text: Live and Breathe Super Heroes Another Dr. Strange Review!!! November 5th, 2016 Top 5 Most Anticipated 'Marvel Cinematic Universe' films Of the next 3 Years!!! October 6th, 2016 High Expectations for Thanos in 'Avengers: Infinity Wars'? August 30th, 2016 Top 4 Characters that Could've been Introduced In or Before, 'Avengers: Infinity War'!!! August 17th, 2016 Top 5 Most Anticipated 'DC Extended Universe' films Of the Next 3 Years!!! August 12th, 2016 Suicide Squad V. Guardians of The Galaxy!!! August 8th, 2016 5 Actors from "GOT" to Enter the MCU!!! June 29th, 2016Show more posts


text: Two girls fuck one lucky guy in this hot steamy threesome. Two teens are hanging out after school when they decide to gang-up on one of their friends. They go to his place to have a hardcore 3-way. The start by stripping naked and screwing with each other. They bust out dildos and sex toys and play with each others pussy and buttholes. After the girl on girl fun the girls take turns sucking the dudes dick and then they both get fucked and facialized.

subset: commoncrawl


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Hi Mid-South SETAC!
Please add to your 2017 calendars that our regional chapter meeting will be held May 18-19th in Oxford Mississippi. Matt Moore (USDA) and Kristie Willett (Univ. of MS) are organizing the event. We have a short course planned on scientific publishing as well as two plenary talks. Student platform and poster presentations will also surely be a highlight of the event. We hope to have outstanding attendance given our relatively centralized location in our region and because Oxford is an awesome place to visit. We are looking forward to seeing you in May! Watch here or our webpage for updates.
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No digital manipulation here. What you see is straight out of the camera. 1 Sec exposure started zoomed in and then during shot zoomed right out
crash dots test zoom
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Best Tablet mount on the market
Your review: This mount is built to standup to abuse, and holds most decent sized tablets. the fact that it can be screwed down in place helps assure the security of your tablet.
Pros: Heavy weight medal construction. can be installed in place. greatly adjustable.
Cons: none that I have seen.


text: Prepping for the battle ahead Sam Painter and Miya take in the scenery of the Cirque of the Towers in the Wind River Range near Pinedale, Wyo. Seeing photos like this create nasty outbreaks of wanderlust on cold winter nights. (Jerry Painter photo) Jerry Painter / firstname.lastname@example.com A friend leaned over his lunchtime burrito and grinned, "Count us in for the Cirque of the Towers." Read more about Prepping for the battle ahead


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How you can help
You can make a real difference
Whether its on your own, with friends, work colleagues or as part of a company - there are lots of ways you can go above & beyond for our hospitals.
Need some inspiration? Visit our events page or download our Fundraising A-Z for some ideas to put the fun into your fundraising.
Every single penny raised, every event organised, every hour volunteered really does make a huge difference to patients and their families here in Bristol and the South West. See here the difference your support can make.
Take on the Because I Can Challenge
Come on girls! Join Team Above & Beyond and choose your challenge. Run, cycle, dance, jump out of a plane or take on a muddy challenge with your pals and make a difference to patients cared for in our hospitals. See our events page for inspiration or contact our fundraising team on 0117 3700 485 or email@example.com.
"Taking on a challenge gives you an opportunity to learn something about yourself, whilst your efforts are being channelled into a cause that will touch the lives of many patients and their families around Bristol and the South West. I'm doing it because I can - so should you!" Rhiannon, who is taking on the Bristol to Paris Cycle Challenge.
Find out more about Because I Can here.
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Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
A juvenile text another juvenile a message and the mother found it ,but the juvenile is 10 and he is 16
Maybe. Depends on who sent it, where it is /was stored/state rule of evidence and authentication and whether or not it is even relevant.
The above is not intended as legal advice. The response does not constitute the creation of an attorney client relationship as this forum does not provide for a confidential communication.
I agree with counsel's response...
yes it can .
Post a free question on our public forum.Ask a Question
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text:
Does this restaurant specialize in Soups?
Is this restaurant appropriate for Kids?
Is this restaurant good for dining on a budget?
Is this restaurant wheelchair accessible?
Is this restaurant good for business meetings?
Is this a cafe?
Is this restaurant good for dinner?
Does this restaurant specialize in Southwestern style food?
Is this restaurant good for lunch?
Does this restaurant have waiters and waitresses?
Thanks for helping!
Go for the tea! The person running the cafe was so sweet and warm! I loved sitting here as a guest at the adjoining hotel!
We ate here upon arrival to the hotel as it was convenient. Menu was limited and pricey for what you get. Had a wonderful server and the chef came out and talked with us which was fun. But overall, average place to eat.
Good food, good service, easy to get to in the center of town. A nice coffee shop at the front of the hotel and lots of artwork to view.
We stayed at the La Fonda Hotel connected to the cafe and were treated to free coffee and hot chocolate all day since we wee guests of the hotel. Great, friendly service and friendly locals.
I agree with other reviews that this place should be packed. We have visited Taos many times but had never stayed at La Fonda so we wanted to try. Usually shy away from hotel bars/restaurants but we had been down the street and paid over $50 for 4 margaritas that were all ice (Adobe bar) so decided to try here....
I have been for lunch twice, once in a large group and once solo. Food was excellent and a good value. Service stumbled a bit with a group of 10 women, but was very accommodating and gracious. Their Loaded Salad, with the addition of grilled chicken, is delicious and enough for two meals. It worries me that this place hasn't...
We walked in for dinner on a Sunday night and almost walked out because the restaurant was so empty. So happy we didn't.
The menu is one of the shorter in town, but there is something for everyone. We ordered the enchiladas, which came with beans, rice, and calabacitos, followed by coconut flan. All the food was good, but the...
We dropped in for a little snack and had the most delicious soups. The posole was very good and then they had a special asparagus soup that was absolutely delicious! We asked if it was homemade and it was - the first time the chef had made it. Hopefully they will continue making it!
We arrived at noontime and decided to eat at the plaza café.
We were pleased with the quiet and cool location and enjoyed the soups and sandwiches. Our group had chicken salad, chef salad, and the half sandwich + cup of soup specials.
All of the group enjoyed their meal. I especially liked their green chili stew (soup) along with...
Very much enjoyed lunch at this cafe on Sunday July 10. Dont let the informal menu posted out front of the hotel fool you-- the dishes inside are quite good & very nicely made. We shared a tuna sandwich (not fishy at all, quality fish) on fresh torta/sourdough bread and a large salad with tasty greens, avocado etc. A lovely...
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{Photos} Sarkodie sets new record again @ S Concert held yesterday at the Accra Sports Stadium
The venue was lit with performances from Sarkodie, Shatta Wale, E.L, Eno, Rudebwoy Ranking, Medikal, Tee Phlow, MzVee, Ras Kuuku, Nii Funny, Article Wan, Wisa, Yaa Pono and several up and coming acts.
Amidst the performances, there were fireworks from a section of the crowd which lighted up the venue but created a mess when Shatta Wale came on stage as it was in excess.
The S Concert, an initiative of Starr FM, is to build solidarity between brands that have their official names beginning with the letter 'S', including corporate brands and performing artistes.
Here are some photos from the event.
[Preview 1 ##eye##] [Preview 2 ##eye##] [Preview 3 ##eye##] [Preview 4 ##eye##] [Preview 4 ##eye##] [Preview 5 ##eye##]


