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Base Raid is a 2D base build and defence strategy game. In the game your goal is to build the best base to crush the enemy before it crushes you. You have a specific amount of in-game money to build your base and use it to fight against enemy bases.
A game about friendship, love and technology in a place where bits have replaced atoms.
You've inherited your grandfather's old farm plot in Stardew Valley. Armed with hand-me-down tools and a few coins, you set out to begin your new life. Can you learn to live off the land and turn these overgrown fields into a thriving home?
Escape This is a casual puzzle game.
A platform game so difficult and at the same time, so addictive that you will enjoy having to repeat a levels dozens of times until complete them.
As TRON we send you on a journey to learn survival skills, to develop mutations, to build fortifications and to hunt other TRON mercenaries on the map. You're playing a PvP survival - with a versatile construction mode - where you can switch back and fort
A unique Action RPG game with lots of combats, item customization and puzzle solving.
A Heroic-Parody tactical RPG combining dungeon crawler's gameplay and turn-based fights. Dive in an off-beat universe, manage your team and craft mighty gear to equip them! Build your own dungeon by hiding traps and monsters in your galleries, then challe
A little game about the famous youtuber EeOneGuy!
This action platformer takes place on the asteroids of far away worlds. You have to jump from asteroid to asteroid in 30+ mind bending levels in order to get through the level as fast as possible. Normal Game Mode - More that 30 handcrafted levels.
You have a jumping tank and you need to touch the lever and open the door. You will encounter with anti-tank hedgehogs and logical puzzles. Levels are divided into logical and not logical, but challenging enough.
Crash Force is an amalgamation of the most popular genres in gaming; it is a multiplayer, arena, shooting game at its core with RPG and racing elements where the player assumes the role of a hovercraft to annihilate their enemies.
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Explore 6 x 6 x 6 = 216 rooms of randomly generated hazards and enemies while collecting the necessary artefacts. Hundreds of monsters are roaming inside, guarding the sword shards — the last known thing to be capable of defeating the demonic castle owner
Minions, Monsters, and Madness is a story driven strategy/JRPG with DND style events! In this game you will make decisions that will directly influence the outcome of every hand written event in the game!
Grab the Bottle is a colorful & innovative story-driven puzzle game, in which you solve puzzles by stretching your arm through the level!
Leviathan Starblade is a vertical scrolling shmups (shoot'em up), but along with the standard forward facing guns each player ship also comes equipped with a turret. This turret can fire or swing your Starblade in any direction. The Starblade can be used
You are Trump, the President of all Countries. Shortly after being sworn in, you travel to Europe for a conference, but your airplane is shot-down by mafia members. The Mafia and terrorists from all ex-countries join forces against you.
Post-apocalyptic story about two travelers who set out on a long journey in the wasteland, left by people after the global epidemic.
Set in the 90's, Kathy Rain tells the story of a strong-willed journalism major who has to come to terms with her own troubled past as she investigates the mysterious death of her recently deceased grandfather.
Fight, run, jump and climb making your way through ruined African village and military base to a secret genetic factory. Use all the possible means to survive and discover what happened, and then decide where your loyalties lie.
Werther Quest is a fairy tale style puzzle adventure game. In the game, players will take on the role of a little tree frog named Werther and begin a magical adventure in a miniature world. This game covers the first part of a trilogy.
The game combines modern 3D-graphics and old school gameplay.Forget about peaceful aiming and a sense of superiority over your enemies.
Lured by a vengeful spirit of a defeated witch, Duckles, and his friends, find themselves trapped on a mysterious island full of deadly sorceresses! What heinous plans does this gruesome Witch have for him? And what is the true origin of the island?
Sneak Thief is a first person shooter, strategy, stealth and puzzle game that lets you choose how you want to play by allowing you to use brute force to smash your way through defenses or by getting away without making a sound.
Explore the colorful world in which our hero is stuck and help him out!
FPS/Slasher/Horror for people with strong nerves. Tomato Way it`s like your favorite video game, but better.
