text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 21, 1992
|Filing date
|Dec 3, 1990
|Priority date
|Dec 3, 1990
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Kevin D. Fisher, William L. Abbott, John M. Cioffi, Philip S. Bednarz
|Original Assignee
|Board Of Trustees, Leland Stanford Jr. University
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (92), Classifications (13), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to digital detection apparatus and more particularly to an improved adaptive decision feedback equalizer device for increasing data storage density and decreasing data error rates through processing of the read head output signal.
2. Brief Description of the Prior Art
The advent of the information age brings an enormous demand for the storage of digital data, along with the demands for processing and transmission of such data. The density of information stored in a single system has had to increase to accommodate this growing demand. For each of the past three decades, the capacity of magnetic disk storage units has grown by a factor of 10. This explosive growth has been fueled by several factors: improvements in the design of heads and disks, decreases in the disk-media particle size, decreases in the head gap length and flying height, and improvements in servo accuracy for increased track density. Mark H. Kroyder, "Introduction to the Special Issue on Magnetic Information Storage Technology", Proceedings of the IEEE, November 1986, pp. 1475-1476. More efficient modulation (or "run-length") coding schemes have also been used to increase linear density. K. A. Schouhamer Immink, "Run-Length Limited Sequences", Proceedings of the IEEE, November 1990, pp. 1745-1759.
The growing worldwide demand for digital-storage capacity has also prompted interest in the use of digital signal processing methods as a means of continuing the increases in density. The general similarity of the disk read and write processes to data-detection and transmission in communication has focused a portion of this interest on the application of equalization and coding methods to disk-storage channels. These methods can more efficiently use the available spatial "bandwidth" of disk channels, leading to the desired density increases. In particular, adaptive equalization is attractive since it permits a significant reduction in manufacturing costs by allowing a greater component yield through to relaxed tolerances. In addition to providing for increased density, adaptive equalization also permits a reduction in servicing costs because of a reduced need for "fine-tuning" on the customer's premises. Despite the general similarity to a data transmission channel, the data storage channel is significantly different.
In any storage system, there is a channel that consists of the write-head and associated pre-processing circuitry, the storage media itself (usually a magnetic disk or tape, an optical disk or a magneto-optical media), and the read-head and associated data-detection circuitry. These three components are similar to the transmit, channel, and receive functions in digital communication. Thus, communication specialists have been allured, in increasing numbers, by this unusual data channel
The similarities and differences between the data storage channel and the data transmission channel are illustrated in FIG. 1. In either channel, data is encoded prior to the input and then detected and decoded at the output. Also the goal in both channels is to reliably pass as much information as possible. The storage channel will have high data density, while the transmission channel will have high data rate. A major difference exists between the modulator in the transmission channel and write-processing and write-channel sections in the storage channel. Because of hysteresis effects in the media, only two levels(�1 effectively) can be input to the write channel. Information is stored in the media by the presence or absence of a transition from one data state to another, corresponding to transitions from +1 to -1 (or vice-versa) in the storage channel input. To increase linear density in the storage channel, spacing between transitions must be decreased. In contrast, the transmission channel may use multilevel configurations and carrier modulation to increase the transmitted data rate, because hysteresis is not present in the transmission channel. At high storage densities, severe Intersymbol Interference (ISI) is therefore inevitable; whereas in most transmission channels, ISI is maintained at comparatively moderate levels so that relatively simple equalization is sufficient.
FIG. 1 also indicates that the storage read channel (read-head) processes the following inputs:
1) The data in the storage media,
2) Media noise (including overwrite and data-dependent noises), and
3) Adjacent track interference (correlated, non-Gaussian) on the media.
A final electronics (white-Gaussian) noise is added at the read-channel output. The data transmission channel usually has only an additive noise (white-Gaussian) component, but in some cases, such as subscriber loops, it also suffers from crosstalk and/or adjacent channel (when frequency multiplexed) interference. The adjacent track interference of the storage channel is similar to crosstalk and is of crucial importance in almost all storage systems. In addition to the hysteresis, magnetic media and some read channels exhibit nonlinear effects that become more pronounced as the transition-spacing decreases (density increases). In the transmission channel, these effects are largely absent. The storage channel exhibits random gain fluctuations and actually spectral variations as the position of the head varies with respect to the media. These fluctuations become more pronounced as the "flying height" of the head is reduced, and are a major limiting factor in contact (head "touches" media) recording systems, such as magnetic tapes or floppy disks. These fluctuations are analogous to the flat fades (amplitude drops) that occur in digital radio. Finally, the media thickness varies around the disk. This phenomenon is usually called "once-around modulation", as it is periodic due to continuous variation of media thickness around one track. "Once-around modulation" is similar to a small frequency offset in carrier-modulated data transmission.
For any particular system, both storage and transmission channels are often selected (or switched) from a multitude of similar media. The variation of potentially selected media in efficiently used data transmission channels alone often mandates adaptive detection methods. One would hope that this would not be the case in storage systems, since once a specific head and media are associated during the manufacturing process, then a fixed detection method could be applied. However, this is not the case with interchangeable storage media such as floppy disks or tapes. In addition, for servicing reasons, it is highly undesirable to have a specific storage device "tuned" to a particular head and media, as replacement of either would force this tuning process to be repeated. Furthermore, in fixed hard-disks, the channel changes significantly with changes (as small as 1 μ in some disks) in the position of the read-head with respect to the corresponding (earlier) position of the write-head for the same data on the media. This "off-track position" effect is amplified by the previously mentioned "flying height" and "thickness" variations. Thus, adaptive methods are highly desirable in storage-channel detection as well as in transmission-channel detection, even though the sources of channel variation are different. Gains introduced through the use of adaptive equalizers can also be translated into improved (wider) tolerance specifications on heads and media. Thus, manufacturing yield can effectively be improved. Even a small, for example 10%, yield improvement can lead to savings of millions of dollars in manufacturing costs for high-sales-volume storage products.
Adaptive methods are desirable in disk storage channels to mitigate an additional important type of channel variation. This variation occurs with changing radius on the spinning disk. The stored information bits can be construed as successive positions along a track with ones and zeros being distinguished by the presence or absence of transitions in the direction of the magnetic field in each of the positions. Tracks are circular rows of bits arranged concentrically on the disk. Typical high-end hard disks may have 10,000-30,000 b/in. along a track and 1,000-2,000 tracks/in. Thus, the "width" w of a bit is typically smaller than its radial length. The capacity of a disk can be improved by increasing the linear density of bits along the tracks or by increasing the track density through closer placement of adjacent tracks. For the usual case of a disk spinning at a constant angular velocity and constant read data rate 1/T, ISI effects will be most limiting at the Inner Diameter (ID) and least evident at the Outer Diameter (OD). This is because the "transitions" are physically closest together at the ID and farthest apart at the OD. The disk channel's range of radial variation may be large, as the OD/ID ratio may be 1.5 or higher in present storage products, and is likely to increase as smaller disks become more common. A good equalizer characteristic is thus strongly a function of diameter. Adaptive equalization can be used to mitigate the varying amounts of intersymbol interference from ID to OD and thereby improve overall detection (i.e., reduce error probability).
The above uses of adaptive equalization have become increasingly important to future capacity improvements in data storage and retrieval for several reasons. First, the aforementioned potential of significant density increases can satisfy some of the demand for increased storage capacity. Second, the achieved density improvements are not strongly a function of the specific head and media used in the storage channel. This independence renders adaptive equalization compatible with the channel components chosen in almost any storage system, although the adaptive equalizer details can vary significantly from one storage product to another. Even though magnetic disk channels, independent of digital signal processing and coding, can improve through the use of better components (thin film or metallic disks, magneto-optics, magneto-resistive heads, and/or vertical recording, etc.), the adaptive equalizer can provide further density gains. Third, as high-speed digital VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) circuits become less expensive, digital technologies have the potential for reducing costs in reliably achieving high densities as compared to improving the mechanics of the storage channel. This potential appears imminent as improvement of analog channel components becomes more costly and less effective in terms of potential gains. Finally, the number of advanced component technologies on the horizon for magnetic tape and disk recording has dwindled in recent years, motivating more efficient use, via signal processing and coding, of existing spatial bandwidth on the media. It should be noted that adaptive equalization can potentially be used with optical disks and other magnetic-recording channels. Thus, the objective in using adaptive equalization in disk and tape channels is to increase linear density by continuously varying the receiver detection circuitry to alleviate ISI effects as a function of diameter variation, specific disk channel components, and varying channel mechanics. Of course, the specific use of adaptive equalization may vary considerably among the many different types of media systems sold, just as the specific use of adaptive equalization may vary widely in communication channels (for example, voiceband modems versus digital subscriber loops or digital microwave links).
