sampling frame or a combination of frames may be used to cover the entire sampled population.
Proportion of the addresses in a geographical area, or residents of a GQ facility, who are selected for interview in a particular time period.
Variation that occurs by chance because a sample is surveyed rather than the entire population.
The set of addresses selected from the first phase sample using a systematic sampling procedure. This procedure employs seven distinct sampling rates.
An ACS data product that provides certain characteristics for a specific race or ethnic group (for example, Alaska Natives) or other population subgroup (for example, people aged 60 years and over). SPPS are produced directly from the sample microdata (that is, not a derived product).
The decennial census short-form questionnaire includes questions on sex, age/date of birth, relationship, Hispanic origin, race, and tenure.
Estimates based on the set of ACS interviews conducted from January through December of a given calendar year. These estimates will be published for geographic areas with a population of 65,000 or more.
Population sizes of geographical areas that determine when data products will first be released for that area; for example, areas with 65,000 or greater populations will get single-year profiles in 2006 and every year thereafter; areas with 20,000 or greater populations will receive 3-year data products in 2008 and every year thereafter. There are no population size thresholds applied to the 5-year data products other than those imposed by the DRB.
Census Bureau program that prepares mathematical model-based estimates of selected characteristics of the United States, states, and school districts.
A federal census conducted at the request and expense of a local governmental agency to obtain a population count between decennial censuses.
A special place is an entity that owns and/or manages one or more GQ facilities. A special place can be in the same building or location as the GQ facility or it can be at a different location than the GQ facility it manages or oversees.
Individuals with SSS are defined as non-Census Bureau personnel who require access to census information or confidential data. An SSS individual is bound by Census Bureau confidentiality requirements, as authorized by Title 13, United States Code.
The standard error is a measure of the deviation of a sample estimate from the average of all possible samples.
A state agency or university facility identified by the governor of each state and state equivalent to participate in the Census Bureau's cooperative network for the dissemination of census data.
Defined and intended to provide nationally consistent definitions for collecting, tabulating, and publishing federal statistics for a set of geographic areas.
The determination of whether the difference between two estimates is not likely to be from random chance (sampling error) alone. This determination is based on both the estimates themselves and their standard errors. For ACS data, two estimates are "significantly different at the 90 percent level" if their difference is large enough to infer that there was a less than 10 percent chance that the difference came entirely from random variation.
Refers to the sampling of a sample. The cases that are not completed by mail or through a telephone interview become eligible for CAPI interviewing. This winnowing of the sample is referred to as subsampling.
Data products organized by subject area that present an Overview of the information that analysts most often receive requests for from data users.
A variance estimation methodology to be used for surveys with a systematic sample. The initial sampling weights are multiplied by sets of 80 predetermined factors, and then reprocessed through the weighting system to produce 80 new sets to replicate weights. The 80 replicate weights and the final production weights are used to estimate the variance of ACS estimates.
A sufficient partial interview means that the Census Bureau accepts an interview as final even if the respondent did not provide a valid response for all applicable items.
This file presents base tables on population and housing characteristics from Census 2000 sample topics, such as income and education. It also includes population estimates for ancestry groups and selected characteristics for a limited number of race and Hispanic or Latino categories.
This file presents data similar to the information included on Summary File 3. The data from Census 2000 are shown down to the census tract level for 336 race, Hispanic or Latino, American Indian and Alaska Native, and ancestry categories.
The sample that is selected from new addresses (primarily new construction) and allocated to the last 9 months of the sample year. This is done in January of the sample year.
A data collection for a sample of a population. Surveys are normally less expensive to conduct than censuses, hence, they may be taken more frequently and can provide an information update between censuses.
A longitudinal survey conducted by the Census Bureau that collects data periodically from the same respondents over the course of several years. The SIPP produces data on income, taxes, assets, liabilities, and participation in government transfer programs.
The four key elements of survey quality include relevance, accuracy, timeliness, and accessibility.
A measure of total response across all three modes of data collection, calculated as the ratio of the estimate of the interviewed units to the estimate of all units that should have been interviewed. The ACS weights the survey response rate to reflect the sample design, including the subsampling for the CAPI.
Errors or inaccuracies occurring in data consistently in one direction, which can distort survey results. By definition, any systematic error in a survey will occur in all implementations of that same survey design.
The month associated with a sample case which is used in producing estimates. Also known as the Interview Month, it reflects the response month, which may or may not be the same as the sample month.
The specific category of people, households, or housing units on which estimates are based; for example, people aged 25 and over or occupied housing units.
In the context of the ACS language program, this refers to the identification of geographic areas warranting specific language tools.
A process which allows respondents to call a toll-free telephone number to receive help when completing the survey questionnaire. This process also allows respondents to complete the survey over the telephone with an interviewer.
Data products that show the geographic patterns in statistical data. Thematic maps are a complement to the ranking tables, and are a tool to visually display on a map the geographic variability of a key summary or derived measure.
Estimates based on 3 years of ACS data. These estimates are meant to reflect the characteristics of a geographic area over the entire 36-month period. These estimates will be published for geographic areas with a population of 20,000 or more.
One of four key dimensions of survey quality. Timeliness refers to both the length of time between data collection and the first availability of a product and to the frequency of the data collection.
The law under which the Census Bureau operates and that guarantees the confidentiality of census information and establishes penalties for disclosing this information.
A disclosure avoidance practice whereby extremely low or high values are masked by replacing them with a value that represents everything above or below a certain value.
A digital (computer-readable) geographic database that automates the mapping and related geographic activities required to support the Census Bureau's census and survey programs.
A USPS notification that a mailing piece could not be delivered to the designated address.
The extent to which the sampling frame does not include members of the target population thus preventing those members from having any chance of selection into the sample.
A method of data collection used in Census 2000 and other censuses, whereby enumerators canvassed assignment areas and delivered a census questionnaire to each housing unit. At the same time, enumerators updated the address listing pages and Census Bureau maps. The household was asked to complete and return the questionnaire by mail. This method was used primarily in areas where many homes do not receive mail at a city-style address; that is, the majority of United States households not included in mailout/mailback areas. U/L was used for all of Puerto Rico in Census 2000.
Represents the high end of the 90 percent confidence interval of an estimate from a sample survey. A 90 percent confidence interval can be interpreted roughly as providing 90 percent certainty that the true number falls between the upper and lower bounds.
An area, sector, or residential development, such as a neighborhood, within a geographic area in Puerto Rico.
A densely settled territory that contains 50,000 or more people. The Census Bureau delineates UAs to provide a better separation of urban and rural territory, population, and housing in the vicinity of large places.
The concept used to define residence in the decennial census. The place where a person lives and sleeps most of the time.
A special test conducted at the request of Congress in 2002 to measure the impact on the ACS of changing the data collection authority from mandatory to voluntary.
A control system which is used to track and assign cases to individual telephone interviewers. WebCATI evaluates the characteristics of each case (for example, the date and time of the previous call) and the skills needed for each case (for example, the need for the case to be interviewed in Spanish), and delivers the case to the next available interviewer who possesses the matching skill.
A research tool for reporters, SDCs, CICs, ROs, and internal Census Bureau analysts. WDS features a user-friendly interface that allows users to quickly access, visualize, and manipulate ACS base tables.


