text: Best way to build your defense? Turnovers By Dave Hickman April 23, 2012 MORGANTOWN - From a defensive perspective, the most encouraging thing about West Virginia's Gold-Blue scrimmage Saturday night was not that the defense actually outscored an offense expected to be among the most highly-charged in the country this fall.It was how that defense managed to do it.It wasn't through stop after stop, although that was pretty amazing, too. The offense scored touchdowns on its first two possessions and then on its last two. In the middle, there were 11 other offensive possessions that produced but two Tyler Bitancurt field goals.But even at that, the offense would have won the game by a point in the rather thrown-together scoring system - three points to the defense for a stop, five if it was a three-and-out - had it not been for that most-encouraging aspect for the defense. Turnovers.Let's face it. In the Big 12, that's what the game is all about on the defensive side of things.Stopping Big 12 teams that had six of the top 13 total offenses in the country (seven of the top 15 if you count West Virginia)? That's just not going to happen very often. If you count WVU and TCU, the league had six of the top 13 scoring offenses in the country last year, too.Ah, but turnovers is the way around that.The teams West Virginia faces in the fall are going to march up and down the field. They're going to score points, too. Big 12 teams held down three of the bottom seven positions in total defense last season. Six were in the bottom half of the total defense statistics. Shoot, the best defense in the league last year was Texas, ranked No. 11, and see what that got the Longhorns? They were 8-5.But to find the key, one needs look no further than the team from which West Virginia's new defensive co-coordinator, Joe DeForest, came. Oklahoma State ranked No. 107 in the country in total defense. But the Cowboys were 46 spots better than that in scoring defense.OK, so being No. 61 in scoring defense is nothing the write home about.In fact, that tied OSU with West Virginia and we spent all last fall complaining about WVU's defense. But in the Big 12 that was enough to get the Cowboys to 12-1 and a meltdown against Iowa State away from the national championship game. And it was because OSU ranked first in the country in both turnovers gained and turnover margin. It was enough to give the Cowboys enough extra possessions each game to outscore teams."If you go back to where I came from, we led the country in turnovers [gained],'' DeForest said. "We may not have had the best defense statistically, but when you lead the country in turnovers, you're going to give your offense three extra possessions a game. And if they capitalize on two of them, you gain 10 to 14 points.''Pretty simple, huh?Don't fret too much if opposing offenses score time and again because your offense is probably going to do the same. If you can just give your offense a few extra chances to do that scoring, well, do the math.Of course, it's the same way in every league and at every level."It doesn't matter what league you play in,'' DeForest said. "If you get turnovers, you're going to have a lot better opportunity to win the football game.''But in the Big 12, it seems especially important given that everyone moves the football and scores points. Three extra possessions in the Big East might give you only three more opportunities to punt the football in a 17-14 game. Three extra chances with the ball in the Big 12 might give you just what you need to win 51-48. All of which is why, during West Virginia's spring drills, the defense charted those turnovers with a goal in mind. The stated objective was to create three turnovers per day over the course of 15 practices, which would have been 45. The defense finished with 40, but DeForest was quick to point out that was a win."We didn't count the three non-padded days,'' he said. "On non-padded days, you can't really go for the ball and strip it.''And that's what West Virginia's defense is all about now - going for the ball and stripping it. You can't do that at the total expense of tackling and being in position, but if the attitude is there, then you have a chance."We drill it, we harp on it, we do everything we possibly can to show them the benefits of it,'' DeForest said. "And I think in their minds and in our minds we become more aggressive as a defense.''Reach Dave Hickman at 304-348-1734 or email@example.com or follow him at Twitter.com/dphickman1


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Lincoln University
The Lincoln Performing Arts Centre - an innovative performance venue with a state-of-the-art learning environment for the Lincoln School of Performing Arts.
Residence halls on-campus at Lincoln - The Student Village
Sports and fitness center featuring facilities for volleyball, basketball, soccer, squash, netball, badminton, and tennis just to name a few.
The Science Centre contains state-of-the-art laboratories and specialist equipment. Even police have used its facilities to process evidence and solve crimes.
The Great Central Warehouse Library - The Library provides a wide range of Library services and facilities, as well as support and guidance to students on the use of information services and study skills. It has an excellent student-to-computer ratio and WiFi access across campus.
The Engineering Hub - home to the Lincoln School of Engineering. The School works in collaboration with Siemens.

subset: commoncrawl


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A crow is any of a number of large black birds related to the ravens and jays. Crows occur throughout the nonpolar lands except South America, New Zealand, and most Pacific islands.
The well-known American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) of North America and the carrion crow (C. corone) of Europe are typical crows. They are 19 or 20 inches (48-52 cm) long and have black plumage with steel-gray reflections.
Crows favor woodlands and open farmlands. Their diet consists of a wide range of vegetable and animal matter, including carrion, insects, seeds, fruit, the eggs of reptiles and birds, young birds, and small reptiles. The small fish crow (C. ossifragus) of the Atlantic coast of North America also feeds on small fish and shellfish. Since crows often destroy cultivated crops in their search for food, they are not liked by farmers and are frequently killed. Crows are, however, intelligent as well as bold and wary. They adapt readily to changed conditions, and in spite of their persecution by man, they have been able to coexist with man in his spreading civilization and to thrive in areas greatly altered by man's activities.
Crows are known for their gregarious habits. When not breeding, they tend to congregate and sleep in flocks numbering as many as 40,000 individuals. One small European species, the rook (Corvus frugilegus), often nests in large colonies; hence the term "rookery," now often applied also to large herds of seals and other animals. Crows' calls are usually loud and harsh. Some species can be taught to repeat phrases clearly, similar to mynahs and parrots.
A crow's nest is usually a substantial structure made of sticks and twigs and open at the top. It is usually placed in a tall tree. Crows generally lay three to five mottled green eggs, but they may lay as many as eight at one time. Although both parents construct the nest, the female alone incubates the eggs. Both parents assist in the care of the newly hatched young.
There are numerous species known as crows. Together with ravens and jays, they make up the crow family, Corvidae, in the order Passeriformes.
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Karen Allen designs a business out of knitwear
Even with awards for her portrayals in the movie "Raiders of the Lost Ark" and Broadway hit "Monday After the Miracle" – along with countless roles in other movie, theater and TV productions – Karen Allen felt the need to reinvent herself.
So she became an entrepreneur.
Establishing the Karen Allen Fiber Arts line and studio six years ago in Great Barrington and then opening a store in the same name in the same Western Massachusetts town two years later, Allen designs, produces and sells fine knitwear made on hand-manipulated Japanese knitting machines.
Allen today handmakes most of the jackets, sweaters, scarves, shawls and hats and oversees every pattern, fabric and garment in the collection. She draws on ancient tribal textiles and art for inspiration and chooses from more than 100 colors of Italian or Scottish cashmere to distinguish her line.
Karen Allen Fiber Arts wasn't her first entrepreneurial venture. Obsessed with insects at the age of 5, Allen created an insect zoo and charged a penny for a tour. Growing up, she had a business making and selling doll clothes and, along with a friend, embroidered towels to sell at Christmastime.
"I was always a bit of an entrepreneur. What can I say?" she says, laughing.
A lifelong knitter and interested in design, Allen attended the Fashion Institute of Technology, but left in her fourth semester during the tumult of the early 1970s to travel the West Indies, Mexico and Central and South America.
Enamored with the literature of her travels, Allen thought she would become a writer and returned to her home in Washington, D.C., to launch her career. Instead, she stumbled upon a traveling theater group's production that changed her direction.
"It was one of those moments where I went in to watch a performance as one person and I left a different person," she says.
Allen studied acting under one member of the troupe and then joined his theater company before relocating to New York City to look for theater work. "I never had any real aspiration to work in film," she says, "but film was one of the first opportunities that presented itself to me in terms of a job."
Her debut in "Animal House" quickly led to more film work, including "Manhattan" and "Raiders of the Lost Ark," and then Allen returned to the theater for "Monday After the Miracle." "I have spent most of my career going back and forth between theater and film," she says.
When her son was nearing school age, Allen transferred from New York City to her summer home in Great Barrington to send him to a school that had impressed her there.
"When I got up here, it was a huge shock to me that I didn't really have anything to do," she says.
A yoga practitioner since she was 17, Allen established Berkshire Mountain Yoga in a barn she bought and renovated and ran it for five years before returning to theater work in New York City. (Sixteen years later, the studio is still going strong.)
Karen Allen Fiber Arts came about when Allen moved back to Great Barrington, this time a single mother. Finding her theater nights-and-weekends schedule incompatible with primary responsibility for her son, she sold her city apartment and seriously planned for the ensuing parenting years.
"I began to think that I needed to reinvent my life. I had eight more years of full-time parenting and I needed some way of living my life that was creative while making a living and taking care of my son," Allen says. "I spent quite a few months pondering what direction I'd like to go in, and it became clear, the more I thought about it, that the thing I really loved was design."
In preparation for her new venture, Allen returned to FIT in 2002 to specialize in knitwear design and machine knitting technology, learning the complicated Japanese knitting machine she uses today. Once in Western Massachusetts in 2003, she worked in a small outbuilding on her property to see if she could make a go of her company.
"People began to see what I was doing at galleries, I had a gallery for a short time and stores were asking to carry my things. I was feeling very encouraged. That was the beginning," Allen says.
Allen initially worked alone but a year later brought in two interns. One moved on, the other stayed, and Allen also trained one more knitter. She moved the studio into the barn, underneath the yoga studio.
