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The prefrontal cortex shows structural and functional alterations in mood disorders. Retinoid signaling, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and its receptor TrkB are reported to be involved in depression. Here, we found that mRNA levels of key elements of retinoid signaling were significantly reduced in the postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex/anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) from elderly depressed patients who did not die from suicide. Decreased mRNA levels of BDNF and TrkB isoforms were also found. Similar alterations were observed in rats subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress. Along with neurons immunopositive for both retinoic acid receptor-α (RARα) and TrkB, a positive correlation between mRNA levels of the 2 receptors was found in the ACC of control subjects but not of depressed patients. In vitro studies showed that RARα was able to bind to and transactivate the TrkB promoter via a putative RA response element within the TrkB promoter. In conclusion, the retinoid and BDNF-TrkB signaling in the prefrontal cortex are compromised in mood disorders, and the transcriptional upregulation of TrkB by RARα provide a possible mechanism for their interaction. The retinoid signaling pathway that may activate TrkB expression will be an alternative novel target for BDNF-based antidepressant treatment.
Dysfunction of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is associated with the pathogenesis of mood disorders. Neuroimaging studies have shown both structural and functional changes in the DLPFC and ACC in depression, such as volume or gray matter thickness changes and altered glucose metabolism or blood flow (Drevets, Price, et al. 2008; Drevets, Savitz, et al. 2008). Moreover, antidepressant treatment by transcranial magnetic stimulation of the DLPFC or deep brain stimulation of the ACC, has led to a significant reduction of depressive symptoms in therapy-resistant depressive patients (Mayberg et al. 2005; Padberg and George 2009).
Retinoids, a family of molecules consisting of vitamin A and its derivatives, play a key role in brain development (Maden 2002). Emerging evidence now suggests that the retinoid signaling may also be required for adult brain functioning (Lane and Bailey 2005). Evidence for an association between retinoid and depression comes from case reports showing that onset of the depressive symptoms occurred after the use of isotretinoin (a 13-cis isomer of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) to treat severe cystic acne), while the symptoms subsided once drug treatment was discontinued (Bremner and McCaffery 2008; Bremner et al. 2012). Studies showed that long-term RA administration to rats led to hypothalamic–pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis hyperactivity and increased anxiety/depression-like behaviors (Cai et al. 2010). Furthermore, the density of retinoic acid receptor α (RARα, the primary RA receptor)-positive neurons, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH, the central driving force of HPA-axis activity)-positive neurons and RARα-CRH double-labeled neurons were significantly upregulated in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of subjects with mood disorders (Chen et al. 2009). These results provided a possible mechanism for the involvement of RA in depression as the HPA axis is considered to play a key role in the development of depression (Swaab et al. 2005; Bao et al. 2008). In addition, patients with Isotretinoin treatment for acne showed by positron emission tomography scans a significantly decreased metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex (Bremner et al. 2005)-part of the prefrontal-limbic network associated with the pathophysiology of depression (Bennett 2011), which might also at least partly explain the close relationship between RA and depression.
A wide range of basic and clinical studies revealed that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling played a critical role in the pathogenesis of depression. Studies have reported that depressed suicide victims exhibited low hippocampal and prefrontal cortex BDNF levels (Dwivedi et al. 2003) and reduced activity-dependent BDNF expression by hypermethylation of promoter/exon IV of the BDNF gene (Keller et al. 2010). TrkB is implicated in the dysfunction of the PFC in mood disorders, that is, abnormal TrkB mRNA and protein levels in the PFC in the depressed suicide victims (Dwivedi et al. 2003). Furthermore, a recent study with a large sample size delicately showed reduced TrkB mRNA level in the subgenual ACC of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) (Tripp et al. 2012).
To date, there is no information available on the expression pattern of proteins involved in the retinoid signaling in the human PFC nor on their alterations in mood disorders. Additionally, even though both retinoid and BDNF-TrkB signaling were known to be associated with depression, it is not clear whether an interaction between the 2 pathways play a role in the development of depression as they share similarities in neuroplasticity and neurotrophic effects in the central nervous system. In the present study, we investigated 1) the mRNA expression levels of major components in the endogenous retinoid signaling, BDNF and TrkB in the gray matter from the DLPFC and the ACC of depressed patients who did not die from suicide and their matched nonpsychiatric controls; 2) whether similar changes are present in rats subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), a robust paradigm that increases anxiety/depression-like behaviors often observed in depression (Willner 1997), to further support the results from human postmortem material and 3) in vitro, we studied a possible underlying molecular mechanism for the relationship between the retinoid and BDNF-TrkB signaling.
Materials and Methods (Extensive methods are available in the Supplementary Material)
Part 1: Quantitative Real-Time PCR Study and Double-Labeling Study in the Postmortem Human prefrontal cortex
Frozen postmortem brain material and paraffin sections came from elderly depressed patients who did not die from suicide and matched controls who did not have a psychiatric or neurological disease, as described before (Qi et al. 2013), were obtained via the Netherlands Brain Bank with informed written consent from the patients or their next of kin for the autopsy and use of brain material and clinical files for research purposes. The patients with mood disorders were clinically diagnosed with either bipolar disorder (BPD) or MDD on the basis of the presence and severity of their symptoms and with exclusion of other psychiatric and neurological disorders, which were systematically scored by 3 qualified psychiatrists (Drs W.J.G. Hoogendijk, E. Vermette, and G. Meynen) according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition criteria. The absence of neuropathological changes in all subjects was confirmed by systematical neuropathological investigation (Van de Nes et al. 1998). Mood disorder patients and controls were one-by-one matched for sex and group-matched for age, postmortem delay (PMD), clock time and month of death, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-pH, and brain weight. The samples were obtained from the DLPFC (Brodmann area 9) of 14 mood disorder patients (sex, 10M/4F; age, 72.8 ± 3.1 (mean ± SEM)) and 14 matched controls (10M/4F; 74.6 ± 3.0), and ACC (Brodmann area 24) of 12 mood disorder patients (9M/3F; 74.7 ± 3.9) and 12 matched controls (9M/3F; 79.5 ± 3.0). Detailed clinico-pathological information and P-values of matched parameters are given in Supplementary Materials 1 and 2.
Gray matter containing all 6 layers was isolated from 50-μm-thick cryostat sections cut from snap-frozen DLPFC/ACC tissue as described before (Bossers et al. 2010).
RNA Isolation, cDNA Synthesis, and Quantitative Real-Time PCR
RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) were as described before (Wang et al. 2008). RNA integrity number (RIN) value, an indicator of isolated RNA quality, was determined and no difference was found between the depressed and control groups (RIN values of the DLPFC from the mood disorder group: 7.5 ± 0.2 and the control group: 7.7 ± 0.2; RIN values of the ACC from the mood disorder group: 7.3 ± 0.2 and the control group: 7.2 ± 0.3, mean ± SEM, see Supplementary Material 2). The genes detected are RA synthesizing enzymes: retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1, 2, 3 (RALDH1, 2, 3); RA metabolic enzymes: cytochrome P450, family 26, A1, B1, C1 (CYP26A1, B1, C1); RA cellular transport proteins: cellular RA binding protein 1, 2 (CRABP1, 2); receptors mediating RA function: RAR-α, β, γ and retinoid X receptor-α, β, γ (RXRα, β, γ); BDNF; TrkB.total: targeting all TrkB isoforms; TrkB full-length isoform (TrkB.FL); and TrkB-truncated isoform 1 (TrkB.T1).
Immunohistochemistry of RARα and TrkB in Postmortem Human ACC
We would like to check whether RARα and TrkB could in principle localize within the same cells, which is, of course a prerequisite for a direct interaction between them. In a series of pilot studies, trying out different techniques, we found that it was quite impossible to use double-labeling immunofluorescence in the sections, as we did for other purposes. The only solution was immunohistochemical staining of RARα and TrkB in adjacent sections to check for co-localization. Photographs were collected by Zeiss axioskop microscope (Zeiss, Jena, Germany) with neofluar objectives (Zeiss), a motorized XYZ stage, and a black and white camera (Sony, Minato, Japan).
Part 2: Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stressed Rat Study
Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Protocol and Open-Field Tests
Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly split into 2 matched groups based on their baseline body weight: an undisrupted control group (n = 6) and a CUMS group (n = 7). The control group were handled every 2 days and the CUMS group were subjected to the stress regime consisted of daily exposure to short-term stressors along with long-term stressors for 5 weeks. Short-term stressors were administered between 09:00 and 12:00 h and long-term stressors began immediately after cessation of morning stressors and ended with initiation of the next day's morning stressor. The CUMS protocol and open-field test to measure anxiety/depression-like behaviors were performed as described previously (Wu et al. 2007; Chen et al. 2009) with minor modifications. Animal housing, care, and application of experimental procedures used were in accordance with all relevant local guidelines and legislation and were approved by the Institutional Animal Use and Care Committee of University of Science and Technology of China.
Anterior Cortex Dissection and Sample Preparation
All rats were decapitated after the last open-field tests. Blood samples were collected in tubes with heparin sodium as an anticoagulant and centrifuged at 4°C. Plasma was obtained and stored at −80°C until corticosterone was assayed by means of a rat corticosterone enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (RapidBio Lab, Calabasas, CA, USA). The brain was removed immediately and the anterior cortex was dissected as described before (Meng et al. 2011) including the anterior part of the frontal lobes dissected between Bregma 3.2 and Bregma 5.2 according to coordinates of Paxinos and Watson (Paxinos and Watson 1998) and excluding their basal parts at the level of the rhinal fissures, and quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen. Tissue samples were homogenized in cold Trizol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, California) for further RNA extraction according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Quantitative Real-Time PCR
After cDNA synthesis, qPCR was performed to analyze the mRNA expression levels of RALDH1, 2, 3; CYP26A1, B1, C1; CRABP1, 2; RARα, β, γ; RXRα, β, γ; BDNF; TrkB1 (full length isoform); and TrkB2 (truncated isoform). The mRNA level of β-actin was analyzed as an internal control.
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for Rat Anterior Cortex
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was performed to determine whether RARα can bind to the TrkB promoter in rat anterior cortex. For ChIP assay, male SD rats were decapitated, and the anterior cortex was removed as described before. Solution with soluble chromatin from rat tissue was immunoprecipitated with the anti-RARα antibody (sc-551, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA, USA). As a negative control, no antibody was added. Subsequently DNA extraction, purification and amplification by PCR were performed with the following primer pair: 5′-CAAACGGCAGGAGAAAGA-3′ and 5′-CTTTTCTACCATGCTCATAGG -3′, which are targeted to the promoter region from −669 to −447 bp of the TrkB gene.
Part 3: In Vitro Study in Cell Lines
Cell Culture
SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were grown in 1:1 mixture of DMEM and Ham's F-12 medium (DF; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MI, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA). All cells were cultured in 5% CO2 humidified atmosphere at 37°C. RA (Sigma-Aldrich), actinomycin D (ActD, Sigma-Aldrich) and Ro 41-5253 (Sigma-Aldrich) were dissolved in DMSO and the final concentrations used were RA (10−6 M), ActD (1 μg/mL), and Ro 41-5253 (10−8, 10−7, and 10−6 M).
The human wild-type TrkB promoter luciferase reporter construct (pGL3-TrkB-wt) was a generous gift from Carme Gallego (Liu et al. 2004). After an examination of TrkB promoter sequence by the MatInspector from Genomatix software suite (version 2.0) for transcription factor binding sites search, a sequence from the promoter (5′-TTAAGGTTCACTGACAAGACAGGCG-3′) was predicted as a putative retinoic acid response element (RARE) motif. Then the putative RARE was deleted to get the RARE-deleted TrkB promoter luciferase reporter construct (pGL3-TrkB-d) by the MutanBEST Kit (TaKaRa, Dalian, China) using the primer pair as follows: 5′-GGAGTTTTACGTGCGTCTGAGACCA-3′ and 5′-GCGGAGAAGCCCCTGAGGAACACTT-3′. PcDNA4-RARα was donated by Xiao-Ning Chen (Chen et al. 2009).
ChIP Assay for SH-SY5Y Cells
Formaldehyde was added into the culture medium to achieve a final concentration of 1% to crosslink proteins with the DNA after SH-SY5Y cells were treated with RA for 24 h. The ChIP assays were performed as described before by using the following primer pair for PCR amplification: 5′-ACAAACCACCGTAAGACTGC-3′ and 5′-CCACTGTCACTCGGCTGTA-3′, targeting the promoter region from −927 to −575 bp of the TrkB gene.
Dual Luciferase Reporter Gene Assay
