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THE FOLLOWING LECTURE HAS BEEN APPROVED FOR ALL STUDENTS This lecture may contain information, ideas, concepts and discursive anecdotes that may be thought provoking and challenging Any issues raised in the lecture may require the viewer to engage in further thought, insight, reflection or critical evaluation
Clinical Communication Professor Craig Jackson Prof. Occupational Health Psychology Head of Psychology BCU
Clinical Communications Outline Benefits for clients Benefits for clinicians DemeritsSkills Shut up and listen
Clinical Communications Outline "The good clinician treats the disease, but the great clinician treats the patient" William Osler
Relatively new area Communication was a "wet skill" Now part of curriculum Seen as important ( not more important than clinical skill)...... Clinical skills viewed as worthless without communication
Communication skills not universal Different types of communication Depends on therapists' TrainingPhilosophyinclination Theoretical position Psychodrama Holotropic breathwork CBTRET
"Hello Chris" Covert naturalistic experiment 8 sessions with psychotherapist Was NOT psychotherapy Pseudo hypnotherapy Distractions..... iPad..... iPad
Not the "breathy voice" again Sounds too "American"... Too controlled... Too therapeutic... Too effortful... Too effortful... Not naturalistic... Not naturalistic
Benefits for Clinicians & Clients Time saving Effective & efficient Reduces Stress & Burnout Reduces litigation Clients more satisfied Best predictor of resolution (e.g. Chronic headache; Headache study group Ontario (1986) Shorter care needed (coronary care patients with emotional support - 2 days less bed time) Mumford et al 1982
Benefits for Clients Positive evaluations Both Clinician and Client agree on reason for consultation Clinician asks client about ideas, concerns or health beliefs Clinician takes time to achieve a shared understanding with client Positive consultations take no longer than negative ones (Arborelius & Bremberg 1992) Improved outcomes
A Meeting of Experts Any clinical consultation is a meeting of two experts Clinician- Skills & Knowledge Client- Their body & Experience But sometimes, people just want to be told what to do...
It's all subjective of course Clients rating their clinicians Not knowledge based Not skills based Based on communication and subtle cues They might be wrong... but their perception is everything
MedspeakJargon Sets boundaries - reminds of power relationships Lay personClinician "Sick" IllnessVomit "Nerves" AnxietyNeurology "Chronic" SevereLong duration "Acute" SevereSudden onset "Diet" Calorie restrictionIntake "Drugs" NarcoticsMedication "Stomach" AbdomenOrgan "History" The pastPrevious disease
Interruptions & Redirections Consultations start with client Appearing rushed Checking watch Fidgeting Monitoring email 28% of clinicians interrupt client in first opening Mean of 23 seconds ( Marvel et al 1999 ) Average of 2 interruptions per consultation Mean of 12 seconds in home consultations ( Rhoades et al 2001 )
Valerie: HIV patient in 1985
Useful sources 90% of info comes from taking a history 10% (or less) from case files and records Visual metaphor Might come in bits and pieces
Communication Skills: General Manner 1.Responds to cues 2.Active Listening 3.Use Empathy 4.Offer Support 5.Non-judgemental 6.Avoid personal beliefs 7.Simple language 8.Use appropriate body language 9.Questioning style 10.Information giving 11.Information gathering
Information Gathering Appropriate language Ordered and Methodological Comprehensive / Succinct Coaxing Use triangulation... "So you said that... Therefore..." Offer partners or collaborators to input Props e.g. clipboard, notes, questionnaire
Information Gathering... Don't rely on symptoms
"Doorknob concerns" "By the Way" syndrome ( Robinson 2001 ) Clients often reveal real reason only when comfy Real reason is not the first reason hey give Psychosocial issues Worries about future Their own ideas Social context of their problem Barry et al 2000
Information Giving Convey info Check understanding Control of consultation (allows it to vary) Signpost change of direction Summarises / indicates next steps Recognise and respond to client's concerns and anxieties
Consultation General Skills 1.Gives name and explains role; checks patient's name 2.Gives greeting appropriate to culture (handshake not always needed) 3.Non-verbal behaviour appropriate to culture (eyes not always needed) 4.Establishes purpose of interview 5.Clarifies why interview is taking place: - from client's perspective - from clinician's perspective 6.Checks that patient is happy to proceed 7.Establishes desired outcome of interview 8.Establishes baseline knowledge/understanding 9.Uses open questions 10.Listens 11.Confirms what s/he has learned 12.Signals move to information-giving at end
Some natural cynicism from medical circles
DateSymptoms ReferralInvestigationOutcome 1980 (18)Abdominal painGP --> surgical OPAppendictomyNormal 1983 (21)PregnancyGP --> obs and gynae Termination (boyfriend in prison)OP 1985-7Bloating, abdominal GP --> Gastro andAll tests normalIBS diagnosis (23-25)blackouts (divorce)neurology OPunexplained syncope 1989 (27)Pelvic painGP --> obs and gynaeSterilisedPain persists for 2 years (wants sterilisation)OP 1991 (29)FatigueGP --> infectiousNothing abnormalDiagnosis of ME by patient diseases unitand self help group 1993 (31)Aching musclesGP --> rheumatologyMild cervical Pain clinic - Tryptizol clinicspondylosis 1995 (34)Chest pain, breathlessA&E --> chest clinicNothing abnormalRefer to psychiatric services (child truanting)poss hyperventilation Case Summary of a counselling client
Summary Clinicians expected to be good communicators Clinical skill does not make up for communication lacking Communication does not replace clinical skills Getting it right worthwhile Rewards Getting it right takes time and experience Clinical supervision essential Case reviews essential
Communication without Knowledge
Some References Makoul, G. (2001). Essential elements of communication in medical encounters: the Kalamazoo consensus statement. Academic Medicine, 76(4) : 390-393. RSM forum on Communication in Healthcare (2004). Core curriculum for communication skills in medical schools. In E. McDonald (ed). Difficult Conversations in Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp 209-211. Simpson, M et al. (1991). Doctor-patient communication: the Toronto consensus statement. British Medical Journal. 303(6814): 1385-1387. Von Fragstein, M. et al. (2008) UK consensus statement on the content of communication curricula in undergraduate medicine education. Medical Education 42(11): 1100-1107.
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Mowing the lawn was interesting. We bought a new lawn mower so had to figure out how to use it. Then the gate to the back yard broke.
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Lot 106: Chinese Cizhou Yao Meiping Vase
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All Agencies (A-Z) » Other, Executive Office of the President, Executive » United States Agency for International Development, Independent Agencies
United States Agency for International Development, Independent Agencies (1 - 9 of 9 items)
African Growth and Opportunity Act: Lessons Learned from Other Countries' Trade Arrangements with Sub-Saharan Africa
GAO-15-393R: Published: Feb 25, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 25, 2015.
In 2014, the White House proposed a strategy for investing in African trade. One part of the five-part strategy --Renew and Update the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) to Increase Market Access Opportunities for Africa--consisted of four specific recommendations:Approve a long term extension of AGOA.Expand AGOA's product coverage.Improve rules of origin.Update eligibility criteria and rev...
Combating Terrorism: Additional Steps Needed to Enhance Foreign Partners' Capacity to Prevent Terrorist Travel
GAO-11-637: Published: Jun 30, 2011. Publicly Released: Jul 12, 2011.
Eliminating the threat of terrorist attacks continues to be a primary U.S. national security focus. According to the 9/11 Commission, constraining the mobility of terrorists is one of the most effective weapons in fighting terrorism. This report (1) describes key gaps the U.S. government has identified in foreign countries' capacity to prevent terrorist travel overseas, (2) evaluates how U.S. capa...
