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The Aegon GB Davis Cup Team will make the short hop across the Channel to Rouen in April for their quarter-final tie against France.
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Lavender's Blue
A Book of Nursery Rhymes
By (composer) Kathleen Lines
Illustrated by Harold Jones
Format: Hardback
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Lavender's Blue by Kathleen Lines
Book DescriptionA definitive collection of nursery rhymes, beautifully designed and illustrated by the influential artist Harold Jones. This facsimile has been lovingly produced to recreate the look and feel of the first editions of this much-loved book.
Buy Lavender's Blue book by Kathleen Lines from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9780192782274
(299mm x 194mm x 21mm)
Pages: 180
Imprint: Oxford University Press
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Publish Date: 2-Sep-2004
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
Other Editions...
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Books By Author Kathleen Lines
Jack and the Beanstalk: A Book of Nursery Stories, Paperback (March 2015)
A definitive collection of nursery stories, beautifully designed and illustrated by the influential artist Harold Jones. This facsimile has been lovingly produced to recreate the look and feel of the first edition of this much-loved book.
Lavender's Blue, Paperback (March 2007)
Originally published in 1954, this edition offers a collection of nursery rhymes, illustrated by Harold Jones.
Robinson Crusoe, Hardback (October 1993)» View all books by Kathleen Lines
A series with silk-ribbon markers and headbands, gold stamping on front and spine, and the original colour illustrations on the jackets. This 1968 version of Defoe's classic aimed to make the original text more accessible to young readers. The engravings are reproduced from a 19th-century edition.
» Have you read this book? We'd like to know what you think about it - write a review about Lavender's Blue book by Kathleen Lines and you'll earn 50c in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars (you must be a member - it's free to sign up!)
Author Biography - Kathleen Lines
Kathleen Lines was a widely respected editor and anthologist. Harold Jones was one of the most important and enduring children's books artists of the 20th century.
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Blending the retro-chic look of Mid Century Modern design with a laid-back, relaxed attitude makes for a sofa that the whole family can enjoy. Seat cushions blend multiple layers of foam for a medium-soft sit with lasting support. Upgrade to a firmer seat cushion with special order to create a satisfying piece of furniture that you'll love every day from the day you buy. With stylish and comfortable furniture like this, you'll absolutely love your free time whether you spend it alone or with friends and family.
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Abrisqueta I.,CSIC - Center of Edafology and Applied Biology of the Segura |
Vera J.,CSIC - Center of Edafology and Applied Biology of the Segura |
Abrisqueta J.M.,CSIC - Center of Edafology and Applied Biology of the Segura |
Ruiz-Sanchez M.C.,CSIC - Center of Edafology and Applied Biology of the Segura |
Tapia L.M.,Instituto Nacional Of Investigaciones Forestales Y Agropecuarias Inifap
Acta Horticulturae | Year: 2011
The use of soil water sensors for irrigation management requires soil water content to be maintained within two limits: the upper limit at field capacity and the lower limit being slightly above the point where a crop begins to experience water stress. The objective of this work was to evaluate whether changes in the daily reduction of the soil water content could be used to identify the beginning of plant water stress. For that purpose, an experiment was carried out in a drip irrigated mature peach tree orchard (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, 'Flordastar', on GF-677 rootstock) at the CEBAS-CSIC experimental field station, in Santomera, Murcia (Spain). One drying cycle was applied to trees (stress treatment) for one month, coinciding with the post-harvest stage. The soil water content (SWC) was measured continuously using multisensor capacitance probes at 0.8 m soil upper layer and three SWC-derived indices were calculated. The beginning of plant water stress was identified by the first statistically significant difference in midday stem water potential (Ψ stem) between stressed and well watered trees. The 'breaking point', calculated as the transition between a relatively rapid rate to a slower rate of reduction of SWC in the drying soil, coincided with the beginning of plant water stress as judged from the Ψ stem reduction. The dates for both the indication of plant water stress using the SWC-derived indices delayed two days respect to that of Ψ stem reduction or breaking point. The results suggested that lower SWC limit for irrigation management in peach trees using the capacitance probes could be established as 10% of the soil field capacity during the postharvest period. Source
Abrisqueta I.,CSIC - Center of Edafology and Applied Biology of the Segura |
Vera J.,CSIC - Center of Edafology and Applied Biology of the Segura |
Conejero W.,CSIC - Center of Edafology and Applied Biology of the Segura |
Abrisqueta J.M.,CSIC - Center of Edafology and Applied Biology of the Segura |
And 2 more authors.
Acta Horticulturae | Year: 2011
The water balance of drip-irrigated peach trees (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch 'Flordastar' on GF-677 peach rootstock) planted in drainage lysimeters (5×5×1.5 m) with a clay loam textured soil located in southern Spain was determined during a 24-month period. Trees were drip irrigated during the night using one lateral pipe per tree row and eight emitters per tree, each delivering 2 L h -1. Tree irrigation requirements were determined according to daily reference crop evapotranspiration (ET o) by the Penman-Monteith equation, a crop factor based on the time of the year and the percent of ground area shaded by tree canopy. The water balance parameters are shown and discussed. The measured crop water use followed the same trend as the ET o, increasing with time, but reaching a peak in August, a shift of 1.5 months compared with the peak in ET o. The crop coefficient (K c) was calculated using the measured crop water use and the ET o values. Over the two years, K c increased gradually, beginning with irrigation in February and extending to early May. There was a brief fall at the end May in K c, followed by a recovery in early June until a maximum K c was reached in August. This was followed by a rapid decline in K c in mid November, when irrigation ended. The crop coefficients calculated on the basis of a water balance would have saved up to 33 and 17% for 2007 and 2008, respectively, in irrigation water compared to the FAO-56 recommendations. Source
National assessment of the fragmentation, accessibility and anthropogenic pressure on the forests in Mexico
Moreno-Sanchez R.,University of Colorado at Denver |
Torres-Rojo J.M.,Research Center y Docencia Economicas |
Moreno-Sanchez F.,Instituto Nacional Of Investigaciones Forestales Y Agropecuarias Inifap |
Hawkins S.,University of Colorado at Denver |
And 2 more authors.
Journal of Forestry Research | Year: 2012
Forest managers and policy makers increasingly demand to have access to estimates of forest fragmentation, human accessibility to forest areas and levels of anthropogenic pressure on the remaining forests to integrate them into monitoring systems, management and conservation plans. Forest fragmentation is defined as the breaking up of a forest unit, where the number of patches and the amount of expose edge increase while the amount of core area decreases. Forest fragmentation studies in Mexico have been limited to local or regional levels and have concentrated only on specific forest types. This paper presents an assessment of the fragmentation of all forest types at the national level, their effective proximity to anthropogenic influences, and the development of an indicator of anthropogenic pressure on the forests areas. Broadleaf forests, tropical evergreen forests and tropical dry deciduous forests show the greatest fragmentation. Almost half (47%) of the tropical forests are in close effective proximity to anthropogenic influences and only 12% of their area can be considered isolated from anthropogenic influences. The values for the temperate forests are 23% and 29% respectively. Anthropogenic pressure in the immediate vicinity of anthropogenic activities is much higher in the tropical forests (75 in a scale 0-100) than in the temperate forests (30). When considering these results jointly, the tropical forests, and more specifically, the tropical evergreen forests and tropical dry deciduous forests are under the greatest pressure and risks of degradation. © 2012 Northeast Forestry University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Source
Burkholderia cepacia XXVI siderophore with biocontrol capacity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
de los Santos-Villalobos S.,Research Center Estudios Avanzados Ipn |
Barrera-Galicia G.C.,Research Center Estudios Avanzados Ipn |
Miranda-Salcedo M.A.,Instituto Nacional Of Investigaciones Forestales Y Agropecuarias Inifap |
Pena-Cabriales J.J.,Research Center Estudios Avanzados Ipn
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology | Year: 2012
Colletotrichumgloeosporioides is the causal agent of anthracnose in mango. Burkholderiacepacia XXVI, isolated from mango rhizosphere and identified by 16S rDNA sequencing as a member of B. cepacia complex, was more effective than 6 other mango rhizosphere bacteria in inhibiting the model mango pathogen, C. gloeosporioides ATCC MYA 456. Biocontrol of this pathogen was demonstrated on Petri-dishes containing PDA by > 90 % reduction of surface colonization. The nature of the biocontrol metabolite(s) was characterized via a variety of tests. The inhibition was almost exclusively due to production of agar-diffusible, not volatile, metabolite(s). The diffusible metabolite(s) underwent thermal degradation at 70 and 121 °C (1 atm). Tests for indole acetic acid production and lytic enzyme activities (cellulase, glucanase and chitinase) by B. cepacia XXVI were negative, indicating that these metabolites were not involved in the biocontrol effect. Based on halo formation and growth inhibition of the pathogen on the diagnostic medium, CAS-agar, as well as colorimetric tests we surmised that strain XXVI produced a hydroxamate siderophore involved in the biocontrol effect observed. The minimal inhibitory concentration test showed that 0. 64 μg ml-1 of siderophore (Deferoxamine mesylate salt-equivalent) was sufficient to achieve 91. 1 % inhibition of the pathogen growth on Petri-dishes containing PDA. The biocontrol capacity against C. gloeosporioides ATCC MYA 456 correlated directly with the siderophore production by B. cepacia XXVI: the highest concentration of siderophore production in PDB on day 7, 1. 7 μg ml-1 (Deferoxamine mesylate salt-equivalent), promoted a pathogen growth inhibition of 94. 9 %. The growth of 5 additional strains of C. gloeosporioides (isolated from mango "Ataulfo" orchards located in the municipality of Chahuites, State of Oaxaca in Mexico) was also inhibited when confronted with B. cepacia XXVI. Results indicate that B. cepacia XXVI or its siderophore have the potential to be used as a biological control agent against C. gloeosporioides; thus diminishing environmental problems caused by the current practices to control this disease. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Source
