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The Pioneer Mitchell represents serious value for money, but not in the way you're used to.
Nestled in far-western Queensland, Currawinya National Park is a true bush getaway that's home to some cute little critters.+MORE
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Come join us on Saturday, December 17, 2016 from 8-10 am for the 13u Mavs Pancake Breakfast @ Applebee's, 2121 N Prospect Avenue in Champaign.
Please be sure to share with all your friends and family. Please come on out and enjoy some great food, good times, and great service as our players will be your hosts, waiters and bussers.

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Ten Essential Texts in Philososphy of Religion
Classics and Contemporary Issues
By (author) Steven M. Cahn
Format: Paperback
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Ten Essential Texts in Philososphy of Religion by Steven M. Cahn
Book DescriptionOffering a new approach to teaching the philosophy of religion, this anthology is organized around ten of the most widely read texts in the field. Presented in their entirety, these classics serve as a framework for a variety of accessible contemporary essays that are also included. The book's unique structure gives students the opportunity to study in depth complete historical works while also conveying a sense of how today's philosophers have explored related issues. Editor Steven M. Cahn has annotated each text to clarify all unfamiliar references. He has also provided introductions that contain biographical profiles of the authors and philosophical commentaries on their writings. Ten Essential Texts in the Philosophy of Religion: Classics and Contemporary Issues may be supplemented by Questions about God: Today's Philosophers Ponder the Divine , a provocative collection of recent articles on the nature of God, edited by Steven M. Cahn and David Shatz (OUP, 2002). Ten Essential Texts in the Philosophy of Religion includes the following unabridged classic works: Euthyphro, Plato The Consolation of Philosophy, Boethius Proslogion, Anselm ; On Behalf of the Fool, Gaunilo and Reply to Gaunilo, Anselm Summa Theologiae, Thomas Aquinas Of Miracles, David Hume Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, David Hume Concluding Unscientific Postscript, Soren Kierkegaard The Will to Believe, William James The Varieties of Religious Experience, William James Theology and Falsification, Antony Flew, R.M. Hare, and Basil Mitchell "
Buy Ten Essential Texts in Philososphy of Religion book by Steven M. Cahn from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9780195171006
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Imprint: Oxford University Press Inc
Publisher: Oxford University Press Inc
Publish Date: 16-Sep-2004
Country of Publication: United States
Books By Author Steven M. Cahn
Ethics, Paperback (October 2015)View all books by Steven M. Cahn
Ethics: History, Theory, and Contemporary Issues features fifty-nine selections organized into three parts, providing instructors with great fleixibility in designing and teaching a variety of courses in moral philosophy.
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The Packaway Fold Up Travel DuffelSKU #: BL-SM-7278
Item DescriptionMore InformationAdditional Information
Zippered main compartment with double 20-1/2" handles. Zippered front pocket. Side mesh pocket. Unique packaway function allows the bag to be folded into the front pocket and zippered up; making this a great bag to pack along with you while traveling. Webbed carry handle while packed away.
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Editor's note: The world's biggest human migration during Spring Festival, or Chunyun, started today, which usually means jam packed railway stations and long travel days. However, technology such as face recognition and onboard WiFi as well as high-speed trains have made the trip this year more convenient and dramatically quicker. China Daily reporters visited several railway stations in Beijing to capture the experiences of travelers heading home or to other destinations to celebrate China's most important festival.
Article source: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2017-01/13/content_27949048.htm


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A toddler in Indonesia is suffering from a rare brain defect which has caused her head to inflate thrice the normal size. The rare condition is called hydrocephalus, which restricts the movement of spinal fluid through the brain.
Dilla Anargia Adilla, age three years, was found to have a skull that is growing at an alarming rate. This is due to the spinal fluid getting accumulated in her head. She had the symptoms of the disease at birth, with her head's measure just a little oversized. Now, its measure is 100 cm from one ear to the other.
Dilla's father Azwar Anas is a driver who does not earn enough to pay for the treatment of his child, as it would amount to two months of his salary. Even the doctors in Indonesia are not willing to undertake the operation as the child's condition is deteriorating with each passing day.
Dilla has a sister apart from her father and mother in the family and they live in Bogor, Indonesia. The condition is believed to have been due to an infection that Dilla's mother developed when pregnant. The family members are hoping for a miracle as doctors put their hands up.
In a new study researchers have suggested that drugs are pretty useless for brain diseases and therefore a nasal spray connecting to the brain should be used.read more
Recent study shows that your brain size may be shrinking due to depression. Read more.read more


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San Diego has 1,223,400 residents. It is located in San Diego county.
For California residents, the average tuition for all San Diego vocational schools for the 2009 - 2010 school year was $15,081.00. For non-residents, the average tuition for San Diego vocational schools was $17,043.00.
The average cost of books and supplies for vocational schools in San Diego is $1,273.00. Students living on campus at vocational schools in San Diego paid an average of $10,387.00 for room and board during the 2009 - 2010 school year. Students living at home incurred costs of $5,387.00. There is one vocational college in San Diego for students to choose from. Vocational programs in San Diego reportedly graduated 31 students in the 2008 - 2009 school year.
|Average Salary
|Number Employed in City
|Educational, Vocational, and School Counselors
|Vocational Education Teachers, Postsecondary
|Vocational Education Teachers, Secondary School


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Gardeners Collection Grapevine Plant Reviews
Clear all filters (1 of 1 reviews match)
I ordered vines I saw advertised on the internet for vines to draw attention hummingbirds.They were advertised at 9.99$ My bill on my charge was 31.00$ Came in a long thin box out of somewhere in South with no instructions what so ever - There is nothing on their web site to call customer service and they do no respond. Of course I was very disappointed since I love hummingbirds and was looking forward to receiving this product. I had never...Read more
#834361 by anonymous


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Visit Himalaya Treks (Nepal trekking & tour organizer.
Trekking in Nepal, Nepal Trekking, Everest Base Camp Trekking Information
Everest base camp trek is one of the best and the famous not just in Nepal but also all over the world. It is the highest mountain in the world with height of 8,848m. Nowhere else in the earth, it's more beautiful mountain in Khumbu region, where its attendant peaks are. It's where four of the world's six tallest peaks Mt. Everest(8,848m), Lhotse(8,516m), Mt. Makalu(8,481m), and cho- oyu (8,201m) rise above everything else.
The view of Everest, Lhotse- Nuptse wall, Ama Dablam and Kangtega dominate this peaceful and spiritual location- surely this is one of the most tranquil and inspiring places in the world.
While routes passes the Buddhist monasteries by closer every day. This rocking trek visits both, Everest base camp and Kalapatthar (5,545m) a viewpoint memory as the best advantage point to see Mt. Everest which is premier goal for many adventurous trekkers in the Himalaya. We draw this trek for fulfill the dream of peoples to experience the historic and the life time experience route to the base camp of the world's highest mountain as you know this trek is highest in the world. So acclimatize yourself we stay at Namche bazaar gateway of Mt Everest. Everest base camp trek is also special because of natural walk inside Everest national park best view of Mount Everest, rich of Sherpa culture, Buddhist monasteries, superb combination of nature- Himalaya, Sherpa culture and geographical views during this trek.
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The Tiji Festival of ancient city Lo Manthag is the highlight of this trip. Thousands of men, women and children participate in this annual elaborate re-enactment of the Tiji myth, telling of a deity named Dorje Jon who battles his demon father to save the kingdom from destruction.
Mustang (the forbidden kingdom) is the isolated region of the Kali Gandaki valley known as upper Mustang, This small medieval kingdom in the vast desert is ruled by a local king; only in 1950 it was officially declared part of Nepal, although it's closely tied by language and culture to Tibet.
The eighth Highest Mountain of the world, Mt Manaslu (8156m) is located in the boarder of Nepal and Tibet, west central part of Nepal and about forty miles far east of Annapurna. It offers an excellent blend of both cultural diversity and stunning mountain panoramas
Island Peak Climbing and Everest base camp trek located on top of the Chukung glacier between Mt. AmaDablam and Lhotse Mountains, Island Peak is the most sought after trekking destination because of its demanding geographical circumstances. Each year more than 300 groups make an effort to scale the summit of Island peak.
Visit Himalaya Treks Pvt. Ltd is a Trekking company who prides in taking its full responsibility during your Holiday in Nepal, Bhutan & Tibet. When you book your trip with us, we are committed to provide the service upon which we have agreed with you during our correspondence with you. All our staffs: Guides, Cooks, Cook's helpers and Porters are all protected by travel insurance.
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iTunes 11 will be launched during the month of November
A couple of months ago, it was thought that Apple was going to launch its new iTunes 11 software , latest version of the player and multimedia content manager for Mac and PC. However, this did not happen, and until today we had not heard anything about the release of this product, which promises to bring a number of interesting changes.
