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iGoDigital provides a suite of web-based commerce tools designed to increase the value of every customer interaction by emulating and, in many cases, improving the in-store shopping experience.
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The GAA Kits Blog
Cork get the bluesby Pride In The Jersey on 03/09/16
Cork's Allianz Hurling League Division 1A campaign hasn't gone all that well, as they have lost their first three games. On Saturday, they face All-Ireland champions Kilkenny in Páirc Uí Rinn and will do so wearing special blue commemorative jerseys, which are representative of those worn 100 years ago.
Also in the news are Kerry and Donegal, who were involved in a feisty affair last Sunday, resulting in fines for the respective county boards. Donegal wore a new white and green change jersey, but it arguably contributed to as bad a colour-clash as their normal kit would have. Before the counties met in 2014, we looked at how to solve the issues thrown up by their meeting.
Main | Older Entries »

subset: commoncrawl


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What To Do If You Don't Have Health Insurance, Part 1
By Mary Ann Hodorowicz RD, LDN, MBA, CDE, CEC
The subject of what to do if you don't have health insurance is very near and dear to my heart. There was an extended period of time when both of my adult sons had no healthcare insurance despite working 60 plus hours per week. As a diabetes educator, I know just how important it is to get regular health care in order to stay healthy…and this is especially true if you have diabetes. But paying for medical care, including prescription drugs, can be expensive. This article is Part 1 of 2, and will review the array of medical and drug assistance programs that exist to furnish needed medical care to persons without health insurance.
The "National Association of State Comprehensive Health Insurance Plans" (www.naschip.org/portal/) was created for individuals who had been, or could be, denied healthcare coverage due to pre-existing conditions. It provides educational opportunities and information for the high-risk health insurance pools that exist in select states to serve those who are considered uninsurable due to pre-existing conditions. When you qualify for coverage through a health insurance risk pool, you can protect yourself from catastrophic medical bills. States that participate contract with major insurance carriers to manage the high-risk pool programs and offer plans that are similar to individual health policies offered by these carriers. You can even choose your own deductible. The plans are created to be affordable while providing you with comprehensive healthcare coverage.
Another great online resource is the website "Coverage for All" (www.coverageforall.org). It provides a state-by-state directory, which provides you with healthcare insurance options in your state based on your eligibility. These options also come with complete contact information.
If you have children without coverage, you will want to visit "Insure Kids Now" (www.insurekidsnow.gov/). This Internet resource is for children without coverage. Each state has partnered with the Federal government to create this program that provides medical, dental, prescription drug, vaccinations, emergency care, and psychological care for children through your state's Medicaid program and the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) at no cost or very little cost, depending on your income and other criteria.
Many of us are not aware of all the free clinics that exist in our own neighborhoods for people with limited health coverage or no health insurance. The federal Health Resources and Services Administration Agency provides funds to health centers, hospitals, and other care facilities to help offset the cost of care for the uninsured under the "Hill-Burton Law." Under this law, select hospitals, clinics and other health facilities who received federal funds for modernization and construction are required to provide a specific amount of free or below-cost health care to people unable to pay. Eligibility is based on the size of your family and your income. You apply for Hill-Burton care at the facility where you were or will be treated. To find a Hills-Burton funded facility near you, go to www.hrsa.gov/gethealthcare/affordable
Also it is important to know that nonprofit hospitals must provide you with emergency medical care regardless of your ability to pay. Often times these facilities will allow a certain percentage of the final medical bill to be written off, or the hospital can help you set up low payment plans based on proof of your income. Some physicians may also be willing to negotiate a lower rate for uninsured, cash-paying patients. This website, www.truecostofhealthcare.org/ provides guidance on how to negotiate a lower rate if you have no health insurance.
You will want to visit "The Healthcare Blue Book" (www.healthcarebluebook.com). This is a free consumer guide to help you determine fair prices in your area for healthcare services. If you pay for your own healthcare, have a high deductible, or need a service your insurance does not fully cover, the Blue Book will help you find fair prices for surgery, hospital stays, doctor visits, medical tests and much more.
There are many financial assistance programs for people with no health insurance in need of prescription coverage, medical care, dental care, mental health needs, and even eye care. One such program that my own son used to get his prescription drugs at no cost is at www.advocateassistance.com. Their team of patient advocates assists members in obtaining their medications for free and in substantially reducing the cost of certain tests, treatments, and medical procedures that are needed. Some of these programs focus primarily on prescription drug assistance, as they partner with all the major pharmaceutical companies. And don't forget about the $4 generic drug programs that are popping up everywhere! The $4 generic drug programs are available to those without healthcare or those without prescription coverage on their health plan. Some of the bigger $4 programs include Target, Kroger, Safeway and Sam's Club/Wal-Mart. Many of the larger pharmacies such as CVS, Target, Walgreens, and others offer prescription discounts.
Another great program for no cost medications run by the pharmaceutical companies is "Rx Assistance" (www.rxassist.org). Other prescription programs include: Rx Hope (www.Rxhope.com), Needy Meds (www.needymeds.org), and Rx Outreach Assistance Program for Discount Prescription Drugs (www.rxoutreach.com).
Keep in mind that area schools of dentistry and medical schools often provide free medical care. Their students furnish the care under the supervision and direction of licensed healthcare professionals.
Although it is not ideal to be without healthcare insurance, the good news is that there are many, many assistance programs available to help meet your healthcare needs.
Stay tuned for Part 2 of this topic in which the state-based healthcare exchange plans will be reviewed. These plans are part of the new healthcare reform law known as the Affordable Care Act. The implementation date is January 1, 2014.
Read more of Mary Ann's columns.
Mary Ann is a consultant, speaker, writer and trainer for the health, food and pharmaceutical industries in nutrition, diabetes and insurance reimbursement. Her clients include healthcare entities, membership associations, research firms, pharmacies, education/training firms, government, websites, academia, media and individual healthcare professionals. Mary Ann specializes in helping clients establish AADE-accredited DSME programs, MNT programs, shared medical appointments, marketing and insurance reimbursement policies and procedures, and training educators on motivational interviewing and strategies for successful patient behavior change. Mary Ann is on the AADE Board of Directors and has served on numerous committees of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, its practice groups and state affiliates.
For more information about Mary Ann Hodorowicz, RD, MBA, CDE, CEC and Mary Ann Hodorowicz Consulting, LLC, visit www.maryannhodorowicz.com - Nutrition, Diabetes Care & Education, Health Promotion and Insurance Reimbursement for Professionals for the Healthcare and Food Industry.
NOTE: The information is not intended to be a replacement or substitute for consultation with a qualified medical professional or for professional medical advice related to diabetes or another medical condition. Please contact your physician or medical professional with any questions and concerns about your medical condition.
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Edamame Snackers Corned Beef on Toast Braised Celery Grape Compote Prosciutto and Mozzarella Rotini Salad Spinach Salad Fried Plantains Glazed Pork Tenderloin Raspberry and White Wine Vinaigrette Low Carb Meat Loaf with Wine
As I mentioned in an earlier post, one of the benefits that made it cost-effective for me to go with the real healthcare (HSA) plan rather than the phony (HRA) plan is that my company is now covering "preventative" medicines at $0 copay. The formulary for these, as stated by CVS/Caremark (my pharmacy benefits provider), covers all test strips, lancets, and control solutions. I dutifully get my doctor to write up prescriptions for all of my testing needs, submit...


text: News Weather Update: Storm winds down The Hudson Valley can start digging out from the latest snowstorm to hit the region. News 12 Meteorologist Brysen Van Eck says the National Weather You need the latest version of the Adobe Flash Player to view the video related to this article. Download Now. Like Tweet Share Pin Email 0 Comments Updated February 18, 2014 12:59 PM NYACK - The Hudson Valley can start digging out from the latest snowstorm to hit the region. News 12 Meteorologist Brysen Van Eck says the National Weather Service has canceled its winter weather advisory. Van Eck says some moderate snow bands may still add a coating to an inch of snow to what has already fallen, but by 2 p.m. the snow threat should be over. Snowfall totals should finish anywhere between 1 and 3 inches. There may be some drizzle or scatter showers later this afternoon. Van Eck says milder temperatures will flood into the area behind the storm and temperatures with highs in the upper 30s and 40s should last for the next five days. Another storm is expected Friday, though it will most likely be all rain. Share on Facebook Tweet on Twitter More on this topic Your Snow PhotosCheck out this collection of some of your Feb. 13 snow photos. Have a great snow photo? We want to see it! Hit the Upload Photo button to share yours. Pets welcome! Warming Centers in Rockland Warming Centers in Rockland advertisement | advertise on News 12 Trending Video 1:08 1 Trending: "Angelina Jolie Eats Spiders" 1:29 2 VIDEO: Yonkers woman arraigned for alleged attempted murder 0:32 3 Pearl River Train Show steams forward 2:00 4 Vote tonight on plan to allow alcohol sales on Long Beach boardwalk 3:59 5 VIDEO: Chopper 12 over Tappan Zee Bridge construction advertisement | advertise on News 12


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With some TLC this could be a great family home with lots of space for everyone! Refinish the pool and hot tub area and you have the perfect place to entertain! OPEN TO OWNER OCCUPANTS FOR THE FIRST 20 DAYS ON THE MLS. PLEASE CHECK WWW.HOMEPATH.COM FOR FIRST LOOK PRIORITY TIMEFRAME. See Homepath for owner occ. Period. Offers submitted through homepath.com. Review all attachments before submitting offer. Addendum must be completed before uploading to homepath. PROPERTY IS OWNER OCCUPIED.


