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The recent sci-fi film Arrival has re-brought linguistics into the public's eyes, with an alien language that is powerful enough to reshape speakers' minds and enable them to see the future. While linguists outside the screen are not so sure if alien languages are really like that, our own language capacity is potentially spectacular enough to impress the arriving aliens and inspire a movie on their planet. [1]
Language is something that everyone uses in our daily life. It comes so naturally to us that we seldom stop and think about its marvelous intricacy. At a distance, the human language is no less a godly design than the physical universe; in fact, it offers us a mental universe. While sci-fi lovers enjoy imagining time travel and parallel universe, these features have always been there in the mechanics of our language. We can talk about things that happened a million years ago and those that might happen in a million years, and we can also propose various possible outcomes in different possible worlds under miscellaneous conditions. Moreover, in a sense, the thousands of different languages spoken in the world are themselves one and another "parallel universe", where a tiny parametric change may lead to grammatical systems as different as English and Japanese.
Although the word "language" is etymologically "tongue", the diversity of human language is not restricted to the tongue. While language is a human nature rooted in our minds, it can find its way out through various channels (a procedure called "externalization"). Theoretically speaking, every sensory modality can develop its own language form. The auditory modality supports spoken language, the visual modality supports sign language, and the recently discovered haptic language is presumably supported by the somatosensory modality. Yet, all these amazingly different language forms eventually lead to the same (or equivalent) meanings in the conceptual-intentional system. We use different languages, but we can understand each other.
There is a recent Cambridge Festival of Ideas short firm called Talk with Your Hands: Communicating Across the Sensory Spectrum, which nicely explores the idea of cross-modality language experience. Through a series of interviews, the producers – Craig Pearson, Julio Chenchen Song, Toby Smith – present to the audience how language is experienced in different modalities and briefly introduce the grammatical mechanisms of sign language, which features simultaneous externalization of multiple words unlike the linear externalization (one word at a time) in spoken language. Although this sensorimotor non-linearity is not as magic as the non-linearity of the alien language in Arrival (which presumably involves a non-linear conceptual-intentional system), it is already powerful enough to endow the level of flexibility to sign language that spoken language can only covet.
As Dr. Matt Davis (neuroscientist) and Dr. Víctor Acedo-Matellán (linguist) point out in the short film, language is the capacity that sets us apart from all other animals, and sign language is not a direct translation or substitute for spoken language, but a completely independent natural language. Indeed, all natural languages are equally well-equipped to express the infinite ideas human beings want to articulate. The Cambridge Shorts communications officer writes: "in just ten minutes, Talk with Your Hands conveys the richness of verbal and non-verbal languages and explores how our senses overlap and merge."
For the arriving aliens, language is a weapon; for us it is the same. If language is the foundation of human intelligence, then everything that comes with language, including its diversity, flexibility, and creativity, are direct reflections of intelligence. Can aliens or AIs also possess such a language system? The former, we don't know; the latter, let's wait and see.
[1] Picture source: http://arstechnica.com/the-multiverse/2016/11/arrival-proves-that-first-contact-movies-can-still-blow-your-mind/
After singular they was declared word of the year for 2015, the word attracted unprecedented strong online reaction. Despite the split opinions seen and heard on and outside the Internet, my recent research in Australia found that the use of they as a singular pronoun is gaining approval as a 'correct' way to speak.
277 people across all different age groups were asked to provide their evaluation of 'correct/ incorrect/ I don't know' over 5 sentences, condensed in the form of a listening task and a written task. Results show an interesting contrastive trend for spoken and written data. While most participants judged singular they as 'Correct' in spoken discourse, the opinion is divided among native speakers and non-native speakers when it comes to written sentences, as illustrated in Figure 1:
Figure 1: Assessment of Singular They by native and non-native speakers in written discourse
Such even split proportion across both groups of speakers is perhaps the evidence of a linguistics feature in transition, a point where a part of society is less resistant, and others are more so towards the change. In other words, singular they stays 'below the radar' but is still more or less noticeable.
Interestingly, almost 80% of participants recognised singular they (and its genitive form) as a preference to stay 'politically correct'. When being asked to assess the supposedly correct form of pronoun in the sentence 'Each student must write his ID number on the exam', speakers' discomfort with the 'sexist implication' in the word 'his' was prevalent and clearly expressed. Many respondents suggest 'their' as a 'better way to say it', or unless 'it is a room full of boys'. The use of singular they then can be seen as speakers' solution to the inherent lack of a singular, gender-neutral third person pronoun in English. The need becomes even more pronounced in wake of the ongoing social and global effort to advocate for gender inclusion and equality.
It is also quite interesting that the speakers' uncertainty about Singular they (manifested in their answer 'I don't know' ) is most observed within the middle pack of the Age groups (18-30 & 31-65), while being completely absent in the other two ends of the spectrum (Under 17 and 66 plus). How come? I am inclined to hypothesise that speakers who are within their socially active period (working, adult life) are more likely to be flexible in their judgement of what constitutes linguistically 'standard', possibly due to their ongoing, consistent exposure to various ways of speaking and writing.
As one of my participants neatly summarised, 'Everyone does that [i.e. using they and its genitive form as singular pronouns], even though they don't know they do.' The use of singular they in particular, and the 'standard form' of English generally, then perhaps should be seen as a fluid, relative concept rather than a hard and fast set of rules that dictate language use. Many grammar prescriptivists may still disagree, but of course, everyone is entitled to their opinion.
Ask Chris: I'm a native speaker of English and currently learning Mandarin but the word order seems to be different from typical SVO languages like English. For example,
'把书本拿给我' (give me the books) – SVO should be "拿书本给我"
'从家里出去' (leaving from the house) – How about "出去从家里"
'他在家里睡觉' (He sleeps at home) – Why is it not "他睡觉在家里"
Many of these sentences in Mandarin put the verb at the end after the object, instead of putting it before the object. So I really wonder if Mandarin Chinese is a real SVO language.
(Attention: This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.)
Chris answers: … Well I really did not expect that someone whose native language is not Chinese would like to ask me a question. Let's talk about the issues in a straightforward way, just to make everything clearer. Basically you got two problems in your descriptions – yes, those are your problems. In your first sentence, you mix up the ba structure and the unmarked order of Standard Mandarin Chinese. That is quite common, even for a beginner syntactician who has little or limited knowledge of Standard Chinese; so that is not your fault, and just take it easy. But your second problem is that you do not – or maybe just fail to – differentiate objects and prepositional phrases; that will be a horrible problem. Considering that last year I received a question about the word order of Archaic Chinese and this time I got yours, I would like to provide a somewhat up-to-date summary of the history of word order of Chinese, set in an earlier Chomskyan view called 'Principles and Parameter'", and drawing from my intuition as a Chinese native speaker.
The most common, unmarked order of the Chinese language, including both Standard Mandarin Chinese and Archaic Chinese, is SVO; that is a historical issue I would like to address before we move to the analysis of Standard Mandarin Chinese. Once there was an argument about the SVO or SOV order of Archaic Chinese. Li and Thompson (1974), for example, hold the opinion that Archaic Chinese should have SOV order, since quite a few of the Sino-Tibetan languages now have that order. Little evidence, however, is discovered for that argument; most of the literary records of Archaic Chinese, especially the pre-Qin documents, demonstrate the features of an SVO language rather than an SOV one. Granted, Archaic Chinese has some structures that follow SOV order, but as far as I can tell, none of the structures is fully 'unmarked'. For example, an unmarked sentence favours nominal structures as its subject and direct object, and no additional particle should be present in the sentence, but those sentences with SOV order either include a particular particle that triggers the SOV structure, or contain a pronoun as its direct object. In a typical unmarked sentence, such as '孟子(S)见(V)梁惠王(O)' (Mencius met (or visited) King Hui of Liang), you can see that both the subject and the object are nouns (proper names), and the order is definitely SVO. The feature of SVO has been inherited by Middle Chinese, and then Standard Mandarin Chinese today.
As for Standard Chinese, an unmarked sentence, like '我今天吃了个苹果' (I today eat-PAR CLA apple), is also definitely SVO; even for sentences containing a pronoun as the object, like "我揍了他" (I punch-PAR him), the word order is still SVO. Without the presence of a word like '把' (ba) and '被' (bei), and without the movement of the topic, the word order is always SVO; you can never find a sentence presenting an SOV order. This is the common view shared by syntacticians in Europe (Continental and UK); maybe those horrible Americans have some other ideas that I don't know of.
So that argument answers your final question: yes, Standard Mandarin Chinese is an SVO language.
So how can we interpret your sentences in that way? Before I go further into the field of Chinese, I would like to stray a bit and talk about another language: German.
German main clauses demonstrate a variety of word orders, including SVO, VSO, OVS, SAOV, and even OASV if you pay enough attention to the language (A stands for an auxiliary verb, like 'did' or 'have' in English). But most commonly it is known as having V2-SOV order; that is, in a main clause, the verb will always be in the second position, while it will be at the end of a subordinate clause. I mention the structure of German, mainly to point out that it is possible for a language to have numerous word orders besides its unmarked order; the world is not made up of English, which only allows a limited number of word orders.
