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Comparisons of the nervous systems of closely related invertebrate species show that identified neurons tend to be highly conserved even though the behaviors in which they participate vary. All opisthobranch molluscs examined have a similar set of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons located medially in the cerebral ganglion. In a small number of species, these neurons have been physiologically and morphologically identified. In the nudibranch, Tritonia diomedea, three of the neurons (the dorsal swim interneurons, DSIs) have been shown to be members of the central pattern generator (CPG) underlying dorsal/ventral swimming. The DSIs act as intrinsic neuromodulators, altering cellular and synaptic properties within the swim CPG circuit. Putative homologues of the DSIs have been identified in a number of other opisthobranchs. In the notaspid, Pleurobranchaea californica, the apparent DSI homologues (As1–3) play a similar role in the escape swim and they also have widespread actions on other systems such as feeding and ciliary locomotion. In the gymnosomatid, Clione limacina, the presumed homologous neurons (Cr-SP) are not part of the swimming pattern generator, which is located in the pedal ganglia, but act as extrinsic modulators, responding to noxious stimuli and increasing the frequency of the swim motor program. Putative homologous neurons are also present in non-swimming species such as the anaspid, Aplysia californica, where at least one of the cerebral serotonergic neurons, CC3 (CB-1), evokes neuromodulatory actions in response to noxious stimuli. Thus, the CPG circuit in Tritonia appears to have evolved from the interconnections of neurons that are common to other opisthobranchs where they participate in arousal to noxious stimuli but are not rhythmically active.
Organisms do not have the luxury of designing new components to best meet their current needs. Rather, during the course of evolution, innovations were built upon previously accumulated adaptations in a particular lineage. Thus, present day function is a reflection of an organism's ancestral history. This is particularly true of the nervous system, which tends to be highly conserved in closely related species (Kavanau, 1990; Katz, 1991; Paul, 1991; Arbas et al., 1991; Katz and Harris-Warrick, 1999). Yet, closely related species can exhibit important differences in their behavior even without exhibiting obvious differences in the gross structure of their nervous systems. Our understanding of the kinds of changes in the nervous system that can underlie species-specific behavior is still very limited (Katz and Harris-Warrick, 1999). Opisthobranchs provide a model for examining how different behaviors may have evolved from a common neuronal substrate.
Although opisthobranchs display many similarities in the organization of their nervous systems that derive from their common ancestry, there are distinct differences in the external form and lifestyle of these creatures. All opisthobranchs have paired cerebral, buccal, pedal, and pleural ganglia (see Fig. 4). Furthermore, putative homologous neurons can be identified in a broad variety of different species (Dorsett, 1974; Dickinson, 1979; Pentreath et al., 1982; Bulloch and Ridgway, 1995). These homologies are based on neurotransmitter content, axonal and dendritic projection pattern, physiology, and function (Croll, 1987b; Schmitt, 1995). Despite their apparent common origin and similarities in nervous system organization, the opisthobranchs display a wide variety of body forms and locomotory behaviors (Fig. 1). Some opisthobranchs swim via whole body movements, which are either dorsal/ventral or lateral. Others swim by flapping or waving specialized parapodia. Still others are incapable of swimming (Morton, 1964; Farmer, 1970).
The neuronal basis for the swimming behavior in the nudibranch, Tritonia diomedea, has served as a model for understanding the organization of central pattern generator (CPG) circuits (Getting and Dekin, 1985b; Getting, 1989a). This animal swims to escape predators by repeatedly flexing its body dorsally and ventrally (Fig. 1). Identified neurons that comprise the CPG circuit for this rhythmic behavior are located in the cerebral portion of the fused cerebropleural ganglia (except for one cell type, VSI-B, which is located in the pleural portion). The apparent homologues of some of these neurons have been identified in other opisthobranch species. In particular, a set of serotonergic neurons, including neurons intrinsic to the Tritonia swim CPG, can be found in all opisthobranchs, regardless of whether that species is capable of swimming. In Tritonia, the serotonergic neurons fulfill an intrinsic neuromodulatory function (Katz and Frost, 1996; Katz, 1998), whereas in species that utilize other modes of swimming, the homologous neurons may be extrinsic modulators of the respective CPG circuits, but are not part of those CPGs. Comparisons of different opisthobranchs suggest that the presence of the neurons in the ancestral species predated their participation in a swim CPG circuit and that intrinsic neuromodulation may have arisen by co-opting an extrinsic neuromodulatory arousal system.
The neural basis for the swimming behavior has been well studied in Tritonia diomedea (Willows and Hoyle, 1969; Dorsett et al., 1973; Getting, 1989a). Swimming consists of a series of undirected dorsal/ventral whole body flexions (Willows et al., 1973). This rhythmic swimming behavior is produced in response to contact with a predator and results in thrashing movements that cause the animal to rise off the bottom and be carried away by currents. The CPG for this behavior is bilaterally symmetric with electrical coupling between the equivalent neurons in the left and right cerebral ganglia (Getting, 1981).
The motor pattern for Tritonia swimming (Fig. 2A) is generated as a result of the cellular properties of CPG neurons and their synaptic interconnections (Getting, 1989a, b). Sensory neurons, whose cells bodies are located in the pleural portion of the fused cerebropleural ganglion (Getting, 1976), synapse directly and indirectly on a command neuron, the dorsal ramp interneuron (DRI) (Frost and Katz, 1996; see also Frost et al., 2001). DRI monosynaptically excites a set of three neurons, the dorsal swim interneurons (DSI-A, B, and C) in each side of the bilaterally symmetric cerebropleural ganglion. The DSIs synapse onto two other CPG interneuron types: cerebral neuron 2 (C2) and the ventral swim interneurons (VSIs) (Getting et al., 1980; Getting, 1981; Getting and Dekin, 1985a).
The DSIs are immunoreactive for the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) (Fig. 3A) (Katz et al., 1994; McClellan et al., 1994). Physiological evidence strongly suggests that the DSIs release 5-HT and that it is used both as a classical neurotransmitter, evoking fast and slow synaptic actions, and as a neuromodulator, altering the cellular and synaptic properties of other neurons (Katz and Frost, 1995a; Katz, 1998; Fickbohm and Katz, 2000; Clemens and Katz, 2001). The neuromodulatory effects include an enhancement of synaptic strength and an increase in the excitability of CPG neuron C2 (Katz et al., 1994; Katz and Frost, 1995b, 1997). Thus, when the DSIs are active, such as during the production of a rhythmic swim motor pattern, they dynamically modulate the cellular and synaptic properties of another CPG neuron. The ability of a neuron within a circuit to evoke neuromodulatory actions on other members of the circuit has been termed "intrinsic neuromodulation" (Katz and Frost, 1996). This is in contrast to "extrinsic neuromodulation," in which neurons independent of a circuit evoke neuromodulatory actions upon cells in that circuit.
The intrinsic neuromodulatory actions of the DSIs appear to be necessary for the production of the swimming behavior in Tritonia: blocking the serotonergic receptors that mediate the neuromodulatory actions also prevents the production of the swim motor program (McClellan et al., 1994; Katz and Frost, 1995a). Moreover, the DSIs are the only cells in the CPG known to receive direct input from the command neuron, DRI (Frost and Katz, 1996), further suggesting a critical role in the initiation of the behavior. The command neuron can be bypassed by directly driving a DSI to fire action potentials. This is sufficient to initiate and maintain rhythmic activity in the CPG circuit (Fickbohm and Katz, 2000), illustrating that activation of these serotonergic neurons is also sufficient to initiate the swimming behavior.
The current hypothesis about how the swim is initiated and maintained is as follows. Sensory input excites the DSIs via DRI. The DSIs synaptically excite C2 while simultaneously increasing C2 excitability and synaptic strength. The enhanced synaptic strength allows C2 to recruit DRI polysynaptically. This sets up a positive-feedback loop (DRI to DSI to C2 and back to DRI). C2 also excites the VSIs, which provide negative feedback to DSI and C2, momentarily interrupting the positive feedback and initiating a ventral flexion. Thus, the rhythmic motor pattern arises from the properties of the network, including the neuromodulatory actions of the serotonergic DSIs.
The primary mode of locomotion for most members of the molluscan class Gastropoda, is crawling by muscular contractions of the foot or, in the case of Tritonia and other related species, gliding by means of cilia that line the foot. However, as with Tritonia, many other members of the subclass Opisthobranchia also exhibit swimming behavior (Morton, 1964; Farmer, 1970). Swimming appears to have evolved at least three times in this subclass because it involves at least three different means of propulsion (Fig. 1). Furthermore, the location of the CPG and the patterns of activity suggest that these different modes of swimming derive from independently evolved CPG circuits.
Within the order, nudibranchia, there is a variability in the propensity to swim and the mode of swimming. Many nudibranchs, such as the aeolid nudibranch Phestilla sibogae (R. P. Croll, personal communication), have not been observed to swim at all (Fig. 1). Even within the genus Tritonia, some species show more of a tendency to swim than others. For example, T. hombergi, produces less robust swims than T. diomedea (Willows and Dorsett, 1975) and T. festiva has not been observed to swim much at all (A. O. D. Willows, personal communication).
Some nudibranch species, such as Melibe leonina, swim with lateral bending movements of the body rather than dorsal/ventral flexions (Fig. 1) (Farmer, 1970). Melibe swims even more readily than Tritonia diomedea, doing so whenever disturbed and not just in response to a predator. Although this swimming behavior is superficially similar to swimming in Tritonia because it involves whole body flexions, a fundamental difference is that the muscles on the left and right sides are alternately activated. These lateral flexions are generated by alternation of activity in the left and right sides of the central nervous system (see Watson et al., 2001), in contrast to the bilaterally synchronous swim motor pattern in Tritonia. The CPG circuit seems to have components that are located in the fused cerebropleural ganglia and the pedal ganglia (Watson et al., 2001). These neurons do not appear to be homologous to the swim interneurons in the Tritonia swim CPG (W. H. Watson III, personal communication). Unlike in Tritonia, where the CPG members on the left and right sides are synchronized, in Melibe, the CPG neurons in the left and right ganglia mutually inhibit one another and are active in alternation.
The notaspid, Pleurobranchaea californica, has a dorsal/ventral swimming behavior that resembles that of Tritonia (Davis and Mpitsos, 1971; Jing and Gillette, 1995) (Fig. 1). Furthermore, the underlying neuronal circuit has many similarities. Many neurons in the CPG circuit seem to be homologous to those in Tritonia, based on location, synaptic connectivity, activity pattern during a swim motor program (Fig. 2B), and, for the presumed DSI homologues, neurotransmitter content (Fig. 3C) and axon projections (Fig. 4B) (Jing and Gillette, 1995, 1999). As in Tritonia, identified neurons located in the cerebral ganglia are electrically coupled to their contralateral homologues (Jing and Gillette, 1999), yielding a bilaterally symmetrical swim. Given the phylogenetic relationship of pleurobranchids to ancestral nudibranchs, Jing and Gillette (Jing and Gillette, 1995) hypothesized that the swimming behavior in Tritonia is derived from that of a pleurobranchid ancestor. However, it should be noted that as with Nudibranchia, there are members of Notaspidea that do not swim and others with different modes of swimming locomotion, such as parapodial waves (not shown) (Farmer, 1970). Thus, as will be discussed below, it is possible that swimming in these two groups may have evolved in parallel from a similar ancestral state where the serotonergic neurons provided neuromodulatory input to other circuits.
The pteropod, Clione limacina (Order: Gymnosomata) differs from the nudibranchs and notaspids discussed so far in that it swims continuously using paired parapodial appendages that resemble wings (Fig. 1) (Arshavsky et al., 1993, 1998). Swimming movements are used to pursue prey and escape from predators (Arshavsky et al., 1986, 1993). The CPG circuit for this motor pattern is localized to the pedal ganglia rather than the cerebral ganglia (Arshavsky et al., 1998). Furthermore, the swimming motor pattern has a period of less than one second, much faster than that seen in Tritonia or Pleurobranchaea (Fig. 2C). Thus, this behavior is not homologous, or even analogous, to swimming in Tritonia and Pleurobranchaea.
The order Gymnosomata is thought to have arisen from an ancestor in the order Anaspidea (Bulloch and Ridgway, 1995). Among the Anaspidea, numerous species of the genus Aplysia, such as A. brasiliana, are capable of swimming by undulating their parapodia (Fig. 1) (Johnson and Willows, 1999; Medina and Walsh, 2000). Although the commands for initiating swimming seem to arise from the cerebral ganglia (Gamkrelidze et al., 1995), the motor pattern is most likely generated in the pedal ganglia (Parsons and Pinsker, 1988) as is true in Clione. The similarities in action and gross anatomical origin suggest that swimming in Clione is directly descended from swimming in an Anaspid ancestor and therefore the behaviors may be homologous.
Other members of the Aplysia genus, such as A. californica, are incapable of producing the swimming behavior (Fig. 1) although their nervous systems appear outwardly identical (Johnson and Willows, 1999; Medina and Walsh, 2000). It is thought that swimming in this group may have originated as pumping movements involved in respiration (Johnson and Willows, 1999).
Thus, the opisthobranchs exhibit a great diversity of swimming behaviors (Fig. 1). Behaviors that resemble one another in form, such as the dorsal/ventral swimming of Tritonia and Pleurobranchaea, are generated by similar neuronal circuits, involving homologous neurons. However, behaviors that are outwardly different, such as the lateral bending of Melibe or the parapodial flapping and undulations of Clione and Aplysia brasiliana differ in their neuronal substrate.
Despite the fact that the neuronal circuits underlying different forms of swimming are distinct in their neuronal composition, neurons that appear to be homologous to the Tritonia swim interneurons can be identified in other species, based on neurotransmitter content, location, and axonal branching pattern. The neuron C2, a prominent white peptidergic neuron located in the cerebral ganglion of Tritonia (Getting, 1977; Taghert and Willows, 1978; Snow, 1982) appears to be homologous to A1 in Pleurobranchaea, and has a similar pattern of activity during the swim motor program (Jing and Gillette, 1995, 1999) (Fig. 2A, B). In Melibe, a putative C2 homologue is present in the cerebral ganglia, but it is not active during the production of the lateral swimming motor pattern (W. H. Watson III, personal communication).