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NFA Tax Help
Tax Attorneys, Tax Attorney, Tax Professionals
This program is created by the IRS to allow taxpayers to essentially reduce their IRS tax debt. It's advised to use a tax professional when submitting this to the IRS because of the low acceptance rate.
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We can work with you and determine if you qualify for an IRS tax debt settlement agreement.
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Icecat: syndicator of product information via global open catalog with more than 3868252 data-sheets 14610 brands – register (free)
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The general trademark of a manufacturer by which the consumer knows its products. A manufacturer can have multiple brand names. Some manufacturers license their brand names to other producers.Canon
Product name:
Product name is a brand's identification of a product, often a model name, but not totally unique as it can include some product variants. Product name is a key part of the Icecat product title on a product data-sheet.DR-3080CII
Product code :
The brand's unique identifier for a product. Multiple product codes can be mapped to one mother product data-sheet if the specifications are identical. We map away wrong codes or sometimes logistic variants.9673A003AD
Category :
With a scanner you can make all your documents, pictures and photos digital.scanners
Data-sheet quality: created/standardized by Icecat
The quality of the product data-sheet can be on several levels:
only logistic data imported: we have only basic data imported from a supplier, a data-sheet is not yet created by an editor.
created by Canon: a data-sheet is imported from an official source from a manufacturer. But the data-sheet is not yet standardized by an Icecat editor.
created/standardized by Icecat: the data-sheet is created or standardized by an Icecat editor.
only logistic data imported: we have only basic data imported from a supplier, a data-sheet is not yet created by an editor.
created by Canon: a data-sheet is imported from an official source from a manufacturer. But the data-sheet is not yet standardized by an Icecat editor.
created/standardized by Icecat: the data-sheet is created or standardized by an Icecat editor.
Included since: 22 Oct 2006
The date Icecat noticed for the first time that this product was included in the price list of a channel partner
Info modified on: 08 Feb 2017 15:07:21
The date of the most recent change of this product data-sheet in Icecat.
Product views: 9498
This statistic is based on the 66906 using ecommerce sites (eshops, distributors, comparison sites, ecommerce ASPs, purchase systems, etc) downloading this Icecat data-sheet since 22-10-06 Only sponsoring brands are included in the free Open Icecat content distribution as used by 65165 free Open Icecat users .
Long product name Canon DR-3080CII:
The short editorial description of Canon DR-3080CIIReady to meet the most challenging demands of departmental scanning, the DR-3080CII offers speed and flexibility in a compact format, with a range of unique features to enhance ease and efficiency.
Marketing text Canon DR-3080CII:
The official marketing text of Canon DR-3080CII as supplied by the manufacturerFEATURES
Duplex 24-bit colour & 256-level grey scale support Simplex/duplex scanning up to B4 Folio scanning from B4 to A3 sizes User-friendly, on-screen scan panel Dual Interface with SCSI 3/USB2.0 Bundled software: ISIS™, TWAIN drivers, CapturePerfect
Further information
The DR-3080CII provides diverse scanning options. Standard text documents can be scanned in Black & White (Binary) mode at speeds of up to 40ppm (or 80 image per minute when duplexing). If a document contains photos, Error Diffusion or 256-level Grayscale mode deliver better results. Furthermore, the DR-3080CII offers a 24-bit Color mode for either simplex or duplex scanning. Innovative technology promotes fast throughput whether you're scanning in color or grayscale.
An on-screen 'scan panel' display enables quick and easy operation, allowing users to change settings via this virtual operation panel, even for batch separation. When simplex and duplex documents are mixed in a batch, a 'skip blank page' function automatically detects and discards blank pages.
Other user-friendly features include up to 20 user-preference settings and a handy help function.
A unique 'pre-scan' mode simplifies operation and saves time when scanning a batch of documents. When viewing the image of the first page on screen you can adjust brightness and contrast and see immediate results (unlike the preview function). This setting is then applied to the rest of the batch, without having to re-scan the first page. This even works when scanning in black & white (binary) mode.
The highly evaluated document feeding capability of the DR-3080CII guarantees that you always benefit from durable, flexible and reliable paper feeding, with simplex/duplex scanning for all sizes up to B4. The DR-3080CII also features the Folio function, which has the ability to scan even larger documents (between B4 and A3 sizes). You simply fold your document in half and feed it into the scanner. The DR-3080CII will then scan both sides of the folded document and combine the two sides into a single image.
The DR-3080CII features Advanced Text Enhancement for optimizing black and white images. Advanced Text Enhancement significantly improves the quality of image files derived under poor conditions, such as from documents with colored backgrounds, with light colored lettering, or documents filled out in pencil.
Bundled software for the DR-3080CII include ISIS™, TWAIN drivers and CapturePerfect for Windows® 98/ME/NT/2000/XP.
Short summary description Canon DR-3080CII:
This short summary of the Canon DR-3080CII data-sheet is auto-generated and uses the product title and the first six key specs.Canon DR-3080CII, 216 x 356 mm, Sheet-fed, CIS, Windows 95/98/ME/NT/2000/+, ISIS, TWAIN, CapturePerfect, 344 x 191 x 280 mm
Long summary description Canon DR-3080CII:
This is an auto-generated long summary of Canon DR-3080CII based on the first three specs of the first five spec groups.Canon DR-3080CII. Maximum scan size: 216 x 356 mm. Scanner type: Sheet-fed. Sensor type: CIS. Compatible operating systems: Windows 95/98/ME/NT/2000/+. Bundled software: ISIS, TWAIN, CapturePerfect
This is a demo of a seamless insert of an Icecat LIVE product data-sheet in your website. Imagine that this responsive data-sheet is included in the product page of your webshop. How to integrate Icecat LIVE JavaScript.
Maximum scan size*
216 x 356 mm
Colour scanning*
Indicates whether this product scans in colour.
Duplex scanning*
Feature of computer scanners and multifunction printers (MFPs) that allows the automatic scanning of a sheet of paper on both sides.
Input colour depth
Colour depth of the input into the product. The colour depth is either the number of bits used to indicate the color of a single pixel, in a bitmapped image or video frame buffer, or the number of bits used for each color component of a single pixel. High-end laptops have 24-bit colour depth.
24 bit
Film scanning*
Device made for scanning photographic film directly into a computer without the use of any intermediate printmaking. It provides several benefits over using a flatbed scanner to scan in a print of any size: the photographer has direct control over cropping and aspect ratio from the original, unmolested image on film; and many film scanners have special software or hardware that removes scratches and film grain and improves color reproduction from film.
Scanner type*
A scanner is a device that optically scans images, printed text, handwriting, or an object, and converts it to a digital image. Common examples found in offices are variations of the desktop (or flatbed) scanner where the document is placed on a glass window for scanning. There are different types of scanners e.g. flatbed, pen, sheet-feed.
Sensor type*
A sensor is a convertor than measures a physical quality (light, temperature etc.) and displays this electronically on a device.
System requirements
Compatible operating systems
List of desktop operating systems tested as compatible with this product.
Windows 95/98/ME/NT/2000/+
Weight & dimensions
Weight *
Weight of the product without packaging (net weight). If possible, the net weight is given including standard accessories and supplies. Please note that sometimes the manufacturer leaves out the weight of accessories and/or supplies.
8.1 kg
Packaging content
Bundled software
Software distributed with another product such as a piece of computer hardware or other electronic device, or a group of software packages which are sold together. A software suite is an example of bundled software, as is software which is pre-installed on a new computer.
ISIS, TWAIN, CapturePerfect
Other features
Dimensions (WxDxH)
Dimensions of the product (Width x Depth x Height).
344 x 191 x 280 mm
I/O ports
An interface on a device to which you can connect another device.


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Dasha's Journal
A Cat Reflects on Life, Catness and Autism
By (author) Olga Bogdashina T. O. Daria
Format: Paperback
Normal Price: $32.99
Your Price: $29.69 AUD, inc. GST
Shipping: $7.95 per order
You Save: $3.30! (10% off normal price)
Plus...earn $1.48 in Boomerang Bucks
Availability: Available to Backorder, No Due Date for Supply
Dasha's Journal by Olga Bogdashina
Book DescriptionJust a few weeks old, Dasha the cat found herself in a family with an autistic child. The publication of Temple Grandin's book Animals in Translation: Using the Mysteries of Autism to Decode Animal Behaviour turned the household into a research laboratory, with the humans observing Dasha's behaviours and the cat experimenting with the 'human guinea pigs'. The feline perspective provides a new outlook on autism conditions, challenging long established stereotypes and analysing controversies in the field with an unbiased attitude and humour. The text is interspersed with Dasha's 'wisdoms', 'research notes' and definitions of concepts based on her own understanding, such as 'A pet shop is a place where humans come to be adopted by the animals who are brave enough to take a responsibility of looking after them.' Dasha's Journal provides research-based information in an amusing and accessible form and makes serious and complicated issues such as sensory perception, memory, communication, savant skills and challenging behaviours in autism easily understandable for the general reader.
Buy Dasha's Journal book by Olga Bogdashina from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9781843105862
(216mm x 138mm x 11mm)
Pages: 176
Imprint: Jessica Kingsley Publishers
Publisher: Jessica Kingsley Publishers
Publish Date: 3-Apr-2008
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
Books By Author Olga Bogdashina
Sensory Perceptual Issues in Autism and Asperger Syndrome, Paperback (February 2016)
The fully revised edition of this bestselling book brings the understanding of sensory perceptual issues in autism up to date with current research. It describes sensory perceptual experiences and sensitivities and explains the cognitive differences caused by them. The final chapters are devoted to assessment and different methods of intervention.
Autism and Spirituality, Paperback (July 2013)
Spirituality plays a vital role in the lives of many people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Drawing on interdisciplinary research as well as first-hand experiences of people with ASD, Olga Bogdashina shows how people with ASD experience their inner worlds and sense of self, and how this shapes the spiritual dimension of their lives.
Autism and the Edges of the Known World, Paperback (July 2010)
Bogdashina explores theories of sensory perception and communication in autism. Drawing on linguistics, philosophy, neuroscience, psychology, anthropology and quantum mechanics, she looks at how the nature of the senses inform an individual's view of the world, and how language both reflects and constructs that view.
Theory of Mind and the Triad of Perspectives on Autism and Asperger Syndrome, Paperback (October 2005)» View all books by Olga Bogdashina
Inspired by the often uncomfortable interplay between autistic individuals, parents and professionals in understanding autistic spectrum conditions, Olga Bogdashina uses the concept of Theory of Mind (ToM) to consider these groups' different (and often conflicting) perspectives.
» Have you read this book? We'd like to know what you think about it - write a review about Dasha's Journal book by Olga Bogdashina and you'll earn 50c in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars (you must be a member - it's free to sign up!)
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Phone: 1300 36 33 32 (9am-5pm Mon-Fri AEST) - International: +61 2 9960 7998 - Online Form
Address: Boomerang Books, 878 Military Road, Mosman Junction, NSW, 2088
© 2003-2017. All Rights Reserved. Eclipse Commerce Pty Ltd - ACN: 122 110 687 - ABN: 49 122 110 687
For every $20 you spend on books, you will receive $1 in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars. You can use your Boomerang Bucks as a credit towards a future purchase from Boomerang Books. Note that you must be a Member (free to sign up) and that conditions do apply.