"Suddenly, having two salaries, everything involved with that bumped us up to this place where there was a certain amount of pressure. I had to start moving out into the world," she says.
Attending trade shows and bringing in other retail customers, Allen in 2005 opened her store, where she sells 10 percent her collection and 90 percent other designers' work.
"It was a seat-of-the-pants learning experience for me, trying to figure out what kind of company I wanted to run and what I wanted my studio to be. Did I want to be the boss? Did I want people working around me, needing me to tell them what to do? Or did I want to be in a studio where I am the designer and work on my own?" she says.
"Ultimately, I decided I didn't want to be the boss. I didn't want to be distracted from the central thing I wanted to do, which was design."
When her two staffers moved on to other things, Allen outsourced 40 percent of her production and also enlisted a freelance knitter to help in the crush times. She had already delegated the running of the store, so she was able to continue with her film and theater work while continuing with her collection.
On the acting side, Allen still splits her time between film and theater. Most recently, she reprised her Marion Ravenwood role in the 2008 film sequel "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull." Last spring, she directed "Moonchildren" at Bard College at Simon's Rock, where she is also an adjunct professor.
At the time of this interview, Allen was heading off to New York City to film a role as a 1970s Irish Catholic mother who's torn between urging her sons onto their own lives and living alone in Brooklyn with her alcoholic husband. This coming spring, she'll direct "Moonchildren" at the Berkshire Theater Festival in Stockbridge.
In the meantime, Allen is building up inventory in her studio. "For me, there's really nothing about the process here that I don't enjoy," she says. "I love working with yarn. I love making things I find beautiful and fantastic to touch and put on. I enjoy the times I'm in the store. It's very satisfying to see people trying on the things that I've made, buying things to wear or to give as gifts. It's an extraordinary experience most designers don't have unless they have a small studio," she says.
With her son nearing his independence, Allen expects to keep at what she's doing at the moment, happy with her life. As for any advice she'd give a budding entrepreneur, she says, "I feel like I'm still in the learning process. I did this without any experience, so my advice would be, 'Dive in and do it.' "


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Time everything everything. I know that for sure. My People will be free one day ✊
Please remember , It's not selfish to do what's best for you.
A fuck boy's true color will always show off sooner or later !
If you hear what people say behind your back ... It will disturb you mentally. The same ones that will see you & scream " my niggaaaa "
See, when your blessings starts coming through, you will forget your days of suffering. Keep hustling & get your mind assured. Iyanu Asele


text: TV Times - Neil Diamond cover (17-23 January 1981) £21.99 Quantity: at £21.99 each Add To Basket 1 in stock. Very good unread condition - very light cover wear London edition NEIL DIAMOND - "I need looking after. I need a family life"4 pages "JACK WARNER - THE TV COPPER WHO ADDED HEART TO THE BEAT"Lord Willis looks at the birth of the TV series 'Dixon of Dock Green' and at Jack Warner, the man who immortalised Dixon1 page MAUREEN LIPMAN - "Mum's the word when the Agony girl needs advice"2 pages BERNIE WINTERS - "Bernie in Arizona" (Stars on Holiday feature)Two and a half pages


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Cmc Paper Medicine Kown - Chinaprice: contact company for price
petroleummining, chemical industry for daily use, builing, ceramic, paper
boxes, tobacco, medicine, toothpaste, food additive etc.The company has wide
tade contacts with the industry.it has many adwantages, such as high
viscosity, High substitution, quick-solubility, salt resistivity, etc.
Thank you in advance for your consideration
Company Contact:
- Posted By: SHIJIAZHUANG BEST TRADE CO.LTD
- Phone: 8631184488778
- Address: Jin Zhou Shi Jia Zhuang, Shi Jia Zhuang, China
- Email:
Published date: September 7, 2012 -
- Business Description: involved in international trade import export of goods, products, and services
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In a message dated Wed, 10 Oct 2001 7:51:39 PM Eastern Daylight Time, "Wilbert Hetterscheid" <firstname.lastname@example.com> writes:
> Aaaaah, finally I can hit again:
> The name Konnyaku IS Japanese, and I'll be darned if I know what it means.
What does the English word "oak" mean? It is simply the name of a plant, and needs no other meaning!
Jason Hernandez


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2 Main Road Germiston Gauteng 1401
Towers Bldg 125 Kingfischer Av Elspark Germiston Gauteng 1401
CNR KINROSS AND PRESIDENT STRS Germiston Gauteng 1401
1 VAN LINGEN STREET Germiston Gauteng 1401
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# You can add any kind of announcement or updates happening on your website
Want to be a SEM expert? Join a professional SEM training course in Delhi to get skills and knowledge from leading industry experts. Advanced modules and training is offered on live projects to students. Contact us to enrol in the course today.
More info : http://www.seoschooldelhi.com/
Add : 3640, 2nd Floor, Netaji Subhash Marg
Daryaganj, New Delhi 110002
Ph. 011-41527823


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*This item is not regularly stocked or displayed in our Showroom, however it may be Special Ordered for you.
Item Availability is subject to Manufacturer Drop or Discontinuation & Price may vary according to fabric grade selected. Please stop in or click Request More Info for additional details.
Why not show our Low Price?Rotmans sets our own prices on our TV & Electronics items, however some manufacturers have restrictions on how we may display the prices of their products. Since our price is frequently lower than their suggested retail price, they may not allow us to show you our Low Price until you place the item in your shopping cart. Adding this item to your cart does not require you to purchase it & you can easily remove it from your cart should you decide not to purchase.
A great combination to lounge in while reading a book or watching television, this chair and ottoman combination provide a relaxation. Sleek, modern styling allows this set to easily blend into your living room or den. Both pieces feature exposed wooden feet that contrast beautifully against luxurious fabrics. The chair features flared arms that add a unique look to the piece. Available in a wide variety of fabric colors, choose the look that's right for your home.
The Maddie Contemporary Style Chair and Ottoman from Rotmans. We proudly serve the Worcester, Boston, MA, Providence, RI, and New England area. Product availability may vary. Contact us for the most current availability on this product.
As you sit for hours, cushions can start to be worn in. With fully upholstered seat cushions you can rotate them any which way to make sure the best side if always facing up. Keep cushions fresh and looking great with the ability to rotate them any way because they are fully upholstered.
Comfortable doesn't have to look sloppy. Seat back cushions are fitted with multiple compartments to allow for fiber to be evenly distributed as well as stay in one place helping to eliminate the need for constant rearrangement of pillows.
Interlocking wood forges a sturdy frame that can withstand the heavy use it will receive from being in an important room in your home. Quality construction and long lasting cushions come together in these pieces, giving you the durability you need in your home.
Like the technology in a pillow top mattress, Duracoil cushions have individually wrapped coils in between layers of soy-base foam. This technology enhances the seat of your upholstery by creating a place where you can sit for hours comfortably giving you the resiliency you need.
Bring a fresh and stylish look and feel into your living room decor with the Maddie collection. Flared arms along with dark finished exposed wood legs not only embody a modern contemporary design, but allow this group to stand out in your home's decor. DuraCoil cushions and supportive sinuous spring design combine comfort with durability to complete this collection with a relaxed sophistication.
The Maddie collection is a great option if you are looking for Contemporary furniture in the Worcester, Boston, MA, Providence, RI, and New England area.
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Browse other items in the Maddie collection from Rotmans in the Worcester, Boston, MA, Providence, RI, and New England area.
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re: Auburn hires Arizona State OC Chip Lindsey - auburn2eugene on 1/11/17 at 9:41 pm
[quote]Sds?[/quote] Saturday Down South I presume... ...Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (1)
re: Auburn hires Arizona State OC Chip Lindsey - auburn2eugene on 1/11/17 at 9:38 pm
[quote]Helfrich is the correct answer here[/quote] No. No he is not. He was nothing more than Lashlee. I saw it with my own eyes. He would literally stand there sometimes during games, following Chip around like a lost puppy. Seriously though, I live in Eugene. I want Helfrich NO WHERE around...Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (0)
re: OFFICIAL Hire Chip Kelly Thread - auburn2eugene on 1/7/17 at 10:25 pm
Guys, yall just don't know what chip would do here. He made it to the title game against us with left over 4*s that none of the California schools wanted, and while at Oregon was in at state that produces mainly 2* and 3* talent. All of you who say his line was this or that, clearly don't realiz...Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (3)
re: Pettaway and Johnson - auburn2eugene on 9/30/16 at 1:34 pm
I will say that I sure wish we would see them both on the field at the same time, but not with Buba playing FB. Have them both as RBs. Make them guess which back will get it and which way the will run. Utilizing them together like that, could help mitigate the fact that opposing defenses dont have t...Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (0)
re: The best place kicker in the country - auburn2eugene on 9/26/16 at 2:05 pm
[quote]happens to be a dude at Penn State, [/quote] Thats an awfully strange way to spell Auburns Kicker Daniel Carlson...
