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Visual navigation in familiar and unfamiliar surroundings is an essential ingredient of adaptive daily life behavior. Recent brain imaging work helps to recognize that establishing connectivity between brain regions is of importance for successful navigation. Here, we ask whether the ability to navigate is impaired in adolescents who were born premature and suffer congenital bilateral periventricular brain damage that might affect the pathways interconnecting subcortical structures with cortex. Performance on a set of visual labyrinth tasks was significantly worse in patients with periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) as compared with premature-born controls without lesions and term-born adolescents. The ability for visual navigation inversely relates to the severity of motor disability, leg-dominated bilateral spastic cerebral palsy. This agrees with the view that navigation ability substantially improves with practice and might be compromised in individuals with restrictions in active spatial exploration. Visual navigation is negatively linked to the volumetric extent of lesions over the right parietal and frontal periventricular regions. Whereas impairments of visual processing of point-light biological motion are associated in patients with PVL with bilateral parietal periventricular lesions, navigation ability is specifically linked to the frontal lesions in the right hemisphere. We suggest that more anterior periventricular lesions impair the interrelations between the right hippocampus and cortical areas leading to disintegration of neural networks engaged in visual navigation. For the first time, we show that the severity of right frontal periventricular damage and leg-dominated motor disorders can serve as independent predictors of the visual navigation disability.
Visual navigation in familiar and unfamiliar surroundings is an essential ingredient of adaptive daily life behavior. Brain imaging in humans along with neuropsychological evidence in lesional patients reveals a specific cortico-subcortical brain network engaged in visual navigation. Positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) repeatedly point to the right prefrontal lobe, right hippocampus, right medial temporal lobe, parahippocampal gyri, retrosplenial cortex, medial and lateral superior parietal lobules, and posterior cingulated and intraparietal cortex as parts of this distributed network (Maguire and others 1998; Aquirre and D'Esposito 1999; Grön and others 2000; Shelton and Gabrieli 2002; Hartley and others 2003). In a series of structural volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies, Maguire and others (2000) showed that hippocampal volume positively correlates with the amount of time spent as a taxi driver in London city. They suggested that visual experience in navigation plays a crucial role leading to enlargement of the posterior hippocampus. In healthy adolescents and adults, similar pattern of activation involving the right frontal and right anterior medial temporal lobe was found during visually guided navigation in the virtual reality (Pine and others 2002).
Recent work suggests that connectivity between brain structures engaged in visual navigation, rather than integrity of each structure per se, is of importance for successful way finding (Holscher 2003). Here, we examined visual navigation in adolescents with periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), the dominant form of brain injury in individuals who were born premature (about 30–50% of all premature births). PVL is a result of necrosis of myelinated fibers around the lateral ventricles in the peritrigonal area. This lesion pattern is characterized by gliosis in the white matter (WM) and tissue loss with secondary ventricular dilatation, thereby impinging on the pathways interconnecting subcortical structures with cortex. PVL represents a bilateral lesion pattern of early origin (third trimester of pregnancy) and relatively high homogeneity in terms of timing, pathogenesis, and topography and, therefore, serves a proper model for addressing the issue of how topography and extent of WM lesions of similar timing relate to functional abnormalities (Pavlova and others 2003; Krägeloh-Mann 2004).
Patients suffering bilateral damage to the periventricular regions are often reported by their care providers and clinicians to have specific difficulties in way finding and easily getting lost in unfamiliar surroundings (Jacobson and others 1996, 1998). However, these behavioral deficits and underlying brain functional neuropathology have not been systematically investigated. Current progress in the neonatal intensive care leads to an increase in the survival rate of even very premature infants. Quality of survival, therefore, has become a major concern (Volpe 2001; Peterson and others 2003).
In the present work, within the context of a basic study aimed at assessing perceptual deficiencies in adolescents who were born premature (Pavlova and others 2003, 2005; Pavlova, Marconato, and others 2006; Pavlova, Sokolov, and others 2006), we ask 1) how, if at all, visual navigation is impaired in patients with PVL, 2) whether these deficits are specifically related to the topography and extent of periventricular lesions, and 3) whether the visual navigation ability is related to motor disability. Because up to date it is well established that the ability to navigate substantially improves with practice (Winocur and others 2005), we expect that it might be compromised in individuals with restrictions in active locomotion leading to difficulties in active spatial exploration of the environment.
Patients were 14 adolescents (aged 13–16 years) born premature between 27 and 33 weeks of gestation with MRI evidence for PVL, which is a form of a WM injury affecting the regions around the lateral ventricles in the peritrigonal area (Fig. 1). Two male patients did not come for neuropsychological examination, and 1 female patient with PVL was excluded from the data processing because of cortical lesions revealed on her MRI scan. This left the data sets from 11 PVL patients (mean age 14.55, standard deviation [SD] ±1.29) for the subsequent processing. Eight children who were born premature (mean age 14.5, SD ±1.2) and 8 term-born participants (mean age 14.57, SD ±0.78) had MRI scans without any identifiable signs of brain damage or other abnormalities and served as controls. Participants who were born premature were recruited on a voluntary basis from a data pool of the Department of Paediatric Neurology and Child Development, Children's Hospital, University of Tübingen. Term-born controls were recruited as volunteers from the local community. All participants had normal or corrected vision. Verbal IQ (Intelligence Quotient) greater than 85 (HAWIK-III 2001; based on the WISC-III, adapted to the German population) was an inclusion criterion for all participants. For patients, verbal IQ scores were in the range from 101 to 127 (average 111.09, SD ±8.561), for premature-born controls in the range from 103 to 127 (average 112.75, SD ±8.972), and for term-born controls in the range from 97 to 144 (average score 117.875, SD ±14.827). Pairwise comparisons revealed no significant differences in the verbal IQ scores between the groups of participants. We also controlled for oculomotor dysfunctions (such as nystagmus) that could be observed in patients with PVL (Cioni and others 1997; Jacobson and Dutton 2000) and may affect performance on visual tasks. All participants underwent neurological examination. With respect to locomotion ability, the patients with PVL ranged from normal function through impairment in walking pattern to complete walking disability. More specifically, in 8 of the 11 patients with PVL, a leg-dominated bilateral spastic cerebral palsy (BS-CP) was diagnosed (for details, see section Motor Disorders Assessment below). All patients attended a mainstream school with the exception of only one male patient who attended a special school for motor-disabled children. Note that this patient's score on verbal IQ was within the normal range (108). Informed written consent was obtained from the participants and their care providers in accordance with the requirements of the Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Tübingen.
Structural MRI and Quantification of Lesion Extent
MRI scans were obtained as axial dual turbo spin-echo slices (35 axial slices, repetition time 4800 ms, echo time 85 ms, 4 mm slice thickness) through a 1.5-T Siemens Vision scanner (Erlangen, Germany). PVL is characterized by gliosis in the WM and tissue loss with secondary ventricular dilatation (Krägeloh-Mann and others 1999). For quantification of the volumetric extent of PVL, therefore, on each T2-weighted slice, the area of the lateral ventricle and any identifiable gliosis in the WM were manually traced on contiguous axial planes using the MRIcro software. The resulting volume was divided into anterior (frontal), inferior (temporal), and posterior (parietooccipital) sections for each hemisphere. The central sulcus served as a border between the posterior and anterior sections, and the tip of the occipital horn of the lateral ventricle was taken as a border between the superior and inferior section. In order to achieve standard dimensions and orientation, a linear normalization was performed through SPM99 (Statistical Parametric Mapping, Welcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, University College London). The normalized lesion volumes were determined in the MRIcro software with 50% threshold for interpolated voxels.
Volume of Gray Matter, White Matter, and Cortico-Spinal Fluid
By using SPM99 algorithms, we automatically assessed the total volumes of gray matter (GM), WM, and cortico-spinal fluid (CSF) for each patient. The segmented images produced by this procedure represent probabilistic maps, in which each voxel is assigned a probability of correct allocation to the respective compartment. Summing up all the voxel probabilities of the respective segmented image and dividing this sum by the total number of incranial voxels yield the percentage of each compartment in the total incranial volume. The only limitation of this procedure is that depending on the degree of signal hyperintensity, gliotic scars can be assigned either to the GM or to the CSF compartment. However, the WM volume can be used without restrictions (Staudt and others 2003).
Motor Disorders Assessment
All participants underwent a standardized neurological examination. BS-CP was diagnosed if the following signs were present: abnormal pattern of posture or movement (e.g., hip adduction or internal rotation with equines of the feet or its secondary malposition), increased tone, and pathological reflexes (flexor hypertonicity or increased tendon reflexes). Motor disorders of upper and lower extremities were separately assessed and scored on four-point scales (Krägeloh-Mann and others 1993; Pavlova and others 2003; Staudt and others 2003). In brief, for lower limbs, one of the major components of spasticity is restriction of forefoot dorsal extension that leads to a characteristic abnormal walking pattern. The scores for assessment of spastic motor disorders were 1) near-to-normal walking pattern, able to walk on heels; 2) moderately abnormal walking pattern, walking on heels only with intermittent forefoot-ground contact; 3) severely abnormal walking pattern, restricted ability for unaided walk, marked slowing down of locomotion speed, inability to lift forefoot from the ground when trying to walk on heels; and 4) complete inability for unaided walking. For upper limbs, a separate scale was used: 1) sequential finger opposition not markedly impaired, 2) marked slowing down of/incomplete sequential finger opposition, 3) inability to move single finger, preserved grasp function, and 4) complete inability to grasp. If one of the upper or lower extremities was more affected than the other, the greatest score was taken. For making the outcome of neurological examination suitable for further data processing, the severity of motor disability was assessed as zero (score 0), if no signs of BS-CP were detected.
