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Auditory pattern changes have been shown to elicit increases in magnetoencephalographic gamma-band activity (GBA) over left inferior frontal cortex, forming part of the putative auditory ventral 'what' processing stream. The present study employed a McGurk-type paradigm to assess whether GBA would be associated with subjectively perceived changes even when auditory stimuli remain unchanged. Magnetoencephalograms were recorded in 16 human subjects during audiovisual mismatch perception. Both infrequent visual (auditory /ta/ + visual /pa/) and acoustic deviants (auditory/pa/ + visual /ta/) were compared with frequent audiovisual standards (auditory /ta/ and visual /ta/). Statistical probability mapping revealed spectral amplitude increases at ∼75 and ∼78 Hz to visual deviants. GBA to visual deviants peaked 160 ms after auditory stimulus onset over posterior parietal cortex, at 270 ms over occipital areas and at 320 ms over left inferior frontal cortex. The latter GBA enhancement was consistent with the increase observed previously to pure acoustic mismatch, supporting a role of left inferior frontal cortex for the representation of perceived auditory pattern change. The preceding gamma-band changes over posterior areas may reflect processing of incongruent lip movements in visual motion areas and backprojections to earlier visual cortex.
Perception of the external world is based on the integration of inputs from different sensory modalities. During speech perception, seeing a speaker's face enhances the intelligibility of a noisy auditory signal (Sumby and Pollack, 1954). Conversely, incongruent visual information can alter the perception of auditory speech sounds. This interaction is impressively demonstrated by the McGurk effect (McGurk and MacDonald, 1976), where, for example, the simultaneous presentation of an auditory /ba/ and a visual /ga/ robustly produces the illusory percept of /da/. So far the brain mechanisms subserving the integration of conflicting audiovisual information remain to be clarified.
The first evidence for a visual modulation of auditory cortex activity was provided by Sams et al. (1991), who showed that infrequent deviations in the visual component of combined audiovisual syllable presentations interspersed in a sequence of congruent events gave rise to magnetic mismatch fields at the level of the supratemporal region. Mismatch paradigms (Näätänen, 1992) have also been employed in more recent studies. Colin et al. (2002) found mismatch negativities in electroencephalograms (EEGs) both for unimodal auditory and audiovisual deviants but not for unimodal visual deviant changes. In contrast, Möttönen et al. (2002) reported mismatch activations at the level of the bilateral supratemporal planes in magnetoencephalograms (MEGs) both for audiovisual and unimodal visual deviants. However, responses to purely visual deviants were delayed by ∼100 ms in comparison with bimodal presentations. Results from these mismatch studies have been interpreted as evidence for a fast integration of auditory and visual information preceding phonetic classification.
Hemodynamic brain imaging studies have also demonstrated activations of superior temporal regions during processing of conflicting audiovisual inputs. During the identification of bimodal audiovisual syllables, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography revealed an involvement of posterior parts of the left superior temporal sulcus (STS) that was particularly pronounced under noisy listening conditions (Sekiyama et al., 2003). This region was located in between areas of enhanced activation during unimodal auditory and visual processing (temporal cortex and V5/MT in inferior parietal cortex respectively). A further fMRI study also found bilateral superior temporal gyrus to be involved in the processing of incongruent audiovisual stimuli (Jones and Callan, 2003), and additional activations were identified in inferior frontal, premotor and posterior parietal cortex.
In the present study a mismatch paradigm was employed to assess fast oscillatory activity during the processing of conflicting audiovisual information. Induced gamma-band activity (GBA) in human EEG has been related to the perception of coherent or gestalt-like visual stimuli (Lutzenberger et al., 1995; Müller et al., 1996; Tallon-Baudry et al., 1996; Keil et al., 1999). Enhanced GBA has also been observed during various higher cognitive processes like language perception (Lutzenberger et al., 1994; Pulvermüller et al., 1997), selective attention (Gruber et al., 1999; Müller et al., 2000; Gobbelé et al., 2002), learning (Miltner et al., 1999; Gruber et al., 2001, 2002) or short-term memory (Tallon-Baudry et al., 1998); for reviews, see Tallon-Baudry and Bertrand (1999) and Keil et al. (2001).
Typically GBA in EEGs was found to be most pronounced in the frequency range 30–60 Hz and topographically rather widespread across the scalp. In contrast, MEGs revealed highly focal GBA increases in higher-frequency bands between 50 and 90 Hz, reflecting higher auditory functions at a good spatial and high temporal resolution (Kaiser and Lutzenberger, 2003). In a series of studies on oscillatory activity during the processing of auditory spatial and auditory pattern information, we have demonstrated GBA over the putative auditory dorsal 'where' and ventral 'what' pathways respectively (Rauschecker, 1998). These findings were replicable across different paradigms like passive listening (Kaiser et al., 2000a, 2002a,b) auditory–motor integration (Kaiser and Lutzenberger, 2001) and auditory working memory (Lutzenberger et al., 2002; Kaiser et al., 2003), and showed a high topographical consistency with results from hemodynamic imaging studies. The rationale for focusing on GBA in the present study was twofold. First the use of oscillatory activity in MEG would enable the analysis of the temporal dynamics of activations, thus overcoming the limited time resolution of the functional imaging studies summarized above. Second, assessing induced GBA without topographical a priori restrictions can be expected to allow for an analysis of regions beyond the early auditory areas that previous evoked potential/evoked field EEG/MEG studies have focused on.
In a previous (unimodal auditory) phonetic mismatch study, magnetoencephalographic GBA at ∼84–88 Hz was increased over left inferior frontal cortex (Kaiser et al., 2002b), supporting the hypothesized involvement of this area in auditory pattern processing (Maeder et al., 2001; Romanski and Goldman-Rakic, 2002). The fact that this activation followed the evoked mismatch response by ∼130 ms as well as its localization over putative auditory association cortex suggested this response to be generated by networks producing higher-order representations of the relevant (deviant) stimulus feature.
This audiovisual oddball study aimed at assessing the dynamics of network activations along the putative auditory ventral stream during audiovisual integration. It focused on fast oscillatory activity during perceived alterations of a heard syllable which were induced by changes in the articulatory gestures of a visually presented speaker. Based on the notion that GBA in higher sensory association cortex may reflect the representation of perceived changes rather than the physical auditory stimulus input, we hypothesized increased left inferior frontal GBA during McGurk-type mismatch processing. An involvement of inferior frontal cortex in the processing of visually induced changes in the auditory percept would suggest that networks in this putative auditory ventral stream area are involved not only in unimodal auditory processing but also in illusory perception caused by audiovisual integration.
Methods and Materials
Twenty healthy adults gave their informed and written consent to participate in the present study. Four subjects had to be excluded from the analysis because of excessive electromyographic activity at posterior sensors (n = 3) or strong electrocardiogram artifacts (n = 1), leaving n = 16 participants for further analysis (7 females, 9 males, age range: 20–40 years). The study was approved by the ethics committee of the University of Tübingen Medical Faculty.
Synthesized consonant-vowel syllables /ta/ and /pa/ served as auditory stimuli (duration of both events: 165 ms, voice onset time: 60 ms). The fundamental frequency was 110 Hz and decreased to 90 Hz at the end of the syllables, giving the impression of a male voice. The formant frequencies of the steady-state part of the vowel /a/ were 800, 1240, 2300, 3800 and 4500 Hz for F1–F5 respectively. The two syllables predominantly differed in the consonant bursts at the onset of the sounds which contained more high-frequency components for /ta/ than for /pa/. Digital versions of both sounds were sampled at 22 050 Hz and may be obtained on request from the authors. Visual stimuli were generated by video-recording (frame rate: 25 images per second) a male German speaker uttering the same syllables /ta/ and /pa/. Movement sequences lasted for 11 images (duration: 440 ms). The onset of mouth movements preceded the onset of the acoustic stimulus by ∼150 ms. As a consequence, the decisive cue differentiating between both syllables (bilabial closure with the /p/) preceded the auditory syllable onset by ∼100 ms. The stimuli subtended a visual angle of ∼30° and were presented on a white background. Altogether, the experiment included three stimuli: standard stimulus (auditory /ta/ + visual /ta/), acoustic deviant (auditory /pa/ + visual /ta/) and visual deviant (auditory /ta/ + visual /pa/). The audiovisual stimulus combinations are depicted in Figure 1.
Subjective ratings of the visually induced auditory percept were obtained in an independent sample of n = 20 healthy adults (13 females, 7 males, age range: 20–42 years). Sequences of 12 stimuli each of audiovisually congruent stimuli (acoustic + visual /ta/) and visual deviants (acoustic /ta/ + visual /pa/) were displayed and subjects were asked to write down the syllable they heard. In case of congruent stimuli, 13 participants indicated that they had perceived 'ta', five heard 'ta' with an additional consonant at the end ('tak', 'tap' or 'tat'), and one subject each reported having perceived 'tra' and 'aha' respectively. For the visual deviant, 16 subjects had perceived 'pa', three heard 'pa' with an additional consonant at the end ('pat'), and one reported to have perceived 'pra'. Thus the illusory initial consonant (/p/) in the visual deviants was perceived by all of the tested subjects. These findings imply that for the present stimuli, the visual information dominated the percept, whereas the original McGurk effect refered to a fusion of auditory and visual information without any dominance of either modality (McGurk and MacDonald, 1976).
Subjects were seated upright in a magnetically shielded room (Vakuum-Schmelze, Hanau, Germany). Auditory stimuli were presented binaurally via air-conducting plastic tubes (E-A-Rtone 3A, Cabot Safety Corporation, Indianapolis, IN). These tubes lead to distortions of higher frequencies above 2 kHz (about −6 dB at 3 kHz, −20 dB at 4 kHz and −30 dB at 5 kHz). As a consequence, the upper two formant frequencies of the present stimuli were subject to some attenuation. Visual stimuli were presented on a screen ∼2 m in front of the subjects, who were instructed to respond by pressing buttons with both index fingers whenever they heard a change from the standard syllable. Responses were recorded within 1 s time windows starting from the onset of the auditory stimulus. Two blocks of 400 trials each were presented. Out of the total of 800 trials, 600 (75%) were standard trials, and there were 100 (12.5%) trials each with auditory and visual deviants. Standards and deviants were presented in randomized order with a minimum of two and a maximum of six standards preceding a deviant. The stimulus onset asynchrony amounted to 750 ms. The still face was presented in the interstimulus interval (the last frame of the visual movement sequence).
Data Recordings
MEGs were recorded using a whole-head system (CTF Inc., Vancouver, Canada) comprising 151 first-order magnetic gradiometers with an average distance between sensors of ∼2.5 cm. The amplitude resolution of the CTF system amounts to 0.3 fT, enabling the detection of low-amplitude signal changes. The signals were sampled at a rate of 250 Hz. Recording epochs lasted from 150 ms prior to the onset of the acoustic stimulus to 600 ms after onset of the acoustic stimulus. The subject's head position was determined with localization coils fixed at the nasion and the preauricular points at the beginning and the end of each recording to ensure that head movements did not exceed 0.5 cm. To reduce eye movement and blink artifacts we rejected trials containing signals exceeding 2.5 pT in fronto-temporal sensors.
Data Analysis