Posted on SEC RantJump to Post - View Topic - Replies (0)
re: Auburn won the battle, but did LSU win the war? - auburn2eugene on 9/25/16 at 4:21 pm
I doubt it. Even if LSU wins.... I feel there is zero chance JJ pulls the trigger at all, much less this quickly....Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (1)
re: Les Miles gone... - auburn2eugene on 9/25/16 at 4:19 pm
[quote]We did it Auburn fans![/quote] Is this something to be happy about? They fired him immediately because they feel we suck and he lost to us. Not sure if this is something that I feel too excited about... And Cam Cameron is out also. Thats something. Guess they saw Dupree wide open ...Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (3)
re: 247 Article on Hand and the Negative Plays - auburn2eugene on 9/21/16 at 2:00 pm
There was a reason PSU was happy to see him go. I heard Christian Hackenberg was pissed Hand didnt leave sooner. ...Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (0)
re: what are realistic options at HC? seriously - auburn2eugene on 9/18/16 at 1:28 am
My suggestion... With the players we have on offense, we MUST stay with the same system or it will be an extremely difficult transition. We need to fly to San Fransisco and offer a blank check to Chip Kelly. It wouldn't be impossible to pry him away from the 49ers. Saban and Harbaugh came bac...Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (0)
re: Give Bobby Petrino a blank check. - auburn2eugene on 9/18/16 at 1:21 am
[quote]Petrino would still leave us without a defense. He would be an upgrade from Gus but not a longterm fix that is going to win a NC. [/quote] Yeah but before this season, Gus couldn't field a defense either... Anyone CAN field a defense at Auburn. Auburn isn't Arkansas or Louisville. Aub...Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (0)
re: Gus talking about 'lack of execution' on offense - auburn2eugene on 9/18/16 at 1:12 am
[quote]Looked like they were plays designed to leave the DE unblocked and we should have stopped running such plays after the first time it didn't work. [/quote] True. That happened first play. But how can you think that works on Garrett? Absurd. Ive never seen such. Ive been a firm CGM supporte...Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (0)
re: improvement in receivers - auburn2eugene on 9/14/16 at 2:58 pm
[quote]lsu fans have been complaining about drops already[/quote] So you are suggesting CDC "coaches" his WRs to drop passes... SEEMS LEGIT fact is we may not miss DC as far as coaching goes, but we sure as hell will miss him in recruiting. CDC is one of the best when it comes to bringing in t...Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (2)
re: At this point, who is our most indispensable player? - auburn2eugene on 9/10/16 at 3:39 pm
[quote]I'm curious what the board's thoughts are on who at this point in the season is our most indispensable player?[/quote] I don't think anyone...at least so far... Easier to give that answer a few games into the schedule....Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (1)
re: FoxSports article on Gus and The QB rotation - auburn2eugene on 9/5/16 at 1:52 pm
[quote]I feel like Gus is like Mike Martz. The old Rams OC, so good with X's and O's but over thinks himself into a stupor[/quote] I lived in St Louis when Martz was the Super Bowl winning OC. As well as when STL lost the Super Bowl to the stupid@ss Patriots with a little known QB by the name of ...Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (0)
re: Burn his redshirt, play Woody - auburn2eugene on 9/5/16 at 1:41 pm
I dunno... It didnt work so well with Burns and Fraizer......Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (1)
re: Are our QB recruits being coached out of their natural talent? - auburn2eugene on 9/5/16 at 1:40 pm
I don't think they are being coached out of their talent. It sure looks like they haven't received a bit of coaching since stepping on campus. [b]THANK YOU LASHLEE[/b] We are severely lacking in the OC/QB Coaching position....Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (0)
re: Bama just hired Sark, Auburn should hire Briles - auburn2eugene on 9/5/16 at 1:36 pm
I don't know about bringing in Art. But I don't understand why we didn't replace Lashlee with Kendall Briles the second the game was over. Or just hire Kendall as offensive assistant until the season is complete, and replace Lashlee with Kendall. THEN when we have a real OC, if we still put ...Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (0)
re: Have our expectations been raised? Are we too quick on the trigger? - auburn2eugene on 9/1/16 at 1:32 am
I get there are more games now... But you guys do realize in the entire history of Auburn football, we have only won 10 games in back to back seasons 1 single time.......Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (2)
re: AU Walk-on kicker and now 2nd string WR Will Hastings - auburn2eugene on 8/31/16 at 5:08 pm
Yeah... It was to my comment that he replied to with the "waste" comment....Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (0)
re: Does everyone remember former QB recruit Kai Locksley? - auburn2eugene on 8/28/16 at 8:25 pm
We DID recruit him. We went all in for him. Like SO many other of the top QBs on our board, he went somewhere else. Just like Torrence Gibson...we went all in on him. Thought we had a chance on signing day, slim chance, but a chance nonetheless. What's he doing now? Playing WR for Ohio State....Jump to Post - View Topic - Replies (1)
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The Boston Celtics continue their pre-draft workouts on Thursday with another six-player session:
C.J. Fair – Syracuse
Aaron Gordon – Arizona
Jerami Grant – Syracuse
Luke Hancock – Louisville
Geron Johnson – Memphis
Doug McDermott – Creighton
Gordon and McDermott, two projected lottery picks, highlight the list of attendees. The Celtics own the Nos. 6 and 17 picks in the June 26 draft.


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Currently slowing down his else hectic release schedule, Tommy Trash comes out with the April edition of his now monthly series of mixtapes just in time for the weekend. Picking up where highly underrated remix of 'Wicked Woman' left off, the now London residing Thomas Olsen blasts through a diverse and impeccably mixed 14-track selection, featuring a track listing different to what one would normally expect from the electro-house oriented Aussie. Track wise, it covers Mord Fustang's 'Windwaker', Dyro and Jacob van Hage's 'EMP', the A-Trak remix of 'The Night Out' and more.
01. Congorock – Monolith [Ultra]
02. Sander van Doorn – Chasin' [Doorn]
03. Clockwork – Nox [Dim Mak]
04. Fedde Le Grand, Deniz Koyu & Johan Wedel – Turn It [Flamingo]
05. Mord Fustang – Windwaker [Plasmapool]
06. Otto Knows – Million Voices [Refune]
07. Bassjackers & Angger Dimas – RIA [Doorn]
08. Nicky Romero – Toulouse (Tommy Trash Remix) [Spinnin]
09. Michael Brun – Rise (Dirty South Edit) [Phazing]
10. Martin Solveig – The Night Out (A-Trak Remix) [Big Beat]
11. Dyro & Jacob van Hage – EMP [Smash The House]
12. Style Of Eye – Devastate (Original Mix) [Owsla]
13. Miike Snow – Paddling Out (Wolfgang Gartner Remix) [Sony]
14. Azari & III – Reckless (With Your Love) (Tiga's 'What Iz Houze Muzik?' Remix) [Permanent Vacation]


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Examples of items on this list: Buddy Holly, Chace Crawford and many more.
This list answers the questions, "Which actors are from Lubbock?" and "Which famous actors were born in Lubbock?"
- 1
Amy Maner Blank Check, Tornado! Amy Maner is an actress, costume designer and film producer.
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Brad Leland Friday Night Lights, Hancock, Inside Man Brad Leland is an actor.
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Branden Waits The Drone Virus Branden Waits is an actor and film art director.
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Brandy Miller Emmanuelle 2000: Emmanuelle Pie, Emmanuelle's Intimate Encounters, Dead ... Brandy Miller is an actress.
- 5
Buddy Holly Charles Hardin Holley, known as Buddy Holly, was an American musician and singer-songwriter, often considered one of the main figures of the rock and roll genre in the mid-1950s. Born in Lubbock,
- 6
C. Alan Ploegsma The Tony Blair Witch Project C. Alan Ploegsma is an actor.
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Demetria McKinney Daddy's Little Girls, Breaking Up Is Hard to Do, In the Meantime Demetria Dyan McKinney is an American actress and singer. She is known for her work as Janine Shelton-Payne on the TBS comedy sitcom Tyler Perry's House of Payne. She was nominated for a 2009 National
- 8
Chace Crawford The Covenant, What to Expect When You're Expecting, The Haunting of Molly ... Christopher Chace Crawford, known professionally as Chace Crawford, is an American actor. He is known for his portrayal of Nate Archibald on The CW's teen drama series Gossip Girl.
- 9
Conrad Vernon Shrek, Shrek 2, Madagascar Conrad Vernon IV is an American director, storyboard artist, writer, and voice actor, best known for his work on the DreamWorks animated film series Shrek as well as other films such as Monsters vs.
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Cristi Conaway Batman Returns, Husbands and Wives, Doc Hollywood Cristi Conaway is an American actress and fashion designer. Conaway attended Southern Methodist University, where she studied acting. After moving to Los Angeles, California, she made her television
- 11
Delbert McClinton Delbert McClinton: Live from Austin, Texas Delbert McClinton is an American blues rock and electric blues singer-songwriter, guitarist, harmonica player, and pianist. Active as a side-man since 1962 and as a band leader since 1972, he has
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Don Bowman The Las Vegas Hillbillys Don Bowman was an American country music singer, songwriter, comedian and radio host. He recorded for RCA Victor between 1964 and 1970, charting in the Top 40 with the novelty hit single "Chit
- 13
Duane Whitaker Pulp Fiction, The Devil's Rejects, Feast Duane Whitaker is an American actor. Duane Whitaker is probably best known for his role in Quentin Tarantino's popular 1994 film Pulp Fiction as Maynard, the sadistic pawn shop owner. He wrote and
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Jeremy Danial Boreing Spiral Jeremy Danial Boreing is an American director, screenwriter, and producer. He was a member of Coattails Entertainment, a production company, with Kurt Schemper, Joel David Moore, and Zachary Levi from
- 15
Jim Boles A Big Hand for the Little Lady, The Trouble with Angels, The Apple ... Jim Boles was an actor.
- 16
Jo Harvey Allen Fried Green Tomatoes, The Client, All the Pretty Horses Jo Harvey Allen is an American writer, actress, and artist.
- 17
John Murrell Pioneer Woman John Murrell, OC, AOE is an American-born Canadian playwright.