In participants with normal MRI scan, neurological examination did not reveal any signs of motor disability. Among 11 patients with bilateral PVL, 3 were free from impairment of either lower or upper extremities (score 0), and in 8 of them, a leg-dominated BS-CP was diagnosed: lower limbs were more affected than upper limbs. Upper limbs were affected only in 3 patients: in one of them with score 1 and in two with score 2. Lower limbs scores were 2 in two and 3 in four patients. Two participants were completely unable to walk autonomously (score 4). In respect to walking ability, therefore, the patients ranged from normal function over impairment in walking to complete disability for autonomous locomotion.
Labyrinth Test
The present study is focused on performance on a Labyrinth (LA) test administered to participants during neuropsychological examination (HAWIK-III 2001) based on the WISC-III (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, third edition) adapted to German population. This test is aimed at assessing the ability for visual spatial navigation, topographical skills, and way finding. Although the LA test represents a simplified model of real-world navigation, it taps the most important aspects of visual navigation and has a number of practical advantages in clinical testing. For example, the test is not time consuming. Being a part of HAWIK-III battery based on the WISC-III, the LA test is psychometrically standardized and provides with normative scores obtained in a large healthy population. The LA test consists of 10 paper-and-pencil LA tasks increasing in their complexity. In each task, a participant has to find the way out from the center of a 2-dimensional maze (Fig. 2). Two examiners, a principal investigator (M.P.) and her assistant, tested participants individually. Participants were told that they have to start traversal the maze without trying to find the way in mind, or in other words, they have to solve the problem by doing. Each participant was required to start immediately once the maze was presented. They were also informed that each LA had a specific time limit for its passing. Both examiners together did control for the following given instruction. When assessing performance on the task, both accuracy (the number of errors such as dead ends, going through the walls) and time needed for passing through a LA (as a specific time limit for each maze ranging according to the LA complexity from 30 to 150 s) are taken into account. For each LA, the number of errors corresponds to specific raw scores given in the HAWIK-III Manual (Tewes and others 2001). For example, for the most complex LA number 10, 0 error yields score 5, and 5 and more errors yield score 0. According to the HAWIK-III Manual, raw values (sum of scores with a maximum 28 resulting from summing up the highest possible scores for each of 10 LAs, namely, 6 × 2 + 1 × 3 + 2 × 4 + 1 × 5) are then transformed into the standardized normative scores ranging from 1 (floor performance) through 10 (normal performance for this age) to 17 (ceiling performance for this age). Although the patients were almost free from motor disorders of upper limbs (see above), when assessing performance on the task we did not consider the motor component while passing the maze (e.g., touching the LAs walls by a pencil).
Visual Navigation Ability
On the LA test, the performance level of patients with PVL was significantly lower than in both control groups (mean scores 4.818 [SD 4.167], 9.375 [SD 3.503], 10.125 [SD 3.314], for patients, premature-born, and term-born controls, respectively; t17 = 3.089, two-tailed, P < 0.007, pairwise comparison with term-born controls; t17 = 2.583, two-tailed, P < 0.02, comparison with premature-born controls). As can be seen in Figure 3, the performance scores of 8 out of 11 patients are below the normal range. Most families did report specific problems in way finding and visual spatial navigation when they were asked about the patients' difficulties in daily life and in the school. For example, the father of patient SSA, a school principal, told that for many years his daughter has been unable to find the way from one classroom to the other without external support and also has had serious difficulties in way finding in their local place. Note that to the date of examination, verbal IQ of this patient was rather high (113).
There are no significant differences in performance between both control groups, that is, between former preterms without lesions and term-born participants (t14 = 0.44, two-tailed, P = 0.667). This indicates that poorer performance on visual navigation task in patients with PVL is not simply a consequence of brain prematurity.
Visual Navigation, IQ Factors, and Visual Perceptual Abilities
No linkage was found between performance of PVL patients on the LA test and the scores on either general (r = 0.431, not significant [NS]) or verbal IQ (r = 0.16, NS). Most important for the purpose of the present work, no substantial link occurs between the visual navigation ability and performance IQ (r = 0.415, NS). Moreover, performance on neither Perceptual Organization (PO) tasks (IQ factor PO based on 4 visual perceptual tasks, namely, picture completion, event arrangement, block design, and object assembly) nor visual attention tasks (IQ factor Processing Speed [PS], based on 2 visual attention tasks, visual search and coding) was substantially related to performance on the LA test (r = 0.487, r = 0.443, NS, for PO and PS factors, respectively; Fig. 3). This underscores the specificity of the impairments of the visual navigation ability as compared with other visual spatial abilities in the sample of PVL patients.
Visual Navigation and PVL Extent
In PVL patients, performance on the LA test correlates negatively with the volumetric extent of PVL over the right parietooccipital complex (Pearson product-moment correlation, r = −0.617, P < 0.05). The performance level drops with an increase of the lesion extent (Fig. 4C). For the left hemisphere, this correlation was not significant. No relationship occurs between performance on the LA test and the lesion extent in the temporal region (r = −0.111, r = 0.305, NS, for the right and left hemisphere, respectively).
Notably, the strongest correlation was found between performance on the LA test and the extent of PVL in the right frontal regions (r = −0.641, P < 0.05; Fig. 4A), whereas the extent of lesions in the left frontal region did not significantly relate to the visual navigation ability (r = −0.517, NS). In both control groups, neither the volumetric ventricular extent over the right frontal regions (r = −0.083, r = −0.215, NS, for premature- and term-born controls, respectively) nor the right parietooccipital ventricular extent (r = −0.503, r = −0.476, NS, for premature- and term-born controls, respectively) related substantially to performance on the LA test (Fig. 4B,D).
In earlier work (Pavlova and others 2005), we reported a strong negative link between the extent of bilateral parietooccipital PVL and performance on the task requiring visual processing of point-light biological motion displays representing human locomotion. We also established the inverse relationship between the extent of bilateral parietooccipital PVL and the scores on IQ factors PO and PS. The negative link to the extent of the right frontal PVL found in the present study is specific for the visual navigation ability, as it did not occur for other visual perceptual tasks (namely, picture completion, event arrangement, block design, object assembly, symbol search, and coding) administered in the course of neuropsychological examination and for visual processing of point-light biological motion.
Relation of Visual Navigation to the WM, GM, and CSF Volumes
The specificity of the link between the severity of the right frontal and parietooccipital PVL and the navigation ability is also revealed by the fact that there is a lack of relationship between the WM volume, which is often considered a distinct feature of PVL severity, and performance on the LA test (r = 0.193, NS; Fig. 5). Likewise, the performance level is not related to the GM and CSF volumes (r = 0.16, r = −0.269, NS, respectively).
Visual Navigation and Locomotion Ability
We tested the hypothesis that if early restrictions in active locomotion were related to deficits in visual navigation, then the performance level on the LA test would decrease with increases in the severity of motor disorders. We were mainly interested in this relationship because of two decisive reasons. First, most PVL patients involved into the study suffer leg-dominated BS-CP. Second, active exploration of environment is essential for development of the navigation ability (Wang and Spelke 2000). As expected, a strong relationship was found between performance on the LA test and the severity of functional motor disorders of lower extremities (r = −0.697, P < 0.05; Fig. 6). The severity of motor impairment of upper extremities was not substantially related to performance on the LA test.
If performance on the LA test is related to the extent of lesions in the particular brain regions and the severity of motor disability, do these factors affect the visual navigation independently or are they associated to each other? In particular, the extent of more anterior lesions may confound with the severity of leg-dominated BS-CP. This assumption seems plausible, as the severity of leg-dominated BS-CP in PVL patients has been shown to positively correlate with the lateral extent of lesions affecting the pyramidal tract, that is, the cortico-spinal projections to motor areas (Staudt and others 2003). The volumetric extent of PVL over the frontal regions is not substantially related to the severity of motor disorders (r = 0.365, NS, for both hemispheres together; r = 0.223, NS, for the right hemispheric frontal lesions that highly correlate to the navigation ability). Combined correlation of the frontal PVL along with the severity of CP with performance on the LA test is higher (−0.774) than correlation of each of these two factors alone with performance on the LA test. We conclude therefore that in PVL patients, the extent of the right frontal lesions and the severity of leg-dominated CP are likely to affect visual navigation independently.
We further submitted the data to a stepwise multiple regression analysis, with the dependent variable navigation ability and 3 independent variables, namely, motor disability, extent of right parietooccipital PVL, and extent of right frontal PVL. The motor disability was entered first and explained a significant percentage of the variance (49%) in the navigation ability (F1,9 = 8.491, P < 0.017). The extent of right frontal PVL was entered second and explained a further 25% of variance (F1,7 = 7.409, P < 0.026). The third variable (extent of right parietooccipital PVL) did not explain any additional significant proportion of the criterion variance and, therefore, could not be considered as an independent predictor of the navigation ability. We suspect, therefore, that the right frontal and parietooccipital PVL affect the same neural network subserving visual navigation.