Crucial to the successful use of adaptive equalization in disk channels is an accurate understanding and characterization of these channels. In a publication entitled "Adaptive Equalization for Magnetic Storage Channels" by J.M. Cioffi et al, IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 14-29, February 1990, a description is given of the storage channel's important signal-processing characteristics. SNR as a measure for performance evaluation is also discussed. A discussion of the possibility of using decision feedback equalization to increase storage density is given in a paper by K. D. Fisher et al entitled "An Adaptive DFE for Storage Channels Suffering from Nonlinear ISI", Proceedings of 1989 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Boston MA, June 1989. Copies of these publications are attached hereto as Exhibits A and B and are expressly incorporated herein by reference.
FIG. 1 is a schematic comparison of data storage and transmission signal processing channels;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a data storage read signal processor including an adaptive decision feedback equalizer apparatus in accordance with the present invention;
FIGS. 3a(1)-FIG. 3a(3) are detail descriptions of data input buffer register 34 as shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 3B is a schematic diagram illustrating an implementation of the feedforward filter FF illustrated in FIG. 2 of the drawing;
FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of an implementation of the feedforward update unit FFUPDATE illustrated in FIG. 2 of the drawing;
FIGS. 5a(1)-%a(5) and 5b(1)-5b(3) collectively is a schematic illustration of an implementation of the timing acquisition unit ACQUIRE and steady-state timing recovery unit STEADY shown in FIG. 2 of the drawing;
FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration showing an implementation of the variable gain amplifier update unit VGA-CTL shown in FIG. 2 of the drawing;
FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration showing an implementation of the synchronization field detection unit SYNC depicted in FIG. 2 of the drawing;
FIGS. 8a, 8b and 8c are collectively a schematic illustration of the decision feedback loop FEEDBACK LOGIC depicted in FIG. 2 of the drawing; and
FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration showing an implementation of the feedback update unit FBUPDATE depicted in FIG. 2 of the drawing.
Referring now to FIG. 2 of the drawing, a presently preferred embodiment of the invention is shown at 10 together with a voltage gain amplifier (VGA) 12 which, in response to control signals input at 14 via a digital-to-analog converter 16, controls the voltage gain of a read signal obtained from a storage media and input at terminal 18. The gain adjusted signal is then passed through a low-pass filter 20 and then through an analog-to-digital converter 22 for input at 24 to the adaptive RAM-DFE 10. The phase of the input signal is adjusted in the ADC 22 in response to a phase control signal developed by a voltage control oscillator (VCO) 26 in response to a control input on line 28 developed by a digital-to-analog converter 30. The digital signals input to DAC 16 and DAC 30 are obtained from unit 10 on output lines 17 and 31 respectively.
Timing recovery is the method of determining the sampling instant for the digital equalizer. Gain control (VGA) determines the dynamic range of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) data input. In a nutshell, the storage media output appearing at terminal 18 is an analog signal (analog n both time and magnitude). The timing-recovery function digitizes the signal in time (one sample per bit period), and the gain control function (plus ADC) digitizes the signal in magnitude. Timing recovery is important because frequency variations can exist in the write and read clocks, and some phases of the clock cycle will produce better performance (lower error rates from the storage media) than others. The timing recovery function tracks frequency variations in the channel write (and read) clock and determines the proper sampling phase. Gain control variability amplifies the storage media output to the full range of the ADC. This amplification reduces quantization noise and subsequently reduces error rates. Discussions of timing-recovery may be found in S. U. H. Qureshi, "Timing Recovery for Equalized Partial-Response Systems", IEEE Transactions on Communications, December 1976, pp. 1326-1321, and K. H. Mueller and M. S. Muller, "Timing Recovery in Digital Synchronous Systems", IEEE Transactions on Communications, May 1976, pages 516- 531.
The RAM-DFE 10 is an all digital post read-head processor that is used to improve the performance of a digital recording channel. The performance improvement can be translated into density gains, lower error rates, or manufacturing tolerance (yield) improvements. The basic concept is to use adaptive equalization, a technique long used in digital data transmission applications, in the data storage recording channel. However, straightforward application of communication methods is not possible because of the differences between a data storage recording channel and a data transmission channel. As discussed above, these differences include more severe channel distortion in the form of severe intersymbol interference, nonlinear effects, and timing clock variation. Also, there is a greater variation in channel characteristics (with radius in disk-data storage channels) than is normally encountered in data transmission applications. Furthermore, the very high data rates dictated by the data storage channel require adaptive equalizer implementations with processing speeds in excess of those attempted in data transmission.
The present invention is based on a structure known in communications as an adaptive decision feedback equalizer (DFE) with several novel modifications that enable the structure to be applied to the recording channel. Among these novel modifications are a very high-speed feedforward filter (FF) that is designed using an unusual minimum-delay constraint and the full-speed (every bit period) adaptive updating (FFUPDATE) of that feedforward section. A look-up table or RAM is used to store the feedback filter coefficients, which form an estimate of any trailing intersymbol interference (the feedforward section tries to make the filtered channel response appear as if all intersymbol interference can be subtracted with the feedback section in a DFE). The use of the look-up table permits a very high-speed realization, allowing the output to be available earlier than would be the case in a standard filter implementation, and also permits nonlinear intersymbol interference (which can occur in storage channels) to be subtracted along with linear intersymbol interference. A novel updating algorithm (FBUPDATE) is also provided for the feedback filter (FB) that will converge to the correct optimum settings. In addition, methods are introduced for storage-channel recording that are fully digital and that allow the initial acquisition of timing phase and frequency (ACQUIRE), synchronization to the training block (SYNC), gain control (VGA-- CTL), and initial training (FFUPDATE and FBUPDATE) of the RAM-DFE structure. Finally, a steady-state timing method (STEADY) is introduced that maintains synchronization in the presence of severe timing frequency variation (that is characteristic of disk recording) and that can be implemented at high-speed with a minimum of latency.
More particularly, the RAM-DFE 10 is in the preferred embodiment a VLSI implementation using BiCMOS technology and includes a data input buffer register 32 for receiving digital information input on line 24 and for outputting blocks of read signal data xk for input to a feedforward filter (FF) unit 36, a feedforward update (FFUPDATE) unit 38, a timing acquisition (ACQUIRE) unit 40, a voltage gain amplifier update (VGA-CTL) unit 42, and a synchronization field detection (SYNC) unit 44.
As will be illustrated in more detail in subsequent Figures, the fully programmable Feedforward Filter (FF) unit 36 forms a linear combination of the chip input data using equalizer coefficients w received from the FFUPDATE unit 38 via a register 39. The function of FF unit 36, which can equivalently be identified as a Finite Impulse Response filter, is described by ##EQU1## where w=[wo. . . wL-1 ]T corresponds to the coefficient vector and xk is the read-signal input vector at time k. The feedforward filter (which can be decomposed into adders) is generated by a computer program (software tool) that automatically synthesizes the adder input/output connections for a Wallace Tree from a library of full adder components. A discussion of the Wallace Tree can be found in C. S. Wallace, "A Suggestion for Fast Multipliers", IEEE Transactions on Electronic Computers, February 1964, p. 59. The program automatically uses the technology dependent delay characteristics of the adder component to optimize the component inter-connections to minimize overall worst case delay.