Data analysis was based on the direct statistical comparison of responses to either type of deviant with standard stimuli. First, spectral analysis served to identify the frequency range with the most robust difference between two stimulus types. Here all trials with deviant stimuli were included in the analysis (regardless of whether the subjects responded to the deviants or not), whereas only those standard trials were included that did not directly follow a deviant. Significance of the observed spectral power values for each frequency bin and MEG sensor was tested using a statistical probability mapping procedure described in detail in the next paragraph. Based on our previous studies where GBA effects over putative auditory stream areas were found in frequencies >50 Hz (Kaiser et al., 2000a, 2002a,b, 2003; Lutzenberger et al., 2002), the present statistical probability mapping was performed for the frequency range of 53–90 Hz. Second, time-courses across the entire recording epoch and topography of these effects were assessed after filtering in the frequency range with the most pronounced difference between deviants and standards. The latency ranges with the most significant spectral amplitude differences were then identified using statistical probability mapping.
Statistical Probability Mapping
The present statistical probability mapping included corrections both for multiple comparisons and for possible correlations between data either from neighboring frequency bins (for spectral analysis) or time points (for time-course analysis). Significance criteria were determined on the basis of permutation tests (Noreen, 1989; Blair and Karniski, 1993). Permutation tests identify the probability of observing a difference of a certain size between two conditions on the basis of the distribution obtained by randomly assigning the recorded data to the conditions. This method is akin to approaches to the analysis of fMRI data (Nichols and Holmes, 2002) and has been applied in previous studies on oscillatory activity in MEGs (Lutzenberger et al., 2002; Kaiser et al., 2003). In general, the significance criteria obtained from the present procedure correspond to approximately P < 0.003 for two neighboring frequency bins. If the neighboring bins were considered independent, the probability of 0.003 × 0.003 = 9 × 10−6 would correspond to a criterion of P < 0.05 Bonferroni-corrected for the number of sensors × frequency bins: 0.05/(151 × 40) = 8.28 × 10−6.
The starting point was the comparison of group average spectral amplitude values for deviants and standards at each sensor and each frequency bin between 53 and 90 Hz. This step of the analysis relied on the computation of t-tests for the spectral amplitude differences between visual deviants and standards and between acoustic deviants and standards for each sensor and each frequency bin. We thus obtained the observed distributions of the t-values for both comparisons for all frequency bins i × sensors j.
To avoid spurious findings in individual frequency bins we introduced the requirement that spectral amplitudes in pairs of neighboring frequency bins differ significantly between conditions. To ensure that tests for two consecutive frequency bins were significant, a new distribution of the minimal t-values tm was computed for all pairs of neighboring frequency bins i and i +1 at all sensors j:
To conduct a randomization test-based statistical analysis, we then determined the random distribution of maximal t-values in the present data set. This was done by exchanging the values for each trial type (or the signs of the differences between deviants and standards) at a time for all sensors j and frequency bins (time points) i on a subject-by-subject basis. This was done for 214 randomly drawn permutations out of the 216 possible combinations of 16 subjects. Each of these permutations now yielded a new maximum t-value. The distribution of these maximal t-values tmax for each of the nrand = 214 permutations was computed as follows:
The same procedure that was described here for the analysis of spectral amplitudes across frequency bands was subsequently applied to the filtered data. Here amplitude values for the different time points in the analyzed period were entered in the analysis instead of values for different frequency bands. The algorithms may be obtained on request from the authors.
Spectral Analysis
Spectral analysis was conducted on single trial basis for a 600 ms time window starting 50 ms before to 550 ms after the onset of the auditory stimulus. To reduce the frequency leakage for the different frequency bins, the records were multiplied by Welch windows. Selecting a time window of 600 ms resulted in records of 150 points which were zero-padded to obtain 256 points. A fast Fourier transform was then conducted. Square roots of the power values were computed to obtain more normally distributed spectral amplitude values. These values were averaged across epochs to obtain measures of the total spectral activity for deviants and standards. Spectral activity was compared between deviants and standards applying the statistical probability mapping method described in the previous paragraph.
Exploration of Source Structure
In previous studies we have always found only single areas of spectral amplitude enhancement at the surface (Kaiser et al., 2000a, 2003; Lutzenberger et al., 2002). This suggested that the generator was not a dipole which in MEGs would produce two areas of surface activation corresponding to the dipole's in- and outflowing flux wells. Dual activation areas at the surface would lead to the conclusion that the source dipole was located in an area in between the two surface areas. In contrast, as we have shown and discussed in detail previously (Kaiser et al., 2000a), coupled or multiple dipoles elicit a strong field over the area circumscribed by the dipoles but much weaker outer fields which would not be detectable with our statistical probability mapping method. This would imply that the sources should be located close to the area below the sensor with the highest GBA. Narrowly localized single areas of GBA enhancements at the surface could only be generated by single dipoles in extremely ventral cortical regions because their second maximum would not be covered by the sensor helmet. However, to exclude the possibility that our significance criterion was too strict to find a second maximum generated by a single dipole source, we explored the observed spectral amplitude enhancements by repeating the statistical probability mapping with an uncorrected criterion of P < 0.1 for two adjacent frequency bins.
Time-course and Topographical Localization
To assess the time-course and the topographical localization of the observed spectral amplitude differences between stimulus types, the signals across the entire recording interval were multiplied with cosine windows at their beginnings and ends and filtered in the frequency range in which the statistical probability mapping had yielded significant effects. Non-causal, Gaussian curve-shaped Gabor filters in the frequency domain were applied to the signals on a single-epoch basis for each stimulus type. The filtered data were amplitude-demodulated by means of a Hilbert transformation (Clochon et al., 1996) and then averaged across epochs for separately for standards and deviants. After downsampling by a factor of five to reduce the number of highly correlated data points, differences in amplitude between stimulus types in the filtered frequency band were assessed with the statistical mapping procedure described above.
To depict the topographical localization of the observed differential spectral amplitude enhancements, we assigned the sensor positions with significant spectral amplitude effects of each subject to common spatial coordinates ('common coil system'). Sensor positions with respect to the underlying cortical areas were determined using a volumetric magnetic resonance image of one representative subject. The error that is introduced by not using individual sensor locations was estimated in previous studies by using a single dipole localization of the first auditory evoked component (N1m) and somatosensory evoked fields (Kaiser et al., 2000a,b). The comparison of individual sensor locations and the 'common coil system' revealed differences ranging below the spatial resolution determined by the sensor spacing of 2.5 cm. This justified the application of a 'common coil system' for the purpose of the present study where no exact source localization was attempted.
Behavioral Data
Acoustic deviants were identified more frequently than visual deviants. The average percentage of responses to deviants within 1 s after sound onset was 80.6% (SD = 3.6) for acoustic deviants and 56.6% (SD = 6.1) for visual deviants [F(1,15) = 7.2, P = 0.017]. In contrast, there was no difference in reaction times to acoustic versus visual deviants [acoustic: 500 ms (SD = 18); visual: 497 ms (SD = 20), t(15) = 0.26].
Visual Deviant
Figure 2a,c depicts the frequency spectrum between 70 and 80 Hz at single sensors for which significant effects were identified. The following effects met the corrected t-value of tcorr = 4.03. Higher GBA for the visual deviants compared with congruent audiovisual standards was found in two narrow frequency ranges centered at ∼75 and ∼78 Hz. Spectral amplitude at ∼75 Hz was increased in a sensor over midline occipital cortex (Fig. 2b), and the enhancements at ∼78 Hz were localized over left inferior frontal cortex (Fig. 2d).
The question of the possible source structure underlying the observed effects was explored by repeating the statistical probability mapping with a more liberal, uncorrected criterion of P < 0.1 for two adjacent frequency bins (Figure 2b,d). Visual inspection of the results of this analysis showed that areas of additional spectral amplitude increases were widespread over frontal, central and parietal sensors without suggesting a focal second activation maximum. This made it unlikely that the midline occipital and left inferior frontal GBA enhancements were part of dipolar surface patterns generated by sources located in areas far distant from the sensors. We interpret these findings as support for the notion that the observed activations were most probably generated by more complex sources in the vicinity of the areas over which the GBA maxima were observed.
To assess time-course and topography of the spectral amplitude differences, the signals were Gabor filtered at center frequencies of 75 (width ±2.5 Hz) and 77.5 Hz (width ±2 Hz). The following spectral amplitude enhancement for the visual deviants compared to audiovisually congruent standards met the criterion of tcorr = 4.51 for signals filtered at 75 ± 2.5 Hz between 200 and 400 ms after auditory stimulus onset. The GBA increase was localized in a midline occipital sensor peaking at ∼270 ms after stimulus onset (Fig. 3). The average difference between visual deviants and standards in the time interval of 250–350 ms amounted to 0.60 fT(SD = 0.14), t(15) = 4.47, P < 0.001.
At 77.5 ± 2 Hz, two sensors showed spectral amplitude effects meeting the criterion of tcorr = 4.88 between 100 and 500 ms after auditory stimulus onset (Fig. 3). An early GBA increase was identified in a left posterior parietal sensor peaking at ∼160 ms. Here the average difference between deviants and standards in the time interval of 150–250 ms amounted to 0.39 fT (SD = 0.06), t(15) = 6.01, P < 0.001. This was followed by significant spectral amplitude enhancements in a left inferior frontal sensor peaking at ∼320 ms after auditory stimulus onset. The average difference between visual deviants and standards in the latency interval of 300–400 ms amounted to 0.36 fT (SD = 0.06), t(15) = 5.97, P < 0.001. Figure 3 shows the sequence of activations starting over left posterior parietal cortex, then involving occipital early visual areas and finally reaching left inferior frontal cortex.
The left inferior frontal activation showed a striking resemblance to the GBA enhancement found previously in a syllable mismatch study with acoustic deviants (deviant: /ba/, standard: /da/) (Kaiser et al., 2002b). As shown in Figure 4, the spectral amplitude changes in response to illusory (visually induced) and real (acoustic) deviants were highly comparable both in terms of topography and time-course of activation.
Acoustic Deviant
