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ISSUES IN TENANCY MATTERS IN MALAYSIA Lee Swee Seng LL.B (Hons) Malaya LLM Malaya, MBA, M. M. I. Arb., CACD Managing Partner Lee Swee Seng & Co. Advocates & Solicitors · Patent Agent · Notary Public · Trade Marks Agent · Industrial Design Agent · Certified Mediator
INTRODUCTION The best job in the world is to be a Landlord and to sit back and collect rental of your premises let out. However, problems would arise when the tenant is in default of rental or could not be located. What action should the Landlord take to effectively terminate the Tenancy Agreement and to recover arrears of rental? What are the safeguards that a Landlord may put in place to avoid the headaches of chasing a tenant for arrears of rental?
TOPICS TENANCY AGREEMENT vs. LEASE AGREEMENT vs. LICENSE AGREEMENT TENANCY AND LEASE UNDER THE NATIONAL LAND CODE 1965 MAIN TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF A TENANCY AGREEMENT EVENTS OF DEFAULT BY TENANT EVENTS OF DEFAULT BY LANDLORD NOTICE TO RECTIFY BREACH DISTRESS ACTION UNDER DISTRESS ACT 1951
TENANCY AGREEMENT A TENANCY agreement is defined as a contract signed by landlord and tenant which states all the terms and conditions of rent of a property. Tenancy is similar to a lease except that it is created for a term not exceeding three (3) years. Unlike a lease, it cannot be registered as it is specifically called under the NLC as a Tenancy Exempt from Registration. As per Lord Templeman in Street v. Mountford [1985] 2 All ER 289: …To constitute a tenancy the occupier must be granted exclusive possession for a fixed or periodic term certain in consideration of a premium or periodical payments. The grant may be express, or may be inferred where the owner accepts weekly or other periodical payments from the occupier… Source: Land Law by Teo Keang Sood and Khaw Lake Tee
TENANCY AGREEMENT There are also certain statutory formalities which must be complied with before a lease or a tenancy may be created. S. 43 of the National Land Code 1965 (NLC 1965) empowers on persons and bodies to whom the land may be disposed by the State Authority in relation to s. 42(1)(c) by permitting an occupation. Under s. 433 of NLC 1965: where non-citizens and foreign companies may acquire an interest or share or a dealing in land which is only with an approval of the State Authority. Source: Land Law by Teo Keang Sood and Khaw Lake Tee
LEASE AGREEMENT A LEASE agreement is defined as a contractual agreement between the lessor and lessee which sets forth all the terms and conditions of the lease. To constitute a lease, there are three (3) substantive requirements: (i)There must be certainty of duration (fixed or periodic term); (ii)The lessee must be granted exclusive possession of the premises; and (iii)The lease is granted in consideration of the payment of rent. Source:Land Law by Teo Keang Sood and Khaw Lake Tee
LEASE AGREEMENT Leases are registrable with the Land Office and the lessees have a registered interest in the land upon registration. The interests of a lessee is better taken care of/protected compared to a tenant under a tenancy as they only have an equitable interest on the land, that is, their interests would be subject to those with registered interests. However, all tenants/lessees are entitled to the quiet enjoyment of the property subject to the terms and conditions of the governing written documents. A lease can be registered with the Land Office by submitting a duly completed Form 15A NLC with registration fees.. Source:www.elawyer.com.my
LICENSE AGREEMENT A LICENSE agreement is defined as a document stating that permission being granted by a party (licensor) to another party (licensee). The licensor does not hand over exclusive possession of the property but retains his or her right to use it. In Street v Mountford [1985] 2 All ER: the issue whether or not exclusive possession has been granted as a test for distinguishing between a lease and a license. Source:Land Law by Teo Keang Sood and Khaw Lake Tee
TENANCY AND LEASE UNDER THE NATIONAL LAND CODE 1965 S Gives the power of proprietor to lease for a term exceeding 3 years to lessee. S Relates to the calculation of terms of the leases and tenancies whether any term for which land is granted exceeds any specified number of years. S Determines the effect of leases and tenancies which shall include the benefits of all registered interest of the tenants.
MAIN TERMS & CONDITIONS OF A TENANCY AGREEMENT UPON CONFIRMATION: Tenant is required to place one month's rent as earnest deposit with the Landlord, upon the principal terms and conditions being agreed upon in a pre-agreement of Tenancy signed by the Tenant and Landlord. The Tenancy Agreement will thereafter be prepared together with the Inventory List and signed by the Tenant and Landlord. Upon signing the Tenancy Agreement, the balance payments are to be paid by the Tenant to the Landlord. Source: LAW & REALITY: Tenancy Agreement by Nicole Tan
SECURITY DEPOSIT: A security deposit equivalent to 2 month's rental and a utility deposit equivalent to ½ month rental to be paid by the Tenant to the Landlord on or before the execution of the Tenancy Agreement, and to be refunded without interest and less any liabilities incurred by the Tenant at the termination of tenancy. EARNEST DEPOSIT: The Tenant shall pay an Earnest Deposit equivalent to 1 month's rental to secure the said property. This sum shall be deemed as the first month's rental in advance, upon the execution of the Tenancy Agreement. Source: LAW & REALITY: Tenancy Agreement by Nicole Tan
GOVERNMENT STAMP DUTY/DISBURSEMENT FOR TENANCY AGREEMENT: All tenancy agreements are required to be stamped as failure to do so would render the agreement inadmissible in court in the event a dispute arises. The stamping fee calculation is based on the amount of monthly rental payable and also the tenancy period. The formula below set out in the Stamp Act 1949 is used to calculate the required stamping fee on the original document. Source: LAW & REALITY: Tenancy Agreement by Nicole Tan
GOVERNMENT STAMP DUTY/DISBURSEMENT FOR TENANCY AGREEMENT: When tenancy is for a period Without fine or premium when average rent other considerations calculated for a whole year Not exceeding one (1) year Exceeding one (1) year but not exceeding three (3) years Exceeding three (3) years (i) Does not exceed RM 2, 400 Nil (ii) For every RM250 or part In excess of RM2, Source: LAW & REALITY: Tenancy Agreement by Nicole Tan
CHECKLIST OF TENANCY: (a) Parties Landlord Tenant (note: limitation of number of tenants) Whether the individuals, companies, statutory bodies, corporations etc. In the case of a partnership, a representative/partner for and on behalf of the partnership is the party since the partnership is not a separate legal entity. Source: Malaysian Conveyancing Volume 3 by Judith Sihombing
CHECKLIST OF TENANCY: (b)Recitals (i) Demised premises Description of the land (title particulars) Description of the building Description of the part/portion tenanted/copy of plan Area tenanted and a plan to accurately identify it Particulars of charge, if any (ii)Additional information, if building List of furniture, fixtures and fittings. Source: Malaysian Coveyancing Volume 3 by Judith Sihombing
CHECKLIST OF TENANCY: (iii)Additional information if residential/commercial/industrial lot within a building or complex (eg. apartrment/condominium in a residential building, a shop-lot in a shopping complex, or office lot in an office block) List of furniture, fixtures and fittings Whether rental includes: service charges sinking fee any other payments payable to company managing the building Whether sharing common facilities, eg lifts, staircases, washrooms, etc. Provisions of services (eg central air- conditioning) and rate of charges Opening and closing hours Operating hours Provision in respect of common property Provision for car-park usage Source: Malaysian Conveyancing Volume 3 by Judith Sihombing
CHECKLIST OF TENANCY: (iv)Statement on agreement for tenancy (c)Conditions precedent for application of approvals (i)Written law, prohibitions or limitations (ii)State Authoritys consent (restriction in interest) (iii)Chargees consent (iv)Any other relevant approvals3 (d)Period of tenancy/lease (i)How many weeks/months/years (ii)Commencement Date (iii)Expiry date Source: Malaysian Conveyancing Volume 3 by Judith Sihombing
CHECKLIST OF TENANCY: (e)Consideration: payments (i)Rental – weekly/monthly/quarterly/ yearly payment (ii)Rental amount (iii)Whether rental payable in advance or in arrears; and the period for payment (eg by the seventh day of each calendar month) (iv)General deposit amount (v)Utilities (vi)Deposit(s) payment date(s) Source:Malaysian Conveyancing Volume 3 by Judith Sihombing
CHECKLIST OF TENANCY: (f)Consideration other than payments Where the consideration for the agreement is other than monetary payments, it must be specifically spelt out. For purposes of stamp duty, it will be necessary to state a monetary value. (g)Quit rent/assessment increase (i)Who to bear existing quit rent/assessment (ii) Who to bear increase (iii)Use/purpose of premises Source: Malayisan Conveyancing Volume 3 by Judith Sihombing
CHECKLIST OF TENANCY: (h) Use/purpose of premises State specific purpose/use of premises, such as a residence or an office. (i)Sub-letting rights Whether tenant entitled to sub-lease, sub-let or under-let. (j)Period to remedy breach Period to remedy breach (eg 7 days or 14 days) Note: Requirement for notice under section 235, NLC, before forfeiture. Source: Malaysian Conveyancing Volume 3 by Judith Sihombing
CHECKLIST OF TENANCY: (k)Renovations If tenant is carrying out renovations, whether landlord to reimburse costs incurred. (l)Option to renew (i)Whether there is an option to renew. (ii)Period to exercise option (eg at least three months before expiry of tenancy). (iii)Option renewal period (eg two years or three years). (iv)Whether at landlords or tenants option (eg at the tenants request … the landlord shall (may) … ). (v)Term for renewal. Source: Malaysian Conveyancing Volume 3 by Judith Sihombing
EVENTS OF DEFAULT BY TENANT Where there is a breach of a covenant to pay rent, then, the landlord must make a formal demand in writing for the rental arrears and state that unless it is paid within a specified time, the tenant must vacate the premises. In Distress Action cases where the rent is in arrears or due to the landlord and it shall be lawful for the landlord to serve upon the tenant a notice stating the amount of such arrears of rent and requiring it to be paid. The landlord may also sue the tenant for breach of covenant to rent for the wrong or improper use of the premises. Source: English Land Law
EVENTS OF DEFAULT BY LANDLORD The tenant may have a cause of action in contract in the event that the Landlord fails to fulfill his obligations under the agreed covenant to let. If the breach is capable of remedy, then the tenant must give the landlord a reasonable time to remedy the breach and continue to occupy the premises.