Estimation of human induced disturbance of the environment associated with 2002, 2008 and 2013 land use/cover patterns in Mexico
Roth D.,University of Colorado at Denver |
Moreno-Sanchez R.,University of Colorado at Denver |
Torres-Rojo J.M.,Research Center y Docencia Economicas |
Moreno-Sanchez F.,Instituto Nacional Of Investigaciones Forestales Y Agropecuarias Inifap
Applied Geography | Year: 2016
Land use/cover types have an associated level of human induced disturbance of the environment. Previous studies in Mexico document the extent of land use/cover types and their changes over time. This information is important but not sufficient to support land use planning and environmental conservation decisions. This article explores the informational value of generating a numerical quantification of the level of human induced disturbance of the environment associated with land use/cover classes and their patterns at the national and state levels in Mexico. Estimates for land use/cover patterns existing in 2002, 2008 and 2013 are created. A disturbance scale created in a previous study was adapted and calibrated for 14 broad land use/cover types through domain expert opinions. The results indicate that the disturbance of the environment is increasing at the national level, but at a significantly slower rate between 2002 and 2008 (1.9%) and 2008-2013 (0.8%). Six states report a decrease in total environmental disturbance. A land use/cover transition analysis conducted for these states indicates a large proportion of transitions from anthropogenic land use/covers to natural ones. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. Source


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Partner for progress Certification Standards in North America for Gas Boilers and Water Heaters John Gorman – Technical Advisor – CSA International
2 AGENDA General Issues Boiler Standards in North America Water Heater Standards in North America Installation Codes Gases used in North America Efficiency Requirements – Boilers and Water Heaters Key Evaluations – Pressure Vessels, Sanitation, Venting, Controls, Wiring/Electrical Components, Manuals/Markings, NOx, Production Line Testing Combination Type Heaters
3 Standards Development and Maintenance – General Issues Standards are in constant revision. Committees meet one or more times a year to revise standards Base standard plus to addendas (a and b addenda) are issued The standards have sections within them that identify requirements unique to either the United States or Canada CSA International is not a voting member of a standards committee. Provides technical support Suggests revisions to standards CSA America (standards division) is secretariat for the ANSI/CSA gas standards
4 Standards in North America – Gas- Fired Boilers ANSI Z21.13/CSA 4.9 – Gas-Fired Low Pressure Steam and Hot Water Boilers Is used for certification in the United States and Canada Includes boilers with input ratings up to 12,500,000 Btu/hr (3660 kW) Only covers boilers with gas inlet pressure ratings not more than ½ psi (35 mbar) Hot water boilers operate at or below 160 psi (11 bar) water pressure and 250 F (121 C) water temperature Requires compliance with ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IV (Heating Boilers)
5 Standards in North America – Gas- Fired Boilers UL 795 – Commercial-Industrial Gas Heating Equipment Certification in the United States only Commercial Boilers over 400,000 Btu/Hr (117 kW) Covers boilers with gas pressures greater that ½ psi (35 mbar) CAN1-3.1 – Industrial and Commercial Gas-Fired Package Boilers Certification for Canada only Commercial boilers with gas inlet pressures greater than ½ psi (35 mbar)
6 Standards in North America – Gas- Fired Water Heaters ANSI Z /CSA 4.3 – Gas Water Heaters – Volume III-Storage Water Heaters With Input Ratings Above 75,000 Btu/Hr, Circulating and Instantaneous Covers all instantaneous (Tankless) designs Used for Certification in both the United States and Canada Does not require ASME Section IV compliance ANSI Z /CSA 4.1- Gas Water Heaters – Volume I-Storage Water Heaters With Input Ratings of 75,000 Btu/Hr or Less Covers Residential Size Storage Tank Type Heaters Used for Certification in both the United States and Canada
7 Installation Code Requirements ANSI Z223.1/NFPA 54 – National Fuel Gas Code United States Only Local Codes may be different Used by CSA during review of instructions ASME CSD-1 – Controls and Safety Devices for Boilers Required by many local code authorities Control requirements are different, Specially on boilers with input ratings over 400,000 Btu/Hr (117kW) Many manufacturers offer control packages for boilers being installed in regions where CSD-1 is required by code authority
8 Installation Code Requirements CAN/CSA B149.1 – Natural Gas and Propane Installation Code Canada Only Local/Provincial Codes may be different Used by CSA during review of instructions CAN/CSA B149.3 – Code for Field Approval of Fuel- Related Components on Appliances and Equipment Used by agencies and code authorities to evaluate unlisted equipment in Canada Testing is not part of code. CSA International does not certify to this code. We provide field evaluation of unlisted equipment only
9 Installation Code Requirements New York – MEA Required by New York City to sell products CSA International prepares specialized reports California Energy Commission (CEC) Requires special listing of efficiency ratings for products being sold into their state. The minimum efficiency requirements are the same as the federal levels in the United States CSA International is an approved certification laboratory CEC website is:
10 Gases Used in North America Natural Gas The standards identify natural gas with a nominal heating value of 1075 Btu/cuft (40.1 MJ/m3) and a specific gravity of Tests are conducted using local utility supplied gas. Typical heating values may range from 1000 Btu/cuft to 1100 Btu/cuft. Typical Wobbe index values range from 45 to 51 MJ/m3. Additional tests for ignition and burner operation are conducted using Test Gas G Butane-Air or Test Gas H Propane-Air each with a 1400 Btu/cuft (52.2 MJ/m3) heating value.
11 Gases Used in North America Liquefied Petroleum Gases Testing for compliance with LPG is conducted using Propane HD-5 with a nominal heating value of 2500 Btu/cuft (93.1 MJ/m3) LPG is a general term defined as a mixture of propane, propylene, butanes and butylenes. Propane HD-5 is defined as grade of LPG consisting of minimum of 90% liquid propane and a minimum of 5% propylene Additional tests for ignition and burner operation are conducted using Test Gas D Butane with a nominal heating value of 3200 Btu/cuft (119.2 MJ/m3). Certification on butane is not permitted by the water heater and boiler standards.
12 Gases Used in North America Heating values used in North America are the gross or higher heating value of the gas corrected to 60 F (15.5 C) and 30 inches Hg (1016 mbar). Tests are conducted with normal inlet gas pressures adjusted the following: Natural Gas – 7.0 inches w.c. (17.4 mbar) LPG – 11.0 inches w.c. (27.6 mbar) Additional tests are conducted at reduced and increased inlet pressures
13 Efficiency Requirements – Gas Boilers Efficiency requirements for boilers are different for the United States and Canada. United States Boilers with input ratings of 300,000 Btu/Hr (88 kW) or more must comply efficiency requirements in the standard. Hot water boilers are tested to verify a combustion efficiency within 98% of the claimed efficiency of the manufacturer but not less than 80%. Additionally, a thermal efficiency may be conducted at the discretion of the manufacturer. -Combustion efficiency is based on a measurement of CO2 and temperatures in the flue exhaust. -Thermal efficiency is based a measurement of gas consumption and water flow over a specified period of time. It is anticipated that these requirements will soon be removed from Z21.13/CSA 4.9 due to recent requirements announced by DOE.
14 Efficiency Requirements – Gas Boilers United States Boilers with input ratings of 300,000 Btu/Hr (88 kW) or more must also comply with DOE regulations in 10CFR 31, Subpart E. This is not a mandatory test requirement to obtain CSA Certification. The test procedure identified in the regulation is the Hydronics Institute (HI) division of GAMA standard BTS The test conducted is a combustion efficiency test identical to the test required in ANSI Z21.13/CSA 4.9 The minimum efficiency required by the regulation is 80%.
15 Efficiency Requirements – Gas Boilers United States: Boilers with input ratings below 300,000 Btu/Hr (88 kW) do not require testing to the requirements in the Z21.13/CSA 4.9 standard. Certification is provided without any evaluation of efficiency. These models must comply United States of Department of Energy (DOE) 10CFR430. The test is identified in Appendix N to Subpart B of 10CFR430. The specific test protocol is contained in ANSI/ASHRAE standard Method of Testing for Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency of Residential Central Furnaces and Boilers. Minimum federal level for hot water boilers is 80% Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE).
16 Efficiency Requirements – Gas Boilers United States: Boilers with input ratings under 300,000 Btu/hr (88 kW) must be provided with an EnergyGuide label in accordance with federal rule 16 CFR Part 305. The label displays anticipated operating costs on a yearly basis. The Federal Trade Commission website contains details of the label requirements. Boilers with input ratings under 300,000 Btu/hr (88 kW) are eligible for Energy Star rating provided that the Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE) is 85% or greater. Details on energy star are found on their website
17 Efficiency Requirements – Gas Boilers Canada: Boilers with input ratings of 300,000 Btu/Hr (88 kW) or more must comply with the requirements in Z21.13/CSA 4.9 with the same requirements as specified for the United States. Boilers with input ratings less than 300,000 Btu/Hr (88 kW) must comply with CSA P.2 – Testing Method for Measuring Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiencies of Residential Furnaces and Boilers. -Minimum Efficiency ratings are established by Natural Resources Canada (NRCan). Current minimum rating for hot water boilers is 80% Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency. Their website is -Compliance with this standard is necessary as part of certification of boilers in Canada. -An energyguide label is not required by the Canadian regulations.