But now Apple goes to step 11 to announce that iTunes will be available to the general public by the end of November, explaining that "the new iTunes is taking longer than expected and we wanted to take a little more time to get it right." Surely in the company want to avoid hasty releases to bring failures, as were the maps of iOS 6.
And is that the new software aims to show a new design in its graphical interface, both in normal mode and in the small player along with integrated support for full-screen viewing. It also promises to have faster performance, better integration with data storage service in the cloud iCloud and overall experience which inspired Delivery iOS mobile operating system.
Link: Apple iTunes Postpones Launch Until November 11 (AMOG)Tags: Apple, iTunes, iTunes 11, Launch, November


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Posted by Glen Barber on 04/24/2015 4:32pm PDT tags: Armenia, Armenian Massacre, World War 1, WWI
YEREVAN, Armenia (AP) — The presidents of Russia and France joined other leaders Friday at ceremonies commemorating the massacre of Armenians a century ago by Ottoman Turks, an event which still stirs bitter feelings as both sides argue over whether to call it genocide. The annual April 24 commemorations mark the day when some 250 Armenian intellectuals were rounded up in what is regarded as the first step of the massacre. An estimated 1.5 million died in the slaughters, deportations and forced marches that began in 1915 as Ottoman officials worried that the Christian Armenians would side with Russia, its enemy in World War I.


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Sapje-like (sapcl100) was one of eight potential zebrafish muscle mutants isolated as part of an early-pressure screen of 500 families. This mutant shows a muscle tearing phenotype similar to sapje (dys−/−) and both mutants fail to genetically complement suggesting they have a mutation in the same gene. Protein analysis confirms a lack of dystrophin in developing sapje-like embryos. Sequence analysis of the sapje-like dystrophin mRNA shows that exon 62 is missing in the dystrophin transcript causing exon 63 to be translated out of frame terminating translation at a premature stop codon at the end of exon 63. Sequence analysis of sapje-like genomic DNA identified a mutation in the donor splice junction at the end of dystrophin exon 62. This mutation is similar to splicing mutations associated with human forms of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Sapje-like is the first zebrafish dystrophin splicing mutant identified to date and represents a novel disease model which can be used in future studies to identify therapeutic compounds for treating diseases caused by splicing defects.
Muscular dystrophy is the one of the most common X-linked human genetic disorders. Mutations in the dystrophin gene account for almost 90% of the human forms of the disease (1–3). Depending on disease severity, these mutations can cause Duchenne (more severe) or Becker (less severe) Muscular Dystrophy (4). While many different types of dystrophin mutations can cause muscular dystrophy, the most common are deletions (65%), mutations (30%) and duplications (5%) (5).
Dystrophin is a large protein (427 kDa) that localizes in healthy muscle to the inside of the sarcolemmal membrane and is thought to function by connecting transmembrane proteins with the actin cytoskeleton inside muscle (6–8). Loss of dystrophin can destabilize the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC) thereby increasing the fragility of the diseased muscle cell membrane. Mutations in many DAPC proteins have also been linked to different forms of muscular dystrophy (9–13). Once the membrane is compromised, calcium infiltrates the muscle and the fiber degenerates, eliciting a large immune response and the regeneration of additional diseased muscle fibers. While specific mutations in dystrophin were identified in 1986 as the cause of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (3), new treatments are only recently emerging based on either dystrophin replacement or gene correction. These therapies seem promising and are currently being evaluated (reviewed in 14,15). Despite these advances, approaches to therapy would benefit from the establishment of additional new disease models adapted to high-throughput drug screening.
Over the last eight years, muscular dystrophy has been investigated in zebrafish as a potential disease model (reviewed in 16). Morpholino experiments have shown that dystroglycan, dystrophin, δ-sarcoglycan, titin and caveolin-3 are all required for normal muscle development in fish during the first seven days of development (17–21). In addition, four of the five available zebrafish muscle degeneration mutants isolated from the 1996 Tuebingen screen (22) have now been characterized. Bassett et al. characterized the first of these fish in 2003 and showed that sapje carries a nonsense mutation in exon 4 of the dystrophin gene (23). The second and third mutants (both allelic and designated candyfloss) were shown to carry mutations in laminin α2 (24), whereas the mutation in runzel has been linked to the titin locus (25). In humans, mutations in laminin α2 have been associated with a congenital muscular dystrophy (26), and mutations in titin have been linked with various muscle disorders including Tibial muscular dystrophy, Familial Dilated Cardiomyopathy and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2J (27–31).
All four of the currently characterized zebrafish dystrophy mutants were originally isolated as part of the 1996 Tuebingen screen (22). These dystrophic mutants show a phenotype of muscle degeneration between two and five days post-fertilization (dpf). Since zebrafish embryos are transparent at early stages, Granato et al. used muscle birefringence to assay muscle integrity. Birefringence is a physical property in which light is rotated as it passes through ordered matter and was used in the initial characterizations of muscle in the 1950s (32).
To isolate additional zebrafish dystrophic mutants, an early-pressure screen was completed, looking for mutants showing decreased birefringence over time, decreased activity and bending. Early pressure is a technique in which the haploid genome of the mother can be screened by making gynogenetically diploid embryos (reviewed in 33). In this technique, the final phase of meiosis is inhibited using pressure to prevent the extrusion of the polar body after egg fertilization. Using this technique, offspring from 500 female carriers were screened for defects in muscle birefringence, activity and posture. Eight potential muscle mutants were isolated and one (sapje-like) showed, upon using the birefringence assay, muscle lesions very similar to that of sapje, a known dystrophin mutant. In this report, we show that the sapje-like muscular dystrophy mutant has a mutation within the dystrophin exon 62 donor splice junction causing the resulting mRNA to be translated out of frame and protein translation to be prematurely terminated. Sapje-like (sapcl100) is the first zebrafish dystrophy mutant isolated to date with a dystrophin splice site mutation making it an ideal model for investigating corrective therapies for muscle disorders associated with splicing.
Genetic isolation of zebrafish muscle mutants
An early-pressure screen was performed to genetically isolate zebrafish mutants with symptoms of muscle disease. Briefly, as described in Supplementary Material, Figure S1, the screen was performed by mutating the spermatagonia of 80 adult male zebrafish with ethylnitrosylurea (ENU). Sperm from ENU-treated males were cleared by outcrossing with wild-type females. The mutation rate was then determined to be 1 × 10−3 mutations/allele as assayed by complementation with albino heterozygous mutants. ENU-treated males were outcrossed to wild-type females to generate a stock of heterozygous females. Upon reaching sexual maturity, these females were squeezed, and the eggs were fertilized with irradiated sperm and subjected to high pressure to create gynogenetically diploid embryos. Fertilized eggs were scored at 5 dpf for birefringence defects, decreased activity and a bent posture. The offspring of 500 females were screened and 8 distinct mutants with abnormal birefringence of muscle were isolated. Carrier females were outcrossed to maintain the line and the resultant progeny incrossed to verify phenotype.
Phenotype of the sapje-like mutant
Of the eight isolated muscle mutants, one mutant (sapje-like) showed a muscle birefringence phenotype very similar to sapje, a known dystrophin mutant. Both mutants show normal muscle birefringence at 2 dpf (not shown), but then the muscle degenerates such that by 5 dpf muscle lesions are clearly apparent as assayed using muscle birefringence (Fig. 1A). Since sapje-like showed a muscle phenotype very similar to that of sapje (Fig. 1B), complementation analysis was performed. When sapje-like heterozygous fish were crossed with sapje heterozygous fish, 25% of the offspring showed the muscle birefringence phenotype suggesting that the mutation in each of the mutants resided in the same gene (Fig. 1C). This cross was repeated twice to verify our results. Since sapje was shown previously to carry a nonsense mutation in exon 4 of the zebrafish dystrophin gene (23), this evidence strongly suggested that sapje-like also carried a recessive mutation in the dystrophin gene.
Immunohistochemical analysis confirms loss of dystrophin protein in the sapje-like mutant
In human Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy patients and in the zebrafish dystrophin morphant (19), dystrophin protein is missing and its associated proteins are often partially down-regulated at the muscle sarcolemma. To assay for overall dystrophin protein expression in the sapje-like mutant, wild-type and sapje-like mutants were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Sections from 5 dpf embryos were immunostained with antibodies designed specifically against zebrafish dystrophin and in all cases, dystrophin protein was absent at the myosepta of developing sapje-like mutants (Fig. 2, top).
To test if the dystrophin-associated proteins were partially down-regulated in the sapje-like mutant, sections from 5 dpf wild-type and sapje-like mutants were stained with antibodies against the following DAPC components: β-sarcoglycan, δ-sarcoglycan and γ-sarcoglycan. Due to similar staining patterns, only the panels from the γ-sarcoglycan staining are shown in Figure 2 (bottom). This analysis showed little difference in the intensities of the sarcoglycan myoseptal staining patterns in the 5 dpf and 4-week-old mutant fish (data not shown).