Combining volumetric analysis of the structural MRI with neuropsychological investigation, we addressed the issue of whether and, if so, how visual navigation is impaired in adolescents who were born premature and suffer periventricular brain damage. The main outcome of the work indicates that the visual navigation ability is profoundly compromised in patients with PVL even if lesions are relatively small in size and the verbal IQ is within normal range. Moreover, the severity of this impairment is specifically related to the topography and extent of PVL: performance on the navigation tasks is inversely related to the volumetric extent of damage to the frontal and parietooccipital regions in the right hemisphere solely. The lack of differences in performance on the navigation tasks between former preterms and healthy term-born controls with normal MRI scan indicates that the factor of brain prematurity alone is irrelevant for normal development of the visual navigation ability.
Damage to periventricular regions that contain many interconnecting fibers projecting to the cortex might interrupt functioning of the distributed cortical–subcortical network subserving visual navigation and way finding. Periventricular lesions might break the reciprocal thalamocortical interrelations impinging on posterior thalamocortical fibers (Krägeloh-Mann and others 1999). Recent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) findings suggest that PVL affects the posterior thalamic radiation (Hoon and others 2002), which connects the pulvinar and the lateral geniculate nucleus to the parietal cortex (Behrens and others 2003). Interruptions of this connection may affect performance on a number of visual perceptual and attentional tasks. In earlier work (Pavlova and others 2005; Pavlova, Sokolov, and others 2006), we showed that deficiencies in visual processing of point-light displays representing human locomotion are associated with the severity of parietal periventricular lesions in both hemispheres. We also established the inverse relationship between the extent of bilateral parietooccipital PVL and the scores on the factors PO and PS constituting performance IQ (Pavlova and others 2005). Here, we found that the navigation ability is specifically linked to right hemispheric damage to parietal and, in particular, frontal periventricular regions. Bearing in mind that the brain network subserving visual navigation involves the right prefrontal lobe and the right hippocampus (Maguire and others 1998; Grön and others 2000; Spiers and others 2001), we suggest that more anterior lesions lead to disintegration in the functioning of this network breaking the interrelations between the right hippocampus and the frontal cortex. Moreover, as indicated by the outcome of a stepwise multiple regression analysis, the extent of right frontal lesions may be considered as an independent predictor of the impaired navigation ability.
The findings provide substantial evidence in favor of, and further elaborate, the notion that it is brain connectivity rather than integrity of a single brain structure that constitutes an essential requirement for successful visual navigation (e.g., Aguirre and D'Esposito 1999; Holscher 2003). This view also corresponds to the findings showing that oscillatory theta brain activity that might be considered a putative indicator for interconnections between neural networks exhibits specific enhancements during visual navigation tasks (Kahana and others 2001; Raghavachari and others 2001). Notably, theta oscillations occur more frequently in more complex mazes (Kahana and others 1999), visual navigation in which might involve more complex neural networks. For further elaboration of the intriguing brain connectivity hypothesis, we need to combine functional brain imaging, namely, magnetoencephalography (MEG) providing with high time resolution and fMRI providing with high spatial resolution, with DTI.
Additional possibility that should be considered for future research is that PVL can be accompanied by neuronal impairments (Marin-Padilla 1997). Although neocortical and other neuronal structures do not display noticeable pathological abnormalities in PVL, strong cytokine immunoreactivity has been recently detected in the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and thalamus (Kadhim and others 2003).
The other essential finding of the present study is that the visual navigation ability is inversely related to the severity of motor disorders, leg-dominated BS-CP. Previously, we reported that visual processing of point-light displays representing human locomotion did not depend on the ability to produce biological movement challenging the idea that motor experience is an obligatory prerequisite for the perception of human locomotion (Pavlova and others 2003). Motor experience does not appear to be necessary for visual analysis of human movement presumably because a hard-wired schema for biological motion processing is inherent for the human brain.
The present data highlight the role of active spatial exploration for a proper development of visual navigation. Active exploration in patients with leg-dominated BS-CP has been impaired from the very beginning in life, and, therefore, may prevent normal development of the visual navigation ability. This outcome agrees well with the findings demonstrating that the ability to navigate substantially improves with practice (Maguire and others 2000; Winocur and others 2005) and might be compromised in individuals with restrictions in active spatial exploration. Like insects and rodents, humans continuously update their spatial representation of the environment as they move (Wang and Spelke 2000).
One may assume that the link between motor disability and performance on the LA task might be explained by an inability of PVL patients to simulate movement. It is unclear, however, whether simulation of locomotion constitutes an essential requirement for successful performance on this task. It is also unknown whether simulation of movement is impaired in patients with BS-CP. For example, it was shown that as in healthy controls, the perceptual judgments in patients with congenitally absent limbs are restricted by biomechanical constraints (Brugger and others 2000). However, this occurs only when aplasic patients have phantom limb sensations (Funk and others 2005). The present findings show that impairments in visual navigation are closely related to disorders in locomotion ability. It is important to stress that we did find the link between the leg-dominated motor disorders and the impairments in visual navigation, whereas motor component of the LA task was confined solely to the movements of upper extremities. No substantial link occurred between motor impairments of upper extremities and performance on the LA task.
In patients with meningomyelocele and hydrocephalus, a tight relationship occurs between locomotion ability and the scores on performance IQ that is based mainly on visual perceptual tasks (Rendeli and others 2003). By contrast, in the present study, the lack of link between the severity of leg-dominated BS-CP and performance IQ in patients with PVL points to the specificity of connection between active spatial exploration and the visual navigation ability, at least, in this sample of patients. Moreover, as revealed by the stepwise multiple regression analysis, the severity of locomotion disability may be considered a strong predictor of deficiencies in visual navigation ability.
Taken together, the present findings for the first time show that the ability for visual navigation inversely relates to the severity of motor disability, leg-dominated BS-CP, and, thereby, further illuminate the role of active spatial exploration in a proper development of visual navigation. This opens a window for early training in active spatial exploration and way finding in familiar and unfamiliar surroundings in patients with motor disabilities. Congenital periventricular brain damage over the parietal and, in particular, frontal regions in the right hemisphere is associated with long-lasting impairments in visual spatial navigation in adolescence presumably causing disintegration of the neural network engaged in successful visual navigation. A further step toward uncovering the neuropathology of visual navigation would be an analysis of functional brain connectivity by combining fMRI and MEG with DTI.
This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, KR 1316/5-P). We thank the participants and their family members for their kind cooperation. We appreciate Martin Staudt for conducting MRI data analysis, Karen Lidzba and Arseny Sokolov for assistance in neuropsychological testing, Christel Bidet-Ildei for assistance in data analysis, Andrea Guzzetta, Tierry Deonna, and Shaul Hochstein for helpful discussions, and anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments. Parts of the work were presented at the 28th European Conference on Visual Perception (ECVP, La Coruna, Spain) in August 2005 and at the 35th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience (Washington, DC, USA) in November 2005. Conflict of Interest: None declared.


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Notes on some indo-pacific pontoniinae, XLVIII. onycocaris nieli SP. NOV., A new pontoniine shrimp from heron island, queensland
Bruce A.J.,Crustacea Section
Crustaceana | Year: 2011
A new species of the pontoniine shrimp genus Onycocaris Nobili, 1904, O. nieli, from the Great Barrier Reef, is described and illustrated. This species most closely resembles O. temiri Marin, 2005, known only from Vietnam but is readily distinguished by differences in the armament of the second pereiopod chelae. This raises to 16 the species number of this genus, which is known only from the tropical Indo-West Pacific region. A key for their identification is provided. © 2011 BRILL. Source
A new record of Periclimenes pholeter Holthuis, 1973 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pontoniinae) from the Red Sea
Bruce A.J.,Crustacea Section
Cahiers de Biologie Marine | Year: 2011
The pontoniine shrimp, Periclimenes pholeter Holthuis, 1973, is reported from 2148 m in the Red Sea, the first time a pontoniine shrimp has been recorded from over 2000 m. Source
Bruce A.J.,Crustacea Section
Zootaxa | Year: 2014
Two specimens of an undescribed species of pontoniine shrimp of the genus Periclimenaeus Borradaile 1915 from Maui Island, Hawaiian Islands, are described and illustrated, raising to three the number of species known from the Hawaiian Islands. The new species is remarkable for the greatly reduced molar process and sharp lateral cutting edge on the major second pereiopod dactyl and most closely resembles P. tchesunovi Ďuriš, 1990. Host animals not identified. Periclimenaeus devaneyi Bruce, 2010 also has its colouration described for the first time Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press. Source
Nippontonia ashmoreiensis sp. nov., (Crustacea: Decapoda; Pontoniinae) from Ashmore Reef, Western Australia
Bruce A.J.,Crustacea Section
Zootaxa | Year: 2014
An undescribed species of pontoniine shrimp of the genus Nippontonia Bruce & Bauer, N. ashmoriensis sp. nov., collected from a sponge from Ashmore Reef, Western Australia, is described and illustrated. © 2014 Magnolia Press. Source
Periclimenaeus parken sp. nov. (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pontoniinae) from the Kimberley, Western Australia [Periclimenaeus parkeri sp. nov. (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pontoniinae), une crevette du Kimberley, Australie Occidentals]
Bruce A.J.,Crustacea Section
Cahiers de Biologie Marine | Year: 2012
Periclimenaeus parkeri sp. nov. (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pontoniinae), a shrimp from the Kimberley, Western Australia, is described and illustrated. The single specimen was found off Cassini Island, at 12 m, in an unidentified ascidian host. The new species has the fingers of both second pereiopods with a molar process and fossa mechanism, a character that necessitates a minor revision of the definition of the genus Periclimenaeus Borradaile, 1915. A key to distinguish the new species from similar taxa is provided. Source


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Twilight and Big Bang Theory .. So different, hmmm.