The hero woke up in an abandoned subway station and trying to find a way out. He wants to escape to freedom, go home. But is not something dreamed ...
RC Mini Racers is a fast paced and explosive racing game with 20+ remote controlled mini cars, lots of missiles and mines, turbos for an extra boost as well as great hard rock music.
It's one year after the collapse of civilization and self-centered hedge fund manager Joe Wheeler emerges from his specially constructed bunker in search of food. This is a huge open-world RPG where you have the freedom to play how you want - but your cho
ChAIR's fresh twist on classic side-scrolling design with modern gameplay is amplified in Shadow Complex Remastered. 10+ hrs of exploration and fast-paced combat from award-winning original game, updated with graphical enhancements.
Freedom is threatened yet again and only Minute Man and his heroic Freedom Force can save the day in the follow up to one of the most critically acclaimed games of 2002.
Join Garfield and his friends in the funniest fast and fur-ious game! What character do you want to play with? Garfield, Odie, Jon, Nermal... you choose! Take part in no-holds-barred crazy races.
Based on a true story, Western Press is the most historically accurate frontier dueling game available for PC and Mac. Probably. Up to 16 players (or bots) compete in a tournament of 1v1 sprints to press a random string of ten buttons the fastest.
Challenging first person puzzle platformer.
Quizality - Christmas Edition is a single player multiple choice quiz, set in a Virtual Reality Winter Wonderland. Bursting with festive trivia, it might just be the game that gets Grandpa Scrooge trying that new-fangled VR nonsense after he wakes up from
Reprise your role as a supernatural assassin in Dishonored 2. Declared a "masterpiece" by Eurogamer and hailed "a must-play revenge tale" by Game Informer, Dishonored 2 is the follow up to Arkane's 1st-person action blockbuster
Economic booms, stock market crashes, oil crises, upswings, triumphs... Now you can become the greatest power in industry!
Enter the wondrous world of Wuppo! Fight numerous enemies, collect countless items, and solve immersive puzzles, all while exploring the detailed history of the world in your quest to find a new home.
Balloon Chair Death Match is a unique multiplayer VR game, featuring challenging, competitive aerial combat above a beautiful, immersive city environment.
Choose your Minion Master and collect an army of Minions to go head-to-head with other players online, in a real-time minion battle!
Not your traditional Golf game. Humorous destruction and over the top trickshots are the way to score big. Smash up the toilets, make a big mess in the Kitchen, destroy priceless antiques in the Palace.
12 is Better Than 6 is a dynamic top-down shooter with stealth elements, presented in a Wild West theme. The story puts you in the shoes of escaped slave fleeing to the United States in 1873.
N.E.R.O. is a wonderful journey in a world of incredible beauty, a story driven first-person game with puzzles and intuitive controls where the environment is connected to the characters and their past. The world of N.E.R.O. is magical and varied, making
Playing Monsti is easy, all you have to do is to click and fly for as much time as you can. There will be many obstacles that come your way and you have to do all in your power in order to avoid them.
You're a State-installed Landlord in a totalitarian State. You must spy on tenants, peep, eavesdrop and profile! You must report on anyone capable of plotting subversion against the State. You MUST! But WILL you?
An explosive combination of mining sim and city builder. Your dream of building your own thriving town starts with few explosive charges and a yellow truck. As you mine the landscape and the money starts to roll in you'll be able to expand your empire, bu
Harness the power of the cards as you travel across Avalon through 300 meticulously crafted levels of engaging solitaire to collect the resources you need to restore the kingdom to glory.
JiPS - Jigsaw Puzzle Ships. Classic Jigsaw Puzzle Game with 30 stunning pictures of sea scenery with sailing warships of various ages and countries.
The mix of Snake+Quake! Quite clever, eh? We thought so. SQUAKE is a massive multiplayer action-packed combat-trains game! Collect wagons to become longer. Destroy other trains and try to not die by hitting yourself, because that would be totally embarras
Zombie Playground is a single player or coop online, action arena game with RPG elements. The game combines childhood nostalgia with horrific monsters, visceral combat, and a unique atmosphere straight out of a child's nightmares.