18 Efficiency Requirements – Gas Water Heaters Efficiencies of water heaters are treated differently for the United States and Canada. United States: Not required for certification Instantaneous water heaters with input ratings or 200,000 Btu/Hr (58 kW) or less are subject to federal Department of Energy (DOE) Requirements, which are identified in 10CFR430. The test procedures are identified in Appendix E to Subpart B of 10CFR430. Minimum federal levels are expressed as an energy factor, which is the ratio of water consumption and energy consumption over 6 specific water draws. The current minimum level is 0.62 – ( x rated storage volume in gallons)
19 Efficiency Requirements – Gas Water Heaters United States: Instantaneous water heaters with input ratings under 200,000 Btu/hr (58 kW) must be provided with an EnergyGuide label in accordance with federal rule 16 CFR Part 305. The label displays anticipated operating costs on a yearly basis. The Federal Trade Commission website contains details of the label requirements.http://www.ftc.gov Instantaneous water heaters with input ratings under 200,000 But/Hr (58 kW) are eligible for Energy Star rating provided that the tested energy factor is equal to or greater than Details on energy star are found on their website
20 Efficiency Requirements – Gas Water Heaters United States: Instantaneous water heaters with input ratings over 200,000 Btu/Hr (58 kW) or designed to deliver hot water at temperatures greater than 180 F (82 C) must meet the requirements outlined by the Department of Energy (DOE) under 10 CFR Part 431. The test is a thermal efficiency test. The test procedure is contained in Exhibit G of ANSI Z /CSA 4.3. The current minimum federally mandated thermal efficiency is 80%.
21 Efficiency Requirements – Gas Water Heaters Canada Instantaneous water heaters with input ratings greater than 200,000 Btu/Hr must comply with the testing requirements in Exhibit G – Method of Test for Measuring Thermal Efficiency, in ANSI Z /CSA The minimum thermal efficiency is 80%. Instantaneous water heaters with input ratings of 200,000 Btu/Hr or less must comply with CAN/CSA P.7 – Testing Method for Measuring Energy Loss of Gas-Fired Instantaneous Water Heaters -Minimum federal levels are expressed as an energy factor, which is the ratio of water consumption and energy consumption over 6 specific water draws. The current minimum level is 0.62 – ( x rated storage volume in gallons) -Compliance with this standard is necessary as part of certification of instantaneous water heaters in Canada
22 Efficiency Requirements – Gas Water Heaters Recently, Natural Resources Canada, NRCan announced changes to the ENERGY STAR program for instantaneous water heaters in Canada. Features of the program include: Program applies to water heaters with input ratings up to 250,000 Btu/Hr. (73 kW) The minimum energy factor needed to qualify for Energy Star rating in Canada is The new changes take effect September 1, 2010
23 Efficiency Requirements For efficiency requirements regulated by the DOE in the United States, the manufacturer must report results to the DOE. For products covered under 10CFR430, (instantaneous water heaters under 200,000 btu/hr and boilers under 300,000 Btu/hr) the manufacturer must submit a compliance report directly to the DOE and will be subjected to continuous testing to confirm the rating. The details of this are in Subpart F – Certification and Enforcement to 10CFR430. Most manufacturers will arrange for the testing through the Hydronics Institute of GAMA. The results are published in their directory. Their website is: The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) website is
24 Key Evaluations in North American Standards Pressure Vessel Requirements – Boilers (ASME) Sanitation issues for hot water heaters Venting (Flue System) Gas Controls Wiring/electrical components Instructions/Markings French for Canada High altitude NOx Manufacturing And Production Test Plans
25 Pressure Vessel Requirements - Boilers For boilers being certified for the United States, compliance with ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IV (Heating Boilers) is required. CSA International cannot provide this approval. ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) must be contacted for approval requirements (www.asme.org)www.asme.org Evidence of compliance with ASME Section IV must be provided before certification of a boiler can be provided. The required ASME mark is the H stamp. Testing of the boiler can be conducted concurrently with the ASME process of obtaining the ASME certification.
26 Pressure Vessel Requirements - Boilers For boilers being certified for use in Canada, compliance with CSA B51 – Boiler, Pressure vessel, and Pressure Piping code is required. Manufacturers in countries other than Canada or the United States must either obtain the ASME Section IV certification or provide documentation to any of the 13 Provincial regulatory authorities that the production of the pressure vessel is in accordance ASME Section IV. The regulatory authority will issue a Canadian Registration Number (CRN), which is unique to the Province issuing the CRN. This can be used throughout Canada. The nameplate of the pressure vessel must contain both the ASME mark along with the CRN number.
27 Pressure Vessels – Water Heaters Pressure vessels of water heaters are not required to obtain ASME certification or a CRN number in Canada. Storage vessels and water carrying parts may, at the option of the manufacturer, have certification through ASME. If not, a hydrostatic pressure test (Section 2.27) at pressures of 2 times the rated working pressure but not less than 300 psi (20.7 bar) must be conducted as part of certification.
28 Sanitation Concerns – Water Heaters Manufacturers are required to supply evidence to the certifying agency that materials in contact with potable (drinking) water are suitable for food contact surfaces. This evidence may include: Verification that the design is compliant with sanitation standards including NSF/ANSI 5 covering water heaters. Sanitation approvals to standards outside of North America A list of materials in contact with water along with their composition that can be used to evaluate suitability against NSF standards 51 and 61. Report on toxicity or equivalent from a suitable chemical laboratory
29 Venting Issues Venting requirements on boilers is based on Category rating of appliance. This will also be required on water heaters in the near future. Category determination is based on pressures, temperatures in a test vent. As a result of this test, the following categories are determined: Category I – Negative Vent Pressure/Non-condensing Category II – Negative Vent Pressure/Condensing Category III - Positive Vent Pressure/Non-condensing Category IV - Positive Vent Pressure/Condensing
30 Venting Issues Category I boilers typically vented vertically and are equipped with draft hoods Category II and IV boilers are condensing type Category IV typically are vented with plastic pipe Category II and IV boilers must be designed to dispose of condensate Category III boilers typically vented horizontally using listed metallic vent systems Direct vent boilers and outdoor installation boilers do not have a category.
31 Venting Issues Vent systems of Category II, III, IV and direct vent appliances can be provided with the appliance or the manufacturer can specify that the appliance be tested with a commercially available vent system. Typical vents available in North America include: Plastic – PVC, CPVC, ABS – used on Category IV Condensing models Listed metallic vent systems – used on Category III Models The manufacturer must specify both the minimum and maximum vent and/or air intake pipe lengths when submitting a boiler or water heater for test that is intended to be vented horizontally.
32 Venting Issues Evaluation of vent systems used on Category II, III, IV and direct vent appliances is based on the follow criteria: If the vent system is listed and the temperatures in the vent during test do not exceed temperature ratings for the vent, it is acceptable. The venting System Standards in North America are: -UL 1738 – Venting Systems for Gas Burning Appliances - Category II, III and IV (United States) -ULC S636 – Standard for Type BH Gas Venting Systems (Canada)
33 Venting Issues Plastic vent systems (PVC,CPVC,ABS, etc.) are evaluated as follows: For Canadian approval, plastic vent systems must be approved to Canadian Venting system standard, ULC S636. This is required by Canadian Installation code, CSA B Temperatures are recorded on the vent material during operation of the water heater or boiler. Temperature limits on typical North America plastic material is as follows: -PVC – 158 F (70 C) -CPVC – 210 F (100 C) -ABS – 180 F (82 C)
34 Venting Issues For products being certified for the United States only: For unlisted plastic materials and materials other than PVC, ABS, CPVC, the water heater and boiler standards are being revised to require that the material be evaluated for corrosion resistance to condensate requirement to the requirements in the venting system standards. Consideration for approval of the vent system to standards outside of the United States as a means of accepting the vent can be given.
35 Venting Issues Metallic Vent Systems are evaluated as follows: Listed vent systems are accepted if the temperatures of the vent gases recorded during appliance testing are less than the rated temperature of the listed system. For unlisted metallic vent systems, the water heater and boiler standards are being revised to require that the material be evaluated for corrosion resistance to condensate requirement in the venting system standards. Consideration for approval of the vent system to standards outside of the United States as a means of accepting the vent can be given.
36 Controls Controls used on water heaters and boilers are accepted on the following basis: Controls are certified to the appropriate controls standards in North America Unlisted Controls are accepted in application on the basis of: -Satisfactory testing of the control to the safety test requirements in the applicable North American Control standard -The appliance manufacturer must assume responsibility for the production quality control requirements of the control either by conducting the required production line tests or by setting up a system with the control manufacturer to validate the production tests conducted by the controls manufacturer. -CSA International reserves the right to inspect the production facility of the controls manufacturer.
37 Controls North American Control Standards referenced in the water heater and boilers standards include: Ignition Systems/burner controls – ANSI Z21.20/CSA C22.2 No. 199/UL 372 *Automatic Gas Valves/Safety Shutoff Valves – ANSI Z21.21/CSA6.5 *Manual Gas Valves – ANSI Z21.15/CSA 9.1 *Thermostats – ANSI Z21.23, CSA C22.2 No. 24 or UL 873 Temperature Limits -Limits typically certified to ANSI/UL 353 (US) and CSA C22.2 No. 24 (Canada)
38 controls Low Water Cutoff Devices – ANSI/UL 353 (US) and CSA C22.2 No. 24 (Canada) (Boilers only) *Gas Regulators – ANSI Z21.18/CSA 6.3 Relief Valves -Water Heaters – ANSI Z21.22/CSA 4.4 -Boilers - ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IV (Heating Boilers) and CSA B51 – Boiler, Pressure vessel, and Pressure Piping code * - May be combined in one control body listed to ANSI Z21.78/CSA 6.20 – Combination Controls
39 Controls – Special Considerations Programmable Controls CSA International is working with partners to combine efforts to minimize testing and evaluation of software related controls. The water heater and boilers standards require compliance with various component standards which have software requirements imbedded in them. The gas appliance standards in North America are discussing upgrades to address operating features on appliances that are not addressed in control standards. Operations that were previously controlled by mechanical devices are more often being replaced by electronic signals from devices being analyzed by a programmable type control. These operations are currently being evaluated for EN approval.