Combating Gangs: Federal Agencies Have Implemented a Central American Gang Strategy, but Could Strengthen Oversight and Measurement of Efforts
GAO-10-395: Published: Apr 23, 2010. Publicly Released: Apr 23, 2010.
Thousands of gang members in the United States belong to gangs such as MS-13 and 18th Street that are also active in Central American countries. Federal entities with responsibilities for addressing Central American gangs include the National Security Council (NSC); the Departments of Homeland Security (DHS), Justice (DOJ), and State; and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). GAO...
Combating Terrorism: The United States Lacks Comprehensive Plan to Destroy the Terrorist Threat and Close the Safe Haven in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas
GAO-08-622: Published: Apr 17, 2008. Publicly Released: Apr 17, 2008.
Since 2002, destroying the terrorist threat and closing the terrorist safe haven have been key national security goals. The United States has provided Pakistan, a key ally in the war on terror, more than $10.5 billion for military, economic, and development activities. Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), which border Afghanistan, are vast unpoliced regions attractive to extremis...
The Democratic Republic of the Congo: Systematic Assessment Is Needed to Determine Agencies' Progress toward U.S. Policy Objectives
GAO-08-188: Published: Dec 14, 2007. Publicly Released: Dec 14, 2007.
In enacting the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act of 2006 (the Act), Congress established 15 U.S. policy objectives to address the DRC's humanitarian, development, economic and natural resource, governance, and security issues and mandated that GAO review actions taken by U.S. agencies to achieve these objectives. In this report, GAO identifies (1...
Millennium Challenge Corporation: Progress Made on Key Challenges in First Year of Operations
GAO-05-625T: Published: Apr 27, 2005. Publicly Released: Apr 27, 2005.
In January 2004, Congress established the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) to administer the Millennium Challenge Account. MCC's mission is to promote economic growth and reduce extreme poverty in developing countries. The act requires MCC to rely to the maximum extent possible on quantitative criteria in determining countries' eligibility for assistance. MCC will provide assistance primaril...
Millennium Challenge Corporation: Progress Made on Key Challenges in First Year of Operations
GAO-05-455T: Published: Apr 26, 2005. Publicly Released: Apr 26, 2005.
In January 2004, Congress established the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) to administer the Millennium Challenge Account. MCC's mission is to promote economic growth and reduce extreme poverty in developing countries. The act requires MCC to rely to the maximum extent possible on quantitative criteria in determining countries' eligibility for assistance. MCC will provide assistance primaril...
Former Soviet Union: U.S. Bilateral Program Lacks Effective Coordination
NSIAD-95-10: Published: Feb 7, 1995. Publicly Released: Feb 7, 1995.
Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the federal government's efforts to transform former Soviet Union (FSU) command economies into more efficient, market-based economies, focusing on the: (1) size, scope, and status of the various U.S. bilateral programs; (2) structures for coordinating and managing these programs; and (3) coordination and structural problems the Administration faces...
The Growing Role of Trade as a Development Assistance Mechanism
ID-81-46: Published: Aug 11, 1981. Publicly Released: Aug 11, 1981.
GAO reviewed how four developing countries use trade in their economic development and how bilateral and multilateral donors assist developing countries in the area of trade. The objectives of the review were to examine for Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Indonesia, the role of trade in their development and the existing and/or potential obstacles to implementing and/or maintaining a succ...


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About scanning probe microscopes Scanning probe microscope (SPM) is an advanced microscope that uses a physical probe to scan the specimen. These microscopes provide high magnification and are specifically used for observation of three-dimensional specimens. In 1981, it was introduced as a pioneer in providing high atomic resolution. Initially, SPMs were mainly used for measuring 3D surface topography. Although they are now being used for measuring many other surface properties, they are still used primarily for 3D topography. SPMs were the first to produce real-space images of atomic arrangements on flat surfaces. This is done by moving a sharp probe over the sample. The interaction of the probe and sample, and the pressure created, are monitored, and that decides image resolution. Technavios analysts forecast the global SPM market to grow at a CAGR of 9.76% during the period 2014-2019. Covered in this report The report covers the present scenario and growth prospects of the global SPM market for the period 2015-2019. To calculate the market size, the report considers revenue generated through sales of SPMs in the market. The market is divided into the following segments based on the type of product: Atomic force microscopes (AFM) Scanning tunneling microscopes Other SPM technologies Technavio's report, Global SPM Market 2015-2019, has been prepared based on an in-depth market analysis with inputs from industry experts. The report covers the Americas, APAC, and EMEA; it also covers the global SPM market landscape and its growth prospects over the coming years. The report also includes a discussion on the key vendors operating in this market. Key geographies Americas APAC EMEA Key vendors Asylum Research Hitachi High-tech Instruments Key Sight Technologies NT-MDT Park Systems Other prominent vendors AXT Budget Sensors Danish Micro Engineering Infinitesemia JPK Instruments Nanonis Nanosurf Novascan Technologies WITec Market driver Growing opportunities in the field of Life Sciences For a full, detailed list, view our report Market challenge Limited science and technology budget For a full, detailed list, view our report Market trend New image optimizing techniques For a full, detailed list, view our report Key questions answered in this report What will the market size be in 2019 and what will the growth rate be? What are the key market trends? What is driving this market? What are the challenges to market growth? Who are the key vendors in this market space? What are the market opportunities and threats faced by the key vendors? What are the strengths and weaknesses of the key vendors?
PART 01: Executive summary
PART 02: Scope of the report
Market overview
Top-vendor offerings
PART 03: Market research methodology
Research methodology
Economic indicators
PART 04: Introduction
Key market highlights
PART 05: Market at a glance
PART 06: Market landscape
Market overview
Market size and forecast
Five forces analysis
PART 07: Market segmentation by application
Market overview
Life sciences
Materials science
PART 08: Market segmentation by product
Market overview
PART 09: Geographical segmentation
Market overview
PART 10: Market drivers
Increased applications in life sciences
Rise in nanotechnology applications
Increased spending by governments
Advances in technology
PART 11: Impact of drivers
PART 12: Market challenges
Budgetary constraints
Need for customized products
High cost of professional SPM microscopes
Limitations of AFM devices
PART 13: Impact of drivers and challenges
PART 14: Market trends
Novel image-optimizing techniques
Introduction of hybrid AFM modes
Growing number of CROs
PART 15: Vendor landscape
Competitive scenario
Key vendor analysis
Other prominent vendors
PART 16: Key vendor analysis
Asylum Research
Hitachi High-Technologies
Keysight Technologies
Park Systems
PART 17: Appendix
List of abbreviations
PART 18: Explore Technavio
List of Exhibits
Exhibit 01: Product offerings
Exhibit 02: SPM as a segment of global microscopy devices market
Exhibit 03: Microscopy device manufacturing process
Exhibit 04: Schematic of an SPM
Exhibit 05: Types of SPM microscopes and their year of introduction
Exhibit 06: Global SPM devices market ($ billions)
Exhibit 07: Five forces analysis
Exhibit 08: Global SPM market by application 2014
Exhibit 09: Global SPM market by application 2014-2019
Exhibit 10: Global SPM market for semiconductor applications 2014-2019 ($ billions)
Exhibit 11: Global SPM market for life sciences applications 2014-2019 ($ billions)
Exhibit 12: Global SPM market for material sciences applications 2014-2019 ($ billions)
Exhibit 13: Global SPM market for nanotechnology applications 2014-2019 ($ billions)