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track list
Album Rock and Roll Highway
Label Thunderbolt (UK)
Released July 11, 2000
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The Delmar High Back Vanity Stool features comfortable, resilient padding for a great place to sit and prepare before leaving your home. Place it in front of your bedroom vanity or in an unused corner to supplement your seating. Buy this piece of bedroom furniture today.
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Monsoon: A Courtney Novel 10
Pan Macmillan UK, Apr 1, 1999 - Fiction - 680 pages
It is the dawn of the eighteenth century. At the farthest edges of the known world, the mighty East India Trading Company suffers catastrophic losses from pirates of the high seas.
After four years away from service, master mariner Sir Hal Courtney prepares for his latest and most dangerous voyage -- a death or glory mission in the name of the Empire and the Crown.
Monsoon is Wilbur Smith's extraordinary new Courtney novel: a story of anger and passion, of peace and war. Action, romance and adventure shape a family's destiny as they contest a prize beyond any of their wildest dreams...
'Let yourself be blown away by the hurricane of storytelling that is Monsoon... a fantastic reading experience.' Sunday Times
'Wilbur Smith is one of those benchmarks against whom others are compared.' The Times
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great story! great author!User Review - halamix - Overstock.com
you cantt go wrong when buying wilbur smith books. o.co provides great service with good selection of products at reasonable prices. Read full review


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All Entries Tagged With: "functionality"
Make My Music v1.8 Rivals iPhone's Shuffle Functionality
Posted by Adam | Jul 29, 2011 | Comments 0
Tekton Technologies (P) Ltd. today releases MakeMyMusic 1.8, an update to their smartphone application for iPod touch, iPad and iPhone devices. With its state-of-the-art software, Make My Music allows for users to choose what music they want to hear and when they want to hear it. It allows for you to completely customize your listening experience by lettings users choose what time of day certain Artists, Albums, Composers, Genres and Playlists are played.
Download with Dropbox Unlocks iCloud-like Functionality Early
Posted by Adam | Jul 08, 2011 | Comments 0
Colorado based Knag Enterprises today introduces Down with Dropbox 1.0, its new utility for iOS. Down with Dropbox serves as a download manager, then uploader that enables users to save, view, and share any downloadable video, picture, document, or music file straight from an iOS device to a Dropbox account. This functionality enables iOS users to experience working from a fully functional and more open cloud structure than iCloud.
8 USDA iNutrients Apps Get Personal Record Keeping Functionality Updated
Posted by Adam | Jun 13, 2011 | Comments 0
Revere-based independent developer James Hollender has released version 2.3 of his 8 nutrient apps for iPhone, iPod touch and iPad: Vitamin K, iCarbs, iProteins, iCholesterol, iFiber, iSatFat, iSugars & iCals. New database capability allows for keeping track of the user's personal nutrient intake. Each app allows users to easily determine nutrient quantity in hundreds of different food servings, with information derived from the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference.
Scrublist – New App Integrates Written Lists and Digital Functionality
Posted by Adam | Jun 08, 2011 | Comments 0
Vienna-based p13 Development today releases Scrublist 1.1, their popular productivity app for iOS. Scrublist is a simple, brilliantly helpful application for anyone who juggles shopping and to-do lists. By integrating the ease of written lists with the organizational capabilities of mobile listing, Scrublist is a must-have for iOS device users determined to get the most functionality from their iPhones, iPods, and iPads in everyday life.
8 Nutrient Apps Get Personal Record Keeping Functionality Added
Posted by Press Releases | May 09, 2011 | Comments 0Boston, Massachusetts – Independent developer James Hollender has released new versions of his 8 nutrient apps for iPhone, iPod touch and iPad: Vitamin K (K1, K1D & K2), iCarbs, iProteins, iCholesterol (dietary cholesterol), iFiber, iSatFat, iSugars & iCals. New database capability allows for keeping track of the user's personal nutrient intake. Each app allows users to easily determine the nutrient quantity in hundreds of different food servings, with information derived from the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference.
iVite Brings E-vite Functionality to the iPhone
Posted by Press Releases | Apr 08, 2011 | Comments 0Natchez, Mississippi – iVite, a new app for iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch, brings E-vite functionality to the iPhone. iVite is the simple and fun way to send invitations or reminders to your friends, family, and co-workers.
Doodle Jump Adds Multiplayer Functionality
Posted by Press Releases | Mar 29, 2011 | Comments 0New York, New York – Lima Sky, the creators of one of the most popular iPhone apps, Doodle Jump, announces a long-awaited update that brings multiplayer functionality to the immensely popular app. The game that has captured the hearts and minds of millions of casual gamers around the world thanks to its playful art style, sublime tilt controls and charming protagonist, now allows players to challenge and compete with other iOS players globally via Game Center over a Wi-Fi connection.
DavTar Releases Comparo 1.1 Offering Customers Improved Functionality
Posted by Press Releases | Jan 26, 2011 | Comments 0Lehi, Utah – Today DavTar released version 1.1 of Comparo, the premier iOS application for comparing photos. With this release, Comparo continues to provide outstanding functionality for iPhone and iPod touch users. Comparo 1.1 enables the user to re-crop original photos, a request from current users. These original, full resolution photos can now also be saved to the camera roll.
ch@tter 1.3 adds Instapaper and New Web Functionality
Posted by Press Releases | Aug 03, 2010 | Comments 0Austin, Texas – ch@tter(TM) v1.3, the leading Twitter visualization app on the iPad, is now available. Visually lively and highly interactive, ch@tter lets you easily separate and categorize incoming tweets. The new version helps you share links from your Twitter stream with everyone you know by tweet, email and Instapaper bookmarks. Designed to simplify and amplify your Twitter lifestyle, it helps you find the matter in the chatter.
Geotag Photos 2.1 for iPhone with Multitasking functionality released
Posted by Press Releases | Jun 29, 2010 | Comments 0Prague, Czech Republic – Today Sarsoft released its new version of Geotag Photos 2.1 – iPhone application for automatic geotagging of photos taken by any (DSLR or compact one) camera. This new version supports iPhone OS 4 multitasking, so that it can run on background, when user is using any other application. As our celebration of iOS 4 release will be full version of Geotag Photos on Wednesday 06/30 for $0.99 (USD) only.
The Daily App Show Shows Amazing Functionality of The Mi Phone Book App
Posted by Press Releases | Jun 10, 2010 | Comments 0Hillsborough, New Jersey – Jerad Hill from The Daily App Show today unveils the amazing functionality of the brand new iPhone App – Mi Phone Book 1.0. Jerad demonstrates the swift features of Mi Phone Book that are impossible to resist. Mi Phone Book really solves the issues of contact list management and with the companies future plans of launching on all mobile operating systems this application is a know brainer.