40 Controls – Special Considerations CSA International evaluation of programmable controls is based on the following considerations: Recently approved standard ANSI Z21.20/CSA C22.2 No. 199/UL Automatic Electrical Controls for Household and Similar Use Part 2: Particular Requirements for Automatic Burner Ignition Systems and Components, has adapted IEC with the major exception that software evaluation is conducted using ANSI/UL ANSI/UL 1998 adapted the contents of Annex H in IEC Designs complying with ANSI Z21.20/CSA C22.2 No. 199/UL have satisfied software evaluation requirements. However, compliance with this standard is not required until 2012.
41 Controls – Special Considerations Controls not evaluated to the new ignitions system standard Z21.20/CSA C22.2 No. 199/UL , must be evaluated to the following standards: In the United States the 2005 edition of ANSI Z21.20 is used. This standard specifies software evaluation using UL Controls for Canada are tested to old edition of CSA C22.2 No. 199, which did not contain software coverage. Because of this CSA International as published an internal standard for software evaluation, CSA TIL H18A for products being certified for Canada. TIL H18A incorporates software requirements contained in ANSI Z21.20/CSA C22.2 No. 199/UL The TIL was developed to bridge the gap until the 2012 effective date for ANSI Z21.20/CSA C22.2 No. 199/UL It had an effective date of August 2008.
42 Controls – Special Considerations CSA also uses CSA C22.2 No. 0.8 – Safety Functions Incorporating Electronic Technology when evaluating features of limit controls to ANSI/UL 353. This evaluation includes additional software evaluation using UL 1998.
43 Controls – Special Considerations Designs complying with EN 298 that have been evaluated by a CSA Partner, must be evaluated as follows for compliance with the North America standards. Construction of the device must be compared to the North American Standard A portion of the performance cycling testing must be conducted. The balance of the testing is extended from evaluations conducted for the EN approval of the control Currently, CSA International will accept the software evaluation conducted by qualified CSA Partners
44 Controls – Special Considerations Relief Valve Requirements Water Heaters -Relief valve is not required to be supplied by the water heater manufacturer. Instructions must be provided on the proper installation of the relief valve. Instantaneous type water heaters only are required to be provided with pressure relief valves, not pressure and temperature relief valves. Boilers -Pressure relief valves compliant with the Pressure vessel codes are required on hot water boilers. Low Water Cutoffs Low water cutoff devices to sense low water level in a boiler are required on steam boilers but not on hot water boilers. However, installation codes and ASME CSD-1 require that these devices be provided at installation of a boiler.
45 Controls – Electrical Electrical Evaluation: United States – Electrical requirements are contained in the water heater and boiler standards. Canada – The electrical requirements are contained in CAN/CSA C22.2 No.3, Electrical Features of Fuel-Burning Equipment. Major differences in the two requirements include: -Definition of voltage in the Canadian standard is different than that defined in water heater and boiler standards. -The nominal supply voltage of a safety control circuit shall not exceed 120 V.
46 Controls – Electrical Electrical codes, NEC and CEC are not used in the evaluation. These codes exclude listed products and are typically used for installation purposes only. National Electrical Code – NFPA 70 – (United States) Canadian Electrical Code – CSA C22.1 (Canada) Certification to the water heater and boiler standards are for ordinary locations only. Hazardous locations approval is not addressed in these standards.
47 Controls – Electrical Electrical Controls: Motors, switches, lamp holders, etc, are accepted on the basis of: -Listing to North American standards -Review of application. Is control in a safety circuit? Is it a Class 2 circuit? Is there a listed safety device in the circuit? -It may be necessary to conduct limited testing on electrical components as part of their acceptance. Wiring -Line voltage (120 VAC, 60 Hz) and low voltage safety circuit wiring 30 VAC or less) must be 18 AWG (0.82 mm2) -Low voltage, non-safety circuit wiring that is not 18 AWG may be accepted on the basis that it is in a non-safety circuit, is suitable for the electrical load and is adequately supported/protected from damage.
48 Instructions and Markings Quoted Text Requirements Instruction manual and marking requirements within the standards that are in quotes must have the same wording in manufacturers instructions and markings. Marking material tests The standards require that marking materials (paper, adhesive, ink) be tested in accordance with tests in the standards or be listed markings systems to ANSI/UL 569 – Marking and labeling Systems or CSA C 22.2 No Standard for Adhesive Labels. French in Canada Markings and instructions must be translated for boilers and water heaters being certified for Canada. The translated material must be provided before CSA certification in Canada can be granted.
49 High Altitude Requirements Normal altitude is considered anything up to and including 2000 ft (610 m). Above this is considered high altitude. High altitude - United States United States – Installations over 2000 ft. are covered by the National Fuel Gas code, ANSI Z223.1/NFPA 54. The code requires that products be derated by 4% per 1000 ft. related back to sea level. (Installation at 3000 ft are derated 12%) It is not necessary for the manufacturer to address high altitude concerns in the United States as part of certification to the water heater and boiler standards.
50 High Altitude Requirements High Altitude – Canada High Altitude must comply with the applicable requirements of CAN/CCA 2.17, Standard for Gas-Fired Appliances for Use at High Altitudes. The standard covers altitudes up to 4,500 ft (1372 m) Many manufacturers declare a derate from normal altitude (2000 ft) to 4500 ft. Manufacturers have the option of obtaining certification for altitudes only up to 2000 ft (610 m) Over 4500 ft, installations in Canada are covered by the installation code, CSA B149.1 The derate requirement is the same as in the United States. Compliance with the CAN/CGA 2.17 standard is required for certification of boilers and water heaters in Canada.
51 High Altitude Requirements CSA offers specialized testing at high altitude locations up to approximately 10,000 ft (3048 m). This testing will assist manufacturers looking to establish specific operation of appliances at altitude different than specified in the installation codes. Manufacturers with products that do not need to be derated using the requirements specified in the installation codes (4% per 1000 ft) Typically the installation instructions are modified to include the specific requirements for operation of a particular appliance at various high altitudes Local installers and code inspectors will use these instructions when reviewing a particular installation.
52 NOx Requirements Measurement of NOx is not required by the water heater and boiler standards in North America. Compliance with separate standards is required to sell the appliance into certain locations, most notably California. The agency controlling the program is the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD). Their website is
53 NOx Requirements The standard used by the SCAQMD is Rule – Emissions of Oxides of Nitrogen from Large Water heaters and Small Boilers and Process Heater Products covered by the Rule include: - TYPE 1 UNIT - any water heater, boiler or process heater with a rated heat input less than or equal to 400,000 BTU per hour (117 kW) excluding tank type water heaters. -TYPE 2 UNIT - any water heater, boiler or process heater with a rated heat input greater than 400,000 BTU per hour up to and including 2,000,000 BTU per hour. (732 kW)
54 NOx Requirements Currently, emissions on Type 2 units is must be less than or equal to 30 ppm of NOx emissions (at 3% O2, dry) After January 1, 2010, Type 2 unit are limited to a NOx emission level of less than 14 nanograms of NOx (calculated as NO2) per joule of heat output or less than or equal to 20 ppm of NOx emissions (at 3% O2, dry).
55 NOx Requirements Currently, emissions on Type 1 units must be less than or equal to 40 nanograms of NOx calculated as NO2) per joule (93 lb per billion Btu) of heat output or 55 ppm NOx emissions (at 3% O2, dry) After January 1, 2012, Type 1 unit NOx emission level are reduced 14 nanograms of NOx (calculated as NO2) per joule of heat output or less than or equal to 20 ppm of NOx emissions (at 3% O2, dry).
56 NOx Requirements NOx Emmisions are the sum of nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide in the flue gas, collectively expressed as nitrogen dioxide. Report from an approved testing laboratory, such as CSA International, detailing the results of the testing to the Rule must be provided to the SQAQMD as evidence of compliance.
57 Manufacturing and Production Tests Both the water heater and boiler standards require that the manufacturer submit a plan to the certifying agency outlining the quality control procedures used in the production of the listed appliance. This plan must address, at a minimum, the following items: Procedures for receiving both raw materials (steel, etc) and purchased parts (burners, valves, etc.). These procedures must detail the level of inspection conducted by the manufacturer Procedures for the conduct of the operation of safety controls on each model produced. Procedures on the inspection of the heat exchanger and pressure vessels
58 Manufacturing and Production Tests Procedures on the dielectric withstand testing of 100% of production. Procedures on verifying burner operation on 100% of production. Procedures for leak testing gas carrying portions of 100% of production In addition to the verification tests on all production, the manufacturer is also required to provide procedures detailing method of conducting the following tests: -Burner Operating Characteristics (flashback) -Proper operation of the ignition system – Verify shutdown of flame safety system -Combustion Tests – CO and CO2 emissions -Flame Rollout Safety Means – Boilers only -Hot Water Limit Test – Boilers only
59 Manufacturing and Production Tests With regards to these tests, the manufacturer must provide the following: -The frequency of these tests. How often are samples taken from production line and tested -The procedures for conducting the tests. At a minimum, testing must be conducted in a as produced condition -Forms used to record the data -Test equipment used to conduct the tests The plan is reviewed prior to completion of certification. The plan is used by CSA inspectors during the periodic inspection of production
60 Combination Water Heaters/Boilers Coverage in the water heater standard is being developed to handle combination appliances. Combination appliances cannot be used for space heating only If appliance has separate space heating and water heating circuits: -Appliance must be marked with the working pressure of both the space heating and potable water heating circuits -The space heating circuit must comply with hydrostatic pressure test of 2 times working pressure of space heating circuit but not less than 30 psi (2 bar) There are no efficiency requirements established for combination appliances. Combination appliances certified as a water heater must comply with the efficiency requirements as a water heater.