For the comparison of acoustic deviants with congruent audiovisual standards, no spectral amplitude differences were identified that met the corrected t-value of tcorr = 4.05. However, when the significance criterion was lowered, a tendency was observed for GBA increases in two sensors over left inferior frontal cortex. Apparently the failure to detect these activities in the present statistical probability mapping method was attributable to the fact that the activations in response to acoustic deviants showed some spatiotemporal variability between the two recording blocks. When only the narrow frequency range between 75 and 78 Hz was considered and when both recording blocks were analyzed separately, a GBA increase at 75 Hz met the criterion of tcorr = 2.31. When the signals were filtered at 75 ± 2 Hz in the first recording block, a left inferior frontal sensor showed a spectral amplitude increase meeting the criterion of tcorr = 3.98 between 150 and 290 ms after auditory stimulus onset. The average difference between acoustic deviants and standards in the latency interval of 200–250 ms amounted to 0.52 fT (SD = 0.13), t(15) = 4.05, P = 0.001. In the second recording block, GBA at 75 ± 2 Hz was increased at a sensor located slightly more posteriorly than the one that showed the effect in the first recording block. Here the average difference between acoustic deviants and standards in the latency interval of 400–450 ms amounted to 0.59 fT (SD = 0.15), t(15) = 3.92, P = 0.001. The topography and time-courses of these effects are depicted in the middle row of Figure 4. In contrast to these inferior frontal effects, there were no posterior parietal GBA enhancements to acoustic deviants.
Based on a McGurk-type paradigm, the present study investigated oscillatory activity in MEGs during the processing of visually induced auditory change perception. The statistical comparison of spectral responses to infrequent combinations of a visual /pa/ and an auditory /ta/ (visual deviants) with a standard stimulus characterized by congruent audiovisual /ta/ events yielded enhancements of GBA in frequency bands around 75 and 78 Hz. The analysis of topography and time-course of the filtered signals revealed the processing of incongruent audiovisual stimuli to be accompanied by enhanced GBA at single sensors over (i) posterior parietal cortex at around 160 ms after auditory stimulus onset, (ii) occipital areas (at around 270 ms) and, finally, (iii) left inferior frontal cortex (at ∼320 ms).
Increased GBA at a sensor over posterior parietal cortex during the processing of visual deviants accorded with the fMRI findings of Jones and Callan (2003) who reported more activation in both right supramarginal gyrus and left inferior parietal lobule for incongruent than congruent audiovisual stimuli. Functional imaging studies have already demonstrated that posterior biological motion processing areas including occipito-temporal and inferior parietal cortex (Bremmer et al., 2001) respond to faces performing speech movements (Calvert et al., 1997; Calvert and Campbell, 2003). Inferior parietal areas have also been implicated in the observation (and execution) of lip forms (Nishitani and Hari, 2002). Puce et al. (1998) observed activations of the posterior STS while watching both eye and mouth movements. Furthermore, temporo-parietal junction and posterior STS have been implicated both in the processing of multimodal changes in the sensory environment (Downar et al., 2000) and in multimodal integration (Beauchamp et al., 2004). The topography of the posterior parietal GBA enhancement could potentially also reflect networks involved in attentional processes (Lewis et al., 2000). However, the absence of this activation during the processing of acoustic deviants strongly supports a role in the processing of visual information rather than task-related attentional processes. Thus posterior temporo-parietal cortex may form part of a network including also superior temporal and inferior frontal cortex involved in the processing of visual speech-related movements.
Visual deviants gave rise to GBA at a sensor over occipital cortex which followed the posterior parietal activation by ∼100 ms. The detailed processing of incongruent audiovisual presentations may require attentional resources. A delayed activation of posterior areas by these stimuli may thus reflect the top-down driven modulation of earlier visual networks by higher posterior parietal motion processing regions. This interpretation would be in keeping with the notion that the attentional modulation of activity in primary visual cortex is based on delayed feedback from higher extrastriate areas suggested by combined EEG and fMRI studies (Martinez et al., 1999; Noesselt et al., 2002; Di Russo et al., 2003).
As the last step in the sequence of neuronal responses, visual deviants elicited enhanced GBA at a left inferior frontal sensor. This activation pattern was in line with previous findings of magnetoencephalographic GBA during purely auditory phonetic mismatch (Kaiser et al., 2002b). In this previous study, GBA over left anterior temporal/inferior frontal cortex was also elicited by changes in animal vocalizations or meaningless distorted noises. In contrast, auditory spatial deviations gave rise to GBA increases over posterior parietal cortex (Kaiser et al., 2000a, 2002a). These regions have been proposed to pertain to the putative auditory ventral and dorsal streams for the processing of auditory pattern versus spatial information respectively (Rauschecker, 1998). The oscillatory activities peaked ∼120 ms after the evoked mismatch fields generated at the level of the supratemporal plane. Thus both topography and time courses suggested that while evoked fields reflect a fast change detection performed by early auditory areas, GBA increases may represent a more detailed analysis of the relevant stimulus parameters in higher auditory association cortex (Kaiser and Lutzenberger, 2003).
So far, a host of animal and human studies using different methods have yielded evidence for a role of inferior frontal cortex in the processing of auditory patterns. Complex sounds including human and animal vocalizations have been demonstrated to evoke neuronal responses in macaque ventrolateral frontal cortex (Romanski and Goldman-Rakic, 2002; Poremba et al., 2003). An fMRI study in humans found left inferior frontal activation as part of a network responding more strongly to a task requiring the identification of environmental sounds than to sound localization (Maeder et al., 2001). Similarly, the analysis of phonetic and semantic properties of aurally presented words activated left prefrontal areas outside Broca's area (Binder et al., 1997). More recently, Jäncke and Shah (2002) reported activations of fronto-temporal networks including the inferior frontal gyrus during the detection of target syllables in a dichotic listening task. Noesselt et al. (2003) found activity in left inferior frontal gyrus to reflect the interaction of bottom-up (word presentation rate) and top-down driven effects in a semantic categorization task. Preattentive detection of changes in spoken words has been shown to be accompanied by magnetoencephalographic activity in left inferior frontal cortex (Pulvermüller et al., 2003). Frontal areas have also been found to be involved in a task requiring the phonological segmentation of the initial consonant from the rest of the word to perform same–different judgments (Burton et al., 2000). During working memory tasks, Alain et al. (2001) found enhanced activation of inferior frontal gyrus during pitch compared with location processing, and the short-term memorization of syllables was found to be accompanied by increased magnetoencephalographic GBA probably originating in left inferior frontal cortex (Kaiser et al., 2003). Comparing working memory for words versus voices in two-back tasks, Stevens (2004) found a predominance of left frontal cortex for verbal memory, whereas right frontal areas were more activated during voice processing. In summary, these findings provide support for an involvement of inferior frontal cortex in the putative auditory 'what' processing stream (Rauschecker, 1998).
In contrast to visual deviants, acoustic deviants did not elicit GBA that met the strict significance criterion of the present statistical probability mapping. This was unexpected given that a larger number of acoustic than visual deviants were detected by the subjects. However, when the significance criterion was lowered, a tendency towards GBA increases to acoustic deviants in sensors over left inferior frontal cortex was observed. A separate analysis of both recording blocks revealed that this activity varied in latency and topography between blocks with a faster, more anterior activation in the first block and a slower, more posterior increase in the second block. This variability caused the failure to detect these activations in the analysis of the average across both blocks. Considering our earlier findings of GBA to deviants in purely auditory mismatch paradigms (Kaiser et al., 2002b), this may suggest that the visual stimulus, which in the present study did not differ between audiovisually congruent standards and acoustic deviants, may have influenced the response to acoustic deviants. In addition, the spatiotemporal difference in the activation pattern between the two recording blocks suggested that the processing of acoustic deviants may have changed over time.
The GBA increases probably originating in left inferior frontal cortex in the present audiovisual mismatch study and in our previous auditory pattern mismatch experiment (Kaiser et al., 2002b) showed a high similarity both in terms of topography and time-course (Figure 4). The spatiotemporal consistency between both types of mismatch-related activations demonstrates that networks probably located in left inferior frontal cortex, which is thought of as a part of the putative auditory ventral pattern processing stream, are involved not only in the representation of purely acoustic pattern changes but also in the representation of illusory phonetic deviance even if it is caused by incongruent visual stimuli. This suggests that areas along the auditory ventral stream may be involved also in the integration of multimodal information. Synchronization of networks in this region may reflect the subjective perception of auditory pattern changes independent of physical changes in the auditory stimuli.
In contrast to passive acoustic mismatch studies, the present task required subjects to press a button in response to perceived acoustic deviance. Thus, any differences in activations between deviants and standards might be related to motor processing. This suggestion mainly concerns the parietal GBA enhancement associated with visual deviants, whereas left inferior frontal GBA increases also have been found previously during purely passive mismatch tasks (Kaiser et al., 2002b) and during the delay phase of a working-memory task lacking any motor response (Kaiser et al., 2003). Similarly it is extremely unlikely that the observed midline occipital GBA effect relates to motor activity. To test the possibility that the parietal GBA increase may be bound to response preparation, we compared the activation patterns associated with visual and acoustic deviants that both required a button-press response. GBA was significantly more pronounced to visual than to acoustic deviants [difference visual–acoustic deviants: 0.55 fT (SD = 0.16), t(15) = 3.37, P = 0.004] even though a higher percentage of acoustic deviants elicited a response. Conversely, parietal GBA did not differ between acoustic deviants and audiovisual standards. We interpret this finding as strong evidence against a possible confounding of the parietal GBA enhancement with motor processes.
The present investigation failed to detect oscillatory activity differences over auditory cortex. This was in line with fMRI findings of silent visual speech activating areas of the superior temporal gyrus excluding the primary auditory cortex (Bernstein et al., 2002) but in contrast to suggestions of auditory cortex activation by silent seen speech (Calvert and Campbell, 2003). Also, other studies of speech perception have found heteromodal areas like the STS to be predominantly involved in audiovisual integration (Calvert and Campbell, 2003). On the other hand, the absence of GBA over primary auditory cortex may have had methodological reasons. Possibly primary auditory network synchronizations may be too transient (Palva et al., 2002) to be identifiable by the present statistical probability mapping procedure which is more sensitive to temporally sustained activations.
In summary, the present study revealed the processing of visually induced auditory phonetic mismatch perception to be accompanied by increased fast oscillatory activity probably generated by neural networks within posterior parietal, occipital and left inferior frontal regions. The GBA increase over left inferior frontal is highly consistent with previous findings during a purely auditory mismatch study, suggesting a role of networks in this area for the representation both of purely acoustic pattern information and of illusory auditory changes induced by the integration of audiovisual stimuli. Furthermore, the topography of GBA increases was comparable with findings from hemodynamic imaging studies. Finally, the analysis of oscillatory signals in MEGs yielded information about the temporal sequence of activations.
We thank Maike Borutta for technical assistance. Supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 550/B1 and C1).
Author notes
1MEG-Center, Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany and 2Department of Neurology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany


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I hate walking into parties and hearing awful music
Bitch, I Feel Good. (pt. II)
8,641 308 24 tracks
"Feel good" hip hop and rap songs for good times and sunny weather with Childish Gambino, Logic, & Ch...
Genre Disillusion #2
517 38 9 tracks
A Gentle descent into a diverse squadron of Music Masters of that great Hip-Hop tradition

subset: commoncrawl


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Home ›
San-Po-Kong Thanksgiving Gifts
0 items found
You can send Thanksgiving Gifts to Hong Kong in the following cities.
What our Customers Say about our Service
"We are really impressed by your service and prompt delivery and our family in the UK are to quote "extremely grateful for their lovely gift"
Jeff Colley - Perth, Western Australia - December 14, 2012
"I have placed several orders for baskets to be delivered to Split, Croatia and I have been thoroughly impressed with the service and customer support received. The gifts have been delivered exactly when requested and have been an exact match to those pictured on the website. I would highly recommend giftbasketsoverseas to anyone wishing a delivery of flowers, chocolates etc to loved ones overseas. Order with complete confidence in their ability to deliver!!! Well done team! I shall be using your services again."
Danny Cetin - Carrum Downs, Victoria, Australia - May 5, 2011
"I did an order with this company from Italy to South Korea . All the team made a lot to track my order and try to satisfy my request. I really appreciate their effort and I would like to thank them for their high professionalism ! The gift was exactly the way that I expected and was really appreciated ! They also gave me a discount for my next order. In Europe this never happens !!! So, I will HIGHLY recommend them to all my friends and also for everybody who wants to make a nice gift!!! Keep working like this!!!! THANK YOU FOR EVERYTHING !!!!!"
Elena - Italy - Feb 15, 2013
"My son, Lewis and his beautiful bride, Zulema, received the basket just before their wedding ceremony. They were thrilled with it Smile. As they had chosen an intimate occasion with just the two of them - on the other side of the planet - this gesture meant so much to me and my husband. I would certainly recommend your services - especially to the discerning customer, as your reassurance and ease of ordering, coupled with the great follow-up service, gives peace of mind Smile. Thank you, again."
Tina W. - Auckland, New Zealand - Sep 15, 2015
Read more testimonials or leave your feedback here.


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Participants will be provided with specific tools for analyzing consumer needs; will learn to utilize risk identification techniques to gather pertinent prospect information; will develop skills necessary to assimilate information gathered into a customized protection program; and will participate in exercises designed to promote effective delivery of proven solutions. Throughout each section of the workshop material, tips for preventing Errors & Omissions are highlighted and discussed.
To register please email Jan Rauch email@example.com or call at 239-641-1348.
Important information about receiving and maintaining your CPIA Designation
Upon completion of the three part series Insurance Success Seminars, CPIA designation attendees are notified of their eligibility. Attendees have 3 years to complete the three part CPIA series upon completion of their first class. Attendees are awarded the designation and will be notified by email from the AIMS Society. Diplomas are prepared on a quarterly basis.
The CPIA designation does require a biennial update. This update requirement can be satisfied by attending one of the following:
attend one of the core Insurance Success Seminars, CPIA 1 - Position for Success; CPIA 2 - Implement for Success; CPIA 3 - Sustain Success;
attend one of the Advanced Insurance Success Seminars;
maintain Individual or Group level membership in the AIMS Society
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America's only Insurance Sales and Marketing Education Organization & Designation


text:
Vajiheh Sajadifar, MSc Human Resources Management, Year 2013
During my studies at BUiD, I especially appreciated being taught by professors, with real world experience who are ready to equip us to confront real situations in our professional careers. The professors are there to communicate their knowledge and their know-how, thereby enabling us to develop more and more. BUiD offers a great environment with a very supportive staff to give us a hand whenever needed. Studying here allowed me to learn Human Resources and Management skills. I had the opportunity to make great friends and experience. I believe in a prosperous future, because BUiD has given me the opportunity to do so.
Hind Imad Kassir, Masters in Education, Year 2013
Coordinator and trainer for science standards implementation in cycle II
In Ministry of Education- Specialized department- Madares Al Ghad (MAG)
BUiD excels in having the best professional teachers, that not only structure the way you think, but give you the professional ways to be an education professional yourself. The relationship is based on mutual respect and understanding. The academics are dedicated professors and doctors who are very experienced in the field and share with you knowledge and opportunities for a better future.
The support is always there starting from the reception to the academic success unit workshops to the librarian, as well as the administration: it is a permanent seek for quality within the education.
Mahmoud Sultan Nafa, Masters in Education, Year 2013
Head of English Department
Al Maarif School for Secondary Education
Dubai Educational Zone
Lecturer at Al Jazeera University
I am very happy to tell everybody about my experience at the British University in Dubai. I have a rich and constructive experience as I learnt to be independent learner or even a researcher. I was guided by many knowledgeable and professional doctors especially Dr. Yasemin who supervised my dissertation. In addition, all the staff including the registration, IT and the library teams are helpful and cooperative at BUiD. I am grateful to this University and its staff and I wish them all success.
Sinan Al Sheikh, IBM Consultant
During my first semester in the university I was interviewed by IBM. I was one of a very few lucky people who were selected to be enrolled in an intensive graduate trainee course in IBM to be prepared for an IT Consultant role in the company. At that time I had to choose whether to complete my studies or to start a new career with IBM.I needed advice from someone who is wise and experienced to help me take one of my life time decisions.
I found that person inside BUiD who had lived through a similar situation in the past. He was one of my professors who encouraged me to purse my dream even if it was on both tracks. He kept motivating and supporting me even after working hours and during his weekends. Dr.Khaled was more than just a professor for me, and without his words and continuous support I wouldn't have made it to the finish line and submit my thesis at the end to graduate a Masters degree.
Ahmed Mohammed Alhawashim, MSc Human Resources Manamgement, Year 2013
HR and Administration Manager - Gulf Technical Factory
BUiD as research based institute has changed my thinking strategy dramatically. A wide range of academic knowledge and professional competencies acquired during my study. BUiD's MSc in HRM programme enriched my knowledge, sharpened my skills and enhanced my abilities. I can describe this as a paradigm shift that has affected my whole life including my professional career.
Amer Adway, Masters in Education - TESOL, Year 2013
Teacher Development Specialist-MOE-MAG Schools
For my higher education I was looking for a place that would expose me to a great mix of quality education and culture. That is when I came across BUiD. All of these factors were reaffirmed when I started my TESOL studies there. My time in BUiD has allowed me to be developed professionally and my education has helped me stay updated at work.
Iryna Akulenka, MSc Construction Law and Dispute Resolution
Project Manager, WS Atkins & Partners Overseas
Having finally received my MSc Degree 2 months ago, after 2 long years, came as an immense relief as studying part time and working full time was I think the toughest part of the process. Difficulties aside, I truly enjoyed the experience. The Knowledge had been great; it opened up so many new doors for me in terms of professional development and future career. I have met wonderful people, true construction professionals willing to share their knowledge and expertise with others around them.
The most memorable part I think was our short trip to Oxford in fall 2012 organized by BUiD. It was fun! I truly enjoyed meeting our fellow students from Kings, debating, sharing knowledge and attending lectures, and just walking the streets of this amazing city with outstanding architecture and urban design!
Overall, am overwhelmed by this achievement; my husband, my family in Belarus and my professors who taught me during my BEng years are all so proud, and to me it is the most valuable feeling in the whole world.
Taher Salah Eldananf, MSc Sustainable Design of Built Environment, Year 2013
Lecturer at Ajman University of Science & Technology
The significant experience I gained from my Masters study at BUiD added a lot to my career. The research based programmes at the University have strengthened my skills in my major, gave me infinite knowledge and remarkable techniques to add to my teaching skills and provided me with a solid base to conduct my PhD research. The University was always aware of the market demands therefore, they always provided us with the possibility of interacting with experts in our field. To conclude, the unforgettable memories have added great value to my career in specific, and my life in general.
Farzana Asad Mir, MSc Project Management, Year 2012
Head of Quality
The British University in Dubai
The BUiD's MSc in Project Management provides a unique opportunity to learn Project Management with a research-based focus. This programme is an excellent combination that manages to keep a strong pedagogical emphasis while maintaining industry relevance throughout the programme.
In completing this degree I have gained a greater body of knowledge in all areas of project management. Now I have more confidence in my project management abilities to deliver excellent business outcomes. My new found research skills have helped me in linking theory with practice. I am now more aware about the new techniques and approaches being developed in my field. In short, this degree has empowered me by equipping me with the tools necessary to reach out and gain further knowledge to help me excel at my professional work.
Find your graduate program and apply online.