J.R LINCKS EDUCATIONAL CONSULTANTS SDN BHD V. GOH & SONS ENTERPRISE SDN BHD [2008] 3 CLJ 815 J.R LINCKS EDUCATIONAL CONSULTANTS SDN BHD V. GOH & SONS ENTERPRISE SDN BHD [2008] 3 CLJ 815 One of the issues is that the defendant failed to remedy the breaches under the special conditions in the tenancy agreement, in particular, the commissioning of the lift and the supply of 3 phase electricity. The water leakage and flooding problem was also not attended to until very much later. The breaches and problems caused hardship and business losses to the plaintiff. The condition of the premises (lack air-conditioning and non-operation of lift) discouraged many prospective students from enrolling. (para 36)
J.R LINCKS EDUCATIONAL CONSULTANTS SDN BHD V. GOH & SONS ENTERPRISE SDN BHD [2008] 3 CLJ 815 J.R LINCKS EDUCATIONAL CONSULTANTS SDN BHD V. GOH & SONS ENTERPRISE SDN BHD [2008] 3 CLJ 815 Held: The defendant cannot equate the equitable withholding of the rent with willful non-payment. Therefore, the fixed term tenancy could not be terminated before its expiration on 28 February 1997, grounded on an alleged default in payment of the monthly rental. The notice of termination of tenancy dated 26 June 1995 was invalid. (para 36)
NOTICE TO RECTIFY BREACH Enforcement of the terms in the tenancy agreement can be done by formally: (i)demanding for the arrears; and (ii)stating that failure to comply with the demand will result in commencement of a legal action (writ of distress action or notice of forfeiture to terminate the tenancy). Source: LAW & REALITY: Tenancy Agreement by Nicole Tan
NOTICE TO RECTIFY BREACH A notice of termination or notice to vacate must be given to the tenant within the period stated in the tenancy agreement before its expiration. The landlord has the right to vacant possession of the premises from the tenant without payment of any compensation. Source: LAW & REALITY: Tenancy Agreement by Nicole Tan
NOTICE TO RECTIFY BREACH Before an action of forfeiture can be taken, the Landlord must first issue a notice in writing: (i) specifying the particular breach; (ii)entailing the tenant to remedy the breach; and (iii)make compensation (if required). Forfeiture would terminate the tenancy. S ource: LAW & REALITY: Tenancy Agreement by Nicole Tan
DISTRESS ACTION UNDER DISTRESS ACT 1951 This is one of Landlords remedies for non-payment of rent by tenant. A distress action, that is, to seize the tenants goods and sell them to pay the arrears. The landlords right to distress is governed by the Distress Act 1951 which gives the landlord the statutory power to distrain for the arrears of rent.
DISTRESS ACTION Generally, under the section 5(1) of the 1951 Act, the landlord may apply to a Judge for the issue of a warrant of distress for the recovery of rent due AND payable to the landlord by a tenant of any premises for a period not exceeding twelve (12) completed months of the tenancy preceding the date of the application AND the Judge or Registrar may make such order accordingly.
DISTRESS ACTION A distress action involves the landlord going into the demised premises to impound (take possession) goods to the value of the rents owed, so as to compel the tenant to pay up. Distress will be lifted once Tenant has paid arrears of rent in full or to the satisfaction of Landlord. Wrongful recovery of goods will expose the Landlord to an action of trespass by real owners of goods. If the Tenant fails to repay in time, the Landlord can sell goods and reimburse himself for the rent owed, from the proceeds. Any balance must be returned.
DISTRESS ACTION A writ of distress action is taken out without the involvement/knowledge of the tenant (ex parte). It does not terminate the tenancy but allows the landlord to seize and auction off the tenants/ lessees property (except personal belongings such as clothes and tools of trade) to recover the arrears.
DISTRESS ACTION It must be noted, however, that as a writ of distress does not terminate the tenancy, there is a risk that the tenant may fail to pay rent again resulting in the need for another writ of distress action. Further, should the tenant contest the action, it would be a lengthy and costly process.
Right to Distrain Under section 5(3) of the Distress Act 1951, the Landlord may also similarly distrain for arrears of rent after the determination of the tenancy, provided that either: (i)the tenant is still in the occupation of the premises; or (ii)if the goods of the tenant are still on the premises. In other words, the Act gives the landlord an immediate remedy to recover the arrears of rent covering a period of twelve (12) months.
Right to Distrain Section 20(1) of the 1951 Act gives the landlord a six (6) months priority of rental over other judgment creditors who may have attached the property of the tenant for the recovery of judgment sums even before the landlord. Pursuant to that section the landlord shall not attach the goods on the premises but issues the warrant and a notice of such warrant to the bailiff concerned.
Right to Distrain Thereafter the bailiff proceeds with the sale of the property under the earlier attachment and sets aside a sum amounting to six months rental from the proceeds of the sale and pays the same to the landlord.
MARI BOUTIQUE SDN BHD v. JAYA JUSCO SDN BHD [2003] 4 CLJ 848 Is double rent recoverable via Distress Act 1951? MARI BOUTIQUE No, according to MARI BOUTIQUE a)s. 4, shall not distrain for double rent b)s. 5(1), distraining for rent for a period not exceeding 12 months and tenancy still subsisting c) s. 5(3), arrears of rent may be recovered after termination provided either the tenant is still in occupation or any goods of tenant still on premises
MARI BOUTIQUE SDN BHD v. JAYA JUSCO SDN BHD [2003] 4 CLJ 848 Landlord is entitled to claim double rent from tenant under s. 28(4) Civil Law Act 1956, where the tenant remains in occupation of premises after termination. Double rent is not contractual rent but a form of damages for failing to quit the premises after tenancy is terminated. But, double rent is not arrears of rent, hence not recoverable by a writ if distress under the 1951 Act.
ABDUL MUTHALIB HASSAN v MAIMOON HJ. ABD. WAHID [1992] 1 CLJ 88 In this case the plaintiff is suing the defendant (DW1) for the return of all his belongings wrongfully detained by the defendant at the business premises. The owner of the premises was one named Hj. Abdul Wahid now deceased, the father of the defendant. According to the plaintiff (PW1), he became the tenant of the said premises by way of an oral agreement with effect from 20 August 1977 for the purpose of carrying on the business He had been paying the rent to the late Hj. Abdul Wahid until his death in June Thereafter he continued paying the rent to his daughter, the defendant. The rent was to be paid on the first of every month.
ABDUL MUTHALIB HASSANS CASE [1992] 1 CLJ 88 As from 1 June 1985, PW1 was not in good health and so on 10 June 1985 he leased out his business to one Abu Bakar for one year at a monthly rental of RM450. However by a notice dated 28 December 1985 (P3), PW1 terminated the said agreement on the grounds that Abu Bakar had defaulted in the payment of rental and committed some other breaches as well. So on 3 January 1986 Abu Bakar surrendered both the business and the premises to PW1.
ABDUL MUTHALIB HASSAN S CASE [1992] 1 CLJ 88 In the meantime, the defendant (DW1) served PW1 with a written notice dated 20 February 1985 (P6) to vacate the said premises within one month on the ground that PW1 had rented out the premises to Abu Bakar without her consent. On 27 January 1986 the premises were closed and padlocked allegedly done by DW1. Hence the present suit filed by PW1. HELD: Locking up premises for non-payment of rent is no justification for trespass though it may mitigate damages.