text:
Be sure to check out the pet businesses near you!
Be sure to check out the dog parks near you!
Bone shaped charm with the word diva
Pet podcast #60 features an interview with dog trainer Doug Simpson of Tenderfoot Training and we talk about separation anxiety in dogs for 35 minutes. Doug shares tons of great information on separation anxiety including proactive approaches for avoiding separation …

subset: commoncrawl


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Showing 1 - 20 of 96 for "student leadership"
Festival of Faith and Music engages pop culture
The eighth edition of FFM will take place on Calvin's campus from March 30 to April 1, 2017.
March 22, 2017 | Jacquelyn Hubbard -
Conference educates, inspires, equips students for international development
From February 9-11, hundreds of students from across North America are coming to Calvin for the annual, student-organized FIDC.
February 08, 2017 | Jacquelyn Hubbard -
Research team's discovery grabs global headlines
A Calvin student's curiosity led to a discovery that is making headlines in major publications all over the world.
January 18, 2017 | Matt Kucinski -
Calvin student guides urban planning effort in Appleton
Second year student Noah Schumerth's committed to finding a solution to Appleton's zoning code that would best meet the demands of its residents.
November 17, 2016 | Jacquelyn Hubbard -
Calvin College launches Center For Student Success
This fall, Calvin launched the Center for Student Success, which leaders say will provide cross-divisional coordinated care for students.
October 13, 2016 | Matt Kucinski -
NIH grant brings students to the cutting-edge of cancer research
Biochemistry prof Brendan Looyenga recently received a $295,939 grant from the National Cancer Institute to do research with students that could provide useful insights into both neurology and oncology.
February 04, 2015 | Matt Kucinski -
Calvin participates in worldwide MegaMenger Build
Calvin's math department will use 160 pounds of business cards to construct a cubic representation of a fractal.
October 09, 2014 | Katie Salyer -
UNLEARN week is underway
Students at Calvin are challenging their peers to think about the stereotypes and assumptions that contribute to racism in today's society.
October 07, 2014 | Matt Kucinski -
Novel NIH grant provides synergy in the student-faculty research experience
A trio of profs has teamed up to better understand the regulation of GLUT1.
September 25, 2014 | Matt Kucinski -
U.S. News recognizes Calvin College for its undergraduate research
Calvin is on a short list of institutions that U.S. News & World Report highlights as outstanding examples of undergraduate research and creative projects.
September 09, 2014 | Matt Kucinski -
Spanish prof uncovers history by preserving newspapers
Ed Miller is working to bring forgotten 19th century Afro-Argentine newspapers to the public through a web archive.
August 13, 2014 | Grace Ruiter -
We Are Calvin: Thuy-Nhi Nguyen
Thuy-Nhi Nguyen is spending this summer studying songbirds at the Au Sable Institute in northern Michigan.
August 07, 2014 | Matt Kucinski -
Student uses linguistics to compare Turkish and American music
Maria Cupery compared the top ten song charts in Turkey and the United States for her research project. She presented her findings at a national conference this spring.
May 21, 2014 | Connor Sterchi -
Graduating with honors
For Rachel Hekman, receiving a medal at Honors Convocation was the realization of a dream that began back in high school.
April 30, 2014 | Grace Ruiter -
We Are Calvin: Henry Higby
Senior Henry Higby is spending this Fall in the semester abroad program in France.
October 22, 2013 | Matt Kucinski -
Party at the Prez's kicks off Homecoming and Family Weekend
New activities like Fierljeppen (Dutch pole vaulting) and a Senior Only Sleepout join with past traditions like the annual Cardboard Canoe Race.
October 21, 2013 | Amanda Greenhoe -
Creating an on-ramp into the field of international development
Professor Roland Hoksbergen and senior John Michael LaSalle teamed up to create Entravos, a website dedicated to connecting recent college grads with entry-level positions in Christian development organizations.
September 17, 2013 | Matt Kucinski -
Goldwater tradition continues: Students earn top research award
Since 2008, Calvin College has had more Goldwater Scholars than any other liberal arts college in the nation.
April 05, 2013 | Matt Kucinski -
A $230,000 NSF grant to discover chemical reactions
Chemistry professor Carolyn Anderson is extending her research while developing a new generation of researchers.
March 28, 2013 | Myrna Anderson -
Student senate launches #Wearecalvin
Students are giving their feedback in Calvin's prioritization and strategic planning processes.
March 01, 2013 | Myrna Anderson


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Proteins with unstable 3-D structures help the microscopic animals withstand drying.
A combination of microinjection and electroporation inserts genes into hard-to-reach cells.
A combination of microinjection and electroporation inserts genes into hard-to-reach cells.
Assistant Professor, Huffington Center On Aging, Baylor College of Medicine. Age: 38
Strong selective pressure can lead to rapid and reproducible evolution in bacteria.
A screen of 9,000 small molecules identifies a treatment that improves the targeting of mesenchymal stem cells to sites of damaged tissue.
Researchers uncover a previously unknown way UV light can act on melanin, spurring cancer-causing mutations hours after sun exposure.
Cannabinoids cause appetite-suppressing neurons to produce an appetite-stimulating hormone in mice.
Circulating fats and acids drop in people and rats that aren't getting enough sleep.
Grid cells—the neurons that function as a spatial navigation system—require input from another set of neurons, a rat study shows.
In mice, a transcriptional regulator, β-catenin, activates a microRNA-processing pathway in the nucleus accumbens to promote resilience to social stress.
Touch, The Altruistic Brain, Is Shame Necessary?, and Future Arctic