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7 reviews | 4.7 out of 5
my 11 yaer old son and i have read all the books in this series...THEY ARE AWESOME. WE CAN'T TO FINISH THIS ONE.
This book is the 4th of the Maximum Ride books and it lives up to the first 3! There is Adventure and Danger at every turn! I highly Recommend these books!
This product was shipped horribly. It took them three times the normal time it was suppose to be. Then weeks later, when I got the package, the box was destroyed and a map of my house with a bunch of notes were scribbled all over it. I understand normal notes like "this side up" and stuff, but this is the worse shipping experience I EVER had.
My grandchildren and their friends got hooked on this series and read this last book in a day. They are waiting for the next book to come out.
Great read for kids and adults. Need something to enjoy with the kids. Share the read and then have a great time talking about it.


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- Stunning Granite Countertops in Fair Lawn, NJ
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Granite Countertops in Fair Lawn, NJ
The granite countertops Fair Lawn, NJ has to offer come with a number of benefits, first and foremost being that they possess a unique beauty and durability that no other countertops can match. These countertops are known for lasting a very long time, so you can count on them to provide you with everything you need over the years. If you are going to be remodeling your kitchen or bathroom in the year ahead, it is highly recommended that you take a close look at these countertops before making a final decision.
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$3,506.39 - $5,061.31
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There are many reasons why Fair Lawn granite countertops are perfect for kitchens, including the fact that they are resistant to scratching, scuffs, stains, heat, and more. If you do a lot of food preparation work in your kitchen, it is highly recommended that you look into this option before choosing what you want to have installed in this area of your home. Granite countertops are widely regarded as being one of the better choices because of their long lasting durability and breathtaking aesthetics. If you want to make your kitchen look a bit more elegant and charming, you will find that these countertops are an excellent choice that you will never regret making.
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Little Ferry, NJ 07643
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3 Ridge Road
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Dtm Granite & Marble
209 Paterson Ave
Lodi, NJ 07644
Rugby Building Products
60 Joseph St
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Forum indexPC TalkChange forum
New Year- New Desktop
Started Dec 31, 2010 | Discussions thread
Shop cameras & lenses ▾
fabiofirenze0104 • Regular Member • Posts: 193
New Year- New Desktop
Dec 31, 2010
I need a new desktop.
The Laptop I'm currently working is 5 years old.
It still makes a wonderfull job, but he has some problem to handle quickly the big files generated by my DSLs.
Moreover I want to have a 22 inch good monitor for PP.
I have some ideas about the hardware.
I have some doubt about the OS.
Windows NX, or Windows 7?
The software that I mostly run are Photoshop and Capture NX2.
Thnk's folks!
Have a wonderfull new year!!!!!
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All teen and kid member reviews for ABC Kids
Kids say
(out of 5 reviews)
age 7+
Review this title!
Was this review useful?
Was this review useful?
Good for tweens
Its cool for people who watch disney or abc kids.
What other families should know
Educational value
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ABC kids
This website is so much different then the regular ABC channel. It's really fun and I chalenged my dad to play one of the games. He didn't wanna look at the directions and he quit after the first 30 seconds. It was a game about business and he acully didn't get it!


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"No man has a good enough memory to be a successful liar.
Home / Tag Archives: Good
Tag Archives: Good
We are all born ignorant
"We are all born ignorant, but one must work hard to remain stupid.
It takes many good deeds
"It takes many good deeds to build a good reputation, and only one bad one to lose it.


text:
Question about Sony PlayStation 2 (PS2) Console
How do i get the scanner to stop getting stuck next to the disc spinner
Posted by register1993 on
SOURCE: I have freestanding Series 8 dishwasher. Lately during the filling cycle water hammer is occurring. How can this be resolved
a 6ya expert can help you resolve that issue over the phone in a minute or two.
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Posted on Jan 02, 2017
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Dr. Salvatore Di Grandi MD
- Dermatology Pawling, NY
Patient Reviews
Reviews reflect patients' level of satisfaction with the care they received from this provider. Dr. Salvatore Di Grandi xhas an overall rating of 4.3.
Dr. Salvatore Di Grandi, MD is a Doctor primarily located in Pawling, NY. He has 31 years of experience. His specialties include Dermatology. He speaks English.
Patients rate and review their physicians based on criteria of care including bedside manner, doctor-patient face time, and degree of follow-up. Patients also provide their doctor with an overall ratings. Vitals analyzes these ratings annually, along with other quality measures, to identify and award the top physicians.
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Specialties & Expertise
Dr. Salvatore Di Grandi has the following 12 areas of expertise, 1 specialty and 1 board certification.
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See the board certifications this doctor has received. Board certifications provide confidence that this doctor meets the nationally recognized standards for education, knowledge and experience.
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Health Guides
Get the important facts about acne, including the different types and what causes it.
more health guides
Locations & Directions
Nearby Doctors
Dr. Salvatore Di Grandi, MD is similar to these 3 Doctors near Pawling, NY.
Dr. Marimeg Clairwood
Dr. Mona Gohara
Dr. Graeme Lipper


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I am a Leeds based singer-songwriter and recent graduate from Leeds College of Music with a specialism in Jazz.
I like to think of my music as a fusion of Jazz and Pop. You can see influence from both genres in my original music and I like to take modern pop tunes and give them a bit of a jazzy twist. Equally I love the jazz greats and like to bring them back with a more modern feel.


text: Seller: milankey (5,350) 100%, Location: Kent, Ohio, Ships to: US & many other countries, Item: 162141574486 This is a used small vintage mortise latch, possibly used on a piece of furniture. The backset from center of cylinder to edge of door is 1-1/4". The size of the lock body is 1-3/8" x 1-1/2". The faceplate is 3/4" x 2-5/8". Obviously this is not a full size mortise lock. Found this in a bin in my keyshop. its probably been here since the 1970's. You would use some kind of thumburn on outside of door to retract this latch. (not included). The latch works fine. The dollar bill in the photo is not included, it is there to help illustrate the size of the latch. I describe my ebay items honestly, ship promptly and always leave positive feedback for successful transactions. Any questions please ask before bidding.