Twilight and Big Bang Theory .. So different, hmmm.
"I made you take time to look at what I saw and when you took time to really notice my flower, you hung all your associations with flowers on my flower and you write about my flower as if I think and see what you think and see—and I don't."
― Georgia O'Keeffe
I agree. I didn't see Brad Pitt playing Billy Beane when I read the book but he is such a good actor and I have wanted him to do a sports movie for awhile. Even my baseball disliking ENFJ liked it. I promised him, you don't have to be a baseball fan at all to love this story.
I like to rock n' roll all night and *part* of every day. I usually have errands... I can only rock from like 1-3.
king of queens
science of evil
the daily show with jon stewart
the colbert report
Animaniacs. I'm such a loser I have the French and English episodes.
Le Monde Par Yakko
haha the best is when he goes "Ghaaaaaaanaaa!"
May I foreshadow a movie I am going to see tonight?
I am going to see, "My Week with Marilyn", yes Marilyn Munroe.
There is a life size triptych of Ms Munroe in the foyer but I can't help remembering that you could smell the child abuse on her breath and taste the suicide on her tongue.
I saw, "Buck", last night. And, "Buck", is the famous horse whisperer.
And as usual it gave an insight into American culture.
We had Hollywood royalty trot out the tiredest and oldest American cliche when he told us this was a true story and was authentic. And this is a bloke who has devoted his whole life to being phoney telling us how refreshing it is to discover someone authentic in front of him. I couldn't help remembering the old American saw, "In America, once you can fake sincerity, you've got it made".
Of course a movie stands or falls by whether it can suspend our disbelief. And when they fail artistically to suspend our disbelief, they tell us it is a true story full of authentic people, when it is just a failed work of art that they are flogging for business.
But the trops did not stop there. The tried and true trop of sin and redemption was trotted out. Only sin these days is child abuse, while redemption is recovery. And we saw a man in this whole movie recovering from his child abuse and recovering with horses.
And yet we watch these cliched movies as though our lives depended upon it, when really it is only the cash flow that is dependent.
Just watched the first episode of the new show "Awake," starring Lucius Malfoy himself, Jason Isaacs. The premise is that his character is in a terrible car accident, and when he wakes up, his wife is dead, and he's struggling to keep it together with his grieving son. But then other times he wakes up and the son is the one who died, and his wife survived. He has a job as a police detective, and he has two shrinks...and he's trying to figure out which of these two "lives" is real.
It doesn't premiere officially until March 1, but the first ep is already up on hulu. I thought it was a really strong first episode, and I'm already hooked! Now I have to wait a while for the second ep, though. Why do I do this to myself?
Something Witty
Just watched The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo (the new one with Daniel Craig) last night. It's one of the best movies I've seen in a while. Great action. Interesting plot. Really good acting - especially Rooney Mara. Kind of shocking and out there in certain ways. Not what I expected. Reminds me a little of La Femme Nikita.
I think Rooney Mara should win the academy award for that.
Black Rain.
Even the lowest whisper can be heard—over armies—when it's telling the truth.


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A Kid's Wonderland
Baby Products, Baby Accessories, Decor
Want to create a spectacular and imaginative forest theme room for your child? If so, our Forest Friends Stencil Kit is for you! Your child's imagination will run wild as she plays and sleeps among all her favorite friendly forest animals, giant trees, mushrooms, woodland foliage and more! This is such a versatile kit as it can be used to create a forest scene for both boys and girls. This DIY forest theme wall mural stencil kit is fun and easy to do. There is absolutely no artistic skill required. Just stick the stencil to the wall, paint, remove, and reuse them again and again to create a truly spectacular room for your little boy or girl! Happy painting!
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Paint an indoor paradise with this designer flower theme stencil kit.
Once upon a time there was a little girl who wanted to be a princess…. Are you looking for way
A little boy's imagination will run wild as he plays and sleeps among a dynamic scene that includes all his favorite dinosaurs, exploding volcanoes, trees, meteorites, insects, foliage and more!
It will be easy to get transported to another place with this captivating transportation wall art.
Indulge your little girls fascination with fairies with our Fanciful Fairies Stencil Kit.
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Is EJ Gozum Dental Clinic incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
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Hotfrog Philippines provides information regarding EJ Gozum Dental Clinic in San Jose Pampanga. EJ Gozum Dental Clinic is located at Unit -4, Henson Building, Santo Rosario Street, San Jose Pampanga and provides Healthcare services. Contact them on (045) 892 2969.
Is EJ Gozum Dental Clinic in Unit -4, Henson Building, Santo Rosario Street, San Jose Pampanga your business? Claim your listing and attract more leads by adding more content, photos and other business details.
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Success In Court Spells in Kansas City, Missouri
Greetings! My name is Phelan, I am a white witch and psychic practitioner located in Atlanta, please feel free to give me a call at 678-918-3333 or create an account if you need help with email readings to reveal clues about your past, present and future or psychic readings by phone or in person. I will be sure to lend a magical hand even if you are located in Kansas City, Missouri, if you are located in the Atlanta area we can setup an appointment for a consultation or a psychic reading.
I can help you with email readings to reveal clues about your past, present and future or psychic readings by phone or in person in Kansas City, Missouri, pick up the phone and call me today!
Through the method of Claircognizance I am gifted with clear knowledge of a clients situation without being told, when you come to me for a reading I will not ask you for details about your situation in advance, seek me out today for a psychic reading.
Feel free to browse through our website and create an account if you would like to know more about the services I offer or about Success In Court Spells, Success Spells and Tarot Cards. Remember, I am located in Atlanta, GA you can call me Mon-Fri from 1-9 pm EST, I can be of assistance to you in person or by phone.
Blessed Be, Phelan
Success In Court Spells | Lesbian Relationships | Kansas City, Missouri


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This is a working ranch in northern Nevada. I love the look of weathered wood and metal. I believe it has quite a story to tell us.
barn cat ranch tails wood
Great composition, Jill! I love the really tight cropping too! The light look very natural, and so high desert-like. It really is perfectly composed. Wonderful western feeling. Excellent work! Cheers! Chris
Thanks, Chris. You are such a sweetie pie.
Wonderful golden tones, Jill.Is this the same roof where you found a goat perched?
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Meg Boswell"s - Celebration Ceremonies
Celebrant, Civil Marriage Celebrant, Renewal of Vows
Commitment Ceremonies are used by same sex couples to publicly declare their love and commitment to each other. It is not a wedding, but is used by some same sex couples already married overseas.
Commitment Ceremonies are also used by heterosexual couples who want to publicly declare a new recognition of their love or couples who have had a wedding away from their family area and want to share a ceremony with their loved ones.
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Through ceremonies we celebrate the most important events of life and express feelings and emotions that we can never quite express in any other way.
Meg will help you involve your children in your wedding ceremony.
This is an important rite of passage in family life. When families gather to recognise a special member.
Beautiful and memorable Weddings, Namings and all Family Ceremonies in the Nambucca Valley and the Coffs Coast.
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Pilot Flying J facing lawsuit
KNOXVILLE, Tenn. - The truck stop business owned by the family of Governor Bill Haslam is facing a lawsuit.
The FBI is investigating "Pilot Flying J, out of Knoxville, amid accusations of rebate fraud.
One of the trucking companies that was allegedly cheated out of money is now suing, saying that Pilot Flying J is guilty of racketeering violations.
According to the AP, Atlanta Coast Carriers is accusing Pilot Flying J's CEO, Jimmy Haslam, of asking customers to sign releases giving up their rights to sue.
Haslam, who also owns the Cleveland Browns, has denied any wrongdoing.


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Greetings Guest!!Dismiss Notice
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Paladin Template and Gear
Discussion in 'UO Warrior' started by Duncan Drake, Jun 17, 2013.
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Type to Search
Breaking News!
Chanel's Tribeca Film Festival Dinner
Crystal Renn in Lauren x Khoo jewelry
Elettra Wiedemann
Celebrity Glamsquads: The Best Selfies of Hair & Makeup
Bazaar's Chrissy Rutherford in Zac Posen with a Perrin Paris clutch and Elsa Hosk in Vintage Nina Ricci
Emma Roberts in Chloe
Hannah Bronfman in Lauren x Khoo jewelry, Chelsea Leyland in Dee Hutton, Jodie Snyder Morel and Danielle Snyder in Gabriela Cadena
Harley Viera-Newton with a Reece Hudson bag.
Jeisa Chiminazzo
Arlenis Sosa in La Perla and Nadejda Savcova in Patricia Bonaldi
Nicole Esposito, Marisa Brown, Dayssi Olarte de Kanavos, Amy McFarland, Lauren Khoo, Alina Cho, Natalia Echavarria, Lydia Fenet and Clare McKeon
Selita Ebanks in Alon Livné and Lauren x Khoo jewelry, Lauren Khoo and Nina Agdal in Marchesa Notte and Lauren x Khoo jewelry
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Chrissy Rutherford


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The Foursquare Wong snowboard pants offer head turning style and all day riding comfort. Their 5,000 mm waterproof outer fends off the wet stuff, and the articulated knees give you plenty of freedom to throw down your biggest tricks. Inseam vents discharge excess heat, and the quick-draw cell pocket means you'll always be connected. Snap tight hem adjust ensures a snug, comfortable fit. Turn your swag on and stay comfy in the Foursquare Wong snowboard pants.