Exhibit 14: Global SPM market by products
Exhibit 15: Global SPM market by product 2014-2019
Exhibit 16: Global SPM market by product 2014-2019 ($ billions)
Exhibit 17: Global SPM market by product 2014-2019
Exhibit 18: CAGR comparison of SPM products
Exhibit 19: Global AFM market 2014-2019 ($ billions)
Exhibit 20: Global STM market 2014-2019 ($ billions)
Exhibit 21: Major types of SPM microscopes
Exhibit 22: Global SPM market for other SPM microscopy techniques 2014-2019 ($ billions)
Exhibit 23: Other SPM techniques
Exhibit 24: Global SPM market by geography 2014-2019
Exhibit 25: Global SPM market by geography 2014-2019
Exhibit 26: SPM market in Americas 2014-2019 ($ billions)
Exhibit 27: SPM market in EMEA 2014-2019 ($ billions)
Exhibit 28: SPM market in APAC 2014-2019 ($ billions)
Exhibit 29: Impact of drivers
Exhibit 30: Impact of drivers and challenges
Exhibit 31: Product matrix of vendors
Exhibit 32: Asylum Research: Product segmentation 2014
Exhibit 33: Hitachi High-Technologies: Business segmentation by revenue 2014
Exhibit 34: Hitachi High-Technologies: Business segmentation by revenue 2013 and 2014 ($ billions)
Exhibit 35: Hitachi High-Technologies: Geographical segmentation by revenue 2014
Exhibit 36: Keysight Technologies: Business segmentation by revenue 2014
Exhibit 37: Keysight Technologies: Business segmentation by revenue 2013 and 2014 ($ millions)
Exhibit 38: Keysight Technologies: Geographical segmentation by revenue 2014
Exhibit 39: NT-MDT: Product segmentation
Exhibit 40: Park Systems: Business segmentation


text:
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Hotels in Kamogawa
Hotel reservation
Hotel rooms in Kamogawa
There are not so many hotel rooms in Kamogawa, just 42, still everyone can find an offer to suit his choice. The most common offers in this city are 3 и 4 stars, they count 8 out of 42, and their prevalent location is central district. According to our practice, it is the most profitable to book a hotel in the south of Kamogawa, as it is the location of the hotels with optimal cost and quality offers along with the cheap hotels. Taking into account the small size of the city, there is no need to dwell hotel reservation on the location: the road to the city center would take less then half an hour, so one can book a hotel in any district of Kamogawa. The most populated with hotels district of Kamogawa is the north, 59% of cheap hotel rooms are concentrated here. Kamogawa is an ideal place for family and couple, such travellers rate hotels there 7.9 out of 10 on average. The view to sea and lake from the hotel room can serve as a pleasant addition to the journey. Apart from all these, hotels in Kamogawa offer their customers restaurant/cafe, bar, wi-fi in public areas and parking. The staff of the most hotels is multilingual: it speaks english and french. The most appreciated amenities in Kamogawa hotels are location and comfort. According to the visitors reviews, hotels in Kamogawa has great pool, great room and beautiful beach. Take a look at our selection of the cheap hotel rooms in Kamogawa to make a well-informed choice for your reservation!
hotel collections
Top-7 hotels in the center of Kamogawa
average rating
It is not a surprise that many guests arriving to Kamogawa pay great attention to the location of their hotel. In order to save your time, we have prepared a collection of the hotels in the center of this city.
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Kamogawa hotels with swimming pool
average rating
If you like healthy lifestyle, it is very important to train every morning. One of the greatest ways to do it is to swim in the pool! Here is a collection of the cheap hotels with swimming pool in Kamogawa.
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Kamogawa hotels with restaurants
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Do you like to eat? We, too :) So we collected hotels Kamogawa with a restaurant in the same place.
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All hotel collections in Kamogawa
Best hotels in Kamogawa
Hotels in Kamogawa are spread around the city within the distance of 14.2 kilometers. The most popular accommodations in Kamogawa is
Kameyama Onsen Hotel
, 3 stars hotel located in a 14.2 kilometers from the city center.
The best hotels are here and now. Try them!
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text: I remember this being part of the SF kit as issued in Minden in the early 80's - it was fitted via a bracket ala IWS, why not a SUSAT version? Seemed a waste of effectiveness to use a weapon capable of puting rounds down at longe range having to rely on iron sites and if you're lucky a spotter with a pair of bino's. Anyone else get issued this? and why was it never used? i know the concept of 'area weapon' 'beaten zone' and 'suppressive fire' but in the light role and on many a range day, why were we beasted for not 'double tapping'?


text:
Maths Basics 10-11
Written by
Illustrated by
Part of the Leap Ahead S. Series
Lovereading4kids Price £3.19
£3.99 saving £0.80 (20%)
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Maths Basics 10-11 by
About the Author
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Book Info
32 pages
Igloo Books Ltd an imprint of Bonnier Books Ltd
Publication date
1st June 2009
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Flight Germany Fuerteventura
Looking for flights from Germany to Fuerteventura? Planning a holiday in Spain and want to find out where you could fly from in Germany? If so, we've got the right deals for you. Eurowings flies to Fuerteventura from just €59.99* and is looking forward to welcoming you on board for your journey to Spain soon. The best price for a flight from Germany to Fuerteventura by month is shown in the overview.
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text:
- Affiliations:
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
2 Manufacturing Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
- Subtitle:
- Final
- Abstract:
- An extensive state‐of‐the‐art research has been conducted in the field of replication of micro/nano geometries in order to assess the currently available capability both at research and application level. As it emerged from the investigation, polymers for devices and deposited metals for tool making are the main materials employed in surface micro/nano manufacturing process chains. Hence, the result from this overview is particularly important for PolyNano and its associated process chain. This deliverable describes available concepts of replication, reports on different degree of replication assessment methods, and presents measuring procedures/techniques suitable for replication fidelity studies. The report reviews state‐of‐the‐art research results regarding replication obtained at different scales, tooling technologies based on surface replication, process validation trough design of experiment and uncertainty analysis. The focus is on polymeric materials and deposited metals; for completeness glass and bulk metallic glasses (BMG) are briefly described as well as they are also employed for surface micro/nano replication. As a mean of replication assessment, simulation for surface replication modelling and evaluation is also reviewed for the presented material categories. As far as polymer replication is concerned, the currently available replication capability in terms of obtainable lateral and vertical dimensions is compared with the typical dimensional range target of the PolyNano project. Methods for replication process validation are presented and will be further investigated in WP6 "Process Chain Validation" and applied to PolyNano study cases. Based on the available information, effective best practice standard process validation will be defined and implemented in the subsequent WP6 future work.
- Type:
- Report
- Language:
- English
- Main Research Area:
- Science/technology
- Publication Status:
- Published
- Series:
- Technical Report of Dsf (danish Council for Strategic Research) Project Polynano
- Review type:
- Peer Review
- Submission year:
- 2012
- Publication year:
- 2012
- Scientific Level:
- Scientific
- 2185776813


text:
Bill would ban "fracking" in Mass. for 10 years
BOSTON — A bill aimed at temporarily banning the natural gas drilling technique known as hydraulic fracturing — or fracking — is making its way through the Massachusetts Statehouse.
The Legislature's Joint Committee on Environment and Natural Resources has approved a bill that would create a 10-year moratorium on the technique in Massachusetts.
Environmental activists argue that fracking can lead to water contamination, illness, and damaged rural landscapes.
|The article you requested is no longer available on BostonHerald.com.


text:
Arcata is located in Humboldt county and has a population of 16,651.