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Posted on 01/02/2013 5:08:45 PM PST by drewh
I have confirmed with a group of Congressmen that House Speaker John Boehner will not be reelected Speaker tomorrow.
He will either resign or be forced out tomorrow.
Only 17 members are needed to block Speaker Boehner's election tomorrow. A Speaker needs an absolute majority of all votes cast for a specific person.
If no one has a majority, the House is speakerless. I've confirmed these rules with the House Parliamentarian.
A squeakerless House!
Heard the same earlier today on Hannity.
I'm not holding my breath though.
Get rid of this freakin idiot socialist moron Boner.
tweet Republicans , tell them get rid of this creature or else we get rid of them
Clint Eastwood for speaker.
Most of the Democrats will vote for him.
He will get a majority....
You got that right. Newt is a great strategist and can communicate phenomenally well. Boehner can do neither.
TREY GOWDY.......For speaker
Congressman Trey Gowdy of South Carolina (R) — about the fiscal cliff bill (quote found in NYT) -
I have read the bill and cant find the spending cuts even with an electron magnifying glass.... its part medicinal, part placebo, and part treating the symptoms but not the underlying pathology.
Good, give him a hanky and show him the door.
Texas Rep. Nominates Gingrich for Speaker
We're already speakerless. The only question is whether or not the GOP can install a speaker.
They've recently been referring to Pelosi as a leader. Perhaps the GOP will vote for her.
It won't matter if the GOP-e just nominates another reliable RINO. It might be why Alan West was gerrymandered out of his district.
Only guy I know qualified to balance the budget. Did it 4 years in a row with Clinton.
Far from a done deal, is what's coming from many corners. This Ron Meyer guy is one of those WANTING Boehner out - with good reason. But so far he's the ONLY one who says he's "confirmed" anything. Hope he's right. But also hope he's not just hyping his wishful thinking so as to believe something is going to happen when it's not.
I'll not believe it until I see it happen. In addition, I doubt the efficacy of getting rid of the cry-baby. Who CAN be elected in his place, and not get the same treatment shortly thereafter? The job is a thankless task that few want...
She is a very bright, articulate woman. Could care less about her hair and frankly could care even less about Newts two previous marriages. If these are the reasons he wasn't our nominee then we deserve Obama.
"Clint Eastwood for speaker."
Or G. Gordon Liddy (as long as we're dreaming).
Heck, go for broke. Get Mark Levin on the line...
I find it hard to believe that the House cannot get an absolute 2/3 majority for Newt. Does this mean we get a Bob Dole RINO type as speaker instead?
Why get rid of one socialist to get an even worse one. Besides, Gingrich is too busy crusading for climate change and same-sex marriage.
Congressman Trey Gowdy of South Carolina (R) will be a fine Speaker.
Dear God, Please save us from Eric Cantor, too. Amen.
Why put a Nancy Pelosi minion in charge, why not just put Pelosi in charge. Those of us who remember the 90s remember Gingrich did more than anyone else to destroy conservatism from within
You are lost.
I don't know who Ron Meyer is, but he is incorrect in stating that no one can get elected Speaker without 218 votes and thus that 16 Republicans voting present can keep Boehner from the Speakership. The rules of the House have stated since at least 1913 (the earliest Speaker election analyzed by the Congressional Research Service in its 2011 study) that the election of Speaker requires a majority not of members, but of votes cast *for a person*. Thus, vacancies, abstentions, *and people voting Present* will not be included in the denominator. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL30857.pdf
And this isnt some arcane theory by the CRS; it was exactly what occurred as recently as 1997. That was the year of the attempted coup against Newt Gingrich, which fell apart, but around 8-10 Republicans voted Present in the Speaker election (plus 2 Republicans voted for RINO Jim Leach, 2 others voted for Republicans who had retired from Congress, and I assume that Newt abstained, as is customary for Speaker candidates). Due to all of those Present votes and abstentions, only 213 votes were required to elect a Speaker, and Newt was elected with 216 votes.