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Lyrics.com »
Search results for 'proof of your love by for king country'
Yee yee! We've found 2,959 lyrics, 100 artists, and 100 albums matching proof of your love by for king country.
Low Low Low La La La Love Love Love · 100 Proof (Aged in Soul) · Livin' Proof · Bullet Proof · Proof · 80 Proof · For King & Country · King & Country · Love Spit Love · You've Got Foetus on Your Breath – and 90 other artists »
För Sent För Edelweiss (Håkan Hellström) · Live För Dig (Lars Winnerbäck) · Ett Slag För Dig (Tomas Andersson Wij) · Känn Ingen Sorg för Mig Göteborg (Håkan Hellström) · Jag Är Inte Rädd För Mörkret (Kent) · Ett Slag För Dig (Tomas Andersson Wij) · DJ We Love Country: Country Radio's Most Requested, Vol. 2/Rockin Country/Big Country (Drew's Famous) · Proof of Youth (The Go! Team) · Living Proof [Import] (Cher) · Official Live: 101 Proof (Pantera) – and 90 other albums »
songs and other logic get me through It's a good life here in the nightlife Bedin' in the neon glow The bartender, me and the kings of country Playin'
of the south, king of the south, king of the south Grew up on the country side of town Ain't no love in the coliseum This shit here been a bloodsport Keep what
of the south, king of the south, king of the south Grew up on the country side of town Ain't no love in the coliseum This shit here been a bloodsport Keep what
) You could hardly tell by the look on his face (Get ready for a baby king) That pretty soon he was gonna run the place (Get ready for a baby king
victory And bridged for us the great divide His life is our liberty [Chorus] It's Your love It's Your love It's Your love That has saved me
clicking Our dreams are where we're at Where we can see and touch With work we understand But we don't want for much Country day A day in
your throat As you watch ole' glory go by, Or sat thru a service where they played tabs For a soldier who never came home? Or looked in the sad brown
) You could hardly tell by the look on his face (get ready for a baby king) That pretty soon he was gonna run the place (get ready for a baby king
your country Pray if you want to, it's your country Let your love take you there Pine for the crumbs of a king But don't lose yourself, man Hell
Another day just rolling by in the same old town. Another drink at the local bar, hear the same old sound. That jukebox singing solid country
The mighty king of love The chosen one of god Three kings from a distance come Bearing gifts for the only one Shout to heaven sound the drum Tell
that you're on my team Making love from the door, to the bed, to the floor I'ma be on you, to put it on you Sun proof room, a king size bed, your legs
Old school pourin' lean Candied yams and collard greens Pocket fulla stones ridin' clean Let me tell you bout this country shit Country country shit
You consider 'em king, about to icing on cakes Chariots cruise at tortoise speeds Lay your bifocals on royalty Longer than Sears catalogue Stern
Miss Pavilichenko's well known to fame Russia's your country, fighting is your game The whole world will love her for a long time to come, For
no Burger Kings. Obey the Cowgod! We live in a country where there is no, there's no McDonalds. Obey the Cowgod! Ah, dopey, dopey, dopey,
don't love the American flag You can kiss my country ass If you're a down home, backwoods redneck Hey come on, stand up and raise your glass But if
Hold true to your soul Hold true to your country men Hold true and never falter Love will conquer all History has proved Kings and kingdoms crumble
In the shadow of the chestnut tree I hide Sword and pistol by my side Long come a traveller lay him low All for the love of my Molly-O I left
shines on your Kentucky girl I swear I love you by the moon above you How bright is it shinin' in your world Some mornings when you wake up all alone Just
Father I will dwell in Your courts I will sing for You You're my deepest love Jesus, I love You It's a love song, I sing It's an anthem from my heart All
and all the kings men Wait for their clarion call Pride hears its voice and fear wins again And there's nothing to break our fall What I can do is turn now
deed, Your desperate love Your kindness, Lord, resounds inside of me (Chorus:) There will never be a crown so cruel You wore it like a king, a king
Antone When I greet my neighbor with a hi why'all I'm wealthy as a king upon a throne You can have your mansion or your cottage small I'll just take
Antone When I greet my neighbors with a hi ya all I'm wealthy as a king upon a throne You can have your mansion, or your cottage small I'll just take my


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This pillow displays great detail in every design. Colors of dark olive green, midnight green, blue corn, magenta, bronze, mustard, red clay, tan, charcoal gray, and putty accent this decorative pillow. This pillow contains a poly fill and a zipper closure. Add this 18" x 18" pillow to your collection today.
Product is final sale and not returnable
For more ideas check out how to mix and match: pillows
Length: 18"
Width: 18"
Materia name: Polyester
Color: yellow
Style of Design: Eclectic


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Board of Directors
Mr. Mohamed A. Hassan
Mr. Mohamed A. Hassan – Chairman
Mr. Hassan joined National Bank Board in June 2011. He holds a Master of Science degree in Finance, (MSc.) from the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow. He also holds a Bachelor of Commerce (BCom. Hons.) finance major, from the University of Nairobi. He holds the Chartered Financial Analyst® (CFA®) designation and is a graduate of the Advanced Management Programme (AMP) from Strathmore Business School and IESE Business School, Universidad de Navarra, Barcelona.
Mr. Hassan has over 16 years experience in a variety of roles including; Team Leader and Project Manager of investment banking transactions in different sectors of the regional capital and money markets. He worked as a research analyst at Dyer and Blair Investment Bank Limited in 1996 then became a Senior Bond Dealer between 1997 and 1999 before receiving a promotion to the position of General Manager at the Investment Bank. In 2003, he became the Executive Director. He is a former Chairman of Kenya National Trading Corporation.
Mr. Hassan is a member of the Investment Committee of Kenya Community Development Foundation, Board of Trustee, Northern Kenya Education Trust, and NEPAD Kenya National Steering Committee.
Mr. Wilfred Musau
Managing Director & CEO
Wilfred Musau – Managing Director & CEO
The Managing Director & CEO, Mr. Wilfred Musau, joined the Bank in September 2015 . He joined the bank as the Director in charge of the Retail & Premium banking division. Wilfred is a B.Com holder from Kenyatta University – Major in Banking and Finance, Holds a Masters Class certification in Strategy- USB University of Stellenbosch Business School – SA, UK Euro Money training in – advanced corporate banking, Master class in SME Banking and Master Class in Retail banking.
Prior to joining NBK, Mr. Musau held several senior management positions at NIC Bank, Barclays Bank of Kenya, Standard Chartered bank and KCB bank group including Deputy MD & Head of Corporate banking- KCB Rwanda, Head of branch business- NIC Bank Kenya, Head of Business banking- NIC Bank Kenya, Head of SME Banking- KCB Kenya, among others. He has over 18 years of consumer and commercial banking experience coupled with local and international experience and exposure.
Mr. Henry Rotich
Cabinet Secretary – National Treasury, Non-Executive Director
Mr. Henry Rotich, Cabinet Secretary – National Treasury, Non-Executive Director
Mr. Rotich is the Cabinet Secretary – The National Treasury. He holds a Masters Degree in Economics and a Bachelors Degree in Economics (First Class Honours), both from The University of Nairobi. He also holds a Masters Degree in Public Administration (MPA) from the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
Prior to his appointment as Cabinet Secretary, he had been the Head of Macroeconomics at the Treasury, Ministry of Finance since March 2006. Under this capacity, he was involved in the formulation of macroeconomic policies that ensured an affordable and sustainable path of public spending aimed at achieving the Government's development priorities. In addition, he was also involved in the preparation of key budget documents including the Budget Statements, as well as providing strategic coordination of structural reforms in the fiscal and financial sector.
Prior to joining the Ministry of Finance, Mr. Rotich worked at the Research Department of the Central Bank of Kenya from 1994. Between 2001 and 2004, he was attached to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) local office in Nairobi to work as an economist. Mr. Rotich has also been a Director on several Boards of State Corporations, including; Insurance Regulatory Board, Industrial Development Bank, Communication Commission of Kenya and Kenya National Bureau of Statistics.
Dr. Anthony Omerikwa
Managing Trustee – NSSF, Non-Executive Director
Dr. Anthony Omerikwa, Managing Trustee NSSF, Non-Executive Director
Dr. Anthony Omerikwa is the Acting Managing Trustee/CEO of the National Social Security Fund. Prior to his current position, he served as the Acting General Manager Operations in the same institution overseeing Information Technology, Human Resource, Administration and Procurement.
He holds a Doctoral degree from the University of Georgia, a specialist advanced degree in workforce development from Pittsburg State University, Masters of Science degree in human resource development, a bachelors of Arts degree in Economics and a diploma in IT from the Institute for the Management of Information Systems (UK).
Dr. Omerikwa is a member of the Institute of human Resource Management, Institute of Directors and the Kenya Institute of Management.