The cost, on average, for books and supplies needed for nurse anesthetist schools in Arcata is $1,528.00. Students who live on campus while attending a nurse anesthetist school in Arcata, can expect to pay an average of $9,510.00 for room and board. Students who live at home can expect average costs to be $3,678.00. There is one nurse anesthetist college in Arcata. 51 students were reported to have graduated from nurse anesthetist programs in Arcata in the 2008 - 2009 school year.
|Average Salary
|Number Employed in City
|Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Workers, All Other


text: 'Man In The Hat' ID'd As Suspected Bomb Maker In Brussels And Paris AttacksTyler Rogoway3/23/16 10:40amFiled to: Brussels Terror AttackBrussels attacksISISTerror764EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink The man shown wearing a bucket hat and heavy white jacket in a video surveillance still from Brussels' airport has been identified as Najim Laachraoui, European authorities told news outlets today. This is the same man suspected of building the bombs used in the Paris attacks last November. He's also the only living suspect still at large related to those attacks. Late yesterday it was reported that the hat wearing man in the picture had been arrested, although it now seems as if those reports stemmed from a case of mistaken identity. As far as we know, the manhunt for Laachraoui continues. Advertisement Advertisement Laachraoui, who is 24 years old, supposedly left for Syria in 2013 where he is thought to have been trained by ISIS operatives, the UK's Independent reported. Belgian law enforcement has been looking for him for more than three years now. Laachraoui reportedly went to a prestigious Roman-Catholic high school and graduated with training in electro-mechanical engineering. This knowledge likely made him an obvious candidate for training in bomb making by ISIS in Syria. It also makes him very valuable to the terror group, and as such it makes sense why he himself did not execute suicide attacks in Paris and now in Brussels.Laachraoui is also closely connected with Salah Abdeslam, one of the ring-leaders of the Paris attacks who was just arrested last Friday. The man in the center of the airport surveillance photo is Ibrahim El Bakraoui. He and his brother Khalid El Bakraoui were both identified as suicide bombers in yesterday's terror strikes, with one blowing himself up at the airport and the other blowing himself up in the metro station. Both men had prior records and were known by Belgian law enforcement. Sponsored The flat raided yesterday that had ISIS paraphernalia and a large shrapnel bomb is said to have belonged to the brothers.A taxi driver that supposedly drove the men to the airport has been a key source that has accelerated the investigation following yesterday's attacks. Express writes: Advertisement Advertisement "The taxi driver also took the terrorists to an apartment in the Brussels district of Schaerbeek where an Islamic State (ISIS) flag, an explosive device containing nails and chemicals were found by police yesterday. A computer which has been deemed an object of interest was found by terror officers yesterday, according to Belgian newspaper La Libre. Its contents are unknown by it is understood it has messages linked to ISIS. It has also emerged the airport bombings could have been even more fatal after the taxi driver said the men wanted to place more luggage in his vehicle but he told them there was not enough space." USA Today reports that suicide note found on the computer belonging to one of the brothers stated that "he felt increasingly unsafe and did not want to end up in jail." This would lend weight to the popular theory that last week's arrest of Salah Abdeslam likely accelerated the timeline of the attack.The third man on the far left of the photo is yet to be identified by police. As of this morning, 31 are now said to have been killed in the attacks with 270 wounded.Tyler firstname.lastname@example.com@Aviation_IntelEditor, Foxtrot AlphaReply76 repliesLeave a reply


text:
Is Fja Millco Industries Ltd incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
Contact details
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Hotfrog Canada provides information regarding Fja Millco Industries Ltd in Brampton ON. Fja Millco Industries Ltd is located at 173 Advance Blvd # 53, Brampton ON L6T 4Z7 and provides Metals services. Contact them on (905) 458-0330 or by visiting them on their website http://www.millcoindustries.com.
Opening hours
Mon-Fri 8:30-16:30
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Action DotCom Green Mesh Sports Shoe
Explore More Items Similar to ACTION Green Men's Shoes
Overview: ACTION Green Men's Shoes
You are a sporting freak who runs to go on long running quite often. There has been no marathon which has been missed out by you and you have been a constant face and figure in the marathons that keep happening in your city. What next is the fact that you have inspired so many people around you to become fitness and sports freak and thus they all come to you to solicit advices on their attire and shoes. Now that you are such a wanted figure in your neighborhood, you are so proud and careful to give them proper advices because you know the fact that a mismatched pair of shoe will give them the pain in their feet for a long time and make them curse you and degrade your image in their mind. Actions' green men's shoes are the answer to all your advising needs when it comes to comfort and fashion and style, all imbibed in the same pair. The color of the pair of shoe is green making it one of the most demanded shoes in terms of color. Wear your style, let others wear it as well and go out to play your favorite sports without worrying about the stinky feel and the worry of getting tired.
The shoes are affordable because we don't want to be a spoilsport in the choice of your sports and any restrictions to your choice would thus be a no from our side. The shoes are durable and make sure that you carry them as your companion to years and years to come. The sole of the shoe is long lasting and will last you for years that you would not have even thought of. There is the maximum traction by having hard ground studs and that which gives you an optimal fiction with the ground.
Ultra lightweight PVC sole makes the pair a light experience so that you are carrying only your body weight and nothing else and that you can concentrate on your game completely. The pair of shoe is available online to be purchased on junglee.com and you can order them by sitting in the comfort of your home and not hassle with scorching heat and traffic jams. A 30 days free return is offered with the delivery of the product because we want to have you as our customers for life and trust is one thing that we highly keep as our values.
In this frantic market, where there are a plethora or options and new brands are coming up every second, it gets hard to stick to a name consistently. Having said that, there are some brands which will make your job as a fellow shopper much easier. These brands are like juggernauts as they've been in and around the industry for an admirable amount of time, having garnered a humongous fan base because of their consistent product quality and impeccable customer service standards. And without one shadow of a doubt, Action is one such big name!
This particular product has been created and brought out in the market conforming to the latest fashion trends and demands of the market. Fashion, as an industry is too fickle for comfort. Hence, adopting to the growing demands and the changing needs of the public is the only way forward. This is where this product hits all the right chords. Ergo, this can only enhance your fashion quotient by a significant measure, no two ways about it! Without much further ado, satisfy your fashion senses right now!
Junglee.com brings this product to you at a very exclusive rate. It would only be logical to act fast and act now! Make sure you read all the necessary details including the terms and conditions, before bagging this product for good. Hope you had a happy shopping experience.
Features: ACTION Green Men's Shoes
Cushioned insole with padded collar and tongue.
Hard-ground studs for maximum traction.
Ultra-lightweight PVC sole.