Transfection was accomplished with Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). 24 h before transfection, CHO cells were seeded into 24-well plates (6 × 104 cells/well) and cultured in the phenol red-free DF medium, supplemented with 10% dextran-coated charcoal (DCC, Sigma-Aldrich)-treated FBS. Cells of each well were transfected with either pGL3-TrkB-wt and pcDNA4, or pGL3-TrkB-wt and pcDNA4-RARα, or pGL3-TrkB-d and pcDNA4-RARα, all together with the pRL-TK plasmid (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) which contained Renilla luciferase gene as an internal control. Six hours later, culture media were changed to phenol red-free DF containing 10% DCC-treated FBS with 10−6 M RA. After another 24 h, cells were harvested for detecting luciferase activity with the dual luciferase reporter assay system (Promega). Relative luciferase activity is presented as firefly luciferase activity normalized to renilla luciferase activity.
Statistical Analysis
For postmortem human qPCR data, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was carried out with SPSS (version 17.0, SPSS Incorporation). The ANCOVA model, used for the expression level of each gene, revealed the diagnostic group as a main effect and PMD and CSF pH as covariates. Correlations between mRNA expression levels were tested by the Spearman's correlation coefficient. For animal study, the differences between the control and the CUMS group were determined by unpaired Student's t-test. For in vitro study, statistical analyses comprised a one-way ANOVA followed by a Student Newman–Keuls post hoc test. All tests were 2 tailed. P-values ≤0.05 were considered to be significant.
Altered mRNA Expression Levels in Patients with Mood Disorders
In the DLPFC (Fig. 1A–F), compared with the matched control, we found a significant decrease in the mRNA levels of RALDH1 (23.1% reduction, F1,20 = 7.804, P = 0.011), RALDH3 (16.3% reduction, F1,20 = 7.085, P = 0.015), RXRα (49.9% reduction, F1,20 = 13.945, P = 0.001), RXRβ (34.6% reduction, F1,20 = 6.507, P = 0.019), TrkB.T1 (15.8% reduction, F1,20 = 5.605, P = 0.028), and BDNF (19.6% reduction, F1,20 = 4.359, P = 0.050).
In the ACC (Figure 1G–L), compared with their matched control a significant reduction was found in the mRNA levels of RALDH1 (32.1% reduction, F1,18 = 5.622, P = 0.029), RALDH3 (29.4% reduction, F1,18 = 10.513, P = 0.005), CRABP1 (11.4% reduction, F1,18 = 7.876, P = 0.012), TrkB.FL (14.5% reduction, F1,18 = 8.793, P = 0.008), TrkB.T1 (26.7% reduction, F1,18 = 4.744, P = 0.043), and BDNF (21.1% reduction, F1,18 = 8.400, P = 0.010).
Other genes (RALDH2; CYP26A1, B1, C1; CRABP 2; RAR α, β, γ; RXRγ) did not show any significant changes in mRNA expression levels (data not shown).
Altered mRNA Expression Levels in Rats Subjected to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress
To further confirm the phenomenon we saw in human postmortem DLPFC/ACC, a well-established CUMS rat model was used, and expression levels of the same genes were detected.
After 5-week stress, the average weight of the CUMS group was significantly less compared with that of the control group (mean ± SEM, 301.0 ± 9.2 g vs. 448.0 ± 9.8 g, P < 0 0.001, Fig. 2A). In the open-field test, compared with the controls, the CUMS rats showed a significant decrease in locomotor activity (P = 0.004, Fig. 2B), the time in the central 4 squares (P = 0.036, Fig. 2C), the frequency to the central 4 squares (P = 0.034, Fig. 2D) and the number of rearing (P = 0.002, Fig. 2E) while a significant increase in the number of defecation (P = 0.002, Fig. 2F), exhibiting anxiety/depression-like behaviors. Furthermore, there was a trend level increase in plasma corticosterone concentration in the CUMS group (P = 0.064, Fig. 2G).
QPCR results demonstrated that in the anterior cortex of the CUMS rats, significantly decreased mRNA expression levels of RALDH1 (P = 0.016), RALDH3 (P = 0.008), CRABP1 (P = 0.022), RXRα (P = 0.011), RXRβ (P = 0.003), TrkB1 (P = 0.022) and TrkB2 (P = 0.002), and a trend for decreased BDNF (P = 0.059) level were found compared with the controls (Fig. 2H), similar to the aforementioned human data. Other genes (RALDH2; CYP26A1, B1, C1; CRABP 2; RAR α, β, γ; RXRγ) detected did not show any significant difference (data not shown).
RARα is Associated with TrkB in Human Postmortem ACC
In the ACC, mRNA level of TrkB was significantly positive correlated to that of RARα in the control group (P = 0.003, ρ = 0.783) while this correlation was not present in the group of mood disorders (Fig. 3A,B). In addition, the same neurons in adjacent human ACC sections (Fig. 4A,B) were found to be immunopositive for both RARα (Fig. 4C,E,G) and TrkB (Fig. 4D,F,H), respectively, demonstrating the co-localization of the 2 receptors within the same neurons.
However, such positive correlation between mRNA levels of TrkB and RARα was not observed in the control or the CUMS rats.
RARα Interacts with the TrkB Promoter Region and Activates the TrkB Promoter
We found that most of the enhanced effect of RA on TrkB mRNA level in the SH-SY5Y cells was significantly inhibited by the pretreatment with the transcription inhibitor ActD (Fig. 5A). Furthermore, RA-induced upregulation in TrkB mRNA expression was blocked by RARα-specific antagonist, Ro 41-5253, in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that RARα is involved in this increased transcriptional activity (Fig. 5B). In addition, we performed a ChIP assay, in the rat anterior cortex and in the SH-SY5Y cells, and observed that the TrkB promoter was occupied by endogenous RARα during chromosome immunoprecipitation by RARα antibody while there was no PCR product in the negative control (Fig. 5C). A luciferase assay was done to explore whether RARα could activate the TrkB promoter. With RA treatment, luciferase expression driven by a wild-type human TrkB promoter was higher in cells co-transfected with pcDNA4-RARα compared with cells co-transfected with the control pcDNA4. After deletion of a putative RARE (5′-TTAAGGTTCACTGACAAGACAGGCG-3′) in the TrkB promoter, the increased signal was abolished (Fig. 5D). Taken together, these data demonstrate RARα could regulate TrkB transcription by binding to and transactivating the TrkB promoter via its putative RARE, providing evidence for the close interaction between the 2 receptors.
In the present study, we found that the mRNA expression of key components in the retinoid signaling, such as RALDH1 and 3, RXRα and β, and CRABP1, was reduced in the DLPFC/ACC of the elderly depressed patients who did not die from suicide. It is of great interest to note that a microarray study showed a lower expression level of RALDH1 in the PFC in schizophrenia, another common psychiatric disorder, which suggested that schizophrenia is associated with the decreased prefrontal accessibility of RA as well (Goodman 2005). Furthermore, there was also a downregulated expression of BDNF and 2 TrkB isoforms observed in our study. These results extended the previous study of a reduced BDNF and TrkB expression in the DLPFC from young suicide victims (average age <45) (Dwivedi et al. 2003) to an elderly population (average age >70) of depressed patients who did not die from suicide. Last but not the least, a positive correlation was observed between the mRNA levels of RARα and TrkB in the ACC of the control subjects, which might be due to RARα transcriptional upregulation of TrkB gene via a putative RARE within its promoter. However, the correlation was not present in the depressed patients.
The important role played by retinoid signaling in adult brain has been increasingly recognized in recent studies, such as a role in neuroplasticity, spinogenesis, and neurogenesis (Lane and Bailey 2005; Shearer et al. 2012). BDNF-TrkB signaling also has comparable neuroplasticity and neurotrophic capacities (Groves 2007). Lower activities in both retinoid and BDNF-TrkB signaling, as suggested by the lower expression levels of key proteins in these pathways found in the present study, indicate a disrupted neurotrophic effect and provide a possible molecular basis for the functional and structural impairments in the depressed patients, such as a lower synaptic plasticity, decreased dendrite complexity, spine formation and neurogenesis, which may contribute to the alterations in gray matter volume and neurophysiological activity or cell loss and atrophy in the PFC reported by neuroimaging or neuropathological studies (Rajkowska 2000; Drevets, Price, et al. 2008). Subsequently, similar results were obtained in the CUMS rats which indeed strengthened the results of lower gene expression in human material. Furthermore, the CUMS rats mimicked the symptoms of human depression (such as body weight loss and less locomotor/exploratory activity) and a hyperactive HPA-axis response (as revealed by enhanced plasma corticosterone levels).
Previous studies showed that RA could increase TrkB mRNA level in SH-SY5Y cells and that only after treatment with RA SH-SY5Y cells responded to BDNF by increasing TrkB expression (Kaplan et al. 1993; Lucarelli et al. 1995). However, so far there was no direct evidence on how RA affected TrkB. In the present study, we found that in SH-SY5Y cells RA dramatically enhanced TrkB mRNA level. Such an increase was significantly attenuated by the pretreatment with the transcription inhibitor ActD, suggesting that the upregulated effect of RA on TrkB mRNA level mainly resulted from enhancing TrkB transcription and not from enhancing TrkB mRNA stability (Fig. 5A). Additional evidence demonstrated that this transcriptional upregulation was mediated by RARα (Fig. 5B) as Ro 41-5253, an antagonist selectively binding to RARα without transactivating it (Toma et al. 1998), could attenuate this upregulation. RARα belongs to a nuclear receptor family which is ligand-activated transcription factors (Chambon 1996). Indeed, we subsequently found that RARα could bind to the TrkB gene promoter both in the rat anterior cortex and the cultured cells (Fig. 5C) and that a putative RARE within TrkB gene promoter was crucial for RARα transactivation (Fig. 5D). We also observed a co-localization of RARα and TrkB in the postmortem ACC neurons and found a positive correlation between RARα and TrkB mRNA levels in the postmortem ACC of control subjects which could be explained by a positive transcriptional regulation of TrkB mRNA by RARα. The absence of a correlation between these 2 receptors in the depressed patients might be caused by lower RARα ligand (RA) availability in the ACC, a result from decreased RALDH1 and 3 expression in depression. That is because RARα, when unliganded, will serve as a transcription repressor (Weston et al. 2003) and thus might not be positively correlated with its downstream effector TrkB. However, we did not find such correlation either in the control rats or in the CUMS rats. The rat anterior cortex we collected is indeed not simply a homologue for the human ACC, but a collection of different cortical areas which might obscure the area-specific correlations between different molecules. In addition, it is also possible that the reduced retinoid signaling in depression contributed to the reduced TrkB expression in the present study.
There were no significant differences between the mood disorder group and controls for the potential confounders in the DLPFC and ACC, such as PMD (P = 0.550 and 0.931, respectively) and CSF pH (P = 0.073 and 0.262, respectively), indicating that they will not have affected our conclusion. The ANCOVA model with PMD and CSF pH as covariates used in our study further controlled for them. Additionally, our human sample size was relatively small. However, it should be noted that clinically and neuropathologically well-documented postmortem material from elderly depressed patients who did not die from suicide with high quality mRNA is very hard to come by. Although BPD and MDD are 2 different psychiatric entities in diagnostic terms, we have combined these subgroups since they share similarities with regard to their neurobiological underpinnings. For example, BPD and MDD have overlapping genetic risk factors (Green et al. 2010; Liu et al. 2011). Furthermore, a proportion of both MDD and BPD patients have hyperactivity of the HPA axis, as shown by an increased number of CRH-expressing neurons and amount of CRH mRNA in the PVN (Raadsheer et al. 1994; Bao et al. 2008; Wang et al. 2008). As mentioned before, neuroimaging studies suggest that BPD and MDD share a few structural and functional cortical alterations (Drevets, Price, et al. 2008). Finally, when we compared the gene expression levels between BPD and MDD subgroups for each brain area, we did not find any significant differences. Therefore, we pooled both BPD and MDD patients and analyzed the data between the mood disorder group and the control group. The results obtained in the mood disorder group were further confirmed in the CUMS rat model, which may partially ease the concerns resulting from the small sample size. Still, the expression pattern of such genes deserves further investigation in a larger sample size. Possible effects of medication on the target gene expression are always a limitation of the use of postmortem human brains. Nevertheless, we found that medication in the last 3 months did not confound our results. For instance, for the genes RALDH1 and TrkB.T1 in the DLPFC (see Supplementary Material 10) no difference was found for the mRNA levels between patients taking antipsychotics (triangles, subjects D3, D12, D13, and D14) and those taking no antipsychotics or antidepressants. The RALDH1 mRNA level of patients taking lithium (circles, subjects D5 and D6) were generally intermingled with other data points. Note that 1 patient who was taking lithium (circle, D6) and 1 patient who was taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI, square point, D11) showed, respectively, the highest TrkB.T1 level and RALDH1 level. Consequently, in case such medication would have influenced our data, it would rather have increased and not decreased RALDH1 and TrkB.T1 levels as we observed in our present study. The RALDH1 and TrkB.T1 mRNA levels of the patient taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (cross point, D9) were within the middle range.
In conclusion, our results indicate a novel link between retinoid signaling, BDNF-TrkB signaling and depression. Thus, targeting retinoid signaling in the prefrontal cortex may be an alternative strategy for BDNF-based therapeutics for depression.
Supplementary Material
Supplementary material can be found at: http://www.cercor.oxfordjournals.org/.
This work was supported by Nature Science Foundation of China (grant number 81030026, 91132304) and the China Exchange Programme of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) (grant number 09CDP011).
We are indebted to the Netherlands Brain Bank (I. Huitinga) at the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience for providing us with brain material and patient information. We thank M. Hofman for his statistical assistance, Wilma Verweij for helping with the English, R. Balesar, U. Unmehopa, A. Sluiter, B. Fisser, R. Verwer, K. Bossers, W. Kamphuis, X.-N. Chen, E.-K. Fei, and L. Shan for technical advice. Conflict of Interest: None declared.


