text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 24, 2012
|Filing date
|Oct 26, 2006
|Priority date
|Oct 26, 2006
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Mandeep Rohilla, Amro A. Younes
|Original Assignee
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (12), Non-Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (5), Classifications (7), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to point-based network access control. More particularly, it relates to authentication and authorization of a device attached to a local area network (LAN) via an access control port in order to provide such network access.
A LAN may be set up to allow an unauthorized device to attach to the LAN infrastructure or an unauthorized user to attempt to access the LAN through a device that is attached to the LAN. For example, a business corporation may allow an outside visitor to connect to the corporation LAN. When an unauthorized user or device is allowed to attempt LAN connectivity, access may be restricted so that only particular authorized users and/or devices may utilize particular services offered by the LAN. That is, some form of network access control is typically implemented when providing LAN connectivity for unauthorized users and devices.
The 802.1X protocol describes a mechanism for providing network access control, and this protocol is described in "DRAFT Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks—Port Based Access Control (Revision), IEEE P802.1X-REV/D11, Jul. 22, 2004, which document is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The 802.1X protocol describes a port-based network access control that makes use of the physical access characteristics of IEEE 802 Local Area Networks (LAN) infrastructures in order to provide a way of authenticating and authorizing a device attached to a LAN port that has point-to-point connection characteristics, and of preventing access to that port in cases in which the authentication and authorization process fails. The 802.1X protocol currently assumes a single device is plugged into a port and, thereby, only supports one supplicant per port.
The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation.
Reference will now be made in detail to a specific embodiment of the invention. An example of this embodiment is illustrated in the accompanying drawings. While the invention will be described in conjunction with this specific embodiment, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the invention to one embodiment. On the contrary, it is intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. The present invention may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, well known process operations have not been described in detail in order not to unnecessarily obscure the present invention.
In one embodiment, a method is disclosed. A first non-domain packet that does not specify a domain is received from a first device. A first authentication packet is sent to the first device to thereby attempt a first authentication process for allowing the first device to access a network via a particular access port. If the first device cannot participate in the first authentication process, the following operations are performed: (i) if the first device or a user of the first device is authorized to access a voice first domain, forming a first binding between an identity of the first device and the first domain, wherein the first binding specifies that the first device is allowed to access the first domain; (ii) if the first device or the user of the first device is authorized to access the voice first domain and if the first device is determined to be a voice type device and if the first device is not aware of the first domain yet, forming a second binding between the identity of the first device and a data second domain, wherein the second binding specifies that the first device is allowed to access the second domain; (iii) if the first device or the user of the first device is authorized to access the data second domain, forming a third binding between the identity of the first device and the second domain, wherein the third binding specifies that the first device is allowed to access the second domain; and (iv) if a first domain packet that specifies the first domain is received from the first device, removing the second binding if it is present. If the first device can participate in the first authentication process, performing operations (i) through (iii) only if the authentication process succeeds for the first device. In other embodiments, the invention pertains to an apparatus having one or more processors and one or more memory, wherein at least one of the processors and memory are adapted for performing the above described method operations.
In general, example embodiments of the present invention allow authorization for a particular device or user to have access into a particular network so as to be bound to a specific domain or VLAN (virtual local area network). When authorization is tied to a domain, several devices can be authenticated into a single physical port of a network access device (e.g., access switch) and still only be given access to the one or more domain(s) or VLAN(s) that they are authorized to access based on their individual independent authorization outcomes.
Techniques for domain- or VLAN-dependent authorization on a single port may be implemented in any suitable manner and depends on the particular protocols and/or applications being utilized by the particular network access device.
In the illustrated example, the access port 102 is configured to determine domain or VLAN access for a plurality of devices with or without using an authentication protocol, such as the protocol 802.1X or any other suitable authentication protocol. Devices that are participating in an 802.1X authentication process are referred to as "supplicant" and "authenticator", and use of these terms is not meant to limit the scope of the invention to this particular protocol. A supplicant generally obtains or attempts to gain permission from an authenticator to gain access to a particular network, such as a local area network. In embodiments of the present invention, a supplicant can seek permission from an authenticator to gain access to a network, resulting in the device being authorized to access a particular domain or VLAN. In the illustrated example, access port 102 can serve as an authenticator while each device 104 and 106 may be configured to act as a supplicant to gain access to two respective VLAN's: a voice VLAN 1 and a data VLAN 2, respectively. One or both of the devices 104 and 106 may not be compliant with the authentication protocol 802.1X. If a device is not compliant with the 802.1X authentication protocol, the access port is also operable to authorize such a device to gain access to a particular domain or VLAN. For instance, even if one or both devices 104 and 106 are not 802.1X compliant, the access port can authorize one of the devices to access a voice VLAN, while authorizing the other device to access another data VLAN.
802.1X Authentication-Compliant Devices
An example application of the present invention in which an 802.1X authentication process is implemented by both devices 104 and 106 will first be generally described. In this example, example embodiments of the inventive techniques as applied to 802.1X authentication compliant devices will be described at a high level, while example implementation details are described further below. In the illustrated example, VoIP phone 104 can authenticate into the voice VLAN 1 by implementing an 802.1X supplicant. The phone can also provide "pass-through" connectivity for downstream device 106 before or after the phone has authenticated into the network. The downstream device can authenticate into the data VLAN 2 by also implementing 802.1X. In this example, endpoint device 106 has a media access control (MAC) address "MAC B", while intervening device 104 has MAC address "MAC A." Intervening device 104 authenticates with the access port 102 to obtain access to the voice VLAN 1, while endpoint device 106 authenticates with the access port 102 to obtain access to the data VLAN 2. During authentication of intervening device 104, a binding may be formed between MAC A and VLAN 1 in the form of Binding1 110. Likewise, a binding (Binding2 112) may be formed between MAC B and VLAN 2 for authentication of endpoint device 106. These two binding may be integrated together into an access control list (ACL), MAC Address Table, or any suitable data structure for indicating whether a binding can be dropped or forwarded. Authentication for both devices 104 and 106 may be authorized by an authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) server 108 based on a network access policy 114 or preconfigured in the access port 102 or network device (e.g., switch) so as to be accessible to the port 102.
Authenticating two different devices into two different VLAN's on the same access port may be accomplished by any suitable manner. For instance, the supplicant may directly or indirectly request authentication on a certain VLAN. In a direct request, the supplicant sends a request to access a specific VLAN. That is, the request includes a field specifying a VLAN that the requesting device is attempting to access. In an indirect request, the supplicant does not specify the VLAN for which it is seeking authorization, and the supplicant's VLAN is preconfigured in the AAA server or access port based on the supplicant's identity, e.g., MAC address. The later example would work well in current embodiments of the 802.1X protocol, where a supplicant does not specify a VLAN during an authentication procedure.
This message exchange generally takes place between a supplicant port access entity (PAE), e.g., the endpoint device or the intervening device, and the authenticating PAE, e.g., the access port. The packet format that is applied to 802.1X packets during this authentication process is referred to as "extensible authentication protocol (EAP) over LAN" or EAPOL. Of course, other authentication formats are also contemplated.
In an EAPOL message exchange between a supplicant and authenticator, either the supplicant or the authenticator may initiate the exchange. In the present example, the supplicant, i.e., intervening device 104, initiates by sending an EAPOL-Start packet to the access port or authenticator 102. As shown, the authenticator 102 then sends an EAPOL-Request Identity packet to obtain an identity of the supplicant. The identity of the supplicant is returned to the authenticator by the supplicant in an EAPOL-Response Identity packet. Further EAPOL-Request packets and EAPOL-Response packets may be exchanged between the supplicant and authenticating entity to authenticate and authorize the client.
During the EAPOL message exchange, the authenticator may determine whether the supplicant is authorized for accessing a particular VLAN in any suitable manner. For example, the access port 102 may be configured with information indicating which supplicant devices are authorized to access which VLAN or may obtain such information from any suitable source. In the illustrated example, the access port or authenticator 102 sends the supplicant's credential information to the AAA server 108 and then receives information indicating that the supplicant/MAC A is authorized to access VLAN 1. That is, the supplicant's MAC address is matched to a VLAN. Of course, any other identifying information associated with the supplicant may be matched to a particular VLAN. A binding between the supplicant (e.g., MAC A) and authorized VLAN may then be formed. In contrast, if the supplicant is not authorized for any VLAN, the AAA Server 108 may indicate that the supplicant is not authorized and a binding for the supplicant is not formed.
The AAA server may also indicate whether the supplicant (or a device that is not 802.1X capable) is a voice device (e.g., by sending a string that specifies a voice type device). When the supplicant is a voice device, it may also be determined whether the supplicant is aware of its own voice VLAN. The supplicant may be aware of its own voice VLAN by previously participating in a discovery process, such as a CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol) or an LLDP-MED (Link Layer Discovery Protocol-Media Endpoint Discovery) process, with the switch. Accordingly, the switch may be configured with information regarding devices that have discovered their own VLANs. If a supplicant that is a voice device has not participated in a VLAN or domain discovery process to determine its voice VLAN, a third binding 111 between the supplicant and the data VLAN 2 may be formed temporarily for the supplicant to use until the supplicant becomes aware of its voice VLAN, as explained further herein. When a supplicant is unaware of its VLAN, its packets are untagged and do not specify a VLAN. Untagged packets may be sent by default to the data VLAN. Accordingly, this third binding 111 may be utilized by the voice supplicant to communicate untagged packets in the data VLAN 2 (e.g., with a dynamic host configuration protocol or DHCP server) to thereby determine its voice VLAN 1. If the supplicant had discovered its own voice VLAN prior to authentication, the third binding 111 need not be created since the supplicant can tag its packets with its voice VLAN 1 and does not have to leave its packets untagged.
The intervening device 104 may also be configured to forward packets addressed with the 802.1X multicast address to both the endpoint device (or any other devices that are chained to it) and to the internal management port of the intervening device. The supplicant devices may generally send their EAPOL messages to the 802.1X multicast address. However, the messages sent by the authenticator after the initial EAPOL-Request Identity message may be sent to the supplicant's unicast address since the 802.1X protocol may not provide an addressing schema and may assume a point-to-point connection between a single authenticator/supplicant pair.
802.1X Authentication-Noncompliant Devices
The case in which an 802.1X authentication process is not implemented by one or both devices 104 and 106 will now be generally described. In a noncompliant case, one or both devices may implement another authentication protocol, besides 802.1X or one or both devices may not implement any type of authentication protocol. Additionally, a particular access port may be configured (directly or indirectly by an AAA server) to authorize access to any number and type of domains or VLANs for any number and type of devices.
Referring to
Prior to obtaining its own VLAN (e.g., voice VLAN 1), the VoIP phone 104 may send untagged packets that do not specify a VLAN on which it is attempting access. In certain configuration, these untagged packets will, by default, be directed towards the data VLAN, e.g., VLAN 2. After the VoIP phone 104 obtains its VLAN 1, it then sends packets specifying this obtained VLAN 1. When the access port receives the first packet from the VoIP phone 104 specifying the voice VLAN 1 and the phone 104 has already been authorized to utilize VLAN 1, the third binding between the VoIP phone 104 and the data VLAN 2 may be removed if not already removed and the first binding 110 for the voice VLAN 1 may then be formed. The first binding 110 may have been formed at the same time as the third binding 111 so as to not cause any transitioning delays for the VoIP phone 104 to use such first binding 110.