Western blot analysis shows that the DAPC is partially destabilized in the sapje-like mutant
Since protein expression levels are difficult to compare using immunohistochemical analysis, immunoblot analysis was performed to compare expression of dystrophin and dystrophin-associated proteins in the sapje-like mutant. Protein extracts from wild-type and sapje-like mutants at 5 dpf were separated by gel electrophoresis and transferred to nitrocellulose membrane. Using antibodies developed against both the N- and C- terminus of zebrafish dystrophin, immunoblot analysis confirmed the loss of the dystrophin protein specifically in the sapje-like mutant (Fig. 3A, see arrows). While the dystrophin protein appeared to be completely absent in the blot using the C-terminus dystrophin antibody, the N-terminus antibody detected a reduced (although present) smaller dystrophin protein in the mutant. This band likely represents the truncated dystrophin isoform resulting from the splice site mutation (see later).
To determine if expression of the dystrophin-associated proteins was affected in the sapje-like mutant, western blot analysis was also performed for the sarcoglycans. In the sapje-like mutant, the β-, δ- and γ-sarcoglycan proteins were moderately although specifically reduced (Fig. 3B). This data suggest that the sarcoglycan subcomplex is weakly destabilized in the sapje-like mutant, similar to that seen in some human Duchenne patients (sarcoglycan destabilization can be variable). Western analysis was also performed for β-dystroglycan, a member of the DAPC that is not typically reduced in human Duchenne patients. While subtle, β-dystroglycan also appears to be slightly reduced, suggesting the integrity of the entire complex might be partially compromised in the mutant. Equal staining of the actin control in both the wild-type and mutant embryos confirms equal loading across the wells (Fig. 3B).
sapje-like carries a mutation in the donor splice junction of exon 62 of the zebrafish dystrophin gene
The birefringence phenotype, complementation results and protein analysis strongly suggest that the sapje-like causative mutation resides in the dystrophin gene. In humans, the dystrophin gene spans 2.5 million bases of the human X chromosome and previous work suggests the gene might be equally as large in zebrafish (19). Because the zebrafish dystrophin gene has not been cloned, it was difficult to conclusively identify zebrafish orthologues to the 79 human dystrophin exons. To facilitate sequencing the dystrophin coding sequence, sections of the zebrafish dystrophin gene transcript were PCR amplified in sections from cDNA using primers designed to the more conserved sequences. Resulting PCR products were sequenced from sapje-like mutant fish and compared with the sequence from unaffected siblings. Sequencing these products revealed that sapje-like mRNA was missing dystrophin exon 62 since the sequence went directly from exon 61 to 63 (Fig. 4A). In addition, using primers homologous to exons 57 and 63, a clear size difference is seen in the sapje-like PCR product, suggesting a portion of the cDNA is missing in the mutant transcript (Fig. 4B). The smaller mutant band can still be faintly seen in the unaffected siblings, some of which are heterozygous for the mutation. For both the sequencing analysis (Fig. 4A) and the PCR experiment (Fig. 4B), the same cDNA preparations were used and were made by phenotypically grouping the embryos. The removal of exon 62 results in a translational frameshift yielding an inadvertent termination signal near the end of exon 63 (Fig. 4C).
To identify the mutation, splice sites between exons 61-62 and exons 62-63 were sequenced from genomic DNA in mutant and wild-type embryos. A mutation was found in the +5 position of the exon 62 splice donor (Fig. 4D). Based on the human consensus splice site (Fig. 4E), this base is normally present 80% of the time (34). This base change was homozygous in only affected sapje-like embryos and was not found in any of the other strains of mutants that were analyzed (20 individual fish were tested). The location of the mutation within the gene is diagrammatically shown in Figure 4F.
As a means of confirming the nature of the splice mutation, the Leiden Muscular Dystrophy database (http://www.dmd.nl/) (35) was searched to determine if similar mutations were causative in human patient populations. A +5G→A splice site mutation was identified in humans for seven different exons (exons 4, 7, 32, 41, 43, 55 and 67), suggesting that such changes can cause disease. Importantly, the wild-type 5′ exon 62 zebrafish splice junction does not conform to the consensus human splice site at the −1 position (A versus T). This position is present in 80% of the splice sites although A is present 10% of the time (34). It is possible that this difference in the wild-type splice junction at the −1 position may make the zebrafish 5′ exon 62 splice junction more sensitive to the +5G→A mutation. Importantly, the human exon 55 mutation (which has a +5G→A splice site mutation; 36) has the same change at the −1 position and is identical to the zebrafish exon 62 splice donor suggesting that this may be the case.
Sequence conservation of the zebrafish dystrophin gene
As part of identifying the sapje-like mutation, the entire dystrophin coding sequence was determined by designing primers to conserved exons and using PCR amplification of the dystrophin coding sequence from cDNA. Since the sequence was assembled by overlapping ends of PCR products rather than sequencing an entire EST, it is possible (although unlikely) that portions of two highly conserved genes could be assembled together although all coding sequences position on the same genomic sequence suggesting that the entire sequence is part of the same large gene. To fill in gaps in the zebrafish cDNA, five small missing sections were added by including zebrafish EST sequences from the Genbank database. Blast homology results suggest that zebrafish dystrophin is more closely related to human dystrophin (57% identical/74% similar from exons 2–78) than human utrophin (33% identical/53% similar from exons 2–57 and 38% identical/56% similar from exons 34–78). When zebrafish dystrophin was compared with the known sequences of zebrafish utrophin (37), there was no significant homology. Taken together, these data suggest that all of the amplified exons likely belong to the zebrafish dystrophin gene.
To our knowledge, zebrafish are the most evolutionarily diverged vertebrate from human from which the dystrophin sequence has been fully sequenced. As a means of determining which portions of the dystrophin sequence were most conserved among vertebrates, the zebrafish dystrophin sequence was compared with the human sequence using the Tcoffee algorithm (Fig. 5) (38–42). In this figure, highly conserved sequences are shown in red and less-conserved regions in blue. As is clearly evident, the N- (the actin binding region) and C-terminus (the DAPC interacting region) of the zebrafish dystrophin sequence are highly conserved with the most variability present in the middle spectrin repeat section of the protein. Interestingly, when zebrafish cDNA sequence was compared with the genomic sequence, all intron/exon boundaries found in humans were conserved in zebrafish with the exception that zebrafish exon 79 does not encode protein (data not shown). Given the low degree of conservation of the spectrin repeat region of the protein, it was somewhat unexpected to see that the intron/exon boundaries were maintained even in this genomic region.
Because of their small size, proliferative capacity and transparency, zebrafish are quickly becoming an ideal complementary model to mice for the study of human disease. While further removed from humans than mice, zebrafish offer many advantages for identifying new diseases genes and investigating potential therapies through cell transfer experiments or large-scale chemical screens. Over the last eight years, a number of laboratories have established the zebrafish as a disease model for muscular dystrophy and morpholino experiments have confirmed the phenotype of a dystrophic fish at 5 dpf as inactive, bent and having disorganized muscle (reviewed in 16).
In 1996, a large scale genetic screen was completed in which a small group of muscle degenerative mutants were labeled as potentially dystrophic (22). Bassett et al. characterized the first of these mutants and showed that sapje carries a nonsense mutation in exon 4 of the dystrophin gene (23). Three other mutants have since been characterized. Two carry a mutation in laminin α2 and one carries a mutation in titin (24,25). Because this group of mutants is limited, an early-pressure genetic screen was conducted to identify additional zebrafish muscle degenerative mutants. One of these mutants (sapje-like) has a phenotype similar to sapje and our analysis shows that this recessive mutant carries a splice mutation in exon 62 of the zebrafish dystrophin gene. In addition to being a unique dystrophin mutant, sapje-like also confirms the dystrophin null-mutation described previously for sapje (23).
While mutations in the human muscle dystrophin isoform cause muscular dystrophy, there are many other human forms of dystrophin that are transcribed from alternative promoters (43). In humans, there are four full-length 427 kDa dystrophin isoforms that are transcribed in brain (Dp427c), lymphocyte (Dp427l), purkinje cells (Dp427p) and muscle (Dp427m). In addition, there are many other shorter dystrophin isoforms including Dp260 (retinal dystrophin), Dp140 (brain), Dp116 (Schwann cells), Dp71 (ubiquitous) and Dp40 (ubiquitous). While expression of these isoforms have not yet been reported in zebrafish, the western blot using the C-terminus antibody (recognizes the region conserved in all isoforms) specifically recognizes a 260 kDa dystrophin isoform down-regulated in the sapje-like mutant (Fig. 3A). This suggests that zebrafish express at least full-length and Dp260 dystrophin isoforms. Since the sapje-like mutation lies just upstream of where the DP71 promoter would be (in the intron between exon 62 and 63), all dystrophin isoforms larger than DP71 should be affected. As in human, defects in muscle Dp427m cause the most overt phenotype (muscular dystrophy) although there are additional defects in dystrophic patients including cognitive defects which may be caused by changes in other dystrophin isoforms. It is unclear whether the sapje-like mutation causes cognitive impairment or visual defects although direct physical manifestations resulting from the mutation are almost identical to sapje in which only the largest dystrophin isoform is affected.