Cash on Delivery
30 Days Free Return
|Action Dotcom
|Model Number
|Target Audience
|Sole Material
- 5 star (0)
- 4 star (0)
- 3 star (0)
- 2 star (0)
- 1 star (0)


text:
Click here to print the obituary below
Phillip Porter
Phil Porter BROWNFIELD-Services for Phillip Stephenson Porter, 79, formerly of Brownfield, will be at 2 p.m. Tuesday, April 9, 2013, at Brownfield First Baptist Church with the Rev. Randy Land officiating. Burial will be in Terry County Memorial Cemetery under the direction of Brownfield Funeral Home. Phil went home to his Savior on Saturday, April 6, 2013, in Lubbock, Texas. He was born on July 27, 1933, in Washington County, Ark., to Boyd and Zena Porter. He grew up in Arkansas, then moved to Odessa to attend college for one year, and then to Austin, where he graduated with a B.B.A. in 1957 from the
University of Texas
. He was a true Longhorn fan. Phil married Jan Nell Johnson on June 29, 1958, in Kermit, Texas. They moved to Brownfield in 1959, where they owned and operated Phil's Shoes & Apparel for 40 years. He was a member of Jaycees, Optimist Club,
Rotary Club
and Salvation Army. While serving as president of Rotary Club, he was instrumental in the club's sponsorship of a German exchange student. Phil loved his Lord, gardening, playing piano, warm sandy beaches, family and friends. He was a prodigious reader, with a fascination with books on religion and many other subjects. Phil's grandchildren filled up the rest of his time with recitals, ballgames and graduations. After moving to Lubbock in 2009, Phil and Jan became members of Southcrest Baptist Church, enjoying the fellowship of their Somers Sunday School Class. Phil was preceded in death by his parents; a brother, Gene Porter; and a sister, Mary Ann Smith. Phil is survived by his wife. Jan of Lubbock; son, David Porter of Irving; daughter, Leslie Andrews and her husband Randy of Lubbock; son, Paul Porter and his wife Teresa of Lubbock; and three brothers, Russell Porter of Buchanan Dam, George Porter of Bentonville, Ark., and Don Porter of Denton. Phil PaPa delighted in his grandchildren: Kyndal Jacobs, Morgan Porter, Rance, Taylor and Grant Andrews, and Taryn Porter. The family wishes to thank the special caregivers of Hospice of Lubbock along with the Palliative Unit of Covenant Hospital. They suggest memorials to the
Funeral Home
Brownfield Funeral Home - Brownfield
120 W. Tate Street P. O. Box 507
Brownfield, TX 79316
(806) 637-3555
Published in The Lubbock Avalanche-Journal on Apr. 8, 2013


text:
Perfect People Solutions
employment equity, industrial relations, labour and industrial relations, labor and industrial relat
Industrial Relations Consulting
Our Industrial Relations Division has years of experience in negotiating with trade unions and ensures compliance with collective agreements and organisational rights. South Africa is in a developing environment socially and economically and black economic empowerment is a key focus area for all South African companies to practice good corporate governance and ultimately to be commercially viable. Our specialist team has the experience and keeps abreast of the latest requirements to strategize and implement Employment Equity Plans, which ensures an increase in our client's BEE scorecards and Bee ratings that not only meets legislative requirements but also enhances our clients businesses effectively in equity employment.
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All training material is submitted to the relevant SETA for approval before accreditation is granted. Perfect People Solutions provides administrative assistance by our accredited Skills Development Facilitator to comply and implement the Government's Skills Development Levy system, which ensures that our clients can claim their training expenses effectively.
Perfect People Solutions provides a labour outsourcing service specifically to large labour force sectors where we employ the labour force and alleviate our client's human resources administration and every day labour issues.
Perfect People Solutions provides a detailed human resources monthly management pack. Through our flexible software programs, our clients have access to all their human resources information as and when required.
Perfect People Solutions takes into account our client's specific payroll processes and administration requirements, and we design and structure a cost effective payroll it system to suit and meet the needs of our clients, which considers and complies with all labour and tax legislation as required by the South African Government.
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Not a member yet? Join now
Hello everyone
I'm arriving in Krakow for a 4-day stay..on my own as the person I should have travelled with got sick (sigh).;so , I'm more than willing to meet people especially in the evenings and to watch any of the football games (being a great fan) on the 8th of june (opening day). Where are you going if anyone is going? and if no one is available, where shall I watch the games? Thanks a lot.
I can leave more details if you leave me your email.Valérie (French living in Austria)


text:
Apply to be part of the prestigious panel of M&B real mum testers who put the M&B Awards nominees through their paces.
The Mother&Baby Awards test and highlight the best baby products on the market each year - and we want you to be part of the process.
We are looking to recruit new parent volunteers to test products for the Awards.
What product is best value for money? What's new, clever, timesaving and innovative? Which ones can be trusted to deliver on promises? Who better to ask these questions to than real parents - and that's where you come in.
We're looking for all kinds of UK parent volunteers, from all walks of life, to test products for the Awards. We want to know exactly what you think, what your baby loves, and why you'd be happy (or not) to recommend these products to other mums and dads. You need to be keen, committed and enthusiastic volunteers, with bags of honesty that will tell it like it is.
Keep your eyes open for next year's event!


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 2, 2010
|Filing date
|Sep 9, 2005
|Priority date
|Sep 9, 2005
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Nicola Funnell, Andrew Farnsworth, Chin Ying Cheung
|Original Assignee
|M-Stack Limited
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Classifications (26), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Technical Field
This application relates to mobile telecommunications systems in general, having particular application in UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) in general, and in particular relates to an apparatus and method for power measurement summation in mobile telecommunications system user equipment.
2. Description of the Related Art
The approaches described in this section could be pursued, but are not necessarily approaches that have been previously conceived or pursued. Therefore, unless otherwise indicated herein, the approaches described in this section are not prior art to the claims in this application and are not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.
In a typical cellular radio system, mobile user equipment (UE) communicates via a radio access radio network (RAN) to one or more core networks. User equipment (UE) comprises various types of equipment such as mobile telephones (also known as cellular or cell phones), lap tops with wireless communication capability, personal digital assistants (PDAs) etc. These may be portable, hand held, pocket sized, installed in a vehicle etc and communicate voice and/or data signals with the radio access network.
In the following, reference will be made to UMTS and to particular standards. However it should be understood that the invention is not intended to be limited to any particular mobile telecommunications system.
The radio access network covers a geographical area divided into a plurality of cell areas. Each cell area is served by at least one base station, which in UMTS may be referred to as a Node B. Each cell is identified by a unique identifier which is broadcast in the cell. The base stations communicate at radio frequencies over an air interface with the UEs within range of the base station. Several base stations may be connected to a radio network controller (RNC) which controls various activities of the base stations. The radio network controllers are typically connected to a core network.
UMTS is a third generation public land mobile telecommunication system. Various standardization bodies are known to publish and set standards for UMTS, each in their respective areas of competence. For instance, the 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) has been known to publish and set standards for GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) based UMTS, and the 3GPP2 (Third Generation Partnership Project 2) has been known to publish and set standards for CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) based UMTS. Within the scope of a particular standardization body, specific partners publish and set standards in their respective areas.
Consider a wireless mobile device, generally referred to as user equipment (UE), that complies with the 3GPP specifications for the UMTS protocol. The 3GPP 25.331 specification, v.3.15.0, referred to herein as the 25.331 specification, addresses the subject of UMTS RRC (Radio Resource Control) protocol requirements between the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) and the UE.
Power may be measured on a linear scale (e.g. Watts) or on a logarithmic scale (e.g. decibels (dB)). There are many instances of power measurements in 3G and some of these include summing power measurements from a number of cells to determine operating conditions of the network and/or the user equipment. For instance, among others, clauses 126.96.36.199 and 188.8.131.52 of the 25.331 specification relate to intra-frequency reporting events for FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) systems and set out the conditions for determining whether the user equipment is to trigger the start of an event. For instance, the UE determines whether there is a triggering condition for pathloss by calculating the following:
where, in particular, M represents power measurements in Watts i.e. on a linear scale. However power measurements are in many cases received in decibels i.e. on a logarithmic scale. To sum these for the purposes of equations such as those shown above, it would therefore be necessary to convert these measurements to the linear scale, sum the measurements and then use a log function to convert the result back to the logarithmic scale.
The maths processor needed by a device to carry out such a conversion may be unjustified given other processing demands of a device. There is thus a need to calculate a sum of power measurements without having to carry out these conversions. There are thus proposed strategies for power measurement summation in mobile telecommunications system user equipment. A number of such strategies are detailed below.
Other aspects and features of the proposed strategies will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of an apparatus and method for power measurement summation in mobile telecommunications system user equipment.
Embodiments will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the attached drawings, in which:
The same reference numerals are used in different figures to denote similar elements.
A method and apparatus for power measurement summation in mobile telecommunications system user equipment is described. In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practised without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention.