Eng. Erastus K. Mwongera
Non-Executive Director
Eng. Erastus K. Mwongera- Non-Executive Director
Eng. Mwongera joined the National Bank Board in June 2011. Eng. Mwongera is currently a consultant at E.M. Baseline Consultants. He holds a Bsc. in Civil Engineering (Hons) from the University of Wales, United Kingdom and a certificate in Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) from Euromoney Learning Solutions, London. He also holds an Ordinary Diploma in Water Engineering and a High Diploma in Construction both from Kenya Polytechnic. He has worked for the Water Development Department (1974-1983), has been Principal at the Kenya Water Institute (1983-1989) and has also been a Director at the Ministry of Water Development (1989-1995).
Eng. Mwongera has worked as a Permanent Secretary in various Government Ministries including; Ministry of Land Reclamation, Regional and Water Development, Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of Roads and Public Works, Ministry of Roads, Public Works and Housing, Ministry of Lands and Housing and the Office of the Vice President and Home Affairs. He was formerly the Chairman of the Kenya Engineer Registration Board (2003-2006), the Chairman of the Kenya Airports Authority (2006-2009). Eng. Mwongera currently holds directorships in several institutions including; Chairman of Sameer Africa Limited, Director/Trustee NSSF, Chairman of Linksoft Group Limited, Director at Hillside Green Growers and Exporters Company Limited and Member, Evaluation Task Force on behalf of the Government.
Mr. Francis L. Atwoli
Non-Executive Director
Mr. Francis L. Atwoli MBS, EBS, Non-Executive Director
Mr. Atwoli was appointed to the National Bank Board in April 2003. He is a long serving career trade unionist and a member of the Board of Trustees of National Social Security Fund (NSSF). He is a member of ILO Governing Body; General Secretary, Kenya Plantation and Agricultural Workers Union (KPAWU); Secretary General, Central Organisation of Trade Union Kenya (COTU K); Chairman/Spokesperson East African Trade Union Confederation (EATUC) Arusha; President -Trade Union Federation of Eastern Africa (TUFEA) Khartoum; President Organisation of African Trade Union Unity (OATUU) Ghana; President International Trade Confederation Brussels; Vice President, International Labour Conference "ILC" (ILO 2012) Geneva and Chairman Flat International American Trained Labour Leader (George Mean College of Labour Studies USA).
Mr. Joseph Kimutai Kering
Non-Executive Director
Mr. Joseph Kimutai Kering – Non-Executive Director
Mr. Kering joined National Bank Board in March 2015. He is currently undertaking an MBA at Strathmore Business School and holds a Bachelor of Science (Hons.) Chemistry, from Kenyatta University of Nairobi. He also holds a Certificate in Global Business Strategy from IESE Business School, Universidad de Navarra, Barcelona.
Mr. Kering is an energy consultant with a wealth of experience in the energy sector gained over the past 20 years in the oil industry in both the public and private sector. He is highly specialized in negotiations, stakeholder management, project management, business evaluation and turnaround. In addition to his role at National Bank, Mr. Kering is a Director (East Africa) at Clifton Energy International and a Board Member at Lites Kenya, a division of CPF Group.
Ms. Linnet Mirehane
Non-Executive Director
Ms. Linnet Mirehane – Non-Executive Director
Ms. Mirehane was appointed to the National Bank Board in March 2015. She has over 7 years' experience in the Political and Civil Society having worked with institutions like Constitution Reform Education Consortium (CRECO) and the Bureau for Development Services.
Ms. Mirehane has extensively participated in the development, design, management and implementation of various programmes in areas of good governance, human rights, democracy, gender and HIV/AIDs related issues. She holds a Bachelor of Education degree from Kenyatta University and has attended various professional management and corporate governance capacity building courses.
Mr. Jones Makau Nzomo
Non – Executive Director
Mr. Jones Makau Nzomo – Non – Executive Director
Mr. Nzomo joined the National Bank Board of Directors in June 2016. He holds a Bachelor of Commerce Degree in Accounting from the University of Nairobi and is a Certified Public Accountant. Jones has attended numerous Executive Development Programmes and capacity building seminars both locally and internationally ranging from Kenya Institute of Management, Kellogg School of Management, Northwest University and Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
Mr. Nzomo has over 40 years working experience in various organizations in Audit and Finance Capacities. He worked as an audit assistant at PriceWaterhouseCoopers from July 1979 to 1980 before moving to Bamburi Portland Cement Limited in 1980 as the Cost and Financial Accountant. He later became the Chief Accountant and Company Secretary in July 1985. He worked as the Financial Controller for Johnson & Johnson from April 1991 to May 1994 and then moved to Central Bank of Kenya where he held several positions including Finance Director, Chief Banking Manager, Director Bank Supervision, Director Finance and Resource Planning and Director HR & Services. During his stint at the Central Bank of Kenya, Mr. Nzomo also served as the Alternate Director to the Governor in the following institutions; Export Promotion Council, University of Nairobi Enterprises & Services Limited (UNES), Capital Markets Authority (CMA), Insurance Regulatory Authority and Council member Kenya Institute of Bankers (KIB).
Mr. Nzomo has been a member of the Audit Committee of AAR (K) since May 2013 and currently is the Audit Committee Chairman of AARH (IK).
Mr. Habil Waswani
COSEC & Director Legal Services and Compliance
Mr. Habil Waswani- COSEC & Director Legal Services and Compliance
Mr. Waswani joined National Bank in August 2013. He holds a Bachelor of Laws (LL.B) Degree from The University of Nairobi, a Diploma in Law from the Kenya School of Law and is a graduate of the Global Executive Master of Business Administration (GEMBA) Degree programme from United States International University in collaboration with the Columbia Business School, Columbia University, New York. He has also attended various professional management and corporate governance capacity building courses.
Mr. Waswani is an Advocate of the High Court of Kenya and a registered Certified Public Secretary. He is a member of the Law Society of Kenya (LSK), the Institute of Certified Public Secretaries of Kenya (ICPSK) and the Institute of Directors (IOD). Mr. Waswani was previously the Company Secretary and Head of Legal at Kenya Reinsurance Corporation Limited, a publicly listed reinsurance company, for a period of 4 years, prior to which, he held a similar position at Diamond Trust Bank Kenya Limited (DTB), also a publicly listed banking institution. Habil has over 12 years' experience in commercial and corporate law practice.


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Image 3-432-34 | Photo ©David Sanger | CuraŤao, Little Knip Beach
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This stock photo of Curacao, Little Knip Beach, Alamy Images number AXAF5F, is available for licensing through Alamy Images for commercial and editorial uses including websites, books, magazines, brochures and advertising. Restrictions may apply for images which contain third party copyrighted material or sensitive subjects. Photos of artwork are for editorial use only.
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Is Big Better Burgers incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
Contact details
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Hotfrog Philippines provides information regarding Big Better Burgers in Paranaque Metro Manila. Big Better Burgers is located at Waltermart Center Sucat, Drive. Arcadio Santos Avenue G/F, Paranaque Metro Manila 1715 and provides Food And Dining services. Contact them on (02) 552 2834.
Opening hours
Mon 9:00-20:00; Tue 10:00-20:00; Wed 14:00-21:00; Thu 11:00-13:00, 15:00-21:00; Fri 11:00-20:00; Sat 9:00-20:00; Sun 9:00-21:00
Is Big Better Burgers in Waltermart Center Sucat, Drive. Arcadio Santos Avenue G/F, Paranaque Metro Manila 1715 your business? Claim your listing and attract more leads by adding more content, photos and other business details.
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|Reviews for 100 Things I Am Not Allowed To Do At Hyoutei
| kuronie chapter 100 . 5/26/2009
Congrats! You're done! (not logged in, but its kuronite!) haha, I still remember when you were on chap 17.
| x-EliteAssassin-x chapter 100 . 5/26/2009
OMG THE END! *CRIES* goodbye the endless faggotry that was hyoutei~ Thanks for such a wonderful and lolzworthy fic! 3
| W1LD CARD chapter 100 . 5/26/2009
TT it's over
| raiTonight29 chapter 100 . 5/25/2009
I have read the entire thing without reviewing and I feel so terrible. _"" This fic has been very very very funny! _ Please write more? O.o? Hehehe
| ezyl chapter 100 . 5/25/2009
OMGEPICWIN. ROFLROFLROFL. Is it finished? Can you do extras?
LOL. It's like, L33T. I love it when you abuse caps. It makes everything so exciting. And then there's the keeling over/snorting-grape-soda laughter. Oh Anne, you ARE win...
| HelloDoomsday chapter 100 . 5/25/2009
and they'll all end up like jackal. hahah... the last chapter is brilliant. even oshitari snapped. too bad this is finish. i'll read this over sometime... it gives me inspirations. -grins-
that's all and congratulation on finishing this.
| EspadaShi chapter 100 . 5/25/2009
Oh gosh, so sad it's OVER. I'M THE REAL FAN! :D
Omedetto, I love it! _
| loki lee chapter 100 . 5/25/2009
LMAO. I've missed these updates of yours. Of COURSE gakuto can't get kicked off. He's the 'akurobatiku' player. haha. Atobe, how could you. DAy's like that it's just so hot you don't want to work. D Congratulations on hitting 100! I've enjoyed reading very much!
| kattobangyou chapter 100 . 5/25/2009
OMG. . I finished it. .xD
Cool. . they should've kicked him outta the team ever since chap. 1 started... xDD
But it wouldn't be fun withought Gaku-chan. Dx
| M3lanch0ly chapter 100 . 5/25/2009
Hehe, so for the last chapter, everything boils down to tennis. How very true, congratulations for finishing up this fic!
| Aadiana chapter 100 . 5/25/2009
Finally! The -END! I'll always remember this fic as the best Hyotei crack fic I've ever read. :DD
| TuckingFypo chapter 100 . 5/25/2009
LOL! This one was...a bit strange but I still liked it a bit. XD And also LOL at them for kicking Mukahi off the team! :P
Congratulations on finally finishing this fic. (And you have a whopping 10 reviews!1!1eleven!1!)