If the endpoint device 106 is also determined to be non-compliant with 802.1X and the endpoint device 106 is also determined to be authorized to access a data VLAN 1, the second binding 112 between the endpoint device 106 and VLAN 1 is formed. As described above in the 802.1X section, the access port may then allow the endpoint to access VLAN 1 based on this second binding 112.
The switch 102 then attempts an EAPOL message exchange with the VoIP phone 104 in operation (2). Additionally, if the phone is 802.1X capable, authentication is performed using an EAPOL message exchange, such as described below with respect to
If the VoIP phone 104 has been authorized to access the voice VLAN 1, the switch may also add a binding between the phone and the data VLAN 2 and a binding between the phone and the voice VLAN 1 in operation (4). In the meantime, the phone 104 continues to send untagged traffic (e.g., DHCP packets), which now are authorized to pass through the access port 102 on the data VLAN 1 to the DHCP server 108, for example, in operation (5). In operation (6), a DHCP response, which contains IP address information and a VLAN identifier, is relayed to the phone. The phone 104 can now start tagging its packets with the same voice VLAN that was received in the DHCP response in operation (7). As soon as the voice VLAN starts to receive tagged packets from an authorized phone, the access port may then remove the binding entry for the data VLAN 2 and the phone 104 and may also add a binding entry for the phone 104 and the voice VLAN 2 in operation (8). Alternatively, the binding for the voice VLAN 1 may be created along with removal of the data VLAN 1 in operation (8) instead of creating the voice binding in operation (4). However, the data and voice bindings are preferably formed together so as to provide a hitless transition for the voice device from the moment it is able to start sending packets on the voice VLAN. Otherwise, packets sent on the voice VLAN may be dropped until the voice VLAN is created.
This binding between the PC and the data VLAN will work for the PC when it sends packets that are untagged, as well as packets that are tagged with the data VLAN. Accordingly, the PC can continue to send untagged DHCP (or other untagged packets) traffic, which now goes through the access port onto the data VLAN 2 to the DHCP server. The PC can also send tagged packets that specifies the data VLAN 2 onto this same data VLAN 2 (e.g., after the PC obtains the VLAN 1 from the DHCP server).
It may then be determined whether the supplicant is authorized to access a particular VLAN in operation 304. For instance, the authenticator obtains information from an AAA server indicating whether the supplicant is authorized for a particular VLAN. In one example preconfiguration of the AAA server (or access control port), an IP phone device is matched with a voice VLAN, while a PC device is matched with a data VLAN. If the supplicant is not authorized for a particular VLAN, the authentication procedure may end. Alternatively, the supplicant may be proactively blocked from accessing all VLAN's available through the access port. In one embodiment, the access port is pre-configured to block all devices from accessing or ingressing onto all VLAN's until a particular supplicant is authenticated.
When a particular supplicant is determined to be authorized for a particular VLAN, it may also be determined whether authentication is successful for the current supplicant in operation 306. For example, the authenticator carries out any suitable authentication or credential validation procedures, such as password or certification verification, in addition to authorizing the supplicant with respect to a particular VLAN. Of course, the authentication of the supplicant with a certain VLAN may take place after all other credentials have been authenticated or at any point during or after such authentication of other credentials. If authentication is not successful, the procedure may end.
If authentication is successful, a binding between the identity of the supplicant and the authorized VLAN may be formed in operations 308. It may then be determined whether the supplicant is a voice device and aware of the voice VLAN in operation 312. It may be determined whether the supplicant is a voice device in any suitable manner, e.g., by information indicating whether a particular device is a voice device being received from the AAA server. A device may obtain its authorized VLAN in any suitable manner, e.g., the device may be configured with its authorized VLAN or via the protocol CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol) or LLDP-MED (Link Layer Discovery Protocol-Media Endpoint Discovery). When a discovery process has occurred for example between a device and the switch, information, regarding which devices have performed discovery, is retained and accessible by the switch. Accordingly, the switch can then determine that the supplicant is aware of its voice VLAN by assessing whether discovery information is maintained for the supplicant. When the supplicant is a voice device and is not aware of its VLAN, a binding between the identify of such supplicant and the data VLAN (e.g., VLAN 2) may also be formed in operation 314. Otherwise, this operation is skipped. An authorization indicator may then be associated with such one or more binding(s) in operation 310 and the procedure ends. Any type of associative structure may be utilized to indicate that a particular authenticated supplicant is now authorized to access a particular VLAN through a particular access control port.
As shown for each entry, the data structure of
There may be situations in which packets from a particular device are processed by the switch prior to the device being authenticated. For example, when a device is not 802.1X compliant, the switch may collect credential information (e.g., MAC address) from the non-compliant device during a discovery process or when the non-compliant device sends untagged packets to the switch. Thus, packets from such a device would not be dropped, but sent to a process in the switch for collecting credentials and initiating authentication for such device. Once the switch has collected the credential information, such as the device's MAC address, from a device, the device's packets can be dropped until a binding has been formed for such device.
Some of the ingressing packets will contain tagging (e.g., 802.1P/Q) that includes a VLAN on which the packet is being conveyed, while other packets will remain untagged. Although 802.1P/Q is used herein as an example tagging scheme, of course, the packets may be tagged to specify a VLAN using any suitable protocol. In the illustrated example, an endpoint device, such as a PC, may be unaware of 802.1P/Q tagging. However, this tagging allows the network infrastructure to route and provide Quality of Service (QoS) for different types of traffic through the network. Accordingly, endpoint devices may send untagged packets. The switch or network device's access port, which receives these untagged packets, may then add an 802.1P/Q tag. This added tag would include the native VLAN for the port which receives the packet. Typically, the switch can be configured on a port-by-port basis with a Native VLAN. Any untagged packet received on a particular port can then be tagged to include the native VLAN of such receiving port.
Referring to
In the example of
Similarly, only a packet that specifies VLAN 2 from endpoint device 106 (MAC B) is allowed access to VLAN 2. In contrast, a packet that specifies a different VLAN (e.g., VLAN 1 or VLAN n) from the endpoint device 106 (MAC B) or a VLAN other than VLAN 1 (e.g., VLAN n) from the intervening device 104 (MAC A) is blocked, and a packet that specifies VLAN 2 from the intervening device 104 (MAC A) is also blocked.
In both cases, untagged packets from the intervening device 104 (MAC A) (e.g., if the device does not support 802.1X) is also blocked from accessing VLAN 1 and 2. However, untagged packets from the endpoint device 106 (MAC B) will be accepted and placed on VLAN 2 when VLAN 2 is configured as the associated Native VLAN of the access port (as shown). Additionally, during the temporary formation of a binding between the intervening phone device 104 and data VLAN 2, untagged packets from the phone 104 are conveyed onto the data VLAN 2.
Generally, the techniques for implementing the present invention may be implemented on software and/or hardware. For example, these techniques can be implemented in an operating system kernel, in a separate user process, in a library package bound into network applications, on a specially constructed machine, or on a network interface card. In a specific embodiment of this invention, the techniques of the present invention are implemented in software such as an operating system or in an application running on an operating system.
A software or software/hardware hybrid packet processing system of this invention is preferably implemented on a general-purpose programmable machine selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in memory. Such programmable machine may be a network device designed to handle network traffic. Such network devices typically have multiple network interfaces including frame relay and ISDN interfaces, for example. Specific examples of such network devices include routers and switches. For example, the authentication systems of this invention may be a specially configured switch such as the Catalyst 6500, 4900, 4500, 3750, 3560, or Express 500 Series available from Cisco Systems, Inc. of San Jose, Calif. A general architecture for some of these machines will appear from the description given below. In an alternative embodiment, the system may be implemented on a general-purpose network host machine such as a personal computer or workstation. Further, the invention may be at least partially implemented on a card (for example, an interface card) for a network device or a general-purpose computing device.
Referring now to
The interfaces 68 are typically provided as interface cards (sometimes referred to as "line cards"). Generally, they control the sending and receiving of packets or packet segments over the network and sometimes support other peripherals used with the switch 10. Among the interfaces that may be provided are Ethernet interfaces, frame relay interfaces, cable interfaces, DSL interfaces, token ring interfaces, and the like. In addition, various very high-speed interfaces may be provided such as fast Ethernet interfaces, Gigabit Ethernet interfaces, ATM interfaces, HSSI interfaces, POS interfaces, FDDI interfaces and the like. Generally, these interfaces may include ports appropriate for communication with the appropriate media. In some cases, they may also include an independent processor and, in some instances, volatile RAM. The independent processors may control such communications intensive tasks as packet switching and/or routing, media control and management. By providing separate processors for the communications intensive tasks, these interfaces allow the master microprocessor 62 to efficiently perform switching and/or routing computations, network diagnostics, security functions, etc.
Although the system shown in
Regardless of a network device's configuration, it may employ one or more memories or memory modules (such as, for example, memory block 65) configured to store data, program instructions for the general-purpose network operations and/or the inventive techniques described herein. The program instructions may control the operation of an operating system and/or one or more applications, for example. The memory or memories may also be configured to store VSAN information, ACL information, an indicator on whether a device is an VoIP phone, etc.
Because such information and program instructions may be employed to implement the systems/methods described herein, the present invention relates to machine readable media that include program instructions, state information, etc. for performing various operations described herein. Examples of machine-readable media include, but are not limited to, magnetic media such as hard disks, floppy disks, and magnetic tape; optical media such as CD-ROM disks and DVDs; magneto-optical media such as floptical disks; and hardware devices that are specially configured to store and perform program instructions, such as read-only memory devices (ROM) and random access memory (RAM). The invention may also be embodied in a carrier wave traveling over an appropriate medium such as airwaves, optical lines, electric lines, etc. Examples of program instructions include both machine code, such as produced by a compiler, and files containing higher level code that may be executed by the computer using an interpreter.
Particular embodiments of the present invention allow more than a single device to have network access (e.g., LAN access) through a single physical, access control port while maintaining security mechanisms. A device can be allowed to be authorized on a per-VLAN or domain basis. Accordingly, filtering can be accomplished on a per-VLAN or domain basis through a single port. Additionally, embodiments of the present invention do not depend on a particular protocol, such as 802.1X or CDP or LLDP-MED being implemented by a device to gain access to a domain. However, when a device implements 802.1X, an 802.1X authentication process may be integrated with the domain based authorization process. Also, authorization of multiple devices may occur in any order, e.g., an intervening device does not have to be authorized prior to an endpoint device.
Embodiments of the present invention may also ensure that existing features such as Guest-VLAN and Auth-Fail VLAN continue to be supported for data devices while voice devices continue to be authenticated. Guest VLAN is used for non 802.1X capable devices that fail authentication, as a result the port is moved into the guest VLAN which to the host is a safe subnet for guest users of a network. The guest VLAN can continue to be supported. Auth Fail VLAN is used for 802.1X capable devices that fail authentication and is similar to Guest-VLAN.
Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be apparent that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims. For example, although authentication has been described as authorizing a single device for accessing a single domain, of course, a single device may be authorized to access a plurality of different domains or multiple devices may be authorized to access a same domain. Therefore, the present embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive and the invention is not to be limited to the details given herein, but may be modified within the scope and equivalents of the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification
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|Oct 26, 2006
Owner name: CISCO TECHNOLOGY, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:YOUNES, AMRO A.;REEL/FRAME:018443/0188
Effective date: 20061020
|Nov 28, 2006
Owner name: CISCO TECHNOLOGY, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ROHILLA, MANDEEP;REEL/FRAME:018558/0673
Effective date: 20061106
|Jul 24, 2015
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4


