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|[JIRA] Commented: (FOR-427) Need licensing element in plugins.xml
|Fri, 15 Apr 2005 02:01:18 GMT
The following comment has been added to this issue: Author: David Crossley Created: Thu, 14 Apr 2005 9:00 PM Body: For example: <license name="A.N.Other License" url="http://www.domain.org/licenseText"/> would result in the user being asked to read the license at the supplied URL and then typing yes to agree (no skips installation). <license name="A.N.Other License"> This is the text of the license. </license> would result in the license text being displayed and the user being asked to agree. --------------------------------------------------------------------- View this comment: http://issues.cocoondev.org//browse/FOR-427?page=comments#action_12226 --------------------------------------------------------------------- View the issue: http://issues.cocoondev.org//browse/FOR-427 Here is an overview of the issue: --------------------------------------------------------------------- Key: FOR-427 Summary: Need licensing element in plugins.xml Type: Improvement Status: Unassigned Priority: Critical Project: Forrest Components: Plugins (general issues) Fix Fors: 0.8 Versions: 0.7-dev Assignee: Reporter: Ross Gardler Created: Sat, 22 Jan 2005 2:31 PM Updated: Thu, 14 Apr 2005 9:00 PM Description: Since plugins can be hosted on different sites they can be released under licenses other than the Apache one. We need an element in plugins.xml that records the type of license a plugin is released under. This element should be used by the plugin install process to verify that the user agrees to the terms of that license before download and installation is started. --------------------------------------------------------------------- JIRA INFORMATION: This message is automatically generated by JIRA. If you think it was sent incorrectly contact one of the administrators: http://issues.cocoondev.org//secure/Administrators.jspa If you want more information on JIRA, or have a bug to report see: http://www.atlassian.com/software/jira
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Accounting Tutors in DeSoto, TX
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Order of authorship is arbitrary. All coauthors made equal contributions to this paper. This research was supported by a Hong Kong Research Grant Council grant HKU744608H to the corresponding author. We have benefited greatly from discussion with Samuel Ho and his research team. We gratefully acknowledge Hannah Tai's assistance in the pilot study that generated items for the CMAS described here, and the two reviewers for useful suggestions.
Attributional Style and Engagement/Disengagement Responses in the Chinese Workforce
Version of Record online: 10 JUL 2011
DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00463.x
© 2011 The Authors. Applied Psychology: An International Review © 2011 International Association of Applied Psychology
Applied Psychology
Volume 61, Issue 2, pages 204–226, April 2012
Additional Information
How to Cite
Hui, C. H., Pak, S. T., Kwan, S.-O. and Chao, A. (2012), Attributional Style and Engagement/Disengagement Responses in the Chinese Workforce. Applied Psychology:An International Review, 61: 204–226. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00463.x
Publication History
- Issue online: 2 MAR 2012
- Version of Record online: 10 JUL 2011
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Rear suspension Clunk?
Hello all. Whenever i go over a bump, large or small, i seem to have a bit of a clunking noise. I thought this may be normal since i haven't driven an SUV in years. Has done this since i drove it off the lot, anyone else experience this? Thanks..
Re: Rear suspension Clunk?
Never mind, just round the 8/2011 TSB
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Essence Make Me Pretty was a trend edition collection that immediately caught my eye, and it was sold out in a minute it hit the store. Fun and colourful design definitely convinced many people and me as well. When I found this collection in Müller, a lot was already sold out, but I did find few brushes I wanted. I took bronzer, blush, concealer and pointed brushes. I also wanted a lip brush, but there wasn't a piece left for me and an eyebrow brush, but in the store I changed my mind and left it there.
Brushes come in plastic bags that had a paper with the message on them – each brush wears a different positive message. Each is designed in its own colour with different geometric designs, the holders are plastic and bristles are synthetic. Essence does not create the same quality products when it comes to brushes. Some of them are really amazing considering the low price and some are if I use a bit nicer word, bad. I have to say I was not impressed by brushes from this collection as I expected I will be. I was, frankly, quite disappointed when I first tried them. It seemed like most of the brushes doesn't do the job for which they were created very well. I had to Google reviews to see if I'm the only one that's not impressed because till then I read mostly positive reviews from bloggers I follow. But I found few reviews that agreed with me and now I feel a bit calmer writing this review.
Bronzer brush – Walking on Sunshine
A gorgeous green brush is bringing the message "Best friends are hard to find because the very best is already mine." While I'm in love with the packaging I don't understand, why this is a bronzer brush. It's true it has very soft bristles, but they are too dense and the application of dry products is a disaster with them. I tried it with bronzer first and the only thing I achieved with it was a clown look. It picks up too much product that's very hard to blend with it. It works okay with products that are poorly pigmented, but you need another brush to blend everything anyway. I also tried to use it with powder, but I didn't like it much because I felt like it applied too much product on one spot and not enough on another one. Because its bristles are so dense one blogger recommended it for application of foundation and I have to say I was impressed how good it applied and blended foundation. It applied it more naturally looking than Zoeva or Real Technique brushes. But unfortunately, it soaks in too much foundation, which I use up two times more as I do with Zoeva or RT brushes. This brush costs 3,59 €.
Blush brush – Blush up Your Life!
A pink angled brush wears a message "Be the most beautiful colour in the box." The same as bronzer brush this one is also too dense and it makes the blending job quite difficult. This one would probably also be good for application of foundation, but I use it to apply less pigmented blushes on my cheeks. I tried it with more pigmented blushes, but the same as bronzer brush it doesn't blend the blush very well, so I end up with too much blush on my face. If I use less pigmented blush I can upgrade it and that way to achieve quite a nice look. This brush was 3,29 €.
Concealer brush – Beauty is My Business
This is the brush I was the most excited about, because a good concealer brush is always a must, but, unfortunately, I didn't like it that much. Its shape is perfect to fit under my eyes and apply a concealer nicely, its bristles are also soft, but it does a very bad job by blending the concealer into the skin. I have to use my fingers or other brush for that. If I compare it to Body&Soul concealer brush that has a similar price and shape to Essence brush, Body&Soul brush is much better and it also blends the concealer better. I use Essence brush for application of concealer under my eyebrows to define them better and for this purpose, I adore it because it's precise and I can do a straight line with it. The message that this brush wears is "Some days you just have to create your own sunshine". This brush was 2,19 €.
Precise brush – Eye to Eye
This brush comes in green colour and its message is "Who's the most wonderful & prettiest girl today?" This brush is perfect for application of highlighting eyeshadow in the inner corner of the eye or to form outer V, but I don't really like it for application of eyeshadow under my eyes because I find bristles a bit too long. If I compare it to Ebelin or Body&Soul precise brushes, I find those two better, because they have smaller and denser bristles, which work amazing for any purpose, I can even use them to line my upper part of the eye with an eyeshadow. This brush costs 1,99 €.
Makeup bag and cleanser
In the collection, there were also a bag and a brush cleanser. I really love the bag, the quality is good and even brushes from other brands fit in it. How much brushes fit in it depend from the bigness of each brush. On the other hand, I'm not really sure what to think about the cleanser, which Essence named Be-you-tiful. The instructions say that you should spray the cleanser directly on the brush bristles and let it work for a couple of minutes. Then use a cloth to gently rub brush bristles until oil and dirt have been fully removed. After that leave the brushes that they dry. I followed the instructions and my observations are that it doesn't really work with brushes that I used for creamy products (concealer, foundation etc.) because I couldn't get those products out and I had to clean it with shampoo. I was cleaning the concealer brush after the first usage and although I left the cleanser on bristles for 10 minutes, swirl it on my hand and rinse it under the water, the concealer was still on bristles. It does work well with brushes which I used for powdery products, but only if they aren't very dirty. For those, I still need a shampoo to give them a good cleanse. I think this cleanser will come handy for my eye brushes which need to be cleaned regularly, because I often do colourful looks, but for my foundation and concealer brushes I'll still need a shampoo to clean them properly. The cleanser contains 50 ml and it costs 2,79 €. The box costs 5,19 €.
I'm not that impressed and happy about this collection as I thought I will be. All brushes come with beautiful messages and the design is really gorgeous, but not every brush does the job it was created for great. Blush and bronzer brushes are too dense and it's hard to blend powder products with them, and the same it goes for concealer brush – it applies concealer nicely, but it doesn't blend it well. I did find a purpose for each brush and I will use them, but I guess if I'd skip this collection I wouldn't miss anything.
Did you get anything from this collection? How do you like brushes? Which one is your favourite? Thank you for reading!