- 18
Kara Edwards Heaven's Lost Property the Movie: The Angeloid of Clockwork, Dragon Ball ... Kara Janét Edwards is an American radio personality, and voice actress at Funimation/OkraTron 5000. She provided voices for a number of English versions of Japanese anime series and video
- 19
Kristi Cline Wet & Wild: Slippery When Wet
- 20
Krystal Wight Armstrong Searching for Sonny Krystal Wight Armstrong is a production designer, film producer, art director, cinematographer, and an actress.
- 21
Linda Cook Gasline Linda O. Cook was an American actress, perhaps best known for her portrayal of Egypt Jones Masters on the American daytime soap opera Loving from 1988-91, and from 1993-94. She also appeared on One
- 22
Lloyd Maines Lubbock Lights Lloyd Wayne Maines is an American Grammy Award-winning country music record producer, musician and songwriter. He was born and raised in Lubbock, Texas and is now based in Bulverde, Texas. Arguably
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Loyd Catlett Tron, 48 Hrs., Halloween III: Season of the Witch Loyd Catlett is an actor and a stunt performer.
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Mac Davis North Dallas Forty, Deck the Halls, The Sting II Morris Mac Davis, known as Mac Davis, is a country music singer, songwriter and actor, originally from Lubbock, Texas, who has enjoyed much crossover success. His early work writing for Elvis Presley
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Mark Charles Davis The New Daughter Mark Charles Davis is an actor.
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Mark Womack Rebound Mark Womack is an American actor who made his debut in 2004.
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Michael Morrison Meatballs Part II, Co-Ed Fever, Aunt Peg Milton Owen Ingley, also known as Michael Morrison, was an American pornographic actor, producer, and director. He was a member the AVN Hall of Fame and the XRCO Hall of Fame.
- 28
Natalie Maines An Evening with the Dixie Chicks, Lubbock Lights, Songs for Tsunami ... Natalie Louise Maines Pasdar is an American singer-songwriter and activist who achieved success as the lead vocalist for the female alternative country band the Dixie Chicks. Born in Lubbock, Texas,
- 29
Nick Sowell Middle Men, The Beacon, Spiral Nick Sowell is an actor and film producer.
- 30
Ryan Wilson Cold Creek Manor Ryan Wilson is an actor.
- 31
Sally Jackson Natural Born Killers, Red^! White & Blue Sally Jackson is an actor.
- 32
Sara Rae Foster The Fun Park, The Art of Kissing Sara Rae Foster is an actress
- 33
Tyla Wynn The Cream Team 2, Threesomes, Internal Cumbustion 5
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Vivien Fay A Day at the Races, A Song for Miss Julie Vivien Fay is an actor.
- 35
Wayne Tippit Dancer^! Texas Pop. 81, Running Against Time, Pipe Dreams Wayne Tippit was an American television and stage character actor. He was best known to television audiences for playing Ted Adamson on the 1970s and 1980s CBS soap opera, Search for Tomorrow, for


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In-House Mock Trial Seminar
Trial Timeline 1. Motions in Limine 2. Opening Statements 3. Plaintiffs Case in Chief Plaintiffs Direct Examinations Defendants Cross Examinations 4. Plaintiff Rests – Defendant Moves to Dismiss 5. Defendants Case in Chief Defendants Direct Examinations Plaintiffs Cross Examinations 6. Defendant Rests 7. Closing Arguments (Plaintiff gets rebuttal) 8. Judges Critique
Pretrial Preparation Case Theory: Your version of events E.g.: The defendant opened the door with a crowbar, hit the maid, and then took the lamp. Case Theme: The short phrase that helps the jury recall what your case is about E.g.: This is a case about choices and responsibility Evidence Review: What are all the possible objections to all the evidence in the case packet?
Preliminary Matters Excluding Witnesses (ER 615) Moving about the well of the court Pre-marking exhibits Motions in Limine 3 MIL maximum Clear evidentiary issues only Format (IRAC) State evidence to exclude and grounds State the applicable rule Apply the rule
Opening Statement Format State theme (This is a case about…) Tell your story Tell the jurors which witnesses they will see Conclude (At the end of the case, my co-counsel will ask you to find defendant guilty/not guilty.) Do NOT Argue Say you will hear Make a claim unsupported by the evidence
Examinations Generally With all examinations, you should know How to loop (The light was red, but…) How to admit evidence How to object How to impeach Where to stand What evidence is getting in
Admitting Evidence (The Evidence Dance) Say the following in the following order: May I approach? (Approach clerk) May I have this marked? Counsel (Show opposing counsel) May I approach? (Approach the witness) Im handing you what has been marked as Exhibit 1; do you recognize it? How do you recognize it? What is it? Plaintiff/Defense offers Exhibit 1.
Objections How to Object Stand, state the objection confidently, and wait If judge allows it and looks to you, respond to opposing counsel Move to strike if the objection is sustained Sit Down Sources of Objections The Rules of Evidence (know them!) Motions in limine Look to practice guides for lists of common objections Avoid… Speaking Objections Looking at counsel (always argue to the bench) Overkill (choose your objections wisely) Timidity Thanking the court
Sensitive Objections In the following cases, object sparingly Opening Statement Only when opposing counsel is clearly being argumentative or violates MIL. Closing Statement Opposing counsel asks jurors to put themselves in someones shoes or asks them what they would have done. Opposing counsel argues a fact not in evidence
Impeachment by Prior Inconsistent Statement Confirm Always begin impeachment by confirming the witnesss inconsistent testimony exactly. Ask, is it your testimony that [insert exact quote of oral testimony if possible]? Credit Establish that the witness gave a prior statement and that the prior statement was true. Confront Read the defendants prior statement verbatim. Now move on! Do not ask the one question too many.
The Impeachment Dance Say the following in the following order: Is it your testimony that the light was green? This isnt the first time youve given a statement in this case? You gave a deposition in this case? I was there? Defense/Plaintiffs Counsel was there? Before testifying at your deposition, you took an oath? It was the same oath you took today? You swore to tell the truth? And you did tell the truth? Your deposition was taken at a time when your memory was fresh? After you testified at your deposition, you had an opportunity to read the transcript of the deposition and you signed it?
The Impeachment Dance (cont.) Say the following in the following order: Counsel (show deposition to opposing counsel) May I approach? (Approach witness) Im handing you a copy of your deposition in this case. Please turn to page 1 and read lines 5 and 6 silently to yourself and look up at me when you are finished. Thats the portion of the deposition where I asked the following question and you gave the following answer: Question: What color was the light when you entered the intersection? Answer: The light was red. That was the question I asked and the answer you gave?
Direct Examination Questions = open-ended. See ER 611(c). Focus = the witness. Make no more than 3 points per witness Chaptering: Begin each segment of your questioning with a phrase like Now I would like to talk about x… Outline of an effective cross 1. Credibility Block 2. Chapter 1 (1 st point) Questions 3. Chapter 2 (2 nd point) Questions 4. Chapter 3 (3 rd point) Questions
Positioning During Direct Examination Jury Trials
Positioning During Direct Examination Bench Trials
Cross Examination Ten Commandments of Cross Examination (Younger, VC-T004): I.Be brief II.Use plain words III.Use only leading questions (ER 611(c)) IV.Be prepared V.Listen VI.Do not quarrel with the witness VII.Avoid repetition VIII.Dont let the witness explain IX.Limit questioning X.Save it for closing (do not ask the one question too many) Focus You want the focus to be on you the attorney, not the witness.
Positioning During Cross Examination Jury Trial
Positioning During Cross Examination Bench Trial
Positioning Overview Direct Examination Cross Examination Jury TrialBench Trial
Closing Argument Remember to Use your theme Argue (infer from the facts) Use the Jury Instructions Esp. the to convict instruction Use a visual Outline of effective closing State theme argumentatively Roadmap the three sections of your closing Section 1 (move to one location) Section 2 (move to next location) Section 3 (move to final location) Conclusion: repeat theme and ask for relief Rebuttal (plaintiff only) Choose the two major points of contention in the case and argue them Manipulate opposing counsels theme if possible.
Positioning During Closing Jury TrialBench Trial
The Closing Dance Jury Trial
The Closing Dance Bench Trial
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March 19, 2002
BOCA RATON, FL - In a match-up between two nationally ranked teams, no. 11 Florida Atlantic University put together two shutouts against no. 23 Minnesota Tuesday in Boca Raton. With the wins, FAU improves to 34-5 on the season while Minnesota fell to 19-7.
In game one, Nikki Myers set the tone with a two-out homer in the first inning, her fourth of the season, to give FAU a 1-0 lead. Michelle Ryan scored an unearned run in the second to give the Lady Owls a 2-0 lead. FAU opened up a 4-0 lead in the fifth on a run-scoring triple by Ninya Ybarra that scored Rhianna Rogers. Heather Wright followed with a single to left that scored Ybarra for FAU's fourth run.
Candice Freel picked up the win in game one to improve to 15-2 on the year. She allowed just six hits and struck out five with no walks in her fifth shutout of the season.
In game two, Pam Mazzarella singled home Myers with one out in the sixth inning to break a scoreless tie and account for the game's only run. Myers (19-3) went the distance, scattering six singles while striking out eight. It was the 10th shutout of the season for Myers.
FAU next hosts the FAU "Parents' Weekend" Invitational beginning Thursday with games against Minnesota and Iowa.
FAU Players of the Week: Wilson and McIntire
Owls Sweep Strike Out Cancer Tournament
FAU Softball Defeats St. Johns 3-0
FAU Players Understand the Significance of the ...
FAU Softball Sweeps Day 1 of Strike Out Cancer ...