PROBLEM AREAS IN DISTRESS ACTION Even though there is a term of the tenancy agreement which allows the landlord to evict the tenant and/or to recover possession of the demised premises upon the nonpayment of rent, the Malaysian legal system is pro-tenant. The landlord is prohibited from evicting the tenant and/or to recover possession of the demised premises without a court order. Source: LAW & REALITY: Tenancy Agreement by Nicole Tan
PROBLEM AREAS IN DISTRESS ACTION However, even if the landlord manages to eventually evict the non-paying tenant, the landlord finds it difficult to recover unpaid rents. The current practice now is for the landlord to lodge a police report and break the lock in the presence of a police officer in order to avoid further complications. A prudent landlord would even take photos of the interior of the demised premises to ensure that the tenant would not later claim loss of properties. Source: LAW & REALITY: Tenancy Agreement by Nicole Tan
PROBLEM AREAS IN DISTRESS ACTION Can the Landlord suspend the water supply when the Tenant fails to pay rent? The Defendants gave notice to the Plaintiff that if they still fail to pay the outstanding charges, the Defendant would suspend the water supply. After ignoring the Defendants notice, the Defendants suspended water supply to the tenants. PREMIER MODEL (M) v. PHILEPROMENADE SDN BHD & ORS [2001] 1 LNS 173
Can the Landlord suspend the water supply when the Tenant fails to pay rent? The main provision of the said agreement which is 5.01(b)(4) reads that: the vendor is entitled to suspend any services, utilities etc in the event of default in the payment of any dues. The term service charge in s1.01(m) includes electric power and water supply. The plaintiff prays for an injunction to restore water and/or electricity supply and restrain Defendant from turning off or interfering with the said meters. PREMIER MODEL (M) v. &PHILEPROMENADE SDN BHD ORS [2001] 1 LNS 173
Can the Landlord suspend the water supply when the Tenant fails to pay rent? It was held that the Defendants were well within their rights to suspend water supply if the occupier fails to pay service charges. With regards to the application for injunction, since the Defendants restored water supply, therefore, there is no need to grant the injunction. Furthermore, an injunction should only be granted if the Defendant has committed a wrong, and since the Defendants action to suspend water supply was well within the s.5.01(b)(4) of the said agreement, the application to seek for an injunction to stop the action should not be entertained. PREMIER MODEL (M) v. &PHILEPROMENADE SDN BHD ORS [2001] 1 LNS 173
What is wrongful seizure? Goods and chattels belonging to applicants are seized under Distress Act 1951, and the applicant applied for the goods to be released to them. Applicants leased out to Emporium President and Supermarket Sdn Bhd a few items and chattels as stated in Lease Agreement. Counsel for applicants argued that seizure is wrongful and bad in law. Secondly, goods did not belong to the emporium, and thus, wrongly seized. UNITED ORIENT LEASING CO SDN BHD v. PERDANA PROPERTIES SDN BHD (FC) [1980] 1 LNS 87
What is wrongful seizure? S. 20 of the District Act1951, landlord cannot levy execution of property which has already been executed and that landlords only right is the payments out of sales of the property. Appeal allowed and goods returned to appellants. UNITED ORIENT LEASING CO SDN BHD v. PERDANA PROPERTIES SDN BHD (FC) [1980] 1 LNS 87
Is the landlord entitled to cut the supply of utilities? The Plaintiff bought houses from the Defendant, a development company. It was agreed that the Defendant would provide all utilities such as water, electricity etc. The Defendant then imposed maintenance charges on the Plaintiff and a dispute arose between them, and thus, resulting the Defendant to cut off the water supply. KONG PENG PEW & ORS v. MERU VALLEY RESORT BHD [2003] 6 CLJ 392
Is the landlord entitled to cut the supply of utilities? The Plaintiff filed an action against the Defendant over the dispute on the said maintenance charges. However, pending disposal of that action, the Plaintiff sought an interlocutory injunction directing the Defendant to connect the water supply and an injunction to restrain the Defendant from disconnecting the water supply. KONG PENG PEW & ORS v. MERU VALLEY RESORT BHD [2003] 6 CLJ 392
Is the landlord entitled to cut the supply of utilities? The Plaintiff argued that provisions cl.14, 16 and 17 of the agreement made the Defendant to provide for the utilities and the Defendant had no right to cut off the water supply. The Court held that the Defendant has infringed that right and allowed the application of the injunction. KONG PENG PEW & ORS v. MERU VALLEY RESORT BHD [2003] 6 CLJ 392
Can the Landlord increase maintenance charges? The Plaintiff claimed for an injunction that the Defendants reconnected the water supply and an injunction to restrain the Defendant from shutting of the water supply. The Defendant counter-claimed for overdue maintenance fees. HO SIEW CHOONG v. ON-KWARD REALTY SDN BHD & ANOR [2000] 8 CLJ 175
Can the Landlord increase maintenance charges? The Plaintiff has no objection on the existing maintenance charges but on the new maintenance charges. The Court held that the Plaintiff be awarded RM1, as damages, dismissed the counter-claim but made no order with regards to the injunction as the Defendant reconnected the water supply. HO SIEW CHOONG v. ON-KWARD REALTY SDN BHD & ANOR [2000] 8 CLJ 175
PROBLEM AREAS IN DISTRESS ACTION Receiverships and winding up proceedings of companies create peculiar problems with regard to corporate tenancies. This is because the right of the landlord as against the tenant company to distrain for arrears of rent may be limited both under the Common Law and the particular statutory provisions namely, the Companies Act 1965 and the Distress Act SOURCE:THE LANDLORD AND THE COMPANY-SOME PROBLEMS RELATING TO DISTRESS by S. Sagadeva
PROBLEM AREAS IN DISTRESS ACTION For instance, different considerations apply at the various stages from receivership to winding up as regards the priority and the ranking of claims between the landlord, the debenture holders under a floating charge and least of all the unsecured creditor. The appointment of a receiver under a floating charge crystallises the debenture. SOURCE:THE LANDLORD AND THE COMPANY-SOME PROBLEMS RELATING TO DISTRESS by S. Sagadeva
PROBLEM AREAS IN DISTRESS ACTION The rights of the debenture holder under the floating charge become paramount only after the charge "crystallises". Therefore, whether or not the debenture holder under a floating charge will take priority over other creditors will depend on the time at which the charge attaches or "crystallises" on the assets of the company. Crystallisation of the charge occurs on the happening of certain specified events and more often than not, the debenture deed spells out the circumstances that would cause the crystallisation of the charge. SOURCE:THE LANDLORD AND THE COMPANY-SOME PROBLEMS RELATING TO DISTRESS by S. Sagadeva
PROBLEM AREAS IN DISTRESS ACTION But, the mere happening of the event specified alone is insufficient to crystallise the charge. The debenture holder must take some "step" to enforce the security. He must appoint a receiver. For this reason, the debenture secured by a floating charge is a major disadvantage in that the security may not attach until the debenture holder takes a step, by which point of time the company may already be in a financial straight jacket. SOURCE:THE LANDLORD AND THE COMPANY-SOME PROBLEMS RELATING TO DISTRESS by S. Sagadeva
PROBLEM AREAS IN DISTRESS ACTION But, in New Zealand, another view has evolved. The substance of such a view is that the floating charge crystallises the moment the event specified in the deed of debenture occurs irregardless whether the debenture holder takes any step to appoint a receiver. This concept of "automatic crystallisation" has been upheld in the case of Re Manurewa Transport Ltd. [1971] NZLR 909, where Speight J ruled that the floating charge had crystallised when the company attempted to create the subsequent charge in breach of the clause in the debenture. SOURCE:THE LANDLORD AND THE COMPANY-SOME PROBLEMS RELATING TO DISTRESS by S. Sagadeva
PROBLEM AREAS IN DISTRESS ACTION In such a case, where the company is in arrears of rent, the landlord may still, notwithstanding the receivership distrain for the said rent owing. But in view of the provisions of the Companies Act 1965, it is doubtful whether the Courts would allow the landlord an unfettered right to distrain after the appointment of a receiver. Section 191(1) of the Act clearly states that the provisions of s. 292(1) as regards to preferential debts shall apply where a receiver has been appointed. SOURCE:THE LANDLORD AND THE COMPANY-SOME PROBLEMS RELATING TO DISTRESS by S. Sagadeva
PROBLEM AREAS IN DISTRESS ACTION In such a case, therefore, monies coming into the hands of the receiver will be applied and paid out to preferential creditors as provided by s. 292(1). This being so, the receiver could very well resist the distress on the ground that the landlord is not listed as one of the preferred creditors. And therefore, the receiver is not duty bound to pay the arrears of rental from the monies coming into his hands. SOURCE:THE LANDLORD AND THE COMPANY-SOME PROBLEMS RELATING TO DISTRESS by S. Sagadeva
HAW PAR BROTHERS INTERNATIONAL LTD v. OVERSEAS TEXTILES CO LTD [1978] 2 MLJ 19 The respondents, the Landlord applied to distrain for rent against the company after a receiver and manager was appointed by the debenture holders. The leave to distrain was granted by the Registrar but on an application made by the debenture holders the Court ordered the distress to be suspended pending the determination of the issue whether the Landlord had a prior right to the receivers. HELD: (i)As the landlord was only an unsecured creditor, not having any greater rights than an execution creditor, he took subject only to the equity of the debenture holder.
HAW PAR BROTHERS INTERNATIONAL LTD v. OVERSEAS TEXTILES CO LTD [1978] 2 MLJ 19 (ii)As the charge had crystallised the goods were no more the companys and the landlord therefore was prohibited under the Distress Act, to distrain on goods not belonging to the tenant. (iii)As the receiver took possession of the goods, the goods no longer belonged to the company, and therefore the landlord cannot distrain on the goods of a "stranger". It must be clarified that taking possession of goods in the premises does not divest the true ownership in the goods. It still depends on the true construction of the debenture deed.
SUPREME HOLDINGS v. THE SHERIFF, SURPREME COURT of Spore & Anor [1987] 1 MLJ 10 The movable property (owned by Peter Chews Pte Ltd) was seized by the Sheriff pursuant to two writs of seizure and sale taken out by two creditors. The landlords/applicants then applied for and obtained a writ of distress against their tenants Peter Chews Pte Ltd, for recovery of arrears of rent and service charge due from the tenants for six months. Another creditor Hin Seng Pte Ltd petitioned for winding-up of the tenants.
SUPREME HOLDINGS v. THE SHERIFF, SURPREME COURT of Spore & Anor [1987] 1 MLJ 10 On 26 July 1985, a winding up order was made against the tenants, and the Official Receiver was appointed the liquidators of the tenants. The movable property which was seized under the writs of seizure and sale was sold on 8 May 1985 and the net proceeds were in the hands of the Sheriff. The applicants as the landlords claimed under section 20(1) of the Distress Act, the Sheriff is obliged to pay the proceeds to in priority to any other payment. On the other hand, the Official Receiver and liquidator of the tenant (in the opposition) claimed that section 335(2) of the Companies Act applies to the proceeds and the Sheriff is obliged to pay the whole thereof to the Liquidator.