Let's move back to Chinese then. Example 1 in the question is quite a complicated one involving both a double-object construction and the presence of ba; so it will take me longer and more examples to illustrate the variations in Standard Mandarin Chinese. Firstly, I would like to discuss the double-object construction, which means that the main verb is ditransitive, has three theta-roles, and requires three nouns (or nominal constructions) in a grammatical sentence; the three nouns will be the subject (S), direct object (DO), and indirect object (IO) respectively. For a typical ditransitive verb, like "给" (give), the unmarked word order will be:
(1). 他给了我一本书。
He give-PAR me one-CLA book. – in the form of S-V-IO-DO.
In this case, the word order of Standard Chinese is exactly the same as that of English, which is a typical SVO language: 'he gave me a book'. The ditransitive verb construction is usually referred to as a VP-shell structure; for those who are interested in how Chomsky and his fellows solve the problem of the theta-role assignment of a ditransitive structure, just type this word into Google and you will get piles of literature.
Then we talk about the application of ba in constructions with a transitive (not ditransitive) verb. The nature of ba is rather complicated and even controversial; here I would like to follow the light verb assumption (gladly we have Julio's post on light verbs; that saves my day), in which the nature of ba is a bit similar (but not equal) to the auxiliary verb in German. A light verb is a verb (of course), but its function is more like a particle which leads to the shift of structure within the sentence, e.g. focus, stress, and so on. For a typical transitive verb, like '吃' (eat), both unmarked and ba-construction sentence express the same meaning:
(2a). 我吃了一个苹果。
I eat-PAR one-CLA apple. – in the form of SVO.
(2b). 我把一个苹果吃了。
I ba one-CLA apple eat-PAR. – in the form of S-ba-O-V
(2c). *我一个苹果吃了。
*I an-CLA apple eat-PAR. – in the form of SOV. An asterisk indicates that the sentence is ungrammatical to native speakers like me.
Both (2a) and (2b) are grammatical and acceptable by a native speaker; (2c), a pure SOV order, sounds horrible unless uttered with a particular intonation pattern. We can see that the SOV order is possible only when ba is present.
Then we put the two together and go to the example 1 in the question, which is a combination of the double-object and ba-constructions. For the ba-construction of (1), we can list a set for comparison:
(3a). 他给了我一本书。 (a replica of example (1).)
He give-PAR me one-CLA book. – in the form of S-V-IO-DO.
(3b). 他把一本书给了我。
He ba one-CLA book give-PAR me. – in the form of S-ba-DO-V-IO.
(3c). #他给了一本书我。
# He give-PAR one-CLA book me. – in the form of S-V-DO-IO. I use the hash here because in some Chinese dialects, e.g. Cantonese, the structure is perfectly acceptable, and I also see some of my Hong Kong friends using it in their variety of Standard Chinese; I would like to ignore it here because I'm talking about Standard Chinese, but the sentence is not that 'standard'.
(3d). *他把我给了一本书。
* He ba me give-PAR one-CLA book. – in the form of S-ba-IO-V-DO.
For other possible structures, most of them are ungrammatical and unacceptable to native speakers; that includes all the structures in which V is at the very end of the sentence, including but not limited to S-IO-DO-V and S-ba-DO-IO-V. There should be at least one component after the main verb of the sentence for it to be grammatical; for Standard Mandarin Chinese, it can never be the case in a double-object construction that a sentence is a pure SOV sentence – which is rather convincing in showing that the structure of DO-V in both transitive and ditransitive sentences is a result of triggered movement, rather than a based-generated structure.
For a typical SOV language – unless certain extraposed structures are present (which is too complicated for non-syntacticians) – all objects should be in front of the main verb. At the same time, it is grammatical for an SOV language, like Japanese or German, to exchange the position between IO and DO – a process called 'scrambling'. Scrambling, as a widely-present feature among OV languages, is impossible in Standard Chinese; this can be another piece of evidence, although the logic is not fully convincing. Sad story.
As for the remaining two examples, '从家里出去' (from home-in go out) and '在家里睡觉' (at home-in sleep), they belong to the problem of propositional phrases (PP) rather than that of objects. In Archaic Chinese, the position of a PP in relation to a main verb is rather flexible (or in Chomskyan terminology, a "free parameter"), but in Standard Mandarin Chinese, a PP attaching to a VP is more frequently a pre-verbal one. This is definitely interesting – but also more difficult; so if you think the following content may be beyond your grasp (which, actually, is the case for some of my classmates in our linguistics masters programme), just skip it and jump to the end.
Contemporary syntactic theories, especially the Chomskyan one, assume that any given sentence forms a tree structure, the large tree containing a series of smaller trees, corresponding to phrases. For every phrase, there is a head (the most important word), a complement providing the essential part of the rest of the phrase, and a specifier which is more or less like a modifier. For a VP including a transitive verb, the verb itself is the head, the object is its complement, while the adverbial (e.g. a PP) is its specifier.
In Standard Chinese, most of the time, the specifier is in front of the head, and that structure is less flexible. For instance, an NP (noun phrase) is in the form of AP-N, which is why we say '美丽的|姑娘' (beautiful girl) rather than '姑娘|美丽的' (girl beautiful); this is the same in the construction of the VP, so that we put the PP in front of the VP, and say '从家里出去' rather than '出去从家里', or '在晚上|看电视' (in the evening watch TV) rather than '看电视|在晚上' (watch TV in the evening).
Since we are talking about the specifier but not the complement when we discuss the PP-V construction in Chinese, that structure can never be used to argue for an SOV structure. The example '在晚上|看电视' (in the evening watch TV, in the form of PP-V-O), on the contrary, obviously shows that Standard Chinese is a VO language.
I will not further extend my argument into an analysis of Greenberg's Linguistic Universals, in which he suggests that a VO language always has head-complement order (while Chinese does not); that will be beyond the reach of 99% of my readers, and may even earn me a page in Linguistic Inquiry. I hope that it is clear enough for you to know why Standard Mandarin Chinese is an SVO language rather than an SOV one: basically, what you regard as an OV structure is not fully qualified. Next time try some more delicate examples and you are always welcome to ask me more questions.
Enjoy learning Chinese! All the best, Chris.
You do not need to learn Chinese in order to be a syntactician. Try reading these:
Haegeman, Liliane. Introduction to government and binding theory. 1991.
Li, Charles N., and Sandra A. Thompson. "An Explanation of Word Order Change SVO→SOV." Foundations of Language, vol. 12, no. 2, 1974, pp. 201–214. www.jstor.org/stable/25000832.
Peyraube, Alain. "On word order in Archaic Chinese." Cahiers de linguistique-Asie orientale 26.1 (1997): 3-20.
As promised last week, today's Cam Lang Sci post brings you a report on 'Language Detectives', a public engagement event some folks here in Cambridge's linguistics department put on on Saturday as part of the University's Festival of Ideas.
I'm happy to say that 4 talks, 14 activities, 40 volunteers, and in the realm of 200 visitors or so later (we lost count), we can call it a success. Many people – local and not so local, young and not so young – came and participated, trying their hand at something new or learning something interesting from linguistics research. We haven't had the time to crunch the numbers from all the feedback forms yet, but the overall impression is that most people found it "enjoyable, interactive and fun", as one guest put it.
Particular highlights seem to have been: finding out about neural networks in a series of challenges that pitted the human mind against neural nets; cracking some patterns in Inuktitut orthography – and then writing your name in Inuktitut; puzzling over the stroop effect or how we recognise words in some classic psycholinguistic experiments; and discovering in lingquiztics that English is in fact not the language with the most native speakers (do you know which is?). The phonetics lab had panpipes made of straws to demonstrate how pitch varies, spectograms to 'see' you voice and an artificial larynx that lets you talk without making a sound. The maps of Cambridge showing visitors' first and second languages soon filled up, showing a wealth of linguistic knowledge across the city: French, Greek, Mandarin, Polish, Afrikaans, Farsi, Vietnamese, Spanish, Serbian, Catalan, Cantonese, Czech, Filipino, German, Brazilian Portuguese, Romanian, Italian, and Dutch. And that's just first languages! One person's takeaway was "multilingual is good"!
All in all an exciting – if exhausting – day, which opened up the breadth of linguistics research to a varied audience and, who knows, may have inspired some language detectives of tomorrow.
'Who are they?' I hear you cry. Well, I've talked a bit about public engagement in linguistics here before, and I'm going to revisit the theme today. As the title suggests, this is a two-parter, a before and after snapshot, if you like.
This Saturday is a bit of a first for us here in Linguistics at Cambridge – well, at least a first in our post-grad student-living memory. As part of the University's Festival of Ideas, we've planned a day of drop-in activities and talks about language science, for anyone who wants to come along. It's "for all ages and tastes", as our poster says. We're rather excited that visitors are going to get a glimpse of pretty much every corner of linguistics that's on offer here. Morphosyntax? Check. Psycholinguistics? Check. Multilingualism? Check. Language & technology? Check. And I could go on.