Softball Hosts 11th Annual "Strike Out Cancer" ...
Kylee Hanson Named C-USA Pitcher of the Week


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Thrombospondins are extracellular-matrix glycoproteins implicated in the control of synaptogenesis and neurite growth. Previous microarray studies suggested that one gene of this family, thrombospondin 4 (THBS4), was upregulated during human brain evolution. Using independent techniques to examine thrombospondin expression patterns in adult brain samples, we report ∼6-fold and ∼2-fold greater expression of THBS4 and THBS2 messenger RNA (mRNA), respectively, in human cerebral cortex compared with chimpanzees and macaques, with corresponding differences in protein levels. In humans and chimpanzees, thrombospondin expression differences were observed in the forebrain (cortex and caudate), whereas the cerebellum and most nonbrain tissues exhibited similar levels of the 2 mRNAs. Histological examination revealed THBS4 mRNA and protein expression in numerous pyramidal and glial cells in the 3 species but humans also exhibited very prominent immunostaining of the synapse-rich cortical neuropil. In humans, additionally, THBS4 antibodies labeled β-amyloid containing plaques in Alzheimer's cases and some control cases. This is the first detailed characterization of gene-expression changes in human evolution that involve specific brain regions, including portions of cerebral cortex. Increased expression of thrombospondins in human brain evolution could result in changes in synaptic organization and plasticity, and contribute to the distinctive cognitive abilities of humans, as well as to our unique vulnerability to neurodegenerative disease.
The advent of genome sequencing and related technologies has made it possible to characterize the genetic changes that occurred in human evolution in unprecedented and remarkable detail. Using these techniques to compare humans with chimpanzees and other mammals, several changes in the DNA sequences of genes have been identified that could affect brain structure and function in humans (e.g., Gilbert et al. 2005; Rockman et al. 2005; Varki and Altheide 2005; Pollard et al. 2006). In addition, a number of gene-expression studies in brain and other tissues have identified differences in expression levels between humans and nonhuman primates, indicating that on the order of 100–300 genes underwent expression changes in cerebral cortex in the human lineage following the divergence of humans and chimpanzees (reviewed by Preuss et al. 2004). These gene-expression differences could be involved in human phenotypic specializations, such as our unique cognitive and behavioral abilities or our increased susceptibility to certain neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD), which appears to be specific to humans (Walker and Cork 1999; Olson and Varki 2003). Furthermore, comparisons of messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in homologous brain regions of humans and other closely related primate species can also provide important clues for identifying previously unknown phenotypic differences in the cellular and histological organization of the human brain (Preuss et al. 2004).
We took as the starting point for this investigation the gene for thrombospondin 4 (THBS4), which showed several times higher expression in the adult cortex of humans compared with chimpanzees and macaques in preliminary microarray data (Cáceres et al. 2003). In vertebrates, the thrombospondins (abbreviated THBSs or TSPs) are a family of 5 genes known as THBS1–4 and COMP (cartilage oligomeric matrix protein). These genes code for large extracellular-matrix glycoproteins (named also as THBS1–4 and COMP, but without italics to distinguish proteins from genes) that mediate cell adhesion, proliferation, motility, and cytoskeletal organization, through interactions with different matrix constituents, growth factors, and integrins and other cell-surface receptors (for recent reviews, see Adams 2004; Adams and Lawler 2004; Elzie and Murphy-Ullrich 2004). The nervous-system functions of these proteins have not been extensively investigated, although THBS4 and other thrombospondins have been reported to influence neurite growth (Osterhout et al. 1992; Chamak et al. 1994; Arber and Caroni 1995), and in rodent brains THBS4 has been localized to synapse-rich territories (Arber and Caroni 1995). Recent studies using cell-culture and knockout-mouse models, however, show that THBS1 and THBS2 are astrocyte-secreted factors that induce synapse formation (Christopherson et al. 2005), and subsequent studies indicate that all thrombospondins, including THBS4, can elicit synapse formation (Eroglu et al. 2005).
The increased expression of THBS4 could, therefore, be an indication of important evolutionary changes in the synaptic organization and dynamics of the human brain. There are other possibilities, however. For example, the original microarray results could be false positives, or increases in mRNA might not be accompanied by increased protein levels (Preuss et al. 2004). In addition, THBS4 upregulation might affect not only the brain but many other tissues, and the additional protein synthesized in human cortex might not be localized in a manner consistent with a synaptogenic role, reflecting evolutionary forces acting on other functions. To address these alternatives, and in particular to determine which tissues and cell types were involved in thrombospondin expression changes in human evolution, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of thrombospondin gene-expression patterns in humans, chimpanzees, and macaque monkeys using multiple mRNA-based and protein-based techniques. Our results indicate that the mRNA and proteins of 2 thrombospondins, THBS4 and THBS2, were upregulated in human cortical evolution. Moreover, comparative in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry of THBS4, the thrombospondin most strongly upregulated in humans, show that it is expressed by numerous neurons and glia in all species examined, but that humans accumulate more THBS4 protein in the synapse-rich neuropil than do chimpanzees or macaques.
Materials and Methods
Tissue Samples
Tissue samples were obtained postmortem from a total of 58 adults of 4 different primate species: 26 humans (Homo sapiens), 13 common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), 13 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), and 6 pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina). Detailed information about species, sex, age, cause of death, and origin of each sample is listed in Supplementary Table 1. Chimpanzee and macaque samples were dissected from individuals that died of natural causes or were euthanized for humane reasons and all procedures were carried out in accordance with Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees guidelines. Cortical tissue samples were taken primarily from the frontal pole (FP), anterior inferior temporal cortex (aIT), or temporal pole (TP) of each species, which correspond respectively to areas 10, anterior 21, and 38 in humans and macaques (Brodmann 1909; Walker 1940), and to areas FE, the anterior part of TE1, and TG in chimpanzees, which are likely homologous to areas 10, 21, and 38, respectively (Bailey et al. 1950).
Combined Analysis of Microarray Data Sets
Published human and chimpanzee gene-expression data from Affymetrix (Santa Clara, CA) arrays HG-U95Av1 and HG-U95Av2 (Enard et al. 2002; Cáceres et al. 2003; Khaitovich et al. 2004) or HG-U133Plus2 (Khaitovich et al. 2005) were analyzed in GCOS 1.3 (Affymetrix), after eliminating all the oligonucleotide probes with sequence differences to the human or chimpanzee genomes as previously described (Marquès-Bonet et al. 2004). Arrays employing the same platform (HG-U95A or HG-U133) were then normalized together by quantile normalization using the Bioconductor software package (Gentleman et al. 2004). To accurately quantify gene-expression levels, we included in the analysis only those probe sets that had 6 or more probes and that were detected (P or M detection call) in at least one of the arrays of a given tissue. For genes represented by multiple probe sets, the expression estimates for the different probe sets were averaged. In addition, the expression values of replicate arrays from the same individual were also averaged. Statistical comparisons were carried out using StatView software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) and all probability values stated correspond to two-tailed tests.
Real-Time Reverse Transcription PCR Quantification
Total RNA was isolated from ∼100 mg of frozen tissue by homogenization with TRIzol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and was purified with the RNeasy kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) was performed with ∼400 ng of DNase I–treated RNA from each sample by using the SuperScript First Strand Synthesis kit (Invitrogen) and the iTaq SYBR Green Supermix with Rox (BioRad, Hercules, CA). To ensure that sequence differences between species did not affect the amplification, PCR primers were designed in regions of the 3′ end of the gene mRNAs that were identical in the available human, chimpanzee, and rhesus macaque genome sequences (Supplementary Table 2). Gene-expression quantification was carried out in frontal and temporal cortex samples of 11 humans (Hs1, Hs2, Hs6–14), 5 chimpanzees (Pt4–8), 5 rhesus macaques (Mm1–3, Mm10, Mm11), and 5 pigtail macaques (Mn1–5), and heart samples of 5 humans (Hs15–19), 4 chimpanzees (Pt7–10), and 4 rhesus macaques (Mm12–15). For each sample, PCR amplification of the different thrombospondin genes was done in triplicate and 6 amplifications of the housekeeping gene β-actin were done to control for differences in initial complementary DNA (cDNA) concentration. Real-time RT-PCR results were analyzed using the Sequence Detector and Dissociation Curve programs (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA), and the number of cDNA molecules was calculated by comparison with a standard curve of known amounts of the corresponding PCR products, which were quantified with PicoGreen (Invitrogen).
Western Blot Analysis
Protein extraction was performed in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate hypotonic buffer with protease inhibitors from ∼100 mg of frontal-pole tissue from 3 humans (Hs2, Hs6, Hs7), 3 chimpanzees (Pt4, Pt6, Pt7), and 3 rhesus macaques (Mm2, Mm8, Mm9), and 60–120 μg of protein were electrophoresed through NuPAGE Novex 3–8% Tris–acetate gels and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes (Invitrogen). Blots were blocked in 10% horse serum (for goat antibodies) or 5% nonfat powdered milk (for mouse and rabbit antibodies) and incubated with the primary antibody overnight at 4 °C. We used 2 different antibodies against THBS2, one monoclonal (Cat. no. 611150, BD Transduction Laboratories, San Jose, CA, 1:200 dilution) and one polyclonal (Cat. no. AF1635, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN 1:200 dilution), and 3 polyclonal antibodies against THBS4 (Cat. no. AF2390, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, 1:1000 dilution; Cat. no. sc-7657, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, 1:50 dilution; and 1259, a generous gift from Dr Jack Lawler, Harvard Medical School, 1:1000 dilution). These antibodies were raised against different human peptides but because there are only 2 known amino acid differences in THBS4 and one in THBS2 between humans and chimpanzees, there should be little difference in their affinities for the thrombospondins of the species examined here. In addition, we used a monoclonal antibody against the neuron-specific β-tubulin (Cat. no. 05-559, Upstate, Lake Placid, NY, 1:40 000 dilution) as a housekeeping control. After chemiluminescent detection, band intensities on scanned films were quantified by densitometry with the ImageQuant program (Molecular Dynamics, Buckinghamshire, UK). To obtain more accurate measurements, 3 different Western blots were analyzed, and thrombospondin protein levels were normalized by the β-tubulin average of each sample to control for loading differences.