SUPREME HOLDINGS v. THE SHERIFF, SURPREME COURT of Spore & Anor [1987] 1 MLJ 10 HELD: (i)the obligation of the Sheriff under s. 20(1) of the Distress Act is not affected by the winding-up proceedings of the tenants. The proceeds from the sale of the movable property of the tenants in his hands are not free from the right of the Sheriff for his own indemnity; (ii)s. 335(2) of the Companies Act deals with the rights of the execution creditor, the execution debtor and the Sheriff when he has no legal duties to third parties; but the section is limited to ordinary cases of execution;
SUPREME HOLDINGS v. THE SHERIFF, SURPREME COURT of Spore & Anor [1987] 1 MLJ 10 (iii)the effect the court would give to s. 20(1) of the Distress Act is consistent with a situation where movable property of a tenant is not under seizure by the Sheriff in execution and his landlord has put in force a distress thereon for arrears of rent due from his tenant prior to the presentation of the winding-up petition against the tenant – in such an event the landlord would be entitled to the proceeds of sale from the movable property distrained up to an amount due for the past 12 months rent, unaffected by the operation of s. 334 and s. 335 of the Companies Act; (iv)the application should therefore be allowed and the applicants were entitled to the net proceeds of sale of the movable property of the tenants in the hands of the Sheriff.
PROBLEM AREAS IN DISTRESS ACTION The Effect of Winding Up Under the Companies Act 1965, winding up is deemed to have commenced: Section 219(2) - in the case of a winding up by the Court, on the date of presentation of the petition. AND Section 219(1) - in the case of voluntary winding up, at the time of passing of the special resolution.
PROBLEM AREAS IN DISTRESS ACTION The Effect of Winding Up Under s. 292 of the Companies Act 1965, the landlord is not one of preferred creditors in the winding up. Therefore, it would seem that once winding up has commenced, the right of the landlord to distrain and obtain priority over other preferred creditors, including the debenture holder under a floating charge becomes limited. As a company may go into winding up subsequent to the commencement of a distress by the landlord, or even before it, it is convenient to discuss the rights of the landlord under two headings as different considerations apply at both stages.
PROBLEM AREAS IN DISTRESS ACTION Where Distress is Levied before the Commencement of Winding up If the landlord puts in force the distress before the commencement of the winding up but has not completed it by sale, he will be allowed to proceed with it notwithstanding the subsequent winding up. In the case of Despite the existence of s. 298(1) of the Companies Act, it has been held that the landlord in such cases can, retain the benefit of his attachment though the company is subsequently wound up. But ss. 224 and 263(1) pose an impediment to the landlord in these circumstances. SOURCE: THE LANDLORD AND THE COMPANY-SOME PROBLEMS RELATING TO DISTRESS by S. Sagadeva
PROBLEM AREAS IN DISTRESS ACTION Where Distress is Levied before the Commencement of Winding up Section Any attachment, sequestration, distress or execution put in force against the estate or effects of the company after the commencement of the winding up by Court shall be void. Section 263(1) - is substantially the same except that it applies to a case of a voluntary winding up. However, Section 263(2) - After the commencement of the winding up no action or proceeding shall be proceeded with or commenced against the company except by leave of the Court and subject to such terms as the Court imposes.
PROBLEM AREAS IN DISTRESS ACTION Where Distress is Levied before the Commencement of Winding up Though both ss. 224 and 263(1) provide that any such distress, execution and attachment to be void, it has been held that the provisions do not absolutely render them void ab initio and of no effect. A distress levied before the winding up can still be proceeded with by leave of the Court after the commencement of the winding up by virtue of s. 263(1) and s. 226(3). Likewise, it can be restrained by way of an objection by the other creditors or the liquidator. SOURCE: THE LANDLORD AND THE COMPANY-SOME PROBLEMS RELATING TO DISTRESS by S. Sagadeva
KREDIN SDN BHD v. DEVELOPMENT & COMMERCIAL BANK BHD [1995] 3 MLJ 304 On 14 August 1987, Bank Bumiputra Malaysia Bhd filed a petition to wind up the appellant company (`Kredin`) in the High Court. However, up until the date of this judgment the winding-up petition was still pending hearing. On 23 January 1988, the respondent bank (`D & C`) sued Kredin on a loan agreement in the High Court and judgment was entered against it.
KREDIN SDN BHD v. DEVELOPMENT & COMMERCIAL BANK BHD [1995] 3 MLJ 304 In order to execute this judgment, D & C registered a prohibitory order on a few parcels of land belonging to the Kredin on 31 March 1992 and also applied for a writ of seizure and sale of the land in the High Court (`the execution proceedings`). Following the execution proceedings, Kredin made applications, inter alia, to set aside the prohibitory order on the ground that it was void under s. 224 of the Companies Act 1965 (`the Act`), as it was filed after the commencement of the winding up under s. 219(2) of the Act.
KREDIN SDN BHD v. DEVELOPMENT & COMMERCIAL BANK BHD [1995] 3 MLJ 304 The application was, however, dismissed on the ground that the prohibitory order could only be rendered void after a winding-up order had been made under s. 224 and since a winding-up order may ultimately not be made, the execution was not void. Kredin has appealed to the Court of Appeal. The issue before the court is the interpretation to be given to s. 219(2) of the Act, and its practical effect when read together with s. 224.
KREDIN SDN BHD v. DEVELOPMENT & COMMERCIAL BANK BHD [1995] 3 MLJ 304 HELD, allowing the appeal, Per Siti Norma Yaakob JCA: (1).Section 224 of the Act provides that any attachment, sequestration, distress or execution put in force against the estate or effects of a company after the commencement of the winding up by the court shall be void. Pursuant to s. 219(2), a compulsory winding-up is deemed to commence at the time when the winding-up petition is presented.
KREDIN SDN BHD v. DEVELOPMENT & COMMERCIAL BANK BHD [1995] 3 MLJ 304 (2).The intention of Parliament in enacting ss 219(2) and 224 of the Act is to ensure that no creditors, particularly the unsecured creditors, who execute their claims against the company would be enriched at the expense of other unsecured creditors, between the date when the winding-up petition is presented and when the winding-up order is made by the court (`the interim period`). ( 3).It follows that the execution which was put in force during the interim period was void, and the fact that a winding-up order may not ultimately be made was irrelevant. However, in the event that a winding-up order is made, it will relate back to the date when the winding-up petition was presented, under the doctrine of relation back.
PROBLEM AREAS IN DISTRESS ACTION Distress After The Commencement of Winding Up When the landlord levies distress after winding up has commenced, he apparently loses the favour of the Court in that generally he will not be allowed to proceed unless he can show why he should be allowed to have an advantage over the other creditors in the winding up.
TECK YOW BROTHERS HAND-BAG TRADING COMPANY v. MAHARANI SUPERMARKET SDN BHD [1989] 1 MLJ 101 This was an application by the petitioner for the winding up of the respondent company. A creditor, the landlord of the premises, objected to the application. It was alleged that the company was indebted to the petitioner for $4,093. The objector had levied distress after the commencement of the petition for winding up and the distress realized a sum of $61,000. The amount due to the objector was $45,000.
TECK YOW BROTHERS HAND-BAG TRADING COMPANY v. MAHARANI SUPERMARKET SDN BHD [1989] 1 MLJ 101 HELD, granting the petition by Abu Mansor J: (1).The objector had interest in the subject matter of the winding up and has locus standi. (2).The evidence in this case is overwhelming that the respondent company is unable to pay its debt. The petitioner has proved to the satisfaction of the court that the respondent was unable to pay its debt and in so determining the court is allowed to do so by taking into account the contingent and prospective liabilities of the respondent company.
TECK YOW BROTHERS HAND-BAG TRADING COMPANY v. MAHARANI SUPERMARKET SDN BHD [1989] 1 MLJ 101 (3).The notice under s. 218(2)(a) of the Companies Act 1965 is in the circumstances unnecessary and the court ordered that it be dispensed with as the petition is not wholly founded on s. 218(2)(a) of the Companies Act Section 218(2)(a),(b) and (c) are mutually exclusive, and on the facts and in the exercise of its discretion, a company can be wound up by the court on any of the grounds (a), (b) or (c).
TECK YOW BROTHERS HAND-BAG TRADING COMPANY v. MAHARANI SUPERMARKET SDN BHD [1989] 1 MLJ 101 (4).In this case the petitioner has published in the gazette and once in two local newspapers and this was sufficient publication. (5).As the company is unable to pay its debts, there is sufficient ground to enable the court to exercise its discretion to order winding up of the company. As it also appeared that the directors of the company had absconded and a provisional liquidator had already been appointed it is just and equitable that the company be wound up.
SINGMA SAWMILL CO SDN BHD v. ASIAN HOLDINGS (INDUSTRIALISED BULDINGS) SDN BHD [1979] 1 MLJ 41 Singma Sawmill Co Sdn Bhd, the appellants to this appeal, are the applicants in Distress Suits No 1/77 and No 6/77. They applied for and obtained Warrants of Distress to be issued against Asian Holdings (Industrialised Buildings) Sdn Bhd, the respondents, for arrears of rent. As a result the Bailiff of the High Court, Johore Bahru executed Warrants of Distress on 8 February 1977 and 22 June 1977, respectively. On 26 November 1977 the respondents applied by way of motion to discharge the Warrants of Distress and to dismiss the actions on two principal grounds, namely, the use of the land is illegal, therefore the contract of tenancy is void or voidable, and, the machines are fixtures and therefore cannot be distrained.
SINGMA SAWMILL CO SDN BHD v. ASIAN HOLDINGS (INDUSTRIALISED BULDINGS) SDN BHD [1979] 1 MLJ 41 HELD: (i)By the proviso to s. 10 of the Distress Act 1951, the court was not required to release t he distrained goods unless it was satisfied that the immediate tenant had no right of property and that the goods belonged to the claimant. Even if the court was satisfied with these two ingredients, it would not necessarily follow that the court must release the goods. The court could still order them to be distrained if they fell under any categories of goods listed in s. 12 of the Distress Act 1951;
SINGMA SAWMILL CO SDN BHD v. ASIAN HOLDINGS (INDUSTRIALISED BULDINGS) SDN BHD [1979] 1 MLJ 41 (ii) the circumstances required that the claimants, as owners, should have taken positive steps if not at the outset, at least after the expiry of the lease, to assert that the machinery belonged to them. Instead, they were largely responsible for representing that the defendants assets lay with the machinery and for painting the defendants with the colour of ownership of the machinery.