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Hotels in Guestling
Hotel reservation
United Kingdom
Hotel rooms in Guestling
There are not so many hotel rooms in Guestling, just 6, still everyone can find an offer to suit his choice. The most common offers in this city are hotels, they count 4 out of 6, and their prevalent location is central district. According to our practice, it is the most profitable to book a hotel in the west of Guestling, as it is the location of the hotels with optimal cost and quality offers along with the cheap hotels. Taking into account the small size of the city, there is no need to dwell hotel reservation on the location: the road to the city center would take less then half an hour, so one can book a hotel in any district of Guestling. The most populated with hotels district of Guestling is the north, 66% of cheap hotel rooms are concentrated here. Guestling is an ideal place for couple and business, such travellers rate hotels there 9.5 out of 10 on average. The view to sea from the hotel room can serve as a pleasant addition to the journey. Apart from all these, hotels in Guestling offer their customers bar, parking and wi-fi in public areas. The staff of the most hotels is multilingual: it speaks english. The most appreciated amenities in Guestling hotels are amenities and vibe. According to the visitors reviews, hotels in Guestling has rather comfortable, great location and fantastic service. Take a look at our selection of the cheap hotel rooms in Guestling to make a well-informed choice for your reservation!
Guestling cheap hotels
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Hotels in Guestling are spread around the city within the distance of 4.4 kilometers. The most popular accommodations in Guestling is
Saunders Oast Barn
located in a 1.1 kilometers from the city center.
The best hotels are here and now. Try them!
All cities in United Kingdom


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The only berry flavor worth wavin' a wand at! Created by fusing two of the best berries on the planet to create the fiercest beast in berry history.
Be the first to review Berry Magical!
Stay up to date on the latest product releases, special offers & ZampleBox news by signing up for our newsletter
All purchases are age verified before fulfillment
Must be of legal smoking age to use zamplebox.com
Give friends $5 off their boxes each month and get $5 off yours for every friend that joins.


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Greetings! My name is Phelan, I am a white witch and psychic practitioner located in Atlanta, please feel free to give me a call at 678-918-3333 or create an account if you need help with beltane money spells, beltane prosperity, beltane fertility rituals or a Goddess amulet for fertility. I will be sure to lend a magical hand even if you are located in Barcelona, Spain, if you are located in the Atlanta area we can setup an appointment for a consultation or a psychic reading.
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I look forward to working with and aiding you in effecting the positive change within your life that you desire, need and deserve!
Blessed Be, Phelan
Same Sex Spells | Gay Men Love Spells | Barcelona, Spain


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Devo at the City National Grove of Anaheim on Friday Night
Andrew Youssef/OC Weekly
Andrew Youssef/OC Weekly
The lights would dim and a giant LCD screen ran various images from Devo's past as they kicked things off with "Don't Shoot (I'm A Man)" from their latest album Something For Everybody. Donning their newish gray suits and masks, Mark Mothersbaugh acted out the lyrics of the song while commanding the attention from the adoring crowd.
Andrew Youssef/OC Weekly
"Gates Of Steel" seemed to invigorate the fans in front of me to whip out their air guitars and mosh around in a circle. It was a fitting way to end their main set. "Corporate Video Anthem" soon transitioned into a rousing version of "Freedom of Choice" which featured yet another costume change by band. Devo have always been ahead of the curve and they aren't going away anytime soon. Devolution is real!
Related Location
2200 E. Katella Ave.
Anaheim, CA 92806
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Akira cuts 50% off select favorites via coupon code "BF50". Shipping adds $5, or get free shipping on orders of $50 or more. That's the best sale we've seen from Akira. Shop for Toms, Minkpink, and Kendall + Kylie. Deal ends November 27.
Note that these items are final sale.
50% off free shipping w/ $50Shop Now
Akira Black Friday Sale


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She grew up not knowing who she truly was. The answers hidden in the stomach of a boy.
With hatred surrounding her, darkness flooded into her heart and soul.
Will the acquirement of a team and family be what it takes to pull her from this darkness?
Or will a team mate pull her further into her pit of despair?
JessIsAMess75 Jul 30, 2016
One time a new girl came and she said she hated us too XD Instead of being offended I said this "Well fuq you too"
MissMurderz Feb 21, 2016
Where'd he get that log? I understand if they're in a forest, but duuuuude, this is a city....
derpapony Jun 09, 2016
only naruto, jiriya, and minato can use the 4ths jutsu... Its only them
LIONKID Feb 28, 2016
This is the 5th time I reread this series B-) It's still awesome!!!!!!!!!!! :-D
__-Deidara-__ Apr 15, 2016
-_- I actually thought she would beat the crap out of the two men
RedViolinGirl Jun 28, 2016
Teacher: alright, kids, introduce yourselves Me: *tries to act cool* *voice cracks on first word.


text:
Home ›
Hanukkah Gifts ›
0 items found
You can send Hanukkah Gifts to Chile in the following cities.
What our Customers Say about our Service
"I first used Giftbasketsoverseas.com months ago. I placed an order from USA going to Russia. I placed on a Saturday night and it was delivered to my friend on Sunday. I was amazed how quick it was. I just placed my 2nd order on May 3rd another Saturday night and again it was delivered the next day. My friend loved it. Her Mom is going in the hospital for surgery so I just wanted to give them some joy. They forgot to put my card with the message with gift. It really was not a problem but they really stepped up and the next day brought my friend a complimentary box of chocolates. That was a great gesture and I will be using gift baskets solely and will recommend to anyone that will be shipping abroad."
Jon B - Bradford MA, USA - May 6, 2014
"Thank you so much for being able to deliver the gift basket we ordered, especially as it was such short notice. Our friend is only staying at this address for a few more days, so it was important that it arrived on time. Much appreciated. Viv Drummond"
Vivienne D - Victoria, Australia - Oct 10, 2015
"GiftBasketsOverseas are one of the best and most professional online ordering businesses I have ever used. The order I placed in Australia one day was completed and delivered in NZ the next - less than 18 hours later!! My mother in law was absolutely thrilled with the quality and the size of the fresh fruit and food hamper. I will certainly be using them again and again!!"
Tui McKeown - Hampton VIC, Australia - Sep 5, 2010
"I had some problems with the delivery but not because of the company or your service: the phone of my grandmother was not working but I sincerely appreciate doing your very best to deliver on Saturday, 8pm and very prompt communication during the process. Thank you very much for such a great service that allows to reach the loved ones from overseas. I will certainly use your service again! "
Julia M - Auckland, New Zealand - Sep 29, 2015
Read more testimonials or leave your feedback here.


text:
Fair Hotel.
Guest Review Highlights
- Room is all right
Wego searches multiple travel sites so you can find and compare the best rates.
Based on 14 reviews from across the web.
Fair Hotel.
Check-in: noon
Check-out: noon
Set in a prime location of Kaohsiung, Queen Hotel puts everything the city has to offer just outside your doorstep. Featuring a complete list of amenities, guests will find their stay at the property a comfortable one. To be found at the hotel are coffee shop, elevator, car park, laundry service, room service. Each guestroom is elegantly furnished and equipped with handy amenities. The hotel offers various recreational opportunities. For reliable service and professional staff, Queen Hotel caters to your needs.


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A LEADING water company was facing the threat of industrial action today after announcing plans to axe up to 350 jobs.
Severn Trent said its workforce would be cut by around 7% over the next two to three years in response to a pricing review by the industry's regulator.
The company said it was facing "extremely challenging" efficiency targets.
Unison, which met the company today, said it will fight the job losses.
The union's regional organiser, Andy Main, said: "Our members will struggle to understand why, after a positive price review, jobs need to be lost.
"In the last five years the company has already lost 1,100 jobs and cut costs to the bone. These latest job cuts will seriously affect customer service.
"Unison members work hard to ensure customer safety and a healthy and secure water supply in the area. If supported by our members we will ballot for industrial action."


text:
I once knew a girl,
Whose name just "Perl",
She really knew how to code.
Her code was real art,
She added her heart,
So, i wrote her this ode.
It was one fateful day,
When things went my way,
I asked her to be my wife.
To code at my side,
Until one of us died,
Hopefully, at the end of my life.
She said, "sure, of course",
Now my only remorse,
is that i didn't ask her before.
But now that it's done,
We'll code together like one,
And hack just oh so much more.
On the day of our wedding,
In a beautiful setting,
We gave each other a ring.
We've produced so much code,
And filled our abode,
With hacks that just start to sing.
But this wonderful theme,
Was all just a dream,
I hate when reality has way.
So i shed a small tear,
Cus Perl wasn't here,
This seems to happen each day.
In reply to Dream Perl
by chacham
Thunder fish
Shocky knifefish
Electric eels were invented at the same time as electricity
Before electricity was invented, electric eels had to stun with gas
Results (363 votes). Check out past polls.


text:
Erkunde Ergebnis Für, Tatra Polieren und noch mehr!
From your friends at phoenix dog in home dog training"k9katelynn" see more about Scottsdale dog training at k9katelynn.com! Pinterest with over 18,800 followers! Google plus with over 123,000 views! You tube with over 400 videos and 50,000 views!! Serving the valley for 11 plus years


text:
Pinterest でおしゃれアイデアをまとめましょう!
A soufflé is a classic dessert that is rich, creamy and unbelievably light. While the traditional recipes are egg-based, we reproduce the same light-as-air experience without using eggs. Veg gelatin powder helps us in this task! This Eggless Mango Soufflé combines the divine flavour of mangoes with the ethereal texture of soufflés to give your palate a treat that is par comparison.
Matcha Milk Pudding
coconut ladoo with condensed milk. Coconut balls made under 15 mins with just 2 basic ingredients – desiccated coconut & condensed milk. You can also use some nuts to add a crunch. A quick delicious treat to make for any occasion, celebration or festival like Holi, Diwali or Navratri. Indian coconut ladoo are usually made …