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1-800-433-6340 or
My Account Shopping Cart (0)
The XLink™ Bluetooth® Cellular Phone Interface works with your Sensaphone® allowing the Sensaphone® to dial and receive calls via a cell phone rather than a land-line. However during a power failure, the XLink™ does not have the ability to communicate.
The solution to the problem is this External Battery Backup. It has a 400va capacity and overload protection. During a power failure, it will provide approximately 20 minutes of backup time. For use only on with the XLink™ Interface.
|Manufacturer Part Number
QC Part #: 390507
©Copyright 2012, QC Supply. All Rights Reserved. QC Supply® is a registered trademark of QC Supply, LLC Terms & Conditions


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Is Royal Radio Electronic Center incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
Contact details
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Hotfrog Philippines provides information regarding Royal Radio Electronic Center in Manila Metro Manila. Royal Radio Electronic Center is located at 530 Rizal Avenue, Manila Metro Manila 1000 and provides Retail services. Contact them on (02) 733 4520.
Is Royal Radio Electronic Center in 530 Rizal Avenue, Manila Metro Manila 1000 your business? Claim your listing and attract more leads by adding more content, photos and other business details.
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Sign up for our newsletters
Receive the latest in Footwear, Fashion, Music and Creativity in our newsletters.
Part of visvim's most recent drops is an impressive range of BANDITO SHIRTs for the impending season. One of the more standout pieces from the bunch, the shirt features a plaid aesthetic in various bold colors including blue, red and green. Featuring a flannel material, the shirt rounds out with contrast white buttons and two breast pockets. This *F.I.L. EXCLUSIVE drop is now available to purchase via the visvim online shop and at F.I.L. stores across Asia.


text:
Navigation Esplanade
2700 Navigation Blvd
Houston, Texas 77003
Houston, Texas 77003
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Sign up for our weekly guide to events in Houston, and never be bored again. With suggestions for every day of the week, our recommendations will keep you busy on any budget.
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Is Big Bubble Centre incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
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BIG BUBBLE CENTRE (BBC), a PADI 5-STAR INSTRUCTOR DEVELOPMENTCENTRE, is owned by a professional diving enthusiast with 32 years of diving experience, over 10000+ dives, certified more than 3,000 divers, an avid international dive traveller and marine photographer. We present to you a one-stop international dive travel cum dive training & equipment repair specialist cum dive boat charter facility, right here in South East Asia.
BIG BUBBLE CENTRE (BBC), offer dive and snorkeling packages to 45 dive operators, hotels, resorts and 23 luxury liveaboards. You'll find we provide the vacation you have been dreaming about and at a price you can afford!
ASIA ECO TRAVEL PTE LTD(TA 1233) is the licensed travel arm of BIG BUBBLE CENTRE (BBC), fully managing the travel related operations.
BIG BUBBLE CENTRE's owner is also the Co-Owner of dive operation ECO-DIVERS MANADO, Indonesia based at Kima Bajo Resort & Spa and Kungkungan Bay Resort.
Is Big Bubble Centre in Blk 115A Commonwealth Drive #04-23 Tanglin Halt Industrial Estate, Tanglin Singapore 149596 your business? Claim your listing and attract more leads by adding more content, photos and other business details.
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162 Bukit Merah Central #02-3537 Tanglin Singapore 150162
120 Adam Road Singapore 289899
heritage building Adam Road Singapore 286658
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Buy fish tank
Explore related topics
Quidditch Aquarium Decoration Build - Imgur
Bettas, tail types.
Super Mario Bros. Aquarium
Ecojar? Yes please, you can buy an Ecosphere for like $60 bucks. This is what? The cost of a Voss and some purifying chemicals?
The perfect pet for a small space! Check out this USB powered fish tank, alarm clock, night light, calendar, and desktop accessory holder! Whew!
Now this is a fish tank…
Share with others...00000So you have seen all the beautiful pictures, you have done the research and you have decided that a betta fish is the right pet for you! Good choice! But what do you need to know before buying your betta fish? And what tips are there to ensure you choose a healthy betta fish? First step: You should set up your aquarium before buying a betta fish. Aquariums should be cycled before adding fish. Usually around two weeks. Check out our guides on choosing an ideal betta…
The best fish tank in all of time & space!
I think this hanging aquarium would make a fab self-contained terrarium. While my suggested version of this enclosed habitat doesn't include any animals, it's a great way to bring growing life to your office . . . or to that household where your furry
Where this came from is at the link. I think I would love to have a centerpiece for each table with this. Flowers behind it and the fishbowl sit on a book. I would even be willing to buy fish food for each bowl, that way the whole thing would be wedding favors.


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Each month, Rated People connects over 50,000 homeowners with quality tradesmen - simply enter your job details in the form above to get started.
We'll match your job to the relevant tradesmen in your area - those interested will pay to see your contact details and call you to quote.
As each tradesman expresses interest in quoting on your job, we'll send you their profile and ratings to help you choose the right one for you.
After the work is complete, return to the site and rate your tradesman based on their quality of work, reliability and value for money.
Driveway Services
Added 05/12/2015
Property has single driveway with garden and stepped footpath, want driveway widening and block...
Searching for tradespeople
Driveway Services
Added 11/10/2015
digging out old drive , level out drop 2 drains , build step up to front door and relay drive...
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Driveway Services
Added 11/06/2015
I am looking for my Driveway to be block paved / cobble paved across the entrance and around...
Driveway Services
Added 24/02/2015
Gravel driveway putting in approx 40m2 at the moment half grass half block paved
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Driveway Services
Added 17/08/2014
we need drainage putting in and block paving lifted
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Driveway Services
Added 12/08/2014
Removal of lawn/asphalt/flagstones from front garden and laying of a new block paved driveway....
Searching for tradespeople
Did a great job, on time, easy communication, good value. Will use Flamur again.
Really great friendly team. Left the place neat and tidy - nothing was too much trouble. We had to wait a while for them to fit us in but then again I would be worried if the turned up the next day! Value for money yes - not the cheapest but by no means most expensive. Would be happy to have them back again.
Managing your job is easier with the Rated People Homes App, download it today.


text:
Chicken Schnitzel
The apple salad is the perfect finish to this breaded and fried piece of chicken.
- Ingredients
- step-by-step directions
Chicken Schnitzel
- 1/2 cup All-Purpose Flour
- Kosher Salt & Freshly Ground Black Pepper
- 2 large Eggs
- 2 Cups Coarse Bread Crumbs
- 4 Chicken Thighs; pounded to a 1/4 inch thickness
- 1/2 cup Olive Oil
- 2 tablespoons Dijon Mustard
- 2 Lemons; zest and juice
- 1 Granny Smith Apple; cut into matchsticks
- 3 cups Arugula
- Put the Flour in a shallow bowl and season well with Salt and Pepper. Put the Eggs in another shallow bowl and beat them lightly. Add the Bread Crumbs to a third shallow bowl and season well with Salt and Pepper.
- Put a large skillet over medium-high heat.
- Season both sides of Chicken Thighs with Salt and Pepper. Working with one piece of meat at a time, dredge the Chicken in the Flour, making sure to coast both sides well. Shake off the excess. Dip the Chicken into the beaten Eggs, allowing the excess to drip off. Finally, lay the Chicken in the Bread Crumbs, turning and pressing to fully coat both sides.
- Add the Olive Oil to the preheated pan. Arrange all 4 pieces of Chicken in the pan and cook until golden brown, about 3 minutes. Flip and cook until light golden brown, about 2 minutes.
- Meanwhile, in a medium bowl, whisk together the Mustard, Olive Oil, and Lemon Zest and Juice. Season the Vinaigrette with Salt and Pepper. Add the Apples and Arugula and toss to combine.
- Put the Chicken on plates, top with the Apple Salad, and serve.
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David Wallis is the deputy editor of The New York Observer. He is also the editor of two critically acclaimed books: Killed: Great Journalism Too Hot To Print (Nation Books) and Killed Cartoons: Casualties from the War on Free Expression (W.W. Norton). Mr. Wallis previously contributed to The New Yorker, Wired, Esquire and the Guardian. In 2000, Wallis founded Featurewell.com, an online syndication agency which markets
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Penske Truck Leasing www.pensketruckleasing.com
I would say that Penske is a performance (vs. tenure) driven organization and you cannot deny numbers which helps to keep promotions fair and putting the best person in front of our customers every time! I think this promotional advancement style along with the generous PTO, investment in development and our corporate founder's (Roger Penske) appreciation and recognition for Human Capital being his number one asset creates a very supportive environment for women in our company! The only thing that I feel keeps women away is that we are not in a "sexy" industry... It's transportation, but it's also what makes the world go 'round!
Free, anonymous reviews of Penske Truck Leasing by female employees, including pay, hours, maternity leave, flextime, and company culturehttps://fairygodboss.com/company-reviews/penske-truck-leasing 5 stars, based on 1 reviews Company Website NovelaFreak


