text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|May 18, 1965
|Filing date
|May 22, 1958
|Priority date
|May 22, 1958
|Publication number
|Edward H Mottus
|Original Assignee
|Monsanto Co
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (23), Classifications (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
United States Patent 3,184,416 PRODUCTION OF ZIEGLER POLYMERIZATIGN CATALYSTS Edward H. Mottus, Dayton, Ohio, assignor to Monsanto Company, a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Filed May 22, 1958, Ser. No. 736,976 2 Claims. (Cl. 252-429) This invention relates to Ziegler catalysts, to the preparation of Ziegler catalysts, and to the use of Ziegler catalysts to effect chemical reactions, especially polymerizations. In certain preferred aspects, the invention pertains to the production of high-density polyethylene by polymerizing ethylene in the presence of a catalyst exemplified by the material obtained by the interaction of a trialkyl aluminum with titanium tetrachloride (hereinafter referred to as Ziegler catalysts), said catalyst having been especially treated to result in the production of polyethylene of improved properties over that obtainable with the same catalyst not so treated.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION The essence of the present invention lies in the use of a critical concentration of Water to modify the characteristics of Ziegler catalysts, whereby the use of such modified catalysts permits the production of improved Ziegler polymers. In a fundamental aspect, the invention involves the use of a water-modified Ziegler catalyst to narrow the molecular weight distribution pattern of Ziegler polymers, with consequent improvement in many properties. One polymerization of special interest is the production of polyethylene of improved melt index properties made possible by the practice of this invention.
SIGNIFICANCE OF POLYMER DENSITY In any polymer showing the presence of a crystalline phase by X-ray diffraction, the density is a direct function of the crystallinity, the greater the crystallini-ty the higher the density. High-molecular-weight polymers of ethylene, called polyethylene, are important materials of commerce, and they are partially crystalline semi-rigid polymers having great utility. By the use of certain types of catalysts, advanced by Professor-Dr. Karl Ziegler, polyethylene can be made at low pressures and such polyethylene has considerably higher density-generally about 0.940 to 0.948 g. per cc., the density depending somewhat upon reaction conditions and especially on solvent, e.g., in kerosene the usual density is within the range of 0.942 to 0.947 and with heptane the usual density is about 0.948than polymethylene as usually made by the earlier high-pressure oxygenor peroxide-catalyzed polymerization methods. These higher density polyethylenes, as a result of their greater crystallinity are much more rigid than the high-pressure polyethylenes, and have considerably higher softening and melting points. These properties make possible the improvements in the heretofore known uses of polyethylenes, and indicate the likelihood that the high-density polyethylenes may replace certain other thermoplastic polymers in various uses. It thus becomes clear that still further increase in crystallinity of polyethylene, which is reflected in increased density, would result in still further improvements in certain properties such as stiffness and resistance to heat. Also, increased crystallinity in polyethylene is reflected in an increased tensile yield strength which, of course, is quite desirable.
SIGNIFICANCE OF MELT INDEX Although Ziegler polymers have many valuable properties, Ziegler polymers, particularly Ziegler polyethylenes, have in the past been characterized by a low melt index. The melt index is a measure of the injection molding characteristics of the polymer and is an indicaice tion of the molecular weight range of the polymer. In the absence of the improvement of my invention, the Ziegler process frequently produces polymers of a molecular weight so high, and a melt index so low, as to preclude the use of the polymer in many important practical applications. The melt index properties indicate the ease with which the polymer can be processed by such procedures as injection molding.
The present commercial Ziegler polyethylene polymers are defective in the melt index properties, the melt index being too low for many practical applications. More particularly, polymeric product having a melt index of 0 is frequently encountered. Polyethylene having a melt index of 0 is unsuitable for injection molding because of its content of high molecular weight polymers. For most practical applications, particularly in injection molding applications, the melt index should be about 0.01 to 10, preferably 0.1 to 6.0. It has been discovered, accord ing to this invention, that the molecular weight of poly ethylene, as reflected by the melt index, can be controlled in the said polymerization processes by controlling the catalyst activity by the addition of a critical concentration of water to the polymerization catalyst.
Various methods have been tried in order to control the melt index of the polymer, e.g., specific elevated temperatures during polymerization, and specific ratios of catalyst components. The operating conditions are thus unduly restricted; furthermore, control of the solubility of the reactants is sacrificed when the temperature or ratio of components is narrowly specified. My invention provides a new method for controlling the melt index of the polymers produced.
The present invention makes it possible to prepare polyethylene and other polymers having a melt index Within a desirable predetermined range. It is not possible to set any absolute limit on the desirable melt index, as the requirements in this regard will depend on the ultimate application of the polymers. The use of the Water modified catalyst as provided by the present invention makes it possible to obtain polyethylene having a density comparable to or higher than ordinary Ziegler polyethylene, and with improved melt index properties. The modified catalyst produces polyethylenes comparable in properties to the center fraction obtained by fractionation of ordinary Ziegler polyethylene.
Various other polymers, especially those of unsaturated hydrocarbons such as propylene, butenes, styrene, and the like, can be prepared in crystalline form. It has been said that crystallinity of such polymers can result from an isotactic structure of the molecule, which word is used to indicate a regular arrangement of side groups along the carbon chain for at least considerable portions of the molecule. Many of the crystalline polymers of these unsaturated hydrocarbon monomers are obtained by fractionation of total polymer such as by use of one or more solvents which dissolve the amorphous or lesser crystalline portion of the polymer. In these polymers other than polyethylene, though crystallinity may primarily result from a regular arrangement of side groups on the chain, it also, no doubt, is somewhat dependent on the extent of branching of the chains, just as in polyethylene. Thus, increased linearity of polymer chain, whether it be polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene or the like, as reflected by a lessening of the branching of the chain, results in a higher degree of crystallinity with resulting improved properties as mentioned heretofore.
It can also be appreciated that the melt index properties of these other polymers, e.g., those of unsaturated hydrocarbons such as propylene, butenes, styrene, and the like, and copolymers of the foregoing with each other or with ethylene will benefit from use of the modified catalysts of the present invention.
While :the present invention is of special interest at the present time with respect to polyethylene in which crystallinity is almost solely a reflection of the degree and type of'branching, it is alsoapplicable to all Zieglertypepolymerizations, special '.'reference being made to the preparation of polypropylene, ,polybutene, poly-4- methylpentene-l, and polystyrene which are currently of the most potential interest from a commercial viewpoint.
ZIEGLER-TYPE CATALYSTS There has recently come into commercial prominence the polymerization of ethylene and other monomers through .the agency of a type of catalyst advanced by Prof-Dr. Karl Ziegler of the ;Max Planck Institute at Mulheim (Ruhr), Germany. Probably, the preferred group OflthBSC catalysts isthat disclosed in Belgian Patent pounds of alkali metal hydrides with suchfor'ganic compoundsof aluminum, magnesium, or zinc,-for example, butyl lithium plus zirconiumtetrachloride, sodium tetra- *methylalu'minum plus titanium tetrachloride or plus 5 thorim acetylacetonate. Other Ziegler-type catalysts are preparedby using (in conjunction with compounds of alur'ninums, triaryl-,' triaralkyl-, trialkarylormixed alkyl- Group IV-B, V-B, and VI-B metals), instead of trialkyland aryl-aluminum, zinc, magnesium ,or alkali metals, e.g., phenyl sodium plus TiCl' a 4 .7 7
Those skilled in the art having-knowledge of these matters, refer to catalysts of the foregoing type as Ziegler -or.Ziegler-type catalysts; or as Ziegler catalysts adapted for low-pressure polymerization of ethylene. or ethyleni- No. 533,362,'issued May- 16, 1955, to Ziegler, the dis closure of Which isherebyi'incorporated herein-by refer ence, namely catalysts prepared by the interaction of'aj trialkylaluminum with'a compound'of a metal of Group IV-B, V-B, or VI-B of the'Periodic System, including -thorium and uranium,v and I especially compounds of.
These and the vatitanium, zirconium, and chromiunu v riety of other catalysts of the. Ziegler type, can be' considered exemplified by the catalysts obtained by the interaction of 'a trialkyl-aluminum with. titanium tetrachloride; Other catalysts of the Ziegler type difierf'rom those disclosed in the above-mentioned BelgianrPatent No. 533; 362, in various ways, for example, as follows, Instead of or in addition to the. aluminum trialkyls,catalysts of the type describedin the Belg'ian patent can be made by reacting the'various metal compoundsofGroups IV-B, 1 V-B, and VI-B disclosed therein with aluminum com1 pounds of the generalformula RAlX Where'R is -hydrogen or hydrocarbon, Ximeans .anyothen substituent including hydrogen or hydrocarbon, particularly dialkyl or .diaryl aluminum monohalides, alsoaluminum hydride,;
-cally unsaturated monomers; and to polymers prepared by their action as Ziegler .orZiegler-type polymers, the
terms Ziegler and Ziegler-type being used synonymously. While theprincipal classes of such catalysts have been listed.ithis' listing is not to be construed as comple-te, andvarious other such 'catalysts than those set forth may also be'usedito produce polymers. Thus, ethylene and other monomers can be polymerized by catalysts obtained 'by treating compounds of heavy. metals, especially compounds of the Group IV-B', V-B and VI-B metals,
not with organometallic compounds but rather by reducing agents such asz alkali metals, e.g., lithium, sodium,
potassium; alkali hydrides, e.g., lithium hydride, sodium 1 hydride; complex'alkalialuminum and alkali boron hydrides, e.g.,,;lithium aluminum hydride; complexes of alkyl or aryl aluminum dihydrides,'fdialkyl, or diaryl aluminum hydrides, alkyl or aryl aluminum'dihalides,
alkyl orrar'yl aluminum dialkoxy and diaryloxy corn-' pounds, dialkyl or diarylaluminum alkoxy or ar yloxy J compounds. Similarly, instead of for in addition to the organoaluminum compoundsQorganic compounds of magnesium or zinc can be usecl,'andthese can contain either a single or twohydrocarbonra-dicals,.-those. of especial interest beingGrignard compounds, magnesiumdtalkyls,
mixed organo zinccompounds such as'C H ZnIand Zinc dialkyls, all of those, of course, being reacted with compounds of Groups IV-B, V-B,or VI-B metals. Another Ziegler-type catalyst is prepared by the interaction of an 5 aluminum compound of the general formula R AlX, where Ris a hydrocarbon radical such as alkyl oraryl,
. and X is ahalogen, such as chlorine or bromine,with a compound of a metal of Group VIII of the Periodic System, e.g., iron, nickel, cobalt, or platinum, or manganese, for example, dimethylaluminummonobromide plus ferric chloride, diisobutylaluminum chloride' plus nickel (trivalent) chloride, diethylaluminum monochlo ride plus manganic chloride. Yet another combination is that of the Group IV-B, V-B, or VI-Bmetalcompounds with aluminum compounds ofv the general formula 'R AlX, where R is hydrogen or a'hydrocarbon radical,
and X is the radical of a'secondary amine, a secondary acid amide, a mercaptan, a thiophenol, a carboxylic acid,
or a sulfonic acid,-e.g., piperidyl diethylaluminnm plus 7 TiCl dimethylaminodiethylaluminum. plus zirconium tetrachloride, ethylmercaptodiethylaluminum plus TiCl -Another of the classes of Ziegler-type polymerization catalysts comprises compoundsyof theGroup IV-B, V-B, -and VI-B heavy'metalsas previously mentioned, com-.