61 Combination Water Heaters/Boilers A combination appliance can only be classified as a water heater if the primary heat exchanger directly heats potable water. Proposed definition is as follows: Combination Water / Space Heater. A water heater that heats potable water directly within the appliance, and may be connected to provide space heating either directly or indirectly for distributing heated fluid to either a fan coil or similar appliance for space heating purposes. The design is such that the heating fluid temperature cannot exceed 210 F (99 C) under any circumstances during normal operation of the water heater.
62 Combination Water Heaters/Boilers The following sketch depicts an appliance that must be classified as a boiler since the primary heat exchanger is intended for space heating circuit only Combination water heater/boiler Primary Heat Exchanger w/burner Space Heating water inlet and outlet Secondary Heat Exchanger for potable water Potable water inlet and outlet
63 Combination Water Heaters/Boilers A combination appliance that indirectly heats potable water cannot be classified as a water heater. It must be a boiler and meet the ASME pressure vessel requirements. There has been no coverage proposed in the Z21.13/CSA 4.9 boiler standard for combination appliances.
64 Combination Water Heaters/Boilers A combination appliance that is being certified to the boiler standard must have the potable (Sanitary) water circuit evaluated to portions of the water heater standard. This evaluation includes: Materials must be suitable for sanitary purposes The design must limit the outlet water temperature from the sanitary circuit to no more than 210 F (99 C) During normal operation, the outlet water temperature shall not exceed 200 F The sanitary circuit complies with a hydrostatic pressure 2 times the working pressure of the circuit The required wording in the installation instructions from the water heater standard regarding chemical treatment of boiler circuit water must be included (Section of Z /CSA 4.3) Pressure relief valve is needed on sanitary circuit
65 QUESTIONS address is:
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What is it that distinguishes sound from music? Believe it or not, I'd never sought out the definition of "music" before. The Oxford English Dictionary uses "beauty" in its description, so I guess music is made in the ears of its listener. I'm not trying to imply that Flourescent Grey's album isn't music, but it certainly challenges our instinctual notions more so than, say, Mozart or the Beatles do. Certainly, Lying on the Floor… contains organized sounds and, occasionally, some beats. Robbie Martin, the man behind these spare, quiet, creepy scrapings, whirs, taps, and mechanical digestive noises, explains the processes which resulted in his songs (as I guess we'll call them), and his approach is most closely aligned with the musique concrète composers of the mid-20th century, even if the output of his digital manipulations ("tempo grid" and "spectral analysis" are two terms found in the liner notes) resembles the work of Matmos more so than any other artist. While the CD doesn't evoke the noir humor of its title, the track "Cobweb Cave Pt. 1" is spot-on. Mostly, regardless of name, Martin's works here are successful, even if their "beauty" is not readily accessible. So, are the sounds produced by Flourescent Grey music? To this fan of Autechre and Stockhausen, the answer is yes. Your ears may not agree. But, for those seeking a glitchy, claustrophobic aural adventure (the audio equivalent of spelunking with spiders), Lying on the Floor… awaits.
We all know how critical it is to keep independent voices alive and strong online. Please consider a donation to support our work as an independent publisher devoted to the arts and humanities. Your donation will help PopMatters stay viable through these changing and challenging times where advertising no longer covers our costs. We need your help to keep PopMatters publishing. Thank you.
Little Dragon "High" (Singles Going Steady) // Music
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Celebration of the feast day of Holy Prophet Elijah at the monastery of Prohor Pcinjski3. August 2009 - 13:11
Holy liturgies are served on the occasion of the Holy Prophet Elijah in all temples of the Orthodox diocese of Vranje. The holiday is especially marked at the monastery of St Prohor Pcinjski because traditionally on this day at the monastery there is lots of people. His Grace Bishop Irinej of Bachka, the envoy of the Holy Synod of Bishops of the Serbian Orthodox Church and His Grace Bishop Pahomije of Vranje,served the Holy Hierarchal Liturgy in the presence of a great number of the faithful.
Communique1. August 2009 - 10:27
The Serbian Orthodox Church, as the host and the owner of one great orthodox sanctuary, a monastery of St. Prohor Pcinjski, decided, on behalf of regional Diocese of Vranje as well as on behalf of the Holy Synod of Bishops and on the suggestion of His Grace Bishop Irinej of Bachka, the member of the Holy Synod and the official representative of the Diocese of Vranje regarding the issue of the celebration of the feast of the Holy Prophet Elijah (Ilindan) at the monastery of St. Prohor Pcinjski - to honestly, warmly, brotherly, without any hidden thoughts, provide hospitality and more than that, brotherly reception for the high delegation of the Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia on the 65th anniversary of ASNOM on the the feast of the Holy Prophet Elijah of this year.
Bishop Atanasije: United, we celebrate the All-Holy Spirit!28. July 2009 - 8:05
High guest from Anglican Church visits the Serbian Patriarchate27. July 2009 - 21:36
His Grace Bishop Atanasije of Hvosno received todat at the Court of the Serbian Patriarchate in Belgrade His Eminence Bishop of the Anglican Church for Europe the Rt Revd David Hamid.
His Grace Bishop Atanasije on behalf of His Holiness Patriarch Pavle of Serbia, and on behalf of His Eminence Metropolitan Amfilohije of Montenegro and the Littoral welcomed the guest from England. Bishop David thanked and conveyed the greetings from Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams.
Public Issue Statement Called to strengthen human rights, religious freedom and relationships27. July 2009 - 9:05
"Called to One Hope in Christ", the 13th Assembly of the Conference of European Churches, meets in the context of a Europe which is becoming increasingly diverse religiously, ethnically and linguistically. There are many positive consequences of this but there are also real concerns that human relationships are under strain and human freedoms are being restricted. These include growing misunderstandings between religious communities, religious discrimination and violation of religious freedom.
Metropolitan Amfilohije received ambassador of Italy25. July 2009 - 10:22
His Eminence Metropolitan Amfilohije of Montenegro and the Littoral received on July 24, 2009, at the Patriarchate Court His Excellency Armando Varricchio, a newly appointed ambassador of the Republic of Italy in Belgrade.


text: lojovstheworld / January 30, 2017 Sparkly Unicorns As I may have mentioned before we have finally, finally got the keys to our new house. I absolutely can't wait to get in there and try to get settled. The thing is, as much as I love… View Full Post View Post You may also enjoy:New Baby FlowersBlack roses


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Conceived and designed the experiments: THL CPT JTQ. Performed the experiments: THL. Analyzed the data: THL TSW CPT JTQ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TSW CPT JTQ. Wrote the paper: THL TSW CPT JTQ.
Genotyping of human papillomarvirus (HPV) is crucial for patient management in a clinical setting. This study accesses the combined use of broad-range real-time PCR and high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis for rapid identification of HPV genotypes.
Genomic DNA sequences of 8 high-risk genotypes (HPV16/18/39/45/52/56/58/68) were subject to bioinformatic analysis to select for appropriate PCR amplicon. Asymmetric broad-range real-time PCR in the presence of HRM dye and two unlabeled probes specific to HPV16 and 18 was employed to generate HRM molecular signatures for HPV genotyping. The method was validated via assessment of 119 clinical HPV isolates.
A DNA fragment within the L1 region was selected as the PCR amplicon ranging from 215–221 bp for different HPV genotypes. Each genotype displayed a distinct HRM molecular signature with minimal inter-assay variability. According to the HRM molecular signatures, HPV genotypes can be determined with one PCR within 3 h from the time of viral DNA isolation. In the validation assay, a 91% accuracy rate was achieved when the genotypes were in the database. Concomitantly, the HRM molecular signatures for additional 6 low-risk genotypes were established.
This assay provides a novel approach for HPV genotyping in a rapid and cost-effective manner.
Human papillomavirus (HPV), a small and nonenveloped double-stranded DNA virus, is established as the key etiological factor in cervical neoplasms [1]–[3]. The recognition of the central role of HPV infections in the etiology of virtually all cervical cancers has dramatically changed the perspectives of diagnoses and prevention of this neoplasia [4], [5]. Currently, HPV DNA testing plays a pivotal role for atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, primary screening in conjunction with cytology for the detection of cervical cancer and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and follow-up in a variety of clinical settings [6]–[12]. Genotyping assays are also instrumental in assessing the impact of HPV vaccination on the risk of acquisition and on the distribution of individual HPV types in a population [8], [9], [13], [14].