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The Brigades of 'Abdullah 'Azzam, a transnational jihadi-takfiri group operating in Lebanon, issued a statement of condolence a day ago about the "martyrdom" of Al-Qa'ida Central's (AQC) general commander in Afghanistan, Mustafa Abu al-Yazid. The group is named after the prominent Palestinian religious scholar who was a major fundraiser and ideologue during the 1980s for the anti-Soviet and anti-Afghan Communist struggle in Afghanistan. A new branch of the Brigades, the Detachments of Ziyad Jarrah (sometimes transliterated as "Ziad Jarrah"), named after one of the September 11, 2001 hijackers, was announced in June 2009, which I wrote about at length HERE. This new branch has claimed to have fired a small number of homemade, primitive rockets into northern Israel.
The statement of condolence was issued in the name of the Brigades as a whole, not just in the name of the Detachments of Ziyad Jarrah.
'Azzam Brigades...Martyrdom of Mustafa Abu Al-Yazid (June 8)
Brigades of 'Abdullah 'Azzam Statement
Wednesday, June 9, 2010
Brigades of 'Abdullah 'Azzam, Levant-based Jihadi-Takfiri Group, Issues Condolences for "Martyred" Al-Qa'ida Central Leader Mustafa Abu al-Yazid
Posted by إبن الصقلي at 12:45 AM
Labels: Afghanistan, al-Qa'ida, Egypt, Lebanon, Middle East and North Africa, Pakistan, Taliban
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text: |I have been a professional Photoshop Specialist for the past 20+ years. I also have done some graphic design and I was a professional product photographer for many years. Art has always been my passion, the air I breath. It is the reason I exist and I am very thankful for being given this gift of creativity. It doesn't matter if it is watercolor painting, photography or my abstract music. I just need and want to be creative as much as humanly possible.


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Jumbo Tart Warmer Circle Star-Kettle Black
Code: 608CSKB
Product Description
Tin Punch Tart Burner - Jumbo Circle Star - Kettle Black Style - Size: 10 1-2 H - 5 1-2 Dia. Electric with on/off switch-Bulb included. Our Tart Burners on this page are just a few of our Warmers that we offer. We sell many different styles including, Primitive Tin Punch Electric Burners, Ceramic, plug in warmers as well as the Lang warmers. These are for Chunky Melts, Tarts or Melts, Heart Melts. View all of our Electric Tart Warmers, these are wonderful if you can't burn a candle. Our jumbo tart warmers are hand-crafted here in the USA. Our scented tarts are hand-crafted here in the USA. 40 watt bulb included.


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Browsing Geography Theses and Dissertations by Title
Previous Page
Now showing items 64-83 of 84Next Page
Re-Examining Assumptions About Agriculture and Urbanization in the "New West"---A Case Study in Jackson County, OregonMcKinnon, Innisfree (University of Oregon, September 29, 2014)[more][less]Walker, Peter McKinnon, Innisfree 2014-09-29T17:55:05Z 2014-09-29 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18440 This case study examines the relationship between agriculture and urbanization in the context of Oregon's comprehensive land use planning system. The first article assesses the historical relationship between rural real estate development and investment in agriculture in Jackson County southern Oregon. The second article uses the theory of global urbanization to reflect on the patterns of urbanization in Jackson County and suggests that global urbanization might provide a useful framework for connecting urban political ecology and exurban political ecology. The third article focuses on the political economies of farmland preservation in Jackson County where there have been repeated calls for increased local control of land use planning. en_US University of Oregon All Rights Reserved. amenity migration American West gentrification land use policy political ecology Re-Examining Assumptions About Agriculture and Urbanization in the "New West"---A Case Study in Jackson County, Oregon Electronic Thesis or Dissertation 2016-09-29 Ph.D. doctoral Department of Geography University of Oregon
Re-peasantization under Fast Track Land Reform: Implications for Livelihood and Landscape Change, Sanyati District, ZimbabweChigumira, Easther (University of Oregon, September 29, 2014)[more][less]Walker, Peter Chigumira, Easther 2014-09-29T17:53:37Z 2014-09-29 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18432 Zimbabwe's Fast Track land and agrarian reform that began in the year 2000 has ignited debate about the most suitable farming model for food security and rural development in Zimbabwe and other post-colonial countries. As an evidence-based contribution to the analysis of re-peasantization, I present findings from a decade-long study of three communities resettled under the A1 and A2 variants of the Fast Track Land Reform Program (FTLRP) in the Sanyati District, Zimbabwe. To appraise the unfolding nature of the FTLRP, I used the framework of political ecology to examine the day-to-day practices and livelihood strategies of land recipients, their relationship with the physical environment and underlying reasons for particular land-use activities. Drawing from a series of surveys, observations, narratives, key informant interviews, content analysis of photographs, maps, and secondary documents, my findings show differential patterns of investment, asset accumulation, and crop and livestock production among households. Land recipients used multiple livelihood pathways to augment their income and farming activities. New and diverse sources of rural income and commodity markets have emerged, including high levels of small-scale artisanal gold mining and the reallocation of land for gold processing mills. These findings provide insight into the conditions and/or tendencies of re-peasantization under the FTLRP and challenge modernist assumptions of agrarian development, which value large-scale over small- scale farming. en_US University of Oregon All Rights Reserved. Fast Track Land Reform Program Landscape Change Livelihood Peasant Re-peasantization Zimbabwe Re-peasantization under Fast Track Land Reform: Implications for Livelihood and Landscape Change, Sanyati District, Zimbabwe Electronic Thesis or Dissertation 2016-09-29 Ph.D. doctoral Department of Geography University of Oregon
Reinholtz, Amanda (University of Oregon, 2012)[more][less]Marcus, W Reinholtz, Amanda Reinholtz, Amanda 2012-12-07T23:12:47Z 2012-12-07T23:12:47Z 2012 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12531 In Central America, two conflicting narratives are used to describe the relationship between forest cover and water availability, with implications for management of water resources throughout the region. Many resource managers believe forests increase dry season water availability, but scientific consensus refutes this perspective. This study analyzes the narratives explaining the relationship between forest cover and dry season water yields in Central America and how they influence resource management. In a case study of the Sasle catchment in Nicaragua, I use a combination of satellite imagery analysis and SWAT hydrologic modeling to investigate land use change over the past 25 years and the potential impact of these changes on the hydrology of the catchment. False perceptions of the role of land cover in hydrology are influencing management practices in sensitive headwater catchments and creating unintended results. A broader perspective on the socio-political and scientific context of these narratives is needed. en_US University of Oregon All Rights Reserved. Development Narratives Development Policy Forest Management Nicaragua Water Planning Water Policy Reforestation, Water Yield, and Management of Micro-Watersheds in Central America Electronic Thesis or Dissertation
Isaak, Marissa Tamar, 1980- (University of Oregon, June , 2010)[more][less]Isaak, Marissa Tamar, 1980- 2010-09-02T00:07:57Z 2010-09-02T00:07:57Z 2010-06 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10668 xi, 133 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. On Veterans Day 2006, Oregon's governor dedicated the newest addition to the capitol grounds, a memorial fountain commemorating the soldiers killed in the current wars in Afghanistan and Iraq: The Afghan-Iraqi Freedom Memorial. The political contestations surrounding the memorial demonstrate how ideologies become inscribed onto landscapes. After conducting a qualitative analysis including interviewing participants and detractors of the monument, observing the site on multiple occasions, and examining its media coverage, I conclude that the memorial stakes a claim to the meaning of this controversial war long before the fighting is over, it reproduces geopolitical imaginaries promoted by the Bush Administration, and it reconfigures trends in the representation of soldiers. By taking a multi-scalar approach to this research, I am able to combine geopolitical, State-level, and embodied approaches to memorial research. This project furthers the geography literature by exposing the multiple meanings contained in one local commemorative site. Committee in Charge: Lise Nelson, Chair; Alexander Murphy en_US University of Oregon University of Oregon theses, Dept. of Geography, M.A., 2010; Remembering the Present: Oregon's Afghan-Iraqi Freedom Memorial Oregon's Afghan-Iraqi Freedom Memorial Thesis