The House of Representatives for the 113th Congress will convene with at most 434 members (Jesse Jackson, Jr.s seat will be vacant). If 16 Republicans vote Present, at most 418 votes will be cast for a person for Speaker, meaning that Boehner would need only 210 votes to be elected Speaker. But if 34 Republicans vote Present, then Pelosi or some other Democrat could be elected Speaker with the 201 Democrat votes. So voting Present for Speaker wont keep Boehner from being elected Speaker, unless so many Republicans do it that a Democrat gets elected Speaker.
The only way that 16 Republicans can prevent Boehner or a Democrat from becoming Speaker would be if they voted for actual persons, not vote Present. And that is a lot more difficult than finding 16 Republicans to vote "Present."
omg- you're right!
Pelosi cannot win, and Boner has been GREAT for the democraps... so why not let some of the democrats vote for him!
Then he can 'repay' them by purging every remaining conservative from any house committees.
Newt? The guy who recently said we would have to compromise on immigration and gay marriage?
Heck, go for broke. Get Mark Levin on the line...
Talk about bringing down the house! That's what I'm talking about.
The MARXISTS/SOCIALISTS would have heart attacks. Which at this point, would be fine with me.
good choice , Cain ,West , Bachmann ,Palin
"The Speaker doesnt have to be a current member necessarily.... (according to the constitution)"
That interpretation assumes that when the Framers placed the words the House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker in Article I of the U.S. Constitution they were not basing the speakership on the Speaker of the House of Commons of the British Parliament, which most definitely *did* need to be filled by a Member of the House of Commons. The reason that they didnt write the House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker *from among their members* was because it was deemed to be self-evident, since the Speaker is the leader of the House and the leader must come from within the grouphad the Framers intended to allow the House to elect a Speaker that was not a member of the body, such a clear departure from parliamentary precedent would have been specifically noted, and they likely would have selected a title other than Speaker. The one instance in the U.S. Constitution where the presiding officer would not be a member of the body he presided was when the Vice President is made, ex officio, the President of the Senate, but he was specifically designated as such in Article I, and the fact that the VP is not a member of the Senate was probably the reason why they didnt baptize the presiding officer of the Senate as the Speaker of the Senate.
No one believes that the Chief Justice of the United States can be someone other than a Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, and, until a few years ago (when a couple of Republicans upset at Newt Gingrich voted for retired Republicans for Speaker) no one other than a sitting Representative had even received a vote for Speaker. I think the theory of the non-member of the House serving as Speaker is an interesting exercise in constitutional analysis, as is the theory that the Governor of New York could be in the line of succession to the presidency (a governor is, after all, an officer), but having a non-member serve as Speaker ultimately would be a distortion of the Framers original intent.
Re. Alan West: The Speaker of the House does not have to be a current member of the House of Representatives.
Trey Gowdy would make a wicked good speaker. He is a velvet tongued, take no prisoners conservative. I love him!
I'd posit the following:
AW was electorally screwed because he's a conservative black veteran with BALLS !
One of the commies' worst recurrent nightmares.
Dittos!! No Eric Cantor! He is too sissified and rino in elephant clothes.
I've already gotten rid of the GOPe. Now an Independent.
I believe Congressman Louie Gohmert himself would make an excellant Speaker.
The reason we shouldn't nominate him is he's a left wing shill who has been trying to destroy this country for almost 40 years. If there were any justice he'd be hanged for treason to this country Let me guess - you think Bill Clinton was the greatest president in U.S. history?
Whoo Hoo!
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