alkali. metal hydrides with boron triaryls or boric acid esters or boronic acid esters; and especially titanium and zirconium halides reduced by zinc or alkaline earth metals or other earth metals including the rare earths, or hydrides of samegsaid redu'ctionslbeing efiected'in the complete absence of oxygen, moisture and compounds containing active hydrogen atoms as determined bythe 'Zerewitino'ff method. Attention is further directeclto the teaching of various of the foregoing catalysts in Zieglers Belgian Patents 534,792 and 534,888, the disclosures of which arehereby incorporated herein by reference. Still another disclosure incorporated herein by reference is that of Belgian Patent 538,782, issued jointly to Montecatini Soc1eta Generale per lIndustria Mineraria e Chimica Anonima and Prof. Dr. Karl Ziegler, disclosing the polym-' CllZfilIlOll-Of olefins having atleast 3 carbon atoms in the molecule, and their copolymerization witheach other and With ethylene, using a variety ot'Ziegler. catalysts; olefins, especially a-olefins, disclosed in said Belgian Patent 538,728 include propylene, butylene,.isobutylene, pentylene, hexylene, vinyl cyclohexane, and styrene. Substantially the same disclosure isfounduin-Australian patent eluding thoriumand uranium, with metals, alloys, metal.
application 9,651/ also filed byMontecatini andZielger jointly. Catalysts of the said Belgian Patent 538,728 and Australianapplication 9,651/55 are obtained by' reaction of compounds of metals of the left-hand column of the 4th to 6th groups of the periodic table of, elements, in-
' hydrides, or metalrorganic compounds of metalsof the 1st v: Austral 1an patent application 13,453 55,;openedto public nspecti'on May 10,1956, directed to. polymerizing ethylene with catalysts comprisingmixtures of organic combined with the alkali metal alkyls, for example, with lithium-, sodium-, or potassium methyl, -ethyl, -benzyl,
-isobutyl, or with complex compounds of such alkali' metal alkyls with. organic compounds'of aluminum, mag- V nesium, or zinc as mentionedabove, or complexcom to 3rd groupsof the periodic table. Yet another disclosuremcorporated herein by reference is that of Zieglers poundsofthe metalsof Groups I to IIIof the Periodic .Systemof the general formula R MeX, wherein R represents.a-hydrocarbon'radical; X, a hydrocarbon radical pounds :of the. lstto 3rd groups of the periodic chart of 'the elements with compounds of inetalsof the 4th to 6th groups (including thorium and uranium) of .the said periodic chart.
Another group of valuable Ziegler catalysts can be defined as mixtures of organic compounds of metals selected from the group consisting of R MeX in which R is hydrocarbon; Me is a 1st to 3rd group metal; X is hydrogen, hydrocarbon or halogen; and n is a number which is lower by 1 than the valence of the metal Me, with a salt of a Group IV-B to VI-B metal. The molar proportion of the organic metal compound is ordinarily suflicient to reduce the valence of the Group IV-B to VI-B metal at least in part.
Ziegler catalysts can also be defined as including all polyvalent metal compounds in combination with reducing agents, particularly organornetals, which are effective to reduce the valence of the polyvalent metal; or as compositions containing polyvalent metals in a valence state lower than their maximum state and adapted for the low-pressure polymerization of ethylene so that when suspended in a concentration of about 20 mmoles/liter (based on polyvalent metal) in a well-agitated inert solvent, it will cause an ethylene uptake rate of at least 5 grams per hour per liter of solvent.
It will be seen from the foregoing that a large variety of co-reactants can be employed which by interaction with each other result in the formation of a Ziegler catalyst. It is generally considered that the Ziegler catalysts are obtained by interaction of a polyvalent metal compound with another metal in elemental or combined form resulting in reduction of the valence state of the first said metal. The resulting polymetal Ziegler catalyst is believed to act as a heterogeneous catalyst, i.e., at least some of the product obtained by the interaction of the materials in question is present in solid form, although often in such finely-divided form as to be of colloidal or sub-colloidal particle size. The Ziegler catalyst can be employed in the absence of any extraneous liquid suspending agent, such as a liquid inert hydrocarbon, e.g., kerosene, but is more often employed in the form of a colloidal solution or suspension in such a liquid.
The essence of the present invention, however, is not to be found in the particular Ziegler-type catalyst employed but rather in the use of a critical concentration of Water in the preparation of such catalyst, with consequent advantages when used to catalyze a variety of chemical reactions, polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers being of particular interest.
ZIEGLER REACTIONS AND POLYMERS Ziegler catalysts can be employed to catalyze a variety of chemical reactions, for example the chlorination of benzene to product monoand polychlorobenzenes, especially orthoand para-dichlorobenzene. The reaction of most intense commercial interest at the present time is polymerization. The present invention is broadly applicable to all Ziegler catalysts, and their use in all chemical reactions catalyzed thereby, and insofar as polymerization is concerned, is broadly applicable to all Zieglertype polymers, i.e., all polymer prepared by polymerizing a monomer or mixture of monomers in the presence of a Ziegler-type catalyst. A monomer which can be so polymerized can properly be called a Ziegler-polymerizable Of special interest, of course, are those Ziegler solid polymers of sufficiently high molecular weight to be useful in the plastics industry, but benefits of the invention are obtainable in preparing lower-molecular-weight Ziegler semi-solid and even liquid polymers which can be used, for example, in adhesives, as lube oil additives, etc. The preferred polymers have a molecular weight of at least 2,000 and preferably at least 10,000. Those Ziegler polymers to which the preparation of the present invention is applied with particular advantage generally have much higher molecular weights ranging from 20,000 to 50,000 or 100,000 and even in many cases as high as 1,000,000 to 3,000,000 or more. The molecular weights in question are those calculated in the conventional manner on the basis of the viscosity of the polymer in so lution as described in the Journal fiir Praktische Chemie, 2nd Series, vol. 158, page 136 (1941), and the Journal of the American Chemical Society, 73, page 1901 (1951).
At the present time, ethylene is the preferred monomer for preparing Ziegler polymers. The ethylene can be homopolyrnerized, or can be copolymerized with varying amounts, particularly on the order of from 2 to 10 percent, of higher olefins such as propylene, or butylene, especially the former. The ethylene can also be copolymerized with butadiene and/ or isoprene as disclosed in the copending application of Carroll A. Hochwalt, Ser. No. 502,008, filed April 18, 1955, now abandoned. Also of interest are the copolymers of butadiene and/or isoprene with styrene, disclosed in the copending application of Carroll A. Hochwalt, Ser. No. 501, 795, filed April 18, 1955. Homopolymers of butadiene, homopolymers of isoprene and copolymers of butadiene with isoprene,/as prepared by the use of Ziegler-type catalysts are also of great interest, having exceptionally low temperature properties, as disclosed in the copending application of Robert J. Slocombe, Ser. No. 502,189, filed April 18, 1955. Other ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbons whose Ziegler polymers are of potential interest include propylene, butylenes, especially butene-l, amylenes and the like. Substituted olefins are also of interest, such as vinylcyclohexane, styrene, vinylnaphthalene, vinyl aromatic hydrocarbons generally, etc. Styrene when polymerized in the presence of Ziegler-type catalysts gives a high-molecular-weight polymer showing a crystalline structure by X-ray diffraction examination. Ziegler-type polyvinyl ethers, especially the homopolymers of alkyl vinyl ethers, e.g., ethyl vinyl ether, Z-ethylhexyl vinyl ether, etc., and copolymers of same with ethylene and other copolymerizable ethylenically unsaturated comonomers can also be prepared by the action of Ziegler catalysts, as disclosed in the copending application of Earl W. Gluesenkamp, Ser. No. 507,717, filed May 11, 1955, now abandoned. A variety of copolymers of the various monomers named above with each other and with other comonomers can be prepared by Ziegler catalysis, and the present invention in its broadest scope includes all such and, in fact, all polymers prepared through the agency of Ziegler-type catalysts on any single monomer or mixture of monomers polymerizable with such catalysts.