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Department of Defense
Washington Report (September 22, 2015) The fiscal year ends at midnight Sept. 30, a mere eight days away, but Congress is far from approving a budget for fiscal 2016. While some Republicans want to shut down the government over the issue of funding Planned Parenthood, most Capitol Hill watchers... Read more
Washington Report (September 22, 2015) The Defense Department says troops in Afghanistan are not prevented from reporting sexual abuse of children, even if the perpetrator is a member of the Afghan security force. It was reacting Monday to a report Sunday in The New York Times that American troops... Read more
Washington Report (September 22, 2015) Spc. Alek Skarlatos, an infantryman with the Oregon Army National Guard, was awarded the Soldier's Medal last week at the Pentagon for his actions last month in subduing a gunman on a European train traveling from Amsterdam to Paris. His childhood friend,... Read more
Washington Report (September 15, 2015) Gen. Mark A. Milley, the chief of staff of the Army, received the inevitable question Friday about the Army's Aviation Restructure Initiative when he addressed the 137th General Conference & Exhibition in Nashville, Tenn. The ARI would remove all AH-64... Read more
Washington Report (September 15, 2015) The commander of U.S. Army-Europe told delegates at the annual NGAUS conference Saturday that he wants the National Guard to help in his effort to stem the growing threat from a belligerent Russia. "What I'm saying is, I need you," said Lt. Gen. Ben Hodges... Read more
Washington Report (September 15, 2015) Congress may approve a deal to extend the budget for a few weeks beyond the end of the fiscal year in hopes of approving a full budget for fiscal 2016 later, according to Army Times. That's the hope of Rep. Mac Thornberry, R- Texas, the chairman of the House... Read more
Our United States Air Force has been continuously engaged in combat operations for over two decades. These operations persist today and will continue for the foreseeable future. While our tempo remains high, our budget continues to shrink. Current fiscal realities and a new generation of American... Read more
Washington Report (September 1, 2015) Several members of Congress, the Air Force secretary and the Army chief of staff will be in Nashville next week to address the 137th NGAUS General Conference & Exhibition. The annual NGAUS gathering will be held from Sept. 10 to 13 on the banks of the... Read more
Washington Report (September 1, 2015) Sen. John McCain, R-Ariz., the chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, has questions for Defense Secretary Ash Carter about two Air Force programs. In letters to the Pentagon boss, McCain has asked for explanations regarding delays in the KC-46A aerial... Read more
Washington Report (September 1, 2015) President Barack Obama has told Congress he intends to cap military pay raises next year at 1.3 percent as the country continues to recover from hard economic times. In a letter to leaders of the House and Senate Friday, he wrote, "As our country continues to... Read more


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In the Heart of America, and Other Plays
Theatre Communications Group, 2001 - Drama - 342 pages
Naomi Wallace's plays speak the underside of life. Her characters suffer and survive against the enormous weight of the times with a dignity that inspires. Her work challenges the audience and reader to reexamine the conflicts and meaning of our everyday lives through her singular, poetic imagery and language.
Includes: One Flea Spare
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A Companion to Twentieth-Century American Drama
David Krasner
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I recently had the pleasure of visiting Peaceful Prairie Sanctuary in Deer Trail, CO with my love Courtney. Approximately 1.5 hours drive from Boulder, Peaceful Prairie provides a safe, loving home to rescued farm animals. Having hit upon hard times–their main well and cisterns froze and broke in the recent cold spell–Peaceful Prairie is currently doing a fundraising campaign to get back on their feet. During the tour, we learned that they're slowly recovering (though they definitely still need help!) and it was an honor and a privilege to get to meet some of the human volunteers who run the sanctuary, as well as some of the gorgeous non-human animals who make the sanctuary their home.
Here are some pictures of the non-human friends we had the pleasure of meeting at Peaceful Prairie:
During the tour, I heard the story of a lovely goat who was rescued a few weeks ago by the sanctuary. Originally "owned" by an organic, "feel-good" goat dairy farm, this goat was only a few years old but had already had 6 kids (all of whom were stolen from her) and was "spent"–meaning she could no longer produce milk that could be commodified by humans.
At the time of rescue, she had a severe eye infection and parasites that were left untreated because–now here's what's so important to convey–organic farms aren't allowed to use antibiotics to treat their animals.
This is a horrible reality that must be shared with vegetarians and omnivores who purchase and consume cow or goat dairy from these so-called "feel-good" organic farms as an alternative to animal products from factory farms. There's nothing "feel-good" about them for the animals who suffer. I am grateful this goat was rescued and to be able to pass on this crucial info.
Sanctuaries like Peaceful Prairie are a fantastic and important reminder to me of why I am vegan–seeing rescued animals always motivates to try harder and do more for the animals. Eating a vegan diet and telling others about being vegan are important steps, but there's always so much more we can do. Interacting with the non-human animals for whom I choose this delicious, easy, and extremely rewarding lifestyle known as veganism is such a pleasure.
I look forward to returning to the sanctuary at some point in the not-too-distant future and wish Peaceful Prairie continued success with their fundraiser. You can learn more about Peaceful Prairie and donate to their fundraiser here.
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Every year when I was a kid, I could count on two things in my Easter basket – marshmallow eggs and maple cream eggs. Each served different purposes. The maple cream Easter eggs were my favorites and what I squealed over even more than finding plastic hidden eggs that held a dollar bill or a tiny toy. The marshmallow eggs were nothing I ever fancied and always found their way into the freezer for...
Salsa Casera or House Salsa is one of the simplest and most flavorful salsas that brings a robust heat and a smokey flavor from the charred tomatoes and chile peppers. Beware! I like heat and so this recipe has one dried Scorpion pepper added to the mix. Scorpion peppers are one of the hottest chiles in the world, with a mean heat of more than 1.2 million Scoville heat units (SHUs).
Using a...
Adulting is hard stuff. Sure, there are the big things like taking care of kids or parents, unexpected car and home repairs, dealing with awful work situations, but sometimes the littlest things feel the most difficult. These days, one of my biggest dilemmas is finding what to feed myself in the mornings that is convenient, nourishing, and so tasty I'll be psyched to eat it a few days a week. This...


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SAM Application Overview Shared Accounting Module
Presentation Overview 2 SAMs Purpose & Operating Modes Transaction Life- Cycle Transition To SAM Electronic Training SAM Public Website SAM Interfaces Questions
SAMs Purpose Web-based application that facilitates the process of validating or deriving TAS/BETC data. Single touch point for Enterprise Reference Data (ERD) Agency Location Code data TAS/BETC data ABA data 3 Overview
Validation – Verifies TAS/BETC information is valid per the CARS Master Reference Data listing Translation – Unique data passed to SAM is translated to a corresponding TAS/BETC prior to posting in CARS Default – Transactions that contain no TAS/BETC or C-Key data or invalid data will post to a predefined default TAS SAMs Functionality 4 Overview
Collections CAFE Account Statement C-Key or TAS/BETC CARS/GWA C-Key or TAS/BETC Valid TAS/BETC SAM Transaction With TAS/BETC IPAC Payments C-Key or TAS/BETC TAS/BETC 5 Where SAM Fits Transaction Life-Cycle
Transition To SAM 6 Transition
–Step 1Finalize Access Group Structure –Step 2Create Cash Flow Profile –Step 3 Submit User Authorization Form –Step 4Provision Additional Users –Step 5 Establish Default Rules –Step 6Upload Cash Flow Profile SAM Set Up 7 Transition
SAM Access Group A grouping of one or more ALCs, either in terms of business commonality (e.g., similar accounting rules, business practices, etc.) or for security reasons, to which SAM Users are granted permission. 8 Transition
A grouping of business activities with a common set of central accounting rules Serves as a crosswalk of an FPAs collections, RITS and TRACS transactions within SAM Contains C-Key Name and C-Key Value which point to a TAS/BETC combination Cash Flow Profile (CFP) 9 Transition
Define Classification Keys (C-Keys) in order to map collections transactions to corresponding TAS/BETC SAM Team analyzes the collections process for each ALC via conference call Identify collection mechanisms Define TAS/BETC for each collection mechanism C-Key Use data gathered to complete Cash Flow Profile SAMs CFP Analysis 10 Transition
C-Key Examples Mechanism C-Key NameC-Key Value Credit CardMerchant ID PAYGOV PAYGOV ALC TRACS ALC Transition 11
Sample Cash Flow Profile Cashflow Name ALC Paygov Description This is a PAYGOV Cash Flow Profile System Type Collection Access Group Path Access Group Name ALCs Mechanism PAYGOV C-Key Name PAYGOV ALC+2 Description This is a PAYGOV C-Key C-Key ValueDescriptionDIST RuleSPATAAIDBPOAEPOAAMAINSUBBETC% Off Site Location Credit099X COLL Off Site Location Debit099 X COLLAJ100 Transition
SAM User Roles Users are defined and granted permission by Access Group Mandatory SAM Users Primary Local Security Administrator (PLSA) Provision SAM users Add descendent access groups One PLSA per Access Group Cash Flow Administrator (CFA) Create and manage Cash Flow Profiles Select Access Group Default Rules Multiple CFAs permitted 13 Transition
SAM User Roles Optional SAM Users Local Security Administrator (LSA) Provision SAM users Multiple LSAs permitted in an Access Group Agency Viewer (AV) View Cash Flow Profiles and Access Group Default Rules Data Download (DD) Download CARS Master Data 14 Transition
Who will be your PLSA and CFA(s)? Is your ALCs Access Group finalized? Have you worked with the SAM Team to create your Cash Flow Profile? When will your ALC be ready to become a CARS pilot reporter? Your agencys CFA is required to maintain your Cash Flow Profile once you become a CARS reporter. Any additional collection mechanisms added after becoming a CARS reporter will require a new Cash Flow Profile in SAM. If you use a fiscal year TAS, you will need to update your Cash Flow Profile in SAM at year end to include your new TAS for the upcoming year. Things To Consider 15 Transition
Additional SAM Benefits 16 Reference Data
SAM offers electronic training modules to help assist users with navigating the system Step-by-step video tutorials based on the user role and application functionality Electronic Training 17 Web Based Training
SAM Public Website 18 https://www.sam.fms.treas.gov/sampublic/ Reference Data
19 Listing of Valid TAS/BETC Reference Data
20 Crosswalk String TAS to Standard Component TAS Reference Data
Enterprise Reference Data SAM provides Enterprise Reference Data (ERD) to Business Partners –SAM receives nightly file from CARS with ALC and TAS/BETC data –SAM sends ALC, TAS/BETC and ABA data to Business Partners –For more information please download the Trading Partner Integration Guide at the following link - SAM sends ERD via: – –File Drop –Message Queue –Web Service (preference) 21 Reference Data
Becky Baumhoegger(314) Harold Grice(314) Beckie White(314) Teresa Wright(314) SAM Contact Information 22 SAM Team Members FMS Website: SAM Website: Public Website: Shared
23 Questions?
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Heather Pujol and Ryan Cuffee exchanged vows and celebrated their nuptials with 100 friends and family at The Bridge Building in Nashville. Take a look at the details of their December wedding!