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Jan 25, 2014
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5/14: Two Voices Salon with Daniel Balderston on Silvina Ocampo [EVENT]
On May 14, we are very proud to host (via Skype) translator Daniel Balderston to discuss his amazing work with one of Argentina's most venerated authors, Silvina Ocampo.
Wife to Adolfo Bioy Casares, sister of Victoria Ocampo (publisher of the mega-influential journal Sur), and friend of the great Jorge Luis Borges, Silvina was a master of the poem and the short story. She received many of Argentina's most prestigious awards, as well as the acclaim of Alejandra Pizarnik, Julio Cortázar, and Italo Calvino, who said no other writer "better captures the magic inside everyday rituals, the forbidden or hidden face that our mirrors don't show us."
A career-spanning collection of her prose, Thus Were Their Faces, was published earlier this year in Balderston's translation, alongside a collection of her poetry (also from NYRB Classics).
Join us on Thursday, May 14, to discuss one of Argentina's most visionary and enigmatic authors.
- May 14, 2015
- Doors 5:30 pm, event at 6:00 pm
- Two Lines Press offices, 582 Market St, Suite 700 SF, CA 94104
- Free alcoholic (& non-alcoholic) drinks and snacks
Silvina Ocampo (1903–1993) first studied painting with Giorgio de Chirico and Fernand Léger in Paris before returning to Buenos Aires to write. The first of Ocampo's seven collections of stories, Viaje olvidado (Forgotten Journey), appeared in 1937; the first of her seven volumes of poems, Enumeración de la patria (Enumeration of My Country) in 1942. She was also a prolific translator—including of Dickinson, Poe, Melville, and Swedenborg—and wrote plays and tales for children.
Daniel Balderston is the Andrew W. Mellon Professor of Modern Languages at the University of Pittsburgh, where he chairs the Department of Hispanic Languages and Literatures and directs the Borges Center. He is currently completing his seventh book on Borges, titled How Borges Wrote. He has edited numerous books, including Voice-Overs: Translation and Latin American Literature, and has also translated books by José Bianco, Juan Carlos Onetti, Sylvia Molloy, and Ricardo Piglia.


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Regulatory Genomics
Cells in the body share their genetic code, but look and work differently. This is to do with how the cells interpret their genome, and we are still far from understanding how they do it. The global rules of gene regulation are the subject of regulatory genomics.
We use advanced machine learning and data mining in our analyses, but our main focus is on the biological question and the properties of a biological system we study.
Babraham Institute
Located a few miles south of Cambridge, Babraham is a great place for collaboration between experimental and computational researchers, which is what we enjoy most. We are also well connected with Cambridge University. Our students enrol into the Cambridge PhD programme and join one of the colleges – a unique experience in itself.
Lina and Michiel win Biotechnology YES competition
The team of Babraham PhD students Lina Dobnikar, Michiel Thiecke, Natasha Morgan and Rachael Huntley (the first two of t…
Mikhail is interviewed by Cambridge TV
Our recent paper on linking GWAS SNPs to target genes using Promoter Capture Hi-C has made the (local) news. Watch Chris…


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I locked my 08 kia optima up with the keys in it how can i unlock it wothout calling a locksmith?
2 Answers
For vehicles that are newer, then the VIN can be a helpful tool. The number a locksmith needs to make a key for your vehicle is called a "code" number. Car dealerships require proof of registration and ownership before they will give out this information. A dealership uses your VIN number to see what the code number is for that vehicle IF the vehicle is ten (10) years old or less. If the vehicle is older than that, then dealerships clear their database and for the newer vehicles. So while a VIN number may work for a dealer, it doesn't do much good for a locksmith. The other side to this is that a VIN number doesn't do any good if the locks on the vehicle have been changed. Dealers only keep the originally code numbers, so if the locks on your vehicle have been re-keyed, then that number won't work for your car. If you purchase a vehicle second hand there is a 50/50 chance that this could be the case.
Visit your local Kia Dealer with your driver's license and the vehicle registration for proof of ownership. They'll be able to use the vehicle identification number (VIN) to get the key code(s). A 2008 model should definitely still be available. You'll have to pay for the new key but it will be cheaper than a locksmith! HTH. -Jim
Your Answer
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|Property type
When you book through the HomeAway checkout, your booking is backed by our Book with Confidence Guarantee™ offering comprehensive payment protection.Learn more
A&F Homestay, simple, clean & comfortable
nice 5* with mall, pool, gym, sauna, facilities etc for a very minimal rental.
5 minute drive to :
- The Curve
- Ikea
- Kidzania
- One Utama
15 - 20 minutes to :
- Kuala Lumpur
- Sunway Lagoon
- Mid Valley
Unit description:
- There are only two rooms.
Master room :
* Attached bathroom
* Double size bed
* Air-con & fan
Small room :
* Queen size mattress
* Air-con
Living hall :
* Internet
* Sleep sofa
* Tv
* Air-con & fan
Kitchen & dining :
* Dining table,
* Fridge
* Microwave,
* Induction cooker
* Auto-washing machine
2: Ground floor shopping mall.
* Lift to ground floor shopping.
3: Good for family to stay
* Allow up to 6 guests to stay.
4: Very safe.
You can not go in and out without access card
Free shuttle bus to LRT station and easy mall taxi.
House Rules: 1: Guest need call me before check in and inform me what time you check in because I am not living there.
2: Deposit
a: RM200/card for less one week stay
b: RM300/card for less two week stay
c: RM500/card for less one month stay
d: RM200/card for another extra card
3: GUEST pay electricity (Stated by room meter) average normal usage Rm15-20/day, heavy usage Rm25-30
4: Take care the house.
5: Smile in and smile out.


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Please join The Nature Conservancy staff, supporters, and friends at Old Angler's Inn, a historic venue over a century old next to the wild Potomac River. Enjoy free appetizers while learning more about the beautiful Potomac Gorge from Stephanie Flack, the Potomac River Project Director of The Nature Conservancy. You will also have the chance to meet the Conservancy's MD/DC Chapter's new State Director, Elizabeth Gray, who has worked previously for the Conservancy's Washington state chapter and the Africa Program. Mix and mingle with friends and colleagues, all for a good cause!
The suggested donation for this event is $10. Your gift will help support the MD/DC Chapter's conservation work in the Mid-Atlantic region, protecting iconic natural areas like the Appalachians and the Chesapeake Bay. From our mountains to marshes, your donation will allow the Conservancy to continue protecting the lands and waters that we all love and cherish. Register here: http://www.eventbrite.com/event/7312867985
Meetup members, Log in
By clicking "Sign up" or "Sign up using Facebook", you confirm that you accept our Terms of Service & Privacy Policy


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20 Treebark Terrace,Voorhees NJ, 08043
5 beds , 3 Full/1 Half baths
3,686 sq. ft
Status: Active
Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices Fox & Roach, REALTORS
(866) 486-5636
Last Updated: 2/22/2017 9:08 PM
Description for 20 Treebark Terrace Voorhees, NJ 08043
Major price reduction!!!!!This beautiful all stucco home in Alluvium Woods on a corner lot with 5 bedrooms and 3.5 baths. 1st Floor Office with marble floors and custom wall treatment. Large kitchen with granite counters and Breakfast room adjacent to Sun room. Spacious Master Bedroom with sitting area and all marble Master Bath. Finished lower level with Media Room, Entertainment area, Office, large walk-in cedar storage closet, Gym Room and full bath. Recessed lighting and intercom system throughout. EP Henry paver walkways and patios. Professionally landscaped with pond and waterfall and in-ground pool w/Jacuzzi ?newer filter (2010). Custom gardening shed and greenhouse. Newer windows in FR, Breakfast Rm., and French doors to Sun room (2010). Newer roof, heat/AC (2010), AC on second level (Jan. 2011). Newer washer/dryer (1.5 yrs.), dishwasher (2010) 3 car garage with newer doors (2009). Seller looking for offers.
Listing Information
Alluvium Woods
Gas Water Heater, Public Water Service
Public Sewer
School Information
Room Information
First Floor Laundry
Interior Features
Central Air
Gas Heat
Full, Full Finished
Exterior / Lot Features
3 Garage Spaces, Attached Garage
Stucco, Brick
Financial Considerations
Inside AccessTM
Current market conditions for 20 Treebark Terrace
Active Market Trends
Source:MLS DATA
Median list price$289,000
Days on market172
Properties for sale127
Sold Market Trends
Source:MLS DATA
Median sold price$246,482
Sales to list price9,614.0%
Properties sold104
Median sq ft price$114
Arrows indicate 90 day trend
Listing Price History for 20 Treebark Terrace
Voorhees Real Estate
Voorhees is located in New Jersey. Voorhees, New Jersey 08043 has a population of 976.
The median household income in Voorhees, New Jersey 08043 is $56,304. The median household income for the surrounding county is $98,571 compared to the national median of $53,046. The median age of people living in Voorhees 08043 is 27.4 years.
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text:
Unit 11, Bridge Business Park, Horsehay, Telford, TF4 3EE
07808 066786
£60 per 6 week term
11-Oct-16 to 11-Oct-21
Mon, 6:15 - 7:45pm
All ages
Our all inclusive Active Antenatal™ method is a ground breaking, effective and all encompassing pregnancy class helping you to learn your antenatal education and active birth techniques in a truly effective way – anchored to your breath, your body and your movement – exactly where you will need it on your baby's birthing day.
Our use of repetitive gentle flowing moves, incorporating some of our trademark "Rotate to Dilate" and "Accelerator Pedal" birth-orientated positions will have you riding the waves of labour with ease!
Daisy Birthing® will help you stay active in pregnancy, ease those pregnancy symptoms and prepare you for a confident and calmer birth!
Each class will deliver:
• Traditional antenatal education
• Active birth awareness
• An easy way to understand medical induction and interventions
• Flowing movement sequences anchored to your body and breath
• Breathing techniques for every stage of labour.
• Relaxation techniques
• Peer-to-peer support in a women only class
Classes are supportive of all birth choices.
Daisy Birthing® A practical, educational and supportive journey through labour and birth.
Times and prices are subject to change. Contact venue before setting out.
Please login first.