Apparent homologues of Tritonia swim interneurons may even be present in non-swimming species. Although the peptide content of C2 is not known, it displays immunoreactivity to some FMRFamide and SCPB antisera. Antibody staining reveals a peptidergic neuron, similar in location to the C2 neuron, in a non-swimming species (Aeolidia) (Longley and Longley, 1987). Thus, certain neurons may be more highly conserved than the behaviors they serve.
If homologues of swim interneurons are present in species that do not use them for swimming, what is their function? An answer to this question is suggested by the serotonergic neurons that are physiologically and morphologically similar to the DSIs and found in a variety of species (Figs. 3, 4). In the cases presented here, we now know something about the function of these neurons.
The DSIs of Tritonia are located midway between the anterior and posterior edges of the fused cerebropleural ganglion, near the central commissure (Figs. 3A, 4A). Their axons project through the commissure to the contralateral cerebropleural ganglion and the contralateral pedal ganglion (Fig. 4A) (Getting et al., 1980). Action potentials of the DSIs can be recorded from the pedal-pedal connective, suggesting that the DSIs innervate both pedal ganglia. In addition to the three DSIs, there are two other unidentified serotonin-immunoreactive neurons located more medially in the same region (Fig. 3A).
The same organization of five serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the cerebropleural ganglion has been observed in other nudibranchs, including the non-swimmer Phestilla sibogae (Croll et al., 2001) (Fig. 3B) and the lateral flexion-swimmer Melibe leonina (W. H. Watson III, personal communication). Hermissenda crassicornis, which has been reported to swim (T. Crow, personal communication), also has 5 serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in this position (Land and Crow, 1985; Croll, 1987a; Auerbach et al., 1989). Thus, the presence of potential DSI homologues is common for all nudibranch species that have been examined.
Apparent homologues of the DSIs can be recognized in notaspid, Pleurobranchaea, along with the two more medial serotonergic neurons (Fig. 3C) (Sudlow et al., 1998). In that species, the lateral cells, named As1–3, have the same projection pattern as the DSIs and appear to be DSI homologues (Fig. 4B, Left). The most posterior and medial of the five serotonergic neurons has been named As4 (Jing and Gillette, 1999). Although its axonal projection pattern differs from As1–3 (Fig. 4B, Right) it is also a member of the swim CPG. It will be interesting to determine whether the homologue of this cell in Tritonia has a similar function. The fifth serotonergic neuron (As-rh) (Fig. 3C) projects to the rhinophores and is not involved in swimming (Jing and Gillette, 1999).
In addition to their location and transmitter content, the As1–3 neurons resemble the DSIs in a number of other ways. Their synaptic actions on post-synaptic targets in the swim circuit are remarkably similar to those of the DSIs and their pattern of activity during and after the swim motor program resembles that of the DSIs (Fig. 2B) (Jing and Gillette, 1999). Furthermore, As1–4 excite other serotonergic neurons, including the giant cerebral neuron that enhances feeding (Jing and Gillette, 2000). We have seen a similar synaptic connection of the DSIs to C1 in Tritonia (unpublished observation). As1–4 also excite serotonergic neurons in the pedal ganglia that enhance ciliary locomotion (Jing and Gillette, 2000), as do the DSIs in Tritonia (Popescu and Frost, 2000). Since the As1–4 neurons are activated by noxious stimuli, and project to many types of neurons involved in the generation of feeding and locomotion behaviors, they seem to serve as a general arousal system (Jing and Gillette, 2000). The situation is likely similar in Tritonia: stimulation of swimming in intact animals, which activates the DSIs for a prolonged period of time, is followed by a period of increased creeping locomotion and feeding (unpublished observations).
Putative homologues of the DSIs also can be recognized in the Gymnosomatid, Clione, despite gross differences in the organization of the nervous system. There are two groups of medial serotonergic neurons on the dorsal side of the Clione cerebral ganglia (Fig. 3D). The cerebral serotonergic anterior group (Cr-SA, also known as CPB2 [Arshavsky et al., 1998]) does not appear to be homologous to the DSIs because neurons in that group project ipsilaterally to the pedal ganglia instead of contralaterally (Fig. 4C, Right) (Satterlie and Norekian, 1995). However the cerebral serotonergic posterior cells (Cr-SP, also known as CPB1 [Arshavsky et al., 1998]), a cluster of 3 or 4 neurons on the dorsal surface near the cerebral commissure, have axonal projections that more closely resemble those of the DSIs (Fig. 4C, Left). The Cr-SP neurons have branches in both cerebral hemiganglia, project contralaterally to the pedal ganglion, and continue through the pedal-pedal connective to the pedal ganglion ipsilateral to the cell body (Satterlie and Norekian, 1995). An additional serotonergic neuron (Cr-SV) is located on the ventral surface and projects bilaterally to both pedal ganglia (Fig. 4C, Center) (Norekian and Satterlie, 1996) Cr-SV in Clione may be homologous to As4 in Pleurobranchaea, although As4 does not project bilaterally.
Unlike the DSIs of Tritonia and As1–4 of Pleurobranchaea, none of the cerebral serotonergic neurons of Clione are active in phase with the swim motor pattern (Fig. 2C) (Satterlie and Norekian, 1995; Norekian and Satterlie, 1996; Arshavsky et al., 1998). Instead, these neurons appear to act as extrinsic modulators of the swim motor program in Clione. Increased spiking in any one of these neurons accelerates the swim rhythm (Arshavsky et al., 1992; Satterlie and Norekian, 1995, 1996; Norekian and Satterlie, 1996). As with the As1–4 neurons in Pleurobranchaea, the serotonergic cerebral cells in Clione also have widespread effects on the activity of other neurons (Satterlie and Norekian, 1995, 1996; Norekian and Satterlie, 1996). These serotonergic neurons are activated by touch of the tail (Arshavsky et al., 1992) and may serve as a general arousal system that accelerates swimming.
Aplysia also has serotonergic neurons in the same general position as the DSIs and associated cerebral serotonergic neurons of Tritonia (Fig. 3E). Serotonergic neurons are located in this area of the cerebral ganglion in a non-swimming species, Aplysia californica (Goldstein et al., 1984; Longley and Longley, 1986; Jahan-Parwar et al., 1987; Hawkins, 1989; Kemenes et al., 1989; Wright et al., 1995; Marois and Carew, 1997) and a swimming species, Aplysia brasiliana (McPherson and Blankenship, 1991). The most posterior of the five serotonergic neurons, CC3 (formerly called CB-1), has been physiologically and morphologically identified in Aplysia (Hawkins, 1989; Wright et al., 1995; Xin et al., 2001). The projection pattern of CC3 (CB-1), determined in both Aplysia brasiliana (McPherson and Blankenship, 1991) and Aplysia californica (Wright et al., 1995) (Fig. 4D) is very similar to that of Cr-SV in Clione (Fig. 4C, Center), suggesting that these neurons may be homologues.
The actions of CC3 on swimming in Aplysia brasiliana are unknown. However, CC3 is not likely to be an intrinsic component of the pattern generator for swimming because it is in the cerebral ganglion whereas the CPG has been localized to the pedal ganglia (Parsons and Pinsker, 1988). As with the serotonergic cerebral cells in the other species, CC3 has widespread actions and appears to act as an arousal neuron in the non-swimming Aplysia californica. CC3 excites the giant metacerebral cell (the homologue of C1 in Tritonia) and the heart excitor cell in the abdominal ganglion (Xin et al., 2001). It has neuromodulatory effects on neurons involved in the gill and siphon withdrawal response that may help mediate behavioral sensitization of this reflex response. The modulatory actions include presynaptic facilitation of sensory neuron synapses and enhancement of cellular excitability (Mackey et al., 1989), two effects that are very similar to the actions of the DSIs in Tritonia (Katz, 1998). In addition, CC3 fires tonically, at a high rate, for many minutes in response to tail shock (Mackey et al., 1989) (Fig. 2D). A similar long lasting tonic activation occurs in the DSIs of Tritonia following a swim response or if the stimulus falls below the threshold for initiating a rhythmic swim response (Fig. 2E). Oscillatory activity has not been reported for CC3 in Aplysia.
Preliminary evidence suggests that at least two of the other serotonergic neurons in this cluster are homologous to the DSIs (McPherson and Katz, 2001). These neurons project to the pedal ganglion through the cerebral-pedal commissure and have synaptic actions that resemble the DSI-B,C in Tritonia and As2/3 in Pleurobranchaea. These neurons also resemble previously described "command neurons" for swimming in Aplysia brasiliana (Gamkrelidze et al., 1995). Thus, the putative homologues of the DSIs in Aplysia may be involved in activating locomotion.
The neuronal circuit underlying the swimming response of Tritonia is a model system for studying rhythmic motor pattern generation. Understanding its evolutionary history can help explain its design and perhaps clarify observations that have been made regarding its operation.
Swimming is not unique to Tritonia. Indeed, it appears to have evolved multiple times during the evolution of opisthobranchs. The diversity of mechanisms underlying swimming and the different neurons involved in production of the swim attest to the independent origin of this behavior in the various lineages. Even within a lineage, there is variability in the expression of the behavior (Fig. 1). Thus, although most nudibranch species do not swim, some such as Melibe, swim via lateral body flexions, whereas members of the genus Tritonia swim dorsal-ventrally. Even within a genus, there may be differences in the ability to swim as is seen in Aplysia.
Despite the behavioral variability, the underlying neurons, in particular the putative homologues of the DSIs and C2 seem to be highly conserved. Conservation of neuronal structure seems to be a general rule in the evolution of behavior (Katz, 1991; Katz and Harris-Warrick, 1999). Since putative DSI homologues have been found in all opisthobranchs examined (over 9 different species), regardless of whether they exhibit a swimming behavior, it is likely that they represent a primitive characteristic of opisthobranchs. This viewpoint is supported by an outgroup comparison; gastropod molluscs outside the opisthobranchs, such as the prosthobranch, Littorina littorea (the periwinkle) (Croll and Lo, 1986) and the pulmonate snails, Lymnaea stagnalis (Croll and Chiasson, 1989) and Helisoma trivolvis (Diefenbach et al., 1998), also have serotonergic neurons in this position, although the number of cells varies.
Given that components of the swimming circuit in Tritonia appear to have been present in the common ancestors of all opisthobranchs, it is likely that the swim circuit arose from a previously existing network of neurons that was not involved with swimming. A likely scenario is that escape swimming in Tritonia arose out of the interconnections of neurons involved in responses to noxious stimuli. A common trait of the cerebral serotonergic neurons in the different opisthobranchs is that they respond strongly to noxious sensory stimuli and that they activate a variety of different motor systems. Even in Pleurobranchaea, where the putative DSI homologues, As1–3, are part of the swim pattern generator, they nonetheless have widespread actions on the feeding system and on the ciliary locomotion of the foot, consistent with their probable origin as an arousal system (Jing and Gillette, 2000).
The evolution of the Tritonia swim circuit from a general arousal circuit can help explain certain peculiar aspects of its operation. For example, in Clione, where the serotonergic neurons are extrinsic to the swim CPG circuit, treatment with the serotonin precursor, 5-HTP, enhances the swim program in the same fashion as serotonin application (Sakharov, 1990). However, in Tritonia, where the DSIs are components of the CPG circuit (Getting et al., 1980; Getting, 1981), 5-HTP treatment enhances the potency of the DSIs at evoking serotonergic actions, but does not produce a more vigorous swim pattern. Instead, the rhythmic oscillations become disabled (Fickbohm and Katz, 2000). A conclusion that can be drawn based on the function of serotonin in the two systems is that enhancing the output of serotonergic neurons extrinsic to a circuit may be less deleterious than altering the synaptic balance within a network oscillator by changing the serotonin levels of intrinsic components.
Understanding the evolution of the swim circuit and its components in Tritonia is also important for making generalizations about how similar circuits function in other species. For example, the many similarities between the swim circuit in Pleurobranchaea and that in Tritonia led to the conclusion that the mechanisms for producing oscillations are similar (Jing and Gillette, 1999). However, given the paucity of other pleurobranchids and nudibranchs that swim, it seems possible that the common ancestor of Pleurobranchaea and Tritonia did not swim. This may explain why there are neurons involved in the generation of the swim motor program in one species that have not been found in the other. If the two circuits evolved in parallel from a common substrate, they might utilize different subsets of neurons from pre-existing arousal networks to form an oscillator. For example, As4 plays a role similar to that of As1–3 (the putative DSI homologues). Although immunohistochemical staining for serotonin shows that the apparent homologue of As4 is present in Tritonia (see Fig. 3A), it has not been physiologically identified as a member of the swim circuit despite more than 20 years of recording from this region of the ganglion. It should be noted that the three DSIs were physiologically identified prior to the discovery that they are serotonin-immunoreactive (Getting, 1977; Katz et al., 1994; McClellan et al., 1994). Therefore, if there were a fourth DSI-like neuron associated with the swim, it probably would have been identified already. This suggests that the As4 homologue in Tritonia may not be a swim interneuron.
Opisthobranch swimming provides a lesson about how novel behaviors evolve. Selection pressure for a behavior must act on the existing circuitry. Simple changes in cellular properties or the distribution of receptors can result in large changes in the output of a circuit (Katz and Harris-Warrick, 1999). Neuronal circuits are often multifunctional, performing different behaviors at different times (Getting and Dekin, 1985b). Given the complexity of neuronal circuits, natural selection may act by restricting existing circuit multifunctionality or building upon it, rather than designing entirely new circuits to produce new behaviors. Thus, circuits underlying one behavior may have been co-opted from a different behavior or set of behaviors.
From the Symposium Swimming in Opisthobranch Mollusks: Contributions to Control of Motor Behavior presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, 4–8 January 2000, at Atlanta, Georgia.
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We would like to thank the participants of the symposium on Opisthobranch swimming for their useful discussions in formulating the ideas underlying this paper. We especially thank Yuri Arshavsky who first suggested to us that the Tritonia swim circuit might have arisen from a command network. We thank Win Watson for kindly providing the drawing of Melibe, Michael Hadfield for the image of Phestilla, and Roger Croll for the photomicrograph of Phestilla serotonin immunoreactivity. We thank Jiang Jing for comments on the manuscript and Vincent Rehder, Rhanor Gillette, and two anonymous reviewers for helpful suggestions. Our research is supported by a grant from the NIH, a Research Program Enhancement grant from GSU, and the Center for Behavioral Neuroscience. The symposium was supported by National Science Foundation grant, BN 990 5990.