In Situ Hybridization
In situ hybridization of THBS4 mRNA was carried out in both fixed and unfixed 16-μm-thick sections from the frontal polar cortex of 7 humans (Hs1, Hs6, Hs20–24), 6 chimpanzees (Pt11–16), 3 rhesus macaques (Mm16–18), and one pigtail macaque (Mn6) using methods detailed by O'Neil et al. (2004). Hybridization was performed overnight at 58 °C under high stringency conditions with 60% formamide and 2.5 ng/μl of digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes. Probes were generated by in vitro transcription from a 777-bp fragment of the 3′ coding region of the THBS4 mRNA, which was amplified by RT-PCR using primers including a T7 and SP6 promoter (Supplementary Table 2). To control for nucleotide differences between the target sequences of each species, probe template was obtained from equimolar amounts of the PCR-amplified products of a human, a chimpanzee, and a rhesus macaque pooled together. After hybridization, sections were subjected to high stringency washes and to RNAse digestion to eliminate any unbound probe. The bound probe was detected by an enhanced colorimetric reaction using an alkaline phosphatase–conjugated anti-digoxigenin antibody (De Block and Debrouwer 1993). Sections were then counterstained with Neutral Fast Red (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) or immunostained as described below with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibody (Cat. no. Z0334, Dako, Carpinteria, CA 1:1000 dilution). Signal specificity was assessed by comparing sections hybridized with antisense and sense probe, the latter serving as a negative control.
Immunostaining for THBS4 protein was carried out on 50-μm-thick fixed sections and 5-μm-thick paraffin-embedded sections from FP of 11 humans (Hs1, Hs6, Hs21–29), 4 chimpanzees (Pt13–16), 4 rhesus macaques (Mm16–19), and one pigtail macaque (Mn6). After inactivation of endogenous peroxidase and blocking, sections were incubated in primary antibody for 1 h and stained with diaminobenzidine (DAB) solution using the LSAB+ kit (Dako). Selected sections were counterstained for Nissl substance for analysis of the laminar localization of immunolabeling. Based on trial studies, we used the following dilutions of the same polyclonal antibodies against THBS4 used for Western blotting: R&D Systems antibody, 1:20 and 1:25; Santa Cruz Biotechnology antibody, 1:40; and Lawler 1259 antibody, 1:500. All 3 antibodies gave qualitatively similar patterns of staining, although results are illustrated with sections labeled with the R&D Systems antibody, which appeared to have the greatest specificity for THBS4 in the Western blots (Supplementary Fig. 1). No specific labeling was observed in the 3 types of negative controls that were carried out: omission of the primary antibody, substitution of nonimmune IgG at concentrations matched to the primary antibody, and matched serum controls. For double immunohistochemistry of THBS4 and β-amyloid (Aβ), sections were first incubated with the anti-THBS4 antibody and reacted with DAB. Then, sections were incubated with a mouse monoclonal antibody specific for amino acids 17–24 of the Aβ peptide (clone 4G8, Signet Laboratories, 1:2500 dilution) and reacted with nickel-enhanced DAB (Vector Laboratories).
Brain Expression of Thrombospondin Genes in Primates
To investigate thrombospondin expression patterns in human and chimpanzee brains, we first analyzed a combined set of the available microarray data from 6 different cortical and subcortical brain regions, after excluding all the oligonucleotide probes with sequence differences between the 2 species. Of the 5 thrombospondin genes, only THBS2, THBS4, and COMP met the criteria for minimum detectable expression in at least one of these regions. In the array data, COMP had equivalent expression levels in the different brain regions of both species. Consistent with previous results (Cáceres et al. 2003), THBS4 showed significantly higher levels in humans compared with chimpanzees in most cortical areas and the caudate nucleus (mean relative difference = 5.7) but not in the cerebellum (Fig. 1). THBS2 expression levels were also higher in humans than in chimpanzees in all brain regions examined except the cerebellum (Fig. 1), although the difference between species was smaller (mean relative difference = 2.3). When the variation in THBS4 and THBS2 expression levels across brain regions was analyzed, chimpanzees showed similar transcript levels of both genes throughout the brain (Fig. 1). In humans, however, THBS4 expression in every cortex and caudate region was significantly higher than in the cerebellum (pairwise Mann–Whitney tests: P < 0.05), with a 3.7-fold difference on average. Likewise, there were significant differences in THBS2 expression between all forebrain regions and the cerebellum (pairwise Mann–Whitney tests: P < 0.05), except for the anterior cingulate cortex, with a 2.0-fold difference on average. Therefore, although the numbers of individuals and brain regions available for analysis are limited, these results suggest an evolutionary upregulation of THBS4 and THBS2 in forebrain regions in adult humans.
To quantify gene-expression differences more accurately, transcript levels of thrombospondins in frontal and temporal cortex were measured by real-time RT-PCR using RNA samples from multiple adult humans, chimpanzees, and macaques. To normalize for differences in RNA content between samples, we used as a control a housekeeping gene, β-actin (ACTB), and quantified expression levels of thrombospondin relative to ACTB expression. In human cortex, there were on average 3.3–4.4 copies of THBS2 and THBS4 and 1.3–2.3 copies of THBS1 and THBS3, respectively, per 103ACTB copies (Fig. 2). In contrast to the microarray probe data, however, COMP showed much lower expression levels in all species (0–0.3 COMP/103ACTB copies) and was virtually absent in humans (Fig. 2). Thrombospondin expression in the different cortical areas and different primate species was compared using repeated-measures 2-factor analyses of variance (ANOVAs) (Table 1). For all genes, there was a good correlation of transcript levels in frontal and temporal cortex across individuals of the 4 species, with no significant effect of cortical region. However, for THBS2, THBS3, THBS4, and COMP, significant differences in gene-expression levels between species were found.
|Species effect
|Cortical region effect
|FCx versus TCx
|All combined
|Species effect
|Cortical region effect
|FCx versus TCx
|All combined
THBS4 and THBS2 displayed similar expression patterns in the RT-PCR as in the microarrays, with significantly more mRNA molecules present in humans than in chimpanzees and macaques in both frontal and temporal cortex (Bonferroni post hoc tests: P < 0.0001), and no significant differences between the nonhuman primates (Fig. 2 and Supplementary Fig. 2). As in the microarray results, THBS4 showed the largest species differences with RT-PCR, humans exhibiting 6.7- and 17.9-fold higher levels than chimpanzees and macaques, respectively, whereas THBS2 expression was 2.0- to 5.6-fold higher in humans than in the other species (Fig. 2). To confirm that these differences were due to increased expression in humans, we reconstructed ancestral gene-expression levels (Supplementary Fig. 3). For both genes, the expression values estimated for the human–chimpanzee ancestor in frontal and temporal cortex fell outside the 95% confidence intervals of the human data, indicating that expression upregulation occurred in the human lineage following its separation from the chimpanzee lineage. Conversely, for neither THBS4 nor THBS2 was there evidence of significant expression change in the lineage leading from the human–chimpanzee ancestor to modern chimpanzees.
Additional gene-expression differences between species were found for THBS3 and COMP (Table 1). THBS3 mRNA was significantly elevated in pigtail macaques compared with rhesus macaques, humans, or chimpanzees (Bonferroni post hoc tests: P < 0.0001), with levels in chimpanzees significantly lower than in the other 2 species (Bonferroni post hoc tests: P < 0.05). COMP transcript was not detected in human cortex and was expressed at low levels in nonhuman primates (Fig. 2), although no significant differences between species were found in the post hoc comparisons. Consistent with this, phylogenetic analysis of gene-expression changes (Supplementary Fig. 3) suggests that THBS3 was downregulated in the lineage leading to chimpanzees and upregulated in the lineage leading to pigtail macaques, and that COMP was downregulated in the human lineage (although the difference was statistically significant only for frontal cortex). Despite these other changes, when the expression levels of the 5 genes were combined, humans showed significantly more total thrombospondin mRNA in the cortex than the other primates (Table 1; Bonferroni post hoc tests: P < 0.01).
Expression levels of each gene were generally very consistent between individuals of the same species (Supplementary Fig. 2). Nevertheless, to make sure that differences in thrombospondin expression levels between species were not affected by unequal sex or age sample composition, we examined the effect of these factors in humans, the species for which we had the largest sample. No significant differences in transcript levels between males (n = 6) and females (n = 5) were found for any of the thrombospondins genes. Also, there were no significant differences in THBS2 and THBS4 expression levels between the young (30–31 years, n = 3), middle-aged (40–48 years, n = 5), or old (74–87 years, n = 3) individuals, although both THBS1 and THBS3 did show slightly higher levels in young versus middle-aged or old humans.