The Feedforward Update (FFUPDATE) unit 38 adjusts the feedforward filter coefficients to minimize the equalizer error signal when reading from a digital storage channel with variable and changing parameters. The unit implements the Signed-LMS algorithm to adapt the FF unit coefficients using the equation:
wk+1 =βj wk +μj ek sgn(xk). (2)
The tap leakage factor βf (See reference 31 in Exhibit A.) can be either 1-2-8 or 1, and the adaptive step-size μf is μft =2-n1 during training and μfs =2-n2 in steady-state operation, and ek is the equalizer error signal computed in the decision feedback loop. Using its MODE control output, the CONTROL unit 46 enables FFUPDATE to begin at the start of training. During training, the FFUPDATE unit 38 optimizes the FF coefficients from arbitrary initial conditions without any prior knowledge of the channel characteristics. After training is complete, CONTROL signals FFUPDATE to change the step-size to the steady-state value. During steady-state operation, FFUPDATE adjusts the FF coefficients to compensate for the relatively small channel variations that can occur after training.
Decision Feedback Loop (FEEDBACK) logic 48 subtracts trailing nonlinear intersymbol interference using an adjustable look-up table (dual ported RAM 50) and computes the equalizer error signal ek and decision output ak. The intermediate equalizer output yk is computed as
yk =fk +r(ak-1), (3)
where ak-1 is the collection of past equalizer decision outputs and r() is the look-up table output. By passing the intermediate equalizer output through a +1, -1 limiting device, the current decision, ak, is formed. The equalizer error signal ek is computed as
ek =ak -yk. (4)
The equalizer error signal ek is used by the FFUPDATE, FBUPDATE, and Steady State Timing Recovery units to adjust the equalizer parameters. During training, the correct current decision values, ak, are provided by the CONTROL unit 46 for use in ak-1 in order to eliminate the propagation of errors in the feedback loop. After training, the CONTROL unit signals FEEDBACK to start using the computed current decision as formed in equation 4.
The Feedback Update (FBUPDATE) unit 52 adjusts the FEEDBACK unit's look-up table (RAM 50) to minimize the equalizer error signal when reading a digital storage channel with variable and changing trailing intersymbol interference, and nonlinear distortion. During training and steady state operation, this unit adjusts the currently addressed look-up table (RAM) location using the LMS algorithm
τk+1 =βr τk +μr ek. (5)
The tap leakage factor βr can be either 1-2-8 or 1, and the adaptive step-size μr is μrt =2-n3 during training and μrs =2-n4 in steady-state operation. The CONTROL unit 46 triggers the FBUPDATE unit to begin training after the SYNC field has been detected, and then switches the FBUPDATE unit to steady-state operation after the completion of training. During training, the FBUPDATE unit optimizes the RAM contents from arbitrary initial conditions without any prior knowledge of the channel. During steady-state operation, FBUPDATE adjusts the RAM to compensate for relatively small channel variations that can occur after training.
The Timing Acquisition (ACQUIRE) unit 40 adaptively computes the timing error signal during the acquisition, which occurs just after the read head has arrived at a new data sector. The timing error signal is used to adjust the off-chip VCO 26, which determines a sampling phase for the read-signal A/D converter 22 and chip clock. At the beginning of the track, a rate 1/4T (T=bit-period) square wave is written. The initial timing acquisition algorithm drives the sampling points to the peaks and zero-crossings of the rate 1/4T signal. The phase acquisition gradient update equations are ##EQU2## where αi =2-n5 +2-n6 and βi =2-n7 +2-n8 are the loop filter gain parameters, zk is the timing error signal, and τk is the timing phase. The error signal output from the chip on line 31 is αi zk +Δk+1, with the loop in equation (8) being implemented in the off-chip VCO 26. The CONTROL unit 46 triggers the ACQUIRE unit 40 to begin operation after arrival at a new track, and disables the ACQUIRE unit 40 after acquisition is complete.
During acquisition, the Variable Gain Amplifier Update unit 42 (referred to as the VGA-- CTL unit 42) sets the approximately correct gain level at the input to the read-signal D/A Converter 16 during the 1/4T acquisition signal. This gain level is held during steady state operation. Using a gradient update, the VGA control signal is generated as ##EQU3## where μg =2-n10, VGA constant=10-bit programmable positive value, and gk is the gain error value. The control signal γk is output from the chip as a 4-bit value. The CONTROL unit 46 triggers the VGA-- CTL unit 42 to begin operation after arrival at a new track, and disables the VGA-- CTL unit at the end of acquisition.
The Synchronization Field Detection unit will be referred to as the SYNC unit 44. In the preferred embodiment, after gain and acquisition, a 35-bit synchronization field (SYNC field) is written to indicate to the equalizer when to start training. The SYNC unit identifies this special 35-bit pattern regardless of polarity with an extremely small miss and false detection rate (typically less than 10-9 for channel SNR's of only 13 dB). Upon recognizing this pattern, the SYNC unit 44 asserts the SYNC-- DETECT signal on line 45 and determines the polarity of the read signal. This polarity information is then supplied to the CONTROL unit 46 via lines 47 so that it can provide a preprogrammed training sequence of the correct polarity.
During steady state operation, the Steady State Timing Recovery unit (STEADY) 54 adjusts the timing phase using a stochastic gradient algorithm and second-order phase-locked loop (PLL). The update equations are
zk =ik-1 sgn(fk)-ek sgn(fk-1) (11)
Δk+1 =Δk +βs zk, (12)
τk+1 =τk +αs zk +Δk+1, (13)
where αs =2-n10 2-n11 and βs =2-n12 +2-n13, fk is the FF section output, and zk is the timing error signal. As with timing acquisition, the timing error signal αs zk +Δk+1 is output from the chip 10 to drive the VCO 26 that generates the A/D sampling clock. In this implementation, the ACQUIRE unit 40 and STEADY unit 54 share the same hardware block, which is configured by CONTROL unit 46 to run in either acquisition or steady-state operation.
The Control unit (CONTROL) 46 governs the modes of operation for the RAM-DFE chip 10, based on user programmed values and the SYNC-DETECT signal from the SYNC unit 44. During the SETUP/TEST mode, a user can initialize, set and read the RAM-DFE chip internal state, including the step sizes, equalizer coefficients, and counters that govern the duration of acquisition and training. When a track-read begins, the equalizer will normally be in RUN mode. RUN mode will start with acquisition of timing and gain (ACQUIRE submode), followed by recognition of the 35-bit SYNC field (Look for SYNC submode). After reception of the SYNC field, the SYNC unit 44 asserts SYNC-DETECT, which is used by the CONTROL unit 46 to end acquisition. Training of the equalizer (TRAIN submode) on known data (programmable) then begins after a programmable delay. After training has completed, the CONTROL unit 46 triggers the equalizer to start steady state operation (STEADY STATE submode). Steady-state operation then continues until the STOP signal is received. After receiving STOP, the CONTROL unit stops all adaptation. All equalizer parameters will be held until either the START or SETUP/TEST signals are received. If START is received, the equalizer will immediately enter the RUN mode, allowing the read-head to move between date sectors and retain the current equalizer parameters. If SETUP/TEST is received, a chip user will be able to initialize, set and read the RAM-DFE chip internal state.
Turning now to FIG. 3B of the drawing, a logic block diagram is depicted showing an implementation of the FIR filter 36. The box labeled FIR represents a logic circuit designed by a computer software program which seeks to minimize critical path delay at the output of the filter by using adder propagation delays to determine the net list. The program net allocation algorithm using C pseudo-code may be described as follows:
______________________________________For each column in the FIR, while nets remain in netlist N {/* evenly distribute the chosen instances in the column. */Get the next instance, I.Let min-- delay = MAX-- INT. /* Initialize minimum out-put delay value. */For each output port, oj, in instance I {/* optimize choice of nets to minimize delay at outputoj./Order the input ports of I from largest to shortest prop-agationdelay to oj/* process the longest delay path first. */Select the fastest net from N, for input io.Let current-- delay = delay of net + propagation delayfrom io from oj.For the remaining input ports, ik, in the ordered list {Select a net from N for ik which minimizes theslack at oj.If no nets arrive early enough, select the fastestnet.current-- delay + max[current-- delay, delay of net +propagation delay from ik to oj ].max-- delay = maxoj [output delay], for the currentnet-to-port map.If max-- delay < min-- delay {best-- mapping = j.min-- delay = max-- delay.}}Connect the nets to the ports according to best-- mapping.Place the sum and carry output nets on N.}______________________________________
This software is intended for use with BiCMOS Sea-of-Gates architecture, although it is applicable to any gate-array or standard-cell architecture that uses variable sized routing channels between columns (or rows) of adder components.