Despite the broad scope of the invention, it will be found more convenient in most of the present application to discuss the invention with specific reference to preferred embodiments thereof, and accordingly, Ziegler-type polyethylene will be especially referred to by way of example. Likewise, referred to especially by way of example will be catalysts prepared by the interaction of a trialkylaluminum with titanium tetrachloride, this being the preferred example of the preferred group of Ziegler catalysts which are those prepared by interaction of (a) an aluminum compound of the general formula R AlX, wherein R is an alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl radical and X is hydrogen, halogen, or an alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl radical, with (b) a metal halide selected from the group consisting of the chlorides, bromides and iodides of titanium and zirconium.
THE INVENTION IN FURTHER DETAIL In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, an active Ziegler catalyst is prepared, usually, but not always, as a dispersion in an inert Organic liquid, and there is added to such catalysts a portion of an inert diluent containing water effective to beneficiate, i.e. to beneficially modify the catalyst, but insuflicient to destroy its activity. A suitable amount of diluent containing water will vary somewhat, dependent upon the catalyst and the reaction conditions and these amounts will be discussed in detail hereinafter, but in general the amount of water to be added is in the neighborhood of 0.01 to atom of titanium.
0.75, preferably 0.1 to 0.50 gram-mole of water per gramatom of the multivalent metal .in the metal compound snsaaie,
will be deactivated, -i.e., its catalytic activity will be destroyed. It appears 'thateven slight amounts of water decrease the catalytic activity somewhat, but in some instances this is-not undesirable; and in other instances, in accordance with certain aspects of the invention, '1 readily overcome this effect partially or completely by alteration in reaction conditions, especially by imposing moderate pressure. It also appears that, in general, an amount of water added causes achange in molecular Weight of polymer obtained by' use of the thus-treated Ziegler catalysts. I V
The amount of water to be employed is best related to to the modifier addition. 10
the amount of catalyst and will vary considerably depending upon the particular catalyst, its method of preparation, and the extent to which catalyst modification is'desired. However, the amount or" water to be used is always small, and an amount will bechosen effective to modify the catalyst but insufi'icient to decrease its activity to an undesirable extent and certainly insufficient to destroy the catalyst activity completely. A Ziegler catalyst can be considered deactivated for most purposes if it is incapable when suspended in a well-agitated inert solvent .in concentration of about 20 mmoles/liter (based on the multivalent metal) of causing an ethylene uptake rate of I at least l'gram per liter ofsolvefn't per, hourat 20 atmos pheres pressure; it is notusually practical touse a catalyst- :WhlOll does not have an uptake ratev of at :least 5 l0I grams/liter/hour under such circumstances, and it is pref erable that the uptake rate be 100 grams/liter/hour or higher; When the catalyst is employed under pressureu and possibly at otherconcentrations, it should have an up} take rate ofatleastZS grams/liter/h-our'under the conditions of employment, and preferably an uptake rate of 100 grams/liter/hour or higher. rates for any conditionscan readily be ascertained. Even though av catalyst may be inactive according to theifore going criteria, it should be realized that it canstill have activity in some, reactions, and therefore the present invention in its broader aspects contemplates any .watermodified Ziegler catalyst.
by reducing agents, the iormerbeing exemplifiedby TiCl, and the latter .being exemplified by trialkylaluminums.
The ethylene uptake The Ziegler-catalysts are made up of compounds of polyvalentmetals'lwhich are reduced 'ing the pressure. sure.
when monomer; catalyst and reaction conditions are chosen to give polymershaving desirable properties but .whose molecular weightsiare somewhat-higher than desired for a given purposc.- However, if it is desired to creasing the ag ing timeof the-catalyst prior to addition of the modifier, or by increasing the aging time subsequent The mole ratio of a trialkylaluminum to a titanium salt uscdin preparing the catalyst alsocan be used to effect control of molecular weight, .the higher ratios producing higher molecular weights. The R Al/TiCl mole ratios employed are generally in the range of about 0321 to 08:1, although a higher or lower ratio; can be used, for example, 0.1:1 to 3:1 or so.
Use of an added amount of water tends to decrease the activity of the catalyst. 'As already pointed out, the amount ofwater added must be liin-itedsothat this decrease'in activity does not occur to an extent that is undesirable, all other thingsbeing considered, and certainly must be limited so that the catalyst activity isnot dcstroyed. In either case, the; activity of the catalyst can be noted by therate at which ethylene is polymerized or other reaction 'is elfectedby the aid of the catalyst in a comparison of said rate with the rate where the modifier is not used and/or the said mole ratio is'not increased.
Decreased catalyst activity, which results in a decreased rate of reaction, can be compensatedfor by a change in several reaction variables such as by increasing the. amount of'catalyst, increasing the temperature,or increas- I usually prefer tov increasethe pres- I find that a very-modest increase in pressure, say, from atmospheric up to '50 or 100- or 200 pounds per square-inch gauge, is usually quite sufficient to obtain adequate reaction rate; In' the case of catalysts which require pressure .in the first instance for asatisfactory rate of polymerization when being used to polymerize ethylfene or other monomer, the pressure can bestill further crease in the mole ratio of reducing agent to polyvalent increased .torestore the reaction rate which hasdecrea'sed becauseof the use of watermodification and/or an ini metal compound can be. employed in preparing the catalyst.
. tail hereinafter.
llprepare an active Ziegler catalyst, preferably as a dispersion in anin ert organic liqu'id,such as an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon as'will be discussed more in de- This dispersion is ordinarily'a colloidal suspension of catalyst panticles in-the liquid. I then add optimumrange, and: even the operablerange', inla given" 3 situation-may be considerably smaller than thi stated broad range. In some instances, the range of optimum or operable :proportions will be outside these ,stated ranges. However, it is a matter of the simplest of tests to determine operable and optimum quantities .of' the water modifier with any given Ziegler catalyst. Such test I can, for example, be carried out as describedin the spe-' cific examples hereinafter, and having had the benefit of the present disclosure, they are well within the skill of the art. With Ziegler catalysts prepared by theinteraction of a .trialkylaluminum with titanium tetrachloride, there is often used anamount of water within the range of from. 0.01 to0.75 :mole per mole of"'lTiCl used, i.e., per gram- It is often desirable to utilize the water on approximately a mole ratio of'from. about 0.01 to about 1.50 moles for each gram-atom of aluminum;
When Ziegler catalyst prepared in accordance with the present invention is used as apolymerization catalyst,
water in the chosen amount. Preferably the said catalyst is diluted with the inert organic liquid containing a critical concentration ofwaterswith vigorous agitation'so as to prevent localized concentration or reaction of the water with the catalyst during the treatment of the catalyst therewith. Ordinarily, the monomer is polymerized in the presence oif the modified catalyst dispersion. However, prior to the polymerization or other use of the catalyst, part or' all of the solvent may be removed by fil- "tration, evaporation, or the like, care being taken not to jus'econditions for such a separation that will deactivate the*'catalyst. e p
Ordinarily, it is quite sufiicient and, in 'fact, desirable "to use only water as the'modifier compound. However, it .isnot beyond the scope of-the invention to utilize an admixture of water witha reactivegorganic oxygen com.- pound described in,copendingapplication Ser. No. 695,- 153 or an admixture of water with one or'moresuch organic oxygen compoundsjwith any other catalyst modify- "ing agent that may be desired, e.g., With'the thiophenols 1 described in copending application Ser.;No. 609,798, filed the molecular weight of the resulting polymerisoften 7 lower than the molecular Weight twould'be if a modifier had not' been used in preparing the catalystand the.
polymerization carried out under otherwise identicalc'o'n-v -ditions. Inmany instances, this is very des1rable,1as
September v14, 1956, now US. Patent 3,009,908, issued November 21', 1961.
DETAILS OF PREPARATION AND USE OF. .ZIEGLER' CATALYSTS More'detailed informationwill now be given on preferred procedures and components forfpreparing various Ziegler catalysts, and it will be understood that the procedures given herein with respect to use of a water modifier will be followed. Ziegler catalysts for whatever use desired, can be prepared in the vessel in which the catalyzed reaction is to be carried out, or can be prepared in one vessel and then transferred to the intended reaction vessel, and in either event, can either be used immediately after preparation or after a period of time elapses between the preparation of the catalyst and its subsequent use to catalyze, e.g., polymerization. If the catalyst is to be used after such a period of time, it is apt to lose activity during storage period and/or produce polymer of an increased molecular weight as compared with that produced with fresh catalyst and these disadvantages can be minimized by storing Ziegler catalyst at temperatures below about C. and preferably below 25 C. for fairly long storage periods, as disclosed and claimed in the copending application of Robert 1'. McManimie, Harry G. Hurst, and Edward H. Mottus, Serial No. 586,352, filed May 22, 1956, now abandoned. While Ziegler catalysts are often conveniently prepared at room temperature, they can be prepared at higher temperatures, and also certain advantages are obtained, including uniform catalyst activity over the course of a reaction period and more effective removal of catalyst residue if the catalyst is prepared at temperatures below about 25 C. as disclosed and claimed in the copending application of Robert J. Mc- Manimie, Harry G. Hurst, and Edward H. Mottus, Ser. No. 586,352, filed May 22, 1956.
I prefer catalysts prepared by the interaction of (a) an aluminum compound of the general formula R AlX, wherein R is an alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl radical and X is hydrogen, halogen or an alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl radical, with (b) a metal halide selected from the group consisting of the chlorides, bromides and iodides of titanium and zirconium. The preparation of polymers will be described, by way of example, with particular reference to catalysts prepared by the interaction of trialkylaluminum, e.g., triethylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, trioctylaluminum, with titanium tetrachloride.