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New ACell PRP Treatment Helping Women Grow Hair
Old photographs of Laurel Lacy capture more than memorable moments. Little did Lacy know snap shots in time would...
New Treatment May Regrow and Thicken Hair Without Surgery
PRP works by injecting the platelets from the patient's own blood directly into the scalp, saying they contain growth factors...
Consumer Alert Regarding the Dangers of Unlicensed Technicians Performing Hair Restoration Surgery
The International Society of Hair Restoration Surgeons (ISHRS), a not-for-profit medical association focused on medical and surgical outcomes excellence...
Treating Traction Alopecia: Your Hair Needs a Break, Too
While there are several types of alopecia, traction alopecia is the most prevalent in African American women. Traction alopecia...
Our Offices
Austin, Texas
Dallas, Texas
Houston, Texas
About Dr. McGrath
Dr. Daniel McGrath is a Director to the Board of the ABHRS, the only certification program recognized by the International Society of Hair Restoration Surgery. He is one of less than 200 hair replacement surgeons around the world to have achieved this level of expertise in hair restoration surgery.

subset: commoncrawl


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'Samsara' Gentle Body Lotion
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Chat with a beauty stylist or call 1.800.7beauty.
In Sanskrit, Samsara means the eternal cycle of life. It is an imaginary place, sacred and mysterious, where Orient and Occident meet. Samsara is the symbol of harmony, of absolute osmosis between a woman and her perfume. It is a spiritual voyage leading to serenity and inner contemplation. The bottle, in the sacred red of the Orient, echoes the figure of a Khmer dancer in the Musée Guimet in Paris, her hands folded in a gesture of offering, expressing plenitude and femininity. The stopper evokes the eye of Buddha. A tantalizing floral-oriental perfume, Samsara is a harmonious blend of all-natural essences, including jasmine, ylang ylang, sandalwood and tonka bean.
Notes: bergamot, jasmine sambac, narcissus, rose, ylang-ylang, iris, sandalwood, tonka bean, vanilla.
- 6.8 oz.
- By Guerlain.