The needs identified in the foregoing Background, and other needs and objects that will become apparent from the following description, are achieved by, in one aspect, a method for processing power measurements in a mobile telecommunications device. In other aspects, the invention encompasses apparatus and a computer-readable medium configured to carry out the foregoing steps. In particular, the method may be implemented in a mobile telecommunications device, with or without voice capabilities, or other electronic devices such as handheld or portable devices.
As employed herein, "BMC" shall mean Broadcast/Multicast Control, as commonly referred in the art. As employed herein, "PDCP" shall mean Packet Data Convergence Protocol, as commonly referred in the art. As employed herein, "RLC" shall mean Radio Link Control, as commonly referred in the art. As employed herein, "MAC" shall mean Medium Access Control, as commonly referred in the art. As employed herein, "RUIM" shall mean Removable User Identity Module, as commonly referred in the art. As employed herein, "CCPCH" shall mean Common Control Physical Channel, as commonly referred in the art. As employed herein, "Cell_DCH" shall mean Cell Dedicated Channel, as commonly referred in the art. As employed herein, "CPICH" shall mean Common Pilot Channel, as commonly referred in the art. As employed herein, "RSCP" shall mean Received Signal Code Power, as commonly referred in the art.
Referring to the drawings,
The radio network controller controls the use and reliability of the radio resources within the RNS 2. Each RNC may also connected to a 3G mobile switching centre 10 (3G MSC) and a 3G serving GPRS support node 12 (3G SGSN).
An RNC 4 controls one or more Node B's. An RNC plus its Node B's together make up an RNS 2. A Node B controls one or more cells. Each cell is uniquely identified by a frequency and a primary scrambling code (primary CPICH in FDD, primary CCPCH in TDD).
Generally in UMTS a cell refers to a radio network object that can be uniquely identified by a UE from a cell identifier that is broadcast over geographical areas from a UTRAN access point. A UTRAN access point is a conceptual point within the UTRAN performing radio transmission and reception. A UTRAN access point is associated with one specific cell i.e., there exists one UTRAN access point for each cell. It is the UTRAN-side end point of a radio link. A single physical Node B 6 may operate as more than one cell since it may operate at multiple frequencies and/or with multiple scrambling codes.
The RRC block 200 can implement several different behaviour strategies for power measurement summation in mobile telecommunications system user equipment. These are summarised below, and then explained in detail subsequently, with reference to the drawings.
The technique obviates the need for a mathematical processor to convert power measurements in a logarithmic scale (e.g. decibels dB, or dBm) into a linear scale (e.g. mW) to sum the power measurements or a ratio. The summed power component is calculated using data stored in the device (e.g. look up tables) without any need for conversion of the scale used. Then technique provides ways of resolving certain equations set out in 25.331 which are used when the UE is in Cell_DCH (dedicated mode). In this situation it is the UTRAN rather than the UE which decides which cells form part of the active set. The UMTS terminology for this is soft handover.
The proposed technique is applicable to any formula that requires the summation of power measurements that are in a logarithmic scale, commonly decibels. We will consider, for the sake of example, the equations given in section 184.108.40.206 and 18.104.22.168 of the 25.331 standard, in particular equation 1 (Triggering condition for pathloss), Equation 2 (Triggering condition for all other measurement quantities), Equation 3 (Leaving triggering condition for pathloss) and Equation 4 (Leaving triggering condition for all other measurement quantities). However it will be clear to a person skilled in the art that the technique is applicable in other circumstances where a summation of power measurements is required, in particular in telecommunications environments other than the 3G.
For pathloss measurements, the equations contain the following component:
where NA is the number of cells in the active set and Mi is the power ratio of each cell. In 3G the maximum value of NA is 6.
For other measurements, the equations contain the following component:
The proposed technique involves deriving a power measurement for use in a mobile telecommunications system comprising a network of a plurality of cells and at least one user equipment device, the method being carried out in the user equipment.
Power in decibels is usually expressed as follows:
Power (dB)=10log10(M 1 /M 2) (3)
where M is power measurement in Watts. However power may also be expressed in terms of voltage, power being proportional to the square of voltage. Power may therefore be represented by the formula
Power (dB)=20log10(V 1 /V 2) (4)
Cell power in mW may be represented using two integers, value (v) and factor (f) as follows:
Power (mW)=ν*10(f−4) (5)
so, for example, 0.00501187 mW is approximately 5012*10−6 giving v=5012 and f=−2.
The technique will now be described further with reference to
For each cell in a group of cells in an active list the user equipments receives a power measurement, said power measurement being of a logarithmic scale e.g. decibels dB or dBm. The process by which the UE acquires these power measurements is well known and will not be discussed further here. However further details may be found in the 3GPP specification 25.133, in particular in clauses 126.96.36.199 and 9.1.1, for CPICH RSCP measurements. According to the 3G standard the maximum number of cells in an active list is 6.
For each cell, the UE derives a unit parameter (502) dependent upon the power measurement. In one particular embodiment, this unit parameter is related to the power measurement modulus 10 i.e. the remainder when the power measurement d (in decibels) is divided by 10. So if the power measurement is 36 dB then the unit parameter derived from 36 modulus 10 is 6, as will be discussed further below.
For each cell, the UE then derives a factor parameter (504) dependent upon the power measurement. In one particular embodiment, this factor parameter is related to the decade of the power measurement i.e. if the power measurement is 36 dB then the factor parameter is 3, as will be discussed further below.
For each cell, the UE then derives a value parameter (506) dependent upon the unit parameter. This is achieved by means of looking up data stored in the device. The device stores data which provides a direct output for the value parameter for a given unit parameter, as will be discussed further below.
This is carried out for each cell until all cells in the active list have been processed (508).
Having derived the unit, factor and value parameters for each cell, a check is carried out to see if the cells have the same factor (510). If not, the value parameter and the associated factor parameter for each cell are then adjusted (512) so that the factor for each cell is the same. If the cells do not all have the same factor, then the lowest factor may be used as the base factor for the summing of the power and the cells which do not have a factor equal to the base factor have their value and factor adjusted accordingly. For instance, the value is multiplied by 10 and one is subtracted from the factor until the factor for the cell is the same as the base factor. If the factors for all the cells are the same then this step (512) is not carried out.
The value parameters for the cells (adjusted if necessary at step 512) are then summed (514) to generate a group value parameter and an associated group factor parameter and then the group value parameter and the group factor parameter are adjusted (516) to cause the group value parameter to fall within a given range, as will be described further below.
A group unit parameter is then derived (518) dependent upon the adjusted group value parameter; and a summed power measurement is then derived (520) dependent on the group unit parameter and the adjusted group factor parameter. This output (522) may then be used in, for instance, equations using formulas (1) and (2) above.
To illustrate the technique, particular implementations of the technique will now be describe with reference to Equations 1, 2, 3 and 4 of section 220.127.116.11 if the 25.331 standard.
CPICH RSCP and CPICH EcN0 measurements require calculation of formula (2) above i.e.
where NA is the number of cells in an active list. Mi for CPICH RSCP is the power in mW of each cell and Mi for CPICH EcN0 Mi is the power ratio of each cell.
This component may be calculated as follows:
For each cell concerned, calculate unit parameter u and factor parameter f from power d in dBm
u=−d modulus 10 (6)
f=−1*truncate (−d/10) (7)
This is applicable to cells which have a negative power in dBm. This is the case for CPICH RSCP, which is defined to be between −115 and −25 (and L1 passes −167 to 0).