Suitable aluminum compounds to be reacted with the chlorides, bromides and iodides of titanium or zirconium are those represented by the general formula R AlX, wherein R is an alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl radical and X is hydrogen, halogen, or an alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl radical. By way of example, but not limitation, the following compounds are mentioned:
Triethylaluminum Triisobutylaluminum Trioctylaluminum Didodecyloctylaluminum Diisobutylaluminum hydride Tridodecylaluminum Diphenylaluminum bromide Dipropylcyclohexylaluminum Ditolylmethylaluminum Tri- B-phenyl ethyl) aluminum Diethylaluminum chloride Diisobutylaluminum chloride Diisobutylaluminum iodide Difi-cyclohexylpropyl )isobutylaluminum It is to be understood that mixtures of the foregoing types of aluminum compounds can be employed. One can use the total reaction mixtures obtained in the formation of such compounds, e.g., by treatment of metallic aluminum with alkyl halides resulting in the formation of such mixtures as R AlCl plus RAlCl termed alkylaluminum sesquihalides.
The aluminum compounds in question are interacted with one or more chlorides, bromides, or iodides of titanium or of zirconium, the chlorides and iodides being preferred. The titanium or zirconium in these halides should be in a valence form higher than the lowest possible valence. The tetrahalides are especially preferred, although the dihalides, trihalides, mixtures of di-, triand tetrahalides, etc., can be used. Preferred titanium or zirconium compounds are those that are soluble in an organic solvent (preferably a hydrocarbon such as hexane, benzene, kerosene, etc.) that is used in preparing the catalyst. Titanium or zirconium compounds other than the named halides, e.g., those called alcoholates, alkoxides or esters by various investigators such as titanium tetramethoxide (also called tetramethyl titanate), titanium triethoxide, tripropoxytitanium chloride, zirconium tetra-nbutoxide, or fluorides of titanium or zirconium, or complexes such as zirconium acetylacetonate, K TiF or salts of organic acids such as the acetates, benzoates, etc., of titanium and zirconium, can be used to prepare catalysts with at least some activity and to that extent can be considered equivalents of the halides, however, such compounds are usually prepared from the halides and hence are more costly, and also are usually less active, so their use is economically sound only Where in a particular situation favorable effects can be obtained such as increased solubility in an organic solvent that is used in preparing the catalyst, or polymer of increased molecular weight, or faster reaction rate. Although the exact action resulting from contacting the aluminum compound with the titanium or zirconium compound is not understood, it is believed likely that the zirconium or titanium halide is reduced in valence by the reaction of the added aluminum compound. The mole ratio of aluminum compound to titanium (or zirconium) compound, or stated another and simpler way, the mole ratio of aluminum to titanium (or zirconium) can vary over a wide range, suitable values being from 0.1:1 to 10:1 on up to 15:1 or higher. It is generally preferred to use an AlzTi mole ratio between 0.3 :1 and 5:1. The same ratios apply in the case of the zirconium compounds.
While active catalysts can be prepared by a variety of procedures, the simple t and perhaps most efiective is to add the titanium or zirconium halide to the aluminum compound, or vice versa, preferably in the presence of an inert organic solvent. Such solvents can suitably be saturated aliphatic and \alicyclic, and aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, and saturated ethers. The hydrocarbon solvents are generally preferred. By way of example can be mentioned liquefied ethane, propane, isobutane, normal "outane, n-hexane, the various isomeric hexanes, isooctane, cyclohexane, methylcyclopentane, dimethylcyclohexane, dodecane, industrial solvents composed of saturated and/ or aromatic hydrocarbons, such as kerosenes, naphthas, etc., especially when hydrogenated to remove any olefin compounds and other impurities, and especially those ranging in boiling point up to 600 F. Also, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, cumene, decalin, ethylene dichloride, chlorobenzene, diethyl ether, o-dichlorobenzene, dibutyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane. In some instances, it is also advantageous to prepare the catalyst in the presence of a monomer; for example, if the catalyst is prepared in the presenceof liquid ethylene, and then used to polymerize ethylene, a high yield of polyethylene results.
It may also be mentioned here that the polymerization can readily be effected in the presence of any of the classes of solvents and specific solvents just named. If the proportion of such solvent is kept low in the reaction mixture, such as from 0 to 0.5 part by weight inert organic solvent (i.e., inert to the reactants and catalysts under the conditions employed) per 1 part by weight total polymer produced, solvent recovery steps are obviated or minimized with consequent advantage. It is often helpful in obtaining efficient contact between monomers and catalyst and in aiding removal of heat of reaction, to employ larger amounts of solvent, for example, from 5 to 30 parts by weight solvent per 1 part by weight total polymer produced. These inert solvents, which are solvents for the monomers, some of the catalyst components, and some of the polymers, but are non-solvents for many of the polymers, e.g., polyethylene, can also properly be termed inert liquid diluents, or inert organic liquids.
i "The amount of catalyst required is dependent on the -other variables of the particular reaetion, such as polymerization, and although amounts as small 2150.01, weight; percent based ontotal weight of monomers charged are; sometimes permissible, it is usually desirable to use, some-..
what larger amounts, such as from 0.1 up to 2 to5 percent or even considerably higher, ,sayj up to 20 percent, de-' pending upon the monomer or monomers, the presence or absence of solvent, the temperatures, pressures, and other .reaction conditions. When polymerization is effected in the presence of a solvent, the catalyst to solvent weight ratio should be at least about 0.0011 andmuchlower values such as 0.000121 can sometimes'be used.
The polymerization can be effected over a wide range .of temperatures, again the particular preferred temperatures being chosen in accordance with the monomer, res sure, particular catalyst and other reaction variables. For
vblanketing'with an inert gas, e.g., nitrogen, argon, or
helium. 7 a
The monomer or ;mixture ofmonomers is contacted with the catalyst in any convenient manner, preferably .5 by bringingthe catalyst and monomer together with intimate -agitation' provided by suitable stirring or .other means. The agitation can be cohtinued'during the polymerization, or in some instances, the polymerization mixture can be allowed to remain quiescent while the 10 polymerization takes place. In the case of the more rapid many monomers -from room temperatures down to say 7 40 C. and even lower are suitable, and in many cases it is preferred that the temperature be maintained at below" about 35 -CJ However, for, other monomersparticularly ethylene, higher temperatures; appear to be optimum, say 7 from 50 to 90 C; for ethylene. Temperatures ranging up to 150" C. and higher are generally satisfactory for Ziegler-type polymerization.
is dependent uponthe chosen monomer or monomers, as
well as other variables. In most instances, the polyn1erizaan appreciably elevated pressure will be one of economic and practical considerations taking into account the advantages that can be obtained thereby.
On a large or commercial scale .ditliculty is encountered 40 in dissipating the quantity of heat with polymerization.
While high pressures are reactions with the more active catalysts, meanscan be provided forreiluxing monomer and solvent, if any of the latter-is present, and thus remove the heat of reaction.
In any event, adequate means should be provided for dissipating the exothermic heatiof polymerizaiton.
desired, the monomer can be brought in vapor phase into cont-actwith the "solid catalyst,.in the presence of or ab .sence of liquid solvent. The polymerization can be effected in the batch manner, or in a continuous manner,
: such as, for example, by, passing the reaction mixture through an elongated reaction tube which is contacted externally with suitable coolingmedium to maintain desired reaction temperaturmor bypassing the reaction mixtore through ;an equilibrium-overfiow reactor, or a series Ofth-e same; The pressure at which the polymerization 1s carried ont V The polymer will be recovered from the total reaction mixture by a widevariety of procedures, chosenin ac- ,cordance with thegproperties. of the particular polymer, the presence or absence of solvent, and the like. Itis 3.0 generallyqnite desirable to remove as much catalyst from the ,polymerfas possible, and this is, conveniently done -by contacting the total reaction mixture or the polymer after separation-from solvent, etc., with rnethanjolic hydro- V chloric acid, with'an aliphatic alcohol such as methanol,
Iisobutanol, secondary butanol, or-:by various other proce- This problem has been met in the past by diluting the ole- I fin monomer with an inert gas and by operation atlow pressures. By using my invention of modifying the catalyst activity with a critical concentration of water the inert gaseous diluent for the monomer can be omitted if desired; and even though the reactivity of the catalyst'has been reduced an improved yield of polymer perunit time can be realized by increasing the pressure of the monomer. Polymer prepared at comparatively high pressures, e. g., 100 to 200atmospheres, has. the desirableproperty of higher density than usually achieved.
In the practice of my invention the critical Concentra- 7 tion of water required to modify the catalyst activity can be charged to the system by variousprocedures. For example, the water can be added to the titanium compound before mixing with the Group I to ill metal organic compound. The'water can be fed into the polymerizationreactor mixed with the monomer, or preferably the'dilu'en't is mixed with water and the wet solvent then added to a concentrate of premixed catalyst constituents.
dures. Iffthe polymer'is insolublein the solvent, it can be separated-therefrom by filtration, :centrifuging'or other suitablephysical separation procedure. If the polymer is soluble in :the solvent, itfis advantageously precipitated by admixture of the. solution with anon-solvent, such non-solvent usually being an organic liquid miscible with the solventbut-in whi'chwthe polymer to be recovered is not readily soluble. Of course,.any solvent present can also be'fiseparated: from'polymer by evaporation of the ,1 solvent, care" beingtaken to avoid subjecting the polymer to too high a'temperature in such operation; If a high boiling solvent is used, it is-usually desirable to finish any washing of the polymer with a low boiling material, such as one of the lower aliphatic alcohols or hexane, pentanc, etc., which aids removal'o'f the higher, boiling materials and permitsthe maximum removal of extraneous material 7 during the final polymer dryingstep. ,Such drying step is desirably efiecte d in a vacuum at moderatev temperatures, preferably well below 100? C.
5 In order to illustrate some of the various aspects and advantages of the invention, illustrative examples are given herein; Ethylene has beenchosen as a representative monomer, triisobntylaluminum has been chosen as a I a representative reducing agent .in preparing the catalyst,
The catalyst is sensitive to various poisons, among.
which may be mentioned oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, acetylenic"compoun-ds such as acetylene,@vinylacetylene, and the like. For this reason, suitable precau-' 'tions should be taken to protect the catalyst and the reaction mixture from excessive contact with such'materials.
