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- Location Details
- Hours
- Reviews
- Services
- Photos/Videos
- Careers
FedEx Office Print & Ship Center
7291 Battle Hill Dr C
Mechanicsville, VA 23111 US
Printing with FedEx OfficeStart Online Order
Hours of OperationMonday 7:30 AM–9:00 PM Tuesday 7:30 AM–9:00 PM Wednesday 7:30 AM–9:00 PM Thursday 7:30 AM–9:00 PM Friday 7:30 AM–9:00 PM Saturday 8:00 AM–6:00 PM Sunday Closed
Latest Express DropoffMonday – Friday 6:00 PM Saturday 3:00 PM Sunday No Pickup
Latest FedEx Ground® DropoffMonday – Friday 6:00 PM Saturday No Pickup Sunday No Pickup
Reviews for this FedEx Office Print & Ship Center2/17/2017Edith was extremely pleasant and helpful. Couldn't ask for more. Read more1/18/2017Charles had a very professional and pleasant demeanor. He provided me a comprehensive explanation of the shipping options available (the… Read more12/22/2016I was concerned about my package containing Christmas gifts arriving on time to my sister and family in Alabama. Justin and Charles were… Read more12/1/2016Charles was very helpful, professional, and friendly. Explained the different methods of shipping and arrival times. Offered to help with… Read more11/25/2016Edith at the mechanicsville location of LFIKN went above and beyond for me today was very helpful and extremely friendly!! love this… Read more10/25/2016Charles provided excellent customer service, was very polite and professional. Thank you. Read more10/18/2016Team member was Charles G. As soon as I entered the store, he made me feel welcome. This was great since I had just had a disappointing stop… Read more10/9/2016None. Read more10/9/2016Edith No.5 is always, pleasant, helpful and represents your company well. Read more9/7/2016I have ordered some printing services from this location before and the employee that has helped me everytime is a young man named Justin.… Read more8/31/2016Barbara is fantastic!. Read more8/23/2016Amazing! Barbara is a fantastic employee. She's made the experience fun and enjoyable. Read more8/15/2016The Team members name was Monica and she provided exceptional customer service. She was right there to help me when I walked in the door and… Read more8/6/2016Monica did a great job. Read more7/31/2016Team member was charles. Was having a problem with a shipping label. He was a great help in getting it straight. Highly recommend him to… Read more7/16/2016Charles G. gave me great customer service. He was friendly, concise, and quick - looking to make my experience both pleasant and timely. I… Read more7/11/2016I needed to print invitations on 5x5 cardstock. I entered the store with the pdf saved to an email and was promptly directed to the self… Read more6/23/2016Charles helped me at your Mechanicsville location LMHA, he was very friendly, very delightful very helpful!. Read more6/20/2016I had Kenneth. He was very helpful and polite. Very easy process to make up prints of my art. Read more6/13/2016Charles was very helpful and friendly when the self serve copier would not accept my credit card. He gave me one of the FedEx office cards… Read more
M–F Express Hold at FedEx Location Saturday Service Ground Hold at Location Saturday Hold at LocationExpress Services Ground Services Copy and Print Services Signs and BannersDirect Mail Services eBay Dropoff Center International Shipping
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Job Openings at this FedEx Office Print & Ship Center
There are no careers available for this location yet.
FedEx Locations Nearby
8800 Studley Rd
Mechanicsville, VA 23116
5210 Anthony Rd
Sandston, VA 23150
1111 E Main St
Richmond, VA 23219
9931 Brook Rd
Glen Allen, VA 23059
5719 W Broad St
Richmond, VA 23230
8800 Staples Mill Rd
Richmond, VA 23228
10236 W Broad St
Glen Allen, VA 23060
9111 Midlothian Tpke
Richmond, VA 23235
11625 W Broad St
Richmond, VA 23233
Track the Status of Your FedEx® Package
Enter a FedEx tracking or door tag number below. You can also track FedEx Office orders by entering order numbers.
eBay Valet Drop-Off
Make money the easy way when you let an eBay Valet sell your stuff. Bring your electronics, apparel, sporting goods and more to an eBay Drop-Off Center at FedEx Office, and a valet will list, sell and securely pack and ship them for you.
Copy & Print Services
Upload your documents online and pick them up at FedEx Office on 7291 Battle Hill Dr or print to any of our 1800 locations. We offer self-service color copying, high-volume digital printing, presentations and postcards to name a few.
Packing & Shipping Supplies
Get your packing supplies and let our shipping experts help you ship with FedEx. Our professionals can even help you pack your specialty items like luggage or golf clubs and ship them FedEx Express or FedEx Ground to meet you at your destination.
Computer Access & Wi-Fi
Rent a computer with internet access or get online with free AT&T Wi-Fi access at FedEx Office in Mechanicsville. Check email, browse the web, print copies or scan photos. All in one place.
Photo Printing Services
FedEx Office® Print & Ship Center also offers a full range of photo printing services that can help you make the most of your photos. Photo posters and canvases to cards, calendars and passport photos, we've got it all.


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Each week, we'll take a look at some top performers from the CFL, with an eye to looking ahead to some matchups that could be favourable for TSN Fantasy Football, CFL Edition, presented by Joseph Abboud.
Here are some of the best from Week 5 and players to watch for Week 6:
Dan LeFevour, QB, Hamilton (21-for-30, 361 YDS, 1 TD passing, 109 YDS, 13 carries, 1 TD rushing vs. Ottawa) - Apparently Zach Collaros can take his time recovering from a big hit by Edmonton's Odell Willis on July 4, as he's been placed on the six-game injured list. LeFevour's monster game against Ottawa should leave the TiCats relatively comfortable with their QB situation in Collaros' absence. LeFevour has completed 73.1% of his passes this year, and he can run, so he should be at least adequate as a fill-in while Collaros is out.
C.J. Gable, RB, Hamilton (167 YDS, 1 TD, 9 touches vs. Ottawa) - Not a lot of opportunities for Gable against the Redblacks, but he sure made the most of it, averaging 18.6 yards every time he touched the ball. Sure, it's against an expansion team, but the second-year back out of USC is providing plenty of reason for Hamilton to give him a bigger role in the offence going forward.
Will Ford, RB, Saskatchewan (137 YDS, 3 TD, 20 touches vs. Toronto) - The third-year runner out of South Carolina State, who played for Winnipeg the past two seasons, had a career day against the Argos. He rushed for 156 yards in a game against Calgary last season, but three touchdowns made last week's performance the most productive day of his relatively brief career.
Darian Durant, QB, Saskatchewan - Off to a slow start, completing fewer than 55% of his passes (compared to a career mark of 61.2%), Durant also has five touchdowns and five interceptions through his first four games in 2014. He didn't need to throw much in a rout of the Argos last week, but Durant gets a matchup against an Ottawa team that has the league's worst pass defence. Seems like a good time for a breakout performance.
Jock Sanders, RB, Calgary - As well as the B.C. Lions' defence has played, ranking second in the league with 291.6 yards against per game, they are more susceptible against the run and Sanders contributed 93 yards on 17 touches against Edmonton last week. Sanders, who has mostly been a return specialist, with a total of eight carries in three previous seasons with the Stampeders, is the primary replacement for Jon Cornish while the reigning Most Outstanding Player is recovering from a concussion.
Marcus Henry, WR, Ottawa - A big target, at 6-foot-5, Henry had a productive game (10 REC, 138 YDS, 1 TD at Hamilton) in a losing effort last week and while the Redblacks could have their troubles against Saskatchewan this week, the Riders' defence has allowed 259.3 passing yards per game, ranking seventh in the league. Henry may not duplicate the best game of his career, but there is room for him to step into a bigger role for Ottawa moving forward.
Scott Cullen can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com and followed on Twitter at http://twitter.com/tsnscottcullen. For more, check out TSN Fantasy on Facebook.
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Sensual and class, this dress is made from a fine silk chiffon and lined with silk crepe. The skirt is pleated and the top has a low draped neckline. Belt is missing - probably a sash belt. Side metal zipper. Very condition. Vintage size 10, so would fit a modern size 6 to a small size 8. Measurements are approximate: Bust - 32", Waist - 26", Hips are free due to pleating.
5 other shoppers have this item in their Cart or Wish List .
Happy New Year to all! Be sure to check out our many items that are $20 and under!


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Episode 19 – Succumb to the Disease
From Project '62
We speak with Steven Johnson about his new book Wonderland. He is the bestselling author of 10 books, including How We Got to Now, Where Good Ideas Come From, The Invention of Air and Everything Bad Is Good for You.
Had a GREAT interview today with Chicago blues diva Ms. Sharon Lewis today, to talk about her new release on Delmark Records: "A Grown Ass Woman". To add this CD to your collection, get ahold of Sharon at: email@example.com
Privacy Statement
© KFAI, 1808 Riverside Avenue, Minneapolis, MN 55454 Tel: 612-341-3144


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The Organizer # 18
SORWUC [the Service, Office and Retail Workers' Union of Canada] - Frances Rooney
Interview with the IASR (Anarcho-Syndicalist Initiative from Romania)
Diary of an anarchist hospo worker
On the Line Vol. 1, No. 2 (1978)
The Organizer # 24
The Organizer # 25
Heinz beanz is being really meanz
My one-day career
Molly Wagner on her short-lived employment as a seltzer drink seller.
Sweetness and power
Fred Gardner on American society and sweet snacks.