Remote measurement of gravel-bed river depths and analysis of the geomorphic response of rivers to canals and small damsWalther, Suzanne Corinna (University of Oregon, December , 2010)[more][less]Walther, Suzanne Corinna 2011-04-11T21:16:03Z 2011-04-11T21:16:03Z 2010-12 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11069 xviii, 128 p. : ill. (some col.) This dissertation investigates the potential impacts of canals and small dams on gravel-bed rivers and methods for documenting those impacts. First, I evaluate the potential for mapping channel depths along the McKenzie River, OR, using 10 cm resolution optical aerial imagery with a hydraulically-assisted bathymetry (HAB-2) model. Results demonstrate that channel depths can be accurately mapped in many areas, with some imagery limitations. The HAB-2 model works well in the majority of the river (R 2 =0.89) when comparing modeled to observed depths, but not in areas of shadow, surface turbulence, or depths >1.5 m. Next, I analyze the relative effects of a small dam and two diversion canals on sediment distribution along bars of the lower McKenzie River. The typical pattern of downstream fining is disrupted at each feature and several tributaries, particularly in the "reduced water reaches" below canal outtakes. Most modeled discharge values necessary to mobilize bar sediments fall at or below the 2-year flood return interval, with the remaining at or below the 5-year flood return interval, generally reflecting the D 50 values at each bar (20-115 mm). The third analysis investigates the potential to document geomorphic impacts of small dams in Oregon at ecoregion extents using air photos and publically available data sets. This analysis highlights data disparity with respect to the collecting agency's mission and the difficulty of using remote sensing for small dams. Though the imagery was not useful in evaluating small dam impacts due to resolution and feature size, the data were useful in mapping the small dam distribution across Oregon and each ecoregion. Sixty-one percent of Oregon land is located in the catchment of at least one small dam and the greatest number of dams per area is in the Willamette Valley ecoregion. Overall, this research suggests that, while the application of these techniques must be improved, our ability to observe, study, and understand rivers is enhanced by remote sensing advancements and the combined use of these methods in river restoration and management. This dissertation includes previously published and co-authored material. Committee in charge: W. Andrew Marcus, Chairperson; Patricia F. McDowell, Member; Dan G. Gavin, Member; David W. Hulse, Outside Member en_US University of Oregon University of Oregon theses, Dept. of Geography, Ph. D., 2010; Canals Dams Environmental flows Fluvial geomorphology Gravel-bed river Remote sensing Sediment mobility Geography Physical geography Geomorphology Remote measurement of gravel-bed river depths and analysis of the geomorphic response of rivers to canals and small dams Thesis
Kelley, Maureen (University of Oregon, July 11, 2013)[more][less]Lobben, Amy Kelley, Maureen 2013-07-11T20:12:52Z 2014-12-29T21:12:31Z 2013-07-11 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12999 Previous route description experiments conducted by psychologists show there are differences between males and females in the use of landmarks when describing routes. Previous research has shown that females used landmarks and egocentric forms of turn descriptors more often than males for route descriptions. This method is known as route knowledge in the spatial knowledge literature. Males, conversely, were seen to use fewer landmarks and more cardinal direction descriptions and standard distances when describing routes. Spatial knowledge literature terms this method survey knowledge. The current experiment tested the hypothesis that sex is not the determinant of landmark usage for route descriptions but different cartographic methods depicting the same locale determine whether landmarks are described. Two quasi-experiments were conducted using different map types. Results of the experiments show that map type, not sex, influences landmark usage for route descriptions. en_US University of Oregon All Rights Reserved. maps map taxonomy route descriptions sex differences Route Descriptions Using Maps, Photomaps, and Imagery: An Experimental Analysis Electronic Thesis or Dissertation Ph.D. doctoral Department of Geography University of Oregon
Osofsky, Hari (University of Oregon, October 3, 2013)[more][less]Murphy, Alexander Osofsky, Hari 2013-10-03T23:35:08Z 2013-10-03T23:35:08Z 2013-10-03 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/13297 The international treaty regime on climate change is failing to address this problem adequately and cannot fully capture the scales of the problem or of efforts to address it. This dissertation draws from geographic conceptions of scale and legal governance theory to: (1) argue for the value of polycentric, multi-scalar approaches to climate change governance, (2) explore the nuances of what such approaches entail, and (3) propose strategies for improving their effectiveness. It does so by applying these theoretical approaches to three case studies: climate change litigation, federal climate change regulation, and suburban action on climate change. For each of these case studies, it demonstrates the complexity of defining scales and scalar dynamics and considers how the activity being described does and should fit into multi-scalar governance approaches. It concludes by reflecting upon the lessons from the case studies for how to understand the geography of multi-level governance approaches and to approach its core principles of hybridity, multi-scalar, and inclusion. This dissertation includes previously published material. en_US University of Oregon All Rights Reserved. climate change geography governance law and geography multiscalar scale Scales of Law: Rethinking Climate Change Governance Electronic Thesis or Dissertation Ph.D. doctoral Department of Geography University of Oregon
Kladzyk, Rene Grace (University of Oregon, December , 2011)[more][less]Kladzyk, Rene Grace 2012-04-20T01:16:24Z 2012-04-20T01:16:24Z 2011-12 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12183 x, 144 p. : col. ill. Together, the cities El Paso, Texas and Juarez, Mexico form the largest international border metropolis in the world. While El Paso consistently ranks among the safest cities in the U.S., Cd. Juarez's recent and extreme escalation of violence has produced one of the world's most dangerous locales. Within this starkly differentiated and transnational urban conglomeration, complex geographies of gender, culture, and identity have emerged, prompting the following question: how is mobility shifting throughout el Paso del Norte in response to the heightened violence in Juarez, and what are the implications of these negotiations of mobility for fronterizo (borderlander) identity? By focusing on gendered mobilities in the U.S./Mexico borderlands, this study engages with cultural implications of the recent drug conflict fueled exodus from Juarez into El Paso, articulating the negotiation of identities and daily geographies which characterize the divided lives of borderlanders. Committee in charge: Lise Nelson, Chairperson; Alexander Murphy, Member; Kathryn Meehan, Member en_US University of Oregon University of Oregon theses, Dept. of Geography, M.A., 2011; rights_reserved Geography Gender studies Social sciences Border towns El Paso (Tex.) Identity Juarez Mobility Violence Ciudad Juarez (Mexico) Sin Miedo: Violence, Mobility, and Identity in el Paso del Norte Violence, Mobility, and Identity in el Paso del Norte Thesis
King, Larry Lloyd, 1942- (University of Oregon, December , 1982)[more][less]King, Larry Lloyd, 1942- 2009-02-10T23:43:54Z 2009-02-10T23:43:54Z 1982-12 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/8481 xvi, 206 p. A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries under the call number: KNIGHT HV4504.K56 1982 This study will focus on changes that skid row is experiencing. Following an introductory statement which defines skid row and reviews the area historically, an examination of skid row evolution on a national basis is presented. Specifically, this involves a comparative analysis of thirty-one skid rows representing all regions of the United States. Each skid row is examined as to its 1950, 1968, and 1979 size. and location. Much of the information for this analysis is based on responses to questionnaires and census data. With few exceptions, skid rows have changed substantially from 1950 to 1979. Most have declined significantly in size or relocated to new sites in the central business district. Almost all the cities surveyed have retained a skid row, in some form, over the thirty years studied. A closer view of skid row evolution and change is presented utilizing a case study of Portland, Oregon. Portland was selected for study because it is fairly representative of skid rows in general. It has had a skid row for approximately a century and its process of establishment, growth, and decline through the years has followed a pattern which is typical of other skid rows studies throughout the United States. For example, the current "0ld Town" trend occurring in some skid rows is also happening to Portland1s skid row. Sanborn Maps, city directories, field observations, and census tract reports provide land use data for Portland. Despite the efforts of planners and others to remove skid row from the landscape, with rare exceptions it has existed as an urban phenomenon for at least a century to the present day. Adviser: Everett Smith en_US University of Oregon University of Oregon theses, Dept. of Geography, Ph.D., 1982; Portland (Or.) -- Social conditions -- 20th century Cities and towns -- United States Skid row Skid rows : a geographical perspective Thesis
Langston, Trevor (University of Oregon, August 18, 2015)[more][less]Fonstad, Mark Langston, Trevor 2015-08-18T23:13:32Z 2015-08-18T23:13:32Z 2015-08-18 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19342 The Willamette is a gravel-bed river that drains ~28,800 square kilometers between the Coast Range and Cascade Range in northwestern Oregon before entering the Columbia River near Portland. In the last 150 years, natural and anthropogenic drivers have altered the sediment transport regime, drastically reducing the geomorphic complexity of the river. The purpose of this research is to assess longitudinal trends in sediment transport within the modern flow regime. Sediment transport rates are highly discrete in space, exhibit similar longitudinal patters across flows and increase non-linearly with flow. The highest sediment transport rates are found where the channel is confined due to disconnection of the floodplain and the river runs against high resistance terraces. The spatial distributions of sediment transport rates and active gravel are tightly linked. Sediment sampling revealed slight downstream fining in the surface grain size. Sediment size did not correlate with stream power. en_US University of Oregon All Rights Reserved. Fluvial Geomorphology Grain Size Hydraulic Modeling Rivers Sediment Transport Willamette River Spatial Patterns of Sediment Transport in the Upper Willamette River, Oregon Electronic Thesis or Dissertation M.S. masters Department of Geography University of Oregon