Welcome to Terminal Hacker, you must crack as many passwords as you can before you get locked out of the terminal. Terminal Hacker features 3 different gamemodes with four difficulties, and leaderboards.
CASE: Animatronics is a truly scary and challenging first-person stealth horror on PC. Control of the police department is in the hands of anonymous hacker. All exits are locked. Electricity is off. Metallic thumps are getting closer.
Navigate a tale as unpredictable as the seas in this thrilling arcade game brought to life with naval battles that will blow you away! Vibrant visuals and oldschool gameplay collide to provide a shoot em' and loot em' adventure you won't want to miss.
Action meets strategy in a small indie multiplayer online battle arena. Clash takes a break from the classic weapon based shooters and offers players an ever growing variety of skills to choose from to create their own builds and team strategies.
Devil Daggers is a fast-paced shooter that places you in an abyssal arena to face endless legions of demons. Armed with versatile magic daggers and a fluid movement system, fight to survive as long as you can.
Cubotrox is an addictive puzzle game that challenges you to complete pixel art images by managing falling neon-colored cubes. Catch, drop and rotate your way to victory in a game with retro-futuristic neon visuals and synth-retro-wave music.
Help renowned explorer and adventurer Adam Venture and his accomplice Evelyn discover artifacts, unravel ancient mysteries, decipher strange symbols and solve ingenious puzzles around gorgeous historical sites from the 1920's.
Lock and Load! It's time to Kick Ass. Grab your machine-gun, flamethrower, rocket launcher and grenades. Assault the enemy base and free commandos to join your team while you destroy everything in sight.
"Animated Jigsaws" is a jigsaw puzzle game with videos instead of pictures. "Wild Animals - Animated Jigsaws" contains moving images of lion,tiger,elephant,giraffe,gorilla,zebra,koala,kangaroo,giant panda and surprised king penguin colony.
The planet Agora VI, a critical industrial center within the Terran Empire, has been invaded by an unknown alien force. You must hold the planet at all costs. We have no further details, you have no further orders. Good luck.
You made the biggest mistake in human history.Now you are the last hope of the world.
Four exciting worlds, twenty levels of platform action and puzzle. Four amazing mini games to discover. Great rewards await to those who venture and defeat the might and ruthless King Hong.
Get into the midnight mood — build networks of light streams and neon lamps!
VRNinja is a fast-paced virtual reality game that challenges players to dodge their way past flurries of deadly weapons as they train to become the ultimate ninja master.
Charm Tale Quest is a puzzle/strategy game in which you have to make chains of colored gems to defeat unusual enemies in prolonged battle. The process is complicated by a moving game board that changes either at every turn or at your discretion.
It is your job to save the planet from its decay. Only you can prevent an extraterrestrial species from taking over all of humankind. How? By shooting them back to where they belong - into the depths of hell of course!
The most popular vehicle mechanic simulator in the world got a second life in the new Steam version! Build cars, tune them, crash, repair and race against other racers!
Strategy has a new name and it's damn TASTEE. Recruit a team of volatile mercs and execute dramatic gunfights on a mission to take down the Cartel. Out think, outmaneuver, and eliminate enemies in a fresh take on simultaneous turn-based tactics.
An independent story-based cinematic FPS game describing the drama of a student 's. Story is based on experienced emotions.
A fantasy action roguelike of exploration and murder. Live, kill, die, improve, live again.
Throw on your nostalgia goggles and travel back in time with Super Win the Game, a retro-core explosion of exploration and platforming action!!
Uncanny Valley is a survival horror game that includes a mix of exploration, puzzle solving and a bit of action with a lot of optional story content.
Get Batman: Arkham City and all DLC for one low price with the release of the GOTY Edition!
An isometric orgy of bloody violence and huge chiptunes. Battle your way through 27 levels of corporate architecture full of brain dead, corporate, buzzword-spewing, project managers using office furniture as your primary weapons.
Endless arcade action takes a modern twist, creating a uniquely challenging open space shoot-em-up experience. From brutal bosses to black holes and beyond, countless hazards await discovery. How long can you survive?