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Review by Anonymous, Family with young children.
06 November 2016Feedback
Harwich to Hook of Holland with Stena Line
Bad transport links between London and Harwich a large number of passengers including myself missed our ferry on Saturday even though we had contact Stena line to explain the disruption on the trains from London Liverpool street which there ensured me would be fine and the busses which turned out to be only ONE would wait at Liverpool Street for the connecting buses into the station. Disgraceful
Review by Anonymous, Solo Traveller.
Hook van Holland Port Map
Hook van Holland Port Address
Stena Line
Stationsweg 10, 3151 HS, The Netherlands.

subset: commoncrawl


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Senior Management Team
Founder & CEO
Passionate alternative access control visionary with over a decade of experience delivering mass market consumer products. Notably, Phil ran the SmartScan program, the first mass market biometric residential door lock. Phil also has a background in private equity, with two $100mm+ asset turnarounds. Phil holds a BSEE from the University of Central Florida.
Executive Vice President
Dr. Hulusi's distinguished international career spans both the Security and IT systems industries. He was most recently the Senior Vice President and Director responsible for corporate strategy, technology innovation and intellectual property at HID Global, a division of Assa Abloy, the leading global lock company. He was also responsible for managing a portfolio of over 900 patents, and establishing and directing the corporate strategy and acquisition initiatives.
Vice President
Serves as the Vice President at UniKey Technologies. Formerly Vice President of Marketing and Enterprise Sales for Brivo Systems and Brivo Labs, which was sold in 2015 for $50mm. Brings 17 years of management, marketing, and sales experience with large, mid size and small software and hardware manufactures. Previously established several startups in the DC metro market, most notably energy + light + control llc, a custom electronics design, installation and integration firm.


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You missed it This great deal for The Massage Center is over. But don't despair, we've got more great deals every day.
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The South Tampa location of this popular massage franchise offers full-body massages that emphasize a certain area:
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Take your pick of full-body massages featuring treatments like the Hot Rock & Roll using hot stones, the Cranium Euphoria involving a head/scalp/face massage, the My Vacation relaxation technique, Melt My Muscles deep-tissue work, Athletic Choice for sporty types, Keep Your Clothes On to receive Shiatsu, Medical Massage for pain reduction, Baby on Board for expecting moms, or the Foot Frenzy with extra attention on the feet.
PAID VALUE EXPIRES ON February 21, 2022
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A musical adaptation of the film of the same name.
Groundhog Day follows TV weather man Phil, who reluctantly goes to cover the story of Punxsutawney Phil for the third year in a row. Making no effort to hide his frustration, he covers the story and moves on, expecting his job to be finished. However, he awakes the "following" day and discovers that it's Groundhog Day again, and the fun happens again and again and again. He soon realizes he must take advantage of it in order to secure the love of a coworker.
August Wilson Theatre
245 West 52nd Street
New York, NY
Important Dates
PREVIEWS: March 16, 2017
OPENING: April 17, 2017
Run Time
2 hours and 30 minutes (1 Intermission)
NOTE: Pre-opening information is subject to change.