Stop the Bleeding, Heal the Wound: The Role of Fertilizer Subsidies in Food Security, Zomba District, MalawiJavdani, Marie S. (University of Oregon, September , 2009)[more][less]Javdani, Marie S. 2009-12-30T21:56:33Z 2009-12-30T21:56:33Z 2009-09 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10060 xiv, 126 p. : ill., map. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. The government of Malawi is being lauded internationally for having ostensibly eliminated hunger within its borders through a subsidy that makes available chemical fertilizers to smallholder farmers. Development scholarship and policy have recently turned toward promoting a "new" Green Revolution in Africa for the establishment of food security and the advancement of economic development. Many view the increased use of chemical fertilizer in Malawian agriculture and the resultant rise in maize yieldsdescribed by such publications as the New York Times as the "Malawi Mirac1e"-as evidence that the prescribed NGR is indeed a recipe for success. This thesis places the subsidy in its historical and theoretical framework and discusses the extent to which production-end strategies accomplish the goals of food security. Also discussed are nonproduction measures that are essential to creating a reliable and accessible food system. Committee in Charge: Peter A. Walker, Chair; Derrick L. Hindery en_US University of Oregon University of Oregon theses, Dept. of Geography, M.A., 2009; Agriculture -- Malawi Food security -- Africa Food security -- Malawi Malawi Stop the Bleeding, Heal the Wound: The Role of Fertilizer Subsidies in Food Security, Zomba District, Malawi Role of Fertilizer Subsidies in Food Security, Zomba District, Malawi Thesis
Lu De Lama, Graciela (University of Oregon, October 27, 2016)[more][less]Hindery, Derrick Lu De Lama, Graciela 2016-10-27T18:38:53Z 2016-10-27T18:38:53Z 2016-10-27 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/20458 This dissertation examines the shifting and multi-scalar governance of oil and gas projects in Peruvian Amazon. Using cases studies of oil extraction in blocks 1AB (192), 8 in Loreto (2006 to 2015), and the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process for the expansion of the Camisea gas project in block 88 in Cusco, this dissertation explores how environmental decision-making processes of oil and gas projects are structured and enacted. In doing so, this study sheds light on the shifting interactions, negotiations, struggles and (at times) open conflicts between actors that define why, how and where hydrocarbon projects take place in the Amazon. Recognizing the variety of actors, I organize my analysis around government institutions, indigenous mobilizations, environmental assessments and the economic distribution of revenues from oil and gas projects. From my analysis I argue that resource extraction is changing substantially the relationship between the government and the indigenous peoples in the Peruvian Amazon. These changes involve profound changes in indigenous rights and the creation of new institutions and capacities in the state to address the social-environmental effects of extractive industries. The surge of social-environmental conflicts and the influence of international finance institutions have prompted the Peruvian government to reform the institutional framework regulating resource extraction. This reforms are taking place amid the globalization of indigenous rights, discourses, and laws (such as the Prior Consultation Law) granting special rights to indigenous peoples. However, power-knowledge asymmetries in the decision-making processes (such as the environmental assessments) tend to increase the sense of mistrust among the local populations, resulting in increasing social-environmental conflicts. In addition, the uneven distribution of benefits from resource extraction is creating regional disparities, increasing the dependency of some regions on resource extraction. An examination of the implementation of the Environmental Impact Assessment process for the expansion of the Camisea project in block 88 exposes unresolved practices of representation and citizenship of the indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation. However, overall, Amazonian indigenous people's struggles are shifting the traditional national, social, and political life. They are ethnic minorities and citizens struggling for their rights to participate in decision-making processes and in the distribution of economic benefits from extraction, both particularity and equality. en_US University of Oregon All Rights Reserved. Amazon Indigenous Peoples Environmental Impact Assessment Extractive Industries Oil and Gas Political Ecology Prior Consultation Struggles Over Governance of Oil and Gas Projects in the Peruvian Amazon Electronic Thesis or Dissertation Ph.D. doctoral Department of Geography University of Oregon
Pera, Jennifer Lee, 1977- (University of Oregon, June , 2008)[more][less]Pera, Jennifer Lee, 1977- 2008-11-13T00:37:55Z 2008-11-13T00:37:55Z 2008-06 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/7781 xii, 139 p. : ill., maps. A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries under the call numbers: KNIGHT JV7413 .P47 2008 This thesis explores a relatively new migration pattern of North Americans to Costa Rica and the ways in which these migrants are changing landscapes of belonging and membership in the communities in which they settle. The number of affluent, transnational "amenity migrants" has been growing worldwide in the past decade, yet little is known about their impacts in receiving communities. Through semi-structured interviews with both Costa Ricans and North Americans in Tamarindo, Costa Rica, textual analysis of newspaper publications, and participant observation, I argue that North American amenity migrants are reworking the parameters of citizenship and democracy in Costa Rica. Even though they are not legally entitled to participate in the political process, foreign amenity migrants' economic power radically transforms social and cultural landscapes in Tamarindo. In addition, these affluent amenity migrants influence political decision-making processes in ways that often marginalize local Costa Ricans economically, politically, and culturally. Adviser: Lise K. Nelson en_US University of Oregon University of Oregon theses, Dept. of Geography, M.A., 2008; Tamagringo: Citizenship and Community Change in Tamarindo, Costa Rica Thesis
Temporary Worker, Permanent Alien: An Analysis of Guest Worker Programs in the United States and CanadaTrautman, Laurie (University of Oregon, October 17, 2014)[more][less]Nelson, Lise Trautman, Laurie 2014-10-17T16:14:14Z 2014-10-17T16:14:14Z 2014-10-17 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18516 Over the last several decades, economic globalization has presented many `advanced' economies with a dilemma between facilitating the flow of goods while simultaneously regulating the flow of labor. This contradiction has manifested itself in the immigration policies of Canada and the U.S., which have each pursued distinct strategies for importing foreign workers to maintain global economic competition. Such workers, whether legal `guest workers' or `illegal' immigrants, reside within the boundaries of the state, yet remain permanent aliens. This dissertation explores how guest worker policy specifically and immigration policy more broadly have been constructed and debated in national political discourse from 1990 to 2010. In addition, research in two rural case study communities reveals how labor markets and social geographies are re-shaped by the interaction between workers of varying legal and `illegal' statuses. This multi-scaled and comparative analysis of the understudied issue of guest worker programs reveals how different forms of exclusion, constructed at national and local scales, become deeply interwoven together to produce new labor market realities and reinforce national identities predicated on protecting the composition of the nation while actively promoting global economic competition. en_US University of Oregon All Rights Reserved. guest worker Immigration precarious labor Temporary foreign labor Temporary Worker, Permanent Alien: An Analysis of Guest Worker Programs in the United States and Canada Electronic Thesis or Dissertation Ph.D. doctoral Department of Geography University of Oregon
Slager, Emily (University of Oregon, October 3, 2013)[more][less]Meehan, Katharine Slager, Emily 2013-10-03T23:36:11Z 2013-10-03T23:36:11Z 2013-10-03 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/13312 In the face of economic, demographic, and infrastructural decline, Detroit, Michigan has become a destination for tourists interested in viewing the city's iconic ruins. Using data collected through participant observation, interviews, and document analysis, this thesis examines these emerging practices of ruin tourism in order to understand how such tourism operates, how it is related to representations of the city in popular media, and how it contributes to economic redevelopment in Detroit. Situated in literature about ruination and liminality, tourism geography, and critical urban geography, the study contributes to understandings of urban redevelopment in the post-industrial United States. en_US University of Oregon All Rights Reserved. Detroit Redevelopment Representation Ruins Tourism Urban geography Touring Detroit: Ruins, Representation, and Redevelopment Electronic Thesis or Dissertation M.A. masters Department of Geography University of Oregon
Traditional Infrastructure, Modern Flows: Cultural Politics of Modernization in the Kathmandu ValleyMolden, Olivia (University of Oregon, August 18, 2015)[more][less]Meehan, Katie Molden, Olivia 2015-08-18T23:10:55Z 2015-08-18 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19320 The Kathmandu Valley's ancient stone spouts system provides a case study to understand uneven processes of urban modernization. Interviews and archival material from fieldwork in the Lalitpur District of Kathmandu provide evidence to understand the role of traditional infrastructure in modernization efforts. Rather than assuming there is something inherently traditional or modern, my research investigates ways in which people position themselves around ideas of tradition and see infrastructure as more than operational. Findings indicate that the labeling of the stone spout system as traditional through modes of use, management, valorization, and modification point to a dissatisfaction with modern development. This research provides a contemporary example of the traditional, demonstrating that despite dominant urban theorizing, urban modernization and the erasure of tradition are an impossible and incomplete process. These findings extend post-colonial urban scholarship by considering cities beyond limiting and universalizing categories of development. This thesis includes unpublished coauthored material. en_US University of Oregon All Rights Reserved. Cultural heritage Infrastructure Modernization Tradition Urban geography Water Traditional Infrastructure, Modern Flows: Cultural Politics of Modernization in the Kathmandu Valley Electronic Thesis or Dissertation 10000-01-01 M.A. masters Department of Geography University of Oregon