While genomic deletions cause the vast majority of the cases of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, splicing defects can cause muscular dystrophy and many other diseases. Sapje-like represents the first zebrafish dystrophic mutant characterized to date that has dystrophy due to a splicing defect. As such, future drug screens using sapje-like are likely to uncover therapeutics that work in a completely different manner than drugs which would be able to correct sapje which carries a nonsense mutation in exon 4 of the zebrafish dystrophin gene. Since the muscular dystrophy phenotype in sapje-like can be easily and specifically assayed using birefringence, this makes sapje-like valuable not just for finding drugs capable of correcting muscular dystrophy, but potentially any other disease caused by splicing defects.
The location of the sapje-like splicing defect was identified in the donor splice site of exon 62. The loss of exon 62 was first noted experimentally by sequencing the complete zebrafish dystrophin cDNA in affected and unaffected siblings. The fragment that was initially sequenced was amplified using primers in exons flanking exon 62 (primers located in exon 57 and 63). In this scenario, the only product that could amplify in the splicing mutant was a transcript that skipped exon 62 (since that exon was incapable of splicing and would yield a PCR product too big for amplification and sequencing). While spliced (exon 61 to exon 63) and unspliced (exon 62 to intron to exon 63) transcript may exist in the sapje-like mutant, no full-length dystrophin protein is produced and the muscle degenerates due to the dystrophic phenotype.
Sapje-like is a novel zebrafish dystrophin mutant isolated as part of a large genetic screen. Its characterization has shown that it has symptoms of muscle degeneration similar to that seen in human patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. We have identified the molecular lesion as a G→A mutation in the donor splice junction of zebrafish dystrophin exon 62. Sapje-like is the first characterized dystrophic mutant which was not isolated as part of the 1996 Tuebingen screen. Since many of the Tuebingen dystrophic mutants have already been characterized and there are at least 30 different forms of muscular dystrophy, this suggests that additional dystrophic mutants remain to be identified and validates our approach to genetically isolate additional mutants as part of our own genetic screen. The identification of sapje-like suggests that our screen was successful and that the characterization of our remaining muscle mutants will help elucidate additional disease mechanisms.
Early-pressure screen
As outlined in Supplementary Material, Figure S1 and described in (44), 80 male AB strain adult zebrafish were mutagenized with three treatments of 3 mm ENU (one treatment per week). Following treatment, 27 males were found to be fertile. After clearing the males by random outcrosses for a month, the mutation rate was assessed by complementation analysis with heterozygous albino mutants. Of 2400 scored embryos, 2 albinos were identified suggesting a mutation rate of approximately 1.2 × 10−3 mutations per albino locus. This mutation rate is similar to that from previously published reports. Mutagenized males were crossed with wild-type AB females to create a stock of heterozygous carriers which were grown to adulthood.
To perform the early-pressure screen, heterozygous females were separated from the males. The night before squeezing, the females were primed by placing in a tank with males although each sex was separated by a screen barrier. In the morning, the males were sacrificed and the testes were ground in Hanks Buffer to make a sperm stock. The sperm was subjected to UV irradiation for 3 min to crosslink the DNA. The females were anesthetized and systematically squeezed to extract the eggs and the eggs were fertilized with the UV-irradiated sperm. After squeezing, the females were placed in numbered tanks to be later correlated with the clutch of scored eggs. The sperm was activated by adding 1 ml of fish water and after 1 min 24 s, the fertilized eggs were subjected to high pressure (8 000 pounds/inch) for an additional 4 min 36 s to inhibit the second phase of meiosis (polar body extrusion). Pressure was gently released and the eggs were placed in a plate with fish water. The following day, the dead eggs were removed and the clutch was counted if more than five eggs were viable (norm estimated at 10–30 eggs). Gross phenotype was noticed at 1 dpf and muscle structure, activity and bending confirmation assayed at 5 dpf. If the clutch showed any mutants of interest (recombination can make telomeric mutations hard to score by EP), the squeezed mother was outcrossed to wild-type AB males and the resultant progeny incrossed to genetically verify phenotype. The screen was complete when 500 viable clutches were scored. Of these, eight showed a muscle-specific phenotype (not gross abnormalities) including three which show the hallmarks of muscular dystrophy (muscle degeneration over time).
Muscle birefringence was analyzed by placing anesthesized embryos on a glass polarizing filter and covering the embryos with second polarizing filter elevated to prevent the embryos from being harmed. The filters were then placed on an underlit dissecting scope (Leica, model MZ75) and the top polarizing filter twisted until only the light refracting through the striated muscle was visible. Since the degree of birefringence is affected by the horizontal orientation of the fish, the fish were gently oscillated back and forth to account for differences in positioning.
Complementation analysis
Complementation analysis was performed twice. First to assay the mutation rate by crossing mutagenized males with heterozygous albino females. Second, complementation was used to determine if sapje and sapje-like were allelic by crossing heterozygous sapje-like mutants with heterozygous sapje mutants. Resultant progeny were scored using birefringence.
Immunoblot analysis
For separation of large proteins like dystrophin, 3–8% Tris–Acetate gradient gels were used and electrophoresis was at 150 V for ∼2 h. Following separation, proteins were transferred to 0.45 µm nitrocellulose membranes in a submerged transfer apparatus according to the instructions provided by the manufacturer (Invitrogen). For separation of smaller proteins (<100 kDa), 12% Tris–Glycine gradient gels (4% stacking) were used and electrophoresis was at 130 V for ∼2 h. Following separation, the proteins were transferred to 0.45 µm nitrocellulose using a Semi-Dry Transfer Apparatus according to the instructions provided by the manufacturer (Bio-Rad). All antibodies used have either been described previously or are commercially available.
Membranes were incubated with the following antibodies in a cocktail of 1× PBS (phosphate-buffered saline), 0.1% Tween-20 and 5% non-fat dry milk (NFDM): 'DysC' (1:333 dilution) (19), 'DysN' (1:333 dilution) (18), δ-sarcoglycan (1:300 dilution) (12,19), γ-sarcoglycan 'γ-SG' (1:333 dilution) (18), β-sarcoglycan 'β-SG' (Novocastra) (1:20 dilution) (19), β-dystroglycan 'β-DG' (Novocastra) (1:10 dilution) (19) and actin 'A2066 '(Sigma) (1:300 dilution) (19). Membranes were incubated with primary antibodies for 1 h at 25°C then washed two times quickly and three times for 10 min in a solution of 1× PBS with 0.1% Tween-20.
An anti-rabbit-conjugated goat HRP secondary antibody (1:5000 dilution) (Jackson ImmunoResearch Lab) was used to detect the following primary antibodies: 'DysC', 'DysN', 'δ-SG', 'γ-SG' and actin 'A2066'. An anti-mouse-conjugated goat HRP secondary antibody (1:5000 dilution) (Jackson ImmunoResearch Lab) was used to detect the 'β-SG' and 'β-DG' primary antibodies. The membranes were incubated with 1:5000 dilution of secondary antibody in a solution of 1× PBS with 0.1% Tween-20 and 5% NFDM for 1 h at 25°C before washing two times quickly and three times for 10 min in a solution of 1× PBS with 0.1% Tween-20. The blots were incubated with Western Lighting Chemiluminescence Reagent Plus (Perkin Elmer) as described by the distributor and exposed to film for up to 5 min.
Juvenile (5-day-old) zebrafish were anesthetized in 0.3% tricaine solution for 2–10 min, coated in Optimal Cutting Temperature Compound (Sakura) and frozen in liquid nitrogen-cooled 4-methyl butane. 5–10 µm sections (as indicated) were cut at −20°C using a Microm HM 505 E cryostat, transferred to silane-coated microscope slides and fixed by immersing the slides in methanol for 3 min before equilibrating in 1× PBS at 4°C overnight.
To block non-specific binding of the antibodies, sections were incubated for 30 min at room temperature in PBS+10% horse serum. Following blocking, the slides were incubated overnight at 4°C using the same antibodies described for immunoblot analysis. Slides were washed three times in 1× PBS and sections incubated with FITC-conjugated secondary antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch Lab) at a 1:100 dilution for 1 h at room temperature. Slides were washed three times in 1× PBS before mounting in 25 µl vectashield. Slides were analyzed using a Zeiss Axioplan II microscope with a triple filter and the images stored using either IP Lab or OpenLab Software.