An excess of the aluminum compound tends to give a certain amount of'protcction against these poisons, The
monomers and diluerits or solvents, if used, need not be pureso long as they are reasonably free from poisons. However, best results are ordinarily obtained if the monomer, feed contains at least weight percent and preferably higher of the polymerizable ,rnonomer, ex-
elusive of any solvent material. it is desirable to protect the catalyst during preparation,'-s torage,. and use by titanium tetrachloride has 'beenfchosen 'as a representative polyvalent metal compoundthatisreduced in reparing the catalyst, kerosene'has been chosenas a representative inert organic liquid for preparation of the catalyst "dispersion and in-Whichto carry out thepolymerization.
lt will," of course,-be understood that variations: from the particular catalystcomponents, reactants, solvents, proportionatemperatnres and the like can be made without departing from the invention.
7 Example 1 V A representative Ziegler-type catalyst'was prepared in quantity in advance for use in a series of examples. Into 500-ml. of thoroughly dried kerosene was charged 20901 g. (0.1054 mole) aluminum triisobutyL- lnto'a separate 7 500 ml. portion of anhydrous kerosene was'weighed 13 40.222 g. (0.212 mole) TiCl The solution of Al(ibutyl) in kerosene was then slowly added to the TiCL; solution with vigorous stirring, and then 222 ml. of kerosene added. Thus, there was obtained a (weight/ volume) solution of a representative Ziegler catalyst in kerosene having a mole ratio, AlR /TiCl of 0.498.
Example 2 Into a tubular reactor was charged ml. of the catalyst slurry prepared in Example 1. To this pre-made catalyst slurry was then added 230 ml. of wet kerosene containing 82 p.p.m. water.
A standard wet kerosene was prepared by adding 1 ml. of water to 800 ml. of kerosene. The mixture was heated to 80 C. slowly and then allowed to cool. Some of the water precipitated and the supernatant kerosene layer was decanted. By analysis this wet kerosene was found to contain 82 p.p.m. water.
The total amount of water added to the reactor was calculated to be 75.5 p.p.m., based on the total catalyst slurry charge.
The catalyst slurry was then heated to 65 and a mixture of ethylene and anhydrous nitrogen was added at a suflicient rate to maintain a saturated solution of ethylene at constant agitation (1100 revolutions per minute, turbine). Ethylene was absorbed at a rapid rate from the start of the gas flow. The temperature was controlled between 65 and 70 C., by intermittent cooling. Ethylene absorption was calculated to be 351 g. per liter of catalyst slurry per hour (g./l./hr.)
Ethylene flow was stopped when the polymer-catalyst slurry became too thick to stir with efficient agitation. The reactor was flushed with nitrogen, and the catalyst quenched by addition of anhydrous isobutanol. The reaction mixture was then filtered to separate the suspended polyethylene from the liquid. The polyethylene was then worked up by heating with additional alcohol, filtered, washed with fresh amounts of the same alcohol and hexane and finally dried.
Example 3 This example serves as a control for Example 2, and illustrates ethylene polymerization under anhydrous conditions.
Catalyst from Example 1, 20 ml., was charged into the glass tubular reactor and diluted with 230 ml. of anhydrous kerosene. In this example the operating condi tions, as set forth in Example 2, were followed. Without the added influence of the critical concentration of water, ethylene was absorbed at the rate of 291 g./l./ hr. Product polyethylene was isolated according to the general procedure of Example 2.
Example 4 To 200 ml. of anhydrous kerosene, dried by distilling from sodium, was added 6.737 g. Al(i-butyl) 0.034 mole, and this solution was slowly added with vigorous mixing to a solution of 12.729 g. titanium tetrachloride, 0.067 mole, in 200 ml. anhydrous kerosene. An addition of 86 m1. anhydrous kerosene was then made to obtain a slurry of 4% (wt/vol.) concentration and having a mole ratio of Al triisobutyl/TiCL; of 0.506. This concentrated catalyst slurry was stored at 10 C. for one day before using as a polymerization catalyst.
Example 5 Catalyst slurry from Example 4, ml., was diluted with 225 ml. of wet kerosene containing 42 p.p.m. H O to obtain 250 ml. of 0.4% catalyst concentration (wt./ vol.) containing 38 p.p.m. water. At an ethylene polym erization temperature of 65 to 70 C., the ethylene was absorbed at a rate of 312 g./l./hr. Product polyethylene, isolated according to the general procedure of Example 2, was found to have a specific viscosity of 0.252, measured as a 0.1% solution in xylene at 100 C.
l 4 Example 6 The procedure and charge were identical to Example 5 except that the concentration of water in kerosene used to dilute the catalyst concentrate was initially adjusted so that the concentration of water in the ultimate slurry of 250 ml. of 0.4% (wt/vol.) catalyst was 20 p.p.m. The rate of ethylene absorbed at a polymerization temperature of 65 to 70 was calculated to be 308 g./l./hr. The product polymer, isolated as previously described, had a specific viscosity of 0.226, measured as a 0.1% solution in xylene at C.
Example 7 Ethylene was polymerized at 65 to 70 C. using 25 ml. of the catalyst concentrate prepared in Example 4 diluted with 225 ml. of wet kerosene having an initial water content adjusted to give 250 ml. of catalyst slurry containing 10 p.p.m. water. At this level of water concentration the rate of ethylene absorbed was calculated as 352 g./l./hr. The product polyethylene was isolated and purified by the procedure of Example 2, and its physical properties determined. The polymer has a specific viscosity of 0.313 (0.1% solution in xylene at 100 0.).
Example 8 Catalyst concentrate from Example 4, 25 ml., was diluted with 225 ml. of wet kerosene to give 250 ml. of catalyst slurry containing 0.4% (wt./vol.) catalyst. The water content of the wet kerosene had been adjusted to give a final concentration of 5 p.p.m. water in the catalyst slurry. At this low level of water concentration, ethylene was absorbed at the rate of 296 g./l./hr. Product polymer, isolated by alcohol extraction of the catalyst as previously described, had a specific viscosity of 0.269 (0.1% solution in xylene at 100 0.).
Example 9 The glass tubular reactor was charged with 10 ml. of the catalyst slurry from Example 1 and then diluted with 240 ml. of wet kerosene containing 82 p.p.m. water to give a catalyst concentration of 0.2% (Wt/vol.) having 78 p.p.m. water content. At this level of catalyst concentration and water content, it was observed that the catalyst was inactive, ethylene absorption rate was zero.
Example 10 The glass tubular reactor was charged with 10 ml. of the catalyst slurry prepared in Example 1. This slurry was diluted with 240 ml. of kerosene containing 34 p.p.m. of water, prepared by mixing 100 ml. kerosene containing 82 p.p.m. water, with ml. anhydrous kerosene. There was obtained 250 ml. of 0.2% catalyst (wt./vol.) containing 33 p.p.m. H O.
In this run, using the identical procedure of the preceding examples, ethylene was absorbed at the rate of 49 g./l./hr. at 65 to 70 C. Product polyethylene was isolated according to the general procedure of Example 2.
Example 11 This run was made to check the activity of the catalyst prepared in Example 1 at 0.2% (wt/vol.) concentration under anhydrous conditions. The rate of ethylene absorption was 224 g./l./hr., at 65 to 70 C. The product polymer was isolated by alcohol extraction as previously described and its physical properties determined for comparison with the product obtained in Example 10.
The catalyst components used in the preceding examples are summarized in Table I. Very low concentrations of water, had no adverse effect on product properties. Totally unexpected improvement was realized when the concentration of water had a modifying effect on catalyst activity.
Table II points out the improvement in product melt index when using my invention in comparison with poly-- ethylene prepared under anhydrous conditions as taught Milli- Milli- Milli-, Water, Example No. moles moles moles p.p.n1
Ti Al water TABLE II Product fromExainple N0. Melt index 1 Memory, Spec.
, percent viscosity 0. 23 56 .0. 184. 0.036 40 0.252 r 0.78 83 11 (control) 0.038 44 0. 230
0.1% solution' in xylene at 100 '0; V
with the general'principal taught'herein' in-order'to obtain optimum results with particular catalyst systems. In par-' vticular, the ratio of metal alkyl to polyvalent metal, the concentration of the catalyst, the concentration of the water modifier, the aging of the catalyst, the temperature l6 It is not seen to'b'e necessary to define "the particular mechanism by which the critical concentration "of water affects the catalyst and produces valuable results, and we 'do not wish to be bound by anytheory concerning the ina higher M A second actionris apparently selective as to type of site sincethe amount 'of extremely high molecular .weight species (associated with highly reduced Ti' catalysts) is-diminished as is evidenced by a reduction inM valuesand the lack of gel. Thus in certain broader aspects, the present invention concerns .use of a modifier i or poison .for the purpose of minimizing the reduction of and pressure of the polymerization etc., can be varied in,
order to vary the results in the manner taught herein above. 7 1
It has been. discovered I tribution has amarkedgeiiect .on properties ofZieglcr polymers. .Ifanormal Ziegler polyethylene is fractionated into various fractions according :IO molecular. weight, i.e., low, medium, high, etc., it is found that some of the intermediate fractions having narrow molecular weight distributions possess desirable melt index values.-. Such polymers have a number average molecular weight, M which approachestheir weight average molecular weight, M i.e., there are not a suflicient number'o'f extremely high molecular weight species present to make the weight average molecular Weight, M (which' gives weighted value to higher molecular weights), much higher than the number average molecular weights, M (whichis not unduly influenced by higher molecular weights); [It follows from the above that it is desirable to have a low M /Mg ratio, approaching 1. Extensive fractionation of the polymers according to molecular weight; would not ordinarily be economically'feasible. -However, th'epresent invention makes such factionation unnecessary as the polymers herein have a narrow molecular weight range,
, method has been described in Fractionation of Polyethyl- Yenes, by P. S. Francis, R. C. Cooke, I11, and]. H. Elliott V (presented at the American Chemical Society spring meeting in Atlantic City, 1956).