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New Customers, Sign up Here.
Existing customers continue to sign in to older system.
SureLock for iOS
iPad Kiosk Software
- Convert your iPad or iPhone into a Kiosk
- Prevent Access to specific Apps and Features
- Push Applications directly from App Store
- Remotely configure Browser Lockdown
Overview of SureLock for iOS
- Remotely lock iOS devices to single application mode
- Remotely install and update applications
- Disable device Home button


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Odoo Help
Odoo is the world's easiest all-in-one management software. It includes hundreds of business apps:
CRM | e-Commerce | Accounting | Inventory | PoS | Project management | MRP | etc.
Accounting Problem: Not able to set account receibables and payables when creating customers or suppliers
We have installed the accounting system and a localized chart of account. But when going to Accounting - Configuration - Accounts, we didn´t see any account created, despite that the chart of account was available to use but somehow not activated. Therefore, since we didn`t had any accounts available in the "Accounting-Configuration-Account" we created manually all the accounts. At that moment we didn´t know that if the chart of account is properly installed, it would list all the accounts in the "Accounting-configuration-Account" menu.
So, we have reinstalled the localized chart of accounts for Argentina, it shows the chart of accounts and its accounts but when going to create customer or supplier, still doesn´t show up any payable or receivable account. We have to create a new account every time we create a new client. There is no way or no option to select a predefined account.
We went to "Accounting-Configuration-Accounts-Templates-Accounts-Charts of Accounts Template" and noticed that we have a predefined account for payable and receivables in Properties. So it should work but it doesnt.
We don´t know what else to do. We researched the internet and found that many people have that problem but no one knows the real solution. We also have tried other things that people tried but didn´t worked.
Also, we didn´t find any info in the tutorials on how to manage the chart of accounts template, it seems that as admin user we could choose which template to activate, but there is no such option, we asume that it activates automatically.
The last option we didn´t try is to reinstall the complete accounting module and see if it works... but there is no option to uninstall the module.
thanks in advance for any help you could provide us and sure this will help to others too who have the same issue...
After trying different things, we have found out that all our users are not able to access the predefined account for account receivable & payable when creating clients or suppliers because of their user rights.
We found out that with the Admin user, it is posible to create users and suppliers because the account receivable and payable is assigned automatically.
But after giving all the access rights to users, still we are not able to create clients and users nor even see the clients & users created by Admin....
Any suggestions? now the issue passed from Accounting to User Right Problem...
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With a legacy that spans over 60 years, CADES is dedicated to improving the lives of children and adults with intellectual and physical disabilities, and the lives of their families. We believe that independence, dignity, and individuality are the cornerstones for building a meaningful life. Offering a continuum of services from early childhood through adulthood, CADES is renowned for its highly personalized and innovative approach to care. We invite you to visit us, meet our exceptional staff, and see first-hand how we are a community committed to building hope and transforming lives.
Thanks to all who helped make the Putt Putt Palooza a great success this year! We are so very grateful for your support.


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Local Tastes of Maui
Our walking tours educate our tourists and locals about the history of our small towns on Maui. Along with the history, we visit local merchants who use local products and taste some of the unique samples they offer. Our company also supports a local dog rescue, HARF, giving 10% of profits.Learn More
Cards Accepted:
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Idealware Field Guide to Software for Nonprofits
A Quick Guide to Essential Software for your Organization
This book is available for download with iBooks on your Mac or iOS device, and with iTunes on your computer. Books can be read with iBooks on your Mac or iOS device.
What types of software should your nonprofit be using? It's hard to even know even what types exist, let alone what might work for you. Through a friendly, easy-reference format, this book helps you pinpoint the types of software that can help your organization based on your needs and your level of technology savvy, and provides user-friendly summaries to demystify all the possible options. The 144-page Field Guide includes an overview of 58 different types of software, helping you to understand what each is, how it fits in with your needs, how much you might expect to pay, and some of the most common vendors in the area. In this new 2011 version, we've added more than 20 new types of systems, taking the Field Guide beyond the realm of simply Fundraising, Marketing, and Outreach to cover the entire realm of software that's likely to be of interest to a broad range of nonprofits.
- 6,49 €
- Category: Computers
- Published: 10 June 2011
- Publisher: Lulu.com
- Print Length: 1 Pages
- Language: English


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Diego Meaning, Pronunciation and Origin
Diego Meaning
Who Supplants, The Supplanter
|Boys Name
|Diego, Die-go
Example: Alexander Alex-an-der
|Used By
|Christian Indian German French Hebrew Japanese American Danish Greek British English Australian Latin Spanish Italian Swiss
Astrology and Numerology about Diego
|Numerology (Expression Number)
|Heart's Desire number
|Personality Number
What do above numbers mean about you? To know more, visit Numerology Calculator.
Abbreviation of Diego
D - Delightful | I - Inventive | E - Essential | G - Grin | O - Original
Let share with your friends!
Do you know the meaning of Diego? Check it out!!
Diego Meaning: Who Supplants, The Supplanter. Here you can view more meanings, Diego pronunciation, Diego origin, astrology and numerology.
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About Us | Advertise | Subscribe | Distribute | About The Publisher | Contact
Wednesday, 02.22.2017, 06:01 AM (GMT-5)
ANN ARBOR— On Tuesday night, University of Michigan engineering students allegedly received threatening racist and anti-Semitic emails attacking African Americans and Jews.
Students said they received them at around 10:30 p.m.
"Hi (N-word), I just wanted to say that I plan to kill all of you," one email read. "White power! The KKK has returned!!!"
"I just wanted to say the SS will rise again and kill all of your filthy souls," read an email addressed to Jewish students. "Die in a pit of eternal fire!"
The emails appeared to have been sent from the account of computer science and engineering professor J. Alex Halderman, or his Ph.D. student, Matt Bernhard, who does research with him. The latter included the phrase "Heil Trump!"
Halderman said in an email to The Ann Arbor News that the racist and anti-Semitic messages sent to students were "spoofed."
"This evening many EECS undergrads received emails with racist and anti-Semitic content that appeared to be addressed from me or from my Ph.D. student Matt Bernhard," Halderman wrote. "These messages were spoofed. Matt and I did not send them, and we don't know who did. As I teach in my computer security classes, it takes very little technical sophistication to forge the sender's address in an email."
Early Wednesday, U of M spokesman Rick Fitzgerald said in an email to The Ann Arbor News that the Division of Public Safety & Security and the ITS security team are investigating.
"This almost certainly involves a hacker, but the emails remain under investigation," Fitzgerald said.


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It's 1968 and after years of combat in Vietnam, Lincoln Clay knows this truth: family isn't who you're born with, it's who you die for. (more…)
Open World
The Saboteur-GOG
Welcome to Nazi-occupied Paris, a unique open world where you are The Saboteur. Play as Sean Devlin, a street-tough Irish racing mechanic seeking personal redemption on a Nazi officer that has taken everything away from him. (more…)
Sleeping Dogs: Definitive Edition – CODEX
The Definitive Edition of the critically acclaimed, award winning open-world action adventure, reworked, rebuilt and re-mastered for the new generation. (more…)
Mafia II MULTi8 – PLAZA
You are the Prototype, Alex Mercer, a man without memory armed with amazing shape-shifting abilities, hunting your way to the heart of the conspiracy which created you; making those responsible pay. (more…)
No Man's Sky – GOG + UPDATE FIX
Inspired by the adventure and imagination that we love from classic science-fiction, No Man's Sky presents you with a galaxy to explore, filled with unique planets and lifeforms, and constant danger and action. (more…)
Far Cry 2 Fortunes Edition – PROPHET
You are a gun for hire, trapped in a war-torn African state, stricken with malaria and forced to make deals with corrupt warlords on both sides of the conflict in order to make this country your home. (more…)
Tales of Zestiria + DLCs
In a world torn by war between two powerful nations fighting for rule and supremacy, accept the burden of the Sheperd and fight human darkness to protect your world from Malevolence and reunite humans and Seraphim. (more…)


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Hair fall...
Hi dr. I am having bad hair fall post pregnancy. Its been 2.5yrs I delivered baby but hair fall still continuous. Is it because of hard water? What precautions do I need to take to prevent hairfall. Plz help. Should I consult homeopathy dr or Alopathy
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Doctor Answers (1) on Hair fall...
Dr. Sidaarth Khera
14 yrs. of exp | Delhi | Dermatologist
Hi in your case we need to rule out all causes of hairloss like nutritional deficiency or disease like thyroid or hormonal imbalance. Also avoid hair color and parlour treatment like rebonding or smoothening. Use soft water and mild shampoo for hair wash. Pls visit my website www.yslclinic.com for fixing appointment or consult a dermatologist near you.
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Speaking fee
Motivational coaching
I provide speaking services to corporations, churches and groups to various organizations to inspire, motivate and empower your audience. Attendees will be engaged and entertained, and most importantly the will receive valuable information that will empower them to confidently make the necessary changes to achieve their desired success.
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Motivational speaking, corporate speaking, women's groups, workshops
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I INSPIRE, MOTIVATE and EMPOWER women to transform the lives they have into the lives they want.


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I'm looking for a: Doesn't matter
Visitar la ciudad
Purpose of Travel: Concert/festival, Foodie tour, Bus tour, Road trip
Finances: Each person pays for himself/herself
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Clarksville TN Online is the voice of the people of Clarksville Tennessee.Clarksville Online takes you beyond the ordinary in local news and gives the Extras: political coverage, opinion pieces and editorial work, local and regional arts and theater, municipal and county news and events, and more.
[Read more]
To submit Clarksville Tennessee area news, story leads, tips, or press releases send us an email
Clarksville, TN – Calling all bargain hunters! The Clarksville Parks and Recreation Department is excited to host an indoor Community Flea Market on Saturday, April 22nd, 2017 from 8:00am to 1:00pm at Burt-Cobb Community Center.
Shop new and used items from local vendors. Bring a friend. Admission is free.
Burt-Cobb Community Center
«Read the rest of this article»
Clarksville, TN – Clarksville Parks and Recreation has teamed up with Howard's Hopeto offer free swim lessons to Montgomery county children between the ages of 3 – 12 years old.
The Howard's Hope "Flying Fish" program focuses on preventing juvenile drownings in Tennessee by funding swim lessons for children residing in economically disadvantaged households.
The funds for the Flying Fish program are provided by a grant from BlueCross BlueShield Tennessee Health Foundation and donations from private and corporate citizens throughout the United States.
Howard's Hope brings Free Swim Lessons to Clarksville
Clarksville, TN – The Clarksville Parks and Recreation has teamed up with Healthy Clarksville to offer a new walking and running program, R.U.N., designed to help you along the road of self-discovery and fitness.
This 16-week training program is structured to help beginners cross the finish line of your first 5K at Queen City Road Race on May 6th (which is optional) and to help more advanced runners beat your previous personal records and set new goals for yourself.
Clarksville, TN – This year, inspired by a recent event I attended, I've been thinking about the "giving" in our tradition of Thanksgiving.
A week or so before Thanksgiving each year a group of employees from the City of Clarksville Parks and Recreation Department get together and organize a Community Feast at Burt Cobb Community Center.
Clarksville Mayor Kim McMillan
Clarksville, TN – The City of Clarksville's Christmas on the Cumberland is sure to create lasting memories this holiday season as thousands experience the captivating displays of over one million lights!
Join us as we celebrate Christmas on the Cumberland's 18th year with a grand opening ceremony on Tuesday, November 22nd beginning at 5:30pm at the McGregor Park RiverWalk and Museum.
Clarksville Mayor Kim McMillan, Channel 4's Snowbird and Santa Claus flipped the switch turning on the lights for Christmas on the Cumberland.
Clarksville, TN – The weekly Clarksville Parks and Recreation Department Recreation Report provides Clarksvillians with a glimpse at the activities and events that are available from the Parks and Recreation Department for them to enjoy together as a family.
This weeks highlights include: Zombie 5k Chase Race, Youth Basketball League, Fright on Franklin and Fort Defiance Haunting.
Halloween at Fort Defiance set for Friday, October 28th.
Clarksville, TN – Clarksville Parks and Recreation Department, Altra Federal Credit Union and the businesses downtown have combined forces for this year's Fright on Franklin on Saturday, October 29th from 3:00pm-6:00pm.
Fright on Franklin is a free, family-friendly event featuring safe trick-or-treating, costume contests, and much more in Historic Downtown Clarksville! Follow the screams (of delight) to an afternoon of frightening-ly fun Halloween-themed activities.
Fright on Franklin
This weeks highlights include: Teen Takeover, Youth Basketball League and Handmade Holidays Vendor Applications.
«Read the rest of this article»
Clarksville, TN – The 8th Annual Fright on Franklin, presented by The City of Clarksville and Altra Federal Credit Union, will take place on Saturday, October 29th from 3:00pm to 6:00pm in Downtown Clarksville.
This free, family-friendly event is for adults and kids of all ages and will feature safe trick-or-treating, a hayride, costume contests, and much more!
Clarksville, TN – Clarksville Parks and Recreation's Movies in the Park, the City's free, outdoor movie series concludes Saturday, October 8th at Liberty Park, 1190 Cumberland Drive with the showing of Jurassic World.
Pre-show activities will begin at 5:00pm and include Gamez on Wheelz game truck and Jurassic Park jeep displays from the actual movie, Jurassic Park!
Admission is completely free.