UNDERSTANDING HYDROPOWER IN CHINA: BALANCING ENERGY SECURITY, DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN THE NU RIVER VALLEY OF YUNNAN PROVINCEPtak, Thomas (University of Oregon, October 27, 2016)[more][less]Su, Xiaobo Ptak, Thomas 2016-10-27T18:36:31Z 2016-10-27 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/20445 Research to date analyzing socioeconomic, social and environmental implications emanating from hydropower development in China has focused disproportionally on macro-scale projects, specifically large dams. The very size of these projects should not, but largely have, obscured other developments of significance; small hydropower operations. Small dams and diversion stations with an operating capacity of 50 Megawatts or less represent approximately a third of installed hydroelectric capacity in China. Recently, the proliferation of small hydropower has rapidly increased, particularly in Yunnan province. A belief that small hydropower operations are an environmentally sound alternative to burning coal, which contributes to China's much publicized air quality issues and global climate challenges drives current development. However, despite the significance of small-scale projects, research to date has largely neglected their role. As a result of this 'tunnel vision', an integral component of China's hydropower assemblage has received inadequate attention, remaining little known and less understood. This dissertation is the result of research that investigates small hydropower development in a rural and remote corner of China's Nu river valley, located in the far northwest of Yunnan province. Objectives of the research were evaluating the effectiveness of small operations to promote socioeconomic development in rural and remote communities while contributing to China's broader energy security demands. In addition, the research evaluated the ways hydropower development and the supply of electricity shaped the social circumstances in village communities of the upper Nu river valley. Finally, this research analyzed a range of environmental implications resulting from small operations that were both evident on local landscapes and in spaces far removed. en_US University of Oregon All Rights Reserved. China Development Energy Environment Hydropower UNDERSTANDING HYDROPOWER IN CHINA: BALANCING ENERGY SECURITY, DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN THE NU RIVER VALLEY OF YUNNAN PROVINCE Electronic Thesis or Dissertation 10000-01-01 Ph.D. doctoral Department of Geography University of Oregon
Understanding the Roles of Network Structure and Distance in the Process of Natural Resource Policy ImplementationKenbeek, Seth (University of Oregon, August 18, 2015)[more][less]Bone, Christopher Kenbeek, Seth 2015-08-18T23:01:25Z 2015-08-18 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19242 Policy makers write policies that are implemented by actors at various levels of government. This results in policies that are implemented differently than how they were intended due to institutional contexts, pressure from the agency, personal beliefs, and collaboration between bureaucrats. This is especially true of natural resource policies, which are implemented at local scales by actors spread across the landscape. This research explores the effects that pressure from above, beliefs of individual actors, collaboration between actors, network structure, and distance between actors collectively have on policy implementation in federal natural resource agencies. A network modeling approach is employed to simulate the policy implementation process as a network of bureaucrats. Results indicate that network structure has little influence on the policy outcome, but adding distance alters the policy outcomes sensitivity to other parameters. The results illuminate the need to consider distance in policy implementation research. en_US University of Oregon All Rights Reserved. Network Modeling Policy Implementation Social Networks Understanding the Roles of Network Structure and Distance in the Process of Natural Resource Policy Implementation Electronic Thesis or Dissertation 10000-01-01 M.S. masters Department of Geography University of Oregon
McLees, Leslie (University of Oregon, 2012)[more][less]Cohen, Shaul McLees, Leslie McLees, Leslie 2012-10-26T03:57:57Z 2012-10-26T03:57:57Z 2012 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12364 There is a fundamental shift in the way people are living on the planet. Over half of the world's population now lives in cities, yet many of these cities continue to struggle to provide basic services, infrastructure and food security for the billions of people who live in cities. Despite decades of intervention by international and national development agencies, cities in regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa are increasingly framed in apocalyptic and dystopian terms, serving as a warning of the dangers of overurbanization while being criticized for their lack of urban development. This contradictory framing poses the question of how a city and the people who live there actually survive. Building on emerging work in critical urban studies, this research examines how narrow definitions of what counts as urban hinder the understanding of cities in different regional contexts and limit our imaginations of how people survive and thrive in the face of the challenges that cities provide. To examine the idea of what is urban in the context of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, I use the lens of urban open space farms, large lots of land in the built-up environment of the city used for farming, to explore what makes farming urban, how the practice of farming contributes to and is embedded within urban systems, and how farms and farmers can illuminate the material practices and ephemeral experiences that constitute the reality of people's daily life in cities. I employ a methodology based on interviews, photo voice, mental mapping, and observation over time to explore the dynamics of farms as spaces and farmers as agents in constructing these spaces over time. The purpose is to contribute to a definition of the urban that moves past associations with capitalism and industrialization as the defining processes of the city towards one more inclusive of the way people experience these spaces, how they remake them to fit the city, and what this means for interventions that focus on the marginalization of people and the ways that cities fail, rather than how they actually work. en_US University of Oregon All Rights Reserved. postcolonial theory Tanzania urban agriculture urban geography Understanding the Urban: The Role of Open Space Agriculture in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Electronic Thesis or Dissertation
Western Spruce Budworm, Climate, and Forest Fire Interactions in the Interior Pacific Northwest: A Multi-Century Dendrochronological AnalysisFlower, Aquila (University of Oregon, October 10, 2013)[more][less]Gavin, Daniel Flower, Aquila 2013-10-10T23:20:48Z 2014-12-29T21:12:32Z 2013-10-10 http://hdl.handle.net/1794/13447 I assessed the relationship between natural disturbances and climate in Douglas-fir forests in western North America. I quantified synchrony within disturbance types, explored the potential for synergism between disturbance types, and analyzed changes in disturbance dynamics that have occurred following Euro-American settlement of western North America. I used new and previously published dendrochronological reconstructions of disturbance histories and climatic variability to explore these complex interactions at multiple spatial scales over the last three centuries. I used dendroentomological methods to reconstruct western spruce budworm outbreaks at thirteen sites along a transect running from central Oregon to western Montana. These forests experienced repeated, often decadal-length western spruce budworm outbreaks over the last three centuries. I compared my records with previously published outbreak reconstructions and found widespread synchrony of outbreaks at stand-level, regional, and sub-continental scales. At ten of my sites, I also reconstructed or obtained previously published reconstructions of fire dates. I compared these disturbance histories with dendroclimatological drought records to quantify the influence of moisture availability on disturbances. I found that fires were more likely to occur during drought years, while western spruce budworm outbreaks were most likely to begin near the end of droughts. After approximately 1890, fires were largely absent from these sites and western spruce budworm outbreaks became longer-lasting, more frequent, and more synchronous, likely due to land-use induced changes in the structure and composition of forests. My results show no discernible impact of defoliation events on subsequent fire risk. Any effect from the addition of fine and coarse fuels during defoliation events was too small to detect given the overriding influence of climatic variability. If there is any relationship between the two disturbances, it is a subtle synergistic relationship wherein each disturbance type dampens the severity but does not alter the probability of occurrence of the other disturbance type over long time scales. This dissertation includes unpublished co-authored material. en_US University of Oregon All Rights Reserved. climate dendrochronology dendroentomology fire natural disturbance western spruce budworm Western Spruce Budworm, Climate, and Forest Fire Interactions in the Interior Pacific Northwest: A Multi-Century Dendrochronological Analysis Electronic Thesis or Dissertation Ph.D. doctoral Department of Geography University of Oregon
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It is my birthday. I wanted to buy the dress for her as a birthday gift. As I received the dress, I found the dress is so nice and the sash is beautiful. but the neckline of the dress is a little dirty. I send it to dry clean. Then I pack the dress with a beautiful box. hope my daughter like the dress.