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Taehyun Ryu dba Yamaki Food Service - Nanaimo $13 - $14 par heure
Now employing Full-time Cook Position !!! Yamaki Food Service is Japanese traditional restaurant and we are now hiring for full-time cook position. Work Location: 1650 Terminal Ave, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5E2, Canada Job Title: 1 F/T Cook Working Condition : - Salary:...
il y a 18 jours
MCDONALD'S RESTAURANTS OF CANADA - Nanaimo, British Columbia - Nanaimo
#McDonalds We offer more than just a paycheque to our valued employees. Joining as a McDonald's COOK means: ~Working in a fast paced and social environment that delivers a world class guest experience. ~Being fast on your feet to help our customers get what they want. ~...
il y a 9 jours
Seto Sushi Foods Inc. DBA Seto Sushi - Nanaimo $15 - $17 par heure
Cook Seto Sushi Food Inc. DBA Seto Sushi in Nanaimo, BC seeks a full-time Cook. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Compensation; $15.00 - $17.00/hr Hours; 40 hours / week (Shifted schedule) Able to work on weekends and holidays according to the work schedule (Good Asset) 14 days...
il y a 14 jours
Boston Pizza Nanaimo - Nanaimo
Boston Pizza Nanaimo is looking for an energetic, hard-working and self-motivated cooks to join our team. We provide all the training. We believe that a happy team makes awesome food, so having a great attitude is extremely important. This is a high-paced, busy kitchen where...
il y a 22 heures
Retirement Concepts - Nanaimo
...procedures. Makes menu adjustments and orders food and supplies as required. REPONSIBILITIES: Includes but not limited to; 1. Cooks, bakes and seasons assigned food items such as soups, sauces, salads, starches, meats, fish poultry, vegetables and desserts. Uses cooking...
il y a 14 jours
Sushi Wara - Nanaimo $14 - $18 par heure
1068769 BC LTD dba Sushi Wara is seeking F/T Japanese food cooks Position: Cook Terms of employment: Full-time, Permanent Wage: $14.00-$18.00/hour (depending on Experience) Working Hour: 30 hours/week Benefits: • 10 days paid vacation per year or 4% of vacation...
il y a 25 jours
Peter & Margaret Enterprises Ltd. dba Byron's Food Market - Chemainus $14 par heure
Peter & Margaret Enterprises Ltd. dba Byron's Food Market, at 10858 Chemainus Rd., Ladysmith, BC, is looking for a cook with more than 3 years of commercial cooking experience. It will also be a great asset to have management experience, culinary arts training from an accredited...
Il y a un mois
PAYLESS BUILDING MAINTENANCE LTD. dba GATEWAY TO INDIA - Nanaimo $15 par heure
...the royalty of dinning and its richness providing exotic and extraordinary taste and flavours of India. We are looking for a full time cook with two to three years of experience of working with Indian cuisine and curries. Job Title: Cook No. of Positions: 2 Language: Basic...
Il y a 2 mois
LHJH Holdings Ltd dba Umai Sushi - Nanaimo $15 - $16 par heure
Umai Sushi in Nanaimo is looking for cooks Job Description: Job Title: Cook Employer: LHJH Holdings Ltd. dba Umai Sushi Work Location: #303 4575 Uplands Dr., Nanaimo B.C. V9T 6M8 Business Address: Same as Work Location Terms of employment: Permanent, Full-time (part time available...
Il y a un mois
...is inherent in all aspects of this position. Qualifications A. Education, Training and Experience ~Grade 12 ~Certification as a Cook - Industry Training and Apprenticeship Commission. ~Food Safe 1 & Food Safe 2. ~Certification in CPR, First Aid. ~Certification in Non...
Il y a 2 mois
Rickys All Day Grill - Nanaimo
JOB DESCRIPTION: • Cook complete meals for breakfast, lunch and dinner. • Prepare meals according to a set menu and monitor the portions. • Work with minimal supervision. • Prepare meals for customers with food allergies. • Supervise and train kitchen helpers and prepare...
il y a 25 jours
Roy & Jeremy Holdings Ltd. DBA Nana Sushi Restaurant - Nanaimo $14 - $19 par heure
Cook Roy & Jeremy Holdings Ltd. dba Nana Sushi Restaurant in Nanaimo, BC is looking for experienced Cooks. Email Address; email@example.com Business Location; 14 Victoria Crescent, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5B8 Reward; $14.00-$19.00/hr (wage to be determined depend on experience...
Il y a un mois
Nori Japanese Restaurant - Nanaimo $22,60 par heure
Hiring two Cooks (Japanese Restaurant, Full-Time) Nori Sushi Japanese Restaurant, 6750 N Island Hyw., Nanaimo, is looking for two cooks Salary: $22.60/Hourly Job Type: Full-Time, 40hrs/wk, Permanent Position Available: 2 Benefit: 10 days paid vacation or 4% gross of salary...
Il y a un mois
1073905 BC Ltd. dba Sushi Wara - Ladysmith $16 par heure
1073905 BC Ltd. dba Sushi Wara, at 370 Trans-Canada Hwy, Ladysmith, BC, is looking for two cooks with at least 3 years of commercial cooking experience. Experience cooking Japanese food is a great asset but not required, and moderate physical strength will be needed for lifting...
Il y a 2 mois
3SEAS SUSHI LTD. - Chemainus $13,50 - $15,50 par heure
Sushi Kuni is a Japanese restaurant located in Chemainus, BC. We are hiring a Cook. Positions available: 1 Job requirements: • Completion of secondary school • Completion of cooking program or some experience in commercial cooking required • Ability to communication in English...
Il y a 2 mois
Manvirro's Indian Grill - Nanaimo $17,50 par heure
Cook ( Indian Food ) Manvirro's Indian Grill Salary: $17.50/Hourly Job Type: Full-Time, Permanent Language: English Start Date of Employment (Approx.): As soon as possible Minimum Education: High School Positions Available: 1 NOC Group: Cooks (6242) NOC Job Title: Cook...
Il y a un mois
Food KOMA - The Global Grill - Nanaimo
Line Cook & Kitchen Staff - Full & Part-Time We provide you with the skills to succeed, broaden you food horizons and have fun in an engaging social upbeat environment. If you have a strong work ethic, willing to learn and a passion for food, this job is for you. Responsibilities...
Il y a un mois
CA FELICE dba Felice Cafe - Nanaimo $16 - $40 par heure
CA FELICE dba Felice Cafe, at A-4176 Departure Bay Road, Nanaimo, BC, is looking fora cookwithmore than 3 years of commercial cooking experience or the equivalent. Culinary arts training at an accredited institution, baking experience, and experience cooking Korean food and...
Il y a un mois
Dami Sushi Japanese Restaurant - Nanaimo $13,50 - $17,50 par heure
Dami Sushi Japanese Restaurant is seeking F/T Japanese food cooks Position: Cook Terms of employment: Full-time, Permanent Wage: $13.50-$17.50/hour (depending on Experience) Benefits: • 10 days paid vacation per year or 4% of vacation pay Job Duties: • Preparing...
Il y a un mois
Pizza Mia - Nanaimo
We are looking for dedicated staff with some pizza restaurant experience, to work for our company. We have two locations, one at south gate mall and one on departure bay road near Wellington school. Please email your resume to us or drop it off at either Pizza Mia locations.
il y a 2 jours
Freelance – travail sans contrat à long-terme avec un employeur, emploi en intérim, travail à domicile
Afficher les offres freelance