Our experience as linguists – and perhaps yours too – is that everyone is fascinated by language and languages. Yet, in UK at least, it's not something we do much in our education system (yes, we learn languages – sort of – but we don't think about language), and, unlike many other subject areas, there's no one-stop-shop museum of language to satiate our curiosity. If you're curious about language, you have to consult a book, or ask Google or a friendly linguist (not that there's anything wrong with that). So, next Saturday, 'Language Detectives' is our little attempt to redress this imbalance in Cambridge, and give our local community the chance to explore this fundamental characteristic of human nature.
OK, enough of the grand talk. How are we actually planning to do that? Our activities and talks fall nicely, I think, into three types. Firstly, there are those that aim to get us thinking about our own experience of language and to come up with our own questions about communication. For example, in 'Multilingual Cambridge' we will build up two data maps of Cambridge over the day – of first languages or community languages spoken, and of second languages learned later in life – and guests can have a go at identifying photos of different written languages around the city. 'Guess the accent' asks you to identify different varieties of English and different foreign accents in English – but also explore your reactions to them. Do some sound more educated, more attractive or more trustworthy? There's also a talk, 'The end of English dialects?', from some of the team who created the English Dialect App, which tries to guess the regional variety you speak and then lets you find out about differences across the UK (all while contributing to a worthy research project!).
Secondly, there's talks and activities that offer an insight into what it is us linguists do all day. The psycholinguistic experiments, morphosyntax puzzles and "Neurons vs Neural Networks" activity (a game where you're pitted against a computational model of langauge) are examples, together with the appealingly-titled talk '"Speak friend and enter": Tolkien as a gateway to Linguistics'. Then thirdly, there's talks and activities that showcase language science research, sharing the findings from our linguistic investigations: on British Sign Language, Phonetics, Endangered Languages and Bilingualism. And I think my personal favourite for talk titles is 'Rumours, Diseases and Drugs: Tackling Textual Data for Knowledge Discovery in Health'.
So, that's the plan. To find out how it all went, check back here next week for part II. And, to answer your question: Who are the Language Detectives? If you're in Cambridge this Saturday, it could be you! Check out more details here!
When you tell non-linguists that you do linguistics, people often like to showcase their lay interest in the subject by throwing out cool facts about languages. Only sometimes the facts are not so factual. A few weeks back, over tea, I was told that
"I mean it's quite interesting how Finnish and Hungarian are related to Sumerian."
I managed not to splutter my tea nor choke on my scone; I dismissed the claim as an interesting but very obviously false belief, going in the same bin with the likes of 'some languages make you more intelligent than others' and 'modern English was language of the Roman Empire'.
But a real tea-spluttering, choking-by-scone incident was soon to follow, when the same claim cropped up not as a harmless fantasy but as state-of-the-art research by the Finnish assyriologist Simo Parpola.
In his brand new, two-volume Etymological Dictionary of the Sumerian language, Parpola argues that Sumerian, the ancient language of southern Mesopotamia, is not, in fact, an isolate without any known linguistic relatives, as is conventionally held; rather, it is related to the Uralic languages, spread across northern Eurasia.
Eleven years of comparing Sumerian to several major language families revealed, according to Parpola, that Sumerian and the Uralic languages have more in common than the Finno-Ugric languages (a subgroup of the greater Uralic family) among themselves in their sounds, basic vocabulary, pronouns, and numerals. For example, the Sumerian ajja/aj(a) 'father, grandfather' resembles the Uralic forms äijä, ajja, aja, and jäj with similar meanings, while engur or angur 'primeval sea, home to the water deity' is akin to onkura 'cave'.
Not surprisingly, the research has resulted in uproar in the Finno-Ugric linguistic circles, with linguists attacking both Parpola's methodology as well as his professionalism as a linguist (what does an assyriologist know about the scientific methods of linguistics?). For example, the Sumerian-Uralic comparisons use whole language families, but in historical linguistics comparison sets are usually set up between individual languages. Juha Jantunen, professor of East Asian languages and cultures at the University of Helsinki, summarizes the linguists' horror at Parpola's findings: saying that Sumerian is a closer relative of Finnish than the Finno-Ugric Sami is like saying that humans are not, in fact, that closely related to apes but find themselves rather somewhere between the horse and the donkey.
Parpola is not alone in his conviction, though. The idea that the humble Uralic languages have grander ancestors has been around since the mid-19th century when the cuneiform script was first studied. It was soon noted that Sumerian was agglutinating – sticking meaningful bits of language together into longer words rather than using separate words to express, for example, location – just like Hungarian. Combine that with a national impetus: at the time, Hungarians were a minority in the mighty Austria-Hungary, and what nicer way to gain some kudos than establishing grand linguistic relatives?
What's more, with a renewed interest in nationalism, alternatives to the standard Finno-Ugric story still live strong in Hungary: after the national conservative Prime Minister Viktor Orbán came to power in 2010, more funding has been directed to research exploring options such as Parpola's.
That's not to say Parpola's findings are in any way influenced by nationalistic motives. But are his results victim of linguistic prejudice, wrongly criticized by linguists stuck in their cozy standard theory? Or is Parpola after all just a misinformed assyriologist? If there is even a grain of truth in Parpola's arguments, much of linguistic history will have to be rewritten – and I will never dismiss my non-linguist friends' factoids as funny misconceptions again.
I guess I'm not the only one to have succumbed to a bit of addictive late-night Olympics watching this weekend. The British Council has taken advantage of all this Rio enthusiasm to encourage us to learn Portuguese, as part of its campaign this year to get more Brits learning languages. Its survey found that only 2/5 of their sample of around 2,000 UK adults knew that Portuguese was the language spoken in Brazil. Thanks to some cousins who grew up there, I would have passed that one, but I'm not so sure about all the other South American countries (and they call me a linguist!). Of course, Spanish is a safe bet (and indeed, it is an official language in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela), but what about Suriname and Guyana? That would be Dutch and English. And then there's French Guyana (clue's in the name).
But hang on, back in Brazil, Portuguese is only half the story. There are in fact 216 languages spoken in Brazil, many of them – 201 in fact – are indigenous, spoken there long before the Portuguese arrived in 1500. Take for example Apalaí, Arara, Bororo, Guarani, Nheengatu, Terena, Tucano, and Xavante. But there are also scatterings of other European languages, especially German (and a German variety, Pomerian) and Italian, and in some places these, and indigenous languages, now have co-official status.
Well, you might be thinking, I don't mind picking up a few phrases through the viewing marathon of the next couple of weeks, but if I'm going to actually make a good stab at learning a language, is Portuguese really one to go for? According to some other research coming from the British Council, it actually comes in at number six in a list of 'languages of the future' – ones that will be most useful for the UK in the coming years. And Portugal is a popular holiday destination too (but remember, that the Portuguese spoken in Brazil and the Portuguese spoken in Portugal are their own varieties, with differences in pronunciation, lexicon, and grammar). Besides, the benefits of multilingualism seems to be everyone's favourite topic these days, so perhaps we don't need to angst so much about which language we learn but just get on with learning a language (more seriously, you may have seen both 'bilingualism-is-the-cure-for-all-ills' champions and 'there-ain't-no-difference-between-mono-and-bilinguals-after-all' brigades, but this, as Thomas Bak at Edinburgh reminds us, reflects how many complicated factors are involved in multilingualism, in the life of any human, and is a reason to pursue more scientific research, rather than throw black-and-white eggs at each other. However, what can be said with some confidence is that, while speaking more than one language is the norm for a majority of the world's population, where it is a choice, it often brings great social insight, cultural enrichment, and personal satisfaction.)
But back to Portuguese. Perhaps you're not in the mood to trip over to Portugal and Brazil any time soon. But I was reminded of a wonderful infographic showing the second most common language (after English) at each tube stop in London. Looking at that, you can see that a trip to Clapham, Stockwell, or Willesden Junction would also give you an opportunity to try out your Portuguese. And then I've just read in this month's Babel about a company that offers, among others, a 'Brazil & Portugal Tour'… in London! So maybe the British Council's suggestion isn't such a bad idea after all.
The languages we speak are never without little surprises that remind us of the complexity and flexibility of our minds. For instance, when I was rewatching an old episode (originally aired in 2005) of my favorite TV show, 100% Entertainment, the other day, I heard one of the hostesses, Barbie Hsu, say:
(1) … hai bei mei-ti ba ni ma de gou-xue-lin-tou.
———and BEI media BA you scold DE dog-blood-pour-head
———"…and then you also get harshly criticized by the media."
The sentence sounds alright, except that it includes both bei and ba. What's wrong with that? Well, in Mandarin Chinese bei is used in passive sentences to introduce the active subject, and ba functions like a transitive/accusative marker on the object. Their uses are illustrated below (PFV = Perfective, ACC = Accusative):
(2) a. Gou-gou chi le ping-guo.