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In a word: manners.
In particular, cell-phone etiquette.
How many times have you been annoyed by somebody talking on their cellphone, at some very inappropriate time and/or place? With Siri/Iris/etc, not only are you given multiple opportunities to hear the caller talk loudly about personal issues you really didn't need to know about, you get even more opportunities to hear the smartphone owner ask all sorts of questions, thus increasing verbal pollution. And if you're really unlucky you get to hear Siri/Iris answer back in their sweet, artificial voice.
Oh what fun.
The more I think this through, the more I believe that any voice-operated input on a smartphone is a boondoggle, yet another useless gotta-have-it-feature created by cynical marketeers for a gullible buying public.
Via: Cell Phones


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Over the past decade, if there is one word that has become synonymous with green motoring it is hybrid. Ever since Toyota launched the first modern commercially viable hybrid with the original Prius (above) in 1997, over one million of them have hit the roads. Of course, as is so often the case, this overnight sensation was anything but. In fact, the technology was nearly a century in the making.
Power Splitparallel
- Biggest automotive sales disappointments
- Fastest-depreciating cars in the United States
- Find and compare 2017 Models
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These flexible, stretchy gloves give your hands the protection they need. They come in a vibrant orange.
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Revara Sports Indoor Gloves
Product Code: SC02380
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These stretchy nylon gloves are designed to protect your hands from friction as you propel a wheelchair. For indoor use ... Read moreSee details


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? TITLE : XIAOMI ROAD FC 036 / 1$ MILLION TOURNAMENT INTERNATIONAL TRIALS ? DATE : 2017.02.11 Saturday 17:00 OPENNING MATCH 18:00 ROAD FC 036 / 1$ MILLION TOURNAMENT INTERNATIONAL TRIALS Part watch video >>
Subscribe to keep up with everything MMA: http://tinyurl.com/MMAdigest Weavers creates a 2000 dollar custom blunt for Nick and Nate Diaz in the form of a UFC glove. BJ Penn's coach wants BJ to s watch video >>
Fedor Emelianenko vs Martin Lazarov
Rings Russia - Russia vs Bulgaria
May 21 2000 watch video >>
Andrei Arlovski vs Aaron Brink
UFC 28 - High Stakes
Nov 17, 2000 watch video >>
Alistair Overeem vs Peter Verschuren
It's Showtime - Christmas Edition
Dec 12, 2000 watch video >>
Alistair Overeem vs Yasuhito Namekawa
Rings - Millennium Combine 1
Apr 20, 2000 watch video >>
Alistair Overeem vs Can Sahinbas
2H2H 1 - 2 Hot 2 Handle
Mar 05, 2000 watch video >>
Alistair Overeem vs Chris Watts
Rings Holland - There Can Only Be One Champion
Feb 06, 2000 watch video >>
On March 3, 2000, undefeated Puerto Rican superstar Felix "Tito" Trinidad pounded David "American Dream" Reid to score a unanimous decision and take away Reid's WBA super welterweight title in a lege watch video >>
On October 7, 2000, Paulie Ayala defeated Johnny 'Mi Vida Loca' Tapia in a closely contested 12-round rematch. In honor of SHOWTIME CHAMPIONSHIP BOXING, look back at an unforgettable tenth round that watch video >>
Don't miss the EFC 46 countdown tonight on SuperSport SS8 (208) at 20:00 (CAT) featuring David Buirski, Martin van Staden, Adam Speechly, Chris Bright, Dricus du Plessis & Bruno Mukulu. watch video >>
Floyd Mayweather Jr vs Emanuel Augustus
Full Fight Boxing
October 21 2000 watch video >>
Floyd Mayweather Jr vs Gregorio Vargas
Full Fight Boxing
March 18 2000 watch video >>
Choi Mu-Gyeom(???) vs. Lee Yun-Jun(???) Just Live Super Action(????) Channel Date: 20:00 Saturday 22 August, 2015 Place: Chiak Gymnasium Wonju, Korea watch video >>


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Invited: Stories of Welcome in the Gospel of Luke
Sermons this summer will focus on portraits of Jesus found in Luke's gospel. Our recent studies in the life of David pointed forward to Israel's true sovereign and now we turn to accounts of Jesus whom David called, "my Lord". We quickly discover that the 'son of David' is much greater than any of the ancients had anticipated. Israel's king is in fact the savior of the world, the Lord of all. Luke is an apt herald of this message. As the only Gentile among the gospel writers Luke is especially attuned to Jesus' welcome of those who were outside, unworthy and rejected. The "beloved physician" wrote his account of Jesus' life as the first of two volumes, knowing he would also recount the story of witnesses who told the world of its savior. After a summer in Luke we will begin the journey of Acts in September.


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Travel with the environment in mindWWF Magazine: Spring 2017
A tiny aircraft gives researchers a big-picture view of Thailand and MyanmarWWF Magazine: Spring 2017
New US regulations offer better protection from bycatchWWF Magazine: Spring 2017
A rainfall simulator helps us understand grasslandsWWF Magazine: Spring 2017
A photographer gets close to one of the world's rarest catsWWF Magazine: Spring 2017
WWF digs a safe home for endangered freshwater sealsJanuary 24, 2017
An endangered population of freshwater seals in Finland recently received a lifeline from volunteers in the form of human-made snowbanks.
Exponential PowerWWF Magazine: Spring 2017Corporate leaders catalyze the US transition to renewable energy
Living among the trees: Five animals that depend on forestsJanuary 23, 2017
Forests are very important to us, and to many different species. WWF is working to address the threats to forests, and protect the species that call them home. Check out some of the animals who hang out in forests.
2016 declared the hottest year on recordJanuary 18, 2017
Earth's surface temperatures in 2016 shattered all previous record highs since modern record keeping began in 1880. Much of the warming is attributed to climate change.
Will there be enough fish to feed the world in 2050?January 13, 2017
The world must do more to sustainably manage fishing if we're to address increasing global demand for protein in the coming decades. If the situation doesn't improve, millions of people may no longer be able to afford fish by 2050.
A lioness sparks a love of the environment for Panda Ambassador Melissa PappJanuary 11, 2017
As a Panda Ambassador, Melissa Papp focuses on rallying people together to take on specific conservation projects. She wants to help others understand how easy it is to live more sustainably and keep the planet healthy and vibrant for all animals.
630 companies and investors tell Washington: Continue to act on climate changeJanuary 10, 2017
Today 630 companies and investors called on Washington to accelerate the low-carbon economy in the United States and stand strongly behind the Paris Agreement, our first truly global plan to combat climate change.
US government releases a new plan to protect polar bearsJanuary 09, 2017
The Polar Bear Conservation Management Plan, which focuses on actions for the two U.S. subpopulations in Alaska, stresses the importance of climate change mitigation in curbing the loss of the polar bear's sea ice habitat.
Adapting to new challenges in the Tian Shan MountainsJanuary 06, 2017
The animals of the Central Tian Shan mountain range find protection from unlikely guardians: the residents of nearby mountain communities.
A new way to predict and prevent the end of coral reefsJanuary 05, 2017
For the first time, researchers have created models to predict when, where, and to what extent coral bleaching will occur in reefs around the world at a finer scale than ever before.
A monumental win for elephants: China will ban ivory trade by 2017December 30, 2016
Today, we celebrate another big win for elephant conservation with China's game-changing decision to end domestic ivory trade by 2017. The new regulations come as part of the government's efforts to reduce demand for elephant ivory and help end the global elephant poaching crisis.
US permanently protects some of the Arctic's most important marine areasDecember 20, 2016
Just one week after scientists warned of unprecedented change brought on by warming in the Arctic, President Obama announced permanent protection for 115 million acres of federal waters in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas. Including previous presidential withdrawals, today's action protects nearly 125 million acres in the offshore Arctic from future oil and gas activity.
Nicholas Hoult joins WWF in Nepal to learn about rhino conservationDecember 19, 2016
Nicholas Hoult traveled to Chitwan National Parkin in Nepal to learn about Nepal's and WWF's conservation efforts to protect the greater one-horned rhinos that are threatened by poaching and habitat loss, among other dangers.
Rainbow-headed snake, dragon-like lizard among 163 new species discovered in the Greater Mekong
WWF report Species Oddity documents the work of hundreds of scientists who recently discovered 163 new species in the Greater Mekong Region.
Report warns of unprecedented struggles in a warming ArcticDecember 13, 2016
The Arctic is seeing unprecedented declines in sea ice and snow cover triggered by abnormally warm temperatures, according to a new report, the Arctic Report Card, released by the US government.
Record low sea ice impacts polar bearsDecember 07, 2016
As the planet warms, we're seeing a startling loss of Arctic sea ice. This is a major concern when it comes to wildlife conservation—particularly for polar bears. Dr. Klenzendorf shares her experience observing polar bears in Churchill.
Protecting snow leopards and pandas with Disneynature's Born in ChinaDecember 06, 2016
Through the release of its new film, Born in China, Disneynature takes moviegoers on a journey into the wilds of China. The film will support WWF's comprehensive conservation efforts in China and funds raised from Born in China will focus on improving landscape connectivity and integrity across three landscapes that are home to the species in the film and covering the traditional range of the giant panda.
Communities come together to restore mangrovesDecember 05, 2016
In the Melaky region on Madagascar's west coast, local people are taking action to remedy the loss of mangroves, which are crucial to their livelihoods. Wise use of mangroves is essential for nature and people.
Creating a better future in the face of a changing climate
WWF Panda Ambassador Jason Blackburn attended the 2016 Fuller Science for Nature Symposium at the National Geographic Society in Washington, DC, on Nov. 15. Every year WWF brings together a diverse array of experts to discuss a given conservation topic. This year's symposium, 2° LATER Resilience in a Changing World, focused on using resilience to rethink conservation and sustainability in the age of climate change.