The user provides 6 numerical parameters to the software in order to specify his design. The software generates a netlist connection of basic macros (e.g., full adders) and a placement of the macros according to the Sea-of-Gates architecture. The outputs are generated in either the usual single bit form, or in carry-save (dual-bit) form with a rounding option.
The software accepts 6 input parameters N1 through N6 from the user. These parameters are as follows:
1) N1 : number of taps in the FIR filter,
2) N2 : numerical precision of horizontal inputs,
3) N3 : numerical precision of vertical inputs,
4) N4 : number of constant inputs,
5) N5 : numerical precision of constant inputs, and
6) round below bit N6.
In the FIR filter, external input locations are predetermined as a way of partially constraining the final layout for purposes of I/O regularity. However, the netlist and adder placement are optimized to minimize the FIR filter's critical path delay by using adder propagation delays, wiring delays, and total wirelength to determine actual net connections and component placement. Automated usage of adder delays in constructing the filter is important because delay paths through adder components may not be easily controlled.
Along with a netlist, the software provides the propagation delays to each output of the FIR block (based on user supplied delay characteristics of the adder components). The circuit netlist is stored in an internal database that the software can scan to generate output in any desired format. Currently, the software provides hardware language output suitable for simulation and layout.
In the FIR filter, we perform (in parallel) N1 multiply operations of pairs of 2's complement inputs with an accumulation of all products. For efficiency, we interleaved the N1 multiplies so that each input corresponds to N1 inputs in the FIR case.
Also, we include the capability of pipelining the FIR filter. For this to be possible, the FIR filter must accept constant inputs from a previous stage. The number of constant inputs from previous stages (possibly a tree of stages) is N4 generation stage. The constant type inputs may have a different numerical precision which is defined by N5 . In this way, the outputs of previous FIR stages may be accepted as input, making pipelining possible. To facilitate further FIR stages, the output of each stage is internally latched in flip-flops that are placed inside the adder array.
This software provides a general method for optimizing critical path delays in FIR filters. In our technique, the wiring channels become larger and more irregular and some nets become longer, but the resulting FIR filter will be faster than in regular arrays.
The software uses a net allocation scheme that heuristically attempts to minimize the critical path delay of the entire block when consuming partial product input nets and the sum output nets which are derived from earlier addition operations. We process nets according to a producer-consumer relationship on a column by column basis. For each column, we maintain a list of nets to be consumed. Each adder (counter) consumes N nets (three for full adders) from the "consume" list for the current column and produces M nets (two for the full adder) that are placed in their appropriate consume lists for later consumption. This process continues until only 1 or 2 nets per column remain (single or dual-bit form).
First, we use the fastest net. After that, we operate on a "just in time" principle that minimizes the slack between inputs.
FIGS. 4-9 illustrate respectively in block diagram form implementations of the FFUPDATE unit 38, the ACQUIRE unit 40/STEADY unit 54, the VGA-CTL unit 42, the SYNC unit 44, the FEEDBACK LOGIC unit 48, and the FBUPDATE unit 52. In these Figures the values calculated in accordance with the equations previously stated are indicated at appropriate points in the diagrams.
Although the present invention has been described above in terms of a preferred embodiment depicted in schematic form and in detail sufficient to enable one skilled in the art to practice the invention, Applicants attach hereto as Exhibits C and D the following documents entitled "A High-Speed Adaptive Equalizer for Magnetic Disk Drives" by W. L. Abbott, P. S. Bednarz, K. D. Fisher, and J. M. Cioffi, presented in Albuquerque, New Mexico at the Internaltional Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing in April, 1990, and "Timing Recovery for Adaptive Decision Feedback Equalization of the Magnetic Storage Channel" by William L. Abbott and John M. Cioffi, presented in San Diego, California at Globecom '90 in December, 1990, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
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|Mar 1, 1995
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 28, 1991
Owner name: BOARD OF TRUSTEES, LELAND STANFORD, JR. UNIVERSITY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:FISHER, KEVIN D.;ABBOTT, WILLIAM L.;CIOFFI, JOHN M.;ANDOTHERS;REEL/FRAME:005578/0954
Effective date: 19910115
|Nov 24, 1995
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 15, 2000
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jul 23, 2000
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Sep 19, 2000
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20000721


text:
Sometimes it happens that laziness will wash, and to overcome any forces it is not enough.
In the end, you give up the slack, but it will be delayed for a few hours or even a whole day. Usually, when doing nothing, will soon begin to feel a sense of guilt and / or anger to himself.
Such self-criticism may come back to haunt you poor health, because often causes stress and depression.
As illness, laziness has its own symptoms.
After defeating them, you can get rid of it.
You can not concentrate, to collect his thoughts. If the question "What am I thinking?" You do not get a clear answer, it is necessary to send your internal dialogue on that topic. Try some time to think about something else, slowly summing the flow of thoughts in the right direction.
You save it, pulling with its implementation. By doing so, you have to hack to death once and for all in his nose, the longer the box in which you hide your willpower, then the more difficult it will be open. It is unlikely that there is a need to complicate your life.
You cover a state of lethargy as the soul,and physical. Soak in the crib, take a nap or aimlessly sit at the TV - this idea visits, surely, every day more than once. The longer such a state, the more difficult to get out of it. And still have to go, so do not delay. If you have decided to rest five minutes, do not stretch for half an hour.
You have a lot of small classes, moving awayyou from the important. For you are all the same nobody will do nothing. Distracted by trivia, you're just wasting time and missing opportunities. It is better to realize it before then sit back and feel at ease.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Senior Medical Science Liaison, Hematologic Malignancies - Oncology, LA, MS, AL(Job Number:4570161221) Description: Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, a Johnson and Johnson Company, is recruiting for a Senior Medical Science Liaison, Hematologic Malignancies to provide clinical and scientific support to opinion leaders, community physicians, investigators and other healthcare professionals related to the current and developing Janssen Hematologic Malignancies portfolio in the following region: Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama. Ideal candidate will reside in: New Orleans or another city in the region. At the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, what matters most is helping people live full and healthy lives. We focus on treating, curing and preventing some of the most devastating and complex diseases of our time. And we pursue the most promising science, wherever it might be found. Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC is dedicated to providing medical information and consultative support to the Janssen pharmaceutical companies. We are Janssen. Our mission drives us. Our patients inspire us. We collaborate with the world for the health of everyone in it. The Senior MSL follows all internal policies and functions as scientific and clinical expert on current and future Janssen Scientific Affairs Hematologic Malignancies products in the area relevant to internal and external customers. Builds external relationships with recognized community and academic opinion leaders to identify and address scientific needs and stay abreast of current scientific trends. Provides scientific exchange and clinical support to opinion leaders and community oncology stakeholders on the clinical application of the company's existing and future products, responds to their unsolicited requests for scientific information via 1:1 or group discussions, as needed discusses disease state concepts and in-depth medical topics aligned with medical affairs strategy. Collaborates with partners in Medical Affairs and Research & Development in support of oncology clinical trials, including site identification, assessment, education of investigators, conduct of recruitment events, and participation in investigator meetings. Also provides support to investigator's requests for investigator-initiated studies according to company guidelines. Provides scientific support and leadership to business and Medical Affairs partners, including training, education and other scientific projects. Collects and communicates clinical insights and intelligence on the market environment, clinical strategies, competition, and other developments relevant to the company's success. Represents and supports Janssen Scientific Affairs at scientific meetings including congresses, symposia, advisory boards, and investigator meetings. Interprets and reports findings with recommendations for action to relevant internal stakeholders. Consistently maintains a Territory Strategy Plan and shares insights/strategic planning details with Oncology MSL Leadership Consistently maintains a Territory Strategy Plan and shares insights/strategic planning details with Oncology MSL Leadership:
Demonstrates the ability to Build KOL Partnerships:
Demonstrates the ability to calculate the impact of actions or words and tailors approach:
Executes Research Initiatives:
Conduct scientific exchange with HCPs:
Consistently develops strong scientific acumen:
Continuously support Department Operations and Internal Partners:
#JNJONCMSL All currently posted Oncology MSL positions: http://bit.ly/2gVrO5T Primary Location: North America-United States-Louisiana-New Orleans Other Locations: North America-United States-Mississippi-Jackson, North America-United States-Alabama-Birmingham Organization: Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC (6120) Travel: Yes, 50 % of the Time Job Function: Medical Science Liaison Apply HerePI96419796


text:
Wilmoore Allstone
Mason Contractors, Stonemason, Stonemasonry
Stone Masonry is one of the oldest crafts still around today and many people are recognising the importance and impact that stone has on buildings throughout history. Stone houses have enduring and charming qualities about them with an aura of classic timelessness about them. Wilmoore Allstone can enhance the look and value of your property with stone walls and facades, leaving homes to be admired for years to come.