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Plant Pockets
Knit up a cute little plant pocket and make your garden smile!
I came across this great summer project http://hchamp.com/2011/08/19/plant-pockets/ it's so easy to make and fun to plant & hang. I placed mine outside the shop door on the iron fence and keep peeking out to check on it, makes me smile. I've condensed the instructions for knitters with just a bit of experience. We have a half dozen kits knit up (we've done all the work!) and available at the shop if you'd like a grab and go gift or want to combo some yarn bombing and gorilla gardening (we won't tell) they are $15 including the plant, all you have to do is pop the plant into the pocket
1. Knit up a 4-1/2" x 9" rectangle
2. Fold in half and mattress stitch sides closed
3. Fold top edge to inside and sew a hem (optional)
4. Make two 30" cords (i-cord or braided)
5. Thread one cord through bottom fold
6. Thread the other cord through upper back
7. Place a small plant into a 4" length of pantyhose or knee high
8. Put the plant into your Plant Pocket
9. Tie plant pocket onto fence, post or anywhere
else that makes you smile!
10. Make more for all your friends


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Hockey Unplugged Debuts October 3by Staff Writer / Minnesota Wild
Willie Mitchell and Dwayne Roloson will join host Kevin Falness, for this year's first installment of Hockey Unplugged on Monday, October 3, at Joe Senser's in Roseville. The festivities kick off at 7:00 PM and close down at 9:00 PM. Fans will have the opportunity to participate in a Question and Answer session, play Wild trivia and win great Wild prizes.
View More
Get there early to snare the best seats in the house for this great night!


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Reflective Aluminum Sheet 1070 1060 1050 - Chinaprice: contact company for price
Thickness: 0.3-4.0mm Width: 30-1250mm
Mirror Aluminium Sheet/Coil
About us
Haomei Aluminum is located in famous aluminum capital of Zhengzhou, Henan province.We are professional aluminum manufacturer, mainly produces series-1, series-3, series-5, series-6 and series-8 pure aluminum and aluminum alloy plate/strip/foil products, such as hot -rolled thick plate, ROPP cap materials, aluminum circle/disc for cookware, aluminum drilling entry for PCB, aluminum tape for aluminum plastic tube, aluminum baseplate for PS plate, aluminum bright finish tread plate, aluminum circles, aluminum checkered plate, PP cap materails and others.
Mirror Aluminium Sheet or Coil with or without anodizing are widely used in Lighting Industry, as Lighting Refectors, cosmetics industry, building coat material and room decoration, Aluminum Ceiling, Wall board, Cabinet panel, etc.
ALLOY TEMPER THICKNESS(mm) WIDTH(mm) LENGTH(mm)
1060, 1070, 1850 H14, H16, H18, H24, H26 0.2—4.0 100-1500mm Under 6000mm or in Coil
Production photoes
Reflective Aluminum Sheet 1070 1060 1050
Feel free to contact us with all your questions
Company Contact:
- Posted By: Haomei Industrial Co., Ltd.
- Phone: 8637165621391
- Address: 1103,FIRST INT.,NO.14 WAIHUAN ROAD, CBD , ZHENGZHOU , China
- Email:
Published date: September 7, 2012 -
- Business Description: involved in international trade import export of goods, products, and services
Related listings
Aluminum Sheet For Pp Caps 8011 3105 Circle Netherlands CookwareMetals - Aluminum - Haomei Industrial Co., Ltd. - China - September 7, 2012 - contact company for price
Plain coated Aluminium Sheet/Plate for metal cap 8011 3105 H14 H16 Detailed Description 1. Alloy: 8011, 3105 2. Temper: H14, H24, H16, H26 3. Pattern: rolled, degreased, pre-lubricated, pre-treated, lacquered 4. Thickness: 0.16 – 0.23mm 5. Width: 500...
Aluminium Tread Plate 1050 3003 5052Metals - Aluminum - Haomei Industrial Co., Ltd. - China - September 7, 2012 - contact company for price
Aluminium Tread/checkered Plate/Sheet/Coil Detailed Description 1. Alloy: 1050, 1060, 1070, 1100, 3003, 3004, 3105, 5052, 5083, 6061 2. Temper: F, HO, H12, H14, H16, H18, H22, H24, H26, H32, H111, H112, T651 3. Pattern: finger, 2 bars, 3 bars, 5 bars...
Aluminium Disc 1050 1100 3003Metals - Aluminum - Haomei Industrial Co., Ltd. - China - September 7, 2012 - contact company for price
1.wonderful for household cookware 2.20mm-1200mm big, 0.36mm-10mm thick 3. ideal for deep drawing and spinning 4.sample free Aluminium Circle 1050 3003 About us Haomei Aluminum is located in famous aluminum capital of Zhengzhou, Henan province.We are...
Safe Trade Tips
- Ask for business references and check them
- Use a payment method that offers better protection for all such as Letters of credit and verified professional escrow services. Avoid payments in advance such as money transfers
- Verify their business via their local Chamber of Commerce
- Search the internet using their website address, their business name, their phone and fax numbers, and their email addresses to see if you can find any feedback about them.
- Get to know more about scams to avoid: Internet Crime Complaint Center - International Financial Scams
- This site is never involved in any transaction, and does not handle payments, shipping, guarantee transactions, provide escrow services, or offer "buyer protection" or "seller certification"


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Making sure customers can find your collections
When you've created a collection, you must make sure your potential customers can find it.
Link a collection to your website navigation
Navigation links help visitors find their way around your store, and you can also use them to draw your customers' attention to specific areas. If you've added a new collection, you'll need to create a navigation link for it if you want your customers to be able to discover the collection on your website.
Until you create a navigation link between your website and a new collection, customers won't see the collection unless you give them the specific URL.
Creating a navigation link is not the same as setting a collection's visibility.
Managing your navigation links
All the navigation links that you currently have in place are shown on your Navigation page. When you add a new collection, a URL is automatically created for it so that you can easily establish the links you need.
Two simple ways to add a navigation link for a new collection are:
If you're more experienced, you can also add a new navigation to your website and link to your new collection from there.
Create a menu showing your collections
We'll learn here how to feature a subset of your store collections on a page.
By using the word "page" here, we mean a page that lives in the Pages section in your Shopify admin.
Take note that your online store already has a web page at
/collections that lists all of your store collections in alphabetical order. If you wish to remove collections from that specific page, or re-order them, read Changing your collections page.
This solution will not work in the Brooklyn, Kickstand, Lookbook and Simple themes. It will work in New Standard, Minimal, Launchpad and most Timber framework-based themes.
To tell Shopify to feature collections on a page, you will need these two things:
- a menu containing links to the collections you wish to feature on that page
- a page.list-collections template to assign to the page
Create your page
Add a new page under Pages, or use an existing page. Here, we're speaking of the page that will feature a subset of your store collections.
Take note of your page title. You'll need it in the next step.
Create your menu
You create and edit menus on your Navigation page. Every new store comes with two menus called Main Menu and Footer, but you can add more.
- From your Shopify admin, click Online Store, and then click Navigation (or press
- From the Shopify app, tap Store.
- Tap the
...button beside Online Store, and then tap Manage sales channel.
- Tap Navigation.
- From the Shopify app, tap Store.
- Tap the
⋮button beside Online Store, and then tap Manage sales channel.
- Tap Navigation.
Click the Add menu button:
Give your menu the same Name as the Title of the page that will feature your collections. For example, if you wish to feature collections on a Living Room page, call your menu Living Room. No mismatch is allowed here! You will need to respect this naming convention for your implementation to work.
Add links to your menu, one at a time, each pointing to a Collection. You can filter the collection with a tag if you like. To rearrange your collections, click and drag the handle icon on the left of the Link Name.
The title of each link inside the menu will become your caption for that collection image on the page. It does not need to be the same as your collection title, especially if you're filtering the collection with a tag. You can [rename your links after you've added them](/manual/sell-online/online-store/menus-and-links/#edit-link-names).
It is very important that your links point to a Collection — and not a Web Address.
Click Save menu to save your new menu.
Repeat the procedure to create a linked list for each page that will feature a subset of collections.
Create a page template for collection menus
You will need to create one alternate page.list-collections.liquid template to assign to all pages that will feature collections.
- From your Shopify admin, click Online Store, and then click Themes (or press
- From the Shopify app, tap Store.
- Tap the
...button beside Online Store, and then tap Manage sales channel.
- Tap Themes.
- From the Shopify app, tap Store.
- Tap the
⋮button beside Online Store, and then tap Manage sales channel.
- Tap Themes.
Find the theme you want to edit, click the
...button, and then click Edit HTML/CSS.
Under Templates, click the Add a new template link.
Create a new template for page called list-collections:
Copy all of the code from this gist and paste it at the bottom of your new page.list-collections template.
Click Save to save your new page template.
Assigning your page template to your page
In your store's admin, go to the page that will need to feature collections, scroll down to its Template section, and select page.list-collections in the drop-down. Then save the page.
Repeat this step for each page that you want to feature collections.
Change the visibility of a collection
You can change the visibility of any collection in your online store or on Shopify POS.
Make sure you've added a navigation link if you want online visitors to be able to discover your collection after you've set it to visible.
To change a collection's visibility:
Open the information page for the collection you want to edit.
In the Visibility section, click the checkboxes to set your visibility preferences:
The visibility options you see depend on your active sales channels:
Click Save.
Change the publish date of a collection
You can set, change, or remove a publish date for an online collection:
Open the information page for the collection you want to edit.
In the Visibility section, click the calendar icon:
Update the date and time fields to reflect when you want the collection to become visible:
Click Save.
Edit the search engine information for a collection
The search engine information is used when displaying search engine results, and is generated automatically based on information you gave when you first created the collection.
You shouldn't edit the URL and handle, but you can change the Page title and Meta description. This gives you a little more control over the appearance of your page in search results.
To edit the search engine information for your collection:
Open the information page for the collection you want to edit.
Find the Search engine listing preview section, and click Edit website SEO.
Edit the text in the Page title and Meta description fields:
Click Save.