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Most-Read Feedback Articles (Last 365 Days)
- 2016-03-07 - KEF Reference 5 vs. Focal Sopra No2
- 2016-09-24 - Amphion's New 3LS Loudspeaker
- 2016-08-19 - Wharfedale Diamond 225 vs. SVS Prime Bookshelf
- 2016-11-01 - Hegel H360 vs. Devialet 120 or 200?
- 2016-06-18 - MQA-Compatible DACs for Everything?
- 2016-04-19 - Three KEFs Compared: LS50 vs. Reference 1 vs. Blade Two
- 2016-04-18 - KEF Reference vs. Focal Sopra vs. YG Acoustics Carmel 2
- 2016-07-25 - Harbeth 30.1 vs. Dynaudio Confidence C1
- 2016-03-03 - Thoughts on Audio Research's GS150
- 2016-08-04 - A Problem with Focal Sopra No2s -- Or Maybe Not
- Details
- Category: Reader Feedback Reader Feedback
- Created: 18 June 2016 18 June 2016
To Doug Schneider,
If MQA is capable of compensating for time smearing, does this mean that a certified DAC will have enhanced performance also when playing non-MQA FLAC or WAV files? It would be an extra benefit if such a certification process will actually enable improved impulse-response performance in all situations.
Of course, the full potential of MQA recordings should sound even better, but getting a "free" apodizing filter upgrade or something like that should actually be available in the standard package. Don't you feel likewise?
Best regards,
Peter Veth
The Netherlands
The people at MQA make numerous claims about their supposed time-smearing fix, which involves encoding information about the recording equipment right into music files, then using that information to apply corrections when it's being decoded by an MQA-capable DAC. Impressive stuff if it works. However, as far as I know, they have yet to do a public A/B comparison to prove their claims that they're correcting what they say they are. Brent Butterworth called them out about that in an article he wrote for us at High End 2016, which we published on SoundStage! Global. Because of that article, the company arranged a private A/B demo for him at T.H.E. Show Newport 2016, which he also wrote about on Global. I encourage you to read the article, but I'll mention now that he didn't hear much of a difference between non-MQA and MQA files. I still have yet to hear an A/B comparison. As a result, from my point of view, the jury is still out with regards to whether they're doing anything relevant at all.
Insofar as non-MQA files go, there are already numerous non-MQA DACs on the market with apodizing filters, as well as DACs whose designers claim have a near-perfect impulse response. With what I know about the MQA process, I can't see why an MQA-equipped DAC would perform any better with non-MQA files than those DACs. . . . Doug Schneider


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There are no upcoming inspections or auctions scheduled. Email Agent to make an appointment.
Looking to make 5625 South Gippsland Highway, Welshpool your new home? Find out more about the people who live nearby as they could be your new neighbours soon! If you are looking to invest, you might be interested in the occupancy statistics in this pocket of addresses within the Welshpool area.


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Mauro Triolo
Natural Composition - PhotoVogue Stories
About this work:
Advertising posters superimposed over time.
Their slogan faded, their images torn from the elements lose the original message.
As the days slowly pass by, their commercial significance vanishes; A mix of shredded images, colours and letters gives rise to 'natural compositions'.
New messages, new images, new patterns become reality for a short period of time but are intended to change to bring out the underlying layer or to be deleted by another commercial advertisement. One day, perhaps, this will take on a different meaning and will turn into a new 'natural composition'.
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A chat with Kristin Prim, the founder of The Provocateur, the site that publishes letters written expressely by leading women addressing the whole female world. Vogue.it presents you an exclusive preview of the letter written by Dresden Dolls' Amanda Palmer
Fashion shows are changing: Burberry and all that's new on the runways
Menswear and womenswear collections will walk together and will be on sale right after the show. These are the news from Burberry but the evolution is generalized: runway shows are changing


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iPhone apps
English Listening - Daily News
This is a news application to study English... Read more
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stack cakes on top of every other, then fly upwards because the king & consume up to possible.
cake timing
Hacks, cheats & walkthroughs:
Here you can, online games and find a lot of cake, timing games in different category like games and more.
You can vote for Feed The King game and if you liked the game, also you can embed Feed The King to your page/profile. Click on the textbox below to automatically select all, and right-click to copy your Feed The King code! Don't forget to check our other cake, timing games for your entertainment.


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Dr. Nedunchezian Sithian MD Patient Reviews
- General Surgery Staten Island, NY
Overall Rating
1 Patient Reviews
- Wait Time 30 minutes
- Easy Appointments
- Promptness
- Friendly Staff
- Fair and Accurate Diagnosis
- Bedside Manner
- Spends Time With Patients
- Appropriate Followup
Showing 1 - 1 review
1.0 of 5
July 23rd, 2011
Practice's outright humiliation and lack of concern for patients dignity by opening up my surgery gown for all to see my private parts in the hospital hall way for which the nurse had to intervene to cover me up and then by removing my hospital gown completely as I lay on the surgery table leaving me completely naked and exposing my private parts for all to see even the people in the viewing gallery above with seeming glee and intentionality at having done so. I was then sedated and unaware of what transpired after that. He showed no compassion or concern for the dignity of his patient. Be aware.
Nearby Doctors
Dr. Nedunchezian Sithian, MD is similar to these 3 Doctors near Staten Island, NY.
Dr. Stephen Hornyak
Dr. Richard Steinbruck
Dr. Frederick Sabido