Nashville Weddings
Nashville is one of the most popular places to get married and Nashville bachelorette trips are a huge trend. We focus on Nashville wedding venues, bridal shops, caterers and tips on getting married in Nashville. We also showcase at least eight Nashville weddings in our content each year. Everything from huge blowouts to weddings that are simple and sweet. If you are getting married in Nashville, you've come to the right place to be inspired and get ideas!
Newly Engaged? Here's What to Do Next …
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Florence Page & Cooper Brown's Wedding: A Celebration of Southern Heritage
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This "Wedding Wednesday," we showcase a stunning local wedding filled with love and joy (and plenty of inspiration). Take a look at Keaton and Max's Green Door Gourmet wedding, and start your day with a smile.
A Rustic September Wedding to Remember
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Cree and Paul Magill Wed Against the Backdrop of Nashville's Skyline
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Your Ultimate Guide to Nashville Wedding Planning
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A Beautiful Nashville Wedding at Marathon Music Works
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A Romantic Barn Wedding at Arrington Vineyards: Jennifer Reyes & Joseph Katz
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""Prophetic visions from the clouds symbolize the veil that exists between us and the Spirit World" ~Tom Baker"
"Gore's attack on the Texas education system is a thinly veiled attempt to discredit the education reform and accountability measures that have taken place in states around the nation. While Gov. Bush is offering bold reforms for our public schools through accountability, high standards, and reading, Al Gore is making the case for the status quo."


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Hotels in Purcellville
Hotel reservation
United States
Hotel rooms in Purcellville
There are not so many hotel rooms in Purcellville, just 1, still everyone can find an offer to suit his choice. The most common offers in this city are hotels, they count 1 out of 1, and their prevalent location is central district. According to our practice, it is the most profitable to book a hotel in the north of Purcellville, as it is the location of the hotels with optimal cost and quality offers along with the cheap hotels. Taking into account the small size of the city, there is no need to dwell hotel reservation on the location: the road to the city center would take less then half an hour, so one can book a hotel in any district of Purcellville. The most populated with hotels district of Purcellville is the north, 100% of cheap hotel rooms are concentrated here. Purcellville is a truly multifaceted city, here everyone can find a hotel of his choice: a business person, a young couple or a family with little children. Apart from all these, hotels in Purcellville offer their customers parking and wi-fi in public areas. Take a look at our selection of the cheap hotel rooms in Purcellville to make a well-informed choice for your reservation!
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Hotels in Purcellville are spread around the city within the distance of 5.4 kilometers. The most popular accommodations in Purcellville is
Zion Springs Bed and Breakfast
located in a 5.4 kilometers from the city center.
The best hotels are here and now. Try them!
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The government may change faces from time to time, but it's not like we fight wars for democracy - we fight wars for capitalism and for oil.
This is a racist and imperialist war. The warmongers who stole the White House have hijacked a nation's grief and turned it into a perpetual war on any non-white country they choose to describe as terrorist.
The war against terrorism is terrorism.
We've killed a million Iraqis since the start of the Gulf war - mostly by blocking humanitarian aid.
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The temporal correlation hypothesis proposes that cortical neurons engage in synchronized activity, thus configuring a general mechanism to account for a range of cognitive processes from perceptual binding to consciousness. However, most studies supporting this hypothesis have only provided correlational, but not causal evidence. Here, we used electrical microstimulation of the visual and somatosensory cortices of the rat in both hemispheres, to test whether rats could discriminate synchronous versus asynchronous patterns of stimulation applied to the same cortical sites. To disambiguate synchrony from other related parameters, our experiments independently manipulated the rate and intensity of stimulation, the spatial locations of stimulation, the exact temporal sequence of stimulation patterns, and the degree of synchrony across stimulation sites. We found that rats reliably distinguished between 2 microstimulation patterns, differing in the spatial arrangement of cortical sites stimulated synchronously. Also, their performance was proportional to the level of synchrony in the microstimulation patterns. We demonstrated that rats can recognize artificial current patterns containing precise synchronization features, thus providing the first direct evidence that artificial synchronous activity can guide behavior. Such precise temporal information can be used as feedback signals in machine interface arrangements.
From the early experiments of Fritsch and Hitzig (1870), who microstimulated the brain of dogs to examine localized electrical excitability, direct electrical microstimulation has been extensively used in a wide range of experimental approaches, from functional anatomy to its use in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric illness (Young 1970; Bierer and Middelbrooks 2002; Bartlett et al. 2005; Tehovnik et al. 2006; Mohr et al. 2011). Many early studies used surface stimulation to create a map of the human motor cortex (Penfield and Boldrey 1937; Rasmussen and Penfield 1947; Woolsey et al. 1979). Further, deep microstimulation with microelectrodes was used initially to stimulate the hypothalamus (Hess 1957; Graziano 2008), but was later applied to explore eye movements (Robinson 1972; Tehovnik and Sommer 1997), motor mapping (Asanuma et al. 1976; Sessle and Wiesendanger 1982; Cooke et al. 2003), conditioning learning (Doty 1965), cortical plasticity (Nudo et al. 1992; Maldonado and Gerstein 1996), behavioral control (Talwar et al. 2002), and memory prosthesis (Berger et al. 2011).
In addition, microstimulation is widely used to explore perceptual processes. Besides evoking specific percepts such as phosphenes, by stimulation of early sensory areas (Nashold 1970; Tehovnik et al. 2005), microstimulation can bias (Salzman et al. 1990) or disrupt (Slocum and Tehovnik 2004) visual movement perception. In addition to these studies, microstimulation in multiple electrodes has been used to explore sensory coding mechanisms. Mouly et al. (1985) and Mouly and Holley (1986) explored the ability of rats to discriminate spatial microstimulation patterns in the olfactory bulb. Animals with permanently implanted electrodes were trained to use single or multisite sinusoidal microstimulation as the discriminative stimuli for selecting a palatable solution in a 2-choice test. In monkeys, Romo et al. (1998, 2000) found that 2 flutter stimuli delivered sequentially to the fingertips can still be discriminated if the second stimulus is replaced by direct microstimulation of the somatosensory areas. Recently, Fitzsimmons et al. (2007) found that monkeys are able to obtain a reward, guided by spatio-temporal patterns of cortical microstimulation delivered to the primary somatosensory cortex through implanted multielectrode arrays. In their study, the spatio-temporal patterns were composed of 4 trains of biphasic pulses, individually delivered through independent electrodes in a specific sequence. Monkeys were able to discriminate different sequences of activation to choose the site of the reward.
In the studies described above, microstimulation was typically delivered to one or several electrodes at a time, thus effectively producing an increase in the firing rate of the local neurons. In addition to the firing rate increment, the activation of these neuronal populations seems to be constrained to a window of time, producing a synchronous discharge of neurons and fibers surrounding the tip of the electrode (Butovas and Schwarz 2003; Tehovnik et al. 2006; Histed et al. 2009; Logothethis et al. 2010). Thus, the increase in firing rate at a given location cannot be disambiguated from the synchronous activation. This is important because a standing question regarding the mechanisms underlying microstimulation is whether these effects are the product of the changes in firing rate, neuronal synchrony or both. In contrast to population coding, (Sakurai 1996; Kristan and Shaw 1997; Averbeck et al. 2006) or hierarchical convergence (Barlow 1972), neuronal synchrony or temporal correlation (Milner 1974; von der Malsburg 1981 and Singer 1999), propose that neuronal ensembles representing perceptual objects are achieved by synchronizing the activity of neurons that are evoked by the same object. This activity, often associated with oscillatory patterns (Ahissar and Vaadia 1990; Gray 1999; Fries et al. 2002), has been found in many cerebral loci and, related to different sensory and motor tasks (Riehle et al. 1997; Colgin et al. 2009).