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Reedley has 20,756 residents. It is located in Fresno county.
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Secret Cinema works with strategic partners to help build our mesmeric fantasy worlds.
Offering a range of partnership options, we team up with carefully selected brands to subtly blend their products or messages into our worlds, never breaking the narrative or jarring the audience from their dreamlike journey.
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Fatty Liver You Can Reverse It Book by Cabot Health (Sandra Cabot)
See other Sandra Cabot products
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Dr. Cabot tells us that reversing fatty liver disease is not only an effective method of losing weight, but can also greatly reduce the most common diseases of today - namely diabetes, heart disease and cancer.
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Google+ Followers
Tuesday, August 25, 2015
Asteroid Kill Zone 23 Sep 2015
Asteroid Kill Zone, 23 Sep 2015 - YouTube
The News You Need
Dr William B. Mount
PS: DC, 2 Sep in your sewers, Pine and Madison.
For your nitwits in DC - that is the Washington Monument I believe, although all I got was Pine and Madison 2 Sep Poof!
I would give more - but your last thank you DC White House Staff was underwhelming.
PS - Your stories are great Will
We may see a huge change this fall in DC - Huge change.
3 comments:
Are you saying that the asteroid impact is really the detonation of an underwater nuclear device?ReplyDelete
Don't you hate it when your wrong and bring god into the picture? Bad karma on that one. Stop spreading fear!ReplyDelete
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All ceramic pieces, particularly the delicate white ceramic known as porcelain, will break relatively easily when dropped. Fortunately, if you have a broken ceramic or porcelain vase, cup or figurine, you can easily repair the fracture yourself at home. Ceramic and porcelain objects have a tendency to break cleanly, meaning that you can often realign the broken surfaces and glue them together again. With the appropriate preparation and a bit of patience, you can repair a broken ceramic or porcelain piece in an afternoon.
- Skill level:
- Easy
Other People Are Reading
Things you need
- Newspaper
- Fine-grit sandpaper
- Cloth
- Acrylic-based ceramic adhesive cement
- Masking tape
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- 1
Lay down a sheet of newspaper to protect your working surface from any spilt glue.
- 2
Sand both broken edges of ceramic or porcelain with fine-grit sandpaper. Sand very lightly, without applying much pressure.
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Wipe both broken surfaces clean with a cloth. Apply a thin coat of acrylic-based ceramic adhesive cement to one broken edge only.
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Press the pieces together and hold them in place for two minutes.
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Tape the glued pieces together with masking tape, and set the object in a position that does not place any stress on the fracture while the glue cures. Allow the glue to cure overnight before moving the ceramic or porcelain object.
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Hillary Clinton and Donlad Trump face off in the last debate of the 2016 election cycle. Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton will square off Wednesday night for their third and final presidential debate — and it comes at a tense time in the campaign, with only 20 days to Election Day. Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump has reeled off a number of memorable, and sometimes shocking, quotes throughout the 2016 race.
The job of putting Clinton on the spot falls not only to Trump but also moderator Chris Wallace. The Fox News host selected the six topics to be covered in the 90-minute debate: debt and entitlements; immigration; the economy; the Supreme Court; foreign hot spots; and "fitness to be President."
Trump's claims of election-rigging have challenged some of our cherished ideals, from faith in the integrity of our voting process to the peaceful transition of power. Trump has certainly shown a capacity to surprise. But if the 2016 election has taught us anything, it's to prepare for more fear and loathing in Las Vegas via both sides.
Who do you think is going to whoop the most tail in this round 3 debate? Let us know in the comments section!
Source YOUTUBE and NJ.com and TIME
Check out more contributions by Jeffery Pritchett ranging from UFO to Bigfoot to Paranormal to Prophecy
Ron Paul is my president.
Imagine if Ron Paul had ran instead of Gary Johnson what the impact would have been!
Yes Hitlery knows the awesome responsibility of taking care of Americans. A good example of that would be how she took care of Ambassador Stevens and the US Navy SEALS in Libya. This woman is the definition of a blood-sucking vampire. The one thing that Hillary is better at than Trump is lying. She is a disaster and f you want the US to become a worse place than it has become under the Hussein Obama regime, go ahead and vote for the witch, because it will be your blood that is spilled next. Hillary was the definition of nothingness as the Secretary of State, she was the usual self-serving legislator as a Senator and as the first witch she lowered the definition of abyssmal to new depths. She is an elitist scumbag who thinks we are all just the little people. This woman belongs in a prison cell and should have been in one years ago. https://waitforthedownfall.wordpress.com/oops-did-i-just-say-that/


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Maple bonsai
Bonsai: red maple in Autumn color More
Image titled Make a Japanese Maple Bonsai Tree Step 5
A nice Japanese maple bonsai tree, Acer palmatum, unusual, elegant, 55 cm high.
I have always been interested in the art of Bonsai, as it takes great patience…
Bonsai Japanese Red Maple Bonsai Tree Seeds Grow by CheapSeeds
Bonsai Maple Forest in Autumn This is absolutely beautiful, but I cannot maintain a bonsai.
mini bonsai Japanese maple
Bonsai "Acer Palmatum Dissectum": More than other maples, dissectum absolutely hates windy and too sunny conditions. Placement of this tree must be shady and out of the wind. This is one of the reasons why there are not many good "Dissectum-bonsai" around. Cut-leaf Japanese maple bonsai is however worth trying. Style: slanting or Shakkan style.
LOVE this - might not flower but I'd give anything to get mine to this stage -Japanese maple bonsai
Japanese Red Maple Great Bonsai Tree Seeds Grow Your by CheapSeeds