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Nine West Joker Wedge Sandal
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Item # 367449
Add some height to your platform sandal collection with the Joker wedge sandal from Nine West. These strappy sandals are perfect for adding some great colors to your espadrille sandal options!
- Faux patent leather upper
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- View more Nine West
By: jcnabm09
Location: Austin, TX
July 14, 2016
"I had a hard time finding white wedges for a friend's wedding and these did not disappoint! They were comfortable enough to actually wear all night. Only minor complaint was that the ankle straps do a lot of work to keep the shoes on so I did get a little blister on one ankle from that. Still very comfortable and would definitely recommend. They run a little on the big side so if between sizes, you shouldn't need to size up."
By: bentleygal
Location: plano
June 19, 2016
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By: julybunny
Location: NYC
June 03, 2016
"I went to DSW tonight to find some last-minute wedges for a graduation ceremony I have tomorrow. I spotted these and fell in love immediately without even trying them on. The nude color is a bit pinkish, which is my FAVE. So, anyway, I tried them on and they are very comfy. I have wide feet so my pinky toe gets a little hurt on the side of the straps, but other than that, the shoe is great. The ankle strap is fully adjustable which is great, because I have a smaller ankle so usually straps are loose. I wore them around the house a bit and they are pretty comfortable. For the record, I usually wear a 7.5-8, 8 in most shoes. I am a 7.5 in these!"
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Phimosis related question
I have a tight foreskin, can i still have a normal sex life and have kids. I dont have any other problem.
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Doctor Answers (1) on Phimosis related question
Dr. Hithysh BM
2 yrs. of exp | Bangalore | General Physician
Hello usually you might experience the pain during sexual act its bettr to undergo circumcision so that you will not face any other problems consult surgeon for further evaluation and treatment I hope this helps to solve your problem.
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8960 Roachester Cozaddale Road,Harlan Twp OH, 45162
Sold Price
3 beds , 3 Full baths
2,112 sq. ft
Status: Sold
Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices Professional Realty
(800) 599-8936
Last Updated: 2/21/2017 8:20 PM
Description for 8960 Roachester Cozaddale Road Harlan Twp, OH 45162
Well maintained 3 bed, 3 full bath, brick ranch on 8.7 acres in a peaceful, quiet country setting w lots of trees. Lg unfin walk out LL incl a washer, dryer and freezer. New roof, gutter and gutter guards and hot water heater in 2014. 2 large out buildings, 143x33ft have many possibilities for usage. 17.67 acres also avle for sale. Sold as is.
Listing Information
Harlan Twp.
Water Softener, Public Water Service
Propane, Cable TV, 220v Service
School Information
Room Information
Family Room
Floor - W/W Carpet
Floor - W/W Carpet
Floor - W/W Carpet, Formal
Eat-In Kitchen
Interior Features
Range-Oven, Refrigerator, Dryer, Washer
Carpet Wall to Wall
Central Air, Ceiling Fan(s)
Forced Air
Full, Unfinished Basement, Walkout, Concrete
Insulated, Wood Window
Stove, Fireplace
Alarm -Smoke/Fire
Window Treatment, Recessed Lights, Attic Storage
Exterior / Lot Features
2 Garage Spaces, Attached Garage, Front Entrance, Driveway
Deck, Porch
5 to 9.9 Acres
Barn, Wooded
Financial Considerations
Inside AccessTM
Current market conditions for 8960 Roachester Cozaddale Road
Active Market Trends
Source:MLS DATA
Median list price$300,000
Days on market96
Properties for sale15
Sold Market Trends
Source:MLS DATA
Median sold price$177,750
Sales to list price9,831.0%
Properties sold6
Median sq ft price$117
Arrows indicate 90 day trend
Listing Price History for 8960 Roachester Cozaddale Road
Harlan Twp Real Estate
Harlan Twp is located in Ohio.
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Colorado-crafted natural solid colognes, made for a man who knows what he likes
"Manly" advice often arrives with a set of imperatives: "do this", "say that", "wear this", "project that".
At Manly Man Scents, we don't bother with this misleading advice. Being Manly isn't following the norm, rather we feel a man is at his best when he strikes out on his own - brewing his own notion of manliness.
Being Manly is simple ownership of your tastes and decisions. A man knows what he likes and is proud to express it.
Manly Man Scents believes Smelling Manly is no different.
When we set out to create our first line of scents, we looked to the thing we love: Craft Brewing. The Craft Brew Series, our first line of solid colognes, is inspired by the three ingredients that make our favorite beers great: Snow melted clear water, rich hops, and fresh hops.
Beer has a beautiful simplicity. A few natural ingredients can make an endless set of possibilities in flavor, texture, and smoothness - just like all manly examples of all the men express their appreciation for beer.
If you love beer like we do, and want a smell that defines you, then our Craft Beer Series has the scents to help you smell your "manly-est."
Check it out...


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- Affiliations:
1 National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark
2 Astrophysics, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark
3 University of Geneva
4 University of Southampton
5 European Space Astronomy Centre and European Space Agency
6 National Institute for Astrophysics
7 Commisariat Energie Atomique
8 Stanford University
10 Florida Gulf Coast University
11 University of Geneva
12 University of Southampton
13 Stanford University
- Abstract:
- During the INTEGRAL observations in direction of IGR J17544-2619 and the Galactic bulge performed from 2012-09-16T01:15 to 2012-09-17 05:34 UTC, a bright new transient is detected at coordinates RA=266.29,Dec=-26.40 with a 0.6 arcmin, 90% c.l. confinement radius. The location of the INTEGRAL source is consistent with the newly discovered transient Swift J174510.8-262411 (GCN #13774, GCN #13775, ATEL #4380). The average broad band 5-500 keV JEM-X (61.6 ks) plus IBIS/ISGRI (63.9 ks) spectrum can be well fit by a power-law with exponential cut-off at high energy: Γ=1.29±0.04, Ecut=(122±10) keV (χ2=0.9 for 19 d.o.f., 1% systematic uncertainty). The 5-100 keV flux is (8.3±0.3)×10-9 erg/s/cm2. No significant features appear in the 3-35 keV JEM-X light curve (time bins 2 s-10 min). The source presents a monotonically increasing flux in all bands: the continuous coverage by IBIS/ISGRI shows that the 20-40 keV flux at the beginning of the observation was 63±4 mCrab and reached 617±26 mCrab at its end. By comparing the corresponding rise in the harder 40-80 keV band from 78±5 to 805±40 mCrab and performing a linear fit to the hardness ratio, we found significant evidence (~8σ c.l.) of a spectral softening with time. On the base of the rapid flux increase, the high value of the energy cut-off and the absence of thermonuclear bursts, we argue that Swift J174510.8-262411 might be a new black-hole transient. Further observations at all wavelengths are encouraged to unveil the nature of this source. We thank the INTEGRAL Galactic bulge monitoring group for their collaboration.
- Type:
- Journal article
- Language:
- English
- Published in:
- Astronomer´s Telegram : Atel, 2012
- Keywords:
- X-ray; Gamma ray; Binary; Transient
- Main Research Area:
- Science/technology
- Publication Status:
- Published
- Review type:
- Peer Review
- Submission year:
- 2012
- Scientific Level:
- Scientific
- 234626308


text: Mr. Bean hunts for a new home, as Mrs. Wicket has thrown him out. When he tries to find for room rental; first, Bean was appalled when the landlady serving him an exotic food which is crocodile; second, the apartment forbids Teddy inside; third, the so-called landlord gives him a bed-space alongside the home of pigs and chicken; and lastly, the Burglars' fake house. So, he tries to camp out until a downpour interrupted his sleep. Then, when Bean saw his room for rent, he decides to disguise himself to get back in.