By using electrical microstimulation, we examined whether artificially induced synchronization at several cortical sites (dissociated from changes in activation frequency) is sufficient to produce a neuronal activation that evokes an artificial perception that rats can signal behaviorally. By delivering different patterns of artificial synchronization to the visual and somatosensory cortices in both hemispheres of the rat, we tested whether rats were consistently able to obtain a reward by selecting the lever associated with each pattern. We found that rats reliably distinguished between patterns differing only in the distribution of electrodes containing synchronized microstimulation. Moreover, their performance was a function of the degree of synchronization contained in the microstimulation pattern. These results provide strong evidence that the degree of synchrony in artificial spatiotemporal inputs to the brain can be causally correlated with behavior.
Materials and Methods
Subjects and Surgery
All experiments followed institutional (CBA0215 FMUCH) and NIH guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals. Twelve male Long Evans and 4 male Sprague Dawley rats, weighing 250–450 g served as subjects for this study. Rats were maintained in a room with controlled temperature and inverted light cycle (12 h light, 12 h dark), and were fed daily with 3 to 4 dry pellets and 15 min/day of water to motivate them to obtain juice rewards during training. For electrode implantation surgery, rats were anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of ketamine [12 mg/kg. intraperitoneal (i.p.)], acepromazine (1 mg/kg. i.p.), and a dose of atropine (0.05 mg/kg. subcutaneous) to reduce salivation. Electrocardiogram and rectal temperature were continuously monitored. Rats were allowed to recover for at least 7 days during which ad libitum food and water were available, and analgesics (ketoprofen 5 mg/kg i.m. daily for 3 days) and antibiotics (enrofloxacine 5 mg/kg i.m. daily for 5 days) were provided.
During surgery, the rats were mounted in a stereotaxic device and 8 craniotomies (1–2 mm wide, each) were performed: 2 in sensory area V1, and 2 in sensory area S1B bilaterally (Fig. 1A). In each craniotomy, we inserted 1 electrode, independently placed. The distance between craniotomies located in the same cortex was 1 mm. The stereotaxic coordinates (relative to the bregma) used for implantation were: Visual cortex, −7.00 to −4.80 mm AP and 2.00– 4.50 mm ML; somatosensory cortex, −3.60 to −0.30 mm AP and 2.00–5.00 mm ML (Fig. 1A). To ensure correct positioning, the electrodes were lowered until spikes were found (usually between 500 and 800 µm depth). Following positioning, rats received light or tactile stimulation of the whiskers to corroborate corresponding changes in neuronal activity. After stabilization of recordings, the electrodes were cemented to the skull using dental acrylic. A central screw (0–80), implanted in the mid line of the skull over the occipital region, −12 mm relative to the bregma, served as the ground, as all current were injected against this ground screw.
Behavioral Training
Animals were trained in an acrylic Skinner box. The front panel contained a central warning light, and 2 cue lights at each side above the response levers. A central stainless-steel tube, located below the warning light, delivered a drop of apple juice as a reward on successful trials. The Skinner box was controlled by a custom-made computer program written in LabWindows/CVI (National Instruments, Austin, TX, United States of America). A daily training session comprised 200 trials. Each trial start was signaled by the illumination of a central warning light, which lasted for 1 s (Fig. 1B). Following this, 1 of 2, left or right, cue lights was randomly illuminated, and instructed the animal to choose the corresponding lever. The light cue turned off after a 5-s period, or if a response is made within those 5 s. Responses made after 5s did not result in reward delivery and were scored as omissions. After a correct choice, the light was extinguished and, the animal received a reward in the form of a drop of juice. Upon an incorrect response, the animal received neither punishment nor reward. The intertrial interval following omissions, correct responses and incorrect responses was fixed at 2s.
After learning to distinguish natural light stimuli, we performed the surgery to implant the microstimulating electrodes. Following recovery, the rats were trained to discriminate microstimulation patterns paired with light stimuli (Fig. 1B). The other task parameters remained identical to the first discrimination phase. In the final, or test stage, training proceeded without the left or right cue lights, and discrimination was based on microstimulation alone (Fig. 1C). All the results reported here are from the final stage. The aim of this stage was to discern whether rats were able to discriminate between 2 different current patterns applied directly to the brain. In this case, learning was defined as an average of 65% or more correct responses [100 × (corrects)/(corrects + incorrects)] during 4 consecutive sessions, with 30% or less, omissions. Mean and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the mean were calculated within and across rats using a bootstrap of 1000 resamples.
Electrodes and Electrical Microstimulation
Stereotrodes were built using 25-µm diameter wires, (nichrome or platinum + 10% iridium) (Gray et al. 1995). Prior to training, to ensure that normal neuronal activity was present, multiunit and local field potential signals were recorded from the microstimulation sites. Robust spike and oscillatory activity around 7 Hz ("theta" band) in both visual and somatosensory cortices and between 40 and 60 Hz ("gamma" band) in the visual cortex after the onset of the visual cues and lever pressing (data not shown) was found.
Each pattern of microstimulation was created by a custom-made Matlab routine (The MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) that constructed files containing the sequence of stimulation. These files were serially uploaded from the control computer to an 8-channel microstimulator (STG4008, Multichannel Systems, Reutlingen, Germany), and then digitally triggered with the same control computer. All the microstimulation pulses were delivered through both wires of each stereotrode to the ground screw. The current source for each stereotrode was independent and connected to a different channel of the microstimulator. Patterns of controlled current were designed as a sequence of biphasic square wave pulses (negative first) or sinusoidal waveforms. Synchronization was arbitrarily defined as the precise temporal co-occurrence of 2 or more pulses for square waveforms, or as zero-phase lag between 2 or more sinusoidal current waveforms. The details of each microsimulation pattern were different for each experiment, and thus they are described in the Results section.
We implanted 8 stereotrodes in the visual and somatosensory cortices of 12 rats (Fig. 1A). In a Skinner box, we first trained rats to discriminate a random right or left light cue by pressing the corresponding lever located below each light. After reaching a correct response rate of 80%, we trained them to discriminate different patterns of microstimulation without cue lights (Fig. 1C). Figure 1B and C shows the timing schemes for training and testing respectively. All the results reported here are from this stage of training.
Left Versus Right Hemisphere Microstimulation
Since the microstimulation parameters needed to elicit putative behavioral responses are rather wide, we explored different combinations of frequency and current intensity. First, we trained 8 rats to discriminate between left and right hemispheric stimulation (Fig. 2A), and found that using 40 µA to 50 μA, and 2 ms biphasic square wave pulses at 40 Hz for 500 ms, yielded reliable training performance. Group statistics (n = 8): % of correct, mean = 86.71, 95% CI = 91.98–78.89; % total response, mean = 81.21, 95% CI = 86.86–75.13; Binomial Test P-value < 0.005 (Fig. 2B,C). We repeated this experiment using different current levels to estimate the amount of electrical charge needed to elicit correct responses. We found that above 14 nC all rats quickly exceeded the 65% performance threshold (Fig. 2D). It is important to note that during all the microstimulation experiments reported here, we did not observe side effects of the stimulation such as seizures or muscle twitches, which rats could use as a discrimination cue. As an additional control, to test whether any other potential cue was being used, we measured the performance when the microstimulation cable was disconnected from the animal. In all cases, we observed a drop in performance to 50% or less, which demonstrates that cortical microstimulation was the sole basis of their discrimination.
Synchronization Discrimination Task
The main purpose of our study was to examine whether rats can discriminate 2 different microstimulation patterns that were similar in the number and amplitude of pulses, but different in the pattern of synchronous stimuli. We examined if rats could be trained to perform a 2-choice discrimination task. We constructed 2 sets of patterns that contained the same amount of synchronous pulses, but differed on which electrodes of the set contained synchronous pulses. This scheme is depicted in Figure 3. In this configuration, one of the pulse patterns (associated with the left lever) contained zero-time-lag synchronous pulses between the electrodes in right somatosensory and left visual cortices (see Fig. 3: Sequence A1). The remaining electrodes contained pulses that were asynchronous with all other pulses in the 8-electrode set. A second microstimulation pattern (associated with the right lever) had zero-time-lag synchronous pulses in the complementary configuration and asynchronous square pulses in the remaining electrodes (Fig. 3; sequence B1). To avoid the possibility that rats learned to distinguish these 2 patterns on the basis of a repetitive timing of pulses, using the temporal information contained in them, 5 different sequences of each pattern (5 for the right lever and 5 for the left lever) were constructed for each training session (Fig. 3). In each trial, one of the 10 versions was randomly chosen with a 10% probability.
Five rats were trained in this task. Figure 4A and B shows the learning curve for 2 of rats and Figure 4C the average plateau performance. Group statistics (n = 5): % correct responses, mean = 84.49, 95% CI = 85.70–82.75; % total response, mean = 84.32, 95% CI = 89.76–77.55; Binomial Test P value < 0.05. These results show that rats reliably distinguish between 2 microstimulation patterns based on the distribution of synchronization and not in the specific temporal sequence contained in the train. This experiment demonstrates that artificial synchronized current pulses in the cortex of rats convey sufficient information to perform behavioral discriminations.