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Front Runners List: Click here to see list completion progress by climbers that log their climbs using Peakbagger.com.
Compare Climbers: Click here to compare ascents of up to 5 climbers working on this list.
Wilderness areas are large tracts of land where resource extraction, roads, structures, and motors of any kind are forbidden. The only intrusion of man permitted is foot travel and low-impact camping. They represent the last sanctuaries of the primeval world left in our developed country, and most of them are in the high mountains.
Note that the boundaries of many Wilderness Areas are indistinct and not always shown accurately on topographic maps. In addition, many Wilderness high points are "liners" or "slope points" located where a boundary is excluding a summit area that has road or tower development. So finding the exact point for many of these summits may be difficult, and being sure of reaching them may require independent research.
Thanks to Ken Jones, who performed a herculean labor in researching and locating many of the more obscure high point for this list.
= Peaks climbed by Collin Yarbrough = Unclimbed peaks
This page has been served 699325 times since 2004-11-01.


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Reed Smith's practice spans transactional, regulatory, and litigation and dispute resolution disciplines. The firm focuses on client-specific solutions by drawing on the experience of its lawyers around the world.
With lawyers in offices around the world, Reed Smith is a leading international law firm.
Paul is an experienced commercial real estate attorney with expertise in retail, office and industrial leasing, real property acquisitions and sales, financing and property management. Prior to rejoining Reed Smith in 2017, Paul was Associate General Counsel for Real Estate at The Gap, Inc. in San Francisco.
Reed Smith publishes a vast array of articles, blogs, client alerts, newsletters and white papers to help clients keep up-to-date on issues affecting their businesses.
Reed Smith offers or participates in a variety of educational sessions, seminars and CLEs/CPDs, through which clients can enhance their own skills and abilities.
Reed Smith represents many of the world's leading companies in high-stakes disputes, strategic transactions, and crucial regulatory matters, with an uncommon commitment to developing long-term client relationships by delivering quality service and value.
Reed Smith offers a client-focused approach to relationships.
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Located in the heart of the region's Financial District, on Bunker Hill, the office's litigators and business lawyers provide legal representation and counsel to the national and international businesses and industries that have fueled the Los Angeles basin's historic and continued growth.
The Los Angeles office has nearly 100 lawyers. Highly regarded in their particular fields, these lawyers offer clients a depth of experience in key industries that mirror the diverse structure that composes of the Southern California business landscape. They provide counsel and litigate for their clients in financial services, private equity, energy, manufacturing and technology, biotech, pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturing, distribution, and retail and service businesses in matters involving general corporate; securities and equity offerings; complex commercial litigation; product liability; private equity; intellectual property and technology; insurance recovery; global regulatory enforcement; labor & employment; state and local tax; and bankruptcy and commercial restructuring. Also, the office is known for representing clients in all aspects of appellate proceedings, including discretionary high court review.
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Seattle venue change/in-store signing!
The Seattle stop for the Heritage Hunter Tour on Monday, April 30th has been moved from the Paramount Theater to the Showbox SoDo. All tickets from the previously scheduled appearance at the Paramount Theatre will be honored, and the show is now all General Admission. Tickets on sale NOW at AXS.com
Also, the band will be signing albums earlier that day starting at 5:30pm at Easy Street Records - 20 Mercer Street Seattle, WA 98019 - so don't miss them.