———-puppy eat PFV apple
———-"The puppy ate apple(s)."
b. Ping-guo bei gou-gou chi le.
———-apple BEI puppy eat PFV
———-"The apple(s) was eaten by the puppy."
c. Gou-gou ba ping-guo chi le.
———-puppy BA apple eat PFV
———-"The puppy ate the apple(s)."
(2a) is the neutral way of reporting this event, where the subject is 'the puppy' and the object is 'apple(s)'. In (2b), 'apple(s)' becomes the syntactic subject, while 'the puppy' is introduced by bei (similar to English by), thus rendering a 'passive' sentence. In (2c), the subject is again 'the puppy', but the object 'apple(s)' takes ba, which explicitly clarifies it as the affected patient of 'eat' and entails an agent subject (the eater in this case). That is, when the object is introduced by ba, the verb is unambiguously transitive and active.
So, taking these into consideration, Barbie Hsu's sentence in (1) is literally something like:
(3) "… and then by the media harshly criticizes you."
As you can see, it doesn't work in English. But why is it okay in Chinese? Before answering this question, let's look at some similar examples, which all suggest that the coexistence of bei and ba is not only okay, but also productive.
(4) a. Xiao-yang bei lao-hu ba tou yao xia-lai le.
————-little-lamb BEI tiger BA head bite down PFV
————-"The little lamb got its head bitten off by the tiger."
b. Feiwen bei lao-shi ba man-hua-shu mo-shou le.
————-Feiwen BEI teacher BA comic book confiscate PFV
————-"Feiwen had her comic book confiscated by the teacher."
c. Lianlian bei xiao-dao ba shou ge-po le.
————-Lianlian BEI small-knife BA hand cut-broken PFV
————-"Lianlian got her hand cut by the small knife."
This pattern is reminiscent of a construction in Japanese called the 'suffering passive', as in (5) (TOP = Topic, PASS = Passive, PST = Past, GEN = Genitive).
(5) a. Watashi-wa imooto-ni tokee-o kowas-are-ta.
————I-TOP younger sister-by watch-ACC break-PASS-PST
———–"I got my watch broken by my younger sister."
b. Watashi-wa tonari-no hito-ni ashi-o hum-are-ta.
————I-TOP next-GEN person-by foot-ACC step-PASS-PST
———–"I got my foot stepped on by the person standing next to me."
Again we see the coexistence of an oblique (i.e. non-subject) agent and an accusative patient. Furthermore, in Japanese the passive voice is morphologically marked (-are-). Note that 'I' in (5ab) is not a subject, but the discourse topic. Intuitively this also seems to be true for the Chinese sentences in (4), whose English translations should be rendered more accurately as:
(6) a. "As for the little lamb, BEI the tiger bit off its head."
——-b. "As for Feiwen, BEI the teacher confiscated her comic book."
——-c. "As for Lianlian, BEI the small knife cut her hand."
I have let BEI stay as such, because, despite the similarity, it is not an exact counterpart of English by (as used in passive constructions). Bei is historically verbal (meaning 'to cover'), which is still reflected in some words and phrases today, as in (7).
(7) a. bei-zai, bei-nan "be covered by/suffer from disaster"
b. ze bei tian xia/wan shi "benefits cover the entire world/many generations"
Apart from the verbal meaning, bei also has a nominal meaning 'cover', which is well preserved today, as in bei-zi 'quilt', mian-bei 'cotton quilt', among others. Of course, in the 'passive' construction, bei no longer has these literal meanings. Nevertheless, it is plausible that it still retains some verbal properties. In other words, what matters here for bei is not the literal meaning, but the syntactic category. Belonging to the verbal category, bei can still join the verbal predicate quite freely and does not have to do this as a complement or adjunct (as the English by-phrase does).
In fact, the patient introducing ba has a similar status in Chinese. It also originated as a verb (meaning 'to hold') and has developed a usage as a bleached verbal category. Actually the verbal use of ba today is even clearer than that of bei, as in (8).
(8) ba-jiu "hold the alcohol", ba-men "hold the door", ba-quan "hold the power", ba-chi "hold and keep", ba-shou "hold and guard", ba-wan "hold and play with", etc.
Elements like bei and ba are sometimes called light verbs, i.e. they are light in meaning but still belong to the verbal category and perform some verbal functions. Bei is a light verb that introduces the agent or instrument argument, while ba is a light verb that introduces the patient argument into the predicate. They can coexist in Chinese simply because they both exist in the language, as in (9a).
(9) a. Chinese: Hai bei-mei-ti ba-ni ma de gou-xue-lin-tou.
———————–and AGENT-media PATIENT-you scold harshly
b. English: And then youPATIENT also get harshly criticized by the mediaAGENT.
By comparison, since English does not have argument-introducing light verbs like bei and ba, when the verb is inflected in passive (i.e. when it lacks the accusative case assigning layer, which can be conceived as a null light verb), the original object ('you') must be licensed otherwise. In this case it becomes the 'subject', and the original subject ('the media') subsequently gets licensed in the prepositional by-phrase, as in (9b). In sum, we can say that bei and by have similar semantic functions but distinct syntactic categories, and that Chinese does not really have an English type passive construction.
Now you may wonder where the subject (or more exactly the 'topic') is in (10a). Well, it is simply omitted because its information is clear in the context. When you are scolded, the default topic is clearly YOU! Indeed, (10a) can be recovered as (11), which is exactly what Barbie Hsu means.
(11) NiTOPIC hai bei mei-ti ba ni ma de gou-xue-lin-tou.
—— you and BEI media BA you scold harshly
Why Chinese systematically uses topics as part of the sentence whereas English does not is a whole other story. A relevant fact is that if we omit the topic elements in the Japanese examples in (5), the sentences are also well-formed, as in (12).
(12) a. Imooto-ni tokee–o kowas-are-ta.
————"(My) watch was broken by (my) younger sister."
b. Tonari-no hito-ni ashi-o hum-are-ta.
————"(My) foot got stepped on by the next person."
Of course, bei and ba are not the only two light verbs in Chinese; there are still many more, such as yong (introducing an instrument), gei (a casual alternative of bei), jiang (a formal alternative of ba), and so on. Maybe if you join me to watch TV, you will notice Barbie Hsu and her sister Dee Hsu frequently use other light verbs as well. Language is our most faithful companion, and we can surely find out many marvelous facts about it if we pay a bit more attention and… study some syntax!
Spain, known as the land of sol, siestas and sangría, is less well known for the diversity of its linguistic heritage. Though most people could probably identify Basque and Catalan as languages spoken in Spain, the Iberian Peninsula is home to a number of minority languages and dialects you've probably never heard of.
1. Galician
Even though it has 2.4 million native speakers and is Spain's third most spoken language, it's surprising how many people have not heard of Galician. That's maybe because Galicia's most famous residents – including current Spanish PM Mariano Rajoy, the 20th century writer Ramón Valle Inclan, and Spain's late dictator Francisco Franco – are known for being Spanish, not Galician, speakers. Galician and its neighbour across the border, Portuguese, were originally one and the same language, Galician-Portuguese, a highly prestigious medieval language famous for its lyric poetry. Although Galician then became a low prestige language for many centuries, today it is co-official with Spanish in Galicia and has its own publicly-funded television channel.
2. Aragonese
Aragon, the land of Henry VIII's first wife and the 18th century painter Francisco de Goya, is also home to the luenga aragonesa, or Aragonese language, which descends from the now extinct medieval language Navarro-Aragonese from North-East Spain. Aragonese has a core of native speakers in Aragon's remote Pyrenean villages, but is understood by many more people in the surrounding areas, and is mutually intelligible with neighbouring languages such as Castilian Spanish and Astur-Leonese. Aragonese is protected by local laws, and has its own language academy, but, like many of Spain's minority languages, is still considered endangered by UNESCO.
3. Judeo-Spanish
Judeo-Spanish, also known as Ladino, is a language from Spain that hasn't been spoken in Spain since 1492, when the Jewish population was expelled from the country by the Spanish monarchs. Though since 2015 their descendants have been able to apply for dual Spanish citizenship, Judeo-Spanish is now mostly spoken in Israel, Turkey and Greece. Because the last time it was used in Spain was over 500 years ago, Judeo-Spanish is a linguistic time capsule, and sounds more similar to Medieval Spanish than modern Spanish. It's also the only Spanish language to be written in Hebrew script.
Bilingual Spanish-Leonese roadsign (Photo: Iván Martínez Lobo)
4. Leonese
One half of the Astur-Leonese language branch, Leonese descends from the everyday Latin spoken in the geographic area that would become the medieval Kingdom of León. The kingdom's capital, also called León, or Llión in Leonese, was founded as a military camp and settled by the Roman Seventh Legion. León/Llión, which means 'lion' in today's language, actually comes from the Latin name of the capital's founders, legio septima gemina, meaning 'the twin seventh legion'. Despite a flourishing medieval literature, history has not been kind to the llingua llionesa, which is now a UNESCO endangered language that, unlike its other half Asturian, has no official status in Spain.