'40 that the molecular weight dis Ti+ to Ti, H, etc., with-a .view toward selectively reducing the numberof initiation sites., Forexample, a few minutes after -'Al(isobutyl) /TiCl; catalyst has beenprepared, the reduced titanium content, i.e., TiCl maybe about 30%, and this; value may slowly rise during an ethylene polymerization to over,50%in two hours (in the absence of ethylene, it mayrise to'about in the same period); however, when a suitable amount of water is added as modifier, the percent of reduced titanium tends to be stabilized against increase.
- As is implicit in the above discussion, it is believed thata'the present invention provides an effective means-ofcontrolling the, concentration and type of catalyst, thereby providing a means of controlling ,the course ofthe cata-.
lyzed polymerizations.
The improved .molecular. weight ,distribution';.of-..thc
polymers prepared'by the process of theipresent invention preciated that variations" fromthe details given herein can titanium 'tetrachlorideoin 'an'inert organic liquid and add- :ing water,.the proportionsbeingir'om 0.3 to'0.8 moleqtrialkylaluminumand 0.01 to 0.75 mole of water pcrlmole -of titanium tetrachloride. v
2. A method of preparing modified polymerization catalyst which comprisesmixing1:.trizilkylaluminurn rwith 'tanium tetrachloride in an inert. organic liquid andia dding water, the proportions being from 0.4-to 0.6 mole trilkylaluminum and .0.l0 to 0.50 mole of water; per mole of titaniumtetrachloride. Y
V References Cited by theExaminer UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,721,189 10/55 Anderson et a1. .'252 -429 2,846,426, 8/58 Larson et a1. 252-429 2,879,263 j 3/59 .Ander'son et'al. 260-949 2,886,560 5/59 Weber 26094; 9 2,905,645 9/59 Andersonet al. 252 429 2,925,392 2/60 Seelbachetal. 252-429 5/61 Seydel etal; 260-94.9
7 FOREIGNVPATENTS 218,210 11/58 Au'stralia'. 7
' MAURICE, AQIBRlNDISI, Primary Examiner.
JULIUS GREENWALD, xa iner.
It appears
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 30, 1954
|Oct 18, 1955
|Du Pont
|Polymeric bicyclo-(2, 2, 1)-2-heptene
|Dec 8, 1955
|Aug 5, 1958
|Dow Chemical Co
|Polymerization in vapor phase with complex metal catalysts
|Feb 1, 1955
|Mar 24, 1959
|Du Pont
|Polymerization process
|Nov 28, 1955
|May 12, 1959
|Basf Ag
|Polymerization of ethylene
|Aug 16, 1954
|Sep 22, 1959
|Du Pont
|Polymerization catalysts
|Apr 2, 1956
|Feb 16, 1960
|Exxon Research Engineering Co
|Catalyst and preparation thereof
|Apr 2, 1957
|May 16, 1961
|Hoechst Ag
|Olefin polymerization with catalyst of water-treated titanium compound and an alkyl aluminum compound
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 2, 1967
|Jan 13, 1970
|Atlantic Richfield Co
|Catalysts based on aluminum pyrolate
|Apr 14, 1966
|Jan 27, 1970
|Goodyear Tire & Rubber
|Catalyst composition comprising an organoaluminum compound,a tungsten hexahalide and a compound of the formula roh
|Aug 19, 1983
|Jan 8, 1985
|Phillips Petroleum Company
|Polyolefin polymerization process and catalyst
|Aug 19, 1983
|Mar 5, 1985
|Phillips Petroleum Company
|Polyolefin polymerization process and catalyst
|Sep 28, 1983
|Apr 29, 1986
|Phillips Petroleum Company
|Process for the preparation of an olefin polymerization catalyst
|Oct 30, 1997
|Nov 2, 1999
|Respol Quimica S.A.
|Organometallic catalysts for the polymerization and copolymerization of alpha-olefins
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|Nov 7, 2000
|Respsol Quimica S.A.
|Process for obtaining a catalytic system for the polymerization of . .alpha-olefins in suspension in gas phase at low and high temperature or in a mass at high pressure and high or low temperatures
|Jul 14, 1997
|Nov 28, 2000
|Mobil Oil Corporation
|Preparation of supported catalyst using trialkylaluminum-metallocene contact products
|May 31, 2000
|May 14, 2002
|Repsol Quimica S.A.
|Process for obtaining polyolefins
|Oct 30, 1997
|Oct 21, 2003
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|Catalysts systems for the polymerization and copolymerization of alpha-olefins
|Apr 26, 1999
|Dec 12, 2006
|Repsol Quimica, S.A.
|Catalytic systems for the polymerization and copolymerization of alpha-olefins
|Jul 16, 2004
|May 1, 2007
|Repsol Quimica S.A.
|Catalytic systems for the polimerization and copolimerization of alpha-olefins
|Jun 19, 2003
|Jan 26, 2010
|Westlake Longview Corporation
|Polyethylene copolymers having low n-hexane extractable
|Aug 20, 2007
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|Polyethylene copolymers having low n-hexane extractable
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|(1) Repsol Quimica S.A.
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|Mar 24, 2005
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|Oct 25, 2007
|Vanderbilt Jeffrey J
|Simplified process to prepare polyolefins from saturated hydrocarbons
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|Randal Ray Ford
|Process for the polymerization of olefins; novel polyethylenes, and films and articles produced therefrom
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|Process for the polymerization of olefins; polyethylenes, and films and articles produced therefrom
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
SUSE Cloud Gets Rebranded and Updated to OpenStack Juno
The SUSE OpenStack Cloud 5, now generally available, offers an updated infrastructure-as-a-service platform.Linux vendor SUSE today announced the general availability of its SUSE OpenStack Cloud 5 distribution, providing users with an updated infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) platform. The SUSE OpenStack Cloud product is a rebranding of the SUSE Cloud product that first entered the market in August 2012. "With the adoption of DefCore, the rules around the use of the OpenStack trademarks are clearer," Pete Chadwick, senior product manager for SUSE OpenStack Cloud, told eWEEK. "We fully support DefCore and felt the name change would increase visibility around this." DefCore is an effort within the OpenStack community to define what constitutes an OpenStack cloud. In a 2014 video interview with eWEEK, Alan Clark, director of Industry Initiatives, Emerging Standards and Open-Source at SUSE detailed the latest DefCore efforts. Clark is also the chairman of the OpenStack Foundation's board of directors.
SUSE OpenStack Cloud 5 is based on the upstream OpenStack Juno milestone first released on Oct. 16, 2014. Among the new technologies that landed in OpenStack Juno is the Sahara big data processing project. The SUSE OpenStack Cloud 5 platform includes Sahara, and SUSE is also working with big data vendor MapR to enable support for the MapR enterprise distribution of Hadoop via the MapR Sahara plug-in.
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Pattern Download
Rustic Slippers
This pattern is for beginners who are just starting to make wearables. It's a great "first project"! To make these slippers in different sizes, use a smaller/larger crochet hook for children/men. *Please read the entire instructions including the warning at the end about these slippers possibly being slippery on smooth surfaces! BASIC SKILLS NECESSARY Chain, double crochet GAUGE 3 dc = 1 inch and 2 dc rows = 1 inch SIZING / FINISHED MEASUREMENTS Women's size M/L (8-9 shoe size)


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By personalizing the experiences of American slaves, Harriet Beecher Stowe s "Uncle Tom s Cabin" had a profound effect on public attitudes toward slavery on the eve of the Civil War, but Stowe s narrative was not the whole story. Jo-Ann Morgan now reveals how prints and paintings of Uncle Tom and other characters in the novel also shaped public perceptions and how this visual culture had its own impact on history.
Through illustrations in various editions of the book, advertisements for stage productions, paintings of favorite scenes, and even sheet music for Tom-inspired songs, Stowe s work took on a visual as well as a textual existence. Morgan explores the rich visual discourse generated by "Uncle Tom s Cabin" within the context of evolving social conditions and political events of nineteenth-century America to show how images associated with the text came to have lives of their own.
Although Uncle Tom is a recognized icon of American culture, this is the first book to concentrate on the visual discourse involving the character, interpreting a period of American sociocultural history that has been neglected by art historians. Morgan shows how these iconic images offered the country a means of both representing and reinventing its slave past. By examining illustrations by Hammatt Billings and George Cruikshank and the work of painters such as Winslow Homer, Eastman Johnson, Henry Ossawa Tanner, and Thomas Satterwhite Noble, she breaks down boundaries between high art and popular culture to demonstrate how these distinctions helped validate the views of elite producers of culture.
Morgan argues that the popularity of" Uncle Tom s Cabin" made it dangerous to prevailing attitudes and the institutional structures kept in place by them, as pictures joined words to challenge patriarchy. She shows how subsequent visual strategies were used to coax the subversive potential of Stowe s work back within accepted boundaries, as imaging of black people was involved in a cultural backlash against decades of abolition propaganda. Pictures of figures once read as sympathetic were redefined into an alternative propaganda to reinforce white supremacy and put limits on African Americans access to citizenship after emancipation.
Despite the simultaneous existence of an urban-based, business-class clientele for paintings and a more popular audience for book illustrations, show posters, and sheet music, Morgan shows that representations of blacks tended to reinforce social hierarchies and protect established regimes. Uncle Tom s Cabin" as Visual Culture" is a compelling reexamination of an American icon and a persuasive case study in how representations of African Americans change in response to social and political agendas."