text:
Senate takes a break, back in three weeks
- Written by Bernadette E. Tamayo
- Published in Top Stories
- Read: 253
THE Senate yesterday adjourned its session to go on a three-week break.
The upper chamber managed to release six committee reports for deliberation when the Senate resumes sessions on November 7 which include the passage of the Freedom of Information (FOI) bill and the need to wiretap suspected drug traffickers.
Senate President Aquilino "Koko" Pimentel III and House Speaker Pantaleon Alvarez have agreed that Congress will also prioritize the passage of the P3.35 trillion proposed 2017 national budget.
"We will exert our best efforts to timely conduct our hearings and ensure the early passage of this most important piece of legislation," said Pimentel.
SSS pension
Meanwhile, Sen. Cynthia Villar has lauded approval, at the committee level, of the proposed measure granting a P2,000 across-the-board increase in the Social Security System (SSS) pension of retired SSS members.
"It is our early Christmas gift to the 1.9 million SSS pensioners. We expect no opposition to this bill at the Senate as well as from our counterparts at the House of Representatives," she said.
Villar also lauded the Senate Committee on Government Corporations and Public Enterprises chaired by Sen. Richard Gordon for prioritizing the passage of this bill.
"During this afternoon's hearing, I urged George Ongkeko, Jr., the Senior Vice President and Chief Actuary of SSS, to improve their collection efficiency or ask for government subsidy in order to improve the benefits provided to SSS members," she said.
"I expect the passage into law of this measure before the year ends. We all agree that the cost of living faced by pensioners has enormously grown and this increase is necessary in order to provide for the well-being of the country's retirees," she added.
The Senate will also work on its pending priority legislation such as the proposed bill on emergency powers for the traffic crisis, the bill on ending "endo" or labor contractualization, the SIM Card Registration Act, Amendments to the Bank Secrecy Law, and the bill on adjusting the indexation of income tax rates, among others.
The upper chamber earlier approved on final reading Senate Bill No. 1112 which seeks to move the barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections from October 2016 to October 2017.
Meanwhile, the Senate on Monday formally kicked-off its celebration of the Senate Centennial Anniversary which is part of a series of activities to commemorate its establishment on October 16, 1916 during the American period.