5. Aranese
Less well known than its sister dialects of Gascon and Occitan in France, Aranese is spoken in the Valley of Aran (Val d'Aran), one of only two areas of Spain on the Northern side of the Pyrenees. Even though it only has around 3,000 native speakers and is used in a small geographical area, Aranese has co-official status in its home region, Catalonia, and is taught as a compulsory subject in schools in the Val d'Aran. You can even pick up some Aranese yourself thanks to the University of Barcelona's multilingual conversation guide.
This blog post was previously published at the Huffington Post.
With summer supposedly at its height (calling all semanticists: is the fact that it is July enough to meet the definition of 'summer', even if rain, hail, wind, and multiple layers of clothing are featured?) it is time to put down that book on allophony in Gujarati, the processing of possessives in Chhattisgarhi, or whatever linguistic page-turner you're dipping into. Quite often though, a dedicated linguist cannot stop making language-related observations even when switching off from full-blown research-mode. As a consequence, linguistics literature is generously sprinkled with references to novels, the authors of which were at the time of writing gloriously unaware of their work turning into scientific data. I bring to you the top three works of fiction for linguists.
First up we have Lewis Carroll's classic Alice's Adventures in Wonderland – an inspiration for film makers, fantasy lovers, and keen readers of all ages, but also a pragmatist's wet dream. As Alice plunges down the rabbit hole, she ends up in a world defying the rules of physics and also in something of a nonsensical linguistic wonderland. The Mad Hatter's tea party is a celebration of not only unbirthdays but also of linguistic rule bending and pragmatic acrobatics. Take the exchange between the March Hare and Alice:
'Take some more tea,' the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.
'I've had nothing yet,' Alice replied in an offended tone, 'so I can't take more.' 'You mean you can't take less,' said the Hatter: 'it's very easy to take more than nothing.'
The reason for Alice's confusion is that we tend to take 'more' to imply that something has already happened; however, as the March Hare points out, technically more is more even if it's just more than nothing. Pragmatics brain pain anyone?
If you aren't feeling the strain of mad tea party communication, perhaps you would enjoy some even more strenuous intellectual effort in the form of James Joyce's Finnegans Wake. The epic stream on consciousness is written in a mixture of real English words, neologisms, and portmanteau, or blended, words. As such, it's one for morphologists and phonologists; by putting bits and pieces of the right sound combinations together and throwing in some actual endings, you can get something apparently nonsensical, yet very much English-like.
"Loud, heap miseries upon us yet entwine our arts with laughters low!"
Joyce's tour de force really is a literary gem, but somewhat on the challenging side of summer reads. As my friend Wikipedia kindly puts it, "Finnegans Wake remains largely unread by the general public."
Very much the opposite is the case with – *drumroll* *gasp* – The Lord of the Rings. Okay, I know many of us got into the trilogy by staring into the dreamy film-version eyes of Legolas, drooling at the hunky figure of Boromir, or (despite female characters being few and far between, my inner feminist would like to point out) admiring the airy wardrobe of the mysterious Galadriel. But as die-hard fans will know (and who will probably roll their eyes at me pointing out the obvious), Tolkien was something of a language geek, and this shows throughout the linguistic landscape of Middle Earth.
One of the author's passions was Finnish, as he wanted to read the Finnish national epic Kalevala in the original. I don't know if Tolkien ever managed to conquer Kalevala without the aid of translations and dictionaries, but his Elvish language of Quenya was certainly inspired by the sounds of Finnish: Mindon Eldalieva ('Lofty Tower of Elvish-people') and Oron Oiolosse ('Ever Snow-white Peak') resemble Finnish just as Finnegans Wake resembles English. There's also a healthy dose of Old English squeezed into proper names: Saruman derives from the root searu- ('treachery' or 'cunning'), while Mordor is rather morbidly based on morthor ('murder').
And on that cheerful note, I wish you happy linguisticky reading!


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Survivor, Caregiver Stories Kick off National Colorectal Cancer Awareness Month in Times Square
Each year March 1 kicks off 31 days of awareness toward the number two cancer killer in the United States: colorectal cancer. To usher in National Colorectal Cancer Awareness Month, Fight Colorectal Cancer (Fight CRC) will ring the NASDAQ closing bell at 4pm on March…Read Full Post
Meet the One Million Strong- Susan Krumholz from Illinois
Meet Susan Susan Krumholz, Medical Professional Springfield, Illinois What One Million Strong Means to Susan I would like to join the One Million Strong community because I have a passion for colorectal cancer awareness, especially in my community. I participate in health fairs and promote screening…Read Full Post
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Meet the One Million Strong- Marra Rodriguez from Florida
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subset: commoncrawl


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Providence has 173,618 residents. It is located in Providence county.
The average in-state tuition for full time undergraduate students in rn schools in Providence during the 2009 - 2010 school year was $26,860.00. The average tuition was $28,676.00 for non-residents studying in Rhode Island.
The average cost of books and supplies for rn schools in Providence is $1,473.00. Students who live on campus while attending a rn school in Providence, can expect to pay an average of $10,110.00 for room and board. Students who live at home can expect average costs to be $2,200.00. There is one rn college in Providence. RN programs in Providence reportedly graduated 132 students in the 2008 - 2009 school year.
|Average Salary
|Number Employed in City
|Registered Nurses


text:
Designed specifcally for use with the Maxi Well, these grips have a flush cut at the bottom instead of the more common angled cut. These laminated panels from Ed Brown feature a deep double diamond checkering pattern for a positive grip and a clear finish for long life and good looks.
Note: Fits 1911 Government and Commander only.
Note: Fits 1911 Government and Commander only.
- Material: Laminated wood
- Color: Brown


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Row over no dropped kerb(164 Posts)
My friend lives in a very busy and narrow street full of Victorian terraced houses with terrible parking issues. Many of the houses have had their front garden walls removed and paved over their garden so that they can park their car.
Some of these houses have paid the council to drop the kerb outside so they can park, but many of the houses have not. You can legally park across someone's house (and therefore car parking space) where the kerb is not dropped.
There are constant rows between my friend and her neighbours when she parks infront of 2 or 3 houses where the kerb is not dropped. When she does it, it is because she has no choice as there is no where else to park on the street.
The owners of these houses have become really nasty about it and she is worried her car/house will be damaged during the night. Her view is they should apply for a dropped kerb and pay for it to be done. Of course, they may well have already applied and the council have turned them down as there are so many dropped kerbs already? Who knows.
Is she being unreasonable?
Its a tricky one really. Legally she isnt doing anything wrong but continually pissing off the neighbours does not lead to a harmonious life.
The council round our way have started planting concrete bollards in front of houses that have tried to evade paying for a dropped kerb.
Does your friend have a dropped kerb or is she going to apply for one?
Yes she is BU- If they had a dropped kerb then 'your friend ' would still have the same problem of nowhere to park.I think she is being a bit selfish!Councils want to create off-street parking so I don't think it very likely they would want to turn it down.More likely the owners can't afford it.
She is technically in the right but IMO she is BU, she knows they use it as a drive so I would just treat it like one.
Yes, she is being unreasonable. just because she can legally park theree doesn'tmean she should piss off the neighbours.
obviously, they should apply for the dropped kerb but what ever happens to neighbourliness??
if parking is so difficult for her and she is unable to walk from somewhere else, she should have her own front garden turned over to parking. And, just for good measure, report al those neighbours who haven't had a dropped kerb put in as, IIRC, they do not have right of way to drive over the pavement without one.
She doesn't have a dropped kerb but does have a little garden and wall. She wants to park on the street and keep her garden.
I may mention it to my friend re the bollards. She could suggest the council do it. There are loads of streets near her that are exactly the same!
Yes, blocking someone in would make her an arse.
If they applied she couldn't park there so it's common courtesy to not park there when someone has paved their garden for parking.
What prevents her paving her own garden?
Well, if she wants to keep her garden she needs to pay the price and walk a bit further.
It has got so nasty that she has told the council and the wrote letters to each of the houses. This only made the neighbours even more pissed off.
She doesn't park infront of their houses unless there is nowhere to park, including in other local streets.
But the nastiness has made her so angry that she will only drive up and down her street looking but not any other street. If no spaces are available other than infront of one of the houses who have made their garden into parking, she parks there.
I can feel it building up and up. I'm waiting for the explosion.
agree with squeaky. she's not doing anything wrong legally, but is it really a good idea to have a war with the neighbours over parking?
Suppose they had a dropped kerb put in tomorrow. Where would she park then? Perhaps she should just park there now?
She could always choose to say to them that there is no dropped kerb so people are allowed to park there, it's not access unless there's a dropped kerb.