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Wilmoore Allstone also have done a range of commercial jobs, including the RACV Golf Links in Torquay.
Wilmoore Allstone Stone Furniture - Australian made, elegant, stunningly designed, handmade, resilient and affordable.
Wilmoore Allstone prides itself on perfection through the delivery of exceptional craftsmanship, creating quality long lasting buildings on time and within budget.
Stone houses have enduring and charming qualities about them with an aura of classic timelessness about them.Wilmoore Allstone can restore your building to its original stature or glory by ensuring their work blends perfectly with the existing stone.
Wilmoore Allstone will design an individual fireplace in order to crete that unique feature which will enhance the overall esthetic of the home.
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text:
Chaos recently had corrective surgery to fix a problem with his eyelashes turning in and scratching his eyes. He feels 100% better after having this surgery and is now searching for his forever home!
In the shelter environment, it's difficult to tell how Chaos feels about other dogs. He would probably do best in a home with no other dogs.
Please come by the Isle of Wight Animal Shelter to meet this bundle of sweetness!
Our Purpose
Our purpose is to provide responsible, effective, and quality animal care and control services that protect public and animal safety.
Our Philosophy
Our philosophy is to promote responsible pet ownership and provide care of all animals with a commitment to professionalism, integrity, and compassion.
Responsibilities and Services
The IOWSO Animal Services Division responds to calls regarding stray and injured animals. We also handle calls regarding livestock.
We operate a shelter where dogs, cats and other companion animals are available for adoption. The animal shelter is located at 13044 Poor House Road, just off Route 258 near the Courthouse Complex. Operating hours are Monday through Saturday from 10 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. and on Sunday from 1:00 pm to 4:00pm.
Dogs & Puppies are $90, Cats & Kittens are $75 and all other companion animals are $25 unless stated differently.
Those fees include:
• Spay/Neuter
• Vaccinations & deworming (including Rabies shot)
• and Heartworm testing for dogs
The cost for this medical care at local veterinary offices would easily exceed $200.00.
An application must be filled out and approved before adopting one of our pets.
Thank You!
Your message has been sent to Isle of Wight County Animal Shelter.
You'll receive a copy, too, at to help you keep track of which pets you've inquired about, and which shelters and rescues you've emailed.
NOTE: Some shelters have physical locations you can visit; some of these shelters may only have pets for a limited time, so please do not wait for a reply—just go visit the shelter! Other organizations are rescue groups run by busy volunteers who may take a while to reply. You can find information about the shelter or rescue group caring for this pet, and their adoption procedures, on the pet's details page on Adopt-a-Pet.com.


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homes richmond va
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Last updated on 29th Apr 2012
homes richmond va
David's homes richmond va Real Estate career spans three decades- from his principles training in the late 1980's through the slower markets of the 1990's- the boom markets of the early 2000's to the tough markets we see today.
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4 large bedrooms with walk-in closets
This beautiful and spacious home has an open floor plan with 9 foot ceilings and a large kitchen with lots of counter space and an island. It has 4 large bedrooms with walk-in closets. This exclusive home features NEW designer two-tone paint, NEW carpet, NEW 2 inch blinds, NEW kitchen countertops and NEW stainless steel appliances including fridge, glass-top stove, dishwasher and microwave.
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text: Secondary School English 5 points Previous question Next question Hello, I am new user, please tell me how to start this work ? 2 Ask for details Follow Report by Any 27.05.2014 Hello, Your work is help to other and solve the question which any other asking to you. Log in to add a comment


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24 Thanksgiving Dinner Recipes and Fall Craft Projects
Bonus: Get our newsletter & special offers for free. We will not share or sell your email address. View our Privacy Policy
Latest Comments
"The Hushabye Shell Afghan is a beautiful blanket that would be a great shower gift. The pattern is an easy shell stitch and the colts are great for a boy or girl. I am sure that it will keep baby nice and warm. It is made with a nice four ply yarn and should work up fast. This one to save for a later date."
"The wavy rainbow baby blanket is one of the cutest that I have seen. The colors are so bright that a baby will enjoy looking at it. The blanket could also be worked up in other colors that would be great for that special little one. this is not for a beginner, so if this is your first try at crocheting you may not want to try it. Looking forward to working on this."
"The Springtime Lace Afghan Pattern is so cute. It will make a great baby blanket for that special baby. This could be made in many different colors that will really be pretty. The pattern reads really easy and a beginner could do this.I am looking forward to to this project in the very near future."
"he Cape Cod Afghan is really a cute pattern. It would be a great one for beginners. The pattern only calls for two skeins of yarn. The pattern reads really easy. This could also be used as a baby blanket and would look great in one of those baby colors. This is one pattern that I will definitely save for a later project down the road."
Happy Thanksgiving Woodburned Plaque
By: Chris Wallace for Walnut Hollow
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The project was added to your Craft Projects.
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Decorate for Thanksgiving with this beautiful wood-burning project featuring a harvest wreath. A stamp helps creates the wreath which is then wood-burned and colored with oil pencils. You can use any Thanksgiving stamp you like for this project.
- Walnut Hollow® #24414 Creative Woodburner® Detailer
- Walnut Hollow® #3500 Basswood Country Planks, Small
- Walnut Hollow® #9912 Oil Colored Pencils, 12 Color Set
- PSX Rubber Stamp #K-1541
- PSX Rubber Stamp #G-1367 (or use rubber stamps of your choice)
- Ink Stamp Pad
- Other supplies: eraser, paper towel, pliers, Q-tip or blending stick, sandpaper, spray varnish, tape
- To prepare wood for stamping and woodburning, use sandpaper to lightly sand wood surface to a smooth finish.
- Use ink stamp pad to apply ink to rubber stamps. Press onto center of plaque and lift. Refer to picture for placement suggestions.
- Before using Creative Woodburner® Detailer, read directions and follow all safety precautions. Attach Mini-Flow Point to tool. Tighten with pliers. Use tape to secure stand to hard surface. Place tool on stand. Plug into electric outlet and let heat for 4-5 minutes. Practice on a scrap of wood before beginning project.
- Use Mini-Flow Point to burn all the lines of the stamped image. Do not press hard. Let the point glide over the wood. For darker woodburning, move slowly and woodburn the lines more than once. When woodburning is complete, unplug tool and let cool.
- Use eraser to remove any smudge marks.
- Use Oil Colored Pencils to add color to woodburned images. Use Q-tip or blending stick to blend colors.
- Apply 2-3 coats of spray varnish for a protective finish.
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Nov 04, 2009
This is absolutly georgious. I going to get every thing to do it. I'll let you know how it turns out. Thanks again JoAnn
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Last July, shortly after former Gov. Deval L. Patrick signed a bill purporting to create for Massachusetts a domestic workers' bill of rights, his press release announced that the new law would "extend basic work standards and labor protections to ...Read More »
Stricter sentences have kept public significantly safer
To the editor: I was interested in retired U.S. District Court Judge Nancy Gertner's March 23 piece, "DA Conley: 'skunk at the garden party.'" In it she dismissed Suffolk County District Attorney Daniel F. Conley's defense of the current regime ...Read More »
Mandatory minimums ignore the people behind the charges
To the editor: Suffolk County District Attorney Daniel F. Conley claims that those of us who call for the repeal of mandatory minimum sentences for drugs are perpetuating dangerous falsehoods ("Time for mandatory minimum myth-busting," March 30). It sounds like ...Read More »
Court rejects mayor's invocation of doctrine of present execution
The following post appears on The Litigators' Blog, hosted on the website of Krokidas & Bluestein. In the recent case Mooney v. Warren, No. 14-P-523 (March 5, 2015), the Appeals Court rejected an interlocutory appeal brought by Setti Warren, the ...Read More »
The killing of George Stinney Jr.