Uncle Tom's Cabin As Visual Culture
University of Missouri Press
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Saiyan Watch
The Legend Continues
Dragon Ball
Dragon Ball Z
Dragon Ball GT
Dragon Ball Z Kai
Dragon Ball Super
Dragon Ball Super Dub
Dragon Ball Super Sub
Episode 87
- Yamcha vs. Tien
Episode 86
Dragon Ball
Episode 88
The finalists prepare to draw their numbers for the championship round. Chiaotzu uses his powers to rig the seeding. The first match is Yamcha against Tien, the second match is Jackie Chun against Man Wolf, the third is Krillin against Chiaotzu, and the fourth is Goku against Pomput. After a quick meal for Goku, the finals begin. Yamcha and Tien start fighting, and the two of them seem evenly matched. They each are surprised with the other's strength. During a lull in the action, Yamcha says that he is going to use his new technique: Wolf Fang Blowing Wind.?


text:
Azealia Banks says she regrets endorsing Donald Trump
Frank Ocean's new album is out Friday on Apple Music
It's finally happening: Frank Ocean is giving us a new album.
Fans have been anticipating Boys Don't Cry since its announcement last April…
Young black metal band shatters the mold
Just a few years ago, the heavy metal trio Unlocking the Truth were turning heads in Times Square performing rock music for awestruck pedestrians.
At th…
Shirley Caesar honored on Walk of Fame
Shirley Caesar, eleven-time Grammy winner and famed gospel singer, received the 2,583rd star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on Tuesday.
The singer, who re…
Pres Obama: Black music is some of the most "powerful art the world has ever known"
On May 30, President Obama declared the month of June 2016 "African-American Music Appreciation Month."
This is not the first time a president has declare…
Official: Prince died of opioid overdose
Beyonce teases the world with just a little 'Lemonade'
Beyonce teases the world with just a little 'Lemonade'
Prince health scare
Early Friday morning, a plane carrying Prince had to make an emergency landing after the singer's health took a bad turn.
Prince had reportedly been …
Kanye represents the victimhood, paranoia plaguing black men
Beyoncé's unapologetically black Super Bowl performance
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars were a sight to behold at the Super Bowl 50 halftime performance. Did you ever think you'd see so much blackness, or so many Black Panth…


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text: 19 magazine - October 1980 £29.99 Quantity: at £29.99 each Add To Basket 1 in stock. Good condition for age - inside pages in great condition - there are a couple of light stains to front cover (not really noticeable unless held to light) - light foxing to edges of rear cover The free gift is not included FASHION - "A Cut Above" 6 page fashion FASHION - "If You Go Down To The Woods Today..." 6 page fashion photo shoot FASHION - "Neapolitans" Winter pastel colours 4 page fashion FASHION - "Chiconomy" 4 page fashion KENNY EVERETT - 2 pages PARIS' JARDIN D'ACCLIMATATION - The Dolls' House 2 page photo feature FANCY A CAREER IN SINGING? - 2 page feature 19's BEAUTY GUIDE - 8 page feature (beauty, hair, exercise) PETER STRAUSS - "The star who ran away from his image - and won" One and a half pages COOKERY - Tomato recipes One and a half pages


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- Affiliations:
1 Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus University
2 Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus University
3 Department of Clinical Medicine - Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University
4 unknown
5 Department of Clinical Medicine - Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University
- Abstract:
- Physical exercise decreases the number of fetal cells in maternal blood J. M. Schlütter1, I. Kirkegaard1, B. Christensen2, S. Kølvraa3, N. Uldbjerg1 1. Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Aarhus N, Denmark. 2. FCMB ApS, Vejle, Denmark. 3. Department of Clinical Genetics, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark Objectives We have established a robust method to specifically identify and isolate a subgroup of fetal cells in maternal blood (fcmb) at a gestational age of 12 weeks. The concentration of these cells, however, varies considerably among pregnant women and 10-15 % have no cells in 30 mL, which is a challenge for the implementation of the method for prenatal diagnostic purposes. Considering the assumed fragility of circulating fetal cells we wondered if physical exercise prior to blood sampling might influence the number of fcmb. The objective of this study was therefore to assess whether physical activity within 24 hours prior to blood sampling affected the number of fcmb. Methods 59 women were included at a gestational age of 12 weeks. The number of fcmb was assessed in 30 mL blood processed by a proprietary method developed by FCMB ApS (limited liability company). Fetal cells in the blood, bound to fetal cell specific markers, were initially isolated by magnetic cell sorting, then stained with a cocktail of intracellular antibodies, identified and counted. Information about 6 variables reflecting the physical activity of the participants was obtained from questionnaires answered by the pregnant women just before blood sampling. Results Number of fcmb were significantly lower in women who had exercised for more than 30 minutes within the preceding 24 hours (median 1.5 vs. 3 fcmb; P = 0.04). The same tendency was found among 3 women who had used a bicycle for transport to the hospital as compared to transport by car (median 2 vs. 3 fcmb; P = 0.07). Even training of the pelvic floor within the preceding 3 hours seemed to slightly decrease fcmb (median 2 vs. 3 fcmb; P = 0.13). Conclusions Exercise within 24 hours reduces the number of fcmb in maternal blood. The explanation might be increased clearance of fcmb from the circulation during exercise. If analysis of fcmb is introduced as a clinical parameter pregnant women should avoid extensive physical activity 24 hours prior to blood sampling.
- Type:
- Conference poster
- Language:
- English
- Keywords:
- Foster celler; graviditet; Fysisk aktivitet; Fetal cells; Pregnancy; Exercise training
- Main Research Area:
- Medical science
- Review type:
- Undetermined
- Conference:
- 20th World Congress on Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2010
- Submission year:
- 2010
- Scientific Level:
- Scientific
- 2185817163


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Friday, April 25, 2003
By SCOTT BECKER
News intern
It doesn't seem like that long ago since the Children's Park of Hood River started serving the youth of the community.
Yet, this weekend marks the 10-year anniversary of the transformation of the muddy field on the corner of 9th and Eugene into the busy playground and outdoor community center that it is now.
"This is a stop we make at least once a week," said Angela Lynn, a local mother spending an afternoon at the Children's Park with her kids Grant, 6, and Brady, 18 months. "It's a great social hub for the mommys around here." Lynn sat with her friend, Sherie Zack, who was with her kids, Collete, 6 and Colson, 2.
The park was constructed with funds and materials that were provided solely by donors, and built by volunteers in five days, from April 21-25, 1993. To top that off, local kids designed the park, giving ideas of what they thought would make an ideal park, and making it a true community project.
Kym Zanmiller was volunteer coordinator for the project. "It's been great for the community. There are always people there," she said.
Designers for the park went to local elementary schools and got ideas from kids, asking them to design structures for it. "Each community that does this type of project is different. For example, in one community, swings were mainly what the kids wanted. But for us, slides were the big item," said Zanmiller.
"The great thing about this project was that everybody could be involved. We needed two unskilled workers for every skilled carpenter we had. And you might be paired with the guy down the street who you couldn't stand, but you would be working together to achieve one goal for the community," she added.
Local businesses helped out by donating money, equipment and employees to help build the park.
"Thursday was contractors' day," Zanmiller said as she broke down the weekly schedule. "That's when all of the wood work was done. Friday was business day, when businesses gave employees the day off to come help build the park."
Zanmiller said the group also did a large amount of fundraising. One was a penny drive in which kids made penny banks to put near the cash registers at local businesses. "We raised one million pennies that covered the whole gym floor at the middle school," Zanmiller said.
She explained that the park needs constant upkeep and that continued community involvement is critical. Weeding is something that always needs to be done this time of year according to Zanmiller.
In the meantime, the Children's Park will continue to serve Hood River's kids and their parents. "All they need now is a coffee shop," suggested Lynn.
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Parkdale third graders sing "12 Disaster Days of Christmas"
Welcome to your sing-able Christmas gift list. What follows is an emergency rendition of "12 Days of Christmas" – for outfitting your home or car in case of snow storm, earthquake, flood or other emergency. Read it as a simple list, or sing it to the tune of "12 Days" – you know, as in " … and a partridge in a pear tree…" Not to make light of it, but the song is a familiar framework for a set of gift ideas that you could consider gathering together, even if the recipient already owns items such as a bunch of coats, tire chains and flashlights. Stores throughout the Gorge are stocked up on all these items. Buying all 12 days might be prohibitive, but here are three ideas for checking any of the dozen off your list (notations follow, 1-12.) The gift items needed to stay warm, dry and safe are also coded to suggest items in your abode (A) in your car (C) or both (B). 12 Gallons of Water (A) 11 Family meals (B) 10 Cans of propane (A) 9 Hygiene bags (B) 8 Packs of batteries (A) 7 Spare coats (B) 6 Bright red flares (C) 5 Cozy blankets (B) 4 Tire chains (C) 3 Flashlights (B) 2 cell phone chargers (B) 1 And a crush-proof first aid kit (B) Price ranges? Here's a few quotes for days Three, Two, Four and Nine: n A family gift of flashlights (three will run $15-30, Hood River Supply, Tum-A-Lum) n Cell phone chargers (two will run $30-60) n Tire chains (basic set, $30, Les Schwab, returnable if unused for the winter) n Family meals ($100 or so should cover the basics for three or four reasonably well-fed days) n The home kit should be kept in a handy place near an exit, and remember that water needs to be replenished every few months. If you have a solid first aid kit already, switch out the gift idea with "and-a-sto-o-u-t- tub-for it-all …" Otherwise, it's a case of assembling your home or car kits and making sure all members of the family know what the resources are and how to use them (ie flares and propane). Emergency situations are at worst life-threatening, at best deeply uncomfortable if you and your family are left without power for an extended period, or traveling and find yourself in a situation where you need to wait out a storm, lengthy traffic delay, or other crisis. Notes on the 12 gift ideas: 12 – Gallons of water: that's one per person in a four-member family to last for three days, the recommended minimum to be prepared for utility outages. 11 – Easy-open packaged goods, energy bars, dried food and nuts are good things to include for nutrition. Think of what your family of four needs for three days to stay fortified and hydrated (see number 12). Can-opener also recommended 10 – If you have a propane camping stove, keep extra fuel handy. 9 – Hygiene bags: put packaged moistened towelettes, toilet paper, and plastic ties in large garbage bags (for personal sanitation) Resource list courtesy of Hood River County Emergency Management, Barbara Ayers, manager/ 541-386-1213. The county also reminds residents to Get a Kit, Make A Plan to connect your family if separated, and Stay Informed. See www.co.hood-river.or.us to opt-in for citizen alerts. Enlarge


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by Urbanyoga September 10, 2013"Yoga is so universal in its principles and so holistically beneficial, it is possible for any person, young or old, religious or agnostic to embrace and enjoy a practice." Christy Turlington.