I mean, they've no right to be rude to her, she's doing nothing wrong, but she has to choose whether she wants a quiet life or convenient parking. whether she wants to stand up to these unreasonable people - maybe it will sort it, who knows? or whether she just wants to let them have their parking and go park in the next street or something.
She is being unreasonable!
X posted.
Well, I live in the same sort of set up and sometimes I just have to put up with Parking round the corner.
I can't pave my garden as some of the houses are too close to the street for a space and some aren't.
I'm not surprised the neighbours are pissed off. she sounds like a nightmare TBH.
Well yes she can do it but it's not very nice is it. Her neighbours are trying to solve the parking issues on their road by using their old gardens as driveways. That's the decent thing IMO. Your friend is being very un-neighbourly.
Well, if she is effectively blocking someone´s parking place, and she knows it, it seems very rude of her.
As suggested, if parking is so difficult, perhaps she should make her own front garden into a parking place.
She is not being unreasonable, if there is no dropped kerb she can park there, I would urge her to contact the council about these people who park and refuse to pay for a dropped kerb. I would always park where there is no dropped kerb.
Well she IBU, really. I used to live in a road like that and it pissed me off enormously if people parked in front of my space! (mind you, they shouldn't have been doing that anyway because no one was allowed to park on my side of the road, it was too narrow, so it was double yellows all the way down). I was right next to a driveway through to another dwelling behind my house, so didn't really need the dropped kerb to get onto my parking space. I believe that the council get a bit shirty if people drive over raised kerbs; but they charge the bloody earth to get it dropped (around £1000, I was told) so it's not surprising that people don't get it done.
Anyway - if all these people do get dropped kerbs she won't be able to park there anyway - so she should just do her own garden as well, like I had to, if she wants to keep a car.
If she is blocking people in then she's being unreasonable and it will just get nastier.
If this has made her so angry that she now refuses to park in other streets and deliberately generates conflict she needs to deal with that.
That's a far bigger issue than 'parking'.
Tell her to take a chill pill and get some help.
This is very interesting. Your responses are that my friend is being unreasonable, but I really think that it is the neighbours that are being unreasonable. They are breaking the law, not my friend.
If she was picking their houses when other spaces were available then I think she was being an arse. But she only does it when there is nowhere else to park.
She can't make her garden into a drive as she rents.
x-post. my god. she knows they are cross so she is deliberatly trying to park only in the street and preferably in front of one of their houses?
Sorry, but she is really being petty and unreasonable in that. That's just trying to inflame things.
Doesn't she just want to live her life, quietly and nicely? without neighbour wars?
Sometimes you have to compromise when you live in a crowded area.
And she has the option to solve it right away by using her own garden for her own parking! Does she only have a front garden to use? she has no back garden to be her garden and front to be parking?
Neighbours should not be being so rude about something like parking, I am not saying they are right in that. It's a public road, no parking restrictions, she can park where she likes.
But just because you can, doesn't always mean you should. She should really look at the bigger picture here.
Message withdrawn at poster's request.
Perhaps she should contact the council. i don't think they should drive over the kerb. If everyone else has to pay to drop their kerbs why shouldn't they.
I think she should forgo her garden and drop her own kerb. I couldn't stand the agro from the neighbours if she parked over their drives
BTW how much does it cost to have the kerb dropped by the council.
"She can't make her garden into a drive as she rents."
interesting, because a few posts ago she didnt want to do it because she wanted to keep her garden.
Did she not consider the parking issues that were likely to arise when she choose to live there? It would be one of my major influences as to whether I would live in a street like that or not.
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Data Deluge
Researchers Turn to Cloud Computing as Genomic Sequencing Data Threatens to Overwhelm Traditional IT Systems
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More Good News for Bayer
Bayer reported positive data from a Phase III study evaluating riociguat (Bay 63-2521) in patients with inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) or with persistent/recurrent pulmonary hypertension (PH) following surgery. Data from the Chest-1 study confirmed that therapy using the oral soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulator led to statistically significant improvements in six-minute walk distance (6MWD). The Chest-1 results come just a couple of days after Bayer reported positive results from an ongoing Phase III trial (Patent-1) evaluating riociguat in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
The placebo-controlled 16 week Chest-1 study involved 261 patients with inoperable CTEPH or with persistent/recurrent pulmonary hypertension after pulmonary endarterectomy. The results showed that therapy with riociguat led to significant improvements in the 6MWD primary endpoint, and a number of secondary endpoints, including pulmonary vascular resistance, N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide, and WHO functional class. Other secondary endpoints, including time to clinical worsening, Borg dyspnea score, European quality of life 5-dimension questionnaire, and the living with pulmonary hypertension questionnaire, weren't met in terms of statistically significant improvements.
Results to date from the Phase III riociguat program indicate the drug may represent a potential new option for treating CTEPH, states Hossein Ardeschir Ghofrani, M.D., lead Chest-1 trial investigator at University Hospital Giessen and Marburg (Germany). "These study results with investigational riociguat are encouraging because it is the first randomized Phase III trial in which a drug treatment has demonstrated significant improvement in 6MWD in patients with inoperable CTEPH or with persistent or recurrent pulmonary hypertension after surgery."
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Video from Mexico shows a member of Los Zetas being tortured and executed by sicarios belonging to the Sinaloa Cartel (El Chapo Guzman). The video was taken in front of a cornfield. The Zeta is executed with a point blank shot in the head, but before that happens, he is forced to give blowjob to … Continue reading "Zeta Is Executed by Sinaloa Cartel in Front of Cornfield"
Tag: Sinaloa Cartel
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Beheading of Gulf Cartel Member by Los Zetas in Mexico
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Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman, Leader of the Sinaloa Cartel Arrested
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Zeta Executed by El Chapo's Assassin with Rifle Shots at Close Range
Remember last time when Mundo Narco posted a video with like 20 watermarks on it? Now they even inject audio with Mundo Narco shit. Yeah, we get it. Mundo Narco! Newly released video shows an assassin affiliated with "El Chapo" Guzman (the Sinaloa cartel) interrogating and executing a member of Los Zetas. The video starts … Continue reading "Zeta Executed by El Chapo's Assassin with Rifle Shots at Close Range"
Naked, Bloodied Man Hanging From a Bridge in Mexico
Brutal pics from San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Man was found hanged from a bridge, blood flowing down his naked body. On that day, four people were found hanged, all bearing signs of severe torture and had their hands and feet tied together when hanged. Narcomensaje was left with the bodied, but the content has not … Continue reading "Naked, Bloodied Man Hanging From a Bridge in Mexico"
Manuel Torres Felix aka M-1 Killed by Mexican Military in Sinaloa
Two big drug cartel jefes killed in a week – not bad for outgoing president Felipe Calderon. After reportedly taking out Los Zetas leader Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano aka El Lazca in Coahuila earlier this week, Mexican army now claims to have killed Manuel Torres-Felix, aka M-1, aka El Ondeado, an infamous drug lord and hit … Continue reading "Manuel Torres Felix aka M-1 Killed by Mexican Military in Sinaloa"
Comandante Charro – High Ranking Zeta Decapitated
Well… holy shit. You most certainly don't see that often. They are decapitating one another in Mexico like there's no tomorrow, but victims are usually either small fish or complete nobodies. And look what we have here now – severed head of Comandante Charro, henchman very close to the leader of Los Zetas Heriberto Lazcano … Continue reading "Comandante Charro – High Ranking Zeta Decapitated"
Comandante Diablo Cuts The Tongue Off and Beheads Zeta with Folding Saw
Savage offensive against Los Zetas by the Sinaloa, Gulf and Jalisco New Generation cartels continues. El Comandante Diablo, in the name of whom many Zetas have been beheaded, had his name signed under this beheading as well. As we have come to expect, it wouldn't be the Mexican drug cartel sicarios if the brutality of … Continue reading "Comandante Diablo Cuts The Tongue Off and Beheads Zeta with Folding Saw"


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The Hackensaw Boys Biography (Wikipedia)
The Hackensaw Boys are a string band formed in 1999 based in central Virginia. The band has drawn on many musical influences and are "[k]nown best for rowdy, energetic live shows." Over the years, the band's live performances have earned a measure of notoriety in the Mid-Atlantic region. They have performed at premier outdoor U.S. music festivals including Bonnaroo, Lockn', FloydFest, and the All Good Music Festival. The band has toured continuously since formation, but also claims at least twenty former and current members over the same seventeen-year period. The current four-piece lineup contains only one original member, David Sickmen (Sickmen rejoined the band in 2012 after quitting the band in 2005). In April, 2016 the band released their first studio album in almost a decade, Charismo, which was produced by Larry Campbell.
The Hackensaw Boys Tracks
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Clip Bender for Securing Fence Clips
Clip Bender works on barbed wire, woven wire, hog wire, stock panels and horse panels. This tool is ideal for securing fence clips.