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When you're traveling for business, you've got enough to take care of. So relax, we'll take care of you. At the Country Inn & Suites By Carlson®, Cincinnati Airport, KY, we aim to be your home away from home by making life as convenient as we can while you're here. Add ease to your schedule by taking advantage of an early check in or late check out, plus Club CarlsonSM members earn double Gold Points®. Not a Club Carlson member? Join now.
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The Business Package is available for Eligible Stays at participating Country Inns & Suites By CarlsonSM hotels in the United States, Canada and Latin America ("Participating Hotels") through December 31, 2017. An Eligible Stay is defined as a stay of one or more consecutive nights Sunday - Thursday at the same Participating Hotel, regardless of the number of check-in or check-outs, for which the guest specifically booked the Business Package. Guests who book and complete an Eligible Stay will earn 20 Gold Points® ("Bonus Points") in addition to the standard 20 Gold Points per U.S. Dollar spent and their choice of either early check-in or late check-out upon request. To request early check-in guest must call hotel in advance to confirm availability. Late check-out (as late as 2:00 pm) must be confirmed at time of check-in. Early check-in and late check-out are subject to availability. Only one Club Carlson account per Eligible Stay will be credited with the Gold Points for the Eligible Stay. Guest must provide their Club Carlson member number at the time of reservation or at check-in to earn Gold Points. Allow 6-8 weeks for Gold Points to appear on account. Gold Points are subject to all Club Carlson program rules and conditions. Package offered is for double occupancy; extra person charges will apply if exceeding double occupancy. Rates for each night may vary. Business Package is subject to availability and blackout dates may apply. The Business Package may not be used in conjunction with any other package, promotion, group or convention rate, or any discounted rate. Participating Hotels are subject to change at any time without notice and the number of rooms available for this Business Package at Participating Hotels may be limited. Country Inns & Suites reserves the right to add, modify, or discontinue these terms and conditions or the Business Package at any time without notice. Void where prohibited by law. By booking the Business Package, you agree and consent to these terms and conditions.


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Come and discover our best kept beauty secrets, how-to guides, exclusive interviews and much more!
Even though we're best known for our skin care, we carry a variety of hair products including shampoos, conditioners, styling products, styling tools and special treatments.
Shampoos provide the basis for healthy hair, removing impurities and excess oils. Many of our shampoos also offer other benefits such as moisturizing and reparative properties. A conditioner should always follow the shampoo since conditioners seal in moisture and detangle to prevent breakage and split ends. Our complementing shampoos and conditioners cleanse and hydrate while improving the health of the hair.
Styling products come in different forms including mousses, gels, sprays and pomades. The differences include consistency, benefits and results for the hair. Some people like soft control while others like a heavily molded style.
Styling tools such as dryers and flat irons help to create a glamorous style with minimal time and damage to the hair. New technology has made it possible to have super model locks without paying the price.
Since our hair is often plagued by a variety of challenges, treatments are available to help restore and revive thinning hair, deliver intense moisture to brittle locks and provide smoothness to unruly and frizzy ends.
We carry maintenance products for every imaginable hair type from fine to thick as well as solutions for special challenges


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One of the best ways to contribute to the GearNuts.com community is to rate or review a product so that fellow gear nuts can learn about your experiences. To ensure your review gets posted, make sure it follows the review guidelines listed below. In most cases, your review will appear online in approximately five days.
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'' WOW!!! I WON, I WON. Gearnuts kicks a**, I can't believe I actually won the January giveaway, a beautiful EG-1 Traveler Guitar. Got it fast, unpacked it and after very little tuning it played great, I love it and need it, Perfect. Thanks again I am a repeat customer and will be getting a Gibson real soon from you. '' – Earl Snyder, Miami, FL
Earl, you're an inspiration to everyone who says they never win anything! (Except the Crew here at GearNuts, because we're not ALLOWED to win any of our contests. Sigh.)