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Download our iPhone app here http://www.mmafighting.com/iphone-download For more check out http://www.mmafighting.com watch video >>
UFC on Fox 2 post-fight press conference with Rashad Evans, Phil Davis, Chael Sonnen, Michael Bisping, Lavar Johnson, and Mike Russow watch video >>
watch video >>
Chael Sonnen talks to Fighters Only in his hotel room shortly after taking a decision win over Michael Bisping in the co-main event of the weekend's FOX card. watch video >>
Chael Sonnen Opens Up to Dr. Phil watch video >>
Mike was on his way out of the arena at the conclusion of the post-fight press conference when Fighters Only managed to grab him for a quick word to get his thoughts about the fight, the result and watch video >>
Watch the Live Post Presser and see what the fighters and Dana have to say about the night of fights. watch video >>


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Alternative websites for 4dragonsmmaa.com
1. Result for 4dragonsmmaa.com
Buy Mixed Martial Arts tickets at Ticketmaster.com. Find your favorite Sports event tickets, schedules, and seating charts here.
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Mixed Martial Arts - listen online to music and talk radio.
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Get information about martial arts and mixed martial arts events, fighters, previews and recaps. Learn styles and techniques, and find equipment reviews.
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Discuss UFC, former WEC and former Pride events here.
Alternative for forums.sherdog.com
Alternative for forums.sherdog.com


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Housekeeping: Healthcare legislation emerges at session
The House this week passed HB 1220, considered an important step in establishing a Mississippi Health Benefit Exchange and a key component of the new federal health-care legislation. The action came during the sixth week of the 2011 legislative session.
States have until 2015 to create their own exchange, which would allow individuals and businesses to purchase health insurance at lower costs. The federal government would establish the exchange if a state fails to do it. The intent is to reduce the number of uninsured people, provide a transparent consumer driven marketplace and assist individuals with access to programs, premium assistance tax credits and cost-sharing reductions. The Senate also has passed a version, and differences between the House and Senate will go to conference.
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1998: Tunica's economic miracle builds, but issues begin to threaten "…People born...
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March 7 - Woman in Business at The Barrel House, 5:30 - 7pm.
March 17 - St. Patrick's Day
March 18 - St. Patrick's Day Parade on Spring Street, Newton
Board meetings are held the second Wednesday each month, at 8am at the GNCC Offices.
Business After Hours are held regularly throughout the year. Check our website and Facebook for more info.
Cruise Planners
10 Troon Dr., Fredon Twp (Newton), NJ 07860
Black Dog Books
188 Spring StreetNewto, NJ 07860
Our membership represents every business niche in Sussex County. Join us and become part of the success that is Newton.
The Greater Newton Chamber of Commerce61 Spring Street, Suite 2A, Newton, NJ 07860Phone: 973-300-0433 | Fax: 973-579-6114 | email@example.com site management and consulting provided by Dusty Roads Media, LLC.


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I manage many rental apartments at project Sunrise City at a good rent.
Address: Nguyen Huu Tho Street, District 7 , opposite to Lotte Mart. Adjacent to the central business district. Convenient transportation.
Fully furnished.
2-bedroom apartment, 76m2, high floor: $900 including management fee
2-bedroom apartment, 99m2, swimming pool view: $1000 including management fee
- Private place, absolute security, 5-star amenities( pool , gym, sport courts, spa, parks, supermarkets, restaurants , cafe ... )
You have various choices and I will help you get the best at the lowest price in this area.
If you prefer another apartment building, I cover the whole Phu My Hung area.
I can speak English well so u wouldn't have problems. Most of the owners don't know English so they need me.
Contact Lily: 01672338448/ 0919610038
Contact Name: Lily
Contact Number: 0919610038