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The Hampton by Hilton Liverpool/John Lennon Airport is located directly across from the international terminal, offering convenient and affordable accommodation in Liverpool. Enjoy an array of amenities, including complimentary access to wireless internet, a fitness club and a 24-hour business centre.
Hampton by Hilton is only fifteen minutes' drive from popular attractions in Liverpool city centre. Discover the Liverpool Dock front, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and explore the city's shops, restaurants, pubs, galleries, and museums, including the world famous Beatles Story Museum. The hotel is also within easy reach of corporate offices and ACC Liverpool, home to the BT Convention Centre and Echo Arena.
At Hampton by Hilton, friendly service and warm surrounds are available to you around the clock. Start the day with our complimentary hot breakfast, relax in the hotel bar or grab a late-night bite from the 24-hour snack area.
A comfortable bed is only steps away from baggage reclaim at Hampton by Hilton Liverpool Airport. Conveniently situated directly across from the international terminal at John Lennon Airport, guests are within 15 minutes of museums, shopping, businesses and attractions in Liverpool city centre.
All 160 modern and bright guest rooms are equipped with free WiFi access, a cosy easy chair, power showers and great views of aircraft runways and the River Mersey. Free continental breakfast begins at 4 a.m. - ideal for guests with an early flight - and a hot breakfast buffet begins at 6 a.m. For dinner, sample the new menu at our restaurant or ask the front desk staff for a recommendation on a local favourite. Stop by the Hub Bar for a specialty coffee, tea or alcoholic beverage throughout the day.
Our Liverpool hotel features a fitness room and 24-hour office centre with secretarial services. Host a meeting or presentation in one of three professional meeting rooms, equipped with the latest audio visual equipment, a break out area and floor-to-ceiling windows with natural light and river views.
Hampton by Hilton consistently offers an exceptional experience to our guests. Additional amenities at the hotel include complimentary baggage storage, as well as family friendly services including cribs and high chairs on request.
This form is for genuine enquiries only. Your IP address will be recorded
This page was last updated: 19 August 2016


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How to Setup Outlook 2010
Adding a new account.
1. Open Outlook 2010 on your computer.
5. On the next Internet E-mail Settings, you are required to complete various fields related with your personal data, server and logon information.
Your name: Your full name or company name
Username: your email address
Password: email password you have already created or been supplied by Webfirm
Account Type: Imap or Pop3 – the main difference between the two is imap stores your emails on the server meaning that you can check your email inbox and sent items from multiple devices. Pop3 stores the emails locally on the computer that you use
Incoming Mail Server:
If Imap is chosen as the Account Type: imap.webfirm.com
If pop3 is chosen as the Account Type: pop3.webfirm.com
Outgoing Mail Server: smtp.webfirm.com
6. Click More Settings button
8. Click Next Button.
Check port settings in Advanced Tab –
If you are using POP3 with SSL, please enter 995 for your port. Otherwise leave the port at 110.
If you are using POP3, you may choose when messages are removed from the server.
If you are using IMAP with SSL, please enter 993 for your port. Otherwise leave the port at 143.
If you are using SMTP with SSL, please enter 465 for your port. Otherwise change the port to 25.
Congratulations, you have added your email account to Outlook 2010.
Email Setup
Mobile Email Setup
Need assistance?
This is Rhys. He is one of our Business Development Managers, and assists our clients old and new to take the next steps with their digital strategy.
Email Rhys
Rhys K
Business Development Manager
This is Kirsty. She is one of our Digital Producers. She'll be able to assist you with general enquiries about web design, development or hosting.
Email Kirsty
Kirsty G
Digital Producer


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English »
Background » Multimedia Gallery »
The Call and the Instrument
A summation of who Vassula is and what 'True Life in God' is?
The Approach of My Angel
Vassula describes how her Guardian Angel Daniel approached her in the very beginning
An Introduction to the Messages
An introduction to the Messages by Vassula
Multimedia Gallery
Look, Listen and See. Image Gallery, Audio Clips, Video Clips
Information and pictures of the special writing in which the messages are written
TOP NEWS:American Association 10th Annual Ecumenical Prayer RetreatOct 26 till Oct 29 2017
The TLIG Ecumenical Pilgrimage to Moscow,Russia 2017
"Honouring Russian Orthodoxy"
What is Christmas?
Merry Christmas to all !


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|Zoom In
The Orbit Carabiner from Camp USA is the lightest key locking carabiner on the market. This climbing carabiner is perfect for snag free clipping and cleaning on sport and trad routes, and offering the ultimate in reliable performance when on the mountain or in the cave. This rock climbing gear essential wants to be your best friend when out adventuring, and will even hold your favorite water bottle or key ring when trekking around the lodge or campus. If it had a hand you'd want to shake it; a torso and you'd want to hug it.
The C.A.M.P. Orbit Carabiner is lightweight, compact and functional; perfect for snag free clipping and cleaning on sport and trad routes.
|Carabiner Size:
|Carabiner Type:
|Non-Locking Biner
|Gate Opening:
|21 mm
|99 mm
|Major Axis:
|22 kN
|Major Axis kN:
|22 kN
|Minor Axis:
|8 kN
|Minor Axis kN:
|8 kN
|Open Gate:
|8 kN
|Open Strength kN:
|8 kN
|Strength closed:
|22 kN
|Strength open:
|8 kN
|Strength short axis:
|8 kN
|1.5 oz / 42 g
|58 mm
|CAMP Orbit Wire Carabiner
|$4.99 - $5.95
|CAMP Orbit Screwgate Carabiner
|$6.97 - $10.95
This carabiner is full size, weighs just 42g, yet has a Keylock and is about as cheap as they come. The gate spring is nice and firm, which I prefer, and the carabiner is well made with a nice finish.
I'd totally recommend this.


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|Program Terms:
Academic Year,
|Click to visit
Program Dates &
|Click here to view
|OU applicants only
|Fact Sheet:
|Program Type:
|University Exchange
|Language of Instruction:
|Non-English Language Prerequisite:
|6 or More Semesters
|Housing Type:
|Apartments, Student Dormitories
|Minimum GPA:
|Non-English Language Learning Option(s):
|Study Abroad Adviser:
|Loy Macari
|University Name:
|Michel de Montaigne University
|Language Category:
|Language Category D
|Study Level:
|Graduate, Undergraduate
|Program Description:
- This program is ideal for advanced French speakers and requires students to have taken 6 semesters of university-level French, preferably including a literature course.
- Bordeaux is a vibrant city and region, boasting excellent vineyards, coastal proximity, and more!
- Students can study a variety of topics from political science to business alongside French and other international students.
- Students on this program wanting to go for only one semester should plan for the spring because of the university calendar. Fall: September-January; Spring: January-June.
Program Requirements
- 3.0 Combined Retained GPA
- 6 semesters of French
- Host University application
- Visa (dependent on nationality)
Bordeaux III is an excellent destination for those who are looking for cultural diversity, excitement, and independence in both the student and local populations. It is our most academically challenging French destination, and therefore applicants must demonstrate a near-fluent command of French language. To see the list of classes, please see here. Students take classes just outside the city, but can live in various locations.
For more information about credits and OU course equivalencies for this program, please review the following:
Michel de Montaigne University - Course Equivalency Information
Money Matters
Please see the attached budget estimate for an average and the Bordeaux Expenditure Breakdown for more details.
Bordeaux Montaigne Budget Sheet
There are number of scholarships available for study abroad students. Below is a partial list to get you started!
- Presidential International Travel Fellowship - need based scholarship for airfare
- Benjamin A. Gilman International Scholarship - a nationally competitive award for Pell grant recipients
HousingDue to housing shortages, dormitories cannot be guaranteed by the university. If a student is awarded a spot in a dorm, it will consist of a single room. All rooms are equipped with a single bed, sink, closet space and a desk. Linens are provided and are changed weekly. Traditional dorms share common bathrooms and kitchens whereas the renovated dorms have private bathrooms and kitchenettes. Some students choose to eat their meals in the University Restaurant (RU), which is open for lunch and dinner and which is very reasonably priced. Previous OU students recommend the renovated dorms for a more comfortable experience.
Get StartedStart by attending a Study Abroad 101 session to learn the basics about study abroad as well as your next steps. Then, log in to http://iadvise.ou.edu/studyabroad to schedule an appointment with the study abroad advisor for Bordeaux Montaigne University (III) to move on to Phase 2.
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|What was the most memorable part of your study abroad?
|The most memorable part for me was getting to experience/understand the European city. It was great to arrive in a city that you have never been to and quickly/easily figure out how the city was laid out and how people got around. I loved figuring out the metro systems for every city and also getting the feel of the city by being around the cities inhabitants.
|— Christoher Davidson, Fall 2010
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|02/19/2017 **
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|02/19/2017 **
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** Indicates rolling admission application process. Students will be immediately notified of acceptance into this program and be able to complete post-decision materials prior to the term's application deadline.
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On this, Charlie Daniels' second release, there are obvious signs of a bright future for the guitar- and fiddle-playing hillbilly rocker. Along for the ride is Joel "Taz" DiGregoria, Charlie's longtime bandmate and keyboard wizard. Taz even takes lead vocal duties on one song, "Billy Joe Young," and his ivory tickling is a highlight of this historical Southern rock document. Daniels rocks with the intensity of a downbound train on "Great Big Bunches of Love," and on his cover of the Jerry Lee Lewis chestnut "Drinkin' Wine, Spo-Dee-O-Dee." A true Southern poet, Charlie Daniels is seen here in the infancy of his artistic development, but even at this early stage, the poet is alive and well.
Eddie Daniels is such a monster on the clarinet that all of his GRP recordings are worth acquiring. This one, however, due to the somewhat commercial nature of some of the tunes (and the lightly funky rhythm sections), is of lesser interest compared to the classics such as Breakthrough. Daniels sounds fine but he is far better than much of the material (generally written by either the clarinetist, Rob Mounsey or Dave Grusin).
Actor Gregor Fisher sets out to discover the truth about his birth mother with help from friends, family and fellow actors.
"…As far as sound goes, it's the best I've heard from Living Stereo and perhaps the best I've heard from my stereo period! The soloist to orchestra balance is just about perfectly even, which means the orchestra is considered an equal part by the engineers. I prefer that to the "I'm ready for my closeup now Mr De Mille" balance used by most producers in order to highlight the "STAR"." ~sa-cd.net
Begeben Sie sich auf die Suche und den Weg zu lernen, einen anderen Zugang zur Musik zu nutzen, um mehr über sich und die Musik zu erfahren und den analytischen Komponenten wie Technik und Interpretation Ihre emotionale subjektive Aussage der Musik hinzuzufügen. …
For almost 25 years now, the Münster-born guitarist has been setting the tone in the German scene. He has played with the big boys, such as Rory Gallagher, Albert Collins and Jerry Lee Lewis, and has revealed various sources of influence on his exquisite albums, from Peter Green to Larry Carlton…..
Nightrider was the third studio album by The Charlie Daniels Band released on November 25, 1975.