The Clip Bender is a hand tool used for securing T-Post Fence Clips. It is made of 100% steel and has a comfortable rubber handle grip. With it's unique design, the Clip Bender is without a doubt the best tool for the job.Specifications
- Ultimate fencing tool
- Easy to use
- Made of 100% steel
- Comfort grip
- Product dimensions: 6-7/10 x 2-1/5 x 1 inche
CLIP BENDER FOR SECURING FENCE in Fence Accessories and Fencing at Agri Supply ®.Shipping & Return Information
Review Summary
- Overall Rating: None
- Be the first to review this product
Customer Reviews
No Reviews


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San Francisco, CA
Plan meetings, manage agenda and scheduling of both internal and external activities for leadership team.
- industry
- Business Services
- experience
- 8 - 10 years
To help you find the most relevant jobs, we've come up with an approximate compensation for this position. This is based on similar jobs with compensation posted.


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Courtyard by Marriott Las Vegas Henderson/Green Valley, Henderson
- Dining venue
- Free WiFi and free parking
Main amenities
- 155 smoke-free guestrooms
- Restaurant
- Outdoor pool
- Breakfast available
- Free casino shuttle
- Fitness center
- 24-hour business center
- 24-hour front desk
- Coffee/tea in a common area
- Air conditioning
- Daily housekeeping
- Computer station
For families
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Private bathroom
- Premium TV channels
- Free toiletries
- Daily housekeeping
What's around
- Ethel M Botanical Cactus Gardens (0.9 mi / 1.5 km)
- Ethel M Chocolates Factory (1 mi / 1.6 km)
- Play Planet (2 mi / 3.2 km)
- Sunset Park (2.1 mi / 3.3 km)
- Legacy Golf Club (2.8 mi / 4.5 km)
Courtyard by Marriott Las Vegas Henderson/Green Valley, Hendersonfrom $118
- Room, 1 King Bed with Sofa bed
- Standard Room (Guest)
- Standard Room
More great choices
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 155 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 3 floors
- Check-in time starts at 3 PM
- Check-out time is noon
- Express check-in/out
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Pets not allowed
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi and wired Internet access in rooms
- Free self parking
- Free casino shuttle
Other information
- Smoke-free property
Nearby Three Star Henderson hotels
In the hotel
- Cooked-to-order breakfast daily (surcharge)
- Restaurant
- Coffee shop/café
- Snack bar/deli
- Coffee/tea in a common area
- Outdoor pool
- Fitness facilities
- Spa tub
- Golfing nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Mountain biking nearby
- Rafting nearby
- Sailing nearby
- Water skiing nearby
- 24-hour business center
- Meeting rooms 3
- Conference space size (feet) - 1456
- Conference space size (meters) - 131
- Computer station
- 24-hour front desk
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Multilingual staff
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Year Built 1998
- Elevator/lift
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Fireplace in lobby
- Television in common areas
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
In the room
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Air conditioning
- Coffee/tea maker
- Iron/ironing board
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Private bathroom
- Shower/tub combination
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- 42-inch LCD TV
- Premium TV channels
- Desk
- Free weekday newspaper
- Free WiFi
- Phone
- Refrigerator (on request)
- Microwave (on request)
- Daily housekeeping
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
Top Henderson hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Henderson
- Excalibur Hotel CasinoFrom
"Great hotel! Customer service was excellent. Lots of different food choices"Jan 17, 2017
- Monte Carlo Resort and CasinoFrom
"This was sort of a now frills hotel experience. It's in an okay part of the strip with a good casino. Rooms are a good size, yet this stay was more about value."Jan 17, 2017
- Trump International Hotel Las VegasFrom
"Very impressed. Very clean, great staff, overall a very good stay."Jan 17, 2017
- The Palms Casino ResortFrom
"Love the feel of this photo. Stayed in the older tower which was renovated 4 years ago. Comfortable modern decor in rooms and high floors have a fantastic view! Onsite…"Jan 17, 2017
Nearby hotels
Also popular with travelers from the USA
Special features
DiningBistro - This bistro specializes in American cuisine and serves breakfast and dinner. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar. A children's menu is available. Open daily.
On Site
- Fitness facilities
- Spa tub
- Golfing nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Mountain biking nearby
- Rafting nearby
- Sailing nearby
- Water skiing nearby
Courtyard by Marriott Las Vegas Henderson/Green Valley, Henderson's small print
Also known as
- Courtyard Henderson/Green Valley
- Courtyard Marriott Las Vegas Henderson/Green Valley
- Courtyard Marriott Las Vegas Hotel Henderson/Green Valley
- Courtyard Marriott Las Vegas Henderson/Green Valley Hotel
- Courtyard Marriott Las Vegas Henderson/Green Valley Henderson
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
Optional extras
Breakfast costs between USD $7.95 and USD $18.95 for adults, and USD $5.95 and USD $8.95 for children (approximately)
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Recent reviews
Good 3.9 /5 from 259 reviews
Excellent comfortable room. Recently updated, quiet. Check in quick.
We had a very nice overnight stay. Room was very comfortable and quiet. We heard some airplane noise from the nearby airport, but other than that it was completely quiet. Check in clerk was friendly and helpful.
It was not far from the strip and near the airport.
Hotel very quiet and empty...but they put me at the end of the hallway,a long walk by myself to the elevator. It was a bit scary at night. Indoor rooms, but a long walk alone with no one else around.
Hotel is under construction to add a bar, but they don't work during the night time and I hardly even noticed. It will be great when it's complete. It's around a bunch of restaurants and bars, from dine-in to take out, which was great for my business trip. Only complaint is that the shower water never really got to be as hot as I like, but that's kind of common in hotels anyway. Will stay again next time I'm in the area.
Is the description of this hotel not correct? Tell us


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6-toed Kitty Catches Treats in His Mittens
Pee Wee, a beautiful feral kitty, loves to play catch with his 6-toed big mittens.
"We have since adopted him and are astounded by his ability to learn and the willingness he exhibits in his efforts to please us. Pee Wee's 'super thumbs' are truly a sight to behold!" says the hooman.
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Not a member yet? Join now
We are just beginning research for an assignment in Germany. My husband will work in Ingolstadt. We would appreciate feedback about the option of living in Munich and commuting to work in Ingolstadt. What does a commuter ticket cost from Munich to Ingolstadt?Is desirable expat housing available near the hauptbahnhof?Would there be another recommended housing location near a main train station between Munich and Ingolstadt?We will have a second and sixth grader and would want to live near their school. Any input on Phorms versus BIS?Thanks for your input.Amy


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All Entries Tagged With: "FCC"
FCC, iPad Wi-Fi + 3G Larger than Wi-Fi Only Model
Posted by Mary Ann Neder | Mar 15, 2010 | Comments 0A separate Apple document filed with the FCC has disclosed a previously unknown difference in the dimensions between the iPad Wi-Fi and Wi-Fi + 3G models. The document reports, the Wi-Fi + 3G model is 0.3mm taller and 0.1mm wider than the Wi-Fi only model, due to the 3G model's top antenna panel. This is also in addition to a previously disclosed 0.1 pound difference in weight between the models, which was announced when the iPad was first introduced back in January.
Read More
iPads Appear on FCC Website, Both Sporting Two Wi-Fi Antennas per Model
Posted by Mary Ann Neder | Mar 13, 2010 | Comments 1Both versions of the the iPad, Wi-Fi and Wi-Fi + 3G, have appeared on the FCC's (Federal Communications Commission) website. Although the user manual, external photos, and other materials are still being withheld at Apple's request, there are several small discoveries to be made. Both models of the iPad have two Wi-Fi antennas, one that is shared with Bluetooth, and one that is not. These antennas cannot transmit simultaneously, are "fed with different power levels," and are located in different places within the casing. Exact reason for the dual antenna configuration was not provided but it appears to be for reception diversity, allowing the iPad to decide which antenna is working better and switch between them, opting for the higher power version when needed.
Read More
Update: Why Can't You Pre-Order an iPad?
Posted by Jay Krishnaswamy | Feb 27, 2010 | Comments 18We all know that you cannot get your hands on an iPad for a while longer, but why did Apple not accept pre-orders? One Reason: Apple has not yet obtained the necessary Federal Communications Commission approval to sell the device to the public.
Read More
Google to FCC: Apple's Phil Schiller Rejected Google Voice
Posted by Mary Ann Neder | Sep 21, 2009 | Comments 0And the saga continues. Google and the FCC have just released the full text of the letter, that flatly contradicts Apple's take on the Google Voice rejection.
Read More
Apple Answers FCC Inquiry
Posted by Mary Ann Neder | Aug 24, 2009 | Comments 0Apple has posted a detailed document discussing its answers to the FCC's inquiry into why it supposedly rejected an official Google Voice application for the iPhone.
Read More
AT&T Claims To Have No Role in Google Voice Rejection
Posted by Mary Ann Neder | Aug 24, 2009 | Comments 0An AT&T executive claimed the company had no say in Apple's decision to reject an official Google Voice app for the iPhone, when asked for a response to a letter from the Federal Communications Commission.