LANDLORDS ACTION OF SELF- HELP Self-help is a form of redressing or preventing wrongs by ones own action without recourse to legal proceedings. Many a time, landlords resort to self-help eviction which can take many forms including changing the locks to the apartments, removing a tenants belongings or shutting off the utilities to the apartment without regarding if they are in violation of the law. Source:Is Self-help any help at all? by Ashley Chew & Ong Li San
LANDLORDS ACTION OF SELF- HELP The beauty of self-help is that self-help will enable landlords to enforce their contractual rights quickly and efficiently without resorting to judicial process. However, self-help measures are controversial because they amount to taking the law into ones own hands. Landlords who engage in self-help evictions often argue that the tenant was in violation of the tenancy/ lease in some manner in the first place and thus, the landlord is entitled to possession. Source:Is Self-help any help at all? by Ashley Chew & Ong Li San
TRUSTEES OF LEONG SAN TONG KHOO KONGSI (PENANG) REGISTERED & ORS v. POH SWEESIANG [1987] 2 CLJ The learned Hashim Yeop Sani SCJ said that section 7 of the Specifc Relief Act 1950 provides that a person entitled to the possession of land may recover it in the manner prescribed by the law relating to civil procedure. In the context of the provision of s. 7 of the 1950 Act, the word may is permissive and discretionary and it is not obligatory on the part of a person entitled to the possession of land to restore exclusively or solely to a Court of law. In other words, s. 7 of the does not exclude the common law remedy of self-help. This is a remedy which is always available unless expressly excluded.
ER ENG BONG[2001] 1 CLJ 289 ER ENG BONG [2001] 1 CLJ 289 The remedy of self-help was alluded in this case. In this case, the learned Abdul Malik Ishak J stated that the amended s. 7(2) of the Specific Relief Act which came into force on 31 January 1992 by Act A 811 would relegate the remedy of self-help into oblivion as the owner of the property can only seek to enforce his right to recover his property from the occupier by way of a court action. S. 7(2) of the Act is as follows: When a specific immovable property has been let under a tenancy, and that tenancy is determined or has come to an end, but the occupier continues to remain in occupation of the property or part thereof, the person entitled to the possession of the property shall not enforce his right to recover it against the occupier otherwise than by proceedings in court.
DR. HARJIT SINGH v. SUHAIMI BIN SAMAT & ANOR [1995] 1 LNS 62 Conduct of defendants locking plaintiff out of the premises amounted to a breach in tort in contravention of s.7, Specific Relief Act1950. Defendant should obtain court order before it can recover possession of the property from the plaintiff is mandatory. S. 7(2) of the 1950 Act imposes a pre- condition of obtaining a court order before the defendant can recover possession of the property.
NUR-ISLAM WORLDWIDE INDUSTRIES SDN BHD v. YEE KOK SUM [2001] 7 CLJ 494 Right of re-entry and forfeiture S. 5(1) of the Distress Act 1951 S. 4 of the Distress Act 1951
NUR-ISLAM WORLDWIDE INDUSTRIES SDN BHD v. YEE KOK SUM [2001] 7 CLJ 494 On the facts, landlord entered onto premises without any Court order and sealed premises. Landlord may be deemed a trespasser. In short, the self-help remedy can no longer be used as a result of the amendment to s. 7(2) in 1992.
SME AEROSPACE SDN BHD v. STEYR MANNLICHER (M) SDN BHD [2006] 5 CLJ 121 In this recent case, it was held that the use of the word shall in s. 7(2) of the Specific Relief Act imposed a precondition of obtaining a court order before attempting to recover possession of a property. Thus, the requirement to first and foremost obtain a court order was a mandatory one. Further, the law does not allow any person to take the law into his own hands and forcibly evict another person from the property. The learned judge went on further to agree that s. 8(1) of the Act reinforced the right of a person who has been wrongfully dispossessed of an immovable property otherwise than in due course of the law.
SME AEROSPACE SDN BHD v. STEYR MANNLICHER (M) SDN BHD [2006] 5 CLJ 121 Section 8(1) of the Act provides: If any person is dispossessed without his consent of immovable property otherwise than in due course of law, he or any person claiming through him may, by suit, recover possession thereof, notwithstanding any other title that may be set up in the suit. Therefore, a tenant who holds over after the expiry of the period of tenancy, is entitled to sue his landlord for possession under s. 8 of the Act, if forcibly dispossessed by him.
RENEWAL OF A TENANCY/LEASE AGREEMENT The landlord and tenant are bound by the terms of the tenancy agreement. Their rights are provided for in the said agreement. The principle of freedom to contract ensures a win-win situation for both parties provided that there is a consensus ad idem (meeting of minds). Therefore, it is not true that there is only one standard tenancy agreement. An astute person would ensure that the terms are not one sided. Source:Rental Issues by Bhag Singh
RENEWAL OF A TENANCY/LEASE AGREEMENT When a person rents a house he would like to be assured that he is able to continue to stay there for a reasonable period. At the same time, he does not want to be committed indefinitely. The Landlord who is usually the owner of the premises also does not want to commit himself for an indefinite period for he may need the premises for his own use or he may need to sell the premises at some time. Though the Landlord is willing to rent out the premises for the foreseeable future, he may not want to commit himself to the same rental for the entire period is willing to let out the premises. Source:Rental Issues by Bhag Singh
RENEWAL OF A TENANCY/LEASE AGREEMENT Hence, it is not uncommon to enter into a tenancy agreement for an initial period of one, two or even three years and a tenancy agreement is accordingly drawn up. Renewal with a possible rent adjustment must be mutually agreed upon. The usual practice is that the tenant is given the first option to renew the tenancy of which the tenant must give notice of such intention three months before the expiry of the tenancy. This gives a unilateral right to the tenant to renew the tenancy for a further term and an opportunity for the Landlord to have the land rent adjusted. Source:Rental Issues by Bhag Singh
RENEWAL OF A TENANCY/LEASE AGREEMENT Such a clause would effectively serve the interest of the tenant in securing an extended term of the tenancy if the extended term were to be the same with an increase or percentage increase stipulated. The tenants interest would be well protected even if the mechanism for fixing the rental was provided for. Source:Rental Issues by Bhag Singh
RENEWAL OF A TENANCY/LEASE AGREEMENT Unfortunately, many tenancies or even lease agreements do not spell this out. If an existing lease or tenancy or agreement is examined many of them will be found to contain an option clause which does not fix the rent but which leaves the issue to be decided later. Thus, a typical option clause may read.:Upon the expiration of the term hereby stipulated the tenant shall by notice given three months before the expiry of this agreement renew the tenancy for a further term of three years upon the same terms and conditions herein stated except this clause as to rental. The rental for the renewed term shall be mutually agreed upon between the parties. Source:Rental Issues by Bhag Singh
RENEWAL OF A TENANCY/LEASE AGREEMENT In some cases it may even be provided that the rental shall be determined by the Landlord. The question that arises is as to whether in such instances the tenant would have a meaningful right of renewal? Arising out of a clause like this there are two matters that require attention. One is the need for the Tenant to give notice at or before the stipulated time to the Landlord. Source:Rental Issues by Bhag Singh
RENEWAL OF A TENANCY/LEASE AGREEMENT If giving of the notice is overlooked, the right to an option is lost unless the landlord agrees to waive this requirement. The other issue relates to rental for the renewed term. This is where the perceived rights of the tenant may be again lost because either the parties cannot agree to the rental. Source:Rental Issues by Bhag Singh
POPULAR BOOK CO PTE LTD v. SEA SUN FURNISHING PTE LTD [1991] 3 MLJ 10 Where the renewed term was to be for a period of three years commencing from the date immediately following the expiration of term hereby created, at a revised rent to be determined by the landlord and upon terms and conditions as shall be imposed by the landlord. When the earlier term came to an end, the plaintiffs were informed by the defendants solicitors that their clients were prepared to renew the lease for a farther term of three years at a rent of S$28,728.
POPULAR BOOK CO PTE LTD v. SEA SUN FURNISHING PTE LTD [1991] 3 MLJ 10 The plaintiffs rejected the notification on the ground that the rent was unconscionable and far in excess of the market rate. An application was made to Court for a decision as to whether in the circumstances the right of the Landlord to revise the rental was subject to such revision being fair and reasonable?
POPULAR BOOK CO PTE LTD v. SEA SUN FURNISHING PTE LTD [1991] 3 MLJ 10 It was contended by the Tenant that there are three types of options for renewal of leases: (1)where there is no formula for quantifying the rent and no machinery to determine it; (2) where there is a stated formula but no effective machinery; and (3)where both the formula and the machinery are provided.
POPULAR BOOK CO PTE LTD v. SEA SUN FURNISHING PTE LTD [1991] 3 MLJ 10 It was argued by the Tenant that the option to renew the lease was of the first type and therefore it was for the Court to provide the formula so that the tenancy and the option clause would not be frustrated. The Court, however, went on to decide that as the rent demanded by the Landlord was not acceptable to the tenant there was no renewal of the tenancy which had therefore come to an end.
POPULAR BOOK CO PTE LTD v. SEA SUN FURNISHING PTE LTD [1991] 3 MLJ 10 A distinction was drawn between the tenancy in this case which was for three years and English cases involving leases where the Court had intervened and provided the formula to exercise its power to either fix a rent or provide a mechanism to do so. What was involved in the English cases where the Courts were willing to intervene was a rent review in the context of a an existing lease period as against the renewal of a tenancy.