text: I have been organising our work's Xmas do's and was blown away at how fantastic our evening was at this venue. We were a party of 31 and were all seated at the same table. Our food choices were laminated and placed on the table. The food came out with military precision, delicious, plentiful and hot. The staff were attentive... More


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Bourque: Atlanta rapper Russ rules Goldstein Auditorium during Bandersnatch
University Union hosted its first Bandersnatch concert of the semester Friday night in Goldstein Auditorium. Rapper Russ headlined the show. Read more »
University Union hosted its first Bandersnatch concert of the semester Friday night in Goldstein Auditorium. Rapper Russ headlined the show. Read more »
If you're looking for a perfect finish to an unusually warm Syracuse week, you won't be disappointed. From jazz and plays to a 400-vendor strong farm show at the fairgrounds, Syracuse has packed a good weekend. Pulp's got the details. Read more »
Funk 'n Waffles has been a staple on the Hill for years. On Wednesday, the restaurant and music venue closed its doors for good. Read more »
This weekend, the Caribbean Cinematic Festival will highlight Caribbean culture through film screenings, dance performances, spoken word, and Caribbean cuisine at Syracuse's Community Folk Art Center. Read more »
Catch it at your local craft beer spot, Unity Vibration's Kombucha beer is a funky, fruity drink that's worth a try. Read more »
Movie columnist Lilly Stuecklen discusses how comedian Jordan Peele tackles societal issues with his smart new horror film. Read more »
It's about time humor columnist Patty Terhune fulfilled her destiny as a television, radio and film student and wrote about "La La Land." Read more »
Syracuse has been known as the Salt City since the 1800s, and its legacy as a major salt producer inspired towns around the nation to adopt the Syracuse name. Read more »
Milk and Trixie Mattel, former "RuPaul's Drag Race" contestants, hosted the show at Goldstein Auditorium in the Schine Student Center, entertaining approximately 400 screaming fans. Read more »
Music has always helped people emotionally, but columnist Jenny Bourque looks into an organization using that for their benefit Read more »
Freshman Justin Goldman manages three artists while also interning at major hip-hop record label, 300 Entertainment. Read more »
Alyssa Leyden, a senior marketing management and retail management double major, began a luggage business through Syracuse University's Enactus team to promote and sell the craftsmanship of Guatemalan women. Read more »
Young the Giant played with Lewis Del Mar at the F Shed Monday night, combining old favorites with new hits. Read more »
Music meets fashion: plug into our generation's biggest fashion statement. Read more »
Sarah Kulbersh's tattoos bring the idea of wearing your heart on your sleeve to a whole new level. Read more »
"The Great Wall" opened last weekend in the U.S. to mixed results, despite being an overwhelming success in China. This film represents a shift away from an American film economy, despite relying on actors like Matt Damon to sell tickets. Read more »
Lizanga earned first prize in Pride Union's drag show finals on Sunday night after performing a series of songs, including "I Can Hear the Bells" from the musical "Hairspray." Read more »
Downtown Dining Weeks is the opportunity for a three course meal at 32 local Syracuse restaurants for $25. It's fun and it's food. Read more »
Friends from home seem to be coming up to visit around this time of year, and there's a lot more to do than sitting in Wendy's parking lots like at home. It's time to show them around Syracuse. Read more »
Music columnist Christine Chung is excited to share that Aaron Carter — her first crush — released new music after nine years. It's not as bad as she thought. Read more »
Maddy Oliva works at the Clary Middle School to talk to young girls about what it means to be a strong woman. She is a social work major and wants to continue working with people who are in need of a voice the most. Read more »
The Syracuse University Department of Drama put on "King Stag," a comedia del'arte production about love and marriage. Read more »
Syracuse has a diverse range of events lined up this weekend, complete with several musical performances, classic films and discussions to create a greener and… Read more »
A collective of ceramic artists in Syracuse make intricate items through the years, constantly learning from each other. Read more »
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Paul Frank My Bright Future
Retailers' Descriptions
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Description of Paul Frank My Bright Future Sunglasses - Blue Ice - Limited Edition FeaturesFRAMES Hand Drawn Design Paul Frank is one of the few designers on the planet who actually wields a pencil to help design his creations. Hes been an avid collector of vintage sunglasses since he was 14 years old. Hand Made Paul Frank sunglasses are built by hand an age old method used to make the worlds finest collection. They last longer. Lightweight and Flexible The combinations of Zyl material and wire core insertions inside the temples allow the frames to be adjusted to fit all of our unique friends. Magnetic Snaps Paul Frank optometrics is the first company to introduce interchangeable logos through the use of magnets. LENSES CR-39 lens with scratch resistant coating. Manufactured in France. Protection 100 UVAUVB protection. Lightweight Up to 50 lighter than glass lenses. Resistance to Elements Superior heat and chemical resistance. These lenses wont warp, blister, or craze under extreme conditions.
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Publisher: Ice Water Games
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Narrative exploration game located in a massive, post-human Western Washington. Navigate an open world that has been reclaimed by nature. Use journals, letters, zines, and other documents to learn the interconnected stories of the people who lived here once.
Over 150 documents telling the interconnected stories of dozens of characters across hundreds of years.
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Learning perceptual skills is characterized by rapid improvements in performance within the first hour of training (fast perceptual learning) followed by more gradual improvements that take place over several daily practice sessions (slow perceptual learning). Although it is widely accepted that slow perceptual learning is accompanied by enhanced stimulus representation in sensory cortices, there is considerable controversy about the neural substrates underlying early and rapid improvements in learning perceptual skills. Here we measured event-related brain potentials while listeners were presented with 2 phonetically different vowels. Listeners' ability to identify both vowels improved gradually during the first hour of testing and was paralleled by enhancements in an early evoked response (∼130 ms) localized in the right auditory cortex and a late evoked response (∼340 ms) localized in the right anterior superior temporal gyrus and/or inferior prefrontal cortex. These neuroplastic changes depended on listeners' attention and were preserved only if practice was continued; familiarity with the task structure (procedural learning) was not sufficient. We propose that the early increases in cortical responsiveness reflect goal-directed changes in the tuning properties of auditory neurons involved in parsing concurrent speech signals. Importantly, the neuroplastic changes occurred rapidly, demonstrating the flexibility of human speech segregation mechanisms.
Perceptual learning refers to an improvement in sensory discrimination after a period of practice that can vary from days to several weeks (Watson 1980; Karni and Bertini 1997). Animal studies have shown that extended training is accompanied by topographical changes in sensory cortex (Recanzone and others 1993; Blake and others 2002; Bao and others 2004; however, for a failure to find any auditory cortical correlate of perceptual learning in the cat, see Brown and others 2004; Polley and others 2004; Witte and Kipke 2005). In humans, neuroplastic changes in latency and amplitude of scalp-recorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs) have been observed after extensive training (Tremblay and others 1997; Atienza and others 2002; Pantev and others 2003; Reinke and others 2003; Bosnyak and others 2004; Gottselig and others 2004). For instance, the latency of the N1 wave, a negative deflection that peaks at about 100 ms after sound onset over the frontocentral scalp region, peaked earlier after extended training (Reinke and others 2003; Bosnyak and others 2004), whereas the N1c component (∼140 ms) of the auditory evoked response measured at the right temporal scalp site increased in amplitude with practice (Bosnyak and others 2004). In addition, extended training has been found to enhance the amplitude of the P2 wave, a positive deflection that peaks at about 180 ms after sound onset over the frontocentral scalp region (Tremblay and others 2001; Atienza and others 2002; Reinke and others 2003; Bosnyak and others 2004). The training-related P2 enhancement appears after 2 (Atienza and others 2002) or 3 (Bosnyak and others 2004) daily test sessions and may index neuroplastic changes associated with slow perceptual learning. Demonstrating the effects of long-term musical training, Shahin and others (2003) observed a larger N1c amplitude over the right temporal lobe and larger P2 amplitude at central sites in musicians relative to nonmusicians. Together, these studies showed learning-related changes in sensory evoked responses (i.e., N1, N1c, and P2) that can be observed after training in a wide range of auditory tasks and between individuals with different amounts of musical expertise.
Although it is well accepted that neuroplasticity occurs following extended training, there is considerable debate about the neural substrates underlying early and rapid improvements in task performance taking place within the first hour of training. The procedural hypothesis posits that rapid improvement in performance is due to changes in observers' strategies that occur during task familiarization (Karni and Bertini 1997). However, evidence from a recent behavioral study suggests that early and rapid improvement in task performance can occur while controlling for learning the response demands of the task (Hawkey and others 2004), suggesting that at least part of the changes underlying improvement in performance takes place in sensory cortices. Additionally, animal research has revealed rapid neuroplastic changes in primary auditory cortex during classical conditioning (Bakin and Weinberger 1990; Edeline and others 1993), instrumental avoidance conditioning (Bakin and others 1996), and auditory discrimination learning (Fritz and others 2003). Although these studies suggest that rapid auditory discrimination learning may be related to neuronal plasticity in sensory cortex, neurophysiological evidence supporting such neuroplastic changes in human observers remains elusive.
Previous ERP studies on the time course of perceptual learning in human observers have observed enhanced amplitude of the mismatch negativity (MMN) wave within a single daily training session (Atienza and others 2002; Gottselig and others 2004). In these studies, the MMN was recorded during passive listening prior to and after a brief training session. Although the MMN is thought to index a preattentive change detection process (Näätänen 1992), evidence from many studies has suggested that attention to auditory stimuli enhances MMN amplitude (Woldorff and others 1991, 1998; Alain and Woods 1997; Arnott and Alain 2002). Therefore, it is unclear whether enhanced MMN amplitude following training was related to learning per se or whether it indexed increased participants' attention to recently learned auditory material.