A worked example is illustrated in the table below, for NA equal to 4:
Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell 3
Cell 4
Power dBm
d1 = −113
d2 = −94
d3 = −39
d4 = −25
u1 = 3
u2 = 4
u3 = 9
u4 = 5
f1 = −11
f2 = −9
f3 = −3
f4 = −2
The value for each cell is then derived using the unit parameter and a look up table of values. It has been found that for power in dBm the corresponding power in mW repeats every 10 dBm but is a factor of 10 bigger as the dBm value increases. For instance, −40 dBm corresponds to 0.001 mW, −30 dBm corresponds to 0.001 mW etc. There is therefore provided a look up table of unit parameter to value parameter, for example as shown in
Thus, for each cell, the unit parameter determines the value to be read from the data
Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell 3
Cell 4
d1 = −113
d2 = −94
d3 = −39
d4 = −25
u1 = 3
u2 = 4
u3 = 9
u4 = 5
f1 = −11
f2 = −9
f3 = −3
f4 = −2
The values then need to be added but first the values have to be adjusted for the lowest factor involved, in this case −11 (cell 1):
Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell 3
Cell 4
Power dBm
d1 = −113
d2 = −94
d3 = −39
d4 = −25
u1 = 3
u2 = 4
u3 = 9
u4 = 5
f1 = −11
f2 = −11
f3 = −11
f4 = −11
Then the values are added to produce a group value:
Then the group value 3287900403112 and group factor −11 are adjusted to bring the value v in the range 1000<v<=10000 (i.e. the range in the look up table).
So the group value 3287900403112 is adjusted to 3288 and the factor is adjusted from −11 to −2. Then the value 3288 is looked up in the look up table to determine the unit parameter. For the example shown in
The following calculation is then carried out:
This figure may then be used in place of formula (2) in an equation, for instance Equation 2 as shown in part 126.96.36.199 of the 25.331 standard.
CPICH EcN0 is expressed in terms of dB rather than dBm, and needs to be converted to a ratio rather than mW, however the processing is the same as for CPICH RSCP measurements and so the same functions can be used.
Again this is applicable to for cells which have a negative power in dB. This is the case for CPICH_EcN0 which is defined to be between −24 and 0 (and L1 passes −40 to 0).
Pathloss measurements require calculation of formula (1) above i.e.
where NA is the number of cells in an active list and Mi is the power ratio of each cell.
The component equation for pathloss measurements is different from that of CPICH RSCP and CPICH EcN0 measurements so the calculation is different. The inverse pathloss ratio is needed, since it is the inverse pathloss ratio that is summed in the pathloss component equation (e.g. Equation 1 and 3 of section 184.108.40.206 of the 25.331 standard).
The conversion table from dBm to the inverse pathloss ratio is similar to CPICH RSCP, although the range of values is different as they are always positive. The same value and factor can be used to represent the inverse pathloss ratio.
1/Pathloss Ratio=v*10(f−4) (8)
The component equation (1) may be calculated as follows:
For each cell concerned, calculate unit parameter u and factor parameter f for the inverse ratio from power d in dBm as follows:
Unit u=d modulus 10 (9)
Factor f=truncate (−d/10) (10)
This is applicable to cells which have a positive pathloss power in dBm. This is the case in 3G as pathloss is defined to be between 15 and 165.
A worked example is illustrated in the table below, for NA equal to 4:
Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell 3
Cell 4
Power dBm
d1 = 113
d2 = 94
d3 = 39
d4 = 25
u1 = 3
u2 = 4
u3 = 9
u4 = 5
f1 = −11
f2 = −9
f3 = −3
f4 = −2
Note that the factor is made negative due to the inversion of the ratio in formula (1).
The value for each cell is then derived using the unit parameter and the look up table of values as discussed above with reference to the CPICH RSCP measurements.
Thus, for each cell, the unit parameter determines the value to be read from the data store:
Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell 3
Cell 4
d1 = 113
d2 = 94
d3 = 39
d4 = 25
u1 = 3
u2 = 4
u3 = 9
u4 = 5
f1 = −11
f2 = −9
f3 = −3
f4 = −2
The values then need to be added but first the values have to be adjusted for the lowest factor involved, −11 in this case (cell 4):
Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell 3
Cell 4
Power dBm
d1 = 113
d2 = 94
d3 = 39
d4 = 25
u1 = 3
u2 = 4
u3 = 9
u4 = 5
f1 = −11
f2 = −11
f3 = −11
f4 = −11
Then the values are added to produce a group value:
Then the group value 3287900403112 and group factor −11 are adjusted to bring the value v in the range 1000<v<=10000 (i.e. the range in the look up table).
So the value 3287900403112 is adjusted to 3288 and the factor is adjusted from −11 to −2. Then the value 3288 is looked up in the look up table shown in
The following calculation is then carried out:
This figure may then be used in place of formula (1) in an equation, for instance Equation 1 as shown in part 220.127.116.11 of the 25.331 standard.
The techniques as described above, and in particular with reference to Examples 1, 2 and 3, calculate the power summation component for cells and provide a worst case accuracy of around +/−6 dBm. The accuracy is dependent on the number of cells in the active set and also the number of points in the look up table used. To improve on this accuracy an extended look up table with more entries may be used.
In a further development, which may be used in addition or alternatively to the techniques discussed above, those cells which have a power measurement lower that a threshold below the strongest cell may be excluded. For example, in the techniques as discussed above, some of the cells in the active set may be excluded from the calculation. For instance, cells having a power measurement that is below a threshold may be excluded from the calculation. This reduces the processing required but, depending on the threshold chosen, should not significantly influence the total power calculated. Other examples of situations in which cells may be excluded on the basis of power measurement relative to the strongest cell are in equations (1) and (2) without the use of the factor, unit and value calculations as discussed above.
If the power of a cell in the active set is sufficiently smaller than the best cell in the active set, such that including the cell in the total power calculation does not significantly affect the result, then the cell can be excluded from the calculation. By excluding some cells from the calculation the amount of calculation that the UE must do to calculate the component value is reduced.
For instance if there are 4 cells in the active set, but one of them is very weak, then this weak cell will not significantly add to the component value. This cell may therefore be excluded and the calculation performed using the 3 strong cells.
Let us assume that an inaccuracy of the component calculation of z dBm can be tolerated. Therefore any cells which do not raise the total power by z dBm need not be included in the calculation. It is possible to calculate the power of a cell which raises the total power by z dBm and hence the threshold can be calculated relative to the best cell below which the cell can be removed from the cells to be considered.
Let X be the power of the best cell in dBm.
Let Y be the power of the cell to be considered in dBm.
Total power=10�Log (sum of powers in mW)
X+z =10�Log (10X/10+10Y/10)
Y−X=10�Log(10z/10−1)=Delta dBm
Y=X+10�Log(10z/10−1) (12)
So, for an active set of three cells, there are two cells to consider for exclusion from the summation. For a tolerated inaccuracy of 1 dBm in the summation, that is an average contribution of 0.5 dBm from each. Calculating Delta dBm (12) for z equal to 0.5 dBm gives Delta dBm equal to −9 dBm. Thus, if the threshold is set such that cells which do not each contribute more than 0.5 dBm to the total power are excluded, then any cell whose power is −9 dBm less that the best cell will be excluded.