HPV infection can be monitored by detection of thirteen high-risk oncogenic HPV types (HPV16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 and 68) using a commercially available HPV testing method such as the Hybrid Capture 2 assay (Digene Corporation, Gaithersburg, MD), the only HPV assay approved by the US Food and Drug Administration [11], [15], [16]. However, information on HPV genotype is lacking in the cocktail detection method. Other detection systems that determine HPV genotype include nonamplification Southern and dot blot hybridization with type-specific probes [17], type-specific PCR [18], [19], and broad-range PCR [5], [20]. The disadvantage of type-specific PCR is that multiple hybridization reactions are needed to access multiple HPV genotypes in a single sample, while broad-range PCR such as MY09/11 has the drawback of a large PCR fragment with less sensitivity [21]. Under these circumstances, there is a clinical demand for developing a simple and accurate method for identification of infecting HPV genotype with high specificity and sensitivity.
Recently, a high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis method which incorporates double-stranded DNA saturating dye and specifically designed data collection and analyzing software has been developed. HRM analysis was first developed as a closed-tube technology for genotyping DNA variants and mutation screening with advantages over the other techniques such as high-throughput, rapid and non-destructive nature [22]–[29]. Instead of using a labeled primer to analyze the domain in which the mutation resides, Wittwer and his coworkers developed HRM analysis using a saturation dye LCGreen I to substitute the need of labeled primer [28]. The combined use of real-time PCR and HRM for analysis of microbial DNA results in distinguishable HRM profiles and generates unique molecular fingerprints that facilitates its practical applications such as quantification of pathogen load and microbial species identification [30]–[35]. If required, heteroduplex formation or multiple PCR fragments can be employed to distinguish microbial species with closely similar HRM profile [30], [31], [36]. A modified HRM protocol incorporating unlabeled probes has also been reported for genotyping of herpes simplex virus that provides an alternative to detect and genotype low copies of viral infection [23].
In this study, we reported a novel method based on the use of HRM analysis and unlabeled probes to rapidly identify and differentiate HPV genotypes in clinical specimens. Without multiplexing, HPV genotypes can be completed with one PCR within 3 h from the time of viral DNA isolation.
All cervical samples were collected from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital with the approval by the Institutional Review Board (IRB 99-0112B) and with informed consent from the patients. The genomic DNAs of 140 consecutive HPV clinical specimens were obtained from the sample bank for this study. The individuals who performed the experiments do not know the genotype of these clinical specimens until completion of HRM analysis.
The QIAamp DNA mini kit was purchased from Qiagen (Hilden, Germany). The LightCycler 480 and the LightCycler 480 High Resolution Melting Master were purchased from Roche Applied Science (Mannheim, Germany). The T&A cloning vector was purchased from RBC Bioscience (Taipei, Taiwan). The McTaq DNA polymerase was purchased from One-Star Biotechnology (Taipei, Taiwan). The UniPOL-Long Range PCR enzyme mix containing Taq DNA polymerase and AccuPOL with 3′→5′ exonuclease activity was purchased from Ampliqon ApS (Skovlunde, Denmark). The EasyChip HPV genotyping system was purchased from KingCar (Yilan, Taiwan).
The QIAamp DNA mini kit was used to extract DNA from cervical specimen and the genomic DNA was eluted in 50 µl of elution buffer. The quality of the extracted DNA was checked by conventional PCR to amplify a housekeeping gene glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in a 50 µl of reaction containing 5 µl of 10× PCR buffer (20 mM MgCl2), 2 µl of 10 mM dNTP, 0.5 µl of McTaq DNA polymerase (5 U/µl), 2 µl of 5 µM forward primer GAPDH-F, 2 µl of 5 µM reverse primer GAPDH-R (Table 1) and 2 µl of template DNA. The PCR condition was 95°C for 5 min followed by 50 cycles of 95°C for 30 sec, 60°C for 40 sec, and 72°C for 60 sec. An additional 3 min of extension at 72°C was performed after the last PCR cycle to replenish PCR products followed by cooling at 4°C.
The HPV DNA testing was done routinely for patients who attended our dysplasia unit. Clinical DNA samples were subjected to EasyChip assay platform for HPV genotyping. The details of HPV blot format and typing procedure were described previously [37]. Briefly, 20 µl of the denatured amplicon was hybridized to the blot and the genotype was determined using streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate and substrate. After the blot was dried, the HPV genotypes displayed on the blot were determined using a standard visual assessment protocol.
Partial HPV L1 region was amplified by PCR using the clinical DNA samples of HPV16, 18, 39, 45, 52, 56, 58 and 68 and the primer pair FRG5/FRG2 (Table 1). Briefly, the PCR reaction (50 µl) was composed of 5 µl of 10× UniPOL buffer B (15 mM MgCl2), 1 µl of 25 mM MgCl2, 2 µl of 10 mM dNTP, 0.5 µl of the UniPOL-Long Range PCR Enzyme mix (5 U/µl), 2 µl of forward primer FRG5 (5 µM), 2 µl of reverse primer FRG2 (5 µM) and 2 µl of template DNA. The PCR condition was 95°C for 5 min followed by 50 cycles of 95°C for 30 sec, 46°C for 40 sec, and 72°C for 30 sec. An additional 3 min of extension at 72°C was performed after the last PCR cycle to replenish PCR product followed by cooling at 4°C. The PCR product was then cloned into the T&A cloning vector as described by the manufacturer's instruction (RBC Bioscience) and was confirmed by DNA sequencing.
For symmetric amplification of the HPV genomic DNA, broad-range real-time PCR was performed in a 384-well format using LightCycler 480. Briefly, the PCR reaction (20 µl) was composed of 10 µl of 2× HRM master mix, 2 µl of 25 mM MgCl2, 0.8 µl of 5 µM forward primer FRG5, 0.8 µl of 5 µM reverse primer FRG2, and 2 µl of template DNA. The amplification condition was optimized for the use of FastStart Taq DNA polymerase by incubating the reaction mixtures at 95°C for 15 min, followed by 50 cycles of 95°C for 15 sec, 46°C for 20 sec, and 72°C for 30 sec with the ramp to 95°C at 4.8°C/s, to 46°C at 2.5°C/s, and to 72°C at 4.8°C/s. An additional 1 min at 72°C was added to replenish the PCR product.
For asymmetric amplification of HPV genomic DNA, the PCR reaction (20 µl) was composed of 10 µl of 2× HRM master mix, 2 µl of 25 mM MgCl2, 0.4 µl of 2.5 µM forward primer FRG5, 2 µl of 5 µM reverse primer FRG2, 2 µl of 5 µM unlabeled probe for HPV16 and HPV18 when indicated, and 2 µl of template DNA. The unlabeled probe was modified by C6-amine or inverted dT at the 3′-end to prevent the probe from self-extension. The amplification condition was optimized for the use of FastStart Taq DNA polymerase by incubating the reaction mixtures at 95°C for 15 min, followed by 65 cycles of 95°C for 15 sec, 46°C for 20 sec, and 72°C for 30 sec with the ramp to 95°C at 4.8°C/s, to 46°C at 2.5°C/s, and to 72°C at 4.8°C/s. An additional 1 min at 72°C was added to replenish PCR product.
For HRM analysis, the PCR product was denatured by rising temperature to 95°C at 4.8°C/s and was then cool down to 55°C at 2.5°C/s for hybridization. The melting curve was acquired by increasing the temperature from 55°C to 95°C at a ramp rate of 4.8°C/s with 25 acquisitions per degree of temperature.
To assess the combined use of real-time PCR and HRM analysis for rapid detection and differentiation of HPV genotypes, genomic DNA sequences for 8 high-risk HPV genotypes (HPV16, 18, 39, 45, 52, 56, 58 and 68) were subject to bioinformatic analysis. These genotypes represent 98% and 75% of the clinical isolates in Southeast Asia and Europe/US, respectively [37], [38]. After multiple-sequence alignment of HPV genomic DNA sequences from different genotypes using the Vector NTI and BioEdit software packages, the fragments that are highly degenerated and flanked by conserved DNA sequences were chosen as the candidate targets for design of broad-range PCR to amplify HPV genomic DNA. Accordingly, a L1 fragment corresponding to nt 6895 to nt 7115 of HPV16 (accession number NC_001526.1) with the size ranging from 215 to 221 bp for different HPV genotypes was found to fulfill our selection criteria (Fig. 1). Due to the conserved nature of these nucleotides among various HPV genotypes, the nt 6895 to 6923 and nt 7087 to 7115 were selected to design the forward primer FRG5 and reverse primer FRG2, respectively (Table 1).
We determined whether symmetric PCR of the L1 fragment followed by HRM analysis provides distinguishable melting profiles for HPV genotyping. To facilitate the assay, the PCR products corresponding to L1 fragment of various HPV genotypes were subcloned into the T&A cloning vector. These plasmids were used as the template for PCR amplification using the primers FRG5 and FRG2. Despite that most of the HPV genotypes displayed unique HRM profiles, the melting profiles for some HPV genotypes were not distinguishable. For example, HPV18 and HPV45 exhibited almost identical derivative plots and the genotypes were not likely to be determined accordingly (Fig. 2A).
To overcome this problem, we determined whether appropriate use of type-specific unlabeled probe(s) generates HRM profiles sufficient for differentiating HPV genotypes. To facilitate the binding of unlabeled probe to the PCR product, asymmetric PCR was performed to selectively amplify the DNA strain complementary to the unlabeled probe. An unlabeled probe specific to HPV18 was designed (Table 1) and was added into the asymmetric PCR reaction. As illustrated in Fig. 2B, the HPV18-specific unlabeled probe resulted in an additional melting peak for HPV18 and thereby the genotypes of HPV18 and HPV45 can be unambiguously differentiated (Fig. 2B).