Gokurou-sama deshita!
| kattobangyou chapter 69 . 5/24/2009
XD Wow.
| kattobangyou chapter 68 . 5/24/2009
Akutagawa is love. . XD
| kiru is obsessed chapter 100 . 5/24/2009
YAY you updated I'm so happy _
Congratulations on finishing it!
This chapter was awesome! Of course the Tennis team would fail without Gakuto! I loved when Yuushi randomly threw his glases at the second year!
I'm really going to miss this fic though, it was great!


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A H Spittle
home appliances, Domestic Appliances, Sewing Machine
A H Spittle is your appliance store in Addlestone, Surrey. You'll find a wide range of appliances at highly affordable prices, including white goods and brown goods. Contact us for the professional servicing of electrical products. With proper care and attention, you can ensure that you get the most out of your electrical equipment, as well as potentially extending its life. As well as being able to take advantage of long warranties with many of our products, you can benefit from our fantastic aftercare too.
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Class differences in education (external factors) - example fo essay
Here is an essay I did for my sociology teacher... i got a B
- Created by: Teri
- Created on: 20-03-11 19:45
First 494 words of the document:
Teri Turnbull
Using material from Item A and elsewhere assess the view
that workingclass children underachieve because they are
culturally deprived.
Cultural deprivation refers to a lack of the `cultural equipment' they need to succeed in
school, such as, language, attitudes and values and intellectual development. Many
sociologists have stated that working class have lower educational achievement
because they have not been socialised properly by their parent. . Using Item A and
elsewhere I am going to assess the view that working class children underachieve
because they are culturally deprived.
Cultural deprivation can effect achievement due to lack of the right language skills.
Bernstein (1975) identified that working class pupils use the restricted speech code,
whereas, middle class use the elaborated speech code. The elaborated speech code
allows middle class children to use a wider range of vocabulary and more complex
sentences, on the other hand, working class use limited vocabulary, simple sentences
and use lots of hand gestures when talking. Bernstein believed that it was the
differences between the speech codes gave middle class children an advantage over
working class children in school. This is because the elaborated code is used within
textbooks, by teachers and is the language an examiner expects the child to use within
their exam. Early socialisation means middle class children are already fluent using the
elaborated code meaning they are more likely to succeed. However, Bernstein
recognises that working class children fail because schools fail to teach them how to
use the elaborated speech code; not because they are culturally deprived.
Bereiter and Engelmann claim that the language used in lower class homes is deficient.
They described that working class families use gestures, single word sentences and
disjointed phrases when communicating. As a result the children do not gain the
necessary language skills and are incapable of abstract thinking, and cannot use
language to explain, describe, enquire or compare. Due to this, they are unable to take
advantage of the opportunities schools offer.
Cultural deprivation theorists believe that one of the reasons for low educational
achievement by working-class pupils is due to lack of materials such as books, toys and
computers that are needed to fuel the child's intellectual development. Children that
are from homes without these needed materials are therefore starting school without
the intellectual skills needed to succeed. Douglas (1954) found that working-class pupils
scored lower than middle-class pupils because parents were less likely to support their
child's intellectual development by reading with them or other educational activities.
Bernstein and Young (1967) also found that the way mothers think about and choose
toys effects their child's educational achievement. Working- class mothers were less
likely to buy their child toys that are educational and middle-class mothers were more
Other pages in this set
Page 2
Here's a taster:
Teri Turnbull
likely to buy toys that would encourage thinking and reasoning skills; therefore, making
their child better prepared when starting school.
Item A discusses how working-class pupils under-achieve because of lack of parental
interest and stimulation in the home. The parental interest was measured by the
amount of times the parent visited the teacher and what the teacher thought of the
parents.…read more
Page 3
Here's a taster:
Teri Turnbull
like Bourdieu believe that it cannot simple be blamed on one aspect of the child's life.
While sociologists like Feinstien may argue that the lack of parental interest is the sole
factor for the underachievement by working-class pupils other sociologist like Bourdieu
would argue that cultural deprivation is not the sole reason but is intertwined with
material deprivation and both are contributing factors for the underachievement in
working class pupils.…read more
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- About
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Summer 2017 Job Openings
Application Deadline- April 1, 2017
Applicants will be interviewed as they apply and jobs will be offered on a rolling basis.
Cabin Counselor ($200/week)- This person will be responsible for leading 10-12 campers in daily activities, as well as supervising campers at meals, overnight, and during all-camp activities. Counselors work with campers ages 7-15. CLICK HERE for a detailed description.
Cabin Counselor/Lifeguard ($225/week)- This person will be responsible for leading 10-12 campers in daily activities, as well as supervising campers at meals, overnight, and during all-camp activities. This person will also be a certified lifeguard and will supervise campers in boating, fishing, swimming or other water-related activities. (CYC will provide necessary training).
***Summer Staff must be available Sundays-Fridays from June 15-August 19***
Operations Specialist ($225- $275/week)- This person will work closely with the Programming Speclist. They must be organized, efficient and adapt quickly to the cahnges that happen at camp. They should have the ability to follow systems already in place and also create a new system to keep camp running sommthly. CLICK HERE for a detailed description.
Program Specialist ($225- $275/week)- This person will work closely with the Operations Speclist. This person will faciliate large group programming. They will have the ability to capture the attention of a large group while creating an inclusive atmosphere where all feel welcome. This postion will be the face and voice of daily programming at camp. CLICK HERE for detailed description.
Infant Nanny ($225/week)- This person is responsible for caring for the camp director's baby. Tasks include feeding, changing, cleaning up and other infant related care throughout the day and evening. CLICK HERE for a detailed description.
Media Specialist ($225-$250/week)- Two positions are avaliabe. These people will be responsible for taking photos, maintaining the photos on the camp website, producing a weekly slideshow, and other tasks related to media. These people will not live in a cabin, but will interact with campers, assist staff in programming, and be expected to go through staff training. CLICK HERE for a detalied description.
Maintenance Assistant ($225/week)- This person will be responsible for the daily upkeep of the building and grounds, including lawn care, vehicle care and other projects.
***CYC Staff must be 19 years old or at least one year post high school.***
2017 Staff Application
Please send the blow Reference Form to THREE references. Two professional references and one personal, non relative reference.
Reference Form
If you have any questions, please contact Meghan
at 651-636-1645 or firstname.lastname@example.com


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Stratezy Group
Business Planning, Business Coaching, Team Building
Stratezy is a specialised consulting and coaching firm focussed on small to medium businesses. Our motto is to ensure great results for SMEs by making strategy 'ezy'! Working with us to create and implement a strategy, clients are often surprised at how easily results flow. We bring together global experience and local knowledge across various industries, to create a bunch of happy clients! Whether you are a start up finding its feet or an established business looking to grow, we work hand in hand with you to get your business from point A to point B - How? By providing you with simple and easy strategies to make business results flow - check out what our clients say at http://www.stratezygroup.com/client-results/ and let us know if we can help you.
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We help you build and implement effective strategies for your business. In essence, we help you get your business from 'A' to 'B' - where you 'A're to where you want to 'B'e. What more, we stay on the journey with you until you achieve these results. Find out what we can do for you!
http://www.stratezygroup.com/solutions/ and http://www.stratezygroup.com/client-results/
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Cop's 7-Year-Old Son Saves Her Life, Calls 911 When She Suffers Stroke"This was the kind of stroke that, if you don't get help, up to half the people may not even survive," neuroradiologist Dr. Scott Geraghty said.
CPD Officer Saved During Stroke By 7-Year-Old Son's 911 CallA Chicago Police officer in the middle of her morning routine last month suffered a stroke, but her 7-year-old son realized something was wrong and called for help, saving his mother's life.
Driver Charged After Hitting Officer With Car In Heart Of ChicagoA Bridgeport man is charged with driving under the influence after he struck a Chicago Police officer with his vehicle Thursday morning in the Heart of Chicago neighborhood on the South Side, police said.
Video Of Chicago Police Officer Giving Man A Thicker Coat Goes ViralThe encounter inspired the officers to start a clothing drive at their West Side police station.
IPRA Releases Videos From Fatal Police Shooting Of Kajuan RayeThe Independent Police Review Authority has released surveillance video of the foot chase that led up to the fatal shooting of 19-year-old Kajuan Raye in November.
Cop Charged In Fatal Off-Duty Shooting Will Be Released On Electronic MonitoringA Cook County judge has allowed a Chicago police officer charged with the murder of an unarmed man to go free on electronic monitoring.
Chicago Cop Charged With Murder In Fatal Off-Duty Shooting Of Jose NievesJose Nieves was shot and killed on Jan. 2 by an off-duty transit officer in the 2500 block of North Lowell.
2 Charged After Exchanging Gunfire With Off-Duty Sergeant In Albany ParkTwo men have been charged after an exchange of gunfire with an off-duty Chicago Police sergeant left one of the men wounded Sunday evening in the Northwest Side Albany Park neighborhood.