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|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|2 - 3 nights
2 bedroom, 1 bathroom, 2nd story guest house. Cozy mountain retreat in the pines that sleeps 6. Private outdoor deck with BBQ grille. Hiking & biking trails in the subdivision. Property is situated on 6 acres surrounded by 16 acres of open space. Close to lakes, skiing, snowmobiling, fishing and hunting. Plenty of Room to park your snowmobile or boat trailer while enjoying our Guest house with all the comforts of home. Bedrooms include 1 king, 1 queen and a full hide a bed in the great room. Enjoy WIFI and satellite television while relaxing in our large great room after your day of Grand County Adventures. We are pet friendly but can only accommodate 2 dogs.
This was our second time visiting Legacy Pines. It is very welcoming, inviting and super clean! Not to mention the beds are super comfy. It is a bit far from Winter Park, but that is what we like about it. It is very peaceful there and evening walks in the moonlight are beautiful. Not to mention our dogs love it there too!!!
Very nice decent size home with a cabin feel to it. Around great scenery and very peaceful. Within an easy drive of Ski Granby Ranch or 20/30 minutes from Winter Park area. Depending on weather.
We had a wonderful time here, and we're able to bring our dogs, which is a must for us.
The house is beautiful, and the kitchen was stocked with more "essentials" than other places we've stayed (i.e., we forgot to bring butter/oil, but there's a can of Pam in the cupboard!).
King bed was comfortable!
The bathroom is a bit small, and we do wish the lighting was better, as it was pretty dark in the evenings with all of the lights on ( I try to be conservative with electricity).
Love the quietness due to the remoteness of the location, and the hosts could not have been nicer or more helpful!
My wife and I had a great weekend in the Granby area when we stayed two nights at this great, clean, very nicely-furnished, and home-like guest house. We would love to stay there again.
Very beautiful, quiet and nice house and close to the Rocky Mountain National Park. Just perfect. We will come back.
Our stay here was absolutely wonderful! The kitchen is fully equipped and we definitely felt right at home here. The property is very clean inside and out, and we used the outside grill a few times! We enjoyed wonderful views going in and out of Legacy Pines and everything is close by (groceries, gas station, etc).
This location is about 30 mins drive or so from Rocky Mountain National Park and about an hour and half to Estes Park. There are also some rafting tour companies nearby (we went to Kremmling for MAD rafting) as well as several public lands all around. Lake Granby and Grand lake areas are also a very short drive away where you can rent boats. I would definitely recommend this place to anyone going out to CO!
The owners do live right next door and are extremely wonderful. Thanks Bill and Deb! :)
|Rental Period
|Minimum Price
|Additional Nights
|Weekend Night
|Event Price
4th of July
29 Jun 2017 - 6 Jul 2017
3 night minimum stay
for 3 nights
My Standard Rate
2 night minimum stay
for 2 nights
|Pet Fee
|Property Damage Protection
|Tax Rate
There is a one time Non-Refundable $50 pet fee per dog.


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"Reflection" Lhasa Favorite Tip by Sharrie
Lhasa General: 53 reviews and 62 photos
Fondest memory: Crystal clear lakes which reflect dreams in the hearts of the people!
The presence of water was the determining factor in the birth of the Tibetan Civilization. Here in Lhasa, the Brahmaputra (Great River) (Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibetan) is of utmost importance.
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So as the title suggests have any of you been offered a job while in early stages of pregnancy? I went for a job interview about 3 weeks ago and got a call back today and have been offered the job. I also just found out that I am pregnant a few days ago, I'm only about 5-6 weeks.
The job is only a casual position but I don't know if I should tell the manager before accepting the job? Im not sure legally if I have to let her know or not?
I also have horrible morning sickness (not vomiting but just feeling sick all day) how do you cope working with morning sickness?
Thankyou in advance!


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October 26th, 2006
Episode 67 of 553 episodes
Rick Sellers from Pacific Brew News Radio reports on a California brewing competition for women only. Also, Chris Colby from BYO explains high-end RIMS and HERMS brewing systems.
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Just Mobile AluDisc
It should come as a surprise to no one that Just Mobile is back at it again, with yet another handsome metal Mac accessory made to fill a need you might not even know you had. This time, it's AluDisc ($70). If you guessed it's a disc of aluminum, you're right on. It's a stand, giving your iMac or Apple display the ability to rotate 360 degrees. Updated with new photos and hands-on impressions!
The aluminum circle is 11 inches in diameter, and just over three-quarters of an inch tall. Inside, there's a ball-bearing system that allows it to easily spin all the way around. Just Mobile says this is great for reshaping your workspace, or even just accessing your ports without having to reach around blindly. We could see it being particularly useful in a business setting, where one might want to rotate an iMac to show what's on the screen.
Updated: Originally announced at the end of May, AluDisc is now actually shipping, and we've had an opportunity to try it out. The pedestal is quite big, with enough space to accommodate a 27" iMac or Thunderbolt Display leg with a little bit of room to spare on each side. Unlike the swirled silver top, the plastic bottom is completely covered in rubber, with a small gap to let the disc swivel in complete silence through 360 degrees of freedom. Our review sample looked great and worked perfectly, with the footprint as its only arguable issue; while it's right-sized for Macs, it's too big to fit properly atop Just Mobile's Drawer, which we continue to love. If all you're looking for is less than an inch of elevation and some rotation, consider it. We're hoping to see a combo of the two ideas in a future sequel.
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The mechanism by which dementia occurs in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not known. We assessed changes in hippocampal dendritic spines of APP/PS1 transgenic mice that accumulate amyloid beta throughout the brain. Three-dimensional analysis of 21 507 dendritic spines in the dentate gyrus, a region crucial for learning and memory, revealed a substantial decrease in the frequency of large spines in plaque-free regions of APP/PS1 mice. Plaque-related dendrites also show striking alterations in spine density and morphology. However, plaques occupy only 3.9% of the molecular layer volume. Because large spines are considered to be the physical traces of long-term memory, widespread decrease in the frequency of large spines likely contributes to the cognitive impairments observed in this AD model.
One of the primary pathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the presence of amyloid plaques, formed by aggregated β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides. In mice, the expression of chimeric mouse/human amyloid precursor protein (Mo/HuAPP695swe) and a mutant human presenilin 1 (PS1-dE9), proteins that are both involved in familial forms of AD, lead to an early amyloid pathology. These double transgenic mice (APP/PS1) are often used as an animal model of AD, although they do not develop the extensive neuronal loss or neurofibrillary changes typical in AD (Irizarry et al. 1997). Nevertheless, this mouse model is used to investigate the effect of Aβ overproduction and deposition on brain circuitry.
Although Aβ plaques have been associated with changes in neurite morphology and dendritic spine density (Tsai et al. 2004; Spires et al. 2005), there is a poor correlation between plaque load and cognitive functions (Terry et al. 1991), raising doubts as to whether the accumulation of Aβ plaques in the brain induces AD. Nevertheless, morphological studies on AD models and patients have so far focused on the structural changes occurring within or proximal to plaques (Tsai et al. 2004; Spires et al. 2005).
Dendritic spines represent the major postsynaptic elements of excitatory synapses in the cerebral cortex (Gray 1959) and are fundamental to memory, learning and cognition (Lamprecht and LeDoux 2004). Dendritic spines undergo remarkable activity-dependent structural changes (Lang et al. 2004; Tsai et al. 2004). The spine head size influences spine motility and stability. Spine head size determines the probability that a spine bears a synapse (Arellano et al. 2007). Furthermore, there is a strong correlation between spine head size and the strength of the axo-spinous synapse (Zuo et al. 2005). Importantly, recent evidence indicates that spine heads are targets of oligomeric Aβ (Lacor et al. 2007). Therefore, spine head morphology may link Aβ pathology and synaptic dysfunction.
We individually injected granular neurons in the dentate gyrus with a fluorescent dye and counterstained Aβ plaques with thiflavin-s. We measured the head volume and neck length in 3 dimensions of thousands of individual dendritic spines that have been scanned by confocal microscopy. Our results show that plaques substantially affect dendrites and spines. Importantly, we also determined that plaque-free regions of APP/PS1 mice are affected. These regions are very deficient in large spines, although spine density is conserved. We suggest that widespread decreased frequency of large spines contributes to the cognitive deficits found in this AD model.
Materials and Methods
The mouse line used in this study (N = 9, age 12–14 months) expressed a Mo/Hu APP695swe construct in conjunction with the exon-9–deleted variant of human presenilin 1 (PS1-dE9) (Scheuner et al. 1996). Age-matched littermates served as controls (N = 9). The experiments were approved by the ethical institutional committee according to National Institutes of Health guidelines.