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...While completing my MBA, I took graduate courses in economics, and did very well. I've also had many years experience in real-world economics and business, working in a number of industries and running my business. I look forward to helping students understand some of the more complex concepts, especially as they relate to the marketplace today.
Worcester, MAView Tutor
...I also worked as a teaching assistant and ran a series of classes during MIT's Independent Activities Period (IAP) for other students, faculty and staff. I can meet near Alewife, Harvard or MIT and at your house by previous arrangement.The reason for my success in tutoring kids is that I am able...
Concord, MAView Tutor
...It takes seeing the concepts and understanding how the pieces fit together and how they apply to the problems you have to solve. When I work with you, we'll be able to see where you're stuck and I'll patiently help you over those humps. I'll paint a picture of the subject that connects with what you already know and lets you master those sticking points and move on.
Waban, MAView Tutor
...My experience includes: - Teaching intensive semester-long courses covering the complete high school curriculum- Providing on-on-one tutoring for high school and junior high school students- Teaching small groups in a private after-school math program- Teaching a year-long course for gifted high ...
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I have almost twenty years of experience working with students in school, at a tutoring facility, at home, in the library, and online. Along with one-to-one tutoring, I also have experience tutoring small groups and teaching classes. My areas of expertise are Pre-Algebra, Algebra (1 and 2), Geometry, and Pre-Calculus.
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Clinical Placements
Students undertaking clinical placements in the Medicine, Dentistry, Oral Health, Nursing, Counselling and Psychotherapy and certain postgraduate Psychology programs are required to obtain clearance in the following areas:
- AHPRA Student Registration
Students undertaking a clinical placement at a hospital or other health facility require student registration with the relevant National Board. This process is undertaken by the Australian Health Practitioners Regulation Agency (AHPRA). It is completed on the enrolment of the student in their program and does not require action by the student. The student will be advised when they have been registered. There is no fee for student registration.
AHPRA is the organisation responsible for the implementation of the National Registration and Accreditation Scheme across Australia. Working with the University, AHPRA ensures that all student registrations are completed with the relevant National Board before clinical placements are undertaken by the student.
The following programs include a clinical placement component and mandatory student registration with the relevant National Board:
- Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery
- Bachelor of Dental Surgery
- Bachelor of Oral Health
- Bachelor of Nursing
- Master of Clinical Nursing
At the start of each year the Placements and Internship team informs AHPRA of new students admitted into each of the Master of Psychology programs. It is important that, on enrolment, all students MUST apply for and obtain provisional registration with the Psychology Board of Australia. Students are required to provide a copy of their registration details to the Placements and Internships team before their first day of class.The application form and details of fees payable are available on the Psychology Board of Australia website.
Students will not automatically be registered as a full practitioner on completion of their degree. This is a separate process and must be completed by the student on graduation. See AHPRA website for details.
- Clinical Placement Deed Poll
The University of Adelaide and the Minister for Health has a clinical placement agreement in place which allows the University to request clinical placements in SA Health Facilities.
As part of this agreement students are required to complete a Deed Poll. A Deed Poll is an agreement between the student and SA Health to ensure patient information is treated with confidentiality. Students will have access to a range of confidential information and need to be familiar and understand the relevant requirements of maintaining confidentially. By signing a Deed Poll students understand their obligations and agree to comply with the relevant state legislation.
The Deed Poll only needs to be signed once and will cover every SA Health placement that students attend for the duration of their program (unless superseded).
- Criminal History Clearances
In response to concerns raised in the community the Children's Protection Act (SA) and similar Acts across Australia have been revised and strengthened. Legislation requires organisations that provide services to children or vulnerable adults to establish policies and procedures which ensure a safe environment.
All commencing students in Medicine, Dentistry, Oral Health and Nursing will be required to demonstrate a satisfactory criminal history clearance.
Three-yearly Checks
All students who, as part of their program, undertake activities such as internships or research projects involving children or adults who are ill, elderly or vulnerable, must demonstrate that they have an Australian criminal history clearance which will be current for the duration of that activity. Information on specific requirements for individual clinical placements will be provided by the placement coordinator.
A criminal history clearance is an assessment of an individual's criminal history and is part of the legislated (Child Protection Act and Aged Care Act) risk management requirements of organisations where children or vulnerable adults may be present. Students must ensure the criminal history clearance will be valid within 3 years for the duration of the placement (for example, the three years should not finish during the placement).
If the Screening Unit does not identify any risk requiring assessment, the turnaround time for your clearance should be approximately 20 business days, so please apply as early as possible so your placement is not delayed or cancelled.
How to Apply
It is your responsibility to acquire your Criminal History Clearance and take it with you to all clinical placements. You should obtain your clearance certificate as soon as possible upon commencing the first year of your program. If you do not have a clearance certificate you will not be allowed to attend the placement.
For placement in South Australia, the University will accept only the National Criminal History Record Check (NCHRC) and Screening Assessment conducted by the Department of Communities and Social Inclusion (DCSI, previously known as the Department for Families and Communities).
How to apply for National Criminal History Record Check and Screening Assessments
from the Department for Communities and Social Inclusion (DSCI)
The Placements and Internships team will register student details with DCSI this will include your name, date of birth and email address. We will specify in the student registration which DCSI clearances are required.
Once the registration has taken place you will receive an email from DCSI prompting you to apply online (link to application will be provided in the email).
DCSI clearances expire after 3 years if you are required to re-new your clearances please ensure you contact email@example.com at least 8 weeks in advance of the expiration to ensure the University has registered your details to enable the process.
Further detail for applicants is available here
National Police Clearance
All students will also require a National Police Clearance Certificate in addition to DCSI clearances. This will cost $20 please apply here.
Interstate Students
DCSI will assess interstate students. Refer procedure above.
International Students
International students are required to obtain a certificate from their home country and DCSI upon arrival to Australia.
Interstate placements
Your DCSI clearance certificate will not be accepted by interstate health placement organisations. Some states within Australia have specific legislation which defines their systems and processes for clearance to work with children. If you require further information in relation to interstate processes, please refer to following links:
- New South Wales
- Victoria
- Queensland
- Western Australia
- Australian Capital Territory
- Northern Territory
If certificate is not obtained before clinical placement
If you do not have a valid criminal history clearance you will not be allowed to attend the placement and will be at risk of not being able to complete your Program (as placements are a compulsory component of the Program).
Process if there is issue with clearance
If DCSI does not grant you clearance; the circumstances will be fully evaluated by a committee with representation from both the Faculty and the University.
DCSI conducts the checks; the University does not view your criminal record. Any emails issued by DCSI to the requesting officer from your Program will only be used for the purposes of managing placements.
Duration of Clearance Certificate
The duration of a criminal history clearance is 3 years. If your criminal history clearance is more than 3 years old, you may be asked to apply for an updated clearance.
- First Aid Certificate
First Aid Certificate for Dentistry, Medicine and Oral Health students
Commencing students must hold a current and approved national First Aid Certificate (including Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) before the end of semester one of their intake year. The preferred First Aid certificates are Apply First Aid (HLTFA311A) or Provide First Aid (HLTAID003) issued by members of the Australian Resuscitation Council, for example:
- Australian National First Aid Services (ANFAS)
- Australian Red Cross
- Royal Life Saving Society Australia
- Surf Life Saving Australia
These certificates are awarded after attendance at a program of between 1 and 2 days in length (8-16 hours) duration with a requirement to demonstrate competency. An organization's Membership of the Australian Resuscitation Council provides guaranteed standards and uniformity of teaching.
Other certificates obtained in Australia will only be accepted if they are issued by organisations holding a Registered Training Organisation certificate. In such cases it is the responsibility of the student to provide evidence that the organisation is a certificate holder.
First aid certificates obtained overseas from internationally recognised organizations, such as the Red Cross/Red Crescent or St John Ambulance, are acceptable provided that participants are required to demonstrate competency, they are approximately 8-16 hours in duration and cover Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for adults and infants. It is the responsibility of the student to provide evidence on the content covered in the first aid course.
- Immunisations
Students undertaking clinical placements are required to have the appropriate level of immunisation. Immunisation records are requested by clinical venues prior to
Prior to commencing professional placements, students will be advised by their program area:
To consult the University Health Practice to be screened and immunised for the following infectious disease as recommended by the
Immunisation Guidelines for Health Care Workers in South Australia 2014 Policy Guideline.
Failure to adhere to these guidelines means that a student will not be allowed to attend clinical placements. It is a student's responsibility to acquire their immunisations record and take it with them to all clinical placements.
As part of your course enrolment you are required to have blood tests to determine your immunity status to Hepatitis A, B and C, HIV, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Chicken Pox. You will also need to provide evidence of previous vaccinations, including for the aforementioned diseases as well as Pertussis, Diphtheria, Tetanus and Polio.
- Prescribed Communicable Infections (PCI) Screening
Students who undertake clinical placements, internships or research projects involving children or people who are ill, elderly or vulnerable are required to demonstrate Prescribed Communicable Infections (PCI) clearance by producing a PCI Screening Notification obtained through a test at a registered medical provider such as your GP or the University Health Service.
If a student does not have a valid PCI Screening Notification they will not be allowed to attend the placement, or undertake the relevant research. Some of these placements and research activities are essential components for successful completion of the year.
It is the student's responsibility to acquire their PCI Screening Notification and take it with them to all clinical placements.
- Tuberculosis Screening
As part of the requirements for your clinical placements, you must undertake screening for tuberculosis infection with the South Australian Tuberculosis Services (SATB) prior to any clinical placement. This is a South Australian Government requirement.
It is the student's responsibility to acquire their Tuberculosis Screening Notification and take it with them to all clinical placements.
Please follow this link to complete the online screening form. Upon completion of this form you will receive an email from SATB that will advise you of further instructions to complete your tuberculosis screening.
Should you have any difficulties accessing or completing the online questionnaire, please email email@example.com
Once you have completed and submitted the questionnaire, please remember to check your email for your screening results.
If you were screened at SATB Services last year you do not need to return unless you have been on an overseas placement.
- Enterprise Patient Administration System (EPAS)
In some of South Australia's training hospitals you will access patient records using an electronic system known as the Enterprise Patient Administration System (EPAS). To gain access to this system you must undergo training.
The training modules are available to MBBS, Bachelor of Nursing/Master of Clinical Nursing, Master of Psychology Clinical and Health streams and Master of Counselling and Psychotherapy students on My Uni.
You will be contacted by the Placements and Internships team should the training need to occur.
- Responding to Abuse & Neglect Education and Care
Students in the Master of Psychology Clinical and Health streams and Master of Counselling and Psychotherapy are required to complete a one day training course. Training providers vary as do fees associated with them. A list of training providers may be found here.
Please ensure you provide proof of completion email@example.com
- Memorandum of Insurance
The Insurance certificates, also known as Memorandum of Insurance (Medical Malpractice, Public and Product Liability and Professional Indemnity) are updated annually on 31st December. The certificates are incorporated into our Insurance Guides and also in the various Student Placement Guides available from the Legal & Risk website
The Memorandum of Insurance and Guides for 2017 will be made available early in 2017. The University's Insurance cover continues over this period and the information provided in the 2016 guides remains applicable until the 2017 ones are available.
Clinical Placement Non-attendance
The Clinical Placement Non-attendance form is for students in the following programs, MBBS Years 4-6, Bachelor of Nursing/Master of Clinical Nursing, Master of Psychology (Health / Clinical / Organisational and Human Factors) and Master of Counselling and Psychotherapy, to complete if they are absent from placement or seeking approval to take leave during placement.
Clinic Non-attendance for Bachelor of Dental Surgery Years 3-5 and Bachelor of Oral Health Years 2-3 should log in to SONIA and self-select a 'Clinic Non-attendance' form. Submit this form and upload any supporting documents. A guide to filling in this can be found here.
Contact Us
The Placements and Internships team is located on Level 3, AHMS Building, North Terrace or email the team at email@example.com
- Are you on Clinical Placement and needing assistance?
Come and visit the Precinct Officers located at our teaching hospitals.
Women's and Children's Hospital Student Hub
+61 8 8161 7619
Lyell McEwin Hospital Student Hub
+61 8 8133 2075
Royal Adelaide Hospital Student Hub
+61 8 8222 5566
Queen Elizabeth Hospital Student Hub
+61 8 8222 7480
Health and Medical Sciences Student Hub – Frome Road
Student enquires
Staff enquiries
Or call +61 8 8313 0273


text:
Turkey's Prime Minister Criticizes Putin's Sanctionsby and
Davutoglu criticizes Russian sanctions after downing of jet
Putin signed measures including ban on hiring Turkey nationals
Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoglu criticized Russian economic sanctions on Turkey after the downing of a Russian fighter jet over the Syrian border last week, saying his priority was to defuse the tension and prevent similar incidents.
Russian President Vladimir Putin on Saturday announced measures against Turkey including the suspension of visa-free travel, halting tours to Turkey and a ban on the hiring of Turkish nationals. In Turkey, Deputy Prime Minister Mehmet Simsek chaired a meeting with other members of the nation's economic administration to discuss the potential impact, according to a government official, who asked not to be named in line with official policy.
"It's not just Turkey that has economic interests, Russia too has economic interests in relation to Turkey," Davutoglu said, according to the state-run Anadolu news agency. Turkey expects Russian officials to act in a cool-headed manner, he said.
'Separate Coalitions'
The downing of the jet by a Turkish F-16 warplane has overshadowed efforts to mount a united campaign against Islamic State militants after the Nov. 13 attacks in Paris. Putin described the incident as a stab in the back by Turkey, which has criticized Russia's decision to launch airstrikes in Syria to support President Bashar al-Assad.
Davutoglu, speaking before traveling to Brussels for talks with the European Union, said Turkey's priority was to keep open communications with Russia and to coordinate operations in Syria. The downing of the jet "clearly showed that air operations in same airspace by two separate coalitions of countries can always lead to similar incidents," he said.
Simsek, who was appointed head of Turkey's economic administration in a new cabinet on Nov. 24, will brief Davutoglu after the prime minister returns from meetings with NATO in Brussels on Monday, according to the Turkish official. Any response would be determined by Davutoglu after that briefing, the official said. Economic sanctions are mutually damaging as both nations benefit from trade ties, he said.
Putin-Erdogan Meeting
Turkey has sent a request for President Recep Tayyip Erdogan to meet with Putin on Nov. 30 during the climate summit in Paris, Dmitry Peskov, a spokesman for Putin, said Saturday in a televised interview. Russia hasn't replied yet, he said.
While it is still too early to quantify the impact of Russian sanctions on the Turkish economy, the effect could "clearly" be negative as Turkey stands to lose a major source of tourism revenue, said Apostolos Bantis, a credit analyst a Commerzbank AG in Dubai.
Turkey is the most popular foreign destination for Russians, with 3.3 million visiting in the first nine months of this year. They make up more than 10 percent of the tourists in Turkey, the second-highest number after Germany.
"We expect markets will react negatively and we'll see further volatility across all Turkish assets until there is further clarity on specific sanctioned entities and banned products," Bantis said.
Trade volume between Turkey and Russia was about $32 billion last year, with the balance heavily weighted in Russia's favor, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. Turkey's imports accounted for about $26 billion of that total, much of it natural gas.
The Turkish lira fell 3.3 percent against the dollar last week, the second-biggest decline in emerging-markets currencies after Brazil's real. The yield on the nation's two-year government bonds jumped 27 basis points over the same period, the most since August.