Off-Duty Sergeant In Albany Park Returns Fire, Person ShotThe incident is the fourth police-involved shooting in Chicago so far in 2017.
Chicago Police Officer Charged With Criminal Sexual AssaultA Chicago Police officer has been charged with having a sexual relationship with an underage girl.
Van Dyke's Attorneys Seek To Dismiss Murder Charges In Mcdonald CaseJason Van Dyke's attorney Daniel Herbert argues in the three-page motion that statements Van Dyke made to investigators following the shooting were improperly used against him.
Judge Will Give Lawyers Some Of Laquan Mcdonald's Juvenile RecordsJudge Vincent Gaughan said he will review the material and rule later on whether the records are relevant in the murder trial of Chicago Police Officer Jason Van Dyke.


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Primary Education News
News Support for parents is the key to tackling pupil aggression in schools
More than half of teachers face hostility in schools from verbal insults to threats. Its time to look at the cause of these problems rather than playing the blame gameThe findings of the latest survey on pupil behaviour are all too familiar. According to a poll of more than 1,500 teachers by the Association of Teachers and Lecturers (ATL), more than half of teachers in state schools have faced aggression from pupils in the last year, and more than a quarter have experienced it from parents or carers.Of those experiencing aggression, 84% said they had been verbally insulted and 70% said they had been intimidated or threatened, while almost half said they had suffered physical violence most commonly pushing and shoving, but sometimes being attacked with an object such as furniture, and being kicked and punched. Continue reading...Read the full story in Guardian Education


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Is Megahomes Properties incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
Contact details
Are these details correct?
Hotfrog Singapore provides information regarding Megahomes Properties in Singapore. Megahomes Properties is located at 89 Lorong M Telok Kurau Goldleaf Gardens, Singapore 425394 and provides Real Estate services. Contact them on 6289 1611.
Is Megahomes Properties in 89 Lorong M Telok Kurau Goldleaf Gardens, Singapore 425394 your business? Claim your listing and attract more leads by adding more content, photos and other business details.
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Cherokee Heritage Day
Saturday, February 11 from 11 am to 5 pm
Saturday, March 11 from 11 am to 5 pm
The Museum of the Cherokee Indian will host a new program series called Cherokee Heritage Day on the second Saturday of every month, beginning in January. This event—free and open to the public—will feature hands-on activities, storytelling, dance, and cultural demonstrations, from 11 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Each month will offer something different, so people can visit on a regular basis and continue to learn about different aspects of Cherokee history and culture. In Cherokee language, January is Dunolvtanv, the windy month. In honor of this theme, blowguns, flutes, and storytelling will be featured throughout the day.
Cherokee Heritage Day builds on the success of Native American Heritage Day, which was held at the Museum last November, as part of Native American Heritage Month.
For all dates and event schedule, click here.
Wedding Planning at Sawyer Family Farmstead
Established in 1993, the Sawyer Family Farmstead is part Christmas Tree farm and part mountain paradise. This unique special event location is nestled in the heart of the Blue Ridge Mountains of Western North Carolina on the Highlands/Cashiers Plateau overlooking Lake Glenville.
Just 6 miles from the Village of Cashiers, we invite you to experience Sawyer Family Farmstead's unique and welcoming location.
Eighty lush acres of rolling hills, breath-taking views of Lake Glenville, fields of Christmas trees, accents of grapevines and blueberry bushes are framed by mountain laurel and rhododendron to make a beautiful setting for any special occasion.
Mother Nature provides the magnificent scenery.
The Sawyers provide the setting and expert planning and hosting to make your event memorable.
Sawyer Family Farmstead
240 Chimney Pond Rd
Glenville, NC 28736
Valentine's Songwriters in the Round
Annie Sellick, Pat Bergeson and Henry Hipkens @ Balsam Mountain Inn
Feb 11 @ 6:00 pm – 10:00 pm
Annie Sellick
Nashville-native jazz vocalist Annie Sellick has performed and recorded with most of her heroes (including Joey DeFrancesco, Bela Fleck and Mark O' Connor), enjoyed stardom in her hometown and toured nationally and internationally. But perhaps her best quality is the organic sincerity she exudes from the stage, hooking an audience into the stories of the songs she sings. Annie is a mainstay at the major jazz venues in Nashville, where she has performed with all of Music City's jazz artists, including Beegie Adair, Jeff Coffin, Rod McGaha and Fleck.
Pat Bergeson
As versatile a harmonica player as he is a guitarist, Bergeson moved to Nashville upon Chet Atkins' request to join his band and has since performed and recorded with a long list of chart toppers and cult favorites including Lyle Lovett, Madeleine Peyroux and Wynonna Judd. Pat's style incorporates jazz, blues, rock and finger style. Widely known for session work, he has been in the studio with Lyle Lovett, Alison Krauss, Chet Atkins, Jerry Reed, Dolly Parton, Peter Frampton and many more.
Henry Hipkens
Well known for his modern standards, Hipkens is a Nashville songwriter whose songs have been recorded or performed by Ricky Skaggs, Pam Tillis, Tim O'Brien, Maura O'Connell, Claire Lynch, Robin and Linda Williams, Maryann Price and Trout Fishing in America. He performs regularly at the Bluebird Café in Nashville, and has three CDs of his own; "Demos", "Snow Day" and "Modern Standards".
Lots of Lodging Options! Where to Stay in the Smoky Mountains
The Great Smoky Mountains of North Carolina invite you to come out to play. Plan the best swimming, fishing, hiking, biking, rafting, crafting, museum hopping, golfing, horseback riding vacation you've ever had! There are so many beautiful places and amazing adventures waiting for you here, so you'll need help planning what to do and where to stay in the Smoky Mountains.
No matter the size of your party, two to twenty, couples or groups, young or seniors, children or children at heart, Western North Carolina offers lots of wonderful lodging options just waiting to be discovered. We've got the information you need to help you decide where to stay in the Smoky Mountains.
North Carolina's Smoky Mountains
Smoky Mountain Host is located in Western North Carolina in the Great Smoky Mountains. Smoky Mountain Host provides Western North Carolina travel guides, family travel activities, and attractions in Clay, Cherokee, Graham, Haywood, Jackson, Macon, and Swain Counties as well as the Eastern Band of the Cherokee Nation.
Plan your family vacation, romantic getaway, destination wedding, or a day in the wilderness with Smoky Mountain Host. You will find lodging that fits your style and budget, shops that sell everything from souvenirs to exquisite mountain crafts, and exciting outdoor adventures for everyone in the family.
Our Western North Carolina attractions include Great Smoky Mountain Railroad, The Factory, Nantahala Outdoor Center, Harrah's Casino, Oconaluftee Indian Village, John C. Campbell Folk School, Gem Mining, Golfing, Horseback Riding, Mountain Biking, Canoeing/Rafting, Snow Skiing, and Arts & Theatre. These are just a few of the adventures awaiting for you in Western North Carolina.
This website and our FREE travel guide provides information on Western North Carolina, Great Smoky Mountain National Park, and Waterfalls. Communities in Western North Carolina include Andrews, Asheville, Balsam, Brasstwon, Bryson City, Candler, Cashiers, Cherokee, Cullowhee, Dillsboro, Fontana Dam, Franklin, Hayesville, Highlands, Maggie Valley, Murphy, Nantahala, Otto, Robbinsville, Scaly Mountain, Sylva, Waynesville, and Whittier.


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BriannaMichaelaModel Female Novato, California, US
My Website: BriannaMichaelaIGMy MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/briannamichaela
Mayhem # 2944100
About MeHey All ! Thank you for visiting my page!
Currently: Shooting TF and Paid (Paid takes priority)
Location: Oakland and surrounding cities
iLove - Modeling is my heart and soul. I have loved the art for modeling all my life. I am not a "regular" girl, but I do live a "regular" lifestyle - in respect to school and work.
iTravel - I enjoy a nice drive. Please message me if you have questions about shoots in distant locations. Out of state shoots: possible with ample planning time .
iCommit - If we set up a shoot, I will be there. On time, makeup and hair ready - unless discussed otherwise previously. I always accept coffee and a quick meeting before we start shooting (:
Disclosure: I am actively working on production set, promotional modeling, school and a "daytime job" - all aside from booking photo shoots. So, my schedule fills up fast. I can be available during any day of the week, as long as we book AT LEAST two weeks in advance.
Have you worked with BriannaMichaela? Add Credits for BriannaMichaela ! >>
MH6 Photography
"Photogenic and a blast to work with!"
See Sample Worked together 1 times; Most recent: March 2016
West coast photography
See Sample Worked together 1 times; Most recent: September 2014
"Brianna is very easy and fun to work with and has a skin tone that photographs beautifully. She loves to model and poses effortlessly and gives you gorgeous shots. I would easily work with her again."
See Sample Worked together 1 times; Most recent: July 2014
Credit NotesThere are many many more to add to this list, here is a short preview:
GPS Studios MM: 27295
Gerald Franks MM# 1881253
Corey Deshon MM# 2596125
Unexpected Captures MM# 1100616
Steve Thurston MM# 1636720
NatLight Studios MM# 175046
Tumash MM# 1404545
Pacific Shire MM# 3461519
Unique Images MM# 629292
Manuel Vinicio Photographer
MichaelLou... Photographer
CALI DIAMOND Model
Dennis Maeshack Photography Photographer
Unique Photo Fantasies Photographer
eriksaevi Photographer
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