In the experiment described above, rats discriminated pulse sequences that contained synchronous pulses in 4 electrodes, from sequences of synchronous pulses in the complementary set of electrodes. However, there are many possible combinations to setting up spatial arrangements of microsimulation patterns among the 8 electrode set. In order to determine whether rats can perform this discrimination and then learn a different contingency, we first trained 3 rats to discriminate a contingency where all 4 electrodes in the somatosensory cortices received synchronous pulses. These pulses were associated with the left lever. Alternatively, we stimulated with synchronous pulses in all visual electrodes that were associated with the right lever. After the rats had reached a stable performance on one contingency, we switched to a new contingency using the same configuration as in the previous experiment (Fig. 5A). We found that all rats successfully learned the new contingency. The time course of the performance of one of the rats is shown in Figure 5B. After reaching the learning criteria for several sessions, the contingency was switched. In the first session (indicated by an arrow), the performance dropped to chance and then progressively increased to learning criteria. The performance during the sessions around the contingency change was not consistent between rats. Nonetheless, this was a feature in all experiments where the time for reaching learning criteria varied between rats. Interestingly, the average performance for the contingency that mixed electrodes from the visual and somatosensory cortices was higher than the performance for contingency that paired visual versus somatosensory electrodes (Fig. 5C,D).
Sinusoidal Current Discrimination Task
We demonstrated that rats can discriminate synchronous patterns of biphasic square pulses. In these cases, neuronal activity was directly evoked with biphasic pulse patterns. Yet, it is proposed that low-amplitude modulation of the field potential can also modify spike timing without altering the firing rate (Volgushev et al. 1998; Ito et al. 2011). Therefore, we tested whether rats could distinguish a pattern of rhythmic synchronization from a pattern of rhythmic asynchronization. For this experiment, we designed 2 sinusoidal current patterns with the same frequency (40 Hz), low-amplitude current amplitude (50 μA), and duration (500 ms) (Fig. 6A). In one of the patterns, associated with the right lever, all the sinusoids waveforms had the same phase through all the electrodes (synchronous). In the other pattern, associated with the left lever, the frequency and amplitudes remained unchanged; nevertheless, the phases of sinusoids applied to each electrode were randomized (asynchronous). Moreover, to avoid phase synchronization due to constant phase difference between stimulation sites (Lachaux et al. 1999), on every new training session, we constructed 10 versions of the asynchronous pattern by randomly jittering the phases of all the waveforms. In this experiment, we found that 3 rats trained on this discrimination task showed performance levels that exceeded learning criteria. Group statistics (n = 3): % of correct, mean = 76.00, 95% CI = 87.39–68.43; % total response, mean = 85.23, mean 95% CI = 92.81–75.39. These results demonstrate that synchronous oscillatory microstimulation in these cortical loci, evokes brain activation that is sufficiently distinctive from that produced by random phase oscillations.
Discrimination of Asynchronous Pulse Patterns
In the experiments described above, we compared the ability of rats to distinguish synchronous from asynchronous microstimulation patterns. In all cases, we constructed a variety of asynchronous patterns under the assumption that presenting the same timing sequence of asynchronous pulses may evoke a recognizable sensory activity, such that the rats do not need to distinguish the alternate synchronized pattern to perform the 2-choice discrimination task. To test this assumption, we trained 3 rats to associate 2 different asynchronous stimuli with each lever (Fig. 7A). In this experiment, the microstimulation patterns were not changed and were repeated on every training session. The results in Figure 7B–D show that the 3 rats trained in this task typically showed performance levels below the learning criteria. Two rats never reached performance above criteria, and a third animal showed occasional performance above the learning threshold (Fig. 7C). Group statistics: % correct responses, mean = 59.95, 95% CI = 70.15–54.09; % total response, mean = 72.81%, 95% CI = 81.20–67.30. This finding further supports the hypothesis that rats' discrimination can be based on the patterns of synchronized pulses applied in the electrode set, and this configuration of pulses appears to be easier to distinguish than an asynchronous, repetitive and, specific temporal sequences.
Parametrical Dependence on Artificial Synchronization
We showed that synchronous activity elicited by microstimulation in the cortex enabled rats to perform behavioral discriminations. We conjecture that as information contained in the synchronous pulses enabled rats to perform these discriminations, the amount of synchronous pulses in the microstimulation patterns should be reflected in their performance. To test this hypothesis, we trained 4 rats in a modified version of the 2-pattern discrimination task shown in Figure 3. In each trial, a random percentage of the synchronous pulses belonging to each pattern was jittered to vary the level of synchronization from 0 to 100% (in 20% steps). Figure 8 shows the psychophysical curve constructed from the 4 rats tested in this task. In all subjects, we found that the level of synchronization to successfully discriminate the 2 ensembles, needed to be 60% or higher. This result demonstrates a parametrical dependence of the behavioral discrimination on the percentage of pulse synchronization.
We found that rats reliably distinguished between 2 microstimulation patterns that differ in the presence of synchronized current pulses among the electrodes. Also, their performance was proportional to the level of synchronization in the microstimulation patterns. These results demonstrate that rats recognize artificial current patterns containing precise synchronization features, thus, providing the first direct evidence that artificial synchronous activity can guide behavior.
To determine the source of information that rats were using to perform in these tasks, we used several controls. Depending on intensity (current/frequency), microstimulation can produce muscle twitches that can be exploited by the animal as a source of information to predict reward. In our experiments, the magnitude of the current utilized here likely spread only through distances shorter than <400 μm (Tehovnik et al. 2006), and are similar to several other studies that have used microstimulation to explore perception (Salzman et al. 1990; Romo et al. 2000; Bartlett et al. 2005; de Lafuente and Romo 2005; Tehovnik and Slocum 2003). Consistently, we did not observe any muscle twitches or movements, indicative of a motor spread of microstimulation, suggesting that activation of sensory cortices was the only source of information for the animal. Also, by equating the stimulus frequency and duration, current intensity, pulse waveform, and by using several realizations of each pattern (Fig. 3) for every session, we were able to disambiguate synchronization from other potential sources of information, such as repetitive presentation of the same stimuli. Furthermore, it is unlikely that rats in our study were performing by monitoring a single cortical area (i.e., 2 electrodes located in left visual cortex), since the experiments with different contingencies (Fig. 5) demonstrate a disruption of performance around the contingency switch. This result suggests that rats were using information provided by the microstimulation through the entire set of electrodes in order to discriminate. Lastly, the performance of rats was proportional to the level of synchronization present in the microstimulation pattern. Given this experimental design, it seems unlikely that rats were using sources of information other than the presence or absence of synchronization, in the whole set of electrodes to perform in these tasks. These findings strongly suggest that artificial synchronization by itself was the main basis of their discrimination.
Interestingly, rats could distinguish synchronous from asynchronous patterns even when using sinusoidal current patterns. It has been demonstrated that fluctuations of the local field potential, or the injection of artificial oscillatory currents, can entrain the firing of neurons producing an increment in phase locking of neuronal spikes to the current signal (Volgushev et al. 1998; Sirota et al. 2008; David et al. 2009; Ozen et al. 2010; Tchumatchenko et al. 2011). These experiments suggest that the modulation of the local field potential signal with sinusoidal currents may bias the activity of near-threshold neurons, causing an increase in synchronized firing (Volgushev et al. 1998; Ito et al. 2011), similar to what occurs with the precisely synchronized biphasic pulses.
It is unlikely that the patterns of microstimulation used here evoked neuronal activity similar to what occurs as a response to a visual or somatosensory stimulus. Feeding back the signals recorded during a sensory response into the same electrodes would not mimic this natural activation, which also would be even more difficult to reproduce with only 8 electrodes. Contrary to neural recordings, in which closely located neurons are captured, microstimulation mainly depolarizes fibers around the electrode tip, activating not only the local neurons, but also many others. Histed et al. (2009) found that the effective electrical field generated around the tip of the electrode was about 5 µm of diameter using 10 µA. They showed that the mechanism of activation is the direct depolarization of the neuropile (axons and dendrites) passing near the tip of the electrode. These finding accounts for their observed activation of some neurons located at long distances (millimeters) instead of others located in proximity (less than 10 µm) to the tip of the electrode. Moreover, they found that increments in current produced a higher density of activated neuronal bodies without increasing the distance at which neurons were activated. Additionally, direct microstimulation has a delayed inhibitory effect in the same locus that follows the excitatory activity and lasts for at least 100 ms, which significantly differs from what is observed during natural stimulation (Butovas and Schwarz 2003; Butovas et al. 2006). These cited experiments suggest that neuronal activity elicited by electrical microstimulation is not comparable with what is recorded in the same areas during natural stimulus presentations. Thus, it is very unlikely that microstimulation recreates the same brain activation as natural stimulation (e.g., light or sound). In addition, repetitive artificial microstimulation and training to detect electrical activation might cause a retinotopical impairment of thresholds for detecting stimuli (Ni and Maunsell 2010). In preliminary experiments, we also noted a reduced performance when we utilized repetitive stimulus sequence; therefore, we utilized different versions of microstimulation patterns in each trial. Nonetheless, spiking activity is likely occurring in our experiments, in a consistent pattern, as a consequence of the biphasic current pulses. Also, it is apparent these spiking patterns differ between the synchronous and asynchronous paradigms. Therefore, the microstimulation patterns utilized here created a sufficiently distinctive brain activation that allowed rats to make behavioral discrimination.