Sequencing the zebrafish dystrophin gene
Zebrafish cDNA was synthesized for both wild-type and sapje-like 5 dpf embryos by first isolating total RNA with a QIAGEN RNA isolation kit. The poly A containing mRNA was used as a template for cDNA synthesis using a One-Cycle cDNA Synthesis Kit (Affymetrix). To specifically amplify segments of the zebrafish dystrophin gene, PCR primers were designed by finding regions of zebrafish chromosome 1 exon sequences which could encode peptide fragments having high homology to the analogous section of the human dystrophin protein sequence. Using this approach, 20 PCR reactions were designed to amplify the complete dystrophin cDNA in overlapping fragments. Overall, 12 000 bases of the zebrafish dystrophin cDNA were sequenced with a few remaining bases filled in using pre-existing EST sequences available in Genbank. For identification of the splice site mutation, primers were designed from genomic sequence outside the splice regions and the region of interest amplified from wild-type and mutant genomic DNA.
PCR reactions were performed at 35 cycles of 1 min at 94°C, 2 min at 52°C, and 1 min at 72°C using a GC 2 PCR kit (Clontech). Finished PCR reactions were purified with a QIAGEN PCR Cleanup Kit and prepared for sequencing.
All DNA sequencing was performed in The Mental Retardation Research Center Sequencing Core Facility located within Children's Hospital Boston. Sequencing reactions were prepared with ∼50 ng of PCR product and 10 pm of primer in a 12 µl reaction volume. DNA was fluorescently labeled and analyzed on an Applied Biosystems 3730 DNA Analyzer. The sequences were imported into Sequencher and comparisons made between wild-type and sapje-like DNA and cDNA sequence to identify the exon missing in the mutant fish and the causative mutation. In addition, at least 10 linked SNPs were also identified as part of this analysis.
Supplementary Material is available at HMG Online.
This work was supported by a National Institutes of Health Program Project Grant (grant number 5P50NS040828-07 to L.M.K.); the Bernard F. and Alva B. Gimbel Foundation ( to L.M.K.) and a Developmental Grant awarded by the Muscular Dystrophy Association (to J.R.G). Funding for the Children's Hospital Sequencing Facility was provided by a NIH grant to the Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Center (MRDDRC) Molecular Genetics Core Facility at Children's Hospital Boston (grant number 5P30HD018655-26).
We would like to acknowledge members of the Kunkel and Zon laboratory for their experimental advice, help in performing these experiments and the drafting of this manuscript. Specifically, we would like to thank Dr Yi Zhou and Dr Len Zon (both of Children's Hospital Boston) for their helpful advice and providing necessary fishroom space. In addition, we are grateful to Chris Lawrence and Tim Jones who managed our fish facility. We would also like to thank members of the Children's Hospital Sequencing Facility including Christine Briggs and Hal Schneider for sequencing the zebrafish dystrophin PCR products. L.M.K. is an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Conflict of Interest statement. None declared.


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Sculptured Thin Films by Akhlesh Lakhtakia, R. Messier
Description : Sculptured thin films (STFs) are a class of nanoengineered materials with properties that can be designed and realized in a controllable manner using physical vapor deposition. This text, presented as a course at the SPIE Optical Science and Technology Symposium, couples detailed knowledge of thin-film morphology with the optical response characteristics of STF devices. An accompanying CD contains Mathematica™ programs for use with the presented formalisms. Thus, readers will learn to design and engineer STF materials and devices for future applications, particularly with optical applications. Graduate students in optics and practicing optical engineers will find the text valuable, as well as those interested in emerging nanotechnologies for optical devices.
Subtitle : Nanoengineered Morphology and Optics
Authors : Akhlesh Lakhtakia, R. Messier
Published Date : 2005-01-01
Publisher : SPIE Press
Page : 299 Pages
Categories : Technology & Engineering
Total Download: 76
Filesize: 7 MB
Download PDF : sculptured-thin-films.pdf
Alternative Link : No available alternative link yet


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Sutter Health Joins Oakland Athletics in Fire Relief Effort
Sutter Health and the Oakland Athletics are partnering to support those affected by the deadly Oakland warehouse fire.
Over the last few days the Northern California community has been stunned by the tragic loss of life, the grief and trauma, and the enormous impact on our community and first responders resulting from the fire.
"Sutter Health extends our deepest condolences to the victims' loved ones and all others affected, and we have made a $75,000 donation to the Oakland A's Community Fund," said Sarah Krevans, Sutter Health president and CEO. The collaborative fundraising effort among community partners and the Oakland mayor's office will support the Relief Fund for Victims of the Oakland Fire.
All funds collected will be directed to the American Red Cross to help those affected by the Oakland Fire.
"We made this donation on behalf of our compassionate employees, physicians and volunteers to help those greatly impacted by this tragic event," said Jeff Gerard, president of Sutter Health Bay Area.
Sutter Health Donates $255,000 to Food Banks
Sutter Health announced today a quarter-million-dollar-plus donation to 30 food banks across Northern California, and in Oregon and Hawaii. The donation by the not-for-profit health system enables local food banks to serve healthy meals to those in need this winter.
"Every day thousands of our neighbors, including children and families, worry about when they'll have their next meal. Hunger deprives too many people of the energy to focus, learn and grow. By supporting local food banks, we help feed our communities, and support a hunger-free and healthier world," said Sarah Krevans, president and CEO of Sutter Health.
Sutter Health's donations to community food banks over the past eight years total more than $1.8 million, which benefits countless individuals and families.
As a not-for-profit organization, Sutter Health believes in giving back. Sutter Health's total community benefit investment increased 25 percent to $957 million in 2015. These funds supported traditional charity care, unreimbursed Medi-Cal costs, health education and community clinics.
Read More about Sutter Health Donates $255,000 to Food Banks
Sutter Health Donates $35,000 to Support Veterans and Active Duty Military
Gifts Provide Resources for Lodging and Wellness Needs
As part of a broader commitment to support military personnel and their families, the not-for-profit Sutter Health network donated a total of $35,000 to Fisher House Foundation and Operation HomeFront—two military-support organizations dedicated to improving the lives of service men and women in Northern California.
"Our nation is grateful for the selfless service and bravery of our veterans and active military," said Sarah Krevans, CEO of Sutter Health. "We're especially proud of the nearly 1,400 veterans who are part of our Sutter Health family. These team members enhance our organization with diverse skills and experience from their military life, often earned in the face of adversity. It is our privilege to count them as partners who help us deliver care that is meaningful to our patients and families." Read More about Sutter Health Donates $35,000 to Support Veterans and Active Duty Military
Sutter Health Volunteers, Staff To Help Hospitalized Patients Vote
Volunteers and staff at four not-for-profit Sutter Health facilities are working to ensure that patients who are hospitalized on Election Day are still able to vote. On Nov. 7 and 8, many patients—from new mothers to people who have had heart attacks—will find themselves unexpectedly hospitalized. These individuals may not have planned on spending Election Day in a hospital gown, but teams at Alta Bates Summit Medical Center, Sutter Medical Center, Sacramento, Sutter Auburn Faith Hospital and Sutter Roseville Medical Center are dedicated to helping them cast their ballots.
"Our patients are people first, with responsibilities and commitments that go well beyond the time we spend caring for them in our facilities, and we respect that," said Chris Waugh, Sutter Health's chief innovation officer. "This gesture is one small way we can show how we care for our patients as a whole."
At Alta Bates Summit Medical Center's three campuses (Herrick and Alta Bates in Berkeley, Summit in Oakland), Susan Abalos, volunteers director, leads the effort. Over two days, Abalos' volunteer team will work to connect hospitalized registered voters with absentee ballots in Alameda and Contra Costa counties. Patients will be given the opportunity to vote if they are registered voters and have not previously requested an absentee ballot.
Read More about Sutter Health Volunteers, Staff To Help Hospitalized Patients Vote
Sutter Hospice Volunteer Receives National Honor for Service
National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization Presents Hospice Volunteer Awards at National Conference
The National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization (NHPCO) has recognized Colonel Patsy Thompson, a volunteer with Sutter Care at Home Hospice in Roseville, California, as one of five outstanding volunteers in the United States.
The Volunteers are the Foundation of Hospice Award recognizes hospice volunteers who best reflect the universal concept of volunteerism in its truest sense—serving as an inspiration to others. Read More about Sutter Hospice Volunteer Receives National Honor for Service
Sutter Health Gives Gift of Surgery to People in Need
Eighty-nine people in need received life-changing surgeries through Sutter Health's annual Gift of Surgery program this summer. Physicians and medical teams from 20 Sutter Health surgery centers volunteered their time and expertise to provide outpatient elective procedures including cataract and gallbladder removal, as well as hernia and knee ligament repairs. The surgeries, whether they helped patients walk pain-free or regain their sight, dramatically impacted patients' quality of life. In some cases, these surgeries helped individuals return to work or experience the simple joys of playing with their grandchildren.