The present study was therefore designed to directly test, using ERPs, the hypothesis that neuroplastic changes in sensory cortex parallel rapid perceptual learning. We used a difficult speech segregation task in which participants were asked to identify 2 phonetically different vowels presented simultaneously. Such a design allows us to examine whether rapid improvement in task performance is accompanied by ERP changes localized in auditory areas or whether it is associated with changes in more cognitive and strategic processes. One important question is whether task familiarity is sufficient for generating changes in auditory cortical areas. If rapid improvements in performance are due to an increase in task familiarity or other cognitive factors, then rapid training-related changes in ERPs should be observed in late cortical activity following stimulus encoding such as during stimulus classification and categorization. However, if improvement in performance is due to training-related plasticity in sensory cortices, then changes should be seen in the amplitude and/or latency of early sensory evoked responses generated in primary and/or associative auditory cortex.
Materials and Methods
Thirty-two participants provided written informed consent to participate in the study. In Experiment 1, there were 8 women and 8 men aged between 19 and 34 years (M = 24 ± 4.6 years). In Experiment 2, there were 10 women and 6 men (none of whom participated in Experiment 1) aged between 19 and 34 years (M = 24 ± 4.7 years). All participants were right handed and had pure-tone thresholds within normal limits for frequencies ranging from 250 to 4000 Hz (both ears). For all participants, English was the first language. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained according to the guidelines set out by the Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care and the University of Toronto.
Stimuli and Task
Stimuli were 5 synthetic steady-state American English vowels: /i/, /a/, /æ/, /u/, /з/ (Assmann and Summerfield 1994). Each vowel was 200 ms in duration (2442 samples at a 12.21-kHz sample rate, 16-bit quantization) with fundamental frequency (f0) and formant frequencies held constant for the entire duration. Onsets and offsets were shaped by 2 halves of an 8-ms Kaiser window, respectively. Double-vowel stimuli were created by adding together the digital waveforms of 2 different vowels and then dividing the sum by 2. Stimuli were examined using an oscilloscope to ensure that there was no "clipping." The vowels were added in phase and this resulted in smaller amplitude when the 2 vowels differed in f0. Each pair contained one vowel with f0 set at 100 Hz; the other vowel's f0 was set at 100, 101, 103, 106, 112, or 126 Hz. Each vowel was paired with every other vowel, giving 120 different pairs. Stimuli were converted to analog form using a Tucker Davis Technologies (TDT) RP-2 real-time processor (24-bit, 90-kHz bandwidth) under the control of a Dell computer with a Pentium 4 processor. The analog outputs were fed into a Headphone driver (TDT HB-7) and then transduced by a pair of headphones (Sennheiser HD 265). Stimuli were digitally low-pass filtered at 6 kHz and presented binaurally at about 80 dB SPL (Damilar SPL meter model 824). No attempt was made to compensate for absolute level differences among the different vowel pairs.
At the beginning of Experiment 1, each vowel was presented individually (30 trials, 5 vowels by 6 f0 levels), and participants identified each vowel by pressing a corresponding key on the number pad of a keyboard. None of the participants had any difficulty in identifying the single vowels, and all reached a level of 95% correct or better. For the experiment proper, double-vowel stimuli were randomized in blocks of 120 trials, and 5 blocks of trials were presented, each block lasting about 8 min. On each trial, participants were presented with a double-vowel stimulus and asked to identify both vowels in the pair by sequentially pressing the 2 corresponding keys on a keypad. The interval between the participant's response and the next trial was 1500 ms. No feedback was provided. Participants were provided with a brief pause between blocks (∼2 min).
ERPs were recorded during two 1-h sessions separated by 1 week. Half of the participants practiced the task during the intervening week, whereas the other half served as controls and did not receive additional training. The trained group received 4 sessions of training on the vowel discrimination task on 4 separate days. No ERPs were recorded during these sessions, but otherwise the blocks of trials were identical to those of the ERP sessions. In the training phase, participants were presented with 3 blocks of trials in each of the training session, which lasted about 35 min.
In Experiment 2, the same stimulus set was presented in a single 1-h session while a different group of participants who did not take part in Experiment 1 watched a muted subtitled movie of their choice. Because there was no response, the interstimulus interval (i.e., offset to onset) was set at 1500 ms. All other aspects of stimulus presentation were identical to that of the active listening condition.
The data from Experiments 1 and 2 were the same as in our previous reports (Reinke and others 2003; Alain, Reinke, He, and others 2005), which were subjected to further analysis, and new results are reported here.
Electrophysiological Recording and Analysis
The electroencephalogram was digitized continuously (bandpass 0.05–50 Hz; 250-Hz sampling rate) from an array of 64 electrodes. We recorded eye movements with electrodes placed at the outer canthi and at the inferior orbits. During recording, all electrodes were referenced to the Cz electrode; for off-line data analysis, they were re-referenced to an average reference. The analysis epoch included 200 ms of prestimulus activity and 1200 ms of poststimulus activity. Trials contaminated by excessive peak-to-peak deflection (±100 μV) at the channels not adjacent to the eyes were automatically rejected before averaging. ERPs were then averaged separately for each electrode site and stimulus block. For each individual average, we corrected ocular artifacts by means of ocular source components (Berg and Scherg 1994; Picton and others 2000) using Brain Electrical Source Analysis (BESA 3.0). ERPs were digitally filtered to attenuate frequencies above 30 Hz. ERP amplitudes were measured relative to the mean amplitude over the prestimulus interval. The effects of learning were examined for the 100- to 140-ms and the 300- to 400-ms interval. The former was chosen because it encompassed the N1 and N1c, which were previously found to be modulated by extended training (Reinke and others 2003; Bosnyak and others 2004). The latter was chosen because it covered the N2 wave, which is thought to reflect a decision process that controls behavioral responses in sensory discrimination tasks (Ritter and others 1979, 1982). The effects of practice on the N1 and N2 were examined at 9 frontocentral sites (F1, Fz, F2, FC1, FCz, FC2, C1, Cz, C2) and left (T7) and right (T8) temporal sites. Previous research has shown enhanced P2 amplitude after only 2 to 3 recording sessions (Atienza and others 2002; Bosnyak and others 2004). In the present study, we examined whether the P2 amplitude would vary within a single test session by comparing mean P2 amplitude (40 ms centered around the group mean latency) recorded over frontocentral, central, and centroparietal scalp electrodes (i.e., FC1, FCz, FC2, C1, Cz, C2, CP1, CPz, CP2).
Source analysis of the group average ERPs was performed using standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA). This method is based on standardized values of the current density estimates given by the minimum norm solution (Pascual-Marqui 2002). That is, for each location, the squared current density strength is divided by its expected a posteriori variance. Three spherical shells were used as the volume conductor model. sLORETA was computed on a 3-dimensional regular grid with 5 mm spacing using Curry software (version 5.0, Compumedic/Neuroscan, El Paso, TX). In the current study, we used the statistical maps in a qualitative way to identify the most likely sources of learning-related differences, having established that these differences were significant using statistical tests on scalp-recorded data.
Experiment 1
Behavioral Data
Figure 1 illustrates the group mean accuracy in identifying the dominant and nondominant vowel during the first ERP recording session. When 2 vowels are played together, listeners generally hear one of the vowels as foreground (dominant) and the other as background (nondominant). Across participants and blocks, the percentage of trials in which at least one vowel was correctly identified ranged from 78% to 100% (mean = 94%, standard error [SE] = 1%), whereas the percentage of trials in which both vowels were correctly identified ranged from 14% to 93% (mean = 51%, SE = 6%). (In the present study, the accuracy data represent success in identifying either 1 or 2 vowels regardless of the f0 separation between the 2 vowels. As in previous studies, we found that the likelihood of correctly identifying both vowels increased with larger f0 separation between the 2 vowels. For more details about the effects of f0 separation on accuracy and ERPs, see Alain, Reinke, He, and others 2005.) In both cases, the mean levels of performance for identifying either 1 or 2 vowels were above chance levels of 70% and 10%, respectively.
Listeners' ability to identify the dominant vowel, as reflected by the percentage of trials in which at least one vowel was correctly identified (one correct), improved from the first to the second block of trials (main effect of block, F4,60 = 4.12, P < 0.01; quadratic trend, F1,15 = 6.78, P < 0.02) and remained stable throughout the rest of the experiment (Fig. 1). Pairwise comparisons revealed a significant increase in accuracy but only between the first and the remaining blocks (P < 0.05 in all cases). In contrast, successful sound segregation as measured by identifying both vowels (both correct) gradually improved from the first to the fifth block of trials (main effects of block, F4,60 = 5.07, P < 0.005; linear trend, F1,15 = 12.52, P < 0.005). Pairwise comparisons revealed significant improvement in performance in blocks 3, 4, and 5 relative to the first block (P < 0.05 in all cases). These behavioral differences in the time course of perceptual learning are likely to be related to the greater difficulty in identifying both vowels correctly compared with identifying only the dominant vowel.
The time required for identifying the 2 vowels was also analyzed using a within-subject analysis of variance (ANOVA) with block and button press (first vs. second) as variables. Overall, the mean response time for the first (RT1) and second button presses (RT2) was 1811 and 2385 ms, respectively. These relatively long response times are likely due to the fact that the task was difficult and that we emphasized accuracy over speed in our instructions to the participants. Both the time needed to generate RT1 and RT2 decreased significantly as a function of block (main effects of block, F4,60 = 6.82, P < 0.005; linear trend, F1,15 = 13.39, P < 0.005). Pairwise comparisons revealed significant decreases in RT1 and RT2 in blocks 2, 3, 4, and 5 relative to block 1 (P < 0.05 in all cases). The interaction between block and button presses (RT1, RT2) was not significant.
Electrophysiological Data
The ERP analyses begin with those obtained during the first training session and included 16 participants. During the processing of double-vowel stimuli, scalp-recorded auditory ERPs revealed well-known N1, P2, N2, and slow-wave responses peaking, respectively, at about 112, 208, 310, and 610 ms after sound onset over the frontocentral scalp regions. There was no difference in N1 and P2 amplitudes recorded over the frontocentral scalp electrodes as a function of block (for N1 and P2, main effect of block, F4,60 < 1.27; linear trend, F1,15 < 1.07).