text: I hope this hasn't been beaten to death already, but I want everybody's opinion on when they believe faith begins. Is it before or after salvation. I pray that this doesn't turn into a C/A debate, so please be civil with your responses. Please give scriptures to support your "beliefs". May God bless you all!! Willis Fletcher, Jr.


text:
Reviewed By Gary F (Rochester, NY) Reviewed for a 2017 GMC Terrain —2/17/2017 6:30 AM
Fit perfect, and at a fraction of the other brand
Reviewed By Christopher S (PITTSBURGH, PA) Reviewed for a 2005 GMC Sierra —2/15/2017 5:23 AM
The rear one piece mats are good. Could be a few inches longer but a nice fit for a quad cab GMC. Front mats are average. I wish they were a little wider and thicker. For the price - good value. They are functional.


text:
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JPEG (65kb) | JPEG (129kb) | TIFF (1.7mb) Item is from this group
The Tippecanoe or log cabin quick step
- Title: The Tippecanoe or log cabin quick step / Bufford.
- Creator(s): Bufford, John H., artist
- Related Names:
Prentiss, Henry, 1801-1859 , publisher
B.W. Thayer & Co. , printer
- Date Created/Published: Boston : Published by Henry Prentiss, no. 33 Court St. ; Thayer, successor to Moore [printer], c1840.
- Medium: 1 print : lithograph ; image 24.2 x 18.8 cm.
- Summary: Sheet music cover for a melody composed by Henry Schmidt and dedicated to Whig presidential candidate William Henry Harrison. A wreath of entwined branches, between which appear the seals of the states, is surmounted by a bust portrait of Harrison flanked by an arrangement of flags and cannon. The wreath enframes a rural scene, supposedly of the candidate's home on the North Bend of the Ohio River. Harrison stands outside the two-story log house, hailing a visitor who holds a sign "Harrison Our President." Nearby are a tethered horse, covered wagon, ox cart, and farm implements. A woman stands in the open door of the cabin.
- Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-99064 (b&w film copy neg.)
- Rights Advisory:
No known restrictions on publication.
- Call Number: LOT 10615-51 <item> [P&P]
- Notes:
- Title appears as it is written on the item.
- Signed in vignette: Bufford [John H. Bufford]
- [Printed by] Thayer, successor to Moore, Boston.
- The Library's copy of the music sheet was deposited for copyright on April 15, 1840.
- Published in: American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1840-7.
- Subjects:
- Format:
- Collections:
- Bookmark This Record:
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- Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication.
- Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-99064 (b&w film copy neg.)
- Call Number: LOT 10615-51 <item> [P&P]
- Medium: 1 print : lithograph ; image 24.2 x 18.8 cm.
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- Call Number: LOT 10615-51 <item> [P&P]
- Medium: 1 print : lithograph ; image 24.2 x 18.8 cm.
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text:
Convenience voting: The end of election day?
When and where we vote is a central element of the ritual of electoral democracy. Over the past decade there has been a significant shift towards 'convenience' voting in many western democracies; a shift which threatens to deconstruct the very notion of election day.
Convenience voting involves 'relaxed administrative rules and procedures by which citizens can cast a ballot at a time and place other than the precinct on election day'.1 The idea is to offer electors numerous different paths to the ballot box besides the traditional practice of attending a local polling station on election day. The assumption is that increasing numbers of people are either so time-poor or unmotivated by electoral politics that turning out on election day is an unreasonable expectation.


text:
Date Added
More Filters
Transitional Housing Resident Manager
LifeMoves - Redwood City, CA
We do not accept phone calls. The resident manager will live at the facility in your own designated one-bedroom apartment unit....
Delivery Driver
Panera Bread - Champaign, IL
A valid driver's license, insurance, registration and a reliable vehicle to serve as your mobile office. Required license or certification:....
Insurance Marketer/Sales Representative
Farmers Insurance - Ben Nelson Agency - Rogers, MN
This is a part time marketing and sales position that leads to full-time career opportunities. Growing Farmers Insurance Agency in need of a Marketing and Sales...
Sales Service Advisor
Massage Retreat & Spa - Minneapolis-Saint Paul, MN
Full and part time positions available. Great opportunity to be part of a growing and fun Health & Wellness business!...
Childcare Teachers
The Childrens Learning Center - Coopersburg, PA
The Children's Learning Center is HIRING FULL and PART TIME Teachers!*. You will be part of an experienced, educated and creative staff led by dedicated and...
Banquet Server
Minneapolis Golf Club - Saint Louis Park, MN
You conduct yourself in a professional manner at all times. Stock glasses, silverware, and related supplies, and complete other duties as assigned....
Part Time Picking and Packing
Silver Star Brands - Oshkosh, WI
Part time positions are now available in our Picking & Packing department. Ever wonder how products get to your door after you place an order online?...
Cook/Food Prep
Milton Hershey School - Hershey, PA
Valid PA Driver's License in good standing. Valid NSF Serv Safe Certification or ability to obtain upon hire within six months....
Customer Support / Technical Operations Temp
ShopCo Technologies Corp - San Francisco, CA
The Company: Shop.co is an online shopping tool. We make a browser extension that allows you (the shopper!) to add any item to one universal cart, and
Mobile Waiter / Delivery Driver
Arrowhead Delivery - Lawton, OK
Required license or certification:. Arrowhead Delivery is a locally-owned restaurant delivery service....


text: The gunbattle took place in Mirtur area of the district between 1 pm and 3 pm in which at least 11 Moaists were killed, a senior CRPF official said. Security personnel, who are combing the area, have recovered 11 bodies of the ultras so far. A number of Naxals are believed to be injured in the gun battle and the CRPF is expecting to recover more bodies of the Ultras, the official said. Among the CRPF victims, he said, three are constables while the others are head constables. According to government estimates, Maoists are active in 15 of the 19 districts in Chhattisgarh.


text:
(this is his dominant personality type)
(he also shows elements of this type)
I know you are out there please come forward i need you..
He is popular, trustworthy and dependable. However, He has an impetuous, spontaneous, fun loving side which also makes him exciting.
He admires people who are traditional, responsible, precise and orderly, yet spontaneous, socially savvy and affable.
He likes a partner who has good manners, old-fashioned courtesy, unambiguous values and social grace. Nevertheless, he tries new things and explores new ideas and he particularly likes people who share his energy and curiosity.
A few excerpts from his personality test:
- I am more enthusiastic than most people
- I am always doing new things
- It is important to respect authority
in his own words...
I am an easy going, energetic person who actually looks and feels younger than I am. I am Educated, honest, athletic, loving, responsible, with integrity. I consider myself a caring person when it comes to the needs of my second half and others at large; I hate violence and respect myself allot. I enjoy being active, cookouts, and having a good time with friends. I have a spontaneous and adventurous spirit and am open to new things, places and events. I love to travel whether it is a short trip, extended weekend, or vacationing at a beach or other exotic location. A drive through the mountains, or a spot with a serene setting would make a great weekend getaway. I enjoy all sorts of sports, including auto racing, baseball, and hockey to name a few. I have my favorites, however; I am not someone who normally sits in front of the TV to watch them. The Chesapeake Bay always seems to beckon me with her beauty and the smell of salt in the air. I have a passion for lighthouses and try to seek out and explore these structures when I am in the vicinity of one. A long walk on a sandy beach shared with someone special would put a song in my heart. I have a can-do attitude, and believe if you can dream it, then it can be done. Working on home improvement projects, or repairing things around the house seems to come to me naturally to me, jack of all trades I suppose. I try to be positive and optimistic about life, I see the glass as being half full, not half empty I have a passion to succeed and do not give up easily. I am a movie buff and enjoy a varied genre of films ranging from fictional titles to romance. I love the big screen or better yet enjoying a good film at home with someone special. Gardening is also a hobby of mine, Whether it is a bloom from an orchid, rose, or lily nothing could match the beauty of a woman who is honest, open, caring, and has her heart in the right place. I dream of someone special who can fill the void in my life.
About him:
Living situation:
- Live alone
Religious affiliation:
- Christian / Catholic
Relationship history:
- Widowed
- I'd prefer to share this information with my matches later.
Eye color:
- Grey
Hair color:
- Grey
Ethnic background:
- White/Caucasian
What he's looking for:
Age Range:
- 50 - 60
relationship history:
- Any
- Any
Ethnic background:
- Any
Religious affiliation:
- Any
- Some college
- Associates / Technical degree
- Graduate or professional degree


text:
Debt: The First 5000 Years
Penguin Books Limited, Oct 8, 2012 - Literary Collections - 540 pages
A fascinating chronicle of little known history of Debt Must we always repay our debts? Wasnt money invented to replace ancient barter systems? Apparently not, according to Yale-bred anthropologist David Graeber. In a stunning reversal of conventional wisdom, Graeber radically challenges our understanding of debt. He illustrates how, for more than 5000 years long before the invention of coins or bills there existed debtors and creditors who used elaborate credit systems to buy and sell goods. He argues that Madagascar was held to be indebted to France because France invaded it, reminds us that texts from Vedic India included God in credit systems and shows how the dollar changed European society forever in the sixteenth century. He also brilliantly demonstrates how words like guilt, sin and redemption derive in large part from ancient debates about debt, and shape even our most basic ideas of right and wrong. Debt: The First 5,000 Years is a fascinating chronicle of this little known history of how it has defined the evolution of human society, and what it means for the credit crisis of the present day and the future of our economy.
What people are saying - Write a review
Debt: The First 5,000 YearsUser Review - Brian Renvall - Book Verdict
Debt has always been present in human society, according to Graeber (anthropology, Goldsmiths, Univ. of London; Towards an Anthropological Theory of Value). Here he lays out an absorbing history of ... Read full review
Debt The First 5000 YearsUser Review - caution498 - Overstock.com
Anyone wanting to familiarize themselves with the excesses of the monetary system should read this book. Read full review


text:
I've some aside if needed.
Sling shots & ball bearings.
Throwing knives.
Bows & arrows.
A 22 pellet gun that's 760 FPS.
Any firearm that uses ammo that brakes the sound barrier, is a big NO!
In my area we can't own silent sirs. for firearms, do to by-laws.
So what do you have to not attract attention.


text:
iPhone apps
Snail Runner : Shushi's Bar
You saw so many runner games.. but not like this one.. Did you ever seen a Snail running over a table filled with shushi food? Dont think so.. Its your time now, download Snail Runner & start brag with your friends about who is the Snail Master….. Read more
iPhone Screenshots
Video Reviews
No video review..
Customer reviews
Be the first to review this app. Write a Review
Be the first question this app.
Users Community
The information may be outdated. For actual information go to iTunes