As the first jolts of electricity bolted through his slight body, the ill-fitting mask that had been placed over his small head shot off as if propelled by rocket fuel. A contorted face with tear-filled eyes and saliva slowly dripping ...Read More »
Keeping families together an issue of justice, not cost
To the editor: A recent editorial ("SJC guardianship case leaves unanswered questions," March 23) seems more concerned about potential costs of providing counsel to low-income parents at risk of losing access to their children than citing the importance of Guardianship ...Read More »
DA: time for mandatory minimum myth-busting
It was not surprising that former federal Judge Nancy Gertner picked up the mantle of her former colleagues ("DA Conley: 'Skunk at the garden party,'" March 23 Lawyers Weekly op-ed), but she and others who perpetuate so many falsehoods about ...Read More »
Is facilitative approach useful in mediating commercial disputes?
The following post is hosted on the website of Foley & Lardner. Mediators typically attempt to settle cases by applying one of two approaches: facilitation or evaluation. Commercial litigators may be surprised to learn that the vast majority of disputes ...Read More »
SJC ruling on PIP statute provides needed clarity
The Supreme Judicial Court has once again weighed in on the state's personal injury protection statute, this time addressing independent medical examinations, or IMEs, required of parties injured in auto accidents. In the recent case of Ortiz v. ExamWorks, the ...Read More »
DA Conley: 'skunk at the garden party'
Suffolk County District Attorney Daniel F. Conley referred to himself as the "skunk at the garden party" at the Second Annual Massachusetts Criminal Justice Reform Coalition Summit, when he called for the continuation of mandatory minimum drug sentences. The summit ...Read More »


text:
Recurso publicado por: Fátima Herrera
Creado en: 27/04/2012
Hello! !We´re 2 sisters, I´m Fátima 31 years old and Rocío 27 years old, we´d like to work in Europe,We are spanish and we are unnemployed, we´d like to improve our english and working,like volunteer o worker, we love childrends and animals, i have tourism degree and 10 years experience like administrative and i worked like waitress, my sister is administrative and chef assistant .
We want to work as soon as possible, we don´t have bilingual english but we learn quickly. We´d like to star in may, we need accommodation as well.
Thank you!!!


text:
Is Probikes Motorcycle Center incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
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Hotfrog Philippines provides information regarding Probikes Motorcycle Center in Bacoor Cavite. Probikes Motorcycle Center is located at 107-E Aguinaldo HI-Way Panapaan I, Bacoor City, Bacoor Cavite 4102 and provides Retail services. Contact them on (046) 417 8988.
Is Probikes Motorcycle Center in 107-E Aguinaldo HI-Way Panapaan I, Bacoor City, Bacoor Cavite 4102 your business? Claim your listing and attract more leads by adding more content, photos and other business details.
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Arjan Bajwa, who plays a grey character in a recently released film starring Vidya Balan, is all praise for the latter's humility, but it's his first co-star Priyanka Chopra, from Fashion (2008) that he seems to still be besotted with.
"It's phenomenal the way Priyanka has transformed into this diva. She has an amazing personality... even now, if we happen to be in the same party, she will call out from a distance," says the 34-year-old, adding, "Vidya is very down-to-earth and even Sonakshi Sinha is (co-star in Son of Sardaar; 2012) very chilled out, but Priyanka is definitely the hottest."
Arjan, who has worked in films down south, is now making his debut in Punjabi cinema this year, but it's certainly Priyanka that he wants to team up with, again. "I wish Madhur Bhandarkar casts me in his film along with Priyanka," he says.
Curious, we prod him if he actually had a crush on Priyanka when he romanced her in Bhandarkar's National Award-winning film. "Who wouldn't have a crush on Priyanka?" says Arjan.
Meanwhile, he is also getting a lot of appreciation for his bearded look in his latest release, produced by Dia Mirza. "I was in South Africa for an awards function with this beard when Dia spotted me and said that she exactly had that kind of a character sketch for this role in her mind," explains Arjan, who feels "underutilised" so far in the industry.


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Question about Epson CX8400 All-In-One InkJet Printer
Posted by candiss16 on
Remove and Install Cartridges
Be sure you have your replacement cartridges handy before you begin. You must install new cartridges immediately after removing the old ones.
Do not open ink cartridge packages until you are ready to install the ink. Cartridges are vacuum packed to maintain reliability. 1. Turn on the Epson Stylus CX8400 Series. If a cartridge is low or expended, you see a message on the Epson Stylus CX8400 Series LCD display screen. If a cartridge is expended, you must replace it to be able to print. If a cartridge is low, you can continue printing until the cartridge needs replacement. If you're replacing a cartridge before you see a message on the Epson Stylus CX8400 Series LCD display screen, press Setup, select Maintenance, and press OK. Then select Change Ink Cartridge and press OK. 2. Open the scanner. 3. Open the cartridge cover. 4. Squeeze the tab on the cartridge and lift the cartridge straight up to remove it. Dispose of it carefully. Do not take the used cartridge apart or try to refill it. Warning:
If ink gets on your hands, wash them thoroughly with soap and water. If ink gets into your eyes, flush them immediately with water. Keep ink cartridges out of the reach of children. 5. Before opening the new cartridge package, shake it four or five times. (Do not shake a cartridge after opening the package; ink may leak.) 6. Remove the cartridge from the package, but be careful not to touch the green chip on the cartridge. 7. Remove the yellow tape from the bottom of the cartridge. Caution:
Do not remove any other labels or seals, or ink will leak. 8. Insert the new cartridge into the holder and push it down until it clicks into place. 9. Once you replace all the necessary cartridges, close the cartridge cover and push it down until it clicks into place. 10. Close the scanner. 11. Press OK to begin charging the ink. This takes about 2 minutes. When you see a completion message on the LCD display screen, ink charging is finished. Caution:
Never turn off the Epson Stylus CX8400 Series while ink is charging or you'll waste ink.
If you see an ink replacement message on the LCD display screen, press OK and press down all the cartridges securely.
If you remove an ink cartridge for later use, protect the ink supply area from dirt and dust and store it in the same environment as the Epson Stylus CX8400 Series with the label facing upward. Note that there is a valve in the ink supply port, making covers or plugs unnecessary, but care is needed to prevent the ink from staining items that the cartridge touches. Do not touch the ink cartridge ink supply port or surrounding area, and do not store the cartridge upside down.
If you remove a low or expended ink cartridge, you cannot reinstall and use the cartridge.
Posted on Nov 10, 2008
SOURCE: I have freestanding Series 8 dishwasher. Lately during the filling cycle water hammer is occurring. How can this be resolved
a 6ya expert can help you resolve that issue over the phone in a minute or two.
best thing about this new service is that you are never placed on hold and get to talk to real repairmen in the US.
the service is completely free and covers almost anything you can think of (from cars to computers, handyman, and even drones).
click here to download the app (for users in the US for now) and get all the help you need.
Posted on Jan 02, 2017
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TOOGOO(R) Gorgeous Long Curly Clip-on Hair Extension Wigs - Dark Brown
Explore More Items Similar to Toogoo
Overview: Toogoo
You want to be the heartthrob of your friends group at all times. You were, in fact, one in the true sense and people use to go crazy looking at your demeanor and the way you walked. The finesse with which you carried yourself through the huge college crowd made a lot of people lose their breath in exasperation and to add to the flawless beauty that you have, you had hair which curled down to the knees and all the girls in and around your college were so jealous of that. In fact, they tried everything to have the kind of hair like you had but to no avail. After all you sacrificed and had made a lot of pains to have such kind of hair. But now that you have dust and pollution as your constant companion you really cannot help but to lose out on your hair.