Read More
AT&T comments on Google issue
Posted by Mary Ann Neder | Aug 08, 2009 | Comments 0Last weekend, AT&T responded to the press concerning the FCC's inquiry as to which apps get approved for use on the iPhone by sending out a P.R. email.
Read More
FCC looking into Apple, AT&T and Google
Posted by Mary Ann Neder | Aug 03, 2009 | Comments 1Last week, Apple rejected Google Voice and removed all applications related to Google Voice. Developers of apps like GV Mobile and VoiceCentral weren't given specifics, other than the apps duplicated the features of the iPhone. This created an uproar and developers went seeking for some type of resolution.
Read More


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Greenwood Music Lessons
Looking for private in-home or in-studio lessons? Our Greenwood teachers are ready to get you started. Find your teacher today!
Popular Music Lessons in Greenwood, IN
How it Works
From finding the perfect teacher to managing payments, scheduling and tracking your progress, we take care of all the details, so you can focus on learning. Learn More
Search for a teacher
Compare hundreds of teachers based on the criteria that matter to you, including background checks, age and experience.
Schedule your lessons
When you've found the perfect match, schedule your lessons online using the teacher's real-time availability.
Connect with your teacher
Your teacher will welcome you with a personalized curriculum to meet your specific goals and you'll be able to manage your entire schedule through our free online account.
Can't find a teacher in Greenwood?
No problem. Our online lesson platform connects you with any teacher, anywhere. All you need is a reliable Internet connection, a webcam and a microphone.
Zero travel time is great for a busy schedule.
Typically priced lower than local lessons.
Online students stick with lessons as long as local students.
Music Lesson Reviews from Students
Students are raving about their Music instructors on TakeLessons. Check out some of these recent reviews.
Cristopher is an awesome teacher. He is always teaching us is a cool way. Also, when one of his students is down he always gives us
Summer is an outstanding guitarist and a phenomenal teacher. She goes above and beyond to tailor lessons to my own musical liking an
Jeff is a extremely clever musician, composer and teacher.
He has a very unique talent for kids to listen and have fun at the s
I think if we could describe Jeff we would use the words "integrity, discipline and passion".
Jeff naturally shows a strong proficiency in many different styles and on multiple instruments.
Although still young, Jeff is reliable, experienced and professional.
We've found it to be a great pleasure having Jeff as our kids teacher and I would strongly recommend him as a teacher to other kids and as a great talented performer."
Julie is our first experience with a piano teacher. She has been instructing my somewhat shy 6 year old for about 9 months now. She is
Sasha is an excellent teacher! Her knowledge is diverse in musical style as well as range of instruments, she is a true musician. Sasha
Sue is the most wonderful piano teacher ever! Always challenging, but never overburdening my ten year old daughter. In addition t
He is an outstanding teacher, he really cares about his students that he teaches. He has very effective ways of explaining
My son had several teachers and she is the best. She is able to keep the lesson interesting and challenging
And they're not alone!
Our teachers have taught
lessons and counting!
Popular Music Teachers near Greenwood
Check out some of our most popular teachers near Greenwood including Bargersville, Beech Grove, West Newton, Whiteland and Camby.
About James L.Close
About James
Recently completing my Bachelor of Music in Piano Performance from the Un
My performance background includes most recently maintaining a consistent commitment of free-lance work as a classical and jazz pianist, as well as commissioned composer. I have been toured successfully premiering Michael Schelle's solo piano masterwork "Straight, No Lithium", including performances at University of Indianapolis' Ruth Lilly Hall, Clarke University in Dubuque, Iowa, Butler University's Edison-Duckwall Recital Hall, and most notably Symphony Space in New York, where I first premiered the work in June 2012. Professional reviews by New York Times' Allan Kozin and the Indianapolis Star's Jay Harvey have lauded performances as "energetic, introspective, eccentric, brash, and assertive" and played with "astonishing vigor and panache...a delightful result." Along with maintaining an active interest in new music and local contemporary art music, my playing continues to be in demand from composers such as graduate students at Butler University. As a jazz pianist, I have played with musicians such as Nick Tucker, Kenny Phelps, Freddie Mendoza, Sean Imboden, and Sophie Faught, and remain an active force in the local jazz scene.
Through my experience and my passion for teaching, my lessons aim towards creating a sense of freedom at the instrument while learning the fundamental concepts of proper piano technique. Instead of just learning the notes, I encourage students to mix their technique with their expressive and interpretive abilities in order to develop a higher sense of playing the instrument. One of my greatest joys is watching my students develop their own unique creativity and reach their personalized goals. In this way, my students can conquer the techniques and the spirit essential to becoming a great musician!
*** Studio Equipment ***
Music Studio in my home includes a Kawai MP6, a professionally crafted keyboard for the concert pianist. I live in an apartment on the Southside of Indianapolis, right off campus from the University of Indianapolis.
*** Specialties ***
Piano Performance, technique, music composition, song-writing, music theory, jazz theory/improvisation/composition
James L.
James L.
About Jay E.Close
About Jay
I have been teaching privately for 14 years. For eight years, I had a studio of around 50 students in the Dallas area where my students have performed at eve
My teaching philosophy
Private lessons are a one on one experience that give students guidance on their specific musical needs. Rather than only working on pieces for un upcoming audition or competition, I emphasize working on a variety of repertoire that will improve all aspects of one's musicianship. Lessons are not a weekly practice or coaching session, but rather a time for me to help students with what they have already been practicing. More specifically, I help with embouchure formation, tone production, note reading, practice technique, musical phrasing, breathing, performance anxiety, rhythm, music theory, bad habits, or anything that will help the student make better music in the long term. I also frequently provide musical examples and inspiration by playing for my students.
Lesson Policies
Students are required to practice a minimum of fifteen to forty-five minutes per day (depending on the student's age), six days per week.
Students are responsible for purchasing their own lesson materials, such as books, valve oil, metronome, etc. Piano students must also have a well maintained piano to practice on. High quality electric keyboards with 88 keys, weighted and touch sensitive, are acceptable.
I have a 24-hour lesson rescheduling policy. If a student fails to provide notice via phone, text or email at least 24 hours prior to the starting time of the lesson, or misses a lesson unannounced, they will be charged for the full lesson cost. If adequate notification is given, the lesson will be made up at a later date. Lessons MAY NOT BE MISSED WITHOUT MAKEUP. I do, however, allow students to miss lessons without makeup during the months of November (up to one lesson), December and August (up to two lessons each month) and July (no limit), and one lesson for spring break.
With rare exception, all of my students take weekly lessons. Students who keep a regular, weekly schedule improve at a far better pace than those who miss frequently.
*** Studio Equipment ***
Baldwin upright piano
Clavinova keyboard with weighted keys
*** Travel Equipment ***
I provide no equipment
*** Specialties ***
I specialize in classical, jazz, and commercial, having experience in all three areas. I teach a lot of ear training and music theory regardless of the instrument.
Verified Student · Piano · In studio
Verified Student · Piano · In home
Verified Student · Trumpet · In home
Jay E.
Jay E.
About Miriam V.Close
About Miriam
Verified Student · Piano · In home
Verified Student · Piano · In home
· Piano · In home
Miriam V.
Miriam V.
About Mike M.Close
About Mike
I taught at my last music academy for 9 years. I am currently teaching at Sam Ash Music in Castleton, IN. I've been playing guitar since 1980 and I've taught hundreds of students thousands of songs since 1998. I have taught country, pop, and rock from the 50s to today. I have taught Elvis, The Beatles, Guns and Roses, Nirvana, Metallica and Avenged Seven Fold not to mention hundreds more.
Verified Student · Guitar · In home
Verified Student · Guitar · In home
· Guitar · In studio
Mike M.
Mike M.
About Leilah S.Close
About Leilah
Verified Student · Cello · In home
· Cello · In studio
· Piano · In studio
Leilah S.
Leilah S.
Recent Music Articles from the Blog
Whether you're just starting out or a seasoned pro, check out the Music articles on our blog.
7 Tips to Master Staccato on the Piano
As you learn how to play piano notes, chords, scales, and songs, at some point you'll come across the term "staccato." What exactly does it mean, and how do you play it? Read on as New Paltz, NY teacher Cheryl E. shares her helpful tips... Mastering staccato on the piano can be extremely beneficial, not only for performance of staccato passages but also for using it as a tool to help you memorize legato segments, improve your dexterity and finger strength, and smooth out your p … Read More
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Keeping quite the hectic schedule, Katie Holmes was spotted making her way all over New York City on what was a chilly Wednesday (November 12).
The former "Dawson's Creek" cutie first stepped out of her Big Apple apartment to attend her downtown yoga class. After stretching and breathing, Katie left the session with a big smile on her face.


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Movies were a huge part of our life growing up in the 80s and 90s! We loved to watch all the new ones and would watch them more than once. Since we did you should be able to pass this quiz no problem!
Try to guess all of the movies from the behind shot of the main characters! Tell us how you did in the comments!