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Husband shirt-Don't be jealous I know my husband is smokin Hoodie (XXL, Royal)
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Husband shirt. Don't be jealous I know my husband is smokin' hot and awesome! But he can't help it. These shirts are printed exclusively in the United States. High-quality product. This shirt won't peel like the cheap versions for sale out there, and will last for a long time. It was Proudly designed and is printed in the USA. Thanks a lot for your business, please check out our other shirts available to buy together and save on shipping. Perfect For Gifts, Or To Purchase For Yourself.


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AiGLX on the New ATI Drivers
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Best Free Online Games For Kids
car games, action games, puzzle online games and girls games - GameZ4you.com !
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Ashley Tisdale Make Up
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More Free Online Games Categories
Here you can find the best and most popular free online car racing games online.
If you love speed and excitement, here at GameZ4you.com we have a Hugh collection of the best car games for kids, the kind of games that will get you excited in no time.
So put the paddle on the metal and drive away!Truck games online is a sub-category of motor games, but it's also a wonderful category of its own. To play free online truck games can be much more exciting than playing other motor games, because nothing beats the feeling of driving a giant vehicle really fast and crash into things.
Fire Truck games, Bus Games, 18 Wheelers and 16 Wheelers, Monster Trucks and Mad Truckers, all those games and more in our Truck Games category.The Monster Truck games entertainment started as a sidekick of motorcross races and other dirt races.
There are several formats for monster truck games, the most popular format is a giant truck crushing smaller vehicles with its huge tires.
Nothing is more fun and entertaining than watching those HUGH vehicles smashing tiny cars (well, every car looks tiny in compare to those trucks...).
The sound of the engine and the torn metal beneath the heavy machine while the crowd roars is something you can't ignore.
Here at GameZ4you.com we brought you all the best free online monster truck games on the internet.
The most popular games like Monster Truck Rampage, Mad Trucker, Desert Monsters, Monster Truck Madness etc.
If you love big cars and crashing small things this is the place for you. Have fun with plenty of monsters games that will make your adrenaline pump!Online Parking games are a sub-genre of online Car Games, just like 4x4 games and Drifting games.
Free online Parking games require other skills that car racing games.
In free car racing games your goal is to ain first place in a race. For that you need to drive as fast as you can, and you need to aquire racing driving skills, like shifting gear quickly and how to handle turns.
In parking games the speed is less important, but more the accuracy and eye-hand connection.
Your goal is to slide the car to a designated parking area without hitting the car.
There is, of course, a time limit, so you need to do it fast while avoiding different obstacles on the way.From all the free online motor sub-genre games, I guess the online 4x4 games are the most popular games.
They definitely attract the largest crowed, and the reason is simple:
Unlike Truck games or Monster Truck games which not many people can participate, 4x4 cars are more easy to operate and be a part of it.
Many people have 4x4 cars in their day to day life, so the ability to see what can be done with that car on the racing track is great.
We have gathered the best and most popular free online 4x4 games just for you:
4 Wheel Madness, Hummer Rally, 4x4 Rally game, Jungle Truck, Street Rally and many more great 4x4 games for your fun.We already said that there are many motor games categories, and each has its own unique elements and skills.
In Drifting games the complexity is in the turns. That's what online drifting games are all about - making the right turn at the right moment in the best way using the best drifting strategy!
Drifting is actually sliding on the side, getting the front of the car facing ahead and the rear wheels sliding at the same direction of the car.
Like other car games, you have to really master the drifting skills to win a race.
This is a GREAT way to have fun with online racing games!Gangnam Style Dance, Guitar Hero, DJ Sheepwolf and all the best music games online you can think of. Play the best online music games from our Hugh music collection.
Test your observation sklills and ability to spot the differences between two similar images.
Some differences are harder than others and it can be very difficult to spot them.
You need to be very focused and patient to spot the differences.
In most cases the game will be limited by time and you will be required to find the differences within the time limit to proceed to the next level.
These Spot The Differences games are fun for the whole family. Everyone can play them and enjoy!


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Find out about Transport Scotland's work including Scottish road and bridge projects, trunk road maintenance, policy, development and planning and road safety in Scotland.
Road Projects
We're always working to improve Scottish trunk roads. View some of our current major projects below or use our project search to get details of other current or completed road improvements.


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Colouring In
Check out the new Bin Weevils colouring in pages. Simply print them out and have some fun!
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Bin Weevils Pirate Maze
Click on the image and print it out!
How To Draw A Bin Weevil
Click on the image and print it out!
Let's Make A Deal
Wanna Be A Bin Tycoon? Make A Deal! Make a deal with your parent(s) to get a Bin Tycoon membership! Offer to help out a little more around the house or do some extra chores to make them happy. Don't pester them, but show them how responsible you are and they just might make you a Bin Tycoon!
Click on the image and print it out!
Want to make your computer screen weevily fun? Download these fun wallpapers and see how they brighten up your screen.