THBS4 and THBS2 Expression in Nonbrain Tissues
To compare expression levels of THBS4 and THBS2 between humans and chimpanzees in tissues other than brain, we analyzed the available microarray data from heart, kidney, liver, and testis (Khaitovich et al. 2005). The mRNAs of both genes were detected in most of these tissues, with the exception of kidney and liver, where THBS4 was not expressed. In contrast to forebrain regions, nonbrain tissues had comparable expression levels of THBS4 and THBS2 in humans and chimpanzees and there were no significant differences between species (Fig. 3A). The only exception was testis, which showed significantly higher levels of THBS4 (1.7-fold) and THBS2 (1.4-fold) in humans than in chimpanzees (Fig. 3A). We performed additional real-time RT-PCRs of THBS4 and THBS2 in heart samples from humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaques (Fig. 3B). Consistent with the microarray results, humans and chimpanzees had similar numbers of mRNA molecules of the 2 genes in heart, and considerably more than in cortex (20–60 THBS/103ACTB copies). In macaques, however, THBS4 and THBS2 expression levels in heart were lower than in humans and chimpanzees (Mann–Whitney tests: P < 0.05).
Differences in THBS4 and THBS2 Protein Levels in the Brain
To determine whether the observed upregulation of THBS4 and THBS2 in cerebral cortex results in increased protein levels, we carried out Western blot analysis with samples from the FP of humans, chimpanzees, and macaques (Fig. 4). Comparable results were obtained with 3 different antibodies for THBS4. Well-defined bands at the expected molecular weight (103.5 kDa) appeared in the human samples in all cases, whereas only very faint bands corresponding to THBS4 protein were detected in the nonhuman primates (Fig. 4A). Average THBS4 protein levels in humans were significantly higher than in nonhuman primates (Fig. 4B), with approximately an 8.0-fold and 30.8-fold increase compared with chimpanzees and macaques, respectively (Mann–Whitney tests: P < 0.05). Similarly, in Western blots for THBS2, we observed the expected band of 129.0 kDa in the 3 species (Fig. 4A), and THBS2 protein levels in humans were 1.4- to 1.5-fold higher than those of chimpanzees and macaques (Mann–Whitney tests: P < 0.05) (Fig. 4B).
Localization of THBS4 mRNA and Protein in Frontal Cortex
To further characterize the evolutionary changes in thrombospondin expression, we examined the distribution of gene products by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in sections from frontal cortex. We focused on THBS4, the thrombospondin showing the greatest expression differences between humans and nonhuman primates.
In situ hybridization of THBS4 mRNA yielded qualitatively similar labeling patterns in the frontal cortex of humans, chimpanzees, and macaques (Fig. 5A–C). In all species, THBS4 expression was predominantly neuronal, and numerous stained cell bodies with the distinctive morphology of pyramidal neurons were present (Fig. 5D–E). Astrocytes and oligodendroctyes were also labeled, however. Double labeling by in situ hybridization for THBS4 transcript and immunocytochemistry for GFAP, a selective marker for astrocytes (Eng et al. 2000), revealed large THBS4-expressing astrocytes in layer 1 and deeper layers (Fig. 6A), as well as numerous GFAP-negative oligodendrocytes in the white matter (Fig. 6B). Finally, we observed labeled endothelial cells in blood vessel walls within the cortical gray matter (Fig. 6C). Therefore, THBS4 mRNA was expressed by various cell types in the cortex of adult primates, and there were not obvious differences in the distribution of THBS4-expressing cells between species.
Consistent with the pattern of mRNA expression, immunohistochemistry with multiple THBS4 antibodies in humans, chimpanzees, and macaques labeled numerous cortical pyramidal cells (Fig. 7), along with some glial cells, which were especially evident in layer 1 and in the white matter, as well as endothelial cells associated with blood vessels. Significantly, however, all the humans we examined consistently exhibited much denser labeling of the neuropil surrounding cell bodies in the gray matter than did chimpanzees or macaques (see especially Fig. 7A–C). This intense human neuropil staining was not observed with any of the different negative control procedures employed.
In addition, 2 humans (Hs21 and Hs25), aged 41 and 78 years, respectively, and classified as normal controls by the supplying institution, exhibited small, dark patches of THBS4 immunoreactivity in the gray matter that resembled the amyloid-rich plaques that accumulate in human aging and especially in AD. Subsequent THBS4 immunostaining of frontal and hippocampal cortex samples from 3 Alzheimer's patients (Hs27–29) revealed even more numerous plaque-like patches than the normal cases (Fig. 8A). To confirm that THBS4 immunoreactivity was associated with the β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques, we double labeled frontal and hippocampal tissue sections from Hs21 and the AD cases with THBS4 antibodies and with antibody 4G8, a specific marker for Aβ-containing plaques (Wisniewski et al. 1989) (Fig. 8B). As shown in Figure 8(C), patches that were strongly stained for THBS4 were also immunoreactive for Aβ.
Our comparative studies of humans, chimpanzees, and macaques indicate that the expression of 2 thrombospondin genes, THBS4 and THBS2, and their corresponding proteins, was increased in the forebrain during human evolution. Additionally, we found that THBS4 is expressed by large numbers of neurons and glia in the frontal cortex of all these species but that humans exhibit unusually strong staining for THBS4 protein in the synapse-rich neuropil. This is the first study to relate changes in gene-expression levels in human evolution to changes in the localization of proteins within the brain, and illustrates how comparative genomics can guide the discovery of distinctive features of human brain organization.
Evolutionary Upregulation of THBS4 and THBS2 Expression in Adult Human Forebrain
Gene-expression changes have long been thought to play an important role in determining the phenotypic differences between humans and chimpanzees (King and Wilson 1975). One possible evolutionary advantage of regulatory changes versus changes in gene-coding sequences is that the former could affect one or a few tissues, instead of all the tissues where the gene is expressed, with the less widespread effects resulting in fewer deleterious consequences for the organism (Carroll 2005). Data on thrombospondin gene-expression levels, although currently available for a relatively small set of brain regions and nonbrain tissues, suggest that the human upregulation of THBS4 and THBS2 involved primarily the brain, and particularly the forebrain.
Several mechanisms could account for the observed increase in THBS4 and THBS2 gene products. Sherwood et al. (2006) have found that frontal cortex has a 46% higher glia/neuron ratio in humans than in chimpanzees, and suggest that this difference could account for some of the gene-expression changes reported by comparative microarray studies. An increase in the proportion of cells expressing THBS4 and THBS2 is unlikely to account for much of the evolutionary changes in the expression of these genes, given the magnitude of the expression changes (at least 2-fold for THBS2 and 6-fold for THBS4). Furthermore, inspection of sections labeled for THBS4 mRNA (Fig. 5) or protein (Fig. 7) does not indicate major differences in the numbers or types of cells expressing THBS4 in humans, chimpanzees, and macaques. This suggests that the larger amounts of THBS4 gene products detected in the forebrain of humans compared with nonhuman primates result primarily from the regulation of gene expression at the cellular level.
Higher levels of transcription could be achieved by gene duplication in the human lineage. Sequencing data, however, indicate that THBS4 and THBS2 are present only in single copies in the human genome, at 5q14 and 6q27, respectively (http://genome.ucsc.edu/). Therefore, we consider that the increase in THBS4 and THBS2 expression in humans likely involved regulatory changes in a cis-acting motif or a transcription factor, and that the regulatory change may have affected transcription of both genes. This is suggested by the similarity of THBS4 and THBS2 expression patterns across humans and chimpanzees in the brain (Fig. 1) and in nonbrain tissues (Fig. 3), and by the fact that the upregulation of both genes involves a restricted set of tissues (cortex, caudate, and testis, among the tissues we examined). Previous studies have already shown that regions of the adult mouse brain with a common origin during development, such as the forebrain, tend to share similar gene-expression patterns (Zapala et al. 2005), and that in humans and mice the tissue with gene-expression patterns most similar to the brain is the testis (Guo et al. 2005; Shyamsundar et al. 2005).
Cellular Localization and Synaptogenic Effects of Thrombospondins
We have found that THBS4 is expressed by multiple cell types in the frontal cortex of humans and nonhuman primates. The neuronal cell body and neuropil localization of THBS4 is consistent with data from the developing and adult mouse brain (Arber and Caroni 1995). We also observed some THBS4-expressing endothelial cells associated with cortical blood vessels, as reported by Stenina et al. (2003). Unlike previous studies, however, we noted a large number of THBS4-expressing glia, including both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The major histological difference between humans, chimpanzees, and macaques was the higher density of THBS4 protein labeling in the neuropil of humans, consistent with a role for thrombospondins in synapse formation. The neuropil consists of an intricate web of fine neuronal presynaptic and postsynaptic processes ensheathed by fine astrocytic processes (Derouiche et al. 2002), although it is not possible to determine from our present material whether the fine neuropil processes labeled with THBS4 antibody are of glial or neuronal origin (or both).
Evolutionary increases in levels of THBS4 and THBS2 could have important consequences for human synaptic and neuritic organization. Experimental results in model systems (Arber and Caroni 1995; Christopherson et al. 2005; Eroglu et al. 2005) suggest that increased thrombosopondin levels could enhance plastic changes in the adult human cortex by contributing to a higher density of synapses, a higher rate of synaptic turnover, increased rates of neurite growth, or some combination of these. There are currently no data bearing on synaptic densities or rates of synaptic turnover or neurite growth in the cortex of humans compared with chimpanzees or other nonhuman primates. However, compared with macaques and other monkeys, the pyramidal neurons of human cortex are reported to have more complexly branched dendrites and a higher density of dendritic spines (Duan et al. 2003; Elston et al. 2006), spines being the sites where excitatory axon terminals synapse upon pyramidal cells. There is also genomic evidence suggesting that additional genes that could play roles in synapse turnover and neurite growth were upregulated in human brain evolution (Preuss et al. 2004). Evolutionary changes in molecular systems leading to greater plasticity in adult cortex could have profound effects on human cognition, by, for example, enhancing the ability to reorganize cortical networks in response to novel external circumstances or neurological insults (Neville and Bavelier 2002; Pascual-Leone et al. 2005).