It could be argued that a synchronized sequence of microstimulation pulses delivered at defined positions in the brain will not necessarily translate into synchronized neuronal activity in those areas. Nevertheless, Butovas and Schwarz (2003), recorded cortical neurons in the rat as near as 450 µm from the microstimulation point, showing that a single stimulation pulse produces an increase in firing rate that begins 2.5 ms after the stimulation and lasts for approximately 2.5 ms. When they stimulated using trains of pulses in the range of frequencies used in our study (5–40 Hz), every pulse in the train was translated into an increase in firing rate that lasted 2.5 ms. This evidence strongly suggests that the temporal sequence contained in the microstimulation trains of our experiments was accordingly transformed (with a delay of ∼2.5 ms) into the same temporal sequence of firing rate increases in the surrounding neurons and that synchronous microstimulation of different parts of the cortex was equally transformed into synchronous activity of the stimulated neurons. It seems that neurons "consider" events as synchronous when they occur together in a time window (∼10 ms for cortical neurons) (Buzsaki 2011). Thus, an increase in firing rate lasting for approximately 2.5 ms of 2 or more neurons might be considered as synchronous by a postsynaptic element in which they eventually converge.
Since we did not perform simultaneous recordings along with microstimulation, we cannot determine whether microstimulation in one point affected other cortical sites in the same or in the opposite hemisphere. It is known, for example, that a limited number of axons originating from one isocortical microcolumn project to distant cortices in the same or in the opposite hemisphere (Molnár and Cheung 2006; Tamamaki and Tomioka 2010); and that cortical neurons project massively to the thalamus and striatum. In particular, the striatum is a structure that receives a high number of corticofugal axons originating from layer V pyramidal cells across the entire isocortical mantle (Heimer 2003). Given the high levels of cortico-cortical, as well as cortico-subcortical connectivity, it seems likely that the microstimulation in our case might have resulted in a complex pattern of distributed activity in the brain that may not be completely captured by recording at a few specific locations. It seems clear, however, that small timing differences clearly impact on the detectability of electrical patterns as those occur in the saccadic system, where eye movements are sensitive to the temporal pattern of microstimulation independent of rate (Kimmel and Moore 2007). Future microstimulation, along with simultaneous recording studies of several structures, will be necessary to elucidate these questions.
This study is the first, to our knowledge, to manipulate the synchronous activation of distant neural populations and to correlate it with the performance of the animal (Fig. 8). It has been proposed for many years that naturally occurring oscillations and synchronization between distant brain areas play a role in attention, signal transmission, or consciousness (von der Malsburg and Schneider 1986; Gray et al. 1989; Singer 1999). Nearby groups of cells discharge in synchrony during stimulation (Ts'o y and Gilbert 1988; Engel et al. 1990; Gochin et al. 1991; Kreiter and Singer 1992; Livingstone 1996), and synchronized discharge among cells occur even when located in different cerebral hemispheres (Engel et al. 1991; Nelson et al. 1992). Neuronal synchrony is often associated with neuronal oscillations and, it is thought to contribute instrumentally to synchronization (Varela et al. 1999; Fries et al. 2007; Palva and Palva 2011; Buzaki and Wang 2012). In this manner, the measurement and observation of oscillatory activity in various types of signals appear correlated with synchronous activity. In our study, whether the differential activation caused by synchronized activity in the cortex is sufficient to enable perceptual responses, or a higher order integration of these cortices needs to occur in other cortical loci, cannot be directly deducted from this data. However, our results directly demonstrate that rats can use artificial synchronous activity as a cue for behavioral discrimination. Studies favoring temporal correlation coding have so far presented correlational evidence, where oscillatory or synchronous activity appears associated with behavioral performance (Riehle et al. 1997; Gray 1999; Fries et al. 2002; Colgin et al. 2009). We showed that this coding model can be directly tested by artificially activating specific populations of neurons in the rat's brain by using electrical microstimulation, and thus manipulate the temporal properties of electrical activity among the electrodes.
Finally, the results and experimental approach used in this study have important implications for brain–machine interfaces. Several studies demonstrate that artificial prosthesis can be manipulated directly by the brain by reading neuronal activity from the motor cortex (Chapin et al. 1999; O'Doherty et al. 2009, 2011,2012). However, to attain proper control, a closed loop system is required with sensory feedback signals (Miller and Weber 2011). These signals need to convey the consequence of motor actions providing sufficient tactile and proprioceptive information. We demonstrate that rats can easily differentiate synchronous versus asynchronous oscillatory current waveforms. One experimental approach can exploit phase comparison of oscillatory signals (Ahissar and Vaadia 1990; Ahissar et al. 1997). Therefore, artificial oscillations in a sensory system could be compared with artificial inputs from the periphery. In addition, our results show that correlated signals across electrodes can be effectively used as feedback information in machine interface arrangements. The precise timing that rats were able to distinguish in our experiments may translate into a diverse collection of microstimulation patterns that can provide more degrees of freedom which, are necessary to achieve a more efficient feedback control (Nicolelis 2003; Nicolelis and Lebedev 2010; O'Doherty et al. 2011).
This study was supported in part by Fondecyt 1090101 to P.M., Iniciativa Cientifica Milenio and a Conicyt Doctoral fellowship and Conciyt Anillo ACT 66 to H.M.
We thank Shih-Chieh Lin, Joseph O'Doherty, Jeff Mayse, Francisco Flores, Ruth Gesser, and the NIH Fellows Editorial Board for useful comments on the manuscript and for editorial assistance. Conflict of Interest: None declared.


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Jenn is a Missouri homeschooling mom who loves to blog about it! She is a blogger, photographer, etsy shop owner, and virtual assistant. When she's not busy being a housewife or mom, you'll find her with a camera of some sort in hand, or dancing in the crowd while her favorite band performs on stage. Her favorite things in the world are spending time with her family, traveling, dancing, photography, and watching her favorite TV shows. Jenn was recently sucked into the world of planning when she purchased her first Happy Planner. Soon after she started making her own travelers notebooks (aka her "FunkyDori") and inserts to use with them. It's impossible for her to go to a store without checking out the sticker and washi tape selection. She looks at planning as a therapeutic way to start her week on the right foot, and exercise her creativity as much as possible.
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text: Extra British troops for Afghanistan ruled out The expected reinforcement of troops into Afghanistan has been ruled out despite American suggestions that the force would be increased, according to senior British military sources. By Thomas Harding, Defence Correspondent Last Updated: 11:21PM BST 26 Sep 2008 With large parts of southern Afghanistan still under the sway of insurgents, commanders have discussed reinforcing the area with a 'surge' of extra troops Photo: EPA A senior military official has said there was "no intention by the UK to transfer forces from Iraq to Afghanistan" when the British finally withdrew from Basra next year. The news comes after a request for an extra 4,000 troops made this week by the British commander in Helmand, Brig Mark Carleton-Smith. His comments came after the American defence secretary Robert Gates said last week that it was his "understanding that the UK may increase the size of its force" to deal with the "increasing challenges" in southern Afghanistan. But the military had already "mortgaged our dividend" by having 12,000 troops deployed on operations for two years that was far above planning assumptions, the officer told defence correspondents. More on the link http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/defence/3087473/EMB-2200-Extra-British-troops-for-Afghanistan-ruled-out.html


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Orange has a population of 128,821 and is located in Orange county.
For California residents, the average tuition for all Orange cosmetology schools for the 2009 - 2010 school year was $18,258.00. For non-residents, the average tuition for Orange cosmetology schools was $19,778.00.
Books and supplies for cosmetology schools in Orange cost an average of $1,566.00. Students who live on campus while attending a cosmetology school in Orange, can expect to pay an average of $12,832.00 for room and board. Students who live at home can expect average costs to be $4,702.00. There are three cosmetology colleges in Orange from which students can pick the one that best suits their needs. 136 students were reported to have graduated from cosmetology programs in Orange in the 2008 - 2009 school year.
|Average Salary
|Number Employed in City
|Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists
|Skin Care Specialists


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Welcome to Our Parish!
Welcome to St. John the Baptist Parish Burlington!
Welcome to our parish web site. Within these pages, you will find the information you need to feed your faith life and that of your family. At the same time, these pages will give you a glimpse of who we are and how our community lives out our Catholic beliefs together.