text:
Welcome to Brookside Elementary
Early Out day is now on MONDAY
Today, January 3, 2017, is NOW a 2-hour delay start. That means we will begin at 11:00. Our AM Kindergarten has been cancelled. If your child has already been picked up by the bus, we will gather them and keep them safe and busy.


text:
Chili and Vegetable Beef Soup dinner Thursday January 23rd from 11am to 1:30 pm and 5-7pm at the First Christian Church Fellowship hall at the corner of Olive and Jackson in Mexico. Cost is $6.00 for adults, children 5-12 $3.00 and under 5 is free.
Granger Smith & Chris Janson
Music on Main
Drew Baldridge
Martha Rose Ribbon Cutting
Sears Ribbon Cutting
IMAGE Chiropractic Ribbon Cutting
©2010 KWWR-FM | Triton Digital Media | Terms of Use | EEO Public File


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Marriage is a cross cultural constraint on evolutionary mating behavior.<quoted text>
So gay people can marry the one they love??? NOT
AS for the rest of your post flush it down the crapper. I am a conservative, I support gay rights.
Gay couples are a direct conflict and a absolute defect with the fundamental goal of evolution.
The closest gay unions can get to marriage is 'unmarriage'.


text: Venditore: hutchaudre (139) 100%, Luogo in cui si trova l'oggetto: London, Spedizione verso: GB e molti altri paes, Numero oggetto: 182359710282 Product Description: 3 Packs Girls Briefs Panties with well known Character from Disney Minnie Mouse, Panties are made with 100% Cotton. Sizes starts from 24 Months and goes up to 8 years, Pack consisted of 3 different colours. Disney Minnie Mouse Panties are brand new in their original packages. Brand: Disney, Style: Briefs/Knickers, Material: 100% Cotton, Main Colour: Pink & Blue, Country/Region of Manufacture: United Kingdom


text:
I 'ORGAhN ItEJITAL AT POUT :- teekt Mr. H. V: E. Pascoe de l' iglitoid aarge gathoring of tile mnlsi=' ;loving' people of :Port Furiy, when: bY :.gave an ar ai recital at St. John's Chuicli ? of iglaiid 'TIe oo6casion" was a 'aored concert in aid of the choir. : fondand thadte piogrammo inclauded some ver iiicely rendered dOlorses by t.ihhoir 4, and. solos, by Port Fairy vocalis: tir..`'asbeoe's selections in cluded "Tlih 'Ma~dfa of the Israelites" (Oosta), "Theo-Bells," a fine composi ;tionhy himself ; "Toccata in G," by, DiBois, eand Allegro from Weida's :, ,fifth ?mpyon;y.s ,All th&., items wer
ST C NTRY:EDLITIN. .- .' ^ , : - . ...... ..; - . CLURPNT NEIWV. SBURIE UNDEI STRAW. r. J..Suith.,.a; farmer. residiig, in .Alansford district had a some Itl t Iunpleasanit )xplerienco Tuesday, IN wras bringin a load of hay into.the 4-n qn a:litht wanbli, and lie was seated on ton of the load. - When comr i ur lp the sliuht incline at Skiddaw corner, the load. which: was rather ilihnv for the vehicle. s'hifted and the framini, comiin into contact with t-he wlieel capsizd'the was?on. Mr. Silith jas precipitafil t to the roiid and tblie whole load of hav came over on Iop of.him, completely burying him. j'ortun'atelv 31r. Claude Trigg came a lonal shortlv after' tlh' fccident aind sistedin.:extricatin,, MIr. Smith from qtls perilous predicament. The shaft ,f the Wiaiziuoli wis broken but no othei ldamaie'was 'done.- :
S ,FLECIOt.A L CAŽiNVASS. Y `iAn electoral OciAnvass for the enrol nient of State electors will be under tken in the tosn and district shortly and will be cols cted: somewhat on PiVilar lines to thiat carried out in nhnection.with·tthe ,Federal rolls a couple of'vears aco. M" embers of the fi lice force. will leave an. enrolment i 'orm at each house and the house ]idlder will be reouired to fill'diL, the `aiames.of every person residing ili the louse. ,who is, over 21 years of age, ha canvas?s belga conducted at thie resent time. will ensure every pe-son ititled to vote 'beina enrolled prior to next eeneral'elebition. whether their ai[mesareii'-'biithi'ioll at thlipresent 'ine or not. "4 1....
AUTHORITIES COMMAND SITU ATION. The authorities are in: complete commandd of thesitnittion., Eurther dedolopments, 'wiicli ire expected to hIo excitingi, are . lawaited', ith the keenest interest:
SPROTEOFION FOR MINISTERS. As tpkical of the strong precautions adopted by:the authorities, it may be mentioned that the members of the cabinet in Pretoria:. ae:, accompanied evdrywhliro"b' armned'.escorts., The' Govelnment' has: forined a mo bile cdlumn :df: 200 -war. veterans for emergencyservice at any ,point. Nono of the burgher force dre statiooed at Johannesburg, -the defence of- which ihas been manly handed over to En~ lisli volunteers. General. Smuts, Minister for Fin aice arid Defence,ini address to the onimittee of:PIublic Safdty -hero to day~.sdid that the Government was loth to pse the burghers in .Johainnes burg because it feared / that they would not tolerate what the Imperial troops tolerated without firing during the:riots of:last July.?'
NO I3BRIEAD FOR SOLDIERS Mr. Andesroni thb"Pirasieiit of the Bakers'. Union, announces that cll bread baked frbm noon: to-morrow. will only be delivered' on a per mit signed by himself. No bread will, oo.delivered to .members of -the de fence force or to the police. It is estimated that there are about. 0,000 active mombers . of the def66co force and, reserves under arms in the Transvaal, Orangeo Free State,. and NorthernmNatal. Thesoe men are largely either former,, irregulars or burghers,.and consequenitly are war. veterans. - ,Taonty thousand troops are concen trated 'a, Johannesburg und- along the R eef .- : - , -, : - Several thousand troops are sta tioned at Protoriaanod similar disposi tions liave been made ,:at other cen tres.. The remainder are employed ,n pickotting 'and patrolling several thousands of miles of main railway lines.'
THIREE P1OVIS UNDER MAR ' :LA. : As'soon as thli general tiiko wan: announced, a Governmint proclama tion; isa cipected placing the Union, '6r at least portions' of it,undei" nar-' tial aoaiit. A.t midiight thoe anticip it - et':liioolamation wa? issued. Th'e'Cape 'rovince is not affected,but all of' th principal districts of the Transvaal, the. Orange Free . State, and'n Natal, through which main lines :pass, are now under martial-law. The places concerned include Durban Pl'ioterniar itzburg, .Bloemfonteiu, Jolhannesburg, and Pretoria..'.' ;; `
EN, HUSIASAMIN CONFER The Federation delogaites sat till 'i tlithrBiii *ith i'lo0cd 4oidors : Wiei the .:idecisionin. fa'vor of -'k i genieral strike6 wi. A linnounced; -thero were scenes, of,? the ,-greatest -enthdlisiasiii aithin th:e counci -roomi SThe delegates jumped up, waving thei i? ats. ad hiindkerchiefs, 'ind cheeringoci ferously., One:bxcited de-. legate tirust hisi head throigh the indon" arid i slio"iitod 7'diiiiimous.'t; A crowd, of 5,000: was ,awaitiiiig tside, but:as they did- not guessd'what:w es meant by this single word, they made no "demonstratioil~.!'" : :.
SOUTH AFRICAN CRISIS GENERAL STRIKE ORDERED. EXCITING DEVELOPMENTS ' ... Ej?'i;EXPECTED;-h '1= .2 ' SMARTIAL LAW PROCLAIMOD.: '"ARMED ESCORTS x FORc MINISTERS ? Reue' 'rTeleýgram.) Johamnesbu"rg, Jan:• 13. l-';1 Unionists' inSoiiuih Africa': have beaw ordred totceeaso sork'ý 1t. hbad oe en geitrally expectedro eo?day 5that lhe crisis. of.the ,strlkeiwould be pre cipitated to-morrow, but events inarohed nmore quickly,3 'and late 'to imght it was announced thsttho 'e deraetidii o[f T¶Crades' conference in, Jo- hiloneburg4~! d decided, to decl]ri_ general striko tlroughout South i 4 ille,,conlferdieho was f€ (snfluenced in its dooisbntyay thie re'sul?L of the bal lots takenh by 'ithe miners and: allied unions,' ihich sh'owed ai large mhajor Vty iun favorlot? a gengral Gtopp?ge' of Work: O na' fo? 'miines,` however;, the mcajorit~ of the ne'n .voted against a strike. Troops are being, encamped -in the vicinity of these mines so as to afford adequate proteotion should any men!"wish , o c...
The 1WarrnambooftStaFrdard, iPUBLIHXED DAILY. l: PpIaloeiOnc Pinny. THuRisDAY. 15th JANUARy. -- a, ------~ CURRENT NEWS. WESTERN I1)ISG'RII' FACT'OIIEs' S COOPERIATIVE CO. 'A meetin i of directors of the Wes tern )istrict Factories' Co-operative P'roduce Comoanv waslIhld] in Warr nanmbool vesterdav; Thereo'were pres ent--The clhairman 1(Mr. T. M3cCul. Inluli). and Ilessr.. Roach. Black. How. Little. Inikin. 1. Crowe, C. Sinison. Verv .satisfactory repo-t" ere ' resented concernin, the Com oPv' l.busine.ss andl tile markets. 'r cheues uaid aivwv durinr tihe last nllolth fr hlltter. chleesn and produce amn?ounted to ,£123.000. heine a record tfr thlt ,nrtieulrn month. Thle man ager M'I .. . j. Osbornle. presented 'his renort. on ] vis it to Enaiand, and tils 'a' considerd rerrv ermprehienl hive and valuable. It was further re Mired that tllh rvaiiou bral c anchs tile Colnnllv's b1u.sin'ess were doing rerv'satisfacjrilv. 'It'was shown al.si that the Ibox factory was working ;It a ubsti...
* ~PEDIO POMADE.'. I.) `-bna pIIoatam destroyu head "ver mnin-hkji nMit bealu ores, 0nur Ringwcrl. If 'off.rod aubatitut0' say ctntyNO! Dou~d1 and Jiakm, OEstinat. :W_ amboood, gel "Pde" ir/' 2.816; .ad writh nit comb dd. MIWL "For years -we :have been using Chamberlain's Cough IRemedy,". says Mr. Herbert H. MWoodhead, Went worth, N.S.W. "We have si chil- dren and never use anythlng else for the treatment. of coughs, ;colds': and bronchial complaints.. I confidently recommend Chamberlain's Cough Remedy to everyone more especially to parents, who liks mnyself have young children's health to safeguard. It never fails to give relief in all cases." Sold by all chemists and store keepers. 9UFF.WEED AGONY WITH HEAD .. ACHES. "*I highly recommend Ohamberlain's Mble.te. to' anyobne who sffers.. from a.diois," says Mrs. M. K. Berry. Marlborouigh Rd., Victoria Valley, Tasumnia. I iuffered agony with hmadiches and tried a?lmost every thing. Nothing did me any good until a friend recommended Ch...
uNIVrIMSgy I:EXlAINATIONS. Furthr etur from th niers Sity e available, and show lille results by te stulents at thile Warriambool 'Aaricultliral Ii'li Schliool at th re rient examinatiiqs:?,hree. studeniit oat for tldrawii'furi Senior Publice and two secured lhouor.-Svlvia ]'rice and .Robert Knox. NinieteFh stident' sat for Junior Public En'hli?h. ...'lhr.. rauined distiiction-.\, Winni' Conole, Alice Crow-and William Munro--and Seleven others Passed -Anio Arthur, - (race )llmner. Ionic' Onrman, igel lmshaw?v. Lesli - Hairdie. Arthur Ien derson. Beatrice Le :Commtemir 'Ida lnbt.. Jean ltalu.m- illiani Whll mid Ivy Wilson. So far eight aIsoi Passed time Juonior Publie Aggie: Ar thllur. ?Eileeni Coa.liz.r Grior : m).....er, Leslie 'Hardip, ?'atrice Lo Contour, Ida Pluhmbe. Davo Watson m Nliyl .I, Wilson: and thrie mravo matri ulmdated. Eileen Crow Robert Knox and Slvlwa Price.:. r ioamdSli
: A PEULIAR "ASE. "LOSS :O MEMORY... J:?, R .POSECUTION FAILS.. ,s!. A ' elb' ieb ,, Jan.. 14. '. City CIourt today man na ind1 David :IIlegaryt:'ias eclhargod 4tlivthinflicting ? l'g vibuub6dilsybriil o an a omaiOnaJniodJuaiaMahoiyiY wiho'iiad lived ?,t iin. * lThetwiiomaii as admittedl." to, the 7delbohriie: Hospita: in' a serious con dition bt ias ],era injurieshad'. rsult d' ict' complote lose of memory, and no nn' eiiseia coioild say ..nho oaiuserd. them, tie ?court dia?nhargod Heg'arty;;
lE\ NINwfrO.N P.L.C. BALL. A hull tied suouer will btI held hI tlihe l)Puinzto1.: Meehanies' Institute onh 5esdiay the 20th inst.- Good .ul sic is'beius airarsled fr. Drags will leave A1nhli n's stables, ait 8 pnl.m for the . ..all .... ..". "
DUTIESON BOOTS. BIG INCOREASE SUGGESTED;. S Melbourne,. Jan. 14. Atto'.sittii of tho inter-State Com nission to-day, -Arthui -W hybrow, Ro bert Perry, and Jdiph.Florey, boot 'mahiifcthrrs?.: gaove ,furthr' owidence n sup port of increased protective du ties.' 1ey admitted the increases, ask _d;for represented 20 per, cent on the ,present duties, but, said, 'while they w?ere only affected by, importations to theo extenit df 14. per cent., .the ques-' ton` of prejuidicehad to bo considered. A fair profit'tdniaiiufacturers on their turnovr as5 er as cena
Al W\.N LEAGUE. , .neetinmo o. tihe Allansford Branch nfihe A'.W.?A L.aanu'o will: he held inethe Allansford ,lechanics' Institute on! Saturdi?a at 2 30Qvm .. - : t .- +~s~c C· I h k0R'I'1ND 11"MaCJ noTh rre i?tanjne fpr?i`"he Portland Ilaces. to o ??hehl on Thursday 12,th 'Fobriaryv. `anijeac"iiin our advertising corilumns. EuiitrieC; clos au 10 p im on Thursdav. 29tli ainuiary, withtlie Sec TýtaiVrT4 einhs mvill .be loebrlish~i1tr - "th ' '+iiudj " '"t '+ "t .,. iir. +. ,+ + , .. . , : + ,, ,+,1 + ,'
c ,TO-DAY'S ADVERTISING : ANNOUNCEME~TS. Sr. . TJ.. TVilliers ishes the public to remember that he is sellint:the best in chin: aniid laissware ht very low prices: r - Mr.: S:'B: AS B otome.v; ontician; is now~,in -'arrnambool. and may be consulted at the Commercial Hotel, all day to-day (Thursdalv). M-r.:' F. Sack:i Warrnamhool, inti mates. that he .will . :ersoily.. test clients' evesihlit oi ,3rd andi 4th Feb T'enders are invited.for the supply of tea toithe Warrnamboo Hospital. S31r. M. J;..'ate.' architect; invites tesdere-,or timber-framled. lathe and plastii'rreside'nceiri Rvot. ': .....
A FATALITY-AVERTED.' "DI)RO IN~G" GIRL SWDIS:.OUT. Sydney. Jan. 12. As 'the Manly steamer Balgowlah was leaving Manly wharf vesterday af'.. ternoon a twelve-vear-ohl'iirl was seenm to slio from the end of the cargo wharf: and disauear: in 'the water. Three young men dived into the water and made for the snot. but meanwhile the girl's head anneared above the water, and she confidently turned . on her back and floated until she regained lier breath. Then she struck out for the wharf crosstrees. from, which she 'was rescued. The trio of would-be rescuers was loudly cheered.
1 LOAN FOB'BALLARATI At a meetine of Ballarat East Coun cil on Monday. Cr. Pearce nave notice of his intention to move for the pre paration of vlans for certain works preparatory to the flotation: of a loan for the carrvine out of extensive con tracts in the town. including imnprove ment ihn connection with sanitation, purchase of road makine machinery and extensions of the Town Hall and other public buildings. It is stated that -the pronosals of Cr. Pearce will receive the unanimous support of his colleagues.
VALUABLE DOGS- POISONED. Trafalgar. Jan. 12. A larve number of valuable dogs have been found dead in the town dur in- the oast few days., On examina tion it was found in each instance they had been given meat' containing meough noison to kill six dogs. The wholesale poisoning has caused indig nation. and a larue reward has been offered for information re 'the matter.