POPULAR BOOK CO PTE LTD v. SEA SUN FURNISHING PTE LTD [1991] 3 MLJ 10 It would therefore serve Tenants interests to be aware that where either: (i)the rental for the renewed term of the tenancy is not pre-agreed; or (ii)a formula or mechanism for its determination is not provided for, the right of the tenant to renew the tenancy where the rental is to be agreed upon; or (iii)the power to determine the rental is placed in the hands of the landlord may turn out to be illusory.
SAFEGUARDS IN TENANCY AGREEMENT FOR LANDLORD One pertinent point to look for by the landlord is the provision for a deposit for the breaking of wall(s) in the event the tenant is renting two or more contiguous units. A related issue is that the tenant must not make any alterations to the exterior or interior of the demised premises without the previous consent in writing of the landlord. Source:LAW & REALITY: Tenancy Agreement by Nicole Tan
SAFEGUARDS IN TENANCY AGREEMENT FOR LANDLORD The tenant is supposed to yield up the demised premises with all fixtures and fittings belonging to the landlord upon the determination of the tenancy in good and tenantable (i)repair; and (ii)condition; and (iii)fair wear; and (iv)tear excepted. The tenant shall make good at their own expense any damage caused to the demised premises or fixtures and fittings therein as a result of the tenants act or neglect. Source:LAW & REALITY: Tenancy Agreement by Nicole Tan
SAFEGUARDS IN TENANCY AGREEMENTS FOR TENANT The landlord is supposed to: - (i)pay all quit rent and assessment imposed or charged upon the owner of the demised premises; and (ii)to maintain upkeep and repair whenever necessary (a)the roof,; (b)main structure; (c)external walls; (d)main drains; and (e)pipes of the demised premise. Source:LAW & REALITY: Tenancy Agreement by Nicole Tan
CONCLUSION Landlords have very little remedies when it comes to rent in arrears. Malaysia still does not have Statutes with regards to Landlord and Tenant. Landlords have no specific legislation other than the distress action under Distress Act 1951.
CONCLUSION Landlords are always looked upon as the bad guys as they have no other alternative, but, to evict the tenant when rent is in arrears or sue in court. Landlords would rather evict the current tenant and find a replacement immediately to maintain his steady flow of income.
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AP FACT CHECK: Voter roll problems do not equate to fraud
ATLANTA (AP) — Donald Trump has warned for weeks of a "rigged" election, telling his supports to watch out for large-scale voter fraud — despite a lack of evidence that it exists. In the past few days, Trump has specifically raised concerns about people fraudulently voting using the names of dead people and cited research showing 1.8 million deceased people are still listed on state voter rolls.
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Animal work was performed in the Comparative Internal Medicine Laboratory at the University of Missouri. The ET assay was performed in the Clinical Sciences Laboratory at the Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine. This study was presented in abstract form at the 2010 ACVIM Forum, Anaheim, CA
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Endothelin-1 Concentrations in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Cats with Experimentally Induced Asthma
Version of Record online: 10 JUN 2013
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12119
Copyright © 2013 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
Volume 27, Issue 4, pages 982–984, July/August 2013
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Sharp, C.R., Lee-Fowler, T.M. and Reinero, C.R. (2013), Endothelin-1 Concentrations in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Cats with Experimentally Induced Asthma. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 27: 982–984. doi: 10.1111/jvim.12119
Publication History
- Issue online: 15 JUL 2013
- Version of Record online: 10 JUN 2013
- Manuscript Accepted: 24 APR 2013
- Manuscript Revised: 28 FEB 2013
- Manuscript Received: 5 SEP 2010
- 1Feline asthma. In: Bonagura J, ed. Kirk's Current Veterinary Therapy XIII: Small Animal Practice. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2000:805–810..
- 2An experimental model of allergic asthma in cats sensitized to house dust mite or bermuda grass allergen. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2004;135:117–131., , , et al.
- 3Putative mediator role of endothelin-1 in asthma and other lung diseases. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1999;26:168–171..
- 4Endothelin: New discoveries and rapid progress in the clinic. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1998;19:5–8., , , et al.
- 5Measurements of plasma endothelin immunoreactivity in healthy cats and cats with cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2004;18:826–830., , , et al.
- 6Concentration of endothelin in plasma and BALF fluid from asthmatic patients. J Physiol Pharmacol 2006;57(Suppl 4):103–110., , , et al.
- 7Plasma and pulmonary fluid endothelin in horses with seasonal recurrent airway obstruction. J Vet Intern Med 2009;23:1239–1246., , , et al.
- 8Evaluation of biomarkers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for discrimination between asthma and chronic bronchitis in cats. Am J Vet Res 2010;71:583–591., , , et al.
- 9Mechanisms of bronchial hyperresponsiveness: The interaction of endothelin-1 and other cytokines. Respirology 1999;4:413–417., .Direct Link:
- 10Polymorphisms in the endothelin-1 (EDN1) are associated with asthma in two populations. Genes Immun 2008;9:23–29., , , et al.
- 11Endothelin-1 in exhaled breath condensate of stable and unstable asthma patients. Respir Med 2008;102:470–474., , , et al.


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The Lost Lectures
Alastair Humphreys is an adventurer, explorer, author and blogger. He's also one of National Geographic's Adventurers of the Year 2012. He's cycled round the world for 4 years, canoed 500 miles down the Yukon River, crossed Iceland by foot, rowed across the Atlantic Ocean and is due to take on the South Pole this autumn on the centenary of Scotts final mission. In 2011 Alastair decided to swap the great outdoors, for his own back yard by launching Micro-adventures: a project about seeking out adventure and wilderness far closer to home.
His talk is a testament to the adventures we can all have just by seeing our local environment with fresh eyes. As an adventurer with no talent, genetic advantages and worldly wealth (his words, not ours), his story encourages anyone and everyone to take to the road and just keep going!


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Named Clothing - Kanerva Button Back Blouse
Named Clothing - Kanerva Button Back Blouse
Two variation blouse pattern that has a fitted shape with long sleeves, a boat neckline and row of buttons down the back. The peplum version splits in the back for a faltering silhouette. Choose light to medium weight fabric with a little stretch so it is easy to take on and off without having to open the buttons. Firm knits such as interlock jersey, stretch satin and stretch chiffon are good options.
Some inventory is currently on our shelves in the store. If the items you have ordered are unavailable when we receive your order, you may receive a refund or replacement. Please note your preference when checking out.


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Hotels in Blackstone
Hotel reservation
United States
Hotel rooms in Blackstone
There are not so many hotel rooms in Blackstone, just 1, still everyone can find an offer to suit his choice. The most common offers in this city are guest houses, they count 1 out of 1, and their prevalent location is central district. According to our practice, it is the most profitable to book a hotel in the east of Blackstone, as it is the location of the hotels with optimal cost and quality offers along with the cheap hotels. Taking into account the small size of the city, there is no need to dwell hotel reservation on the location: the road to the city center would take less then half an hour, so one can book a hotel in any district of Blackstone. The most populated with hotels district of Blackstone is the center, 100% of cheap hotel rooms are concentrated here. Blackstone is a truly multifaceted city, here everyone can find a hotel of his choice: a business person, a young couple or a family with little children. Take a look at our selection of the cheap hotel rooms in Blackstone to make a well-informed choice for your reservation!
Blackstone cheap hotels
Guest Houses
All cheap hotels in Blackstone
Best hotels in Blackstone
Hotels in Blackstone are spread around the city within the distance of 0.4 kilometers, while 1 hotels are located directly in the city center. The most popular accommodations in Blackstone is
Wedgewood Motor Inn
located in a 0.4 kilometers from the city center.
The best hotels are here and now. Try them!
All cities in United States


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Take A Tour Of The Online O2DA Defense Academy...