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Great sushi! Personal favorites are the Trump Roll and the Cookeville Roll. Servers are young, possibly college kids? However, pretty good service! I would recommend.
I get to Taiko, about 3 to 5 times a year. I started going there about 6 years ago. I have yet to have a bad meal or bad service there.
I can say that I do absolutely look forward to my meals there.
The food is always fresh, it's served and plated beautifully. There's not one bad thing I...
It is with a heavy heart that I write this. Taiko was our favorite sushi in the area...and by the area I mean Nashville, Murfreesboro, Lebanon, Knoxville, Smyrna, Livingston, Sparta. We LOVED and I mean LOVED this place.
The Cookeville roll was my first and many times, only choice.
Recently we dined there and I was appalled. I killed 4...
I really wanted this experience to be special. I spent three weeks in Asia this summer and was craving some good noodles. In no way was I expecting Tokyo quality ramen, but what I got was a joke. Please for the love of all that is holy stop using those horrifically bad instant noodles. I don't know if Taiko is...
We love Asian food, but this place was totally forgettable. They have a short menu, and not many choices. What we did get was just ok.
If you like sushi and Asian cuisine stop here. Nice inside decor. Service is fast and friendly. Wonderful variety. Be sure to try here.
When I order sushi I asked waitress not to put any sauce and they wouldn't make it. I was told chef will not make sushi without a sauce. I wanted my scallop chopped and he wouldn't. Tuna roll without a sauce and answer was no. This will be my first and last visit.
This place has Cookeville's best sushi, hands down. The owners are very friendly, and it's a great place to meet and catch up with old friends. The food is authentic, and the location is great--walking distance from school and close to the square.
I've been here a few times and loved the sushi, but they wouldn't substitute anything for the kids, which was irritating, but livable. The last time I ate there, they brought my water out and there was a squished German cockroach on the lip of my glass!!! The waitress replaced the glass and I lost my appetite. It was obvious...
i LOVE THIS PLACE!! When I was single I had a whole month + that I only ate Taiko sometimes for lunch and dinner!!! It's so good and you feel like your in a big city!
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28 year old had breast augmentation with 295 cc silicone breast implants
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This 28 year old woman is 5'6 and weighs 113 pounds. Dr. Horowitz used 295cc silicone breast implants by Natrella. He used the Inspira smooth round moderate profile implants. They were placed under the muscle through a peri-areolar incision. She was a 32C before surgery and a 34C after surgery.
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The following article appeared in the December issue of CUTigers The Magazine. Are you a subscriber to the largest independent print publication covering the Clemson Tigers?
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But all that has changed now for Purnell. He's no longer the Big Man on Campus in a semi-major city. He's getting ready to start his second season at Clemson, a school that is located in a town of 12,000 residents. And if it weren't for the school, there might not be a town.
"I think we have had to change our recruiting style somewhat because we didn't have a major college football team," Purnell said. "Here, we use that as a tremendous positive. The best recruiting weekends we've had have been around football games. We certainly talk about and recognize that football is a huge part of the tradition here. But we also point to the fact that we're building, you have an opportunity to play, you're going to be on national television and Clemson has had good basketball teams in the past and have players in the NBA. Our job is to get back to that point and add stability to the program so we can do that over a long period of time.
"At Dayton, we did say that we were the number one show in town. Yet, at the same time, we've used the football weekends here for a great recruiting tool, because when those kids are here and they feel that atmosphere, we talk about transferring that atmosphere to basketball. You can't take away from the feeling they get when they're at a football game and there's 80,000 fans and knowing that we can see 10,000 and 11,000 at Littlejohn. Then you couple that with you're playing in the best basketball league in America. It resonates."
Because of this, Purnell and his coaching staff had to change the way they approached recruiting. But whatever he's done, it's definitely worked as the Tigers reeled in their best recruiting class in years last year.
And early indications are that he's headed for another big-time recruiting class.
"The motto in the league is that you have two or three good recruiting classes and you coach them up and you have a chance to move up in this league as your guys become experienced," Purnell said. "Obviously, I don't see a reason to try and reinvent that model. We've got one good recruiting class in here and we've got a foot up on another one, so that makes me feel like we're moving in the right direction."
Getting a program that has been left for dead alive and actually getting it to be competitive is nothing short of a tall task.
And Purnell knows that the only way to get better is to bring better players to Clemson. That, however, has been a problem for other coaches in the past.
Finding top-notch players that want to play for a small agricultural school in the country isn't an easy thing to do. Purnell, thus far, has been able to do that, but he's had to change the style and tactics he had at Dayton to do so.
"Certainly, Clemson is different than Dayton, in terms of Dayton being in an urban area and Clemson being in a more rural area," Purnell said. "I've had the opportunity to coach at a rural school before at Radford University in southwest Virginia, and the selling points as far as that's concerned are similar. This is one of the most beautiful parts of the country. This is a place where you can come to college and concentrate on the things you should be – the academics and athletics.
"Yet, at the same time, it's a great college town in terms of social life. And things are going on that should be associated with college. You couple with that the ACC; you couple with that with the fact that if you need to get somewhere, you're 30-45 minutes from Greenville and a major airport.
"So I really don't think it's that much of a disadvantage for being in a rural setting here at Clemson, mainly because of the ACC, the media attention and the great environment on the campus in terms of things for the students to do."
One of the things Purnell has been able to do is ease any questions or concerns recruits might have with the racial makeup at Clemson, where only roughly six percent of the students are black.
"We really don't get that that much," Purnell said. "And perhaps it's because I'm African-American. Maybe I symbolize the fact that there is diversity here. It does come up on occasion, and the way we address that is I feel that it is a very good place for an African-American to come and get his education and play in a college environment.
"Clemson University is kind of like the real world, there are minorities and there are majorities. And we've got to learn to deal with that and it doesn't mean that we can't have a good time doing it."
Changing the Culture
CUTigers.com Top Stories
RECRUITING RADARIn our weekly Recruiting Radar, CUTigers Recruiting Analyst Gary McDaniel updates you on the latest news and intel on the Clemson recruiting front!
CUTigers.comThursday at 2:18 AM
Pagano to TransferAfter helping Clemson win a National Championship and earning his degree, Scott Pagano has decided it is time for him to move on.
TIGERS TAKE A W FROM WAKEAfter back-to-back heartbreaking losses to Syracuse and Duke, the Tigers built a 21-point lead on Wake Forest and won by 12 to complete the season sweep of the Deacs and keep their…
DEJA BLUEFor the second straight game, Clemson had the lead or a chance to win on the final possession of the game and came up just short. This time, it was against #18 Duke in the most…
NATIONAL SIGNING DAY HQKeep it right here for all of the latest developments on National Signing Day in Clemson!


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In search of a London based Hungarian Translator
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Project Description
rogenSi, a global consultancy based in London are looking to hire an office temp who is fluent in both English and Hungarian.
We are currently working with a company based in Hungary and need assistance with speaking to the client and liaising with Hungarian suppliers (travel agents/booking agents) to arrange flights, accommodation and any other necessary logistics.
This role is strictly admin based and is on a temporary basis (i.e. until the project is seen to completion end 2014). The ideal candidate will have had previous experience translating documents, arranging logistics and speaking with clients in both English and Hungarian. They should also be able to be flexible with their time as they may only be needed on an ad-hoc basis or 2-3 days per week.
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Present-day focus on multicore research has not only increased computing power but also power- and bandwidth-efficient communication among cores. On-chip communication networks have become popular today because of their low energy use and modular structure compared to bus-based interconnects. Silicon photonics has further boosted the performance of on-chip… (More)
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Portland's Strangled Darlings bring punk intensity to folk pop and completely bust the mold, creating smart, irreverent tunes using classic acoustic folk instrumentation paired with rough, impassioned vocals. The lyrics are more political and confrontational than the rather observational style that you often hear in folk. Think of it rather like the Clash with an indie Northwestern American aesthetic and acoustic instruments instead of Telecasters and Fender Precisions. George Veech and Jessica Anderly lead Strangled Darlings, playing tenor banjo, mandolin, cello, fiddle, and bass, while they bring in friends to add percussion and jazzy horn bits.
The group's latest album, Red Yellow & Blue releases 15 May via Mudfarm Records. Today we bring you the premiere of the album's opening track, "Snake & The Girl", which takes on organized religion in a big way, saying "stand up for yourself… be your own goddamn salvation."
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Is Dipolog City Birthing Home incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
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Hotfrog Philippines provides information regarding Dipolog City Birthing Home in Dipolog Zamboanga del Norte. Dipolog City Birthing Home is located at Airport Road, Dipolog Zamboanga del Norte 7100 and provides Healthcare services.
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Hotfrog SouthAfrica provides information regarding I See Fish in Durban KwaZulu-Natal. I See Fish is located at 9 Jaco Jackson Dr, Durban KwaZulu-Natal 4900 and provides social services. Contact them on 072 525 2113.
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