Intracellular Injections
The preparation of brains for intracellular injections is detailed in the supplemental methods. A total of 235 granular neurons from Tg− mice and 462 neurons from APP/PS1 mice were microinjected individually with Alexa594 (Invitrogen, Eugene, OR, Fig. 1a,b). After injection, plaques were counterstained with thioflavin-s. Image acquisition and processing are described in the supplemental information. All morphological measurements were performed on stacks that did not contain images of plaques (see supplemental information).
Spine Morphology
Imaris 5.0 (Bitplane AG, Zurich, Switzerland) was used to measure spine head volume and neck length. A solid surface that exactly matched the contours of the head was constructed for each spine (Isosurface module, Fig. 1j–m, Supplemental Fig. 1b,c). For details, see supplemental methods.
Unbiased Stereology
The number of labeled plaques was estimated by optical fractionator. The volume of plaques was estimated with the Nucleator probe (Moller et al. 1990), as described in the supplemental methods.
For all measured morphological parameters, values were averaged to give a cell mean. Neurons from each animal were averaged for an animal mean. Normality was tested using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Because our values had Gaussian distributions, a 2-tailed unpaired t-test was used to test for overall effect. When more than 2 groups were compared, a one-way ANOVA was used, followed by the Newman–Keuls multiple comparison post hoc test. Data are presented as the mean ± SE.
Altered Spine Density in Plaque-Related Dendrites
We used APP/PS1 mice at the age of 12–14 months. Because transgenic mice of this age range show cognitive decline (Malm et al. 2007) and deficits in cortical plasticity (Battaglia et al. 2007), our working hypothesis was that these mice would exhibit substantial changes in their dendritic spines. Although the toxic effects of Aβ plaques on dendritic spines have been documented before in the neocortex (Tsai et al. 2004; Spires et al. 2005), we hypothesized that in the dentate gyrus, Aβ plaques would also have a tropic effect, given the extensive sprouting in the hippocampal molecular layer seen in an AD model (Masliah et al. 1991).
We examined 1,589 amyloid plaques and 462 APP/PS1 injected granular neurons by confocal microscopy (63×, glycerol, zoom 3.2, Fig. 1a–d). We encountered 52 dendrites that passed within plaques and 32 dendrites that contacted a plaque but did not pass within it (Fig. 1e,f). Typical plaques, positive for thiflavin-s, consisted of a core, surrounded by a diffuse ring of decreasing density (Cruz et al. 1997). The dendrites passing within plaques were always located in the diffuse peripheral ring (Fig. 1e,g–i).
Dendrites were categorized according to their location with respect to Aβ plaques (Fig. 2a). Categories included: 1) dendrites from transgene-negative (control) mice (Tg−), 2) dendrites located in a plaque-free area throughout their length (Plaque-free), 3) dendrites that passed within a plaque (Plaque), and 4) dendrites in contact with a plaque edge (part of the dendrite located within 0.2 μm from the plaque edge, as measured 3D) but did not pass through it (In contact, see Supplemental Fig. 1a,b).
Spine density was significantly different among the 4 categories of dendrites (P = 0.019, one-way ANOVA, Fig. 2b). In Plaque dendrites, spine density was significantly lower than in other categories of dendrites (0.950 ± 0.075 spines/μm, N = 9, P < 0.001, Newman–Keuls multiple comparison test). Spine density for In contact dendrites was significantly higher than in other categories of dendrites (2.05 ± 0.13, N = 9, P < 0.001). Spine density for Plaque-free dendrites (1.521 ± 0.047, N = 9) was not significantly different than control (Tg−) dendrites (1.410 ± 0.052, N = 9).
Spine density normally changes as a function of distance from the soma. Sholl analysis can be used to examine spine density at different distances from the soma. Sholl analysis revealed that spine density for Plaque-free dendrites was similar to control (Tg−) dendrites over their entire length (Fig. 2d). Spine density for each segment located within or in contact with a plaque was compared with the average spine density at same distance from soma in Tg− mice. We found a decrease of 37.21 ± 6.03% in spine density within plaques (P < 0.0001, t-test) and a 37.77 ± 15.77% increase in spine density of In contact dendrites (P = 0.01, Fig. 2e). Thus, we found considerable sprouting of spines in dendrites contacting Aβ plaques, whereas there was a loss of spines in dendrites passing through Aβ plaques.
Decreased Frequency of Large Spines in Plaque-Free Areas
Spine head volume and neck length were measured in 3 dimensions in confocal image stacks. Head volume was significantly different among the 4 categories of dendrites (P = 0.0016, one-way ANOVA, Fig. 3b). Average head volume was significantly lower (P < 0.05, Newman–Keuls multiple comparison post hoc test) in Plaque-free spines (0.080 ± 0.004 μm3; 9913 spines) and for In contact spines (0.076 ± 0.006; 443 spines), when compared with Plaque spines (0.107 ± 0.008; 474 spines), and control (0.103 ± 0.006; 10 677 spines).
Although the average head volumes for control spines and Plaque spines were similar, frequency analysis revealed that the within-groups distribution was substantially different between the 2 groups (Fig. 3c). Within plaques, there was a 36% decrease in the prevalence of small-headed spines (head volume < 0.05 μm3) and a 40% increase in the prevalence of spines with a medium-size head (head volume 0.05–0.1 μm3), compared with control spines (Fig. 3c). The prevalence of large-headed spines (large spines, head volume > 0.1 μm3) was similar for both dendritic types (Fig. 3c). Our measurements show that large spines represent 23% of Tg− dentate gyrus spines but only 14.4% of the plaque-free APP/PS1 spines. This implies a decrease of 38% in the prevalence of large spines in the plaque-free regions of APP/PS1 mice. When compared with control mice, there was a 52% decrease in the prevalence of large spines in dendrites contacting plaques (Fig. 3d). We also divided the granular neurons into neurons that have come into contact with or passed within plaques at some point along their length and those that never contacted a plaque. An analysis of the spine head volume revealed that spines located in plaque-free regions had a similar head volume although they arise from different neuronal types (Supplemental Fig. 2).
Significant differences in average spine neck length, as was measured manually in 3 dimensions, were found among dendritic categories (P < 0.0001, one-way ANOVA, Fig. 3e,f). Plaque spines had a longer neck (0.634 ± 0.028 μm, P < 0.001, Newman–Keuls Multiple Comparison Test) than control spines (0.443 ± 0.012) and Plaque-free spines (0.455 ± 0.035). Necks of In contact spines showed intermediate length (0.540 ± 0.026) and were significantly different from other dendritic categories (P < 0.05).
Amyloid Plaques Occupy a Small Fraction of the Molecular Layer Volume
We have described remarkable changes within and near plaques that can affect local synaptic circuits. To quantitatively determine the impact of plaques on the dentate gyrus connectivity, we immunocytochemically stained Aβ plaques in sections of APP/PS1 brains, taken from the same mice. We then determined, using unbiased stereology, the total number of plaques and their volume in the molecular layer. From this, we calculated the total volume occupied by plaques.
The estimated total number of molecular layer plaques per mouse in one hemisphere was 609.9 ± 37.14 (range 555–756 plaques/mouse, N = 5 mice). The density of plaques in the inner molecular layer (IML) was 3.00 ± 0.25 plaques/100 μm3, whereas the density of plaques in the middle/outer molecular layer (M/OML) was 5.99 ± 0.39 plaques/100 μm3 (Fig. 3g). This observation supports the finding that plaques in the dentate gyrus of AD brains have a strong tendency to line up in the molecular layer, approximately two-thirds of the way from the top of the hippocampal fissure (Crain and Burger 1989). The average plaque volume was 5657 ± 1488 μm3 in the IML and 8719 ± 1109 μm3 in the M/OML (P > 0.05). The estimated volume occupied by Aβ plaques was 1.59 ± 0.39% in IML and 5.15 ± 0.60% in the M/OML (Fig. 3g). The volume occupied by Aβ plaques in the entire molecular layer was 3.9 ± 0.4%. These results suggest that under our experimental conditions, Aβ plaques occupy a relatively small fraction of the total molecular layer volume.
The current study shows that plaque-free regions of the dentate gyrus in APP/PS1 mice are deficient in large spines and that dendritic spines are also affected locally by Aβ plaques. However, under our experimental conditions, plaques occupy a volume below 4% of the dentate gyrus molecular layer.
Decreased Frequency of Large Spines may Imply Loss of Memory
Dendritic spine heads bear the vast majority (90%) of excitatory synapses in the central nervous system (Gray 1959). They undergo remarkable activity-dependent structural changes (Lang et al. 2004; Knafo et al. 2005) and are targets of oligomeric Aβ (Lacor et al. 2007). Although morphological changes within Aβ plaques can affect local synaptic circuits, because plaques occupy a minor fraction of the dentate gyrus volume, widespread changes outside plaques are more likely to contribute to the synaptic and cognitive impairments found in APP/PS1 mice (Battaglia et al. 2007; Malm et al. 2007).