The detection limit of this method was evaluated by asymmetric PCR amplification of 10-fold serially diluted plasmid DNA (from 1 pg to 10 ag) that contained 221-bp of HPV18 L1 fragment. The amplification reaction was performed in the presence of 40 ng of human genomic DNA to mimic the co-presence of HPV and human genomic DNA in clinical specimens. As revealed by amplification plots, as little as 10 ag plasmid DNA equivalent to 3 copies of HPV DNA was detectable in this assay condition (Fig. 2C). The standard curve showed a dynamic linear range for quantification across 6 logs of DNA concentrations and had a correlation coefficient of 0.9986 (Fig. 2D). Notably, both the melting and derivative plots were consistent when the amounts of template DNA from 1 pg to 10 ag were subject to asymmetric PCR amplification (Fig. 2E and 2F).
It is known that the last 6–7 nucleotides of PCR primers are critical for amplification specificity and efficiency [39], [40]. Due to the degenerative nature of the FRG5 and FRG2 primers and the HPV68 genomic DNA carrying 2 mismatches at the last 7 nucleotides of the FRG5 primer region, we determined whether the efficiency for amplification of HPV68 DNA is affected. When the amounts of template DNA ranging from 1 pg to 100 ag were used, PCR amplification of HPV68 DNA was as efficient as for HPV18 DNA with no potential skewing. The presence of human genomic DNA also had no effect on amplification of HPV18 and HPV68 DNA (Fig. S1). However, 10 ag of plasmid template DNA for HPV18 but not HPV68 could be detected by this method, indicating a decrease in amplification efficiency that either due to skewing effect or a negative impact of human genomic DNA on amplifying low amount of HPV68 DNA.
The HRM profiles for 8 high-risk HPV genotypes were then generated by asymmetric broad-range real-time PCR in the presence of the unlabeled probes specific for HPV16 and HPV18. The melting temperatures and melting profiles provide molecular signatures for the 8 high-risk genotypes that can be unambiguously identified through high-resolution derivative plots (Table 2 and Fig. 3A). When clinical samples with the indicated genotypes were subject to the analyses, the melting patterns were in accord with those obtained from plasmid DNA template (Fig. 3B). Agarose gel electrophoresis further confirmed the generation of genotype-specific PCR products (Fig. 3C). The distinct HRM molecular signatures thereby provide a basis for genotyping of HPV subtypes.
We further assessed our method in HPV genotyping of clinical specimens retrospectively. A total of 140 clinical samples from patients who were suspected of having precancerous lesion were blind tested. Due to the nature of sample storage, only 119 of the 140 DNA samples were informative and generated PCR products that were suited for HRM analysis (Table 3). As revealed by EasyChip genotyping and DNA sequencing, 70 of the 119 informative cases were infected with high-risk HPV subtypes, while 49 were infected with low-risk subtypes. In addition, 65 of the 70 samples were infected with the HPV subtypes that were the analytical subjects of this study. Of the 65 samples, 59 displayed distinguishable HRM patterns that can be assigned to the correct genotype with the typing rate equivalent to 91%. According to EasyChip genotyping analysis, the remaining 6 samples were infected with multiple HPV genotypes and can not be genotyped accurately by HRM analysis (Table S1).
During our analysis of clinical specimens, several low-risk HPV genotypes including HPV42, 62, 70, CP8304, CP8061 and MM8 were found to display their unique high-resolution derivative plots (Fig. 4A and 4B). Of the 49 specimens that were infected with low-risk genotypes, 32 of them belonged to HPV42, 62, 70, CP8304, CP8061 and MM8 with 29 of them being genotyped accurately. The correct genotyping rate reached 91% (Table 3). Furthermore, 2 cases of HPV11 and 2 cases of HPV81 that were assigned as "others" (Table 3) in the low-risk group were, at the beginning, mistakenly classified as HPV54 and CP8304, respectively. All the rest of the samples (n=18) assigned in the "others" group for both high-risk and low-risk genotypes was not falsely claimed as infected with the HPV subtypes of interest. Together, an HRM database for a total of 14 HPV genotypes was established that form the basis for HPV genotyping.
HPV is well recognized as a major cause of cervical cancer. The development of high grade pre-cancer and invasive cervical cancer could be due to persistent high-risk HPV infection. A rapid, accurate and sensitive method to detect and differentiate HPV genotypes is essential to identify high risk patients who are otherwise found to have normal cytological results and women with cervical cancer potential from the screened population. HPV genotyping provides a reference point for HPV vaccination and HPV prevalence in natural history studies during clinical practice. Unlike hepatitis B vaccine, there is no acceptable antibody test for HPV vaccines. If it is affordable, HPV genotyping assay should be the first choice for HPV testing. In this study, a novel approach for HPV genotyping is developed. This method is based on the combined use of asymmetric broad-range real-time PCR and HRM analysis. Accordingly, 8 high-risk and 6 low-risk HPV subtypes can be identified that offers a novel approach for HPV genotyping.
A number of HPV DNA genotyping methods including real-time multiplex PCR, Hybrid Capture II INNO-LiPA v2 HPV genotyping PCR, Roche Amplicor MWP HPV test and Digene HC2 assay have been reported in the literature [16], [41]–[45]. Recent trends in the application of HRM analysis for microorganism identification [30], [31], [35] lead us to explore a new avenue to identify and differentiate HPV genotypes. Through bioinformatic analysis, we revealed that the 153–163 bp interprimer regions of FRG5 and FRG2 is relatively conserved within isolates of the same genotype, whereas nucleotide divergence is present among different HPV genotypes. Therefore, the PCR amplicon likely contains information for at least partial phylogenetic characterization for HPV genotyping. We demonstrated that 8 high-risk and 6 low-risk HPV genotypes can be identified through the HRM molecular signatures that were generated by asymmetric broad-range real-time PCR of the L1 DNA fragment in the presence of two HPV16- and HPV18-specific unlabeled probes. The relatively small PCR amplicon also results in an increase in the detection limit of this method when compared with the previously reported broad-range PCR such as MY09/11 that has a drawback of a large PCR fragment with less sensitivity [21]. Our data indicate that as little as 10 ag of plasmid DNA carrying the HPV18 PCR amplicon equivalent to 3 copies of HPV genome is detectable by this method. Due to the 2 mismatches of the last 7 nucleotides in the FRG5 primer region, the detection limit for HPV68 is slightly affected with 30 copies of genome being detected. As judged by the Ct value obtained from the analysis of clinical specimens, most of the samples contained more than 300 copies of HPV DNA. Hence, this assay should have sufficient sensitivity for most of the clinical HPV genotyping analysis. When it is combined with rapid-cycle PCR, HRM analysis requires minimal time, and the material cost is usually less than $3. The time required for the differentiation of HPV genotypes is considerably short when PCR is performed directly with clinical specimens. Approximate 3 h is required for genotyping of the clinical samples with the isolated DNA as the starting material.
Multi-infection of HPV strains with various genotypes accounts for approximate 8–22% of the HPV-infected patients [46]–[48]. The prevalence of multiple HPV infections varies in relation to the method used to detect HPV DNA and the study population. In addition, a potential skewing for amplification of HPV DNA in specimens containing multiple HPV genotypes by PCR with broad-range primers has been reported [49]. A technical limitation of the current method is the incapability to clearly identify the genotypes in these scenarios. Hence, among the clinical samples we analyzed in this study, the HPV genotypes for 7 HPV-positive samples that are infected with multiple HPV genotypes can not be identified by HRM analysis. However, the distinguished HRM patterns provide a hint that multiple infections may occur that required further identification with other methods.
In conclusion, the molecular signatures from HRM analysis of the broad-range real-time PCR products are useful for detection and genotyping of HPV infection. This approach can be extended further to cover all the 13 high-risk HPV genotypes. With an appropriate HRM molecular signatures database, this method should allow rapid and cost-effective differentiation of HPV genotypes.
Effects of human genomic DNA on the amplification of HPV DNA. A–C. Serial dilution of the plasmid harboring the L1 fragment of HPV18 (panel A and C) or HPV68 (panel B and C) corresponding to the indicated copy number of template DNA were subject to amplification by asymmetric broad-range real-time PCR in the presence or absence of 20 ng of human genomic DNA. The copy numbers of the template DNA were plotted against Ct values.
The genotypes for the samples with multiple infection.
We would like to thank Drs. Chyong-Huey Lai and Chung-Ming Chang for their support and helpful discussion in this study.
This work was supported by the National Science Council [NMRPD180311 to J.T.Q.], Department of Health [DOH99-TD-C-111-006 to J.T.Q.] and Chang Gung Molecular Medicine Research Center [EMRPD1B0151 to C.-P.T.]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Little girl has a thousand Giant ants extracted from her ear—but they continue to breed inside!
This graphic video showing how 1000 giant ants are being pulled out of a girl's ear in India is making rounds in the internet. Shreya Darji, from Deesa, in Gujarat, western India reveals that several ants crawl out from her ears daily. Strangely, she has not been experiencing pain from ant bites.
Dr Jawahar Talsania, 58, senior Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) surgeon, in Gujarat, said: "She doesn't experience any kind of pain – despite the ants biting her – and no damage has been found to the eardrums.
"The family live a normal life and they have a healthy environment so we can't even blame their living conditions. We've not seen anything like this in our medical history."
What is even more baffling is that despite the efforts of many doctors in extracting the ants from her ear, they continue to breed. Shreya's parents are hoping those will be the last of the ants breeding inside her ear.


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Get an overview of this hotel3-star riverwalk hotel, walk to Plaza de la Corredera
Situated on the riverwalk, this hotel is within a 10-minute walk of University of Cordoba: Philosophy and Letters Faculty and Plaza de la Corredera. Marques de Viana Palace and Cordoba Mosque are also within 1 mi (2 km).