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This study was designed to assess the chemoarchitectural organization and extent of the mouse visual cortex. We used nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein, a neuronal marker that exhibits region-specific cellular and laminar patterns, to delineate cortical subdivisions. A comprehensive analysis demonstrated that pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons expressing neurofilament proteins display striking laminar and regional patterns in the mouse visual cortex permitting the delineation of the primary visual cortex (V1) and its monocular and binocular zones, 2 lateral, and 5 medial extrastriate cortical areas with clear anatomical boundaries and providing evidence that the mouse medial extrastriate cortex is not homogeneous. We also investigated the expression profiles of 2 neuronal activity markers, the immediate early genes c-fos and zif-268, following deprivation paradigms to ascertain the visual nature of all subdivisions caudal, medial, and lateral to V1. The present data indicate that neurochemically identifiable subdivisions of the mouse visual cortex exist laterally and medially to V1 and reveal specific anatomical and functional characteristics at the cellular and regional levels.
Neuroanatomical and physiological studies over the past 2 decades have greatly expanded our knowledge about the cortical organization of the visual system in the cat and a number of primate species (Felleman and Van Essen 1991; Payne 1993). However, similar information from the visual pathways in the mouse remains limited, no definite map of cortical visual areas being yet available for this species. The organization of the visual cortex in the mouse is likely to be comparably complex as in other species, as the different parcellation schemes that exist account for many separate visual areas (Caviness 1975; Dräger 1975; Wagor et al. 1980; Olavarria et al. 1982; Olavarria and Montero 1989; Schuett et al. 2002; Kalatsky and Stryker 2003; Wang et al. 2007). Although many functional and anatomical studies show that the extrastriate cortex lateral to the primary visual cortex (V1) is subdivided into several fields in mice, the subregional organization of extrastriate cortex medial to V1 has not been studied to the same extent. A few connectional and electrophysiological mapping studies indicate that the cortex medial to V1 contains some subdivisions (Wagor et al. 1980; Olavarria and Montero 1989; Schuett et al. 2002; Kalatsky and Stryker 2003; Wang et al. 2007), but these methods have not defined precise borders and locations of these cortical subfields.
In this context, several anatomical studies have demonstrated the reliability of immunolabeling of nonphosphorylated epitopes on the heavy and medium subunits of neurofilament proteins as a tool for the neurochemical parcellation of neocortical regions in the developing and adult visual cortex of diverse mammalian species (Vickers and Costa 1992; Hof and Morrison 1995; Chaudhuri et al. 1996; Hof, Bogaert, et al. 1996; Hof, Ungerleider, et al. 1996; Preuss et al. 1999; Kogan et al. 2000; Van der Gucht et al. 2001, 2006; Kirkcaldie et al. 2002; Bourne and Rosa 2003, 2006; Hassiotis et al. 2004, 2005; Baldauf 2005; Boire et al. 2005; Bourne et al. 2005). To date, no such immunohistochemical data exist on the architectural organization of the mouse visual cortex. The current anatomical parcellations are generally based on comparisons inferred from the rat brain, and the cytoarchitectonic boundaries among visual cortical areas therefore remain inadequately defined.
The present study was undertaken with a focus on mapping the mouse extrastriate regions adjacent to the medial, lateral, and anterior borders of V1 using the specific patterns of nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein immunoreactivity. Neurofilament protein distribution pattern, however, does not assess the visual responsiveness of a given cortical region. Therefore, we also examined the activity-dependent expression patterns of 2 immediate early genes, c-fos and zif-268, in monocularly and binocularly enucleated mice to reveal the visual nature of the neocortex spanning the cortical domains in which expression of such genes can be affected by visual manipulations, as previously shown in rats, cats, and monkeys (Chaudhuri et al. 1995, 1997; Zhang et al. 1995; Caleo et al. 1999; Kaczmarek et al. 1999; Arckens et al. 2000; Van der Gucht, Massie et al. 2000, 2003; Soares et al. 2005). In situ detection of zif-268 mRNA and immunocytochemical detection of Fos, the protein product of c-fos, were used to delineate cortical regions of altered neuronal activity in response to light deprivation. Altogether, the present results reveal that the mouse visual cortex includes as much as 8 subdivisions, namely, V1, the lateral secondary visual area (V2L), that contains a posterolateral part (V2PL) and an anterolateral part (V2AL), and five medial areas (the medial secondary visual area [V2M] and the rostromedial [RM1–4] areas).
Materials and Methods
Animals and Visual Manipulation Paradigms
In the present study, 33 adult mice from the inbred C57Bl/6J strain were used. Animals were obtained from Janvier Elevage (Le Genest-St-Isle, France) and were maintained on standard laboratory diet and water ad libitum. All experimental manipulations were conducted in strict accordance to the European Communities Council Directive of 24 November 1986 (86/609/EEC) and were approved by an Institutional Laboratory Animal Use and Care Committee (Animal Facilities, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium).
Adult mice were monocularly deprived (MD, n = 2) or binocularly deprived (BD, n = 8) by enucleation of the left or both eyes, respectively, as described previously (Ceuppens et al. 2007). Subsequently, mice were placed back in an 11/13 h dark/light cycle for an additional 7 days before being sacrificed. Intact, control mice (CM, n = 23) were maintained in a similar light environment (11/13 h dark/light cycle). For in situ hybridization, the mice were put overnight in a dark room, subsequently exposed to a normal environment with ambient light for 45 min, and were immediately sacrificed thereafter. For Fos immunohistochemistry, mice were exposed to ambient light for 1 h on the morning following an overnight dark adaptation and were immediately sacrificed thereafter. Light exposure for 45 min after a period of darkness results in an increase in zif-268 mRNA expression levels in the mammalian visual system (Zangenehpour and Chaudhuri 2002), whereas light exposure for 1 h after a period of darkness results in a maximal increase in the expression levels of Fos in cortical neurons in the mammalian visual system (for review, see Kaczmarek and Chaudhuri 1997; Farivar et al. 2004). All animals reported in this study were sacrificed between 9:00 and 11:00 AM to minimize variations in zif-268 and c-fos labeling due to diurnal cycles of the animals.
Control conditions regarding the nature of the visual stimuli and their effects on the induction pattern of zif-268 mRNA and Fos protein have been previously reported in detail in the mammalian visual cortex (Van der Gucht et al. 2002, 2005 and references therein). Briefly, we analyzed in cats the effect of 2 monocular deprivation conditions on the induction patterns of both genes (Van der Gucht et al. 2000) or following retinal lesions resulting in deprived and surrounding nondeprived zones in area 17 and higher order areas (Arckens et al. 2000; Qu et al. 2003; Van der Gucht, Massie, et al. 2003).
Tissue Preparation
For in situ hybridization, all BD (n = 6) and CM (n = 6) animals were killed by cervical dislocation and the brains were rapidly removed and flash frozen in liquid nitrogen–cooled isopentane and stored at −70°C until sectioning in order to minimize RNA degradation caused by temperature and oxidation. Coronal sections (25-μm thick) were prepared serially on a cryostat (Microm HM 500 OM, Walldorf, Germany) and stored at −20°C until processed for zif-268 in situ hybridization.
The animals used for immunocytochemistry (CM, n = 17; MD, n = 2; BD, n = 2) were sacrificed with an overdose of sodium pentobarbital (60 mg/ml, intraperitoneally) and were immediately perfused transcardially with 0.9% saline followed by cold 4% paraformaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Loius, MO) in 0.15 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.42). The brains were postfixed for 24 h at 4°C and stored at 4°C in PBS until used for immunocytochemistry. Coronal (CM, n = 15; MD, n = 2; BD, n = 2) and sagittal sections (CM, n = 2) were cut on a Vibratome (50-μm thick). Series of free-floating sections were processed for neurofilament protein and Fos immunocytochemistry or were Nissl-stained with 1% cresyl violet (Fluka Chemical, Sigma-Aldrich) according to standard protocols. Nissl stainings were helpful for interpreting various aspects of architectonic and laminar organization.
In Situ Hybridization
Autoradiograms of zif-268 mRNA were used in the present study as a guide to delineate the extent of mouse visual cortex in BD animals (n = 6) in comparison with visually intact, control animals (CM, n = 6). Zif-268 in situ hybridization was performed with a probe complementary to the nucleotides encoding amino acids 2–16 of the rat zif-268 gene (Wisden et al. 1990), which has already been used successfully for the analysis of zif-268 mRNA expression in the cat visual system in previous publications (Zhang et al. 1995; Arckens et al. 2000, 2003).
The zif-268 oligonucleotides were 3′-end labeled with 33P-dATP (Perkin Elmer, NEN Life Science Products, Zaventem, Belgium) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (Gibco, Invitrogen, Life Technologies, Merelbeke, Belgium) and separated from unincorporated nucleotides with miniQuick SpinTM Oligo Columns (Roche Diagnostics, Brussels, Belgium). Cryostat sections were postfixed, dehydrated, delipidated, and incubated overnight at 37°C in hybridization buffer complemented with 33P-dATP–labeled probe (1 × 106 counts per section). The next day, the sections were rinsed in 1× saline sodium citrate buffer at 42°C, dried, and exposed to autoradiography film (Kodak BioMax MR Film; GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB, Uppsala, Sweden) for 3 weeks. Control experiments were performed using the complementary sense probes under identical conditions as the antisense probes, but no signal could be detected for the sense probe (data not shown), which proves the specificity of the antisense probes.