text:
Cheyenne Regional Medical Center Announces Community Forum Dates
December 5, 2016
Cheyenne Regional Medical Center officials are inviting community members to participate in public forums focusing on the hospital's strategic plan. The forums are being held in the hospital's main auditoriums, located at 214 East 23rd St. ALIGN, a respected local business consulting firm, is facilitating the one-hour discussions. No RSVP is required, although seating will […]
Project Learning Tree (PLT) and Project WILD training. The training will take place in Cheyenne on March 11th and 12th at the Game & Fish building from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Cost is $25 and 14 hours of STARS credit for those who work at day care facilities or child development centers can be earned by attending this workshop. Please share with your network and sign up if you can!
for more information pleaase contact:
Ashley Rooney
Youth & Volunteer Coordinator
WY State Parks, Historic Sites & Trails
307-777-6560 ...
Prevent Child Abuse Wyoming is having a Thankful Thursday fundraiser on March 2nd. Festivities begin at 4:30 pm and will continue through the night until all auction items are sold (around 8:30 pm). Please call 307-632-0032 if you have any questions or have an item or service you would like to donate.
or more informaion please contact:
Erin Swilling
WYCRP – Executive Director
1401 Airport Parkway, Suite 225
Cheyenne WY, 82001
307-632-0032 – Office
1-888-518-0563 - Fax
www.wycrp.org ...
Community Members,
I want to invite you and your agency to become a vendor at the upcoming Laramie County Community Baby Shower on April 22, 2017 from 9-11 am. Please return information to Kris Pierson, firstname.lastname@example.com, to register. Anne Siebert can be contacted if you have further questions.
We look forward to seeing you in April!
For more information please call:
Anne Siebert
Help Me Grow Coordinator
Wyoming 2-1-1, Inc.
1007 E. Lincolnway
Cheyenne, WY 82001
307-223-3555 (direct line)
www.facebook.com/HelpMeGrowWyoming ...
Cheyenne East High School's Drama Troupe is showcasing the work of our two student directors, Jeremy Lohrenz and Mac Rodgers, this Wednesday and Thursday at 7 pm in the East High School Auditorium. These two young men have been working for months with our Theatre 1 classes to put together two outstanding productions, Quick Brewed Macbeth by Christopher Limber and Oz by Don Zolidis. I would greatly appreciate it if you would forward this memo about our event to our community, I have attached a copy of the poster we are using to publicize the show. More information can be found on our Facebook page at www.facebook.com/cheyenneeasthighdrama. Thank you so much for supporting our schools and community. ...
the Wyoming Governor's Council on Developmental Disabilities luncheon on March 9, 2017 from 11:00 a.m. - 1:00 p.m. at Little America in Cheyenne, WY for the March Disability Awareness Month Luncheon. Help us honor and celebrate the strides Wyoming has made in our disability community. This years' luncheon will feature local work from artists who have disabilities. There is no cost to attend.
Space is limited, so please RSVP by Tuesday, March 7.
Register online here: goo.gl/forms/DxtlCaAd6CZxkcih1 Or call our offices: 307-777-7230.
If you would like to present your art at this event or know of someone who would, please contact our offices at 777-7230. ...
March Disability Awareness Month Luncheon
Thursday, March 9, 2017 11:00am -1:00pm Little America, Cheyenne, WY


text: Seller: wheelerdealer1960 (1,137) 100%, Location: Terre Haute, Indiana, Ships to: Worldwide, Item: 162264025272 FOR YOUR CONSIDERATION 2 VINTAGE BROWN MARBLED PORCELAIN DOOR KNOBS WITH SHAFT MEASURES 2 1/8" ACROSS SOME SMALL NICKS AS FOUND CONDITION +++ NEEDS CLEANED PLEASE LOOK AT MY OTHER ITEMS I WELL COMBINE SHIPPING WHEN POSSIBLE. THANKS FOR LOOKING. Powered by eBay Turbo ListerThe free listing tool. List your items fast and easy and manage your active items. Condition: AS FOUND


text:
iPhone Lafayette
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Phone not turning on?
It might be the battery. This is very common. When a cell phone battery starts to degrade, you may think of replacing your iPhone, iPad, iPod, Samsung Galaxy, Android, Tab, Tablet, cellphone battery. Batteries over time will lose the ability to hold a charge. Welcome to our shop iPhone Repairs Lafayette!
iPhone Lafayette offers a wide range of replacement iPhone, iPad, iPod, Samsung Galaxy, Android, Tab, Tablet and smartphone, batteries for the leading manufacturers of cell phones such as Apple, iPad, iPhone, Android, Samsung, Sony, HTC, Blackberry, Nokia, Motorola, Panasonic etc.
Find the latest phone batteries at iPhone Lafayette. We are your smartphone and mobile phone battery replacement store in Lafayette LA. Please visit our shop for cell phone batteries to find the replacement cellphone battery. Buy cell phone battery replacements and new battery packs for assorted mobile phone brands.
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Wego.com.sg recently found 27 hotels in Kirchdorf in Tirol, Austria. Book last minute hotel or find great hotel deals such as Gasteiger Jagdschlossl for S$351 per night. Save more on cheap hotels with rates from as low as S$84 per night.
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Kirchdorf in Tirol Hotels 4 Star Hotels Kirchdorf in Tirol 3 Star Hotels Kirchdorf in Tirol Cheap Hotels Kirchdorf in Tirol Cheap Accommodation Kirchdorf in Tirol
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Columbus entertainment
Tshiman Jona Verkhantshie.
The film maker from Columbus Pictures corp. Started this industry of Film writing when he was 14 years of age, but before he figured that out, It was like a play to him just simply like what other children does at their growing up times, but he found out later at the age of 18 years that film industry it's his vision/dream, ''I did'nt know know when I became so passionate about to find my self playing on the TV, I really loved acting that Even in school I used not to pay full attention to the teachers while they were teaching, But only thinking of what kind of a charactor I can be, In the film?'' Tshiman says. Tshiman then put all of his time on this industry of filming until he learned to write films,''I used to collect some friends and go to the jungle with guns that we sculptured by woods'' Tshiman said on his own words. ''Most of people, Including some of my friends used to tell me that I'm taking chances'' he added. Tshiman Jona Verkhantshie is now an International film maker.
Personal Details.
Date of birth : 1990-12-18.
Place of birth : Baragwanath Hospital, Soweto,Gauteng Province, South Africa.
Ambitious : Film maker, Actor,Writer.
Schools : George Mbulaheni S School.
Social Networks
Tshiman Jona Verkhantshie -Facebook
Jona Verkhantshie -Facebook
Jona Khantshie -Facebook.
Tshiman Jona Verkhantshie is the last born of four children in his mother & father.
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Columbus Cinemas Shows
Tshiman Jona Verkhantshie was born in 1990-12-18
adventurous commercial various film that is loveable
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WHILE jubilant at their surprise success last night in Spain's turbulent elections, the leaders of the victorious Socialist Party (PSOE) did not have the stomach for a party at their headquarters in Madrid.
As hundreds of their young supporters began to congregate waving red and white flags, few could forget the miseries that this city has witnessed in recent days.
José Luís Zapatero appeared on a podium outside the party headquarters, but stayed for only a few minutes before disappearing inside. Even in his hour of glory, Señor Zapatero called for a minute's silence.
Everyone lowered their flags and banners


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Creamy Wild Rice Soup
Slow-Cooker Ham and Wild Rice Soup
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Turkey and Wild Rice Casserole
Lemon-Curry Chicken and Wild Rice Soup
Dinner ready in 25 minutes! Enjoy this hearty broccoli, veggies and rice soup sprinkled with paprika.
© 2016 ®/TM General Mills All Rights Reserved


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Make every room a source of inspiration.
Make every room a source of inspiration.
Tackle the latest trends with DIYs galore.
Freshen up your space with a new pattern.
Bring in the happy with lighthearted crafts.
Design the dreamiest wedding day ever.
Whip up homemade treats worth sharing.
Give inspiration a little room to bloom.
Stock up on feel-good yarns and more.
Feel the love with heart-happy seasonals.
Discover DIY gems worth trying at home.
Carry style with you wherever you go.
Spell it out with outdoorsy flair using this 8" Antler Letter - R! Made of polyresin, this letter features realistic ivory and brown antler designs forming a letter.
Use just one as a monogram-style accent to a gallery wall, or use several to spell a name, team name, or word! The perfect accent to a hunting lodge decor scheme, this letter is sure to add a unique touch to your home or office.
Hanging Hardware: 1 - Metal Triangle
Send me an email when it's back in stock.
I love it! Add to wish list


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Pop Up Education Stations & Studios
- Greater Des Moines Botanical Garden
- Address: 909 Robert D. Ray Drive, Des Moines, IA 50309
- From: 11:00 AM to 02:00 PM
- Price: General Admission
Saturday, December 3 2016 thru Saturday, March 25 2017
Join us on the first and fourth Saturday of each month for these brand new educational opportunities! Stop by on the first Saturday of the month and visit the Pop-Up Education Station where Botanical Garden staff and volunteers will give demonstrations and answer questions on unique botanical topics. For a hands on experience, we invite you to join us on the fourth Saturday of the month to create a botanically inspired craft. Both of these programs are held from 11:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m.
Education Stations:
December 3 - Spiny Splendor: Cacti and Succulent Exploration
January 7 - Leaf It to Me: Plant Identification Techniques
February 4 - Fronds and Fiddleheads: A Fern Exploration
March 4 - Fly into Spring: Recognizing Birds in your Garden
Education Studios:
January 28 - Winter Aromatics
February 25 - Art with Leaves
March 25 - Origami Flowers
Free with regular admission and registration is not required.


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Jacob will begin his new role immediately. More
He will assume his role on April 18, 2017. More
A challenge to all architect members. More
She will assume the position on March 1. More
ARCHITECT spoke with the Public Building Service's new chief architect about the... More
Jan. 19 will be the longtime director's last day working for the Bureau of... More
The former managing principals of IA's Chicago and New York offices take over from... More
Insinga will succeed Leslie Shepherd who has held the position since 2007. More
With a generation of design leaders on the cusp of retirement, now is the time to... More
"Schumacher's 'urban policy manifesto' does not reflect Zaha Hadid Architects'... More
SHoP Architects
AI2 Design
Lorcan O'Herlihy Architects
BUPA Architectures
IROJE KHM Architects
AAVP Architecture
Modern Office of Design + Architecture (MoDA)
Elliott + Associates Architects
Modal Design
Global Architectural Development (GAD)
Deegan-Day Design
Steven Holl Architects
WE Architecten
Steven Holl Architects
AlexAllen Studio
Allied Works Architecture
Morphosis Architects
Zaha Hadid Architects