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A fresh, clean shape which puts all the focus on your beautiful cake. Built for unmatched stability, with our patented Circle of Strength™ design. Plate feet fit securely on Wilton pillars, available in many styles.
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Clean lines, smooth edges, unmatched strength. Crafted for today's popular cake designs. Perfectly sized to fit Wilton Square pans.
Sparkling clear twist legs beautifully complement your cake. Designed for towering cakes from 6 in. to 14 in. diameter. Clear plastic twist legs penetrate cake and rest on plate (dowel rods not needed).
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text: By Kathryn Tuggle NEW YORK ( TheStreet) -- Horseback riding lessons, dance class and band camp may sound like great ways to get your child interested, engaged and out of the house, but extracurricular activities often carry a hefty price tag. If you're finding the cost of your child's activities difficult to manage, you aren't alone. Experts say it's not always easy to discuss the financial burden of such activities with your children, but it has to be done. "The best way to say 'no' is just to say 'no,'" says Erin Boyd-Soisson, professor of human development and family science at Messiah College in Mechanicsburg, Pa. "Say: 'Look, we only have enough money for you to pick one or two activities to be in.'" Boyd-Soisson says honesty is always the best policy, and parents should be upfront with their children that there are money concerns at play. Simply saying "You need to narrow down your list of activities" is a missed opportunity to teach your child a real-life lesson. "Children can feel tension, even if they don't know what that tension is. It's better, in most cases, if they know the source of that stress. It might make them more anxious if they don't know why they have to eliminate an activity , because they have running through their heads any number of different, terrible scenarios," she says. Also, being honest with your children about financial pressures teaches them that money is not an endless resource, Boyd-Soisson says. "They learn about prioritization. They learn that you cannot always do everything. And, they can begin to think more on what their own abilities are, and what they most like to do. It teaches them time management as well." If you feel your child is too young to discuss the financial impact their ice skating lessons will have on the family budget, that part of the conversation can wait, says Leslie Tayne, a debt management, debt resolution and bankruptcy avoidance attorney in Melville, N.Y. "The best way to say 'no' often depends on the age of the child," Tayne says. "For young children, you can offer them alternatives so they feel like they have control; however, any alternatives you propose should be something you can afford to do."


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Project Synopsis:MarketLine's Company Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A), Partnerships & Alliances and Investments reports offer a comprehensive breakdown of the organic and inorganic growth activity undertaken by an organization to sustain its competitive advantage.Project Description:MarketLines' ComputerCORP Limited Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A), Partnerships & Alliances and Investments report includes business description, detailed reports on mergers and acquisitions (M&A), divestments, capital raisings, venture capital investments, ownership and partnership transactions undertaken by ComputerCORP Limited since January 2007.Scope:- Provides intelligence on ComputerCORP Limited's M&A, strategic partnerships and alliances, capital raising and private equity transactions.- Detailed reports of various financial transactions undertaken by ComputerCORP Limited and its subsidiaries since 2007.- Information about key financial and legal advisors for ComputerCORP Limited's financial deals transactions.- Financial deals tables and charts covering deal value and volumes trend, deal types and geography-based deal activity.Highlights:This report includes ComputerCORP Limited's contact information and business summary, tables, graphs, a list of partners and targets, a breakdown of financial and legal advisors, deal types, top deals by deal value, detailed deal reports, and descriptions and contact details of the partner, target, investor, and vendor firms, where disclosed.The profile also includes detailed deal reports for all M&A, private equity, public offering, venture financing, partnership and divestment transactions undertaken by ComputerCORP Limited. These deal reports contain information about target company financials, sources of financing, method of payment, deal values, and advisors for various parties, where disclosed.Reasons to Purchase:- Access comprehensive financial deals data along with charts and graph covering M&A, private equity, and partnerships and alliances.- Form an independent opinion about ComputerCORP Limited's growth strategies through the organic and inorganic activities undertaken since 2007.- Track your competitors' business structure and growth strategies.
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MarketLine Financial Deals—MarketLine Financial Deals – Identifying and tracking major financial activity across our full scope of company and sector coverage, MarketLine Financial Deals covers mergers & acquisitions, private equity/venture capital backed buyouts, investments, and exits, IPOs and secondary and follow on offerings, and private placements and exits. Additional non-corporate financial deals including partnership agreements, joint ventures, co-development and research, licensing and co-marketing agreements are also available.
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Dixiana AL Real Estate & Homes for Sale0 Properties Found
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