Serial 50-μm-thick Vibratome sections (CM, n = 17; MD, n = 2; BD, n = 2) were pretreated with 0.3% H2O2, rinsed, and preincubated in normal goat serum (1:5, Chemicon International, Temecula, CA) for 45 min. After incubation overnight with the monoclonal antibody SMI-32 (1:16 000, Covance Research Products, Berkeley, CA; Sternberger and Sternberger 1983), detection was performed using biotinylated goat anti-mouse immunoglobulins G (IgGs) (1:200, 30 min, Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) and an avidin–biotin–horseradish peroxidase solution (Vectastain Elite ABC, Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). The sections were immunostained using the glucose oxidase–diaminobenzidine–nickel method resulting in a black staining (Shu et al. 1988; Van der Gucht et al. 2001, 2006).
To study the visual nature of the cortical subregions, adjacent series of sections of MD (n = 2) and BD (n = 2) were processed in parallel for Fos and neurofilament protein immunocytochemistry. For Fos immunocytochemistry, serial free-floating coronal sections were incubated overnight with a fully characterized polyclonal antibody to Fos (1:40 000; Van der Gucht et al. 2000) and were treated as described for SMI-32 but detected with biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgGs (1:500, 30 min, Dako).
All incubations and rinses (3 × 10 min) were performed in Tris-buffered saline (0.01 M Tris, 0.9% NaCl, 0.3% Triton-X 100, pH 7.6). Staining and method specificity (positive and negative control experiments) were carefully performed as described in detail in previous publications (Van der Gucht et al. 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006;,Van der Gucht, Jacobs, et al. 2003). To avoid possible variability in staining patterns and intensity among the different paradigms and different immunocytochemical experiments, the sections were processed at the same time, including cross-experiment controls, using the same staining solutions.
Microscopy and Data Analysis
We used atlases of the mouse brain (Hof et al. 2000; Paxinos and Franklin 2001) and rat brain (Paxinos and Watson 1986; Swanson 1992; Paxinos et al. 1999), as well as cortical maps and area descriptions from the literature, to assist in defining the spatial extent and location of visual and nonvisual cortical areas in the mouse brain and in determining anatomical boundaries among adjacent areas.
Slides were observed using a Zeiss Axiophot 2 under brightfield microscopy conditions (Zeiss MicroImaging, Oberkochen, Germany), and photographs (see Figs 1, 2, and 4–7 [mouse CM1406] and Fig. 11 [mouse MD11, mouse BD09]) were obtained using a digital camera (Optronics MicroFire, Optronics, Goleta, CA) and the Neurolucida and VirtualSlice software (MicroBrightField, Williston, VT). High-power photomicrographs of SMI-32–immunoreactive neurons (see Fig. 8 [mouse CM03] and Fig. 9 [mice CM03, CM1306, CM1406]) were taken with a Kodak 35-mm camera mounted on a Leitz DM RBE microscope (Leica, Leitz Instruments, Heidelberg, Germany). Digital files of the films were assembled and edited with Adobe Photoshop version 10. The specific neurofilament protein immunoreactivity patterns of each visual cortex region recognized in the present study were used to produce a schematic surface map of the boundaries and extent of these cortical domains in one animal (see Fig. 3 [mouse CM1406]). Slight deformations due to the curvature of the cortex were not corrected in this 2-dimensional rendering.
Heterogeneity of Neurofilament Protein Staining Patterns
The distribution of neurofilament protein–immunoreactive neurons in the mouse visual cortex is shown on coronal sections caudally to rostrally in Figure 1. The laminar pattern of neurofilament protein distribution is bistratified with immunoreactivity present in layers III and V, whereas layer VI is characterized by a loose meshwork of immunoreactive processes together with a heterogeneous population of smaller neurons. Layer I is devoid of SMI-32–immunoreactive cells, whereas layers II and IV occasionally contain labeled neurons. The expression patterns of neurofilament protein in oblique parasagittal overviews are illustrated in Figure 2 from lateral levels in the hemisphere (Fig. 2A,B), and a section through the medial visual areas (Fig. 2C), to levels close to the midline (Fig. 2D,E).
The present observations provide a revised parcellation of the cortical region medial to V1. Our data are consistent with the presence of a V2M posteriorly (Figs 1A–C and 2B–D) and suggest the existence of 4 RM extrastriate areas (RM1–4) situated more anteriorly in the visual cortex of the mouse (Figs 1A–CM and 2B,C). All topographic borders among these neighboring medial areas and the adjacent visual and retrosplenial areas can be reliably defined by variations in neurofilament protein expression, such as dendritic arborization patterns, cell typology, apparent laminar cellular density and distribution profiles, and staining intensity (Figs 1 and 2 and see Figs 4–9 for detailed description). In the following description, we focus on the observations of neurofilament protein expression in the visual cortex, but patterns in the adjacent auditory, somatosensory, and other nonvisual regions are not described, except for changes in immunoreactivity that involve the abutting retrosplenial agranular cortex (RSA). Finally, the serial sections stained for neurofilament protein along the entire visual cortex (see Figs 1 and 4–7) were used to prepare a reconstruction of the mouse visual cortex. Figure 3 shows a rendering of the anteroposterior and mediolateral extent of all of the visual areas described in the present study on the hemispheric surface of a mouse brain.
Boundaries of Striate and Extrastriate Visual Areas
Area V1
The cellular and laminar staining patterns observed in the posterior part of V1 (Figs 4A,C and 5A,D) appear quite different compared with more anterior levels of V1 (Fig. 6A,E), owing to the progressive curvature of the brain posteriorly that results in a more compressed organization of the cortical layers, as well as to a different orientation of the fiber patterns. However, along the entire posterior–anterior axis of area V1, neurofilament protein immunoreactivity is located mainly in the deeper part of both layers III and V and less so in layer IV (Figs 4A,C, 5A,D, and 6A,E). Layers III and V contain both pyramidal neurons and bundles of apical dendrites. Besides pyramidal cells immunoreactive for neurofilament protein, deep layer II and upper layer III exhibit many multipolar, darkly labeled cells (Figs 4A,C, 5A,D, 6A,E, and 9A–C). In layer IV, only small, scattered, multipolar cells are found. Occasional immunoreactive neurons occur in upper layer VI. Also, layer VI contains stained fibers oriented perpendicular to the pial surface. The border of deep layer VI with the external capsule is characterized by a meshwork of horizontally stained curly processes (Fig. 8G). Interestingly, clear differential labeling for neurofilament protein is observed between the monocular and binocular segment of V1 along the posterior–anterior extent of the visual cortex (white arrowheads on Figs 5A, 6A, and 10A,D). A lower staining intensity and density profile in layers III and V characterizes the medial, monocular zone of V1 (Figs 5A,D and 6A). In contrast, layer V in the binocular segment of V1 exhibits a darker labeling of pyramidal neurons with longer apical dendrites penetrating layer IV (Figs 5A and 6A,E). Layer III in the lateral, binocular zone of V1, and especially at the most anterior level of V1, contains more tightly packed SMI-32–immunolabeled pyramidal and multipolar neurons (Figs 5A and 6A,E).
Area V2L
The border between V1 and V2L can be established on subtle SMI-32 staining differences in layers III, IV, and V. At about Bregma level −4.60 mm, the most posterior part of V2L (area V2PL) occupies only a narrow strip of cortex difficult to discern from posterior V1 (Fig. 4A), yet the lower signal for neurofilament protein in layer IV cells indicates its border with V1. Figures 5A and 6A illustrate V2PL near −3.65 mm and −3.10 mm from Bregma, respectively. The most obvious difference between V1 and V2PL is a decrease in the presence of labeled multipolar cells at the border between layers II and III and in layer IV, as well as a change in layer V that tends to be narrower but contains many, intensely stained pyramidal cells with darkly labeled, thick apical dendrites (Figs 5E and 6F). The lateral border of V2PL with the temporal association cortex (TEA) at more posterior levels (Fig. 4A, see also Fig. 3) or with the auditory cortex (AUD) more anteriorly (Figs 5A and 6A, see also Fig. 3) is unequivocal due to the dramatically different neurofilament protein staining pattern showing a very low SMI-32 immunoreactivity in TEA and AUD in contrast to the intense and specific staining pattern for neurofilament protein in V2PL.
In the V2AL, the staining intensity of neurofilament protein is higher especially in layers III and V (Fig. 7A,D,E) compared with the staining pattern in V2PL. Both layers become broader and have a higher density of immunoreactive pyramidal neurons (Fig. 9D,E). Finally, the upper part of layer VI is characterized by a compact meshwork of immunoreactive processes that are oriented randomly, whereas the deeper part of layer VI contains a dense meshwork of horizontally stained processes. Altogether, these parameters define a clear margin between V2AL and its neighboring areas V1 medially and the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) laterally. At far anterior levels, obvious changes in the overall density and neuropil staining intensity are found at the border from V2AL with the lateral parietal area (PARL) medially (Fig. 7A,D). PARL shows a much lower neuropil staining intensity, contains a lower density of layer III and V immunoreactive neurons, and a lower degree of the clustering of apical dendrites from layer V crossing layer IV (Fig. 7C). Finally, the lateral border of V2AL with the barrel field cortex (S1BF) is clearly visible and is formed by a higher density of labeled neurons in layer III and by the broadening of layer IV, although the barrel fields are not themselves discernable by neurofilament protein (Fig. 7A,E).
Area V2M
Area V2M is located dorsomedially to V1 (Figs 4A,B and 5A,C). As for V1, the progressive curvature of the brain also affects its cellular and laminar staining patterns and the orientation of the fiber patterns in V2M resulting in a more compact assembly of the cortical layers in posterior V2M compared with the more anteriorly located V2M (Figs 4A,C and 5A,D). In its most caudal portion, V2M curves around the dorsal surface of the hemisphere, whereas in further consecutive posterior–anterior sections, V2M occupies progressively a more lateral position. Along the posterior–anterior axis, V2M joins medially the parasubiculum (PAS) (Fig. 4A) and more anteriorly RM3 (Fig. 5A). Changes in the arborization pattern and packing of SMI-32–immunoreactive cells, together with a decrease in neuropil staining in layers II–VI, clearly demarcate the margin between V2M and the PAS (Fig. 4A) and between V2M and RM3 (Fig. 5A), whereas in contrast the lateral margin of V2M is primarily defined by a decrease in the density of the darkly stained multipolar neurons seen in layers III and IV of V1 (Fig. 4A) and by an overall less dense network of the SMI-32–immunoreactive fibers across all layers in V1 compared with the immunoreactive fiber network in V2M (Figs 4A and 5A). V2M contains several multipolar neurons immunoreactive for neurofilament protein at the border between layers I and II (Fig. 4A,B). Layer IV is densely populated by small, darkly stained nonpyramidal neurons and contains no stained parallel fiber bundles arising from the infragranular layers (Figs 4A,B and 5A,C). Numerous immunoreactive multipolar cells are also present in upper and lower layers (Figs 5C and 9F,G), whereas only a paucity of pyramidal neurons shows immunoreactivity for neurofilament protein in these layers (Fig. 4B). Layer VI demonstrates a low density of neurons and is characterized by a loose meshwork of lightly stained fibers and a low neuropil staining for neurofilament protein (Fig. 5A,B).