As part of its not-for-profit mission, Sutter Health gives millions every year to provide care to people in need—regardless of their income, insurance or immigration status. The surgeries provided through the Gift of Surgery program this summer have an estimated value of over half a million dollars. Sutter Health's total community benefit investment increased 25 percent to $957 million last year. These funds supported traditional charity care, unreimbursed Medi-Cal costs, health education programs and community clinics.
Annually, Sutter Health partners with community health organizations that select appropriate candidates in advance for the Gift of Surgery program from among the patients they serve. Sutter collaborated this year with community organizations from across Northern California including Ravenswood Family Health Center, RotaCare, Samaritan House, Axis Community Health, School Health Clinic of Santa Clara, Operation Access, Tri-City Health Center, Community Health Center Network, Santa Clara Family Health Plan (Alameda County), Sacramento Physicians' Initiative to Reach Out, Innovate and Teach (SPIRIT) and Healthy Partners.


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I really enjoy the juxtaposition of historical commentary and modern social mores (and speech, as one can see in the above, in "The Death of James Cook"). She does pass the traditional Steampunk / Victorian era (though her latest post has a clever "Victorians" strip), but the entire overview of her work is extraordinary. Do take a moment (or likely a *lot* longer) to visit her site and indulge in her work, located at: http://www.harkavagrant.com/index.php
Edison and Marconi in evil cahoots versus the Noble Tesla!


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Animated Stereoscopic Photographs of Canton (Guangzhou), China, in the 1850's/1860's
A collection of animated stereoscopic photographs of Canton (today known as Guangzhou), China, taken by photographers John Thomson and Pierre Joseph Rossier in the 1850's and 1860's.
By: chubachus | Comments: 19 | Views: 1805 | Votes: 4 | Shared: 0
Location: Guangzhou, Guangdong, China | Leaked: 2 days ago in Creative, History, Other
Giant pandas get to celebrate New Year's too
Giant pandas around the globe are welcoming the Spring Festival, or Chinese Lunar New Year, which falls on January 28 this year. The Wolong Nature Reserve in southwest China's Sichuan Province bough
By: Euronews | Comments: 9 | Views: 1399 | Votes: 0 | Shared: 0
Leaked: Jan-22-2017 in Other News
Guangzhou unveils theme song to promote city image
Guangzhou is the city with 2,000 years of history where I live and work for many years. Happy Year of the Rooster to everyone!
By: Lake8737 | Comments: 28 | Views: 1371 | Votes: 4 | Shared: 0
Location: Guangzhou, Guangdong, China | Leaked: Dec-31-2016 in Other Entertainment
China's largest semi-submersible ship unveiled in Guangzhou
The world's second largest semi-submersible ship has been unveiled to the public in Guangzhou city of south China's Guangdong Province on Thursday. The new ship, Xinguanghua, meaning new light in Engl
By: trending video | Comments: 40 | Views: 3410 | Votes: 3 | Shared: 6
Location: Guangdong, China | Leaked: Dec-14-2016 in Vehicles
little chinese brat kicks his mother repeatedly
A Chinese mother was attacked by her own son as she tried to stop him from playing on his mobile phone. The 10-year-old boy, from Guangzhou, southern China's Guangdong Province, repeatedly kicke
By: steakout | Comments: 2 | Views: 1146 | Votes: 1 | Shared: 0
Location: Guangzhou, Guangdong, China | Leaked: Jan-11-2017 in WTF
Baby pandas make their public debut in China safari park
A pair of giant panda twins, under three months old, have been introduced to visitors Chimelong Safari Park in Guangzhou, China. They were born on 9 October in the safari park.
By: Euronews | Comments: 21 | Views: 1743 | Votes: 8 | Shared: 1
Leaked: Dec-26-2016 in Other News
Guangzhou (Canton) China in 1930, City Life, Rare Footage
A travelogue film from Guangzhou (Canton) and Beijing, China in 1930 from the Penn Museum Film Archives. http://www.penn.museum/
By: JoeyCz | Comments: 6 | Views: 1242 | Votes: 1 | Shared: 2
Location: China | Leaked: Jun-27-2016 in History
Aerial Footage Showed The Scale of the Crowds China's Guangzhou station
Tens of thousands of people have been delayed at China's Guangzhou station, after heavy snow disrupted travel. The rare snow has coincided with the run-up to Chinese New Year - where hundreds of mill
By: dcmfox | Comments: 13 | Views: 1182 | Votes: 2 | Shared: 0
Location: Shanghai, Shanxi Sheng, China | Leaked: Feb-3-2016 in Regional News
Six killed in Guangzhou Stabbing - Chinese Station Knife Attack
At least six people have been injured in a knife attack at a station in Guangzhou, Chinese officials say. There is no information yet on the motivation for this attack, but it comes a week after an
By: cheryllitherland | Comments: 10 | Views: 4325 | Votes: 0 | Shared: 0
Leaked: May-6-2014 in Regional News
Bloody fight over seat on Guangzhou subway
Via http://beijingcream.com/2012/10/the-most-disturbing-and-bloody-video-of-a-subway-fight-youll-see-with-biting-graphic/ : This morning on Guangzhou's Subway Line 4 around Chepi South Station,
By: antfarmks5 | Comments: 49 | Views: 9923 | Votes: 0 | Shared: 12
Location: Guangzhou, Guangdong, China | Leaked: Feb-28-2013 in WTF
timeleap photography Chinese tourist city : Guangzhou
Guangzhou (Chinese: 广州)known historically as Canton or Kwangchow — is the capital and largest city of the Guangdong province, People's Republic of China. Located on the Pearl River, about
By: yushengok | Comments: 3 | Views: 1445 | Votes: 1 | Shared: 0
Location: China | Leaked: Feb-17-2013 in Other Entertainment
Awesome Motion Timelapse - Guangzhou, China - 2012
A very nice motion timelapse captured in Guangzhou. If you enjoy it give the creator some love on Vimeo and check out his other videos.
By: uncletom | Comments: 11 | Views: 1601 | Votes: 3 | Shared: 0
Location: Guangzhou, Guangdong, China | Leaked: Dec-8-2012 in Creative, Other Entertainment, Science and Technology, Nature
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Amazing clarity and ability to get at the root of a problem while offering sound solutions and excellent advice.
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Talk:Samurai cinema
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Tokugawa Era[edit]
I would consider clarifying the statement "Historically, the genre is usually set during the Tokugawa era". A fair few films are set in the early Meiji period, when samurai have become masterless due to the fall of the shogunate. And films about the Shinsengumi, although set in the Tokugawa era, are really driven by its imminent demise. What do you reckon? Ninquerinquar (talk) 01:29, 24 November 2007 (UTC)
Weak Opening Sentence[edit]
"While earlier samurai period pieces were more dramatic rather than action based, samurai movies post World War II have become more action based, with darker and more violent characters."
The first sentence jumps straight into debatable fine distinctions, rather than explaining the topic in broad and simple terms for those who might not even know what samurai films are. I just don't think the first sentence should be so uncertain. If only I knew anything about samurai films I'd change it myself. 18.104.22.168 (talk) 02:47, 24 January 2008 (UTC)
Akira Kurosawa[edit]
Kurosawa films like Rashomon, Throne of Blood, Kagemusha, and Ran should not be included on this page as they are not samurai genre pictures. Samurai were a level of the class system in feudal japan so of course you're inevitably going to see samurai in a period film. When people discuss samurai films as a genre, they mean stuff like Yojimbo and Sanjuro or the Zatoichi series. Jonas.E.B. 07:14, 11 March 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jonas.E.B. (talk • contribs)
- This just illustrates the general foolishness of the notion behind the page more than anything. JoshuSasori (talk) 16:06, 27 March 2012 (UTC)
Change definition?[edit]
The existence of "samurai cinema" as a separate postwar genre is unjustified. There are no Japanese film critics or scholars who make that distinction, and most foreign critics (Desser, Spalding, etc.) may at best put postwar work into a separate era within a larger samurai film genre that includes the postwar. The term "samurai cinema" itself is problematic because there is also a page for jidaigeki, and chanbara (which redirects to "samurai cinema") can feature non-samurai heroes. (The term "samurai eiga" is thus not really used in Japan.) Some recognition must be made of this.(Michitaro (talk) 07:33, 6 December 2009 (UTC))
Is Wikipedia edited only by imbecils and advertisers?[edit]
- Zatoichi is not a samurai
- Zatoichi is not even a ronin (the US audience does have the level of thought - if he wields a sword he must be a ronin, the Kill Bill fan type of idiot)
- Zatoichi movies can be put into Yakuza films category if you need inventing categories
- Ken Watanabe, besides working with the Hollywood has nothing relevant. It's a disgrace to have that null ahead of Toshiro Mifune for example
- That whashed out two bit Daniele Steel romance of a movie called the Last Samurai has nothing to do with the gerne, unless you are the Kill Bill kind of moron and in that case there is no cure for your illness.