5-Day Kick-Start Course
START THE 5-DAY KICK-START COURSE NOW. For gun novices and experienced veterans. The 5-Day Kick Start course takes about 5 hours to complete. And there is a test at the end.Read More
Tactical Scenarios
TACTICAL SCENARIOS ARE OUR ONLINE COURSES dealing with various situations that individuals, teams and units should be trained for. Each is less than 1 hour, has a short quiz and extra credit.Read More
Training Fits
A "FIT" OR "FITTING" IS A TRAINING REGIMEN specifying the activities that need to be completed in order for an individual, team or a unit to achieve their training objectives. We use fittings extensively in the O2DA Defense Academy to guide and manage training regimens.Read More
Defense Academy Profile
Defense Academy HQ is the hub for managing your personal information, connections, interactions, plans and subscriptions. This is your personal HQ that you can configure to suit your specific training objectives.Read More
Training Groups
Training Groups is where you go to interact with others in your cadre. You can set-up your own group and invite others to join. There are groups for Units, Teams, ATP's CFI's, students, clients, media etc. Inside "Groups" you may find special offers or opportunities from your ATP or CFI. You can post your won photos, videos, files, etc. for you and your training cadre.Read More
Smartsheet Training Plans
Our most important resource is our interactive training plan (ITP). With our ITP you can monitor your training progress, create customized training plans and modify or create your own training stages and tasks.Read More
Training Plans
The O2DA Defense Academy is packed with information. Our training plans allow us to organize this content in a manner that matches the training objectives of our members. We have several training plans - for individuals, teams, units, basic training, advance training, a 5-day startup plan and a 12 month plan.Read More
Drill Videos
Drill and technique videos for handgun, shotgun and rifle supported by detailed narrative and still photos. These are the same drills you learn in our range courses. The techniques you learn on the range you can then study and recall at your convenience.Read More
Drill Manuals
Detailed web versions of the handgun, shotgun and rifle manuals including narrative and still photos. Not only can you read in detail about each technique and view detailed high-resolution photos, you can also then watch a video showing the full sequence in action.Read More
Strategy For Defense
The purpose of this manual is to develop the ideas and concepts leading to the creation of a strategy necessary for civilians to defend life and property from violent threat. This manual outlines why the strategy for civilian defense of life and property is self-reliance. The strategy is dependent upon building decentralized networks of simpatico individuals to secure your life, family, business and community.Read More
Individual Tactics
The Individual Tactics manual explains the tactics needed to defend yourself and other innocents in the home and the street during a high-stress lethal force confrontation. In this manual you will learn how to maneuver in hallways, clear rooms, cross thresholds, work stairwells, and how to properly use cover and concealment to decisively defeat your adversary. Not only will you learn how to dominate a lethal force confrontation, you will also learn about footwork, your spheres of security, what you can do to mitigate the legal challenges that will inevitably follow the use of lethal force.Read More
Team Tactics
Small businesses, schools, and churches have always been at a disadvantage when it came to security. In the past,they were limited to two choices, either hire expensive security guards or depend upon local law enforcement to provide for their safety and security. Hiring security guards is not only expensive but questionable as to training and consistency, while law enforcement will never be there when a threat materializes. There is now an alternative; developing a private security force, and Team Tactics discusses the steps necessary to make this happen.Read More
Unit Tactics
This Manual will discuss the short term and long term perturbations that can threaten our security, and how we can anticipate these events and manage the transition from normal to off-normal (or new-normal). We start from the observation that these are not challenges that can be met by individuals acting alone: they require community and cooperation. Because we have little directly applicable experience – there are few certainties and no tried-and-true methods for addressing the challenges of civilizational decline – this manual seeks to educate more than to train.Read More
Case Study
This section presents a case study to bring to life the tactics and techniques described in the Strategy For Defense, Team Tactics and Unit Tactics manuals. The case study animates the threats faced by individuals, parents, business owners, church officials and school administrators. You will find the case study referred to in detail in the various manuals. We have extracted specific elements of the case study for presentation here without the detailed tactics and techniques discussion.Read More
Threat Center
You will find several resources on this page that will help you determine your personal security strategy. These resources are updated 24/7 including the threat matrix which categorizes potential threats by location, type, target, probability and potential consequences. During periods of increased threat, we create and publish threat matrices based upon unfolding events.Read More
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The cost for a monthly membership in the Pulse O2DA Defense Academy is $29.95. Members then have access to more than $10,000 of training course and program content. They study and train at their own pace - accessing the content 24/7 on computers, tablets, pads and mobile phones following one of our three training plans.
Individuals will learn how to defend in home and on the street: Basic weapon fundamentals for handgun, shotgun and rifle; like stance and grip, loading and unloading, draw, malfunction clearances, etc. The strategy and tactics necessary to dominate a lethal force confrontation.The confidence to defend yourself, your family, your business and your community.
Teams will learn how to defend business, school and church: Movement techniques like basic formations, micro-team dynamics and force multipliers. How to do a threat evaluation, asset evaluation and vulnerability assessment. Preparing the Mission Essential Task List. Immediate action drills, battle drills. wargaming and conducting rehearsals.
Units will learn how to defend neighborhood and community: Leadership and planning including command, control and communications. How to do an area study, evaluate external factors and create contingency plans. Tactical principles and skills for community defense. Supplemental roles like medicine, land navigation, field craft, etc.
We have structured the Pulse O2DA Defense Academy membership options to fit your training objective. Click here to join.


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University of Wisconsin - Madison - Madison, WI
SR STUDENT SERV COORD(T25BN) or STUDENT SERVICES CORD(T25DN). Occasional travel (domestic and international) will be required for recruiting and professional...
Patient Serv. Coord. III - Sr. Billing Specialist
Massachusetts General Hospital(MGH) - Boston, MA
Sr. May provide back up for other Sr. GENERAL SUMMARY/ OVERVIEW STATEMENT:....
Retired Sr Volunteer Prog (RSVP) Coord VA#04-17
Experience Works, Inc. - Carroll, MD
Retired Senior Volunteer Program (RSVP) Coordinator*. Experience recruiting, training, managing and supporting groups of people....
Volunteer Coord
SCAN Health Plan - Ventura, CA
The Volunteer Coordinator is responsible for the daily operations of recruiting, training, maintaining and evaluating volunteer services related to this program...
Clinical Rsch. Coord., Sr.
Massachusetts General Hospital(MGH) - Boston, MA
GENERAL SUMMARY/ OVERVIEW STATEMENT: The Purdon Lab in the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine at MGH pursues research at the
Clinical Research Coord. I
Massachusetts General Hospital(MGH) - Boston, MA
Organizing strategies for recruiting study patients. In conjunction with Senior Clinical Research Coordinator/Principal Investigator, develops and implements...
Adv Care Planning Coord
Allina Health - Faribault, MN
Previous experience recruiting, training, and supervising volunteers desirable. A not-for-profit health care system, Allina Health cares for patients from...
Sr Care Management Coord
MISSION INTERNAL MEDICAL GROUP, INC. - Anaheim, CA
This policy applies to all terms and conditions of employment, including recruiting, hiring, placement, promotion, termination, layoff, recall, transfer, leaves...
Sr Care Management Coord
Heritage Healthcare (SJHH) - Anaheim, CA
This policy applies to all terms and conditions of employment, including recruiting, hiring, placement, promotion, termination, layoff, recall, transfer, leaves...
Senior Dept Info Systems Coord
County of Monterey, CA - Monterey County, CA
The Department of Social Services, is currently recruiting to fill a Senior Departmental Information Systems Coordinator position....


text: GILERA NEXUS 300 (2008/58) £1,695 278cc7,590 milesLancashire 2008 58 Reg Gilera Nexus 300 just 7590 miles. Lovely scooter with powerful yet economical engine. Comes with all the books and two keys. Call Robinsons Rochdale today for further information part exchange is a pleasure we also offer nationwide... Dealer Seller +5 Photos Theft Checked Warranty included Get a full history checkHPI check Get an insurance quoteInsurance quote View details


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Hi, I'm Mario! I'm a shy, sweet boy who was left on the front porch in the freezing cold the day after New Year's Day. I guess that makes me a New Year Kitty. It took me a while to get used to being around people and other cats, but I enjoy a gentle pet every now and then, and I'll let you know when I want more attention! Please visit me and make me yours!
To offer me a loving home, please call the nice people at Touched By An Animal/Cats-Are-Purrsons-Too at (773)728-6336, or e-mail them at email@example.com.
CATS-ARE-PURRSONS-TOO helps tossed and found cats find a forever home, or when needed, provides them with lifetime homes.
The 2nd Saturday of each month, you can visit some of our homeable cats at the Pet Supplies Plus in Lincolnwood, IL (7031 N. Lincoln Avenue).
We conduct the initial interview by phone. We then schedule an appointment with the adopter to stop by our sanctuary to meet the available cat(s).
We ask for a donation of half of the cat's medical bill. Since we are a very small rescue organization running with a skeleton crew, the donation has a great impact, as most of our funding is made possible via private donations and adoption donations.
Thank You!
Your message has been sent to Touched By An Animal/Cats-Are-Purrsons-Too.
You'll receive a copy, too, at to help you keep track of which pets you've inquired about, and which shelters and rescues you've emailed.
NOTE: Some shelters have physical locations you can visit; some of these shelters may only have pets for a limited time, so please do not wait for a reply—just go visit the shelter! Other organizations are rescue groups run by busy volunteers who may take a while to reply. You can find information about the shelter or rescue group caring for this pet, and their adoption procedures, on the pet's details page on Adopt-a-Pet.com.


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Tim Ellison <t.p.elli...@gmail.com>
|Re: [general][doc] snapshot download page
|Tue, 12 Jun 2007 11:56:32 GMT
Mikhail Loenko wrote: > 2007/6/11, Tim Ellison <email@example.com>: >> Mikhail Loenko wrote: >> > 2007/6/9, Morozova, Nadezhda <email@example.com>: >> >> Mikhail, >> >> The new history snapshot page looks great. Only one question: why does >> >> one of the snapshots look green? If it has some specific meaning >> ,we can >> >> explain that on the page. If it does not, we could just use white >> >> background to set off the blue one - though other tables on the >> site all >> >> use the same blue and don't seem to mind. >> > >> > The intent is to have slightly different background colors >> > for odd and even lines in the table >> >> I guess it is a matter of taste, but while the table is ok for snapshot >> builds where people can search for a given build in a long list, I think >> it is too cluttered for presenting our latest stable builds. > > many terms are overloaded :) > > I guess you meant not those "stable builds" that are milestones but > those snapshots that are a bit more stable than snapshot of an arbitrary > state > > That's right, the table is a bit complicated. We may point what we > have as a "latest" snapshot to something more stable than others, so > that people who need just "a snapshot" won't have to study the > table. Yes, and yes! Regards, Tim
|View raw message


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Playlist: Academy's 'Samaryda,' Blige's '25/8'
Kurupt, Raekwon and Kojoe are among 55 rappers in the Academy compilation album. Mary J. Blige serves up a new song from My Life II. Shwayze & Cisco get Drunk Off Your Love. Or try a little Tenderness from Otis Redding.
Samaryda, The Academy
featuring Kurupt, Raekwon and Kojoe
This hard-hitting track is the first single from The Academy, a compilation from Terminal 3 Records featuring collaborations between 55 geographically and stylistically diverse mainstream and underground rappers.
10 intriguing tracks, new or old, found during the week's listening
Promise, Romeo Santos featuring Usher
The Latin star and R&B crooner deliver a seductive bilingual serenade from Santos' debut album, Formula Vol. 1.
A Boss, Syleena Johnson
The soulful singer sets the bar high for any suitor on this swaggering anthem from Chapter V: Underrated.
25/8, Mary J. Blige
New song from her upcoming My Life II finds Blige needing more than 24 hours a day to love her man.
Solid, Ashford & Simpson
R.I.P. Nick Ashford, who with wife Valerie Simpson created dozens of soul gems like this ode to lasting love.