Treatment, hair oil, shampoos, conditioners have not helped you at all and now you still want to carry the same flawlessness in you circle. So what do you do? You order a wig for yourself and carry the same finesse and style in your friend circle once again. Don't see this wig as something trivial because we believe in the quality of products. Sodial(R) Gorgeous Long Curly Clip-On Hair Extension Wigs - Dark Brown is one wig that you cannot miss out to have in your collection.
The wig is manufactured by toogoo which is the name synonymous with quality when it comes to wig and similar products in the category. The wig is silk made and can endure a temperature upto 180 degree and thus maintaining high quality standards for itself. An imitation scalp on the top of head makes it much more enticing thus providing it a longer life as compared to others. The approximate length of this wig is 55 cm which is a decent length to give you back the look of long hair and make you the cynosure of the group yet again. The color of the wig is dark brown, a color which is always in fashion and syncs with your functions and celebrations at all times.
This particular product has been created and brought out in the market conforming to the latest fashion trends and demands of the market. Fashion, as an industry is too fickle for comfort. Hence, adopting to the growing demands and the changing needs of the public is the only way forward. This is where this product hits all the right chords. Ergo, this can only enhance your fashion quotient by a significant measure, no two ways about it!
If you want to order this piece for your collection, log on to junglee.com and order it quickly. We would make sure that your delivery happens at the earliest and that your shopping experience with us is completely smooth and enticing.
junglee.com brings this product to you at a very exclusive rate. It would only be logical to act fast and act now! Make sure you read all the necessary details including the terms and conditions before bagging this product for good. Offers valid till stocks last! Happy Shopping!
|Manufacturer Part Number
|Black Friday 2014
|Item Package Quantity
- 5 star (61)
- 4 star (22)
- 3 star (18)
- 2 star (15)
- 1 star (44)


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This star rating is the opinion of the property owner only. A Self-Rated hotel has not been assessed by the AA or Visit Britain, whose official star ratings we use across LateRooms.com.
Casa Turquesa Boutique Hotel4 Self rated
Blvd. Kukulcan KM 13.5, Zona Hotelera, Cancun, 77500
Price FromView Rooms
This hotel doesn't have any reviews yet.
About the hotel
Welcome to Casa Turquesa - it's intimate, secluded and fashionable. Guests come to the luxurious boutque hotel to relax, rejuvenate and go unnoticed in the midst of the Mexican Caribbean playground of Cancun. Reminiscent of a Mediterranean mansion, Casa Turquesa rests on one of the areas's most pristine beaches and features only 29 Suites, providing an atmosphere of privacy and tranquility.
Hotel Casa Turquesa is the most artistic resort in Cancun. An impressive art collection sets the mood for the eclectic style of this boutique resort . . . . a combination of Riviera chic meets Caribbean comfort. All suites are this resort have been designed for both aesthetic and comfort, providng a chic design, beautiful views and all the special little touches to make you feel at home including bathrobes, mini-bar, wi-fi internet connection (surcharge applies), alarm clock radio with Ipod port and private Jacuzzi on the terrace. For families our luxury multi-room Suites are ideal with kitchen, living room and dining area and 2 or 3 bedrooms. Dining options include El Mirador, a restaurant by the pool overlooking the Caribbean Sea, Celebrity, our dinner only restaurant offering gourmet a la carte dining or Terraza Belle Vue offering open air dining for lunch and dinner under a palapa. 24 hour room service is also available. Facilities include an inifinty swimming pool with swim up pool bar, lighted tennis court and a Spa offering beauty treatments and massages. We can assist with special rates on golf at nearby courses. There is also an on-site Art Gallery. For those that want to explore Cancun and the surrounding area, our Concierge is available to assist with making arrangements for tours and water sports. The hotel accepts the following credit cards: American Express, Visa and Mastercard. Please note the property does not allow food or beverages purchased externally to be brought into the hotel.
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- Hotel Non-Smoking Throughout, Air conditioning in rooms, 24 Hour Reception, Cots available, Wedding Licence, Smoking allowed in public areas, Safety Deposit Box, Iron And Board In Each Room, Minibar in each room, Telephone In Each Room, 24 Hour Room Service, Concierge, Laundry/Valet Service, Wake Up Call Available, Interconnecting rooms available, Doctor on call, Porter, Ground floor bedrooms, Lift to all floors
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- Outdoor Pool, Massage, Beauty Salon/Manicure, Jacuzzi, Tennis Courts, [Channels] News, [Channels] Sky Sports, [Channels] Movies (Free), [Channels] Foreign (Other), [Channels] Music, [Channels] Childrens
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Displaying 51-75 of 1646 results
Beverages No Longer Equal Empty Calories
Shoring up the perceived beverage weak spot in the modern diet has been the objective of many processors and ingredient providers. As a result, much of what we see on the shelves has taken on a new look, feel and taste.
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With a 'Tastes great/Less filling' attitude, a changing trend in product packaging means dialing-down the portion size on form-fill-seal packages.
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April 2015 New Food and Beverage Rollout
This month's new product introductions offer a taste of what's to come for summer 2015. From cold new treats to spicy new eats, consumers will be springing into action.
Kellogg Frosted Mini-Wheats Now Feature Blueberry Muffin Flavor
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Displaying 51-75 of 1646 results


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Briefly, I'm here to show you this: The DoddPod. So named for the smirking, sun-soaked gentleman to my left, Senator (and possible future president) Christopher Dodd (D-CT). In an attempt to try to tap in to what I can only assume is the techno-savvy Gen-Y demographic (read: people like you and me), the DoddPod is relatively simple, and actually has nothing to do with an ipod. All you do is suggest a song to Chris Dodd's campaign with the form, and he'll put it up with your message. Each song will inevitably be vaguely positive and so blandly ubiquitous that it'd be impossible to have a strong opinion about any of the bands without being labeled a music snob, moron, or both. The DoddPod is an omen of how ridiculous the internet/youtube/myspace revolution is. Here's why: who the fuck cares? Honestly. Do you think anybody else is going to check this website frequently? This season it's like every politician is a fountain of shitty half-baked ideas on how to scoop up the youth vote. Suggestion, do what Obama did: pull some strings and get amazing Kenyan bands into the US.
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Ep. 1. Hannah is playing table tennis alone in the sun when along comes hunky gardener Olivier to water the plants, but his eyes are fixed on this hot girl, he stumbles and ends up watering her pants!. It's not long before he gets his way and plays with this horny girl's camel toe.
Ep. 1. This is porn like you've never seen it before. Extreme hardcore, to a thumping soundtrack, it will shake you to your very core. Welcome to Pornocore!.
Preach To The Perverted
Ep. 1. Fetish queen Liza del Sierra walks into her dungeon to be greeted by her caged masturbating gimps. She sucks on their cocks through the bars and this soon erupts into an anal scene which will have you begging for more.
Skinny Dipping
After a makeout session with her boyfriend Jason started to get hot and heavy, Lexi Dona thought that a little dip in the pool would be just the thing to cool them off. But little did she know that her sexy step-mum Samantha Jolie was already down there skinny dipping. Seeing her naked body dripping wet, Jason couldn't help trying to snap a few pictures, but eagle-eyed Samantha caught him red-handed. Turned on, step-mum Samantha decided to give Jason a blow job, and when Lexi walked in on the action, she couldn't wait to turn their taboo twosome into a thrilling three-way.
Student Search
Ep. 1. The hunt for cunt is on, and this time we've searched the length and breadth of the 'cuntry' to find some of the most cock-hungry students to grace the screen.
Hooked Up
Ep. 1. Gazzman takes you on a journey of pure unadulterated pleasure in Hooked Up. For over two hours, watch as these gorgeous and horny sluts meet for no-strings-attached, rampant hardcore sex in the beautiful city of Prague.
Easy Come
Ep. 1. Carter successfully robs a casino with the unexpected help of croupiers Prudence and Patience. Prudence immediately knows what she wants from Carter: money, sex, and a new life of crime. Patience is less convinced and leaves Prudence to fuck away any doubts Carter has at his seedy squat.