So do the page right or kill it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.127.116.11 (talk) 23:28, 29 March 2010 (UTC)
- The tone of the language is not appreciated, but some of the points are valid. There are significant problems with not only this page, but also many of the other pages covering Japanese film genres on Wikipedia. Many use definitions of genres that have little basis in actual Japanese genre definitions but have simply appeared for various reasons amongst Western critics and fans. The term "samurai film" is one. I noted above the problem of this page largely defining it as a postwar phenomenon and mostly ignoring prewar examples. But as this person notes, it is odd to put Zatoichi in a genre called "samurai cinema" when he is neither a samurai nor a ronin. This is not Wikipedia's fault: people like Alan Silver started this mess a long time ago. Should we then put Zatoichi in the yakuza genre (after all, Ichi calls himself a yakuza)? But that genre is also a mess as Westerners throw together films that Japanese would never put in the same genre. Perhaps the problem is unsolvable, but I for one would prefer changing the name of this page to "chanbara." That at least allows for films like Zatoichi, since chanbara does not imply the class status of the hero.--Michitaro (talk) 01:44, 30 March 2010 (UTC)
- Keep in mind that the original poster in this thread is a banned user, the HarveyCarter sockpuppet. His edits may be deleted/reverted at will, without explanation, regardless of merit. I'll leave them here because they result in some valid points from the responder. Monkeyzpop (talk) 07:45, 30 March 2010 (UTC)
- Yes, a lot of this page should be deleted. JoshuSasori (talk) 14:45, 27 March 2012 (UTC)
Suggest removing list of notable samurai films[edit]
This list should be removed, it is inherently biased, and essentially original research or just wikipedia editor's opinion of what is notable. Please speak up if you disagree or I will remove it. JoshuSasori (talk) 14:45, 27 March 2012 (UTC) Actually the whole page should probably be deleted, it is all just crap. JoshuSasori (talk) 14:47, 27 March 2012 (UTC)
- I wouldn't say it is all crap, but there is a lot that is poorly sourced, extraneous, or even mistaken. Someone needs to go over it with well sourced material, but since much of what is written in English is poor, that would have to involve use of Japanese materials. There is also the basic problem of what to call this genre. It is an unfortunate fact that the term "samurai film" has become the consensus term in English, even though it is wrong. Some scholars have tried to resist that, with Thornton using the term "period film" (to correspond with jidaigeki), or Desser trying out terms like "sword film" (corresponding to the Japanese "kengeki"), but it is hard on Wikipedia, which is ruled by both consensus and common usage, to simply assert a new term. With regard to the list, I think it should not be deleted, but rather redone on the basis of good sources. Using KineJun lists or films chosen in published books, it is possible to collate the "notable" films using reliable sources. This has been done on other lists in Wikipedia. Michitaro (talk) 15:33, 27 March 2012 (UTC)
- I withdraw that, I don't want to do any work on this article at all, I am not interested in this topic, but somehow I feel like I have to protest about it. It's just a shoddy article based on a shoddy notion, but I don't have the will to do anything about it. JoshuSasori (talk) 16:04, 27 March 2012 (UTC)
- I wouldn't say it is all crap, but there is a lot that is poorly sourced, extraneous, or even mistaken. Someone needs to go over it with well sourced material, but since much of what is written in English is poor, that would have to involve use of Japanese materials. There is also the basic problem of what to call this genre. It is an unfortunate fact that the term "samurai film" has become the consensus term in English, even though it is wrong. Some scholars have tried to resist that, with Thornton using the term "period film" (to correspond with jidaigeki), or Desser trying out terms like "sword film" (corresponding to the Japanese "kengeki"), but it is hard on Wikipedia, which is ruled by both consensus and common usage, to simply assert a new term. With regard to the list, I think it should not be deleted, but rather redone on the basis of good sources. Using KineJun lists or films chosen in published books, it is possible to collate the "notable" films using reliable sources. This has been done on other lists in Wikipedia. Michitaro (talk) 15:33, 27 March 2012 (UTC)
Is this really an example of "exploitation"? E.g. "Seven Samurai" is an exploitation movie? Unless someone wants to justify that, I'll remove it. JoshuSasori (talk) 23:16, 12 April 2012 (UTC)
- I second removing it. While one could argue that Ishii Teruo's violent/erotic jidaigeki are exploitation films, that's only a small fraction of the genre. Michitaro (talk) 00:41, 13 April 2012 (UTC)
- I doubt anyone else will contribution to this discussion so I have removed it already. JoshuSasori (talk) 05:11, 13 April 2012 (UTC)
Ippo, ippo, kakujitsu ni... or, One step, one step, with determination...[edit]
Qualification; though it has been many years since I lived in Japan, I recall being told by several people I worked with there that chanbara or chambara was a metaphor of the onomatopoetic sort that characterizes the sound of swords clashing and suggests sword fighting much as gun smoke might suggest gun play in American westerns. There is no English cognate that translates directly and completely. The later reference to Akira Kurosawa as being responsible for, "stylized and exaggerated death and violence in samurai epics", is demonstrably specious at best when 20th century Japanese cinema is considered in the context of the much older Kabuki. As for the statement; "His samurai, and many others portrayed in film, were solitary figures, more often concerned with concealing their martial abilities, rather than bragging of them…", again, this ignores the even older traditions of Noh and its notions of reserve and refinement. As an American expat' living as a gaijin it was remarkable to me that subtracting the 500 years of European influence in North America from written Japanese history still leaves over 2000 years. I revere Akira Kurosawa as much as anyone, but you can not credit him with inventing Japanese tradition and culture. He remains one of the best screenwriters that we have ever known. As I read further on this page it seems to me that most of the input here has not come from Japanese persons. I do not agree that the page should be removed since even if it is less that totally factual, it promotes discussion in an area I find quite interesting.
June 23rd, 2013 Sign me, Phil Studge — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 03:05, 24 June 2013 (UTC)
- C-Class film articles
- C-Class Japanese cinema articles
- Japanese cinema task force articles
- Japanese cinema articles needing attention to referencing and citation
- Japanese cinema articles needing attention to structure
- Japanese cinema articles needing attention to grammar
- WikiProject Film articles
- Film articles needing attention to referencing and citation
- Film articles needing attention to structure
- Film articles needing attention to grammar
- C-Class Martial arts articles
- C-Class Japan-related articles
- Low-importance Japan-related articles
- WikiProject Japan articles
- Wikipedia requested images of films
- Wikipedia requested photographs in Japan


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This "expert" review is a disservice to the incredible phone that is misidentified here. This is actually reviewing the previous Epic 4G and is not the Samsung Galaxy S II EPIC 4G TOUCH that it represents to be reviewed here. So Please remove the incorrect review. The Epic 4G Touch has a 4.52 inch Super Amoled screen unsurpassed in today's smartphones. It runs on Android 2.3.4 Gingerbread. It also has an 8 megapixel camera that captures video in full 1080p HD. I also has a front facing 2 megapixel camera for video chat. The processor varies sligtly in its different versionsfor AT&T, and Sprint models are usinga dual core 1.2 GHz ARM Cortex-A9 Mali-400 GPU chipset while T-Mobile's version uses a 1.5 GHz dual-core Qualcomm APQ8060 processor. Sprint's Galaxy S II Epic 4G Touch battery is Li-Ion 1800mAh battery offering 10 hours of talk time. One of the best batteries in the industry. These are just a few examples of the inicorrect information included in the review at this site. I own this phone. It is awesome. It isn't even simiilar to the phone reviewed here pretending to be the Epic 4G Touch.
Erik11/12/2011 12:12
Thanks for pointing this out. The original writer obviously confused the two phones. We'll get this fixed ASAP. Please note the "Edit Product" link at the top right of the page. Feel free to make any necessary correction if so inclined.
Erik11/13/2011 11:16
I've rewritten the report, and updated some of the links to reflect the Epic 4G Touch and not the Epic 4G.


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yes, try the Dresden files if you haven't, the guy reading it has a great voice and intonation. if you have a little money to spend and like to buy digital content try audible, you can get 1 or 2 audiobook a month depending your account, you pay each month to get credits you can spend on audiobooks they have, and it's really cheaper than buying them normaly. Also you can just create an account, get your first audiobook for free (you get a free credit when creating an account) and delete the account... :P
meh, Dresden files on audiobook is sweet :P
I read fanfiction (usually just straight-up porn, too) and that's about it. I haven't actually read a book (or even listened to one) just for myself in years. xD
lol yeah same here... I know almost only listen to audiobooks outside of class to save reading time >_>
Is it any wonder that I don't actually read books outside of class anymore???