Areas RM1–4
Adjacent Nissl-stained sections in combination with neurofilament protein patterns were helpful in interpreting various aspects of the architectonic organization in the 4 RM areas (RM1–4; Fig. 8). Nissl staining clearly indicated a laminar architectonic transition, especially in RM4. A gradual broadening of supragranular layers in the medial–lateral direction characterizes the extent of RM4 in contrast to a condensed laminar zone of small neurons spanning cortical layer II in the adjacent RSA (Fig. 8A). Moreover, the cortical width of layers V and VI in RM4 is gradually thinner compared with the thickness of infragranular layers in RSA, which are composed of small to large pyramidal, widely spaced cells in a wavy appearance (Fig. 8A). Also, like RSA, area RM4 contains no clearly defined granular layer IV. In RM3, supra- and infragranular and granular layers also differ markedly in their cell packing and laminar organization pattern from RM4. In the 2 other areas RM1 and RM2, another striking laminar architectonic change occurs: a granular layer IV is clearly present, forming a densely packed, thin layer, resulting in a typical 6-layered isocortical configuration comparable with that of V1 (Fig. 8A). However, in spite of these variable patterns, the topographic relationships among the 4 RM areas cannot be defined with precision based solely on the cytoarchitectonic features of a Nissl staining.
The boundary between V1 and RM1 is not abrupt, but the transition is obvious due to a decrease in the density of neurofilament protein–immunoreactive neurons in layer III, the absence of multipolar cells at the border between layers II and III, and the clustering of the dendritic bundles crossing layer IV (Fig. 8B,F). Layer VI shows a neurofilament protein staining pattern comparable with that in V1. The RM1–RM2 border is clearly identifiable (Fig. 8B,E) and can be reliably delineated by specific SMI-32 staining patterns in RM2 (Fig. 6A,D). Neurofilament protein immunocytochemistry only shows clear lamination and neuropil staining in layer V, which is densely stained, whereas layer III is less densely stained in RM2 compared with RM1. A dense pattern of basal and apical dendrites immunoreactive for neurofilament protein is obvious in layer V, whereas layer III is characterized by irregularly shaped and scattered cell bodies surrounded by a low neuropil labeling (Fig. 9H–N). Layer V contains a few SMI-32–immunoreactive neurons displaying apical dendrites and lightly stained pyramidal perikarya. RM3 and RM4 are both characterized by a very different immunoreactivity pattern (Figs 7 and 8). In RM3, the distribution of neurofilament protein immunoreactivity in layers III and V resembles that of RM2, but an alteration in the laminar architecture of layers III and V demarcates RM3 (Fig. 8A,B). As in RM2, the outer part of layer III bordering layer II is also populated by SMI-32–immunoreactive nonpyramidal cells (Fig. 9O,P), whereas layer V bends up toward layer III and has a differential staining profile because of a very low neuropil staining pattern and is nearly lacking labeled neurons (Fig. 8). In the most medially located area RM4, layers III and V contact each other as this is a dysgranular area (Fig. 8A,C). The neuropil staining as well as the intensity and apparent density of neurofilament protein–immunoreactive cells in layer V of RM4 (Fig. 9Q) are strongly reduced in comparison with RM3. Pyramidal cells showing neurofilament protein immunoreactivity are notably absent and only a few multipolar neurons and some fibers being scattered throughout RM4.
In the abutting RSA, the overall neurofilament protein immunoreactivity is drastically increased in all its layers except layer I in comparison with the 4 RM areas (Figs 5A, 6A, and 7A). Despite this clear difference, the medial aspect of RM4 does not form a clear-cut border with RSA. A distinct, small transition area in-between RSA and RM4 can be recognized (see asterisks in Figs 1, 5A, 6A, and 7A). As can be seen in Figures 5B, 6B, and 7B, this transition area contains no labeled large pyramidal neurons or arising dendrites of SMI-32–immunoreactive cells from its deep layers, unlike in RSA. Layers II, III, and especially the lower part of layer V are populated by small to medium size nonpyramidal neurons darkly stained by SMI-32 (Fig. 7B). Layer VI is only penetrated by a few labeled fibers from the cingulum bundle. Finally, the immunoreactive band corresponding to layer V in this transition area terminates abruptly in the corresponding layer of RM4 (Fig. 6B). The lateral border of this transition zone with RM4 is clearly illustrated in Figure 7A,B.
Effects of Visual Deprivation and Spatial Extent of the Mouse Visual Cortex
To assess the visual nature of the cortical areas reported in this study, adjacent sections of monocularly and binocularly enucleated mice were examined for Fos and neurofilament protein expression levels. In mice with the left eye enucleated (Fig. 10A–C), the visual cortex contralateral to the enucleated eye shows a low density of Fos immunoreactivity delineating the monocular zone from the binocular zone in V1 (Fig. 10A,C), matching the SMI-32 patterns (white arrowheads in Fig. 10A). In addition, removal of the visual input also results in a comparably low density of Fos-positive nuclei in area V2M (Fig. 10A,C). The visual cortex contralateral to the intact eye exhibits a high density of Fos expressing cells, most conspicuously in the supragranular layers, along the entire visual cortex (Fig. 10A,B). Animals with binocular enucleation show a low Fos expression pattern throughout the visual cortex of both hemispheres (Fig. 10E–G). Compared with the high densities of Fos-immunoreactive cells in nonvisually driven cortex, Fos expression is especially low in the supragranular layers of the visual areas (Fig. 10D,H). In BD animals, the medial region spanning areas RM1–4 also displays a decrease in Fos immunoreactivity (Fig. 10E–G) compared with the nondeprived situation shown in Figure 10A,B or with nonvisual regions (e.g., parietal cortex, medial part; Fig. 10H), revealing the extent of visual cortex that becomes unresponsive to light stimulation under this condition (Fig. 10E–G).
Similarly, low zif-268 mRNA expression levels in binocularly enucleated mice (BD in Fig. 11A) clearly demarcate the spatial extent of the visual cortex, compared with the high zif-268 mRNA hybridization signal in nonvisual cortical areas (Fig. 11B). In a visually intact CM (Fig. 11A), the high levels of zif-268 mRNA correspond to the high neuronal activity in the visual cortex in response to a binocular visual stimulation following an overnight dark adaptation period (Fig. 11A). As with Fos, the size of areas RM1–4 can also be demarcated from surrounding visual areas based on a clear difference in zif-268 mRNA intensity signals (Fig. 11A). The zif-268 in situ hybridization patterns demonstrate that the medial region spanning areas RM1–4 of BD animals shows a lesser decrease in hybridization signal compared with the very low zif-268 mRNA expression levels in the adjacent region corresponding to V2M, as well as in V1 and V2L laterally (see small arrows on Fig. 11A). Comparing these differential zif-268 mRNA expression levels along the mediolateral extent in the entire visual cortex of a BD mouse with the uniform zif-268 mRNA signal in a CM reveals that binocular deprivation does not affect equally the entire visual cortex, indicating that areas RM1–4 are not purely visually driven (Fig. 11A).
In summary, the outline of areas RM1–4 defined by in situ hybridization for zif-268 mRNA (Fig. 11A) coincides with the border of RM1–4 defined by the differential Fos protein expression levels in BD animals (Fig. 11D–H). Thus, these approaches permit to map the spatial extent of the mouse visual cortex (Figs 10 and 11) and confirm the results obtained with neurofilament protein immunocytochemistry.
The present study provides new information and a comprehensive analysis about the cortical organization of the adult mouse visual cortex using SMI-32. The size, shape, laminar distribution, intensity, and density of neurofilament protein–immunoreactive neurons and their dendritic arborization pattern differed substantially among 8 cortical areas, and these profiles were used to parcellate the mouse visual cortex. We distinguished V1, posterior and anterior V2L lateral to V1, and 5 small areas medial to V1 termed V2M and RM1–4, which are each characterized by a specific neurofilament protein expression pattern and by a low SMI-32 immunoreactivity compared with V1 and the lateral visual areas. Detection of neuronal activity markers c-fos and zif-268 together with the observed neurofilament protein patterns confirmed the visual nature of all the extrastriate regions medial and lateral to V1.
Neurofilament Protein Expression and Neuronal Typology
Neurofilament protein immunolabeling throughout the mouse visual cortex showed generally a bilaminar pattern corresponding to layers III and V as previously observed in a number of other mammalian species (Hof and Morrison 1995; Van der Gucht et al. 2001, 2006; Kirkcaldie et al. 2002; Bourne and Rosa 2003; Baldauf 2005; Boire et al. 2005). A notable dissimilarity from the SMI-32 staining profiles of other species is that layers II and IV in the mouse visual cortex also contain neurofilament protein–immunoreactive neurons. In carnivores and primates, neurofilament protein immunoreactivity is restricted to a subset of pyramidal neurons known to be a class of excitatory projection neurons (Campbell et al. 1991; Hof and Morrison 1995; Hof et al. 1995; Hof, Ungerleider, et al. 1996; Van der Gucht et al. 2001, 2006; Van der Gucht, Jacobs, et al. 2003). It is also interesting that c-fos expression has been reported in neurofilament protein–immunoreactive neurons in cats following dark adaptation and short-term light exposure (Van der Gucht et al. 2005), supporting the role of these particular neurons in visual processing. In this context, it should be noted that the visual deprivation paradigms used in the present study did not alter the apparent expression of neurofilament protein in any of the visual areas at the light microscopy level.