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For sale by Buleo Motors VERIFIED31 Dec 3:53 pmAlimosho, Lagos
FOREIGN USED, TOYOTA MATRIX with Good build quality, Maroon Colour, Key-Less Entry, Modest Performance, Electric Windows, Alloy Wheels, Airbags, Anti lock Brake, FM/AM Radio, Super Cooling Air Conditioning, Smooth ride, Traction Control, Power Steering, CD Player, Turbo Charged, Fog Light, Automatic Brake Transmission, Left Hand Drive, Strong Body, Free From Accident, Armrests, Cup Holder, Very Rugged, Fabric Seat, Traction Control, Lagos Cleared, Neat Body and its Ready to Go for best Offer. Serious Buyers Should Call me For Price Consideration.
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NASCAR Testing - Las Vegas
LAS VEGAS, NV - MARCH 07: Greg Biffle, driver of the #16 American Red Cross/3M Ford speaks with Kasey Kahne, driver of the #5 Farmers Insurance Chevrolet, in the garage area during NASCAR Sprint Cup Series testing at Las Vegas Motor Speedway on March 7, 2013 in Las Vegas, Nevada. (Photo by Alex Trautwig/Getty Images)
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The author is a Forbes contributor. The opinions expressed are those of the writer.
Ulysse Nardin's new Hourstriker Oil Pump is a $100,000-plus timepiece with oil derricks on the dial. It is not that often that people wear luxury items that explain to others how they afforded those luxury items in the first place. One rather unique exception to that rule is with people in the oil industry and watches (as well as watch accessories). Imagine, for example, a surgeon with an intricate timepiece whose dial had a hand-engraved image of open-heart surgery. You just wouldn't really see that, nor would you see examples such as that in most other industries. So why is it the case that, over the years, I've seen a lot of high-end timepieces that seem to celebrate the oil industry?
I don't know if I can personally answer that question, as I don't seem to be familiar with the inherent fraternal bonds that appear to exist between those people who derive their wealth from pumping, refining, or distributing oil for the world's energy consumption needs. Aside from such close kinship between the oil elite, why else would they be inclined to convey messages about their oil baron lifestyle via their timepieces? What makes timepieces such as this more interesting (and Ulysse Nardin is by no means the only company to have an oil derrick on a watch dial in 2015) is that making money in the oil industry is not without its controversy. Oil pumping, refinements, and combustion is closely liked with environmental damage as well as political problems in many of the third-world countries where the country's elite entirely depend on the income from oil fields. I suppose there is a degree of machismo in so proudly identifying one's less-than-romantic income source. Oil pumping doesn't even have the romantic side of, say... diamond mining.
With that said, Ulysse Nardin is doing their job as a luxury company by identifying and then serving a particular class of high-net worth individuals. Entire publications and events are even dedicated to serving wealthy people people from the oil industry. It helps that oil drilling takes place all over the world and there are many distinct people brought together solely by their joint efforts in profiting from the complex and often risky venture that is pumping oil. Perhaps that is where the romance comes in - the risk. Nothing romantic is without risk, and many oil prospectors will be quick to explain the gamble of looking for new oil fields. With great risk can come great rewards, and so it can be surmised that the purpose of the Ulysse Nardin Hourstriker Oil Pump watch is about being a personal gift for those who stake so much and thrive. But what of the watch itself?
Each of these new-for-2015 Ulysse Nardin Hourstriker Oil Pump watches are strict limited editions with very limited production numbers. Ulysse Nardin will produce two models with one in 18k rose gold and another in solid 950 platinum. The cases are 42mm wide with black enamel and 18k gold dials. Inside the Ulysse Nardin Hourstriker Oil Pump watches are in-house made Ulysse Nardin caliber UN-610 automatic movements that have both an animated dial as well as an hour striker complication. This latter feature (when turned on) chimes the time (via the number of chimes) at the top of each hour. The hour striking feature is also available on demand and will strike the hours as well as half hour increments (not as precise as a minute repeater which indicates the time via chimes down to the minutes).
While the hour striking feature is activated, either automatic on the hour or on demand, the oil pump heads move up and down acting as the animated jaquemarts (animated figurines) on the dial of the watch. This adds a whimsical sense of movement to the chiming audio. Such complications are rather uncommon and Swiss Ulysse Nardin is among the few in the world to continue producing such animated, chiming timepieces. The Ulysse Nardin Hourstriker Oil Pump reference 6106-131/E2-OIL in 18k rose gold is limited to 18 pieces with a price of $129,000 and the reference 6109-131/E2-OIL in platinum is also limited to 18 pieces with a price of $150,000.
Ariel Adams is the founder and editor of the watch review site aBlogtoWatch.com.


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This item is a Josef Original sweet sixteen birthday angel with original black and silver foil label and drop tag that has the text, "Miss Ingeue, is sweet sixteen, what is called, an in between with laughing eyes and shining hair she's not as wise as she is fair". The piece is 6" tall, 5" wide, by 4" front to back. The girl is holding a bouquet of three roses, she has gold tipped wings on her back and the number sixteen in front of her. She has brown hair, black eyes and brows, with red lips. Her dress is light blue with gold at the neckline. The figurine has no wear or damage of any type. Please feel free top contact us with any questions or to make an offer.
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text:
Mayor: Tab Bowling
Department Phone:
(256) 341-4502
Department Fax:
(256) 341-4504
Executive Secretary:
Susan Hood
A Letter from the Mayor
Welcome to the City of Decatur.
This grand city on a charming scale has much to offer residents, visitors, and the businesses and industries that call Decatur home. A diverse economic base, quality schools, safe neighborhoods, and active community organizations combine to keep Decatur growing and thriving.
Decatur's vibrant arts and entertainment district downtown showcases art and performance venues including the Alabama Center for the Arts, historic Princess Theatre, and Carnegie Visual Arts Center; unique shopping and dining experiences; plus family friendly monthly community events. Major centers around Decatur feature favorite national stores as well as home-owned specialty shops and boutiques. From fine dining to well-known favorites to casual delis, dining options abound. And, we're home to the world champion Big Bob Gibson's Barbeque.
We work hard and we like to play hard, too. Decatur has 27 city parks and 17 playgrounds. Plus, our location on the Tennessee River lets you be on the water to fish or boat in minutes. We encourage outdoor activities in many ways, including our ever-expanding bike trail, Point Mallard Park, Delano Park and Rose Garden, Riverwild Children's Garden, Wilson Morgan Park, Jack Allen Soccer Complex, and Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge.
What makes this community unique is the Southern hospitality and giving spirit found in the hearts of Decatur residents. It is why so many make Decatur their home and why visitors return again and again.
We welcome your suggestions and hope you will contact any of our officials or department heads at any time. We are here to help you.
Tab Bowling
The Mayor's Office is located on the 6th floor of the City Hall Tower at 402 Lee St. NE, 35601. Business hours are from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., Monday through Friday. The office mailing address is PO Box 488, Decatur, AL, 35602.
Community Liaisons
- Housing Authority Board
- Industrial Development Board
- NARCOG (No. ALA Reg. Council of Governments)
- Planning Commission
- Decatur-Morgan County Port Authority
Board Appointments
All appointments to boards of the City are made by the City Council with the exception of the Planning Commission, Housing Authority, and one appointment to the Board of Appeals for Construction Industries. These appointments are made by the Mayor. Visit the volunteer and board opportunities section for more information.
Reference: State Law Adopted by City of Decatur, State of Alabama
Inquiries Regarding City Services
Inquiries regarding city services made to the Mayor's Office are referred to the proper City department.
Reference: Ordinance No. 2271, Section 2-14, Code of Decatur


text:
It really is this easy and I only made enough for me and my ten year old. She didn't like the bacon bits though.
- Yield
- 2
- 3 small baking potatoes (11/2 lbs) peeled and cubed
- 1/3 cup chopped white onion
- 2 cups heavy cream
- 2 tablespoons butter
- Salt and pepper to taste
- 1/2 teaspoon basil
- Optional bacon bits
- Cheddar cheese
- Boil potato chunks until tender in a medium sauce pan. Drain. Add the rest of the ingredients (except bacon) to pan and simmer for about 15 minutes. It will get very thick. Serve topped with extra sharp cheddar cheese and bacon bits.
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Nutritional Info
- Calories3921
- Carbohydrates693 g(231%)
- Fat103 g(159%)
- Protein87 g(173%)
- Saturated Fat63 g(316%)
- Sodium9635 mg(401%)
- Polyunsaturated Fat5 g
- Fiber52 g(209%)
- Monounsaturated Fat29 g
- Cholesterol357 mg(119%)


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Icecat: syndicator of product information via global open catalog with more than 3850716 data-sheets 14585 brands – register (free)
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The general trademark of a manufacturer by which the consumer knows its products. A manufacturer can have multiple brand names. Some manufacturers license their brand names to other producers.HP
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This poor Veyron was spotted on the streets of Seattle, and while our outrage was initially piqued, it later emerged via Instagram that the owner of this spray-painted Bugatti actually allowed this to happen.
We aren't fully sure what possessed the owner of the multi-million hypercar to allow this sort of thing, but we're guessing he or she can afford it. Scroll down for a different angle of this poor Veyron's new paint job.