Saint John the Baptist is the oldest Roman Catholic Church in Burlington, serving the people in the central core. The Church itself is at the corner of Brant Street and Blairholm Avenue, about one kilometer north of Lake Ontario.
As a parish, we strive to grow in the love and knowledge of God, sharing his Good News with the world. We also work to be a loving and welcoming community, caring for all in need and always being faithful to Christ's call.
Pancake Supper!
February 28th 4-7 PM
Mark your calendars and come join us on Shrove Tuesday, February 28, for pancakes and sausages in the parish hall!
Anxiety and Depression Seminar
For anyone who struggles with anxiety or depression, St. John's Parish is hosting a free seminar – no reservations required. Come and hear speaker Mike Glugosh, from the Mountainview Clinic for Stress and Anxiety, share coping skills to help you overcome Anxiety Disorder, the #1 emotional problem in our country today. This seminar will take place on Thursday, February 23rd at 7:00 PM in the St. John's parish hall. If you cannot attend, please phone the clinic at 905-320-4699 for information.
St. John's CWL Lenten Day of Prayer
St. John's CWL Lenten Day of Prayer is open to all the ladies of the parish and will be held on Tuesday March 7th.
It starts with Mass at 9.a.m. and closes with Benediction at 2:15p.m. Father Mike Isabelle is our Facilitator. And his theme is "He spoke to them in Parables"
Refreshments and lunch will be served. The cost is a donation of $15.00, with registration
Please register early. Registration Forms at the doors of the Church. Drop the registration form in an envelope and mark it "CWL Retreat" and place it in the collection plate or drop it off at the Church office or phone Marie Arponen at 905 637 1677. Dead line is March 3rd.
What's New in Religious Education in our Catholic Schools?
The new evangelization is afoot in our Catholic schools. There are exciting opportunities for teachers, students at all levels, parents, and parishes. Explore the new religious education program with Dr. Anne Jamieson, director of the Catechesis Office for the Diocese of Hamilton and popular author and speaker.
Open and free to all. March 23, 7 p.m., St. John's Parish Hall. Come and learn more about the opportunities for all of us.
Games Night at St. John's Parish!
When?: Saturday, March 4th after the 5pm Mass. All are welcome!
If you are able to, please sign up to volunteer a bit of your time to help make the night a parish-wide success! Contact Deacon Rob for additional details!
Knights of Columbus Sunday Breakfast at St. John's
Over 100 Parishioners enjoyed a fabulous breakfast qfter the 9:00 Mass on November 13th and a second crowd of about the same number came down to the Hall following the 11:00 Mass.
A special thank you to the Monsignor James Corbett Warren Memorial Council #5073 of the Knights of Columbus who prepared the meal.
The event was a great success with fun and prizes. We encourage those who were unable to attend this time to come on out with their families and friends when we offer another Parish Breakfast in the Spring.
Click HERE for photos of the event.
See if you can pick out one of the prize winners!
CWL Parish Bazaar
The CWL would like to thank all those who visited the bazaar and helped out! Please click HERE to view photos from the event!
Pilgrimage to Fatima, Lourdes with Barcelona
Join Deacon Rob Thomas on this exciting journey.
From June 11 to June 20, 2017.
This year marks the 100th anniversary of the apparition of our Lady at Fatima, Portugal.
Click on to the link at https://gateway.gocollette.com/link/764541
For more complete information or phone Deacon Rob at:
(905) 315-9443
WANTED and NEEDED NOW
If you have recently retired and are looking for a worthwhile, rewarding way to "pay back" by volunteering, the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul might be the perfect option for you.
The Society of Saint Vincent de Paul is in need of men and women to become involved with our Home Visit program. Our St. John Conference has been actively helping people in our parish area and beyond for over five decades. However, we have reached a point where our Membership has declined substantially and we find ourselves with fewer people to respond to all the calls for help that we receive.
To find out more:
- Come to a Meeting: @ 2:00 P. M. Warren Room the 3rd Monday of each month
- e-mail us at: firstname.lastname@example.com
- phone us at: 905-979-6460
The Society of Saint Vincent de Paul is a lay Catholic organization whose mission is:
To live the Gospel message by serving Christ in the poor with love, respect, justice and joy.


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text: 'We Don't Go Until They Do': Cautious Celebration and Skepticism At Standing RockAnna Merlan12/05/16 9:15amFiled to: standing rockarmy corps of engineersstanding rock sioux35087EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink Photo by Tod Seelie for Jezebel STANDING ROCK—On Sunday, the Army Corps of Engineers announced that they won't allow a section of the Dakota Access Pipeline to be drilled under the Missouri River, near tribal lands belonging to the Standing Rock Sioux. In one sense, it's a triumphant end to the standoff that the Standing Rock tribe and their allies have waged near the pipeline site since August to protect their land, their drinking water, and their sacred sites. But on Sunday night, even as they celebrated, for now, no one at Standing Rock was going anywhere. Advertisement When the announcement went out that the pipeline was being blocked, a huge roaring cheer went up from the crowd at Oceti Sakowin, the main encampment of water protectors. People prayed, wept and sang. Some lined up for a procession on horseback. A few hours later, after the sun went down, fireworks streaked across the sky. "It's wonderful," Dave Archambault II, the Standing Rock tribal chairman told the crowd, according to the New York Times. "You all did that. Your presence has brought the attention of the world." Advertisement But not an hour after the initial announcement, a concern—more than a rumor, less than a substantiated fact—started spreading through the camps. People had reason to think that Energy Transfer Partners, the company behind the pipeline, planned to keep drilling in defiance of the order. And sure enough, ETP issued a furious, aggrieved press release around 11 p.m., along withsubsidiary Sunoco Logistics. In it, they all but vowed to keep drilling, accusing the Obama Administration of halting the project to "curry favor with a narrow and extreme political constituency":The White House's directive today to the Corps for further delay is just the latest in a series of overt and transparent political actions by an administration which has abandoned the rule of law in favor of currying favor with a narrow and extreme political constituency.As stated all along, ETP and SXL are fully committed to ensuring that this vital project is brought to completion and fully expect to complete construction of the pipeline without any additional rerouting in and around Lake Oahe. Nothing this Administration has done today changes that in any way.And so, as night fell and puddles of snow re-froze into sheets of treacherous black ice, tents and tipis stayed up. Despite temperatures threatening to drop into the single digits this week, many people seemed resolved to stay. Sponsored "Not 'til the lights turn off and they take down that roadblock," said Richard Bluecloud Castaneda, 46, an artist from San Francisco. He gestured in the direction of ETP's equipment in the distance. Castaneda is an artist and photographer originally from the Salt River community near Phoenix, Arizona. He was there with a friend, Spencer Keeton Cunningham, also an artist and a member of Washington state's Colville tribe. Both men agreed that they weren't budging. Advertisement Advertisement "We don't trust anything they say," Castaneda explained pleasantly. He first arrived at Standing Rock in October, and stayed through most of November before returning home for a spell. He returned this week. Cunningham and a friend, social worker Kyla Ferguson, had been here since mid-November. All three noticed a sudden absence of law enforcement drones hovering over the camp on Sunday. The peace and quiet, they pointed out, coincided with an influx of media and celebrity supporters, not to mention thousands of veterans who arrived to support and defend the water protectors. All three worried that ETP and law enforcement were merely behaving themselves for now."Once the media and the vets leave, they'll start acting out," Cunningham said. That's what happened in late October, when seven different police agencies converged on the 1851 Treaty Camp, which stood in the pipeline's path. Castaneda watched as tipis and tents were destroyed. People were sprayed with rubber bullets or dragged from where they were praying in a sweat lodge and arrested. Some 140 people were taken into custody in all. It was a scene he found hard to forget. "Native Americans have been sold a bill of goods a million times," Cunningham added. "There's a lot of mistrust." Advertisement "Plenty of people are staying," agreed Philip George, a U.S. Army veteran who now lives in Canada, and who arrived at the camp on Sunday with a contingent of 50 other veterans. "This isn't just about a pipeline. It's about everything that's been done to us. The first people of this land need an actual say in what's going on in this country."The water protectors and veterans, he said, would go when the Standing Rock Sioux asked them to, and not a moment before. "This is treaty land. We respect the nation-to-nation relationship.""We don't leave until they leave," a woman sitting at a campfire with her children said briefly, gesturing at that spot in the distance where ETP's machines hovered, silent for now. She turned back to her children. "Until they pack up their drilling equipment and go."Anna firstname.lastname@example.com@annamerlanAnna Merlan is a Senior Reporter with the Special Projects Desk, which produces investigative work across all of Gizmodo Media Group's web sites.PGP Fingerprint: 67B5 5767 9D6F 652E 8EFD 76F5 3CF0 DAF2 79E5 1FB6|PGP KeyReply350 repliesLeave a reply