Hotel Features
This hotel features a restaurant, an outdoor pool, and 3 bars/lounges. WiFi in public areas is free. Other amenities include a fitness center, a coffee shop/café, and self parking.
Room Amenities
All 97 rooms offer free WiFi, room service, and flat-screen TVs. Other amenities available to guests include hair dryers, phones, and desks.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Opens in a new window
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Averroes features an outdoor pool and a fitness center. Dining options at the hotel include a restaurant and a coffee shop/café. Guests can unwind with a drink at one of hotel's 3 bars/lounges. Public areas are equipped with complimentary high-speed wireless Internet access.
3 meeting rooms are available. This Cordoba hotel also offers a library, a terrace, and tour/ticket assistance. Limited onsite parking is available on a first-come, first-served basis (surcharge).
- Total number of rooms - 97
- Number of floors - 2
- Number of bars/lounges - 3
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Coffee shop or café
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Concierge services
- Elevator/lift
- Fitness facilities
- Gift shops or newsstand
- Hair salon
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Free WiFi
- Library
- One meeting room
- Multilingual staff
- Parking (limited spaces)
- Garden
- Terrace
- Luggage storage
- Restaurant
- Self parking (surcharge)
- Area shuttle (surcharge)
- Free parking nearby
- Number of meeting rooms - 3
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Outdoor pool
- Outdoor seasonal pool
- Television in common areas
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Outdoor pool
- Free Wi-Fi
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Self parking (surcharge), Parking (limited spaces), Free parking nearby
Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- Phone
- Daily housekeeping
- Designer toiletries
- Private bathroom
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Bidet
- Bathtub or shower
- In-room safe (surcharge)
- Desk
- Flat-panel TV
- Free WiFi
- Room service (limited hours)
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
- Cribs/infant beds (surcharge)
Where to Eat
Buffet breakfasts are available for a surcharge and are served each morning between 7:30 AM and 10:00 AM.
This hotel has a restaurant on site.
Room service (during limited hours) is available.
Start your morning with a buffet breakfast, available each day from 7:30 AM to 10:00 AM for a surcharge. You can order up room service during limited hours.
Nearby Things to Do
Recreational amenities at the hotel include an outdoor pool and a fitness center.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Bicycle rentals nearby
If you have requests for specific accessibility needs, please note them at check-out when you book your room.
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Rollaway/extra beds are available.
- Cribs (infant beds) are available for EUR 15 per night.
- Pets not allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No rollaway/extra beds available
Optional extras
- Breakfast fee: between EUR 2.00 and EUR 10.00 per person (approximately)
- Self parking fee: EUR 10 per night
- In-room safe fee: EUR 3.00 per day
- Crib (infant bed) fee: EUR 15 per night
- Rollaway beds are available for an additional fee
Hotel Name
- Averroes
- Averroes Cordoba
- Averroes Hotel
- Averroes Hotel Cordoba
We should mention
Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 2500, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation.


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http://TheMMAdigest.com watch video >>
Part 2 audio of the announcement for the Mixed Martial Arts Athletes Association from Georges St. Pierre, Tim Kennedy, Donald Cerrone and more. http://BloodyElbow.com watch video >>
Audio of the annocement for the Mixed Martial Arts Athletes Association from Georges St. Pierre, Tim Kennedy, Donald Cerrone and more. http://BloodyElbow.com watch video >>
MMA & UFC Fighters celebrate 2016's Christmas. Georges St-Pierre 'GSP', Tito Ortiz, Paul Felder, Kelvin Gastelum watch video >>
Mixed Martial Arts Athletes Association is formed. Tim Kennedy, Georges St-Pierre, Donald "Cowboy" Cerrone, T.J. Dillashaw, Cain Velasquez, and Bjorn Rebney (Bellator founder) speak about this new MM watch video >>
This is the first episode of MMA Vines. You will find in this video: Georges St Pierre, Brad Pickett, Amanda Nunes, Gabi Garcia and Ricardo Lamas. ········································ watch video >>
Mixed Martial Arts has been legalized in the state of New York, reactions from Matt Serra, Chris Weidman, Aljamain Sterling. Jon Jones and Chris Weidman are the 2 biggest UFC stars from the state of watch video >>
http://www.smackhisface.com UFC Legend Georges St. Pierre Back in Training and looking like an absolute animal watch video >>
Fighting since 2004, 18-8 record in mixed martial arts fighting. watch video >>
Former UFC champion GSP training. https://www.facebook.com/georgesstpierre/ watch video >>
Experience the biggest year in mixed martial arts history as the Ultimate Fighting Championship relives the greatest fights and most exciting moments from 2014. In this 2-hour special, the UFC looks watch video >>
Should Georges St-Pierre return to fighting in the UFC? watch video >>
http://www.gspofficial.com https://www.facebook.com/georgesstpierre https://twitter.com/georgesstpierre watch video >>


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Fairview Chiropractic Care Centre, James Parliament D.C.
Doctors, Chiropractors, Massage
The clinic offers spinal and extremity joint manipulation from an Alberta licensed chiropractor. Dr. James Parliament is also trained as an acupuncture provider in conjunction to the chiropractic treatment. The clinic also offers a variety of nutritional supplements and exercise and rehabilitation support items along with provides custom made foot orthotics.
Website - None provided
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Originally given as a live snack for a rat snake named Aochan, a dwarf hamster called Gohan (after a tasty Japanese rice dish) has instead become best friends with the serpent. The two share a cardboard box together at Tokyo's Mutsugoro Okoku zoo. "I've never seen anything like it," says zookeeper Kazuya Yamamoto about the unusual pairing. Read more from MSNBC(1).
Photo: Kyota Nomura
1. http://msnbc.msn.com/id/10903211/
John Sabol of Ghost Excavations, along with co-director Mary Becker, joined Dave Schrader (email) to share evidence for afterlife consciousness.More »


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Eating Fire
Selected Poetry 1965-1995
By (author) Margaret Atwood
Format: Paperback
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Eating Fire by Margaret Atwood
Book DescriptionThe evolution of Margaret Atwood's poetry illuminates one of our major literary talents. Here, as in her novels, is intensity combined with sardonic detachment, and in these early poems her genius for a level stare at the ordinary is wonderfully apparent. Just as startling is her ability to contrast the everyday with the terrifying: 'Each time I hit a key/ on my electric typewriter/ speaking of peaceful trees/ another village explodes.' Her poetic voice is crystal clear, insistent, unmistakably her own. Through bus trips and postcards, wilderness and trivia, she reflects the passion and energy of a writer intensely engaged with her craft and the world. Two former collections, Poems 1965 - 1975 and Poems 1976 - 1986, are presented together with her latest collection, Morning in the Burned House, in this omnibus that represents the development of a major poet.
Buy Eating Fire book by Margaret Atwood from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9781860495052
(198mm x 126mm x 23mm)
Pages: 384
Imprint: Virago Press Ltd
Publisher: Little, Brown Book Group
Publish Date: 1-Oct-1998
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
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Author Biography - Margaret Atwood
Margaret Atwood's novel, ALIAS GRACE, was shortlisted for the Booker Prize 1996. She has written many novels, including the prize-winning THE HANDMAID'S TALE, which was also a successful film. In 2000 she won the Booker Prize for her novel The Blind Assassin.
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Nissan xterra for sale in knoxville tn for sale on US's largest classifieds sites (9 results)
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2014 Nissan Xterra 4WD PRO-4X
This outstanding example of a 2014 Nissan Xterra Pro-4X is offered by Fenton Nissan of Knoxville. This SUV gives you versatility, style and comfort all in one vehicle. This 4WD-equipped Nissan will handle majestically on any terrain and in any weather condition your may find yourself in. The benefits ...
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Year: 2000, Make: Nissan


text:
15635 Stanton Street, West Olive MI, 49460
Sold Price:
4 beds , 2 Full baths
2,503 sqft
Status: Closed
Last Updated: 2/23/2017 5:19 AM
Description for 15635 Stanton Street West Olive, MI 49460
Large ranch home on almost 5 acres, private pond with waterfall, 4 bedrooms, wood floors, living room, family room with fireplace, 3 season room, master bedroom with Jacuzzi tub, main floor laundry - sound like a paradise? 40x40 pole barn, gas forced air furnace with A/C, auxiliary wood fired boiler that will heat the house and part of the pole barn, natural gas generator- wow the list just keeps going on. This is one home you have to experience. Please call for your private showing.
Sold Price:
Sold Date:03/03/2015
Grand Haven Twp
2 Full
2,503 (approx)
Listing Information
Grand Haven Twp
Softener Own
Generator, Electric, Natural Gas, Telephone
School Information
Room Information
Family Room
Eat-In Kitchen
Interior Features
Oven Built-in, Dishwasher, Range, Refrigerator
Central Air
Gas Heat, Wood, Forced Air
Basement, Full
Bay Window(s), Insulated
1, Wood-burning
Wood Floors
Exterior / Lot Features
Attached Garage, 2 Car Garage
Deck, Patio
In Ground Sprinklers
Pond, Waterfall, Paved Road, Public Roads, Wooded, Acreage
Driving Directions
US-31 to Stanton, W to home
Financial Considerations
Listing Price History
West Olive Real Estate
West Olive is located in Michigan. West Olive, Michigan 49460 has a population of 8,738.
The median household income in West Olive, Michigan 49460 is $65,433. The median household income for the surrounding county is $55,760 compared to the national median of $53,046. The median age of people living in West Olive 49460 is 39.4 years.
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