In the mouse, our results also show that in addition to pyramidal neurons, a substantial population of nonpyramidal or multipolar neurons exhibiting neurofilament protein immunoreactivity has been documented in other rodents and marmoset monkeys (Kirkcaldie et al. 2002; Baldauf 2005; Boire et al. 2005), but not in carnivores or Old World monkeys (Hof and Morrison 1995; Hof, Bogaert, et al. 1996; Hof, Ungerleider, et al. 1996; Van der Gucht et al. 2001, 2006). Recent anatomical and physiological studies have shown that mouse V1 contains several morphologically distinct types of neurons with defined patterns of intrinsic connectivity (Brumberg et al. 2003; Voelker et al. 2004; Benavides-Piccione et al. 2006). Although the possible heterogeneity of different morphological and neurochemical cellular phenotypes in the mouse visual cortex is far less extensive compared with that in rat, carnivore, or primate visual cortex, the nonpyramidal cells showing immunoreactivity for neurofilament protein in our study include most probably star pyramids and some large multipolar cells, which are likely comparable with the spinous nonpyramidal cells lacking an apical dendrite described by Fairen and Valverde (1979).
Likewise, the expression pattern of neurofilament proteins in mouse medial visual cortex is generally comparable with that in other rodents, but differs from nonrodents. Interestingly, recent investigations of neurofilament protein in rat and hamster reported a low expression pattern for SMI-32 immunoreactivity in the cortex located medial to V1 as seen in the present study (Kirkcaldie et al. 2002; Boire et al. 2005). This region medial to V1 is characterized by distinct and unique neurofilament protein staining patterns, such as a striking gradual decrease in cell density and the bundling of apical dendrites and processes, their progressive disappearance medially, and a clear gradient of decreasing intensity of neuropil labeling from area RM1 toward RM4. Previous investigations on the connectivity and myelin patterns of medial area 18b in the mouse and other rodents revealed that its projections to other regions of the visual cortex are very sparse (Caviness and Frost 1980; Cusick and Lund 1981; Simmons et al. 1982; Kirkcaldie et al. 2002; Boire et al. 2005). These anatomical observations in area 18b fit our morphological findings in this medial zone, regarding the low neuropil staining intensity and the reduced cell and fiber density for neurofilament protein. In this context, it has been shown that phylogenetically related species share many characteristics of neurofilament protein immunoreactivity (Van der Gucht et al. 2001, 2006; Hof and Sherwood 2005).
Organization of the Mouse Visual Cortex
Previous mapping studies in murid and nonmurid rodent visual cortices provided evidence for subdivision of the medial extrastriate region in the mouse (Dräger 1975; Wagor et al. 1980; Olavarria et al. 1982; Olavarria and Montero 1989; Schuett et al. 2002; Kalatsky and Stryker 2003; Wang et al. 2007), rat (Olavarria and Montero 1981; Malach 1989; Coogan and Burkhalter 1993; Rumberger et al. 2001), squirrel (Kaas et al. 1989), golden hamster (Tiao and Blakemore 1976; Olavarria and Montero 1990), guinea pig (Choudhury 1978; Spatz et al. 1991), and degu (Olavarria and Mendez 1979). However, there remains some uncertainty about the organization of the visual extrastriate areas in murid rodents. Based on cytoarchitectural and electrophysiological mapping studies, the mouse visual cortex was originally divided into 3 areas, the area 17 or V1 and 2 extrastriate areas, 18a laterally and area 18b on the medial surface (Caviness 1975; Dräger 1975; Wagor et al. 1980). The microelectrode mapping study of Wagor et al. (1980) subdivided area 18a into V2 and V3 and area 18b into 2 small medial fields Vm-r and Vm-c. These authors' V2 and V3 are generally consistent with areas V2AL and V2PL of the present study, and Vm-r/c appears to be located in a similar position as area RM1 (compare Fig. 8 of Wagor et al. [1980] to Fig. 3 of the present study). Olavarria et al. described the intrinsic connectivity of the mouse visual cortex in detail and subdivided it into as many as 10 distinct visual areas (Olavarria et al. 1982; Olavarria and Montero 1989). Studies utilizing single-unit recordings and optical imaging of brain activity in response to retinal stimulation have revealed the existence of a number of lateral and medial areas showing retinotopy (Schuett et al. 2002; Kalatsky and Stryker 2003; Wang et al. 2007). Schuett et al. (2002) describe 3 extrastriate regions lateral and anterior to V1 that correspond to the location of V2AL (their area A), and V2PL (their areas AL and LM), of the present study. Medial to V1, they report area AM that is located within area V2M of the present study and corresponds generally to the region termed V5 in the study of Kalatsky and Stryker (2003). A recent study combining physiological mapping and connectivity analyses provided a refined functional map including as many as 8 functional domains within the regions described here as V2AL and V2PL and at least 3 regions coextensive with V2M and part of RM1–4 (Wang et al. 2007). These results and our morphological data clearly demonstrate the occurrence in the medial extrastriate cortex of a comparable organizational trend as that seen in the lateral extrastriate cortex with small discrete areas (Schuett et al. 2002; Kalatsky and Stryker 2003; Wang et al. 2007), allowing for a refined definition of these regions.
Functional Implications
The differences in chemoarchitectural organization in mouse extrastriate cortex reported here support the general notion that there are multiple visual areas between V1 and the midline convexity as well as between V1 and the more ventral aspect of the cortical surface in mammalian visual cortex (Rosa and Tweedale 2000; Kaas and Collins 2001; Casagrande et al. 2002). The observed regional variations in neurofilament protein expression in mouse medial and lateral visual cortices therefore point to a high degree of cytoarchitectural diversity and provide additional criteria for functional segmentation of the rodent visual cortex. This cortical organization scheme in mouse argues in favor of a considerable heterogeneity in the chemo- and cytoarchitecture of the visual cortex of murid rodents that finds parallels in sciurid rodents as well as in primates and carnivores (Kaas et al. 1989; Felleman and Van Essen 1991; Coogan and Burkhalter 1993; Beck and Kaas 1999; Rosa and Tweedale 2001; Wagner et al. 2006; Wang et al. 2007).
The present data suggest that the neurochemical features of areas RM3 and RM4 represent the characteristics of a transitional region located between the visual and retrosplenial cortices, whereas areas V2M, RM1, and RM2 show an expression pattern of neurofilament protein more directly comparable with that in V1 and V2L. The medial extrastriate areas RM1–4 in the mouse visual cortex are in a position to contribute to a pathway through which visual regions may interact with the retrosplenial cortex (Caviness and Frost 1980; Kaas et al. 1989). Even though the role of this medial extrastriate cortex remains speculative in mice, it is worth noting that lesions in the anteromedial extrastriate cortex in rats result in deficits in visuospatial functions (Sánchez et al. 1997). Furthermore, Olavarria et al. (1982) reported the presence of a small, unnamed field adjacent to area AM but apparently located within Caviness' areas 29c and 29d of the retrosplenial cortex (Caviness 1975). They proposed that this field, which may include the present areas RM3–4, might in fact correspond to a striatocingulate projection that had been previously noted in the rat, squirrel, and rabbit (Montero 1981). Clearly, identification of the corticocortical and thalamocortical connections of each cortical domain of the mouse medial visual cortex will be required to understand fully the relationships between the limbic and visual components of this system.
Moreover, decreased Fos protein expression levels together with the in situ detection of very low zif-268 mRNA levels permitted the delineation of the extent of the entire cortex responsive to a visual stimulus that became inactivated following deprivation. Comparison of zif-268 activity expression patterns in intact mice with those in BD animals clearly showed that the neuronal activity along the mediolateral extent of the visual cortex is not homogeneous contrary to the complete deprivation of visual inputs. In fact, binocular deprivation was not maximally effective in the medial cortical region that corresponds to areas RM1–4, which may indicate that these areas are driven by multimodal inputs.
Whereas the mouse is becoming the animal of choice in many disciplines and the interest in the functional anatomy of the mouse cerebral cortex has increased since the introduction of many genetically modified mouse models of brain diseases, less attention has been paid to its detailed cellular organization. As new regional protein markers become available, much insight may be gained about important complex structure–function relationships in the cerebral cortex (Krubitzer and Huffman 2000; Watakabe et al. 2006; Yamamori and Rockland 2006). Also, such detailed analyses of cortical parcellation can serve as normative data sets for the study of genetically modified mouse models of cortical development (e.g., Hunt et al. 2006) and, in the particular case of neurofilament proteins, of many neurodegenerative disorders (for review, see Julien and Mushynski 1998).
In conclusion, neurofilament protein immunoreactivity in the mouse visual cortex not only reveal distinct staining patterns in each region but also characterize neuronal populations with neurochemical features possibly related to their function within a given area, the physiological role of the area itself, and their connections with other brain regions. Medial extrastriate areas are likely to play a prominent role in the processing of visuosensory interactions, inviting future studies to define their role and relationships to other cortical brain regions, and to compare further the functionality of this regional organization among rodents in relation to specific natural and behavioral patterns.
We thank I. Van der Auwera, R. Vanlaer, B. Wicinski, and D. Christoffel for expert technical assistance. This work was supported by grants from the Fund for Scientific Research-Flanders and the Research Fund of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium (OT 05/33, LA), and by the James S. McDonnell Foundation (220020078, PRH). KB was supported by a North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Science Fellowship. Conflict of Interest: None declared.


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