5 Filthy MILFs
Ep. 1. Marino is back and this time he has brought his friends and five of the filthiest MILFs Britain has to offer!.
Young Harlots: Italian Job
Ep. 1. Blonde cutie Lucy Heart gets a one-on-one lesson by Mr Scott. This shy little harlot soon takes her tutor's huge cock into her ass and pink pussy. What a grade-A student!.
Unseen Talent
Ep. 1. We all know gentlemen prefer blondes, so here come five fair-haired lovelies to strip and play with themselves for the very first time on camera.
Fetish Teens
Ep. 1. Barely legal, young, fresh and all dressed up and raring to fuck in tight rubber. How could any man resist the sexual charms of these fuck-crazy teens wanting their young tight holes to be stretched with a big fat cock?.
Devious Wives
Ep. 1. What do you think happens when you go to work? The wife tidies the house and does the shopping?. Nope, the only polishing she does is polishing the neighbour's cock! These devious wives need to be watched so watch!.
04:44 (07:00)
Hot Teen Spied On By Her Pool
When the city worker came around to issue Alex Mae a big fat fine, he got so distracted by her body in her tiny swimsuit that she talked him into ripping up the bill. Alex seduced the lucky guy into going upstairs to fuck her tight teen pussy.
Inga favoriter under valt datum
Läs våra artiklar om kvällens program
Artistduo leder Grammisgalan
Artister ska prisas och publiken och tv-tittarna ska underhållas dags för Grammisgalan 2017.
Grammis 17
Kanal 5,19:00
Kändisar letar fåglar på hög höjd
Kändisar jagar finalplats i "Det stora fågeläventyret".
Det stora fågeläventyret
Mest populära TV-avsnitten just nu
Battlestar Galactica
The event
Six feet under
Mest populära filmer just nu
Den nakna sporren
Nyckeln till frihet
Den gröna milen


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Minecraft allows you to play either single or multiplayer, and if you want to play a multiplayer game, then are two options for this. You can either connect to a multiplayer server by using the IP address or you can have other computers on your LAN or home connected to a network. Remember though that the player's version of the game should also be the same with the server version. If in case your version is different, you must switch your client to the appropriate version. You can do this by choosing a new profile from the game's launcher and then you choose the game version that matches the server's.
You need to select the host computer. Take note that it should be able to run Minecraft while acting as a host to others at the same time. The host can create or select a new world and must press the escape key once he is in that world. This world should be opened to LAN. Once set, you will get a notice that a LAN game has been started.
You can either connect to the server of another person or you can choose to download server.exe from the official Minecraft website. When connecting to other servers, you need to log in to the game and choose multiplayer and then type in the server name and address. You can search through a detailed list of Minecraft servers so you can pick one that you like. You can click done if you are finished and select that server from your server list to connect to it.


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Friday, February 17, 2012
in Focus
I'm a person who likes to focus intently. These ponderings made me realize that the lack of focus is what bothers me most. When new inspirations interrupt my planned or current projects I personally feel disrupted, unstable, unfulfilled. I want to be really present with and to enjoy my projects... not to rush through them or let them pile up.
I don't think anything drastic is in order, but some kind of adjustment would be wise. For now I'm going to try going "offline" for the weekends, in terms of not taking in new inspiration. I think a rhythm of giving myself creative space each weekend may be just the thing! Well, and continuing to manage the flow of inspiration on weekdays too.
So, guess what you all made me do? Start a new project. No, it's not a bad thing; it's GOOD. This is one of those projects that came (mostly, I guess) from inside me. It emerged from my scraps, those Essex linen triangle trimmings who insist on being used.
And why-ever not when they hold all sorts of potential! I'll not be working on this again real soon, but starting it claimed it as a reality for me. I won't let this one go.
I will enjoy it!
18 comments:
oh, I love that arrangement with the triangles, can't wait to see where this one goes. I bought an acrylic triangle template and have been trying to arrange them in a pleasing way, but have not come up with anything nearly as interesting!ReplyDeleteReplies
I think this arrangement might be like a lonestar or texas star? I don't know... it's a vague memory...Delete
Your quilt will be beautiful.ReplyDelete
Nice One! It looks great! Playing with triangles is heaps of fun. I love cutting up triangle scaps and playing with them for ages, now I am starting to put some together thanks to your tutorial. Have fun!ReplyDelete
lovely rachel! i love the colors. and i applaud you for signing off on the weekends. i end up doing the same most of the time. i will have internet free days during the week too, work days are too hard. And, i finally picked up the fons & porter flying geese ruler today. i had an extra 40% & 10% off coupon. it was perfect. i believe i will make a few this weekend! ;)ReplyDelete
I know the feelings you described. That's what often happens to me.ReplyDelete
The star by the way looks fantastic.
And concerning too much inspiration: I really wanted to focus on a few projects when I read about a new quilt along this morning... Oh well... So I might better get to my sewing machine as fast as possible, don't I?
Such a lovely combination of blues. I haven't tried triangles maybe l should give it a go. Enjoy you weekend creating.ReplyDelete
Ooh, that looks like a fun new project, and love all the blues. I have hundreds of wee HSTs to work out what to use, but I think I'll leave it till I'm feeling stronger lolReplyDelete
Love making this block! You can see mine on my blogpost here: http://www.cvquiltworks.blogspot.com/2012/02/what-did-i-do-over-3-days.htmlReplyDelete
Victoria and I drafted up a Paper Piecing foundation so that you can make this block with total and utter precision. You can download the PDF from her site!
Going offline for the weekend sounds like a great idea! I may have to consider that myself :)ReplyDelete
I can totally relate to your post and would be wise to apply some kind of change in my own browsing habit to reduce the sense of over-inspiration and distraction. Smart move.ReplyDelete
Oh wow, that is SO pretty!!!ReplyDelete
I also love the gist of the post, about taking the time off on the weekends. It's all about balance for me, and I'm trying to learn how to create and keep that balance. You've inspired me! :)
That is one beautiful block! I'm always amazed at how many amazing blocks triangles can make.ReplyDelete
Perfect fabric combo! Love it!ReplyDelete
I just finished cutting out some blocks that left me with lots of various sized triangles....thanks for the inspiration!ReplyDelete
Oooh, I love where this is going! Pretty blocks!ReplyDelete
p.s. Would you consider turning off your word verification please?Replies
Thanks, Claire! I know word verifcation is a pain, but there is a LOT of spam out there, so I can't reasonably turn it off. I'm sorry! And, I totally don't mind you asking.Delete
Unplugging on the weekend is a sane way to keep balance. :-)ReplyDelete


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Well, read the T-shirt. And its true. I havent.
bears boxing fighting french frenchmen gay known man never polar queer seen straight white
LOL Great shirt.
oi fuckhead how can there be french people oif there gay…o wait did u no know u need a penis and a vagina to have kids? stop loving hte backdoor
What is this so called vagina you speak of?
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33,329 likes
victoriabeckham#vbxmytheresa x vb
- donna_sydneyWow, that menu really looks like a meal you can sink your teeth into!! 🍺🍕🍰
- sophietashinaI thought you were married? :D Oo
- louisapateyIsn't it spelt 'celery'?
- atokadmutch@tjaynea7 my invite must of gone to my Australian address...
- martaghermandiCeLLery?!?!?!
- fmnuttall84Where's the main course?
- cupoftea3#starvjng
- cupoftea3Whoops #starving
- elle_1983Where's the steak
- pennyw1986Has anyone else spotted the spelling error for celery?! @victoriabeckham
- pennyw1986Lol just seen everyone's comments!
- linsaylalaThis would not feed a sparrow !
- emily.167Love you♥
- ______mari_kravtsova______Subscribe, mutual
- faniatmanti@victoriabeckham vegetarian menu? I loveee it
- silrafelli@PAUTADELUXO #love
- vikingsandra<3
- gigiandninidesignsShouldn't it be Mrs.?
- captainarrowsmithYou're definitely going to need a kebab on the way home after that menu.
- loreesotelor@moo_lival así será mi nombre en un futuro😍😍
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