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are what we do at Premium Signups
Guaranteed Signups are what we do at Premium Signups.
Many years of continually testing and measuring has gotten us to the point where the
guaranteed signups we provide for you are of the highest value.
Guaranteed Signups from the name you trust; Premium Signups.
Since 2005 Premium Signups has been providing exactly that, it's all in the name. We guarantee our signups are real people, really signing up.
Confusion reigns as to what signups actually are and if you have been to other sites there is no doubt, it's easy to be confused by their weird descriptions and talk of mysterious scripts which magically count the signups.
Let's forget all you ever heard or read on these sites because its hogwash.[/text_block][/op_liveeditor_element]
Signups are a fancy pants name for leads, yes they are a special kind of lead. With a traditional lead you would call them and attempt to determine their interest level and proceed to invite them to view information about your opportunity on your site.
Nothing wrong with that process and as long as you are good on the phone and are using a script which is proven to work (for you), you will enjoy success.
Select How Many You Want
As you can imagine having folks come to your site and signing up is a very positive step toward growing your business, fast and easily.
Many companies provide you with a backoffice where you can view and manage your signups. This is a great tool as it usually also emails new signups a series of email messages about your business and encourages them to become a paid member of your team.
Some companies also use a "powerline" to speed up the process by allowing new paid members to jump ahead of non paid members. If your company has this type of system then signups are amazingly useful in providing a huge incentive to your downline to upgrade to a paid membership.
No matter which type of system your company uses, signups are a good investment to grow your business by putting real people into your downline.
All you need is a page where the signups can complete a form asking for their name, email and maybe their telephone. By the way; if you do not have such a page we can provide one for you. See our Lead Capture pages here.
Patience is a key to Guaranteed Signups. It takes time and we have no control over how long it will take to provide you with all the signups you order. A lot depends on your lead capture (landing page) some are much more attractive and interesting than others. For example, I'm sure Porches would outsell Fords if they were the same price. My point here is, if you are going to fret and contact us every second day asking how long is it going to take, you are just going to become frustrated and unhappy. We understand that you want to grow the business fast, everyone does, remember there is nothing stopping you doing other activities to grow your business while we fill your signups order.
Paid Signups, no sorry we do not provide signups for paid programs. This means we are not providing you with paid members. We know that all businesses have a requirement for a payment at some stage to become a paid member. We only provide signups for unpaid pages.
Remember, all you need is to be able to offer the signups some free information without asking them for a payment and you will most likely qualify for our service. Then you can reap all the benefits. Let your system encourage them to become paid members.[/text_block][/op_liveeditor_element]
Guaranteed Signups from Premium Signups are real people really signing up[/text_block][/op_liveeditor_element]
In the back office (we provide you), you can see the signups and their name and email address. You may contact them like an yother prospect. If your company site also has a backoffice you will see them in there as well
After they sign up then and only then are they counted as a signup for you.
Of course you can opt to send them to a landing page you manage and have them automatically signed up into your email sending service.
Either way works fine. All you need to do to qualify is offer a page where they can complete a form and get free information.
Note: We are not offering paid members.
To get started simply place an order and complete our form asking for the link to the page with the form on it
All sales are final and refunds are not given. Patience is the key to success with signups. If neither of these conditions is satisfactory to you, please do not order.
Guaranteed Signups are a very effective and easy way for you to grow your business and very cost effective. Your downline associates will love it because it will be so simple for them to duplicate what you are doing.[/text_block]
We cannot accept offers that ask for any type of payment nor do we accept offers that ask for any type of financial data such as social security numbers or banking information on the first initial lead form.
We do not guarantee that anyone will buy your product or service.
We do guarantee that you will receive the exact number of guaranteed sign ups you have purchased within the time frame stated during the ordering process. We will do our best though, it should be noted that some signup forms attract more signups than others.
That's the nature of design.[/text_block][/op_liveeditor_element]


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Changing the default "Marker Felt" font in the iPhone's Notes.app (also known as the "Notes" application) is done by switching the keyboard to support a Unicode format (which supports non-Western or non-Latin characters). You can only change the default Notes.app font from "Marker Felt" to "Verdana" and you cannot add styling features (such as bold, italics and underlining) in the app.
Tap your finger on the "Settings" app with your finger. If you are unable to locate the "Settings" app, tap on the physical "Home" button (near the bottom of the iPhone). Tap on the "Home" button again, then type in "Settings" in the search field. Tap on the "Settings" search result with your finger to launch the application.
Tap the "General" menu option with your finger, then scroll down and tap the "Keyboard" menu option.
Tap the "International Keyboards" menu option with your finger. Then scroll down to the bottom of the screen and tap on the "Chinese (Simplified)" menu option with your finger.
Tap on the gray "Off" button next to "Pinyin" with your finger (which is located underneath the "Handwriting" option) until it displays a blue "On" button.
Tap on the physical "Home" button near the bottom of your iPhone and locate the "Notes" app. If you are unable to locate the "Notes" app on your iPhone, tap on the physical "Home" button once, then wait two seconds before tapping the "Home" button again.
Type in "Notes" in the search field, then tap on the "Notes" search result with your finger.
Tap on either a previous note within the "Notes" app or the "Plus" sign to create a new note. Tap on the note screen with your finger to initiate the keyboard.
Tap on the small "Globe" icon until you see Chinese letters located on the space bar. Type in one letter with your finger to change the "Notes" app default font from "Marker Felt" to "Verdana."
Tap on the "Globe" icon again to reset the keyboard to "English."
Repeat Steps 6 and 7 to change the default font in previous or new notes within the "Notes" app.
Tips & Warnings
- If you have more than one language keyboard selected, tap until you see "English (U.S.)" or your preferred language to return back to the default language keyboard.
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WASHINGTON (The Borowitz Report) - One week after their first national convention, the self-styled Teabaggers are facing an identity crisis after one of their members finally Googled the slang term "teabag."
"I was wondering why every time I told people I was a Teabagger they kind of started giggling in an embarrassed way," said Tracy Klugian, a Teabagger from Elyria, Ohio. "I was like, what the heck? Maybe I should use the Google and see what this is all about."
After Mr. Klugian Googled the word "teabag," he was shocked by what he discovered and shared his information with the Teabaggers' leadership, who are now actively looking for a new name for the group.
"We want a name that suggests we're out to give the Democrats a good fight," he said. "So far what we've come up with is the Donkey Punchers." More here.
HuffPost Entertainment is your one-stop shop for celebrity news, hilarious late-night bits, industry and awards coverage and more — sent right to your inbox six days a week. Learn more


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- You are here:
- goodtoknow
- Family
- Family pictures
What's it about? Alex is a secret agent working in the Australian outback on a mission that will test all his skills of bravery and cunning to the max.
Why will teens love it? A great thriller novel and one that will keep them on their toes throughout.
Your comments
- Free knitting patterns
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- Creative play: Christmas gift ideas that encourage imaginative play
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Study of Computer Networking Protocols and Implementation Of The Video Conferencing Control, Net meeting with an Emphesis/Under Wired Networking Environment
Rumi, Abdullah-Al-
Hossain, Md. Imran
MetadataShow full item record
In this project we basically worked on the very basic of computer networking, we went to the root level of the networking process how the things are done behind the interface. We discussed about different types of internet connection, which we used in various format of our daily live, the seven layers that are used in networking process. We also discussed about TCP/IP, Telnet, FTP, and HTTP. The project is basically aimed to measure the ease use of network diagram software particularly to help users to create a network diagram for multiple reasons. This is to find out whether the software can save them more time and money by reducing the effort to manually graph out a network diagram. The aim of this project is also to find out the properties of NetMeeting software which can help us to learn more about the general aspects of video conferencing and file sharing.