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Hotels in Weissenbach
Hotel reservation
Hotel rooms in Weissenbach
There are not so many hotel rooms in Weissenbach, just 1, still everyone can find an offer to suit his choice. The most common offers in this city are guest houses, they count 1 out of 1, and their prevalent location is central district. According to our practice, it is the most profitable to book a hotel in the east of Weissenbach, as it is the location of the hotels with optimal cost and quality offers along with the cheap hotels. Taking into account the small size of the city, there is no need to dwell hotel reservation on the location: the road to the city center would take less then half an hour, so one can book a hotel in any district of Weissenbach. The most populated with hotels district of Weissenbach is the south, 100% of cheap hotel rooms are concentrated here. Weissenbach is an ideal place for couple and business, such travellers rate hotels there 8.2 out of 10 on average. Apart from all these, hotels in Weissenbach offer their customers pets allowed. The most appreciated amenities in Weissenbach hotels are food and breakfast. According to the visitors reviews, hotels in Weissenbach has tasty breakfast, great location and delicious food. Take a look at our selection of the cheap hotel rooms in Weissenbach to make a well-informed choice for your reservation!
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Can our truck pull a 5th wheel with a GVWR of 11,000#'s?
We are having a hard time believing that our truck can only pull 9200# as we keep finding on the website reviews. We have a long bed if that makes a difference. We purchased this truck to pull a 5th wheel camper and now we are trying to find one within our weight limit. Most of the ones we want are just about 1000#'s too heavy. Everyone we talk to sounds so surprised that our truck wouldn't pull it. Can our truck pull a GVWR of 11,000#'s?
1 Answer
what engine and tranny do you have? is it 4x4? do you have all the hd stuff (oil cooler, trannt cooler, brakes, etc)? my 04 2500 could tow (sold it) 15500, you will lose about 1100lbs in towing because of the 4x4. some of the ratings dont make sense. I would recommend that you ask a "trailer" shop what they "think" is your towing capacity. I used to tow a 39ft terry with mine and my buds dad tows a 33ft 5th wheel with his 05. it might be your engine/tranny holding back the tow rating
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Monitor Gavi's progress against its 2011-2015 strategic goals, download independent evaluation studies of Gavi activities and keep track of Gavi commitments and disbursements.
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Lawton is located in Comanche county and has a population of 92,757.
For Oklahoma residents, the average tuition for all Lawton construction management schools for the 2009 - 2010 school year was $2,805.00. For non-residents, the average tuition for Lawton construction management schools was $8,670.00.
Books and supplies for construction management schools in Lawton cost an average of $1,350.00. The average cost for room and board for students living on campus at construction management schools in Lawton was $9,600.00. The average cost for students living at home was $2,860.00 for the 2009 - 2010 school year. There is one construction management college in Lawton. Construction Management programs in Lawton reportedly graduated 25 students in the 2008 - 2009 school year.
|Average Salary
|Number Employed in City
|Construction Managers
|First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers


text:
ARSENAL HAVE UNDERLINED their determination to reclaim the Barclays Premiership title with a £14 million bid for Robinho that may prove high enough to beat Real Madrid to the Brazil forward's signature.
Arsène Wenger, the Arsenal manager, is said to have seen the 21-year-old Santos player perform for his country against Japan in the Confederations Cup in Germany last week and been impressed. An offer that one of the player's representatives claims is £3 million above the amount offered by Real Madrid is reputed to have been tabled. Chelsea are believed to have tracked Robinho's progress but Real were always


text:
Which Joe gave his name to 'sloppy joes'? We look at five interesting sandwiches and their lexical origins.
Definition of record club in English:
record club
(Originally) a club in which the subscriptions are used to buy or borrow records for the common use of the members; (later) a society which sells its members selected records, typically at reduced prices.
Early 20th century; earliest use found in The Washington Post.
Further reading
6 punctuation marks you might be using incorrectlyRead more
We take a look at several popular, though confusing, punctuation marks.
An A-Z of country name originsRead more
From Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, discover surprising and intriguing language facts from around the globe.
How brothers became buddies and brosRead more
The definitions of 'buddy' and 'bro' in the OED have recently been revised. We explore their history and increase in popularity.


text:
Airline Advance at Risk as Paris-Egypt Shocks Erode Gains on Oilby and
Carriers braced for slump in demand after terror attacks
Record summer bookings could become a distant memory
European airlines that reaped gains from a lower oil price and surging summer tourist traffic face a grim end to 2015 as the Paris terror attacks threaten to depress demand for an industry already under pressure following the downing of a Russian passenger plane in Egypt two weeks ago.
Air France suffered a slump in passenger numbers following an attack on French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo and a Kosher grocery store in January, and "the same is expected to be the case as a result of Friday's events," Goodbody analyst Mark Simpson said in a note. It's not clear if the more random nature of the latest killings will prolong their impact.
Aviation stocks slumped across Europe Monday, with Air France-KLM Group closing down 5.7 percent and Aeroports de Paris, which runs the French capital's main Charles de Gaulle hub, 3.7 percent. Overseas carriers were also affected, with IAG SA, parent of British Airways, whose key trans-Atlantic routes are heavily dependent on business and tourist visits to Europe from the U.S., losing 2.8 percent and Germany's Deutsche Lufthansa AG 2.3 percent.
Attractions Closed
France has closed cultural and tourist sites in the wake of what President Francois Hollande says was "an act of war" by Islamic State. The attacks, which have claimed 129 lives, come after January's slayings left 15 dead and amid growing evidence that a bomb downed the jet in Sinai, killing 224.
"We observed tragic events in Paris, and the crash of the airplane over Egypt," Alexey Mordashov, the largest investor in TUI AG, Europe's No. 1 tour operator, told Bloomberg Television at the G20 meeting in Turkey after the Paris attacks. "It will definitely have some impact on tourism, but it's too early to judge."
European airlines face uncertain times after posting some of the strongest results for years in the third quarter, aided by lower jet-fuel costs and a surge in late bookings prompted by a wet summer in northern Europe.
The apparent disintegration of a Metrojet Airbus Group SE A321 jetliner shortly after takeoff from Sharm el-Sheikh on Oct. 31 had already led some countries to ban flights to the Red Sea resort amid security concerns, prompting a shuffle of low-season capacity.
Seating Concern
Luton, England-based EasyJet Plc, which has been evacuating about 4,000 passengers stranded in Sinai, deploys 20 percent of its capacity in France and saw its shares decline as much as 3.5 percent.
Rival low-cost carrier Ryanair Holdings Plc suggested months ago that too many seats would be available across Europe this winter, with the result that ticket prices could come under pressure amid a fare war. A decline in demand should people choose to stay home for fear of further outrages would make that more likely.
"Hotels, restaurants, travel agencies as well as other companies in the tourist industry will see a drop in demand, in France but also in other countries targeted by Islamic State," John Plassard, a senior equity-sales trader at Mirabaud in Geneva, said by phone.
U.S., Asia
Shares of Accor SA, Europe's top hotel operator, closed down 4.7 percent in Paris, where the company is based, and Channel Tunnel operator Groupe Eurotunnel SE slipped 3 percent. TUI lost 4.1 percent in London and Thomas Cook Group Plc was down 4.8 percent.
Online travel-booking sites also fell in the U.S. amid concern that the attacks will damp European tourism. Priceline Group Inc. was trading 4.2 percent lower at 10:58 a.m. in New York and Expedia Inc. had lost 2.6 percent. Among U.S. airlines, Delta Air Lines Inc. was down 3.8 percent and United Continental Holdings Inc. had slipped 2.1 percent.
Airline stocks closed down in Asia, with China Eastern Airlines Corp. losing 4.7 percent, Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd. 2.7 percent and China Southern Airlines Co. 2.1 percent.
Still, carriers aren't likely to react to the Paris atrocities in the way they responded to the Metrojet crash, according to Turkish Airlines Chief Executive Officer Temil Kotil, whose company has suspended Sinai flights.
'Strong Enough'
"Turks will continue to go to Paris," Kotil said in an interview at the G20 event. "I will continue to go to Paris as it is, no problem. I know the danger, I go myself, I bring my kids. Individual cases, the French authorities are strong enough to sort them out if there is a repeat."
Aeroports de Paris said additional security measures are adding about an hour to the travel time for outbound passengers.
The U.K. announced plans to double spending on aviation security Monday. Prime Minister David Cameron has also ordered a review of security at foreign airports, particularly those in the Middle East and North Africa.
Gert Zonneveld, an analyst at Panmure Gordon, said booking patterns could still return to normal "quite quickly, within four to five weeks" -- provided there are no further atrocities.