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Thai Thani
Serves meat, vegan options available. Thai food restaurant with typical, primarily meat based menu, but kitchen will substitute the meat in most dishes for tofu upon request. Be sure to let your server know you would like your meal vegan or vegetarian. The restaurant is decorated with ornate Thai furnishings. Open Mon-Sun 11:30am-11:30pm.
Category: Ovo, Thai, Beer/Wine, Non-veg
Reviews (2)First Review by Sallyk81
Restaurant looks like a Museum - food okay - Edit
The restaurant is very big, nice decor, looks kind of like a museum. A lot of their pieces are for sale. The food was okay, the quantity was good but it tasted ordinary. They did give vegans/vegetarians options and were aware of removing fish sauce, not having seafood, egg in the dishes, etc. The service was good. Have eaten better Thai food, but would go back.
Pros: veg options, good service
good Thai food - Edit
Good Thai food. Thailand decorations throughout. I had them make meal with out meat and asked for extra broccoli. The meal was good, but I didn't get extra broccoli and paid same price. Kinda expensive. Small portions.
Pros: taste , decor
Cons: cost, portion size
Link to this page from your site.
Entry info
Return to Orlando Vegetarian Restaurants & Health Food Store Listings
Business Owners, if you see an unfair review, read this.
Why was my review removed? - details
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Has Thai Thani closed, shut down, moved, or changed? Please use the Update Form.
This page has been viewed 2174 times.


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Redstone Commodity Search focus on offering 360 search solutions to the global commodities markets. With a competitive coverage of Trading Houses, Producers, Majors, Utilities, Merchants, Hedge Funds, Investment Banks and Brokerages; Redstone Commodity Search can confidently offer you an edge in today's volatile market.
Redstone Commodity Search are working with a commodities group seeking a Russian speaking base metal market analyst to be based in the UK.
Key Responsibilities / Tasks
Responsible for market research and analysis for base metals
Project trends for supply and demand by using forecasting models and perform competitor analysis to create market reports for the sales department
Create marketing reports and prepare materials for the Board of Directors to help defining the corporate marketing strategy
In charge of the marketing coordination for the company's production operations in CIS
Reports into the Global Head of Market Intelligence & Research
Key Qualifications / Experience
Fluency in English and Russian as well as an EU passport is a must
Around 2 years' experience in commodity market research (metals background preferred)
Very strong analytical and research skills as well as experience in using forecasting models
Industrial marketing experience a plus
Located in the UK or happy to relocate
Keywords: commodity, commodities, Redstone Commodity Search, physical, metals, base metals, metal, copper, tin, zinc, lead, aluminium, aluminum, cobalt, nickel, alumina, steel, steels, energy, gas, oil, power, fertilizer, fertiliser, chemicals, agriculture, agricultural, grains, oilseeds, coal, Iron Ore, mining, analysis, analyst, market analyst, market analysis, marketing analysis, marketing, research, researcher, market research, market researcher, competitor analysis, S&D, supply and demand, forecasting, forecast, industrial marketing, B2B, business-to-business, marketing analyst, English, Russian, market intelligence, market intelligence analyst, Europe, Western Europe, Great Britain, England, United Kingdom, GB, UK, London, Ireland, Island, France, Spain, Portugal, Germany, Netherlands, Denmark, Poland, Czech Republic, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, CIS, CEE, EU, European Union, business analysis, business analyst, RS0575A
If you match the job description and are keen on applying for this role; please send us a copy of your resume/cover letter to email@example.com or submit your application through the Vacancy Form.
Base Metal Corporate Salesperson, UK
United Kingdom, London - metal, commodity, commodities, search, base,...
Base Metal Financial Analyst, UK (Russian Speaking)
United Kingdom, London, Gt Lon - russian, controller, commodity, metal, analyst,...
Copper Market Analyst, UK
United Kingdom, London, Gt Lon - commodity, metal, market, commodities, scrap,...
Fertilizer Analyst, London
United Kingdom, London, Gt Lon - commodity, commodities, search, analyst, analysis,...
Metals Portfolio Manager, London/Geneva
United Kingdom, London, Gt Lon - commodity, trading, metals, commodities, search,...
Commodities Portfolio Manager, London
United Kingdom, London - commodity, commodities, metal, search, portfolio,...
LME Futures Broker, London
United Kingdom, London - commodity, metal, commodities, steel, broker,...


text:
- Anoniem
- Nederland, Vrouwelijk, 18-24
- Novice Nomad
- 1 Herziening
Mijn beoordeling past niet in dit veld, ik verstuur hem via de mail.
- Anoniem
- Nederland, Vrouwelijk, 25-30
- Novice Nomad
- 1 Herziening
It was a great hostel, with comfortable matrasses and the room was very clean. Very near to the train station. For me it was perfect, because i had to catch my flight in the early morning. There is allways someone available from the staff. And it wasn't expensive! The only thing i missed was a safe locker. When i came into the room the lockers turned out to have no lock (so you should bring that yourself) . I think this could be improved, with little effort ;-) . I would recommend this hostel!
Hostelworld mobiele apps
Boek onderweg met de nieuwe mobiele apps van Hostelworld.


text:
Is Mohair incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
Contact details
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Hotfrog NewZealand provides information regarding Mohair in PAPAKURA Auckland. Mohair is located at PO Box 2721209, PAPAKURA Auckland and provides Newsletter services. Contact them on 09 299 5407 or by visiting them on their website http://www.mohair.co.nz.
Is Mohair in PO Box 2721209, PAPAKURA Auckland your business? Claim your listing and attract more leads by adding more content, photos and other business details.
We have more Newsletter services in PAPAKURA Auckland available on Hotfrog NewZealand. You can update your search for PAPAKURA Newsletter by location, keyword or service options.
27B East St Papakura Auckland 2110
Fernaig St Papakura Auckland
Papakura Auckland
8A Beach Road Papakura Auckland 2113
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text:
Modelling the Messerschmitt Bf 109f and Early G Series
By (author) Brett Green
Format: Paperback
Normal Price: $22.99
Your Price: $20.69 AUD, inc. GST
Shipping: $7.95 per order
You Save: $2.30! (10% off normal price)
Plus...earn $1.03 in Boomerang Bucks
Availability: Available to Backorder, No Due Date for Supply
Modelling the Messerschmitt Bf 109f and Early G Series by Brett Green
Book DescriptionUndoubtedly one of the most recognizable fighter aircraft in history alongside the Supermarine Spitfire and the P-51 Mustang, the Messerschmitt Bf 109 is as popular in plastic as in real life. There are almost certainly more kits and accessories of the Bf 109 across the full range of popular scales than any other modelling subject. This second Bf 109 title in the "Osprey Modelling" series focuses on the Messerchmitt Bf 109F and early G models, the most streamlined of all the Messerschmitt production aircraft. They served in all Luftwaffe theatres, from the deserts of North Africa to the vast frozen plains of the Soviet Union. Detailing six different builds across the scales from 1/44 to 1/24, this book is an excellent source of reference for both the beginner and expert modeller on one of the most effective killing machines of World War II.
Buy Modelling the Messerschmitt Bf 109f and Early G Series book by Brett Green from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9781846031137
(248mm x 184mm x 8mm)
Pages: 80
Imprint: Osprey Publishing
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC
Publish Date: 3-Jan-2007
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
Books By Author Brett Green
Classic Modelling Guides, Paperback (October 2013)
Focuses upon the aircraft and activities of the Luftwaffe on the Eastern Front. With mono wartime photographs of featured aircraft, fighters and bombers alongside vivid colour photos of model construction, this title offers keen aviation modellers with the information required to produce authentic recreations of these important aircraft.
Luftwaffe in the Battle of Britain 1940, Paperback (June 2010)View all books by Brett Green
Offers information on two campaigns in World War 2 - the Luftwaffe in the Battle of Britian and the Luftwaffe on the Eastern Front, offering an overview of Luftwaffe aircraft in the campaign. This book contains black and white wartime photos on featured aircraft (fighters and bombers) blended with colour photos of model construction.
» Have you read this book? We'd like to know what you think about it - write a review about Modelling the Messerschmitt Bf 109f and Early G Series book by Brett Green and you'll earn 50c in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars (you must be a member - it's free to sign up!)
Author Biography - Brett Green
Brett Green is the editor of HyperScale (www.HyperScale.com), an online model magazine established in 1998, and a highly respected aviation modeller. He has published two books on the colors and markings of the Luftwaffe aircraft: Augsburg's Last Eagles, on the late-war Messerschmitt Bf 109, and Stormbird Colors, on the Me 262. For Osprey Publishing he has written Modelling 2: Modelling the Messerschmitt Bf 110 and Modelling 11: Modelling the P-47 Thunderbolt, and has co-written World War 2 US Army Fighter Modeling in the Masterclass series. Brett lives in Sydney, Australia. The author lives in Sydney, Australia.
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text:
Here is my first report from the International AIDS Conference in Washington, D.C.!
Since less than 5 percent of the programming for AIDS 2012 is targeting to MSMs (Men who have Sex with Men), a special one-day pre-conference is held the day AIDS 2012 convenes to address the needs and issues of this population.
My report includes a chat with United States Rep. Barbara Lee, who has just introduced comprehensive HIV prevention and anti-stigma legislation; the advocates fighting laws that criminalize people with HIV, a little social research on Grindr (the gay man's cruise phone app), a chat with Positive Frontiers editor Alex Garner about getting rejected (and rejected others) during the dating process, and a visit to an AIDS2012 Reunion poz social event.
Stay tuned! The week is just getting started, with opening ceremonies to come, the opening of the colorful and provocative Global Village, and amazing sights and people ahead.
Thanks for watching, and please be well.
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