A worked example is shown below:
Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell 3
Cell 4
Power dBm
d1 = −113
d2 = −94
d3 = −35
d4 = −25
Consider an active list of three cells, cells 2, 3 and 4. Cell 4 is the strongest cell (X) with a power of −25 dBm. Say that 0.5 dBm is the threshold (z). Putting these figures in the equation (12):
Delta dBm=10�Log(10z/10−1)=Y−X
gives Delta dBm=−9 dBm and therefore the threshold of Y equal to X+Delta dBm, which in this case is −25−9=−34 dBm. Any cells with a strength of −35 dBm or less may therefore be excluded from the summation. In the example above, this is all the cells other than cell 4
We can now consider an active list of four cells, e.g. cells, 1, 2, 3 and 4 as shown in the table above. For an overall inaccuracy of 1 dBm and four cells in the active list, there are three cells to consider for exclusion from the summation. For a tolerated inaccuracy of 1 dBm in the summation, that is an average contribution of 0.33 dBm from each. Calculating Delta dBm (12) for z equal to 0.33 dBm gives Delta dBm equal to −11 dBm. Any cells with a strength of (−24−11) i.e. −36 dBm or less may therefore be excluded from the summation. In the example above, this is all the cells other than cells 3 and 4
This idea can be extended so that the threshold varies depending on the number of cells in the active set and the desired accuracy of the calculation. There could be a look up table for the threshold value depending on the number of cells in the active set.
For example, for an overall inaccuracy of 1 dBm, the following look up table may be provided:
Number of Cells NA
z dBm
Delta dBm
If we consider that we want an overall accuracy of 1 dBm and if we have 2 cells in the active set, then we can exclude the weaker cell if it increases the component by 1 dBm and hence must be within −6 dBm of the strongest cell.
If we have 6 cells in the active set, then any of the 5 weaker cells which increase the component by ⅕, dBm may be excluded and hence must be within −13 dBm of the strongest cell.
In short, if there are N cells in the active list and an overall inaccuracy of Z dBm may be tolerated, then any cells which increase the power summation component by Z/(N−1) dBm and are hence within 10�Log(10(Z/(N−1))/10−1) of the strongest cell in the active set may be excluded. This is illustrated in
Turning now to
Where mobile station 800 is enabled for two-way communication, it will incorporate a communication subsystem 811 including both a receiver 812 and a transmitter 814, as well as associated components such as one or more, preferably embedded or internal, antenna elements 816 and 818, local oscillators (LOs) 813, and a processing module such as a digital signal processor (DSP) 820. As will be apparent to those skilled in the field of communications, the particular design of the communication subsystem 811 will be dependent upon the communication network in which the device is intended to operate. For example, mobile station 800 may include a communication subsystem 811 designed to operate within the Mobitex™ mobile communication system, the DataTAC™ mobile communication system, GPRS network, UMTS network, or EDGE network.
Network access requirements will also vary depending upon the type of network 802. For example, in the Mobitex and DataTAC networks, mobile station 800 is registered on the network using a unique identification number associated with each mobile station. In UMTS and GPRS networks, however, network access is associated with a subscriber or user of mobile station 800. A GPRS mobile station therefore requires a subscriber identity module (SIM) card in order to operate on a GPRS network. Without a valid SIM card, a GPRS mobile station will not be fully functional. Local or non-network communication functions, as well as legally required functions (if any) such as "911" emergency calling, may be available, but mobile station 800 will be unable to carry out any other functions involving communications over the network 802. The SIM interface 844 is normally similar to a card-slot into which a SIM card can be inserted and ejected like a diskette or PCMCIA card. The SIM card can have approximately 64K of memory and hold many key configuration 851, and other information 853 such as identification, and subscriber related information.
When required network registration or activation procedures have been completed, mobile station 800 may send and receive communication signals over the network 802. Signals received by antenna 816 through communication network 802 are input to receiver 812, which may perform such common receiver functions as signal amplification, frequency down conversion, filtering, channel selection and the like, and in the example system shown in
Mobile station 800 preferably includes a microprocessor 838 which controls the overall operation of the device. Communication functions, including at least data and voice communications, are performed through communication subsystem 811. Microprocessor 838 also interacts with further device subsystems such as the display 822, flash memory 824, random access memory (RAM) 826, auxiliary input/output (I/O) subsystems 828, serial port 830, keyboard 832, speaker 834, microphone 836, a short-range communications subsystem 840 and any other device subsystems generally designated as 842.
Some of the subsystems shown in
Operating system software used by the microprocessor 838 is preferably stored in a persistent store such as flash memory 824, which may instead be a read-only memory (ROM) or similar storage element (not shown). Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the operating system, specific device applications, or parts thereof, may be temporarily loaded into a volatile memory such as RAM 826. Received communication signals may also be stored in RAM 826.
As shown, flash memory 824 can be segregated into different areas for both computer programs 858 and program data storage 850, 852, 854 and 856. These different storage types indicate that each program can allocate a portion of flash memory 824 for their own data storage requirements. Microprocessor 838, in addition to its operating system functions, preferably enables execution of software applications on the mobile station. A predetermined set of applications that control basic operations, including at least data and voice communication applications for example, will normally be installed on mobile station 800 during manufacturing. A preferred software application may be a personal information manager (PIM) application having the ability to organize and manage data items relating to the user of the mobile station such as, but not limited to, e-mail, calendar events, voice mails, appointments, and task items. Naturally, one or more memory stores would be available on the mobile station to facilitate storage of PIM data items. Such PIM application would preferably have the ability to send and receive data items, via the wireless network 802. In a preferred embodiment, the PIM data items are seamlessly integrated, synchronized and updated, via the wireless network 802, with the mobile station user's corresponding data items stored or associated with a host computer system. Further applications may also be loaded onto the mobile station 800 through the network 802, an auxiliary I/O subsystem 828, serial port 830, short-range communications subsystem 840 or any other suitable subsystem 842, and installed by a user in the RAM 826 or preferably a non-volatile store (not shown) for execution by the microprocessor 838. Such flexibility in application installation increases the functionality of the device and may provide enhanced on-device functions, communication-related functions, or both. For example, secure communication applications may enable electronic commerce functions and other such financial transactions to be performed using the mobile station 800.
In a data communication mode, a received signal such as a text message or web page download will be processed by the communication subsystem 811 and input to the microprocessor 838, which preferably further processes the received signal for output to the display 822, or alternatively to an auxiliary I/O device 828. A user of mobile station 800 may also compose data items such as email messages for example, using the keyboard 832, which is preferably a complete alphanumeric keyboard or telephone-type keypad, in conjunction with the display 822 and possibly an auxiliary I/O device 828. Such composed items may then be transmitted over a communication network through the communication subsystem 811.
For voice communications, overall operation of mobile station 800 is similar, except that received signals would preferably be output to a speaker 834 and signals for transmission would be generated by a microphone 836. Alternative voice or audio I/O subsystems, such as a voice message recording subsystem, may also be implemented on mobile station 800. Although voice or audio signal output is preferably accomplished primarily through the speaker 834, display 822 may also be used to provide an indication of the identity of a calling party, the duration of a voice call, or other voice call related information for example.
Serial port 830 in
Other communications subsystems 840, such as a short-range communications subsystem, is a further optional component which may provide for communication between mobile station 800 and different systems or devices, which need not necessarily be similar devices. For example, the subsystem 840 may include an infrared device and associated circuits and components or a Bluetooth™ communication module to provide for communication with similarly enabled systems and devices.
When mobile device 800 is used as a UE, protocol stacks 846 include apparatus and a method for power measurement summation in mobile telecommunications system user equipment.
In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the scope of the technique. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.
It is to be noted that the methods as described have shown steps being carried out in a particular order. However, it would be clear to a person skilled in the art that the order of some of the evaluation is immaterial with respect to the operation of the method. The ordering of the steps as described herein is not intended to be limiting.
It is also to be noted that where a method has been described it is also intended that protection is also sought for a device arranged to carry out the method and where features have been claimed independently of each other these may be used together with other claimed features.
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|U.S. Classification
|455/525, 455/436, 455/522, 375/148, 370/335, 375/348, 375/235, 455/69, 370/342, 370/331
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 9, 2005
Owner name: M-STACK LIMITED, UNITED KINGDOM
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