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The Britex Blog
Make a Lacy Mask For Halloween
September 21, 2016 by Britex FabricsDIY Enthusiasts. Purchase some sheer organza or tulle, a handful of glittery rhinestones, and a length of silk ribbon on the third floor of Britex Fabrics, and make your own lacy mask...and become the mysterious queen or king of the ball.
We're Going Punk Rock
September 16, 2016 by Britex Fabrics
In preparation for our fashion show PROJKT Maiden Lane, which is a week from today, Lance, a Britex Fabrics staff member is styling our windows this afternoon. Check out the plaid, chain, and metallics (all available at our brick-and-mortar store) which make for a stylish and edgy display.
SALE - All Polyester, Lace, & Rayon Category Fabrics On sale 9/20 - 10/3
September 15, 2016 by Britex Fabrics
All polyester, rayon, and lace online category fabrics are on sale, including Italian designer polyester, polyester charmeuse, exquisite viscose lace knits, gorgeous polyester lycra blends, and more. 9/20 - 10/3.
Quantities are limited, so order your swatches now! This sale good for online polyester, lace, and rayon fabric category purchases* only 9/6 - 9/19. *This online sale does not apply to trims, in-store, email, phone, or Customized Swatch purchases.
SALE - All Online Cotton Category Fabric On Sale Now - 9/19
September 15, 2016 by Britex Fabrics
Cotton fabric holds a special place in our fashionable heart. First cultivated 7,000 years ago, cotton is a timeless natural-fiber fabric, whose breathability makes it ideal for many garments. We carry an ever expanding collection of cotton fabric in our online store, including delicate Italian and Swiss voiles, brilliantly colored hand-loomed Guatemalan ikat fabric, nubby couture-inspired cotton tweed fabrics, travelable cotton-lycra blends, and chic designer cotton fabric.
This sale good for online cotton category purchases* only 9/6 - 9/19. *This online sale does not apply to in-store, email, phone, or Customized Swatch purchases.
New York Fashion Week Turns 75
September 14, 2016 by Britex FabricsWhen it began in 1943, New York Fashion Week was known as Press Week. This year, New York Fashion Week boasts 151 shows over a nine day period. For many designers, the past is to be celebrated and looking to the future is exciting. In 1973 Diane Von Furstenberg was in her first New York Fashion Week show, held at the Pierre Hotel. She wore one of her wrap dresses and remembers being there with Jerry Hall and her kids. Carolina Herrera's first New York Fashion Week was in 1981 at the Metropolitan Club, and featured live music.
Von Furstenberg's First Fashion Show (DVF Archives)Zac Posen first showed his work in 2002, after preparing his models in his parent's living room. Alexander Wang first appeared in New York fashion Week in 2007, in a Chelsea warehouse. He was eating greasy pizza backstage with his friends who were the dressers and models for the show. Miguel Adrover was neighbors with Quentin Crisp, and in his first New York Fashion Week show, he showed a coat that was re-purposed from Quentin's mattress after he passed away. He has continued to re-purpose things in answer to a world that is "disposable".
Adrover's Re-purposed Coat Created from Crisp's Mattress
Silk Necktie and Cocktail Dress by Andrea
September 14, 2016 by Britex FabricsAndrea Kneilands a Britex Fabrics customer from Port Hope, Canada ordered a lovely stretch silk print fabric online, and created a lovely dress and silk tie. Britex Fabrics ships internationally, to almost everywhere! Check out this silk print fabric and others here."Hello, I was so happy with my silk fabric I ordered from you I thought I would share a picture of the finished dress and tie. Thank you for the great customer service." - Andrea KneilandsAndrea has been sewing since she was about 7 or 8 years old. Her Mother and Nanny sewed. They taught her how to sew. She made dolls and doll clothes. In High School she took Home Economics and private sewing lessons. This is when she started to make clothes for people, and she has been making them ever since. She had a small business when her children were little, where she made children's clothes and some ladies wear. She has always sewn her own dress up clothing.
Satin Party Dress – How to Add Volume to a Skirt (MsJennyHomemaker)
September 13, 2016 by MsJennyHomeMakerHello! I'm Jenny and I blog at Jenny Homemaker. I'm so excited to join the team of talented Britex Fabrics guest bloggers and share my first project with you! Apparently, I decided to go all out for my first garment, but how could I not after spying Britex's beautiful selection of rayon blend satins?! This "summer sky" in particular caught my eye immediately, as I'd sketched this dress (Simplicity 1873) in a similar color last year. By the way, in case you're curious if it really is as vibrant as the website shows, it is! I've worked with a lot of light silks recently, but I had volume in mind for this particular dress, and this rayon/cotton satin gives that a bit of a head start. For a party dress like this, I recommend starting with a fabric with a somewhat stiffer hand than your average satins. This will give the pleats a great shape. Then, there are a few things you can do for even more "oomph". Side note: you can use these tricks on softer fabrics as well, just be careful to choose the right weights for your fabric. The first trick for volume, is to underline your satin with petticoat net. This will add a bit of that petticoat shape, without having to wear an extra garment. A huge plus for those of us who have hot summers. To underline your satin, cut the net using the same pattern pieces as for your outer fabric. Then, cut your outer fabric, marking all stitching lines (including pleats, darts, etc) and the fold line for your hem. Pin the net layer to the wrong side of the satin and hand-baste the two layers together using cotton or silk thread, right along all of the traced lines. Then, construct the garment as you normally would. Bonus: if you like to hand-stitch your seam allowances in place, you can do so, stitching them only to the net and you don't have to worry about any stitches showing on the outside.
Peacoat Fashion: Then & Now
September 9, 2016 by Britex Fabricswool fabric. (The Great Wall of Wool inside Britex Fabrics is over 110 feet long) While it was originally the Dutch who first created the peacoat, it was the British Navy who popularized it. The British version was created as a uniform for petty officers, and was also known as a pettycoat for this reason. After the British began wearing peacoats, the design eventually made its way across the Atlantic to the U.S. The United States Navy had sailors known as reefers, who were the people responsible for climbing up the rigging of the sailing ships.
Create Elegant 18th Century Footwear with American Duchess
September 9, 2016 by Britex Fabrics
Lauren from the impressive historical costuming blog, American Duchess, has a particular penchant for 18th century fashion. She developed this marvelous tutorial on how to gussy up a pair of Pompadour 18th century shoes using braid trim, metallic lace trim, petersham ribbon, silk ribbon and more....all items available from Britex Fabrics. Get ready for your next bucolic frolic, Halloween shindig, Twelfth Night party, or Dangerous Liaisons dance.
A Different Kind of Shirt By Guest Blogger Jamie (MaleDevonSewing)
September 7, 2016 by MaleDevonSewingAs you may know, I love shirts. Not just wearing them but of course making them too. Although shirt styles are all fairly similar (well at least for men) you can always have fun playing with the details: Different collars and cuff shapes, placket styles and of course fun fabric and buttons. So when I was asked to make a shirt for my guest blog post, I jumped at the opportunity. I wanted to do something a little different though; something a bit wild and fun. Over the years I have made countless different shirts but there was one particular style I had yet to make: The Guayabera. You don't see many over here in the UK but I have always been drawn to the relaxed yet precision aspects of such a shirt: The pleats, pintucks, curved yoke and four pockets were enough for me. The fabric had to make a statement too. It had to be bright with a fun design so what better than a cotton print with pink with little birds! I drafted the pattern myself, opting for a normal collar with stand, a triple point curved yoke, pintucked fronts and back with a central double pleat down the spine. Four pocket 'through' the pintucks and a cuffed hem. Before cutting the double pleat and two rows of pintucks were added to a piece of fabric that would form the back. The pleat was simple enough but I had to carefully measure the position of the pintucks so they would meet the pointed yoke.


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Healthy Coping
Get help with the emotional side of diabetes management
Did you know there is a high rate of depression amongst people with diabetes? How are you coping with having diabetes? How supportive are family members or friends? How do you relax? If you need some tips on how to handle the emotional aspects of living with diabetes, you are not alone. Ask to see a Medical Social Worker, or talk with someone who has diabetes to get the support you need.
Visit these resources for key information on healthy coping with diabetes:
Diabetes Support Groups
- dLife Online Diabetes Community Forum
- Do You Need a Support Group?
- Join the Crowd: Support Groups for Parents of Children with Diabetes
- An Intimate Look Inside a Diabetes Support Group (Video)
Coping with Diabetes
Smoking Cessation
Stress Management
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Recipe Shuffle
Spicy Chicken Chili Sesame Tofu Dressing Taco Chili Cucumber, Tomato, and Green Pepper Salad Scrambled Egg and Mozarella Breakfast Pizza Baked Eggplant Artichoke Vegetable Pizza Green Grape Sorbet Creamy Herb Dressing Chicken with Tarragon and Mushrooms
As I mentioned in an earlier post, one of the benefits that made it cost-effective for me to go with the real healthcare (HSA) plan rather than the phony (HRA) plan is that my company is now covering "preventative" medicines at $0 copay. The formulary for these, as stated by CVS/Caremark (my pharmacy benefits provider), covers all test strips, lancets, and control solutions. I dutifully get my doctor to write up prescriptions for all of my testing needs, submit...


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Prominent Nigerian televangelist TB Joshua's name is the second-most trending topic on Twitter in the West African state after he wrongly "prophesised" victory for Hillary Clinton in the US presidential election.
At least 40,000 tweets have been shared using his name.
Tweeters have have been mocking him:
Dear TB Joshua , this is to write to you about the false prophecy about Hilary Clinton winning the Elections pic.twitter.com/Pbto18jP0k
— – Táyò (@wiilkilz) 9 November 2016
@funnyogbolor TB Joshua na gay o transgender. Maybe for him dream trump abi trumpet turn woman that's why em dey feel say na Clint.
— candilicious (@candysolomon24) 9 November 2016
😂😂😂😂@ashadels @hipnotiqe @iamkor_ bloody liar TB Joshua https://t.co/ym8xYrcx8h
— Mrs Philip-Akede (@Kekeoluwa) 9 November 2016
So the Simpsons got the Presidential prediction correct after 16 years but TB Joshua failed… 😂😂 #RIPAmerica #TrumpPresident pic.twitter.com/yRZz5j1VLu
— 😂M 🅰RA THℹS B🅾Y (@Yang_Lloyd) 9 November 2016
This isn't the time to crucify #TBJoshua, it is to ask if your own #pastor has been truthful.
— Apostle Sandewa Ore (@ApostleSandewa) 9 November 2016


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Is Golf on Tram North Canterbury Golf School incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
Contact details
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Hotfrog NewZealand provides information regarding Golf on Tram North Canterbury Golf School in Kaiapoi Canterbury. Golf on Tram North Canterbury Golf School is located at 30 Raddens Road, Kaiapoi Canterbury 7692 and provides Accommodation services. Contact them on 03-327 4416 or by visiting them on their website http://www.yellowpages.co.nz/for/golfontram/dp45203.html.
Is Golf on Tram North Canterbury Golf School in 30 Raddens Road, Kaiapoi Canterbury 7692 your business? Claim your listing and attract more leads by adding more content, photos and other business details.
We have more Accommodation services in Kaiapoi Canterbury available on Hotfrog NewZealand. You can update your search for Kaiapoi Accommodation by location, keyword or service options.
P K F Goldsmith Fox 67 Old Main North Road Kaiapoi Canterbury 7691
baby sweaters and baby shawls 474 Mill Road Kaiapoi Canterbury 7692
64 Williams St, Kaiapoi Canterbury 7644
PO Box 55 Kaiapoi Canterbury
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Roseland, New Jersey 7068
United States
|Areas of Practice
|1) Litigation/Bankruptcy
|Law School
|Fordham University School of Law
|Lehigh University (B.S., 1979)
|Most recent firm
|Carella Byrne
|Relevant Jobs
Litigation Attorney
Einhorn, Harris, Ascher, Barbarito & Frost is seeking a motivated associate to join its growing Commercial Litigation and Employment Practice Group. Applicants should have 1 to 3 years experience in...
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Family Law Attorney
Family Law Attorney The Family Law Attorney will work independently on their own assigned cases and report directly to the Senior Partner. This is an opportunity to work with a dynamic team of tale...
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Senior Counsel - Business Development
USA-NJ-New Brunswick
Senior Counsel - Business Development The candidate should have JD degree from nationally recognized university, with bar admission in good standing. Must have 8+ years of experience. Should have 4+ ...
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A. Harrison Barnes is a well-known attorney throughout the United States. As a member of the Malibu community, Harrison is committed to serving the needs of Malibu residents and businesses in legal matters.
Alan Singer is a partner in Morgan Lewis's Securities Practice. Mr. Singer advises companies with regard to a diverse range of corporate and securities matters.


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A medley of colorful striped patterns gives this shirt a fun, preppy look. Dress it up with a tie or style it with the sleeves rolled up for a relaxed look.
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