Thrombospondins, Aß, and AD
Our results indicate that THBS4 protein accumulates in Aβ-rich plaques in the frontal and hippocampal cortex of individuals with AD and nondemented control cases. A previous study reported that thrombospondin localizes to senile plaques in individuals with AD (Buée et al. 1992). Only 2 thrombospondins, THBS1 and THBS2, were well known at that time, however, and it is unclear which thrombospondins were labeled by the antibodies used in that study. Although the localization of thrombospondins to amyloid plaques does not necessarily implicate them in the pathogenesis of AD, the possibility that increased thrombospondin expression contributes to human vulnerability to AD deserves serious consideration. Aged nonhuman primates can develop amyloid plaques (Gearing et al. 1994; Poduri et al. 1994; Elfenbein et al. 2006), and aged squirrel monkeys have Aβ levels comparable with humans with AD (Rosen et al. 2006), yet as far as we know, AD occurs only in the human species (Walker and Cork 1999; Olson and Varki 2003). It is thus possible that one or more molecules that were modified in human evolution enhance Aβ toxicity in humans, and THBS4 and THBS2 could be among those molecules. Interactions between thrombospondins and Aβ have not been studied in detail but thrombospondin is reported to bind to Aβ fibrils (Kowalska and Badellino 1994) and Aβ and thrombospondins share a number of cell-surface receptors (Bamberger et al. 2003). Furthermore, THBS4 is thought to have proinflammatory effects by binding to the Mac-1 receptor (Pluskota et al. 2005), which is expressed by macrophages and microglia (Rotshenker 2003). Neuroinflammation is considered by some to contribute to Aβ neurotoxicity in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases (Schwab et al. 2004; Mrak and Griffin 2005). Finally, it is noteworthy that the upregulation of THBS4 and THBS2 in human evolution occurred in the cortex but not the cerebellum, for although the cerebellum is commonly a site of Aβ deposition in AD, it rarely shows the neurofibrillary tangles characteristic of the cortex (Braak et al. 1989).
Supplementary Data
Supplementary material can be found at: http://www.cercor.oxfordjournals.org/.
We thank the following individuals and institutions for their assistance in obtaining human and nonhuman primate tissue samples: Marla Gearing of the Emory University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Aging [NIH/NIA] grant AG025688), Eileen Bigio of the Northwestern University Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center (NIH/NIA P30 AG13854), the staffs of the Yerkes National Primate Research Center of Emory University, the New Iberia Primate Research Center of the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, and the Brain and Tissue Bank for Developmental Disorders at the University of Maryland, and Rebecca Rosen and Lary Walker. We also thank Carrolee Barlow, Philipp Khaitovich, Svante Paabo, and the other authors of primate microarray studies for making the data publicly available, Jack Lawler for kindly providing THBS4 protein and one of the THBS4 antibodies used in this study, and Antonio Barbadilla, Ben Barres, Cagla Eroglu, Dan Geschwind, Thomas Insel, Chris Muly, Michael Oldham, Marta Puig, José María Ranz, John Redmond, Caro-Beth Stewart, Robert Sullivan, Kai Treuner, Lary Walker, and the members of the Xiao-Jiang Li laboratory for technical assistance and helpful discussion. This work was supported by a James S. McDonnell Foundation grant to T.M.P. (JSMF 21002093), the Center for Behavioral Neuroscience under the Science and Technology Center program of the National Science Foundation (IBN-9876754), and the Yerkes National Primate Research Center under National Center for Research Resources grant RR00165. M.C. was supported in part by the Ramón y Cajal Program (Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Spain). Conflict of Interest: None declared.


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Jan 29, 2014 11:36 AM EST
Jay McGraw is cofounder and chairman of the Board of Doctor on Demand. Jay is also CEO of Los Angeles-based Stage 29 Productions and the Emmy Award-winning creator and executive producer of The Doctors. Jay is a #1 New York Times bestselling author and has written six books throughout his career that focus on teens. Previously he was a contributor on the television show Dr. Phil and the executive producer of its CBS primetime specials. Jay holds a law degree from Southern Methodist University and a psychology degree from University of Texas.
Adam Jackson started his career as a software engineer and started his first company while studying Computer Science at Vanderbilt University. Doctor On Demand is his third venture-backed company. His first was acquired by Intuit (INTU) in 2006 and second by Advance Auto Parts (AAP) in 2011. At Doctor On Demand he obsesses over creating the best possible user experience for both patients and doctors. Droid Report recently interviewed the founders about their latest venture, discussed views on healthcare, insights on mobile, digital health and more.
Jay McGraw and Adam Jackson, Founders of Doctor on Demand
Droid Report: Hello Jay, can you tell us more about your current role(s)?
Jay McGraw: I am one of the co-founders of Doctor on Demand and currently serve as the chairman of the Board. My role as chairman is primarily to help get the word out about the service. We do so by demonstrating how the app works on my show, The Doctors, and my Dad's show, The Dr. Phil Show. We actually have one of the members of the studio audience use Doctor on Demand to call a doctor during the show. It's a cool way to get the word out and show people at home how the service works!
Droid Report: Could you share some insight on Doctor on Demand's upcoming initiatives for 2014?
Jay McGraw: We launched our service a little over a month ago across 15 states and the response has been incredible from both patients and doctors. Additional state rollout and perfecting the product are huge priorities for this year. To date we are live in 24 states and hope to be in all 50 by Spring. We're also working with insurance companies to make Doctor on Demand a part of regular benefits plans.
Droid Report: Telemedicine and Android smartphones can save costs and increase patient satisfaction. A virtual visit from a patient can save an average of $88 per meeting which is a substantial reduction versus meeting in person. What are your personal thoughts on viewing telemedicine as a great sustainability model for the industry?
Jay McGraw: Virtual visits can eliminate time, cost and worry for a patient. It has been easier than expected to get doctors on board to the service because they see the long-term value in what we're doing. Doctor on Demand keeps patients out of the ER/urgent care centers – which to your point saves a significant amount of money.
Droid Report: What are your thoughts on healthcare's future?
Jay McGraw: I think we will see an increased adoption of telemedicine and virtual doctor visits. There is a big problem in the U.S. with access to doctors and rising healthcare costs. Speaking with some of our doctors you hear about problems with overcrowded ERs. Many of the patients treated in the ER/urgent care centers are in fact non-emergent cases that can be diagnosed and treated with a service like Doctor on Demand.
Droid Report: How would you describe the overall patient experience using Doctor on Demand?
Jay McGraw: Doctor on Demand is the first direct to consumer app that lets you connect with a doctor for $40 a call. After downloading the app, patients are prompted to complete a brief tutorial and sign-up process that asks for their name, date of birth, credit card (or Health Care Savings account debit card) information, email and password. Once initial setup is complete, a patient simply logs in, types in their symptoms, allergies and current medications and is connected to a doctor via phone or video conference within minutes – the average wait time is 3 – 5 minutes. Sessions typically conclude with medical advice or a prescription. All this can be done from the comfort of a patient's home.
Droid Report: How do you see your company Doctor on Demand evolving in near the future?
Adam Jackson: Right now we are really focused on the product and expanding coverage across all U.S.
Droid Report: Why do you feel the U.S. market is ready for embracing telehealth?
Adam Jackson: It's no secret that the U.S. healthcare system is lacking efficiency and access. It can take hours, days, or even weeks to see a doctor when a person is not feeling well. In 2009 the average wait in an emergency reached a new average high – just over four hours. Nearly 80% of adults in the U.S. visit the emergency room due to lack of access to other providers and are there for "general medical complaints". Common reasons for the last emergency room visit are: the doctor's office was not open and there was no other place to go and the emergency room was the closest provider,
We started Doctor on Demand because we saw there was a lack of access to doctors in the U.S., rising insurance premiums and urgent care costs and wait times are all major problems across the health care system. We also recognized that there was no direct to consumer app that allowed you to have a video consultation with a U.S. licensed physician. We launched the app on iOS and Android in December of 2013.
Droid Report: The potential to transform healthcare is substantial however structural issues may pose obstacles. Privacy issues will continue to be a major concern. What are your thoughts on regulation and privacy?
Adam Jackson: We take security and patient privacy very seriously. Doctor on Demand is HIPPA compliant and the service is conducted over a secure and encrypted VolP network. We also take great care to abide by all state regulations.
Droid Report: How is Doctor on Demand keeping up with privacy concerns?
Adam Jackson: Because Doctor on Demand is HIPPA compliant, privacy standards are the same as an in-person doctor visit.
Droid Report: Is there anything else you feel Android users and the Android market should know?
Adam Jackson: I'd just urge them to download the app here and see how easy it is to use for themselves!
We would like to thank Jay McGraw and Adam Jackson for taking time for this discussion and Doctor on Demand.
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In a medium saucepot, melt butter over medium-high heat. Add ham, celery, onions, and green peppers. Saute until celery is soft, about 5 minutes.
Add remaining ingredients and stir until rice is evenly distributed. Bring to boil. Cover and simmer for 30 minutes, or until all liquid is absorbed.
Recipe courtesy of Sandra Lee, 2008
The best comfort food is comforting both to cook and to eat, like Ree's pork chops.