Nasty, Nas
Nas gets back to basics with hard rhymes and beats to match on this single from The Good Life.
Concord Music Group
"It's all so easy," as the Otis Redding song goes. "All you got to do is try a little tenderness."
Try a Little Tenderness, Otis Redding
Jay-Z and Kanye West built their hit Otis on a sample of this classic by the late soul music giant.
Drunk Off Your Love, Shwayze & Cisco
The partying duo and fellow hedonist Sky Blu compare love to inebriation on this Island in the Sun track.
Rough,Young Jeezy featuring Freddie Gibbs
After numerous delays, Jeezy seems poised to release TM 103, and he promises to be hard on competitors.
The Walls, Mario featuring Fabolous
On this simmering ballad, the rhythm & blues star croons about the passion that his ladylike girlfriend shows when they are alone.
The Vent, Big K.R.I.T.
The Mississippian reflects on life's hardships on this brooding track from his mixtape Return of 4Eva.
Posted | Updated


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Question about Nintendo Wii Console
The remote labeled 1 is broken and I cannot control anything. Is there a way to make one of the other 3 remotes become the number one and just buy a new one. I just got this for Christmas. Thanks.
Posted by knotdmama on
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a 6ya expert can help you resolve that issue over the phone in a minute or two.
best thing about this new service is that you are never placed on hold and get to talk to real repairmen in the US.
the service is completely free and covers almost anything you can think of (from cars to computers, handyman, and even drones).
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Posted on Jan 02, 2017
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The recent Sani peyarchi gave you some sort of relief from December 2011. Guru was favourable in 7th house and reduced the bad effects of your Janma Sani. But sad thing is that He has to change his house on 17th May 2012.This year transit could well affect you unless you have good Dasa and Bukthi in your horoscope.
It is better to know about the future so that prevention is better than cure. So read my predictions and keep it in mind the negative effects of the planets can be reduced or averted if you are cautious and plan well.
Guru in 8th House
On May 17th Lord Guru (Jupiter) is coming to your 8th house Rishabam. This transit is not so good for you all Thula Rasi people. He has been travelling in the 7th house for the past one year and was reducing the bad effects of your Janma Sani. But this Jupiter Transit is unfavourable and may have a distinct impact on Health and Finance.
Our Vedic scripts have clearly explained the causes that could be faced by the Thula rasi people during this period. Severe financial crisis and health troubles are indicated. Unless otherwise you plan well and content with whatever you are now, you may have difficulties in life. It is better to be calm and cautious.
Business and Career
There could be slow down in the business and earnings might reduce. The delays and unexpected shortfall in financial matters may be inevitable. Major changes and expansion ideas are to be postponed for now.
Often people land up in to trouble by diversions and investments in new ventures. Better keep quiet for some time now and wait for better times. Unless you are very confident of what you are doing never enter in to any new trials. Payments could be blocked and funds may not come at hand at the right time.
For people in service this is the time to work hard and be active. Even your small mistakes might undermine your capability and get you in to trouble. Laziness and frustration are enemies for you now. Keep good relation with your superiors and colleagues and avoid any quarrels. Do not take unnecessary leaves and keep your targets. This is not the ripe time to seek promotion or job changes.
Finance and Health
As Guru aspects the 12nd house there will be losses and unwanted expenses. Losses can be kept under control only by proper planning and intelligence. Competition may reduce the sales and if you do not run the show with concentration there will be damages.
Illegal activities are very dangerous as Guru is in the 8th house. Any disputes coming out of the business must be sorted out smoothly. Pay your taxes on time and keep the accounts properly. When something goes wrong better be patient and keep guard of your mouth. Do not make commitments that may be tough for you and always expect the unexpected.
Health might go down due to strain and stress. Eating at proper time and avoiding hectic travel might prove to be good for health. Take precautions and visit your Doctor at the first symptom of health trouble.
Young Thula Rasi girls and boys may find it difficult to finalise their marriage as Guru Balam is r4eeduced after this May 17th. Unless otherwise you have a strong Dasa Bukthi it might be impossible to get married in this period. It is better to wait rather than strain your mind in search of alliances.
Thula Rasi students must work hard and come out of laziness to score good marks in the exams. Join in extra tuitions and read the lessons with concentration. Avoid other activities and spend more time in studying.
As financial problems could arise during the next 365 days it is better to postpone any idea of purchasing house, vehicles or house hold articles.
You must positively follow these remedies to avoid major troubles after this guru peyarchi. If you sincerely perform these remedies I am sure you will come out well and run a peaceful life.
- 1.Alangudi or Thiruchendur Murugan temple and perform Archana and Abhishekam at the earliest.
- 2.On three Thursdays offer 'Kondakadalai Sundal" to devotees after offering to Lord Guru in any temple. Chant "Ohm Guruve Namaha" daily after bath.
- 3.On Saturdays visit any Shiva temple and offer your sincere prayers to Lord Saneeswaran.
- 4.Light up Ellu Deepam on Saturdays and donate food to poor and handicapped people.
- 5.Visit Thirunallaru or Thirukollikadu and perform Archana and Abhishekam to Lord sani.
- 6.Visit Dharmasthala and get blessed.
More Posts
Rasi Palan 2012 -Vrischika (Scorpio)
2012 Rasi Palan- Kumbham (Aquarius)
Mesha Rasi (Aries)
Kataka Rasi (Cancer)
Kanni Rasi (Virgo)
Vrichika Rasi (Scorpio)
Makara Rasi (Capricorn)
What is Lagan or Lagnam?
Kanjanur Sukran Koil
Aduthurai Suriyanar Koil
Thiruvengadu Budhan Koil


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FaceTime and International phone numbers
Ask iLounge offers readers the opportunity to get answers to their iPod-, iPhone-, iPad-, iTunes-, or Apple TV-related questions from a member of the iLounge editorial team. We'll answer several questions here each week, and of course, you can always get help with more immediate concerns from the iLounge Discussion Forums. Submit your questions for consideration using our Ask iLounge Submit Form. We reserve the right to edit questions for grammar, spelling, and length.
Q: When you FaceTime internationally, do you use the international calling codes or just the local code e.g. for UK, do you put 011 44 for England before the number, +44, or leave it out? I am having no success so far.
- Sheila
A: The "011" dialling code is actually only used when placing calls from traditional landlines. While some mobile carriers will accept it for backward compatibility, the proper way to dial an International number on a mobile phone is to prefix the country code with a "+" sign, so to place a call to the U.K., "+44" would be the correct prefix. Conversely, for somebody outside of North America to place a call to Canada or the U.S., the prefix would be "+1" followed by the standard 10-digit North American phone number.
FaceTime follows this same dialling convention. However, it's important to keep in mind that FaceTime is actually a completely separate network from your mobile carrier, although it can use 3G/LTE data, if you're using a supported device and not on a Wi-Fi network. As a result, the phone numbers used by FaceTime are really just "addresses" on the FaceTime network that match users' cellular phone numbers.
FaceTime can also be configured to "call" people using e-mail addresses rather than phone numbers. In fact, this is required for non-iPhone users to use FaceTime on an iPad, iPod touch, or Mac, since these devices do not have phone numbers associated with them. You can configure FaceTime on an iPhone to also use an e-mail address simply by going to Settings, FaceTime, selecting the option to "Use your Apple ID for FaceTime" and then signing in with your Apple ID and password. This can be your iTunes Store or iCloud account, or if you prefer you can setup an entirely new Apple ID for this process.
You can "dial" someone else's e-mail address to place a FaceTime call simply by selecting the contact from the address book, tapping the "FaceTime" button and then selecting their e-mail address rather than their phone number.
If you're having issues placing FaceTime calls to a phone number, having the other person setup an e-mail address may help, since this bypasses the requirement to use a phone number. That said, there are many reasons why a FaceTime call can fail, and often it has nothing to do with the phone number or address that you're using, but rather other issues related to network configuration and Internet connectivity. For more information on setting up FaceTime and troubleshooting problems with it, check out our Guide to FaceTime + iMessage: Setup, Use, and Troubleshooting.
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text: Home > Metro Manila No classes in two Pasay schools due to cracks on buildings ABS-CBN News Posted at Jul 30 2014 10:15 AM | Updated as of Jul 31 2014 07:36 AM Share Save Facebook Twitter GPlus LinkedIn Pinterest MANILA – Students of two Pasay City schools will have to temporarily study at home as four public school buildings had to be vacated due to cracks on the floors. Two buildings each in Villamor Air Base Elementary School and Pasay City South High School were found to have cracks, prompting school administrators to close them down temporarily. In Villamor Air Base Elementary School, the 5-story Building A and Building B, both built in 2007, were found to have cracks. The buildings house 31 classrooms each. In Pasay City South High School, two 3-storey buildings were also found to have cracks. Principals of both schools said learning materials such as modules and online courses will be provided for the students so they could still continue with their studies at home. Makeshift classrooms are currently being built to cater the affected students. Officials target to finish construction in 20 days. Classes will be held in these temporary structures while rehabilitation works on the four buildings are being carried out. – report from Dennis Datu, dzMM Share Save Facebook Share on Twitter GPlus LinkedIn Pinterest Read More: Pasay City Schools structures cracks Villamor Air Base Elementary School Pasay City South High School /news/02/20/17/bestlink-vp-denies-school-inaction-waiver-for-tanay-outing/news/02/20/17/batas-kaalaman-anong-kaso-ang-maaaring-harapin-ng-bestlink-colleges/focus/02/20/17/beyond-lolos-memory-primitivo-mijares-grandson-to-relaunch-conjugal-dictatorship/entertainment/02/20/17/look-meet-kirays-valentine-date/sports/02/20/17/panoorin-uyyy-bati-na-uli-sina-westbrook-at-durant