I never thought english major is so much work. I'm glad that I'm not in english(my worst subject), I just had 2 finals today but I just had to study for 3 hours yesterday.
don't worry, i think you did well. At least better than me. I'm japanese and it's embarassing to say this but I'll take longer to understand it. Actually I can't even understand any Ancient Japanese...
Today I had a literature test, by 'literature' I mean Ancient Japanese Literature, which ranges from the 7th cent to the 19th... We had 1h30 to read and comprehend a text, and to answer six questions... it took me 30 minutes to understand the shitty translation, so I didn't have enought time to answer one of the questions >_>
How much do you have let DS-chan?
I JUST noticed the club name changed. No wonder I couldn't find it. *cough* Not that I was looking for it when I should be studying......
I hated gym. ~_~ Instead of telling me to run, how about I stand there with the stop-watch and you run?
0! \o/ Okay, um, maybe 5%?
And what would you say is the current percentage that is done?
I love the gym/PE. I didn't like the teachers though, most of them are perverts and everyweek I wished the teachers would be more creative with their programs. Some of them were, but, alas, most weren't, they were too busy being perverts. I still liked the hours outside the classroom, exercising.Good luck with homework, sensei-sama! :)
and an occasional reference to Supernatural.
IKR?! You have been missing out! xD Especially on Janitor!Sam and Gym Teacher!Dean. Argh. Quite agree with you there. I hated gym. =(
About three weeks. =) Classes cut off right before Christmas and then start up again on January 10th. Unfortunately, I won't have much of a break this summer as I have one class that's all during May and then another that's June through August. =( Oh well.
Oh wow...how could I have missed this topic? Especially with that pic of Jensen and Jared up there?
Least favourite subject: PE. It doesn't help that the teachers are devils who like to make you run as fast and hard as you can.
How long is your break, actually? 2 months? 2 weeks?
I'll just be on break. I won't be done until this time NEXT year.
Well, I don't know if this is any comfort but I once had to edit an essay that was written completely in msn-speak. "U" "R" "thru" >_> Then again, it was way back in middle school.
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Greenfield has a population of 13,716 and is located in Franklin county.
For Massachusetts residents, the average tuition for all Greenfield video production schools for the 2009 - 2010 school year was $624.00. For non-residents, the average tuition for Greenfield video production schools was $6,744.00.
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Is Prem Stores incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
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Hotfrog INDIA provides information regarding Prem Stores in Bhopal Madhya Pradesh. Prem Stores is located at Loha Bazar, Jumerati, Bhopal Madhya Pradesh and provides RETAIL services. Contact them on 093031 30559.
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Plot # 13, Sector A, Industrial Area Govindpura BHOPAL Madhya Pradesh 462023
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Hotfrog NewZealand provides information regarding Imaging4design in Auckland. Imaging4design is located at 857 Beach Road Waiake, Auckland Auckland 1330 and provides Web Design services. Contact them on 09 478 9077 or by visiting them on their website http://www.imaging4design.co.nz.
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These new untreated softwood sleepers require further treatment if used outside - you can choose your own method. They are perfect for use in all sensitive areas including, children's play areas, water features, raised vegetable beds and a plethora of other garden and interior uses. Made from native pine and cut from the best part of the tree! They have beautiful straight edges and can look very architectural. Minimal wane or bark with these lovely sleepers.
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Can a vegetarian person get a good meal at this restaurant?
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Thanks for helping!
I heard about the Woodland for many years before having the opportunity to dine there. It was worth the wait. Great presentation, delicious food.
Great food and nice atmosphere. Seems like farm to table cooking. Very consistent with the quality. Worth a visit.
Went here after touring venues for the day. The service was quick. Their specials were all well made. The beef stew was made fresh in the morning and the beef was very tender. The Mediterranean tuna salad was flavorful and well seasoned. The turkey blt was hearty - served with shoe string style.
Always love coming to Woodland..the truffle fries are delicious and I have had the Filet of Sole Meuniere two times a year for the past 5 years and it is always delicious! Love the bananas foster for dessert too. A favorite of the Hotchkiss students and their families.
The afternoon we went, it was very very busy, the staff however were still smiling, we had a great lunch, and would most definitely return.
Busy restaurant w lots of options. Portions are generous. Very busy - make a reservation on a Saturday night
We eat here often and are never dissapointed. The food is excellent with lots of variety. The atmosphere is comfortable, busy and a little noisy all at the same time. Just the perfect local spot. Reservations recommended!
It's consistently good. You can always see friends there also having dinner, as the locals say, We'll see you at Woody's.
We went with another couple and everyone had something different. Not only was the food incredible but the portions were very good size. That was actually a surprise given that dinners averaged $25. A starch and very fresh vegetables were included. We couldn't even fit dessert although I am sure they would have been amazing. You must make reservations on...
I was in Lakeville for business and went to The Woodland for dinner. The menu is mostly American, but I was surprised to see an extensive offering of sushi. It turned out to be excellent. I recommend the calamari salad. The calamari was poached and seasoned with rice vinegar and other Japanese seasonings. The pasta, steak, hamburger and other selections...
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Xiled Gaming Network Code of Conduct
(Updated November 2016)
1 All Xiled Gaming Network members are expected to read and follow the XGN Code of Conduct, XGN polices, Xbox Live terms of service and must uphold the Code of Conduct at all times.
2 All members must respect all members and non members. XGN does not condone violations of the (CoC) of any kind. This includes (but is not limited to) discrimination based on race, age, sexual orientation, religious affiliation, or any other personal interest, or investment. All members are entitled to a professional level of fairness. You may not be intimidated "in any way". This is strictly enforced.
3 Never leave a fellow XGN member behind. Do not leave a game with fellow members because you are losing or not doing ( so well ). This is considered (leaving a man behind). NOTE: including meetings, game nights, tournaments, etc.
4 Poaching is not permitted. The act of coaxing a member from another clan or community Including a fellow member of XGN for recruitment purposes is strictly prohibited. NOTE offerings and/or promises for membership participation is considered (Profit to stay) and is also strictly prohibited. Additionally, recruits may not be recruited into XGN within 30 days of previous membership of any gamer community or clan including XGN
5 XGN members take pride in their membership and are encouraged, (but not required) to change their gamertag/name reflected XGN. It is ONLY a requirement to place XGN in your gamertag in order rank up past Master Sergeant. and must always be in caps. If you delete your profile or bio this is the same as quitting. If this happens, you have 24 hours to put it back on in order to come back (like nothing has happened). If after 24 hours you want to come back to XGN, you must start over as a new member.
6 Your Xbox Live profile settings (MOTTO, NAME, LOCATION, and BIO) must be visible at all times so other members of XGN can authenticate you as an actual member. All members must know the security question(s) and their answers within 30 days of joining XGN.
7 The minimum age requirement to join XGN is 15 teen years of age however, younger players may join and XGN junior squad at 13 teen years of age. NOTE: Members under 17 years of age are subject to a "ONE STRIKE POLICY". For members 18 teen years old and above there is a "Three Strike Policy" (subject to severity of the infraction).
8 All XGN members are entitled to the "OPEN DOOR POLICY ". The "Open Door Policy" in its essence, is an opportunity to go to a higher ranking member with a problem which can't be resolved within their immediate chain of command. Members are expected to follow the chain of command and report to leadership directly above their rank at all times. The "Open Door Policy" is not an invitation to join staff meetings nor an invitation to join or be in a party of higher ranking members without permission. Example; While a Senior Director may "decide " to be in a party with Corporals, however, any problems said Corporals have on a squad level must first go up his chain of command. Additionally, if while in a party, if said Corporal brings up any problems within his/her squad with Division staff or above, they should be asked to leave the party and report to their General.
9 All XGN leaders are expected to exude proper conduct, leadership skills, and a high level of professionalism at all times. No rank above Master Sergeant may be attained without pass XGN's test for the rank. Accepting a leadership position is a choice, and more importantly a privilege. Additionally, you may be asked to step down at any time.. If you cannot handle the responsibility of the job, rank, or title, please don't accept the position.
10 All XGN members must represent XGN in a positive and respectful manner regardless of whether they are playing games, using the Xbox Party Chat/Personal Chat system, or in any other online/offline environment, including (but not limited to) Hacking or "illegal console modding" of any kind.
11 XGN members are not permitted to be a part of any other clan, community, or gaming organization while in XGN. No one with another Clan tag in his/her gamertag/name can not be recruited into XGN without removal of it first. Nobody may be recruited with a gamerscore of under 1000.
12 If you are invited to a party or contacted by a higher ranking member you need to respond in a timely manner, as the subject matter may be urgent. If you are asked to leave a party by a senior member, you must do so immediately.
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text: I would like to go along this journey with someone and talk about all different perspectives and aspects of the journey. I am 21 and on my 2nd month of TTC. Would love to hear From other people in all stages of TTC and also the early stages of TTC and their story


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