At temporal sites, there was a positive wave referred to as Ta (Wolpaw and Penry 1975), which was larger over the right hemisphere and inverted in polarity with the N1 wave recorded at frontocentral sites. We identified 2 ERP differences associated with rapid improvement in performance. The first was characterized by an increase in Ta amplitude (100–140 ms) (main effect of block, F4,60 = 7.07, P < 0.001; linear trend, F1,15 = 11.65, P < 0.005), which was greater over the right (T8) than the left (T7) temporal site (Fig. 2A) as evidenced by a block × hemisphere interaction (linear trend, F1,15 = 5.23, P < 0.05). A separate ANOVA on the mean amplitude recorded at T8 yielded a main effect of block (F4,60 = 5.97, P < 0.001; linear trend, F1,15 = 9.91, P < 0.01). Pairwise comparisons revealed significant increases in blocks 4 and 5 relative to the first block (P < 0.01 in all cases). There was no significant difference in ERP amplitude recorded over the left temporal site as a function of block (main effect of block, F4,60 = 1.04; linear trend, F1,15 = 0.25). The training-related enhancement in Ta amplitude was followed by an increased positivity between 300 and 400 ms after sound onset (main effect of block, F4,60 = 4.29, P < 0.01, linear trend, F1,15 = 14.13, P < 0.005). Although this modulation overlapped in latency with the N2 wave recorded at frontocentral sites, it likely reflects a different process because its polarity was inverted at temporal sites, whereas the N2 wave usually does not reverse in polarity at these sites (Näätänen 1992). Like the Ta effect, the right temporal enhancement in ERP amplitude, referred to as the rT350, was greater over the right than the left temporal site as revealed by a significant interaction between hemisphere and block (linear trend, F1,15 = 7.25, P < 0.05). For the mean ERP amplitude recorded at T8, the main effect of block was significant (F4,60 = 5.97, P < 0.001; linear trend, F1,15 = 16.79, P < 0.001) with pairwise comparisons revealing significant increases in blocks 3, 4, and 5 relative to the first block (P < 0.001 in all cases). There was no significant difference in ERP amplitude recorded over the left auditory cortex (i.e., T7) as a function of block (F4,60 < 1; linear trend, F1,15 = 2.39, P = 0.14).
Brain–Behavior Relationship
The previous analyses suggest a link between changes in neural activity and behavioral improvement. To further investigate this relationship, we first compared the rates of change in ERP amplitude and performance across blocks using orthogonal polynomial decomposition (with a focus on the linear and quadratic trends). For each participant, we standardized the accuracy (i.e., probability of reporting the 2 vowels accurately), response times, and electrophysiological data (i.e., mean amplitude for the 100- to 140-ms and 300- to 400-ms interval at T8) based on the within-subject range over the blocks of trials (i = 1–5) for each measure (i.e., blocki − blockmin/blockmax − blockmin). (For this analysis as well as the correlation between response time and ERP amplitude, the response time to first [RT1] and second [RT2] button were averaged together because they show comparable learning rate [see Behavioral Data] and were highly correlated with each other, r = 0.96.) Figure 3 shows the group mean change in accuracy, response time, and brain activity as a function of block. An ANOVA on the standardized value revealed a main effect of block (linear trend, F1,15 = 61.81, P < 0.001), but more importantly there was no block by measure interaction, F < 1, indicating that increases in ERP amplitudes over the right temporal cortex paralleled behavioral improvement.
In addition, we examined whether this relationship between ERP amplitude and behavioral improvement can also be observed in each participant by computing correlations between performance and change in ERP amplitude for each of the 16 participants and by testing, using one-sample t-tests, whether the group mean correlations differed from 0 (after Alain and others 2001). For the accuracy data, the relationship between learning rate in identifying the 2 concurrent vowels and changes in ERP amplitude varied substantially among the participants and did not differ from 0 (Ta: group mean r = 0.02, range: −0.87 to 0.99; rT350: group mean r = 0.10, range: −0.72 to 0.86). For the response time data, there was a more consistent learning-related decrease in response time that was paralleled by an increase in ERP amplitude in 13 out of 16 participants (Fig. 4). That is, larger Ta and rT350 amplitude were associated with faster response time (Ta: group mean r = −0.43, range: −0.94 to 0.24, t15 = 4.91, P < 0.001; rT350: group mean r = −0.42, range: −0.97 to 0.84, t15 = 3.23, P < 0.006). These individual correlations suggest a more direct link between behavioral changes and the ERP measures and provide further evidence supporting the claim that enhancement in ERP amplitude over the right temporal lobe underlies behavioral improvement.
Source Analysis
The contour map for the early (130 ms) training-related enhancement in ERP amplitude (Fig. 2B) is consistent with a radial source in the right secondary auditory cortex along the lateral superior temporal surface (Wood and Wolpaw 1982; Picton and others 1999). The amplitude distribution of the late enhancement likely reflects activity from tangential generators located in the anterior portion of the right superior temporal plane (Fig. 2B). However, a generator located in the inferior portion of the prefrontal cortex could also account for the amplitude distribution.
To investigate the sources of these early and rapid changes in cortical responsiveness further, we used sLORETA to compute statistical maps from the difference wave between the first and the fourth block of trials over the 40- to 640-ms interval. (The fourth block of trials was chosen because it showed the largest practice-related changes.) These maps are derived by performing a location-wise weighting of the results of a minimum norm least-squares analysis with their estimated variances. The analysis shows that the dominant intracerebral source for the early evoked response (136 ms) was located in the right middle and lateral temporal lobe (Fig. 5). This right-lateralized effect of learning is not limited to fast perceptual learning but has also been observed following extended training over several days (Reinke and others 2003; Bosnyak and others 2004) and as a result of musical training (Shahin and others 2003). The sLORETA solution also suggested a source in the right inferior prefrontal cortex rather than in the anterior temporal lobe during the late evoked response (336 ms). A contribution of the prefrontal cortex may come as no surprise given the nature of the task, which requires participants to parse, maintain, and manipulate acoustic information. Together, these results suggest that rapid auditory perceptual learning depends on a right frontotemporal network that has been shown to play an important role in sensory memory (Alain and others 1998) as well as in tasks involving pitch comparison and retention (Zatorre and others 1994).
Effects of Extended Training
We found that rapid improvement in an auditory identification task is paralleled by neuroplastic changes in auditory sensory areas followed by changes in neural activity likely generated in the anterior portion of the right temporal lobe and/or prefrontal cortex. However, if these ERP modulations index perceptual learning, then these rapid learning-related changes in cortical responsiveness should be sensitive to prior experience with the task. To test whether or not the Ta and rT350 modulations were affected by prior task experience, we compared ERPs recorded from the same participants 1 week later (Reinke and others 2003). Half of the participants received four 35-min daily practice sessions on the double-vowel task between the 2 ERP recording sessions whereas the other half served as controls and received no practice.
Behavioral Data
An ANOVA on the participants' ability to accurately identify both vowels during the first and second ERP recording sessions yielded a main effect of session (F1,14 = 18.76, P < 0.001) and a significant group × session interaction (F1,14 = 7.63, P < 0.02). In the trained group, performance across blocks increased from 50% to 71%, whereas in untrained listeners, performance increased only from 51% to 56%. During the second recording session, neither the main effect of block nor the group × block interaction was significant. In the trained group, performance ranged from 68% to 72% across blocks, whereas in the untrained group, performance ranged from 54% to 58% across blocks; in both cases the linear trend was not significant. Lastly, the main effect of block was not significant during the training days in this relatively small sample (N = 8).
As for accuracy data, the analyses of response time data yielded a main effect of session (F1,14 = 10.29, P < 0.01) and a significant group × session interaction (F1,14 = 7.07, P < 0.02). However, in contrast with accuracy, the analysis of response time recorded during the second ERP session yielded a main effect of block (linear trend, F1,15 = 9.81, P < 0.01), with response times decreasing with practice. The group × block interaction was not significant, F < 1, suggesting comparable rate of learning in the trained and untrained groups. Neither the main effect of group, F < 1, nor the group × button press (RT1, RT2) interaction was significant. These results suggest that some learning took place during the second ERP recording session and that the learning rate did not differ between the trained and untrained listeners.
Electrophysiological Data
Figure 6 shows the group mean ERPs recorded before and after the training week over the midline frontal and right temporal cortex for the trained (Fig. 6A) and untrained (Fig. 6B) groups. For the trained group, there was a marked increase in P2 amplitude after extended training (for a detailed analysis of the effects of extended training on the sensory evoked response, see Reinke and others 2003). More importantly, for the trained group, there was no significant change in ERP amplitude over the right temporal lobe (T8) as a function of block for the 100- to 140-ms interval after training. The interaction between recording session and block was significant (linear trend, F1,7 = 9.67, P < 0.02), indicating early and rapid neuroplastic changes only prior to the weeklong training (Fig. 6A and Fig. 7). A separate ANOVA on the ERP amplitude recorded in the untrained participants in the second session revealed a significant increase as a function of block over the right temporal cortex (main effect of block, F4,28 = 3.73, P < 0.05, linear trend, F1,7 = 7.97, P < 0.05), and these effects were not different from those observed during the first recording session (Figs 6B and 7). A between-group analysis revealed a significant interaction between group and block (F1,14 = 5.31, P < 0.05), reflecting training-related changes during the second ERP recording session but only for those individuals who did not receive extended training between the first and the second ERP session. This indicates that the rapid enhancement in cortical responsiveness during the 100- to 140-ms interval is modulated by prior experience, being present only in individuals that did not have the opportunity to practice the task in the preceding days.
We also examined whether the prior exposure to the task would modulate ERP amplitude recorded over the right temporal site during the 300- to 400-ms interval (Fig. 6 and Fig. 7). Trained participants showed a small, albeit significant, increase in ERP amplitude from the beginning to the end of the second recording session (F1,7 = 10.84, P < 0.02). The interaction between recording session and block tended toward significance (linear trend, F1,7 = 4.28, P = 0.08). A separate ANOVA on the ERP amplitude recorded in the untrained participants also revealed a significant increase as a function of block during the second recording session (main effect of block, F4,28 = 6.69, P < 0.01, linear trend, F1,7 = 12.54, P < 0.01), and these effects were not different from those observed during the first recording session (days × block interaction, F1,7 < 1.0). A between-group analysis on the ERP amplitude recorded during the second recording session revealed a main effect of block (linear trend, F1,14 = 20.50, P < 0.001). The interaction between group and block tended toward significance (linear trend, F1,14 = 4.09, P = 0.063), suggesting greater within-session enhancement for those individuals who did not receive extended training between the first and the second ERP session. Overall, trained participants tended to have larger amplitude than untrained participants (F1,14 = 3.95, P = 0.067).
Experiment 2: Passive Listening