text:
Free sports betting clone
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Need a free sports betting site designed. Vert similiar to wannamakeabet.com. There willlbe no money exchanged on site. This will be a free service where friends can set up leagues to play against each other. Each person will reseive credits instead of $s to play with. The lines of the games must be automatically updated .Get free quotes for a project like this
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text:
Sole-Ful Sounds: Clarks in Jamaica + The Story of the Desert Boot
A new mini-doc and CD compilation shine a light on the iconic shoe's status as a rude-boy staple.
Mixtape Mondays: Vybz Kartel x Jugglerz, Klubb Solid, Dei Musicale
Labor Day Weekend settings from Jugglerz (Germany), Klubb Solid (Sweden) and Dei Musicale (T&T)
LargeUp Premiere: Tifa's "Body Nuh Done"
New music from Federation Sound's upcoming Highland riddim.
Check This: Preview Federation Sound's Highland Riddim
Max Glazer and Kenny Meez have assembled an all-star crew.
Selector's Choice: Wildlife! (NYC/Switzerland)
New music from Popcaan, Dexta Daps, Darrio, Konshens and Vybz Kartel.
Selector's Choice: Dre Skull (Mixpak Sound System/NYC)
The Mixpak Records boss highlights his favorite new dancehall tracks.
Selector's Choice: Jamie Rodigan (London)
The U.K. selector spotlights new dancehall and reggae flavors from England to Jamaica.
Selector's Choice: DJ Arems (Faction Sound Crew)
Vancouver's top shotta selects new tunes from Vybz Kartel x Konshens, Rihanna x Diplo and Gully Bop x Stylo G.
The LargeUp Interview: A Talk with Toian
Get to know reggae's new "Ice Queen."
LargeUp Premiere: Stream Toian's "Love It"
The second single from the Jamaican singer's "Retrospect" EP, out March 17th.
Toppa Top '14: The Most Essential Dancehall Singles of 2014
Spice and Popcaan top our list of the year's biggest and baddest dancehall tunes.


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Which Joe gave his name to 'sloppy joes'? We look at five interesting sandwiches and their lexical origins.
Definition of basa in English:
Any of several large Asian catfishes of the genera Pangasius and Pangasianodon (family Pangasiidae) native to the Mekong Delta, where they are farmed and exported as food fishes; specifically Pangasius bocourti.
1990s; earliest use found in Saigon Times Daily. From Vietnamese ba sa (more fully cá ba sa basa fish), further etymology uncertain.
Further reading
6 punctuation marks you might be using incorrectlyRead more
We take a look at several popular, though confusing, punctuation marks.
An A-Z of country name originsRead more
From Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, discover surprising and intriguing language facts from around the globe.
How brothers became buddies and brosRead more
The definitions of 'buddy' and 'bro' in the OED have recently been revised. We explore their history and increase in popularity.


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Great Garden House with 2 bedroom/2bathroom located in the heart of Former French Concession, surrounded by a 400sm public garden, very quiet and full of greenery. House large with 134.7sm. a lot of French style window, fireplace, old wooden floor with high ceiling. Price 18500rmb/monhttp://www.homechannel.com.cn/?12506501298202We also have various Apartments/Houses in → Read More
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