Large spines contain polyribosomes that locally regulate protein synthesis and are surrounded by perisynaptic astroglial processes that regulate local glutamate and Ca2+ levels (Ostroff et al. 2002; Haber et al. 2006; Witcher et al. 2007). Large spines persist for months in the mouse cerebral cortex (Grutzendler et al. 2002; Trachtenberg et al. 2002). Large spines bear synapses exceptionally stable (Bourne and Harris 2007). Large spines are also enriched with α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (Matsuzaki et al. 2001), which make their synapses functionally stronger (Matsuzaki et al. 2001; Nimchinsky et al. 2004; Ashby et al. 2006). Moreover, large spines are formed after synaptic potentiation in the dentate gyrus (Bourne and Harris 2007) and in CA1 region (Lang et al. 2004; Matsuzaki et al. 2004). Thus, large spines were proposed to act as physical traces of long-term memory (Kasai et al. 2003; Bourne and Harris, 2007).
Given that large spines in the dentate gyrus bear stable synapses that form part of the hippocampal memory storage system (Bontempi et al. 1999), a decrease in the frequency of large spines should lead to the memory loss seen in APP/PS1 mice (Malm et al. 2007). Nevertheless, it is possible that the decreased frequency of large dendritic spines is secondary to the cognitive impairments observed in APP/PS1 mice, and those in plasticity (Fiala et al. 2002). Both memory and synaptic plasticity are disrupted in AD models and patients (Nalbantoglu et al. 1997), potentially preventing plasticity-related spine enlargement (Lang et al. 2004).
Dendritic Spines are Altered by Aβ Plaques
We report here that dendrites that pass through a plaque lose spines, whereas dendrites that contact a plaque gain spines. Dendrites located in plaque-free areas show a spine density similar to those of Tg− mice but have a decreased frequency of large spines. Decreased spine density within plaques and sprouting of spines in the vicinity of plaques have been documented in the neocortex (Ferrer et al. 1990; Tsai et al. 2004). The decreased spine density within plaques could be explained by alterations to the ratio of spine formation to elimination, leading a higher proportion of aspiny dendrites as observed in the cortex of Tg2576 mice (Spires-Jones et al. 2007).
In contrast to our observations, a recent study reported a reduction in spine density in the hippocampus of APP mice before and after the appearance of plaques (Jacobsen et al. 2006). This discrepancy could be related to the fact that a different mouse model was used in this study (APP vs. APP/PS1), as well as a different staining method (Golgi staining vs. intracellular injections), and a different method for quantification (quantification of short dendritic segments vs. full dendritic lengths). A decrease in spine density in the hippocampus of aged APP/PS1 mice described previously (Moolman et al. 2004) could be explained by including the dendrites located within plaques in the analysis, because spine density is significantly lower at these sites (see Tsai et al. 2004 and Fig. 1b). Other studies reported a decrease in synaptic density in AD models (Dong et al. 2007; Priller et al. 2007). However, although we quantified dendritic spines, these earlier studies quantified synapses regardless of their location (spine or dendritic shaft). Thus, the possibility that the decrease in synaptic density arises from the loss of shaft synapses cannot be excluded.
The increased spine density in the vicinity of the plaques can be explained by the release of neurotrophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor by astrocytes that typically surround Aβ plaques (Mandybur 1989; Saha et al. 2006). It is tempting to speculate that the growth of new spines in the vicinity of the plaques is an attempt by the diseased brain to compensate for the loss of spines within them.
Aβ Plaques Protect Large Spines
Notably, the prevalence of large spines within plaques and in Tg− control mice was similar. Although we observed a 36% decrease in spine density within plaques, this decrease was mainly due to a decrease in the frequency of spines with small heads (see Fig. 3c). This may imply that plaques serve as a protective microenvironment for large spines. The persistence of large spines within plaques can contribute to the weak correlation between the quantity of amyloid deposition and dementia (Katzman et al. 1988). The sprouting of spines in dendrites of immediate proximity to plaques is another observation that can explain the same phenomenon. These dendrites possess predominantly small-headed spines. However, it remains to be determined whether spines within and near plaque bear synapses and if these synapses are functional.
To summarize, we suggest that the substantial alterations in dendritic spines within plaques most likely affect local synaptic connections. However, it is difficult to determine whether these changes contribute to the cognitive impairment seen in these mice. Because the plaque load and cognitive impairment in AD patients does not appear to be correlated (Terry et al. 1991), it is possible that the contribution of plaques to cognitive impairment is relatively insignificant. Therefore, we propose that the widespread changes in plaque-free regions, corresponding to more than 95% of the neuropil, may have a more important influence on the cognitive status of these mice.
Supplementary Material
Supplementary material can be found at: http://www.cercor.oxfordjournals.org/
CIBERNED grant, Fundacion Caixa (BM05-47-0); The EU 6th Framework Program (PROMEMORIA LSHM-CT-2005-512012); the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology (grant BFU2006-13395); and Juan de la Cierva Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology fellowship to S.K.
We thank Gabriel Santpere, Ana Martinez, and Gerard Muntane for genotyping the mice. Conflict of Interest: None declared.


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Not only is it possible to fracture your penis, but doing so constitutes a "medical emergency" that makes your junk look like a vegetable.
Dr. Abraham Morgentaler, a urologist and author of The Truth About Men And Sex, joined HuffPost Live's Nancy Redd on Tuesday to answer all the questions men are afraid to ask. Morgentaler said penis fractures most often happen in the middle of sex, sometimes when one partner falls out of the bed.
"The inside of the penis has basically a long cylinder that's filled with blood, and then the skin goes around that. If that cylinder gets too much pressure on it, it'll crack and the blood will leave, so the penis softens and you get a big eggplant-colored thing ... an eggplant-looking penis, because it's all black and blue and hugely swollen," Morgentaler said.
Not to worry: The doctor added that by draining the blood and adding a few stitches, the victim can be "good as new" within a few weeks.
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Discussion in 'News / Current Events' started by Salty, Mar 3, 2009.
Coach may not participate in team prayer
How is it secular? This appears a bit disingenuous.
The world really has a problem with prayer don't they? How would bowing during prayer cause any problems? I'm surprised that prayer is even allowed.
How is it secular? How about as a simple act of respect. I can bow my head to an oriental friend or even kneel by child I am talking to without it having anything to do with prayer.
His statement may be a bit disingenuous but the real profanity here is that this coach is being prevented from freely exercising his religious beliefs. The law in this question is a clear violation of the 1st amendment. If he were a Jewish man and wore a Yarmulke during the game would they let him? If he were Muslim and his wife wore a Hijab would they let her? There is no difference here, they are trying to limit the coaches ability to exercise his religion.
Why is it those who want to demand our tolerance of their religion/lifestyle/appearance/language/you name it continue to in intolerant of ours?
Our school still has prayer at all events. And yes it is a public school and I thank God for it. I am sure its just a matter of time.
Yes, unfortunately, the Against Civil Liberties (yours and mine..... as 'they' choose to define them) Union has already pounced on the schools in my county: The school board lost and is having to rewrite their policies. That's a sad fact for the majority of students and their families in this area. However, the students themselves...... praise the LORD....... are now clinging together as a group of Bible believers to organize and promote with the volunteering of churches and/or other places large enough to hold an assembly.....their own baccalareate services ------free from any administration by the school board. As to whether the teachers or the school board will be invited or not..... or have any recognition or not..... it is all totally up to the student organizers ...... as also is attendance and participation by the graduating students a gesture of opportunity instead of a required assembly.
Please pray for these Christian students in my county which are boldly taking a stand for what they believe in, and pray that God will open opportunities to all of us to find gloirfying ways and opportunities to acknowledge him as we find increasing restrictions placed upon our espressions. There may come a time when such expression, even if exercised and supported within the community, becomes defined as 'disorderly conduct' in which case..... we just might have to be willing to dare the consequences of 'civil disobediance' if charged!
Already, I'm formulating a plan of quietly and out loud, after any initial opening which regards the flag or our national anthem...... to follow with the audible saying of the "Lord's prayer" in hopes that those within hearing and agreement of faith will also join in the repetition. An 'arrest' for such 'bad behavior' and 'inciting' others to follow, when such is so brief to be endured by others who may be offended by less than 30 seconds...... would be an honor for me to have recognized my God as suppreme in authority!
Perfect! See, we don't have to have the public dollar supporting our religious services. We can hold them in our own assemblies without government sponsorship, as it should be. Congratulations to the folks in your community!


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34 year old man treated with Voluma
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