Although attention to stimuli facilitates learning, there is also evidence that mere exposure to sounds improves performance in subsequent recognition and identification tasks (Yonan and Sommers 2000; Clarke and Garrett 2004; Szpunar and others 2004). In Experiment 2, we therefore measured ERPs elicited by the same stimuli as in Experiment 1 in a new group of 16 participants, while they watched a muted subtitled movie of their choice, to assess whether passive listening is sufficient to induce rapid increases in cortical responsiveness. The mean ERP amplitude recorded across the 5 blocks of trials did not differ significantly during the 100- to 140-ms and 300- to 400-ms intervals (F1,15 < 1.10) (Fig. 8), suggesting that active listening is required to generate reliable and rapid neuroplastic changes (Recanzone and others 1993; Fritz and others 2003). These findings rule out the explanation that mere repeated exposure to sounds is the cause of the observed training-related enhancements in ERP amplitude (Sheehan and others 2005) and emphasize the role of top–down mechanisms in rapid perceptual learning. In addition to the ERP amplitude recorded over the temporal sites, we also examined whether the simple repeated exposure to these speech sounds would modulate the amplitude of the N1 and P2 wave recorded over the central scalp regions (i.e., FC1, FCz, FC2, C1, Cz, C2, CP1, CPz, CP2), where they showed the largest amplitude during passive listening. The N1 wave (∼115 ms), measured over the 95- to 135-ms interval, showed little changes as a function of block (linear trend, F < 1). However, there was a significant decrease in P2 (170–210 ms) mean amplitude as a function of block (linear trend, F1,15 = 6.08, P < 0.05). This decrement in P2 amplitude may reflect long-term habituation following repeated presentation of the same stimuli (Teismann and others 2004) or repetition priming because previously heard vowels may help identify the vowels in subsequent trials. This would be consistent with recent functional magnetic resonance imaging studies reporting decreased activity in sensory areas during repetition priming (Bergerbest and others 2004; Dobbins and others 2004).
This study demonstrates that listeners improve very quickly at parsing and identifying concurrent speech sounds. Importantly, we showed that rapid improvement in task performance is accompanied by neuroplastic changes in sensory cortex as evidenced by enhanced amplitude of sensory evoked responses. For both behavioral and ERP data, the first reliable effects of practice in distinguishing both vowels were seen after at least 2 practice blocks. The increase in Ta and rT350 amplitude over the right hemisphere was preserved only if participants continued to practice at the task. "Procedural learning," conceptualized as a rapidly acquired familiarity with task requirements and stimuli, was therefore not sufficient for generating the changes in ERP amplitude. Furthermore, the learning-related change in Ta amplitude occurred relatively early (∼120 ms, after sound onset) and was localized in auditory cortex. This finding is difficult to reconcile with a procedural learning account and seems more in line with animal research showing that rapid changes can take place in the receptive fields of sensory neurons (Edeline and Weinberger 1993; Fritz and others 2003, 2005b).
Our results emphasize the importance of attention in rapid perceptual learning by demonstrating that passive listening is not enough to produce reliable changes in auditory cortex. This is consistent with findings from recent animal studies showing changes in the receptive fields of ferret auditory cortex within minutes of beginning a tone discrimination task that was previously learned (Fritz and others 2003, 2005a, 2005b). These neuroplastic changes were smaller or absent when the animal listened passively to the same sounds. In the present study, selective attention may have sped up receptive field sharpening of neurons in auditory cortex such that spectral analysis of the vowel constituents was more precise, thereby improving vowel separation and identification. Such neuroplastic changes in receptive fields could result in a larger population of neurons responding synchronously to the task-relevant attribute, which in turn could be reflected in the amplitude of the evoked potentials recorded at the surface of the scalp.
As described earlier, when 2 vowels are played together, listeners generally hear one of the vowels as foreground (dominant) and the other as background (nondominant). The difficulty of the task resides in identifying the nondominant vowel that depends on successfully parsing the incoming vowel mixture into its constituent parts for a comparison with templates of the vowels in long-term memory. The auditory system is thought to achieve this separation by first extracting the fundamental frequency of the dominant vowel and then "subtracting" its components in order to facilitate the identification of the nondominant vowel (de Cheveigne 1999). In the present study, the increases in ERP amplitude may reflect changes in the tuning properties of auditory neurons involved in parsing concurrent speech signals. The contour maps as well as the solution from sLORETA suggest that the lateral portion of the right superior and middle temporal gyrus plays an important role in learning to parse and identify concurrent speech sounds. Previous research has shown that the right temporal cortex plays an important role in processing voices (Belin and others 2000), is sensitive to acoustic cues that lead to the perception of concurrent auditory events (Hiraumi and others 2005), and may play a dominant role in stream segregation (Snyder and others 2006). In the present study, rapid improvement in speech separation and identification may recruit activity from voice-selective areas (Belin and others 2000) because vowels are produced vocally and provide important tonal information, which may help identify the speaker (e.g., fundamental frequency). Similarly, enhanced ERP amplitude may reflect better neural synchrony in neurons sensitive to those acoustic cues that lead to segregation of concurrent auditory objects.
The contour maps as well as the solution from sLORETA also suggest a source in right inferior prefrontal cortex. Although we cannot exclude a possible contribution from a source in the anterior portion of the right temporal lobe, a right prefrontal cortex generator may be more plausible given that the task used in the present study likely involves a comparison between the incoming sounds and the representation of the vowels in working memory. This is consistent with previous studies showing that the right prefrontal cortex plays an important role in auditory memory (Alain and others 1998; Doeller and others 2003; Schall and others 2003), as well as in processing and remembering speech (Tulving and others 1994; Buckner and others 1996) and musical sentences (Zatorre and others 1994). The putative enhanced activity in prefrontal cortex and auditory areas may also index a frontotemporal network involved in encoding fine acoustic details in sensory memory (Alain and others 1998). Such a model could account for the enhanced MMN amplitude that was previously shown to occur within the first testing session (Atienza and others 2002; Gottselig and others 2004).
The Ta and rT350 training-related enhancements might index increased neural network efficiency during the segregation and identification of concurrently presented vowels. These modulations are consistent with previous studies suggesting that vowel segregation and identification involve a widely distributed neural network that includes the thalamus, primary auditory cortex, and the planum temporale (Alain, Reinke, He, and others 2005; Alain, Reinke, McDonald, and others 2005). The neuroplastic changes reported here differ from short- and long-term habituation effects, which are usually associated with decreased rather than increased ERP amplitude (Näätänen and Picton 1987). Rather, the increased ERP amplitude observed here might reflect enhanced synchrony of neurons tuned to frequencies within the same vowel and/or rapid adjustment of receptive field tuning to maximize the separation of concurrent sounds. Alternatively, the enhanced amplitude could also reflect recruitment of larger populations of neurons associated with learning a novel task. Further research is needed to clarify the relation between neuroplastic changes in scalp-recorded data and the underlying changes in the neural substrates.
The rapid neuroplastic changes observed in the present study differed from those reported following extended daily practice sessions. For instance, the P2 amplitude showed little change within a testing day but rather exhibited enhanced amplitude between recording sessions. This indicates that the P2 effects indexed a relatively slow learning process that may depend on consolidation over several days. Although the early Ta amplitude enhancement showed some similarity in terms of latency, amplitude distribution, and source location with the N1c reported in other studies, it also differed in some respects. Whereas the N1c amplitude continued to grow over 15 training sessions (Bosnyak and others 2004), the intrasession enhancement in Ta amplitude was only preserved if practice was continued. However, if practice was discontinued for a week, then the intrasession enhancement reappeared. Together, these findings suggest that the right auditory cortex, and in particular the lateral portion of the superior temporal lobe, plays an important role in both fast and slow auditory perceptual learning. Further research is needed, however, to further clarify the link between the neuroplastic changes observed within the first training day and those observed in the subsequent daily practice sessions.
Prior imaging research using positron emission tomography has shown that associative learning in humans can be paralleled by changes in sensory cortex (Molchan and others 1994; Schreurs and others 1997). Our findings extend those from earlier studies by showing that early and rapid increases in sensory evoked response amplitude can also be observed during auditory perceptual learning. These neural events reflect rapid neuroplastic changes in processing and segregating concurrent vowels, for which participants become more proficient with practice. We suggest that the early enhancement in ERP amplitude recorded over the right temporal lobe indicates changes in auditory cortical receptive fields, which can occur within a few minutes (Edeline and others 1993; Weinberger 2004), whereas the subsequent modulation in ERP amplitude may be related to increased cognitive efficiency in comparing the double-vowel constituents with stored representations. Previous research has shown that listeners can quickly adapt to acoustic and phonetic deviations from native speech (Clarke and Garrett 2004), emphasizing the flexibility and adaptability of the human speech processing system. Our findings further highlight the flexibility of the auditory system in processing speech sounds and reveal a striking degree of plasticity in adult auditory cortex that occurs rapidly to assist in processing vowels occurring simultaneously. Further research is needed to explore the characteristics of this remarkable enhancement in cortical activity and to uncover its boundary conditions. For instance, what are the consequences of rapid learning in parsing concurrent sounds for long-term linguistic representation? What are the effects of age and hearing impairment on these early and rapid changes in cortical responsiveness? Given age-related decline in parsing concurrent vowels (Snyder and Alain 2005), would older adults show rapid improvement in performance paralleled by neuroplastic changes in auditory cortex? Answers to these and related questions will advance our knowledge about learning and cortical plasticity and may have important implications for rehabilitation.
This work was supported by grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and the McDonnell Foundation. We wish to thank B. J. Dyson, E. E. Hannon, T. W. Picton, B. Ross, and A. Shahin for their comments on the manuscript and valuable discussion. We are particularly indebted to Peter Assmann and Quentin Summerfield for providing the vowel stimuli. Conflict of Interest: None declared.


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Architecting an Intercommunicative Experimental Environment with Research Participants and its Parameters Proceedings of the 2012 Japan-Taiwan Symposium on intelligent Green and Orange (iGO) Technology, held on December 10 – 11, 2012 at National United University, MiaoLi, Taiwan Sendai National College of Technology Nakai Akihito, Yairi Satoshi 1
Orientation & Mobility The blind must be able to perceive their circumstances with their ears. This skill is known as "Auditory Orientation" The visually impaired can work with specialists of Orientation & Mobility to receive training in auditory orientation, with the aim of being able to function in daily life. 2
Orientation & Mobility Training "auditory orientation" for the blind is usually conducted in the real world, however… the real world is dangerous, especially for beginner trainee. Training conducted with auditory Virtual reality (VR) sound, known as auditory display provided with HRTFs would be helpful. 3
What is HRTF? This function can extract "locational information" (direction, distance) of sounds. HRTF can be combined with another sound data. HRTF can convolute 3D perception of the recorded HRTF point with sound data. Head-Related Transfer Function (HRTF) HRTF is usually measured. Problems: Long duration of measurement, and other obstacles when obtaining HRTF. 4
In fact, there are several ways to obtain an HRTF other than measurement. Assuming blind people, an HRTF was obtained from a database that contains many precisely measured HRTFs. Thus, we aim to measure HRTF as precisely as possible in healthy individuals to produce a precise HRTF database. Goal: a system which can be easily applied to measurement HRTF, with minimal stress to subjects. HRTF for The Blind 5
HRTF measurement takes at least 2 hours per person. Subjects must maintain their body position for the entire measurement period to obtain a precise HRTF. →This procedure requires tense concentration, and is quite tiring. HRTF Measurement 6
Sleepiness while measuring in anechoic chamber Silent chamber and nothing to do. Unconscious motion of Head & Body Hard to maintain exactly same body position. We propose a system that can grasp the status of subject being measured in the anechoic chamber via sensor parameters. Measurement Problems 7
Using a Kinect to get positions of a subject's body. Using iPod touch with a "gyrosc" app. to obtain precise head motion data. Using iPad with a "touchOSC" app. to notify the subject's body motion. Varying Position Notification with Sensors 8
9 iPod gyro sensor can precisely measure accurate tilts. (iPod touch is used for reference values) ・ iPad notifies the subject's motions via wireless LAN. Kinect can observe whole body motion even in depth direction.
10 Overview of Proposed System
Measurement on This System 11 Set measurement mode ↓ Set initial body position ↓ Keep body position according to notification
Set Measurement Mode 12 Make a circle above subject's head 4 seconds after seating. Kinect will cease to capture leg motion, and reference doll will be set in a seated position. Make a circle above the subject's head for 8 seconds to disable the mode.
Set Initial Body Position After mode setting, the subject raises his right hand level with his shoulder, and decides initial body position. Without bending it, the subject moves his right arm ahead. This triggers position calibration. Finally, the subject puts his hands on his knees. 13
Keep Body Position According to Notification 14
Keep Body Position According to Notification Center coordinate shows the subject's head position. Estimating Head position with the head and torso coordinate values. When there are inclines, a green point will light up. 15
Keep Body Position According to Notification With a 1 - 3 deg. incline, yellow points will light up. Or with a 4 - 7 deg. incline, orange points will light up. With inclines over 8 deg., red points will light up. 16
Conclusion An intercommunicative experimental environment consisting of some devices and sensors is proposed. Proposed prototype system can support precise measurement HRTFs, and create on exact HRTF database. Precisely measured HRTFs measured function better perception of the blind in an auditory orientation training system with the auditory display. 17
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Hudson takes to the wing
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MATTHEW Hudson, who sold Prestwick International Airport to Stagecoach for #41m last year, has quit the board of the transport group's fledgling aviation subsidiary.
Hudson said he would now be a "partner" of Stagecoach - helping it find acquisition opportunities in North America and the Far East.
When Stagecoach took over Prestwick last spring, Hudson was appointed executive chairman of the aviation subsidiary set up to run Prestwick and pursue airport purchases around the world.
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One-Pan Roasted Harissa Salmon with Vegetables
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Getting you more information on this room
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Mario Aldo Montano
Daily Forecast for February 23rd 2017
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February 23rd 2017 is a good day for Mario Aldo Montano for finances, but not good for negotiations.
Practical family matters need Mario's attention, matters that test his commitment, responsibility, and sense of duty. A young person needs Montano's guidance, the type of guidance that is delivered with a strong hand.
While romance becomes serious today, Mario Aldo Montano might find his honor being challenged.
While studying the color and flavor of the day, it is a good practice to keep in mind the greater meaning of February and the master plan of 2017 in Mario's life.
You and Mario
About Mario's Numerological Forecast & Personal Day Cycle
Just as Mario Aldo Montano evolves through a nine-year cycle and experiences the nine-month cycle, he is also subjected to nine-day cycles, even though their impact is subtle compared to the Personal Year and even Personal Month cycles. The Personal Day cycles proceed according to the same pattern - 1 through 9 - that the Personal Year and Personal Month cycles do. The numbers within the daily cycles have a similar impact on Mario to the yearly and monthly cycles - though less pronounced.
Read more about our numerological daily forecast for