Hero Quest is a Tower-battle in the most literal sense! Defeat waves of enemies as they attempt to overthrow your keep! Wisely deploy your units into the battlefield and use spells to destroy the enemy tower!
Bomb U! is a VR PvP action game. You have to look and walk around as in reality to pick up items, use them to destroy enemy's ground and win the game. We got bombs, hammers and pistols in the game. More items and modes adding!
The most terrifying journey of your life set in the beautiful winter scenery of the Ural Mountains. Uncover the horrific mystery behind the Dyatlov Pass Incident. Narrated by the famous Sean Bean.
Explore dead civilizations, write about what you find, and share your stories with the universe: a game about writing fiction.
Prepare your balls for an epic journey to Ballhalla. Feel the rhythm to overcome deadly hazards and marble at awful puns in the roll playing game of the year. May the torque be with you!
The ABC Murders is an adventure and investigation game adapted from the classic Agatha Christie novel. You are the famous private detective Hercule Poirot and, once again, you find yourself up against a mysterious serial killer.
'Between Me and The Night' is a surrealist action adventure game that walks the thin path between sanity and madness. Take on the role of a young boy and explore and interact with the mysterious house in which he lives.
Runestone Keeper is a roguelike dungeon crawler that blends classic RPG elements and turn based strategy. Heroes, monsters, equipment, events, magic and skills, traps and devices, shrines and altars, Goddesses and merchants.
Train hard, fight crocodiles and find love. Earn your place in the Punch Club ranks, and discover who brutally murdered your father, in this choose your own adventure boxing management tycoon.
Hooligan Vasja that is a colorful and entertaining time killer. Your goal is to reach the roof, fighting with different opponents. There is a powerful boss just under the roof. Be careful, the obstacles are extremely dangerous but you can knock them down.
In this puzzle, you only have to draw one continuous line. There are 96 puzzles on "Normal"-mode and 96 puzzles in "Time"-mode. Each puzzles can have many different solutions. This is game is Steamworks integrated with achivements, badges, trading cards a
Crowman & Wolfboy is a story driven, level based, action-platformer/runner hybrid. Join this unlikely pair of shadow creatures on a bizarre journey to escape their own nature and find the mysterious beings known as "humans".
Railroad Tycoon 3 features 25 scenarios challenging players to recreate magnificent feats of railroading history from around the world. Players can lay track (including tunnels and overpasses), pick from over 40 locomotives from early steams to modern bul
You play as a young mercenary and travel from soul to soul to avenge your fiance and her family. While finding a way to change the flow of past events, you will encounter many obstacles and meet new allies. Will you be brave enough?
Tales of Destruction is Steam's newest FPS game fresh from Greenlight. TOD currently comes with 8 maps & 2 weapons. You will be tasked to complete each map. There is pick-ups like ammo & health kits.
Air Guardians is a flight combat game set in the distant future. A world government is attempting to seal their grip on power, and an air force of advanced fighter craft is called upon to fight them. Fly through several different levels, with cut scenes b
First-person shooter meets basebuilding! Alpha Decay is a teambased Realtime Strategy Multiplayer Shooter, where your goal is to destroy the enemies base while you defend and build up your own.
Succeeding in Tharsis requires you to make the best of what you have, even if it happens to be a pair of snake eyes. Certain factors may be outside of your control, but that doesn't mean they can't be overcome. Tharsis is not a game about facing the odds.
Space Engineers is a sandbox game about engineering, construction, exploration and survival in space and on planets. Players build space ships, space stations, planetary outposts of various sizes and uses, pilot ships and travel through space to explore p
Your company has discovered a machine that can transport people to different worlds and nightmares, as the newly appointed scientist you must discover the reason a machine that can take you to such places even exists.
The Nightmare Cooperative is a fiendishly difficult turnbased roguelike featuring an array of characters, each with different powers to help you destroy monsters, escape levels, and collect gold.
Guide a powerful Lynx through vast open landscapes. Give birth to your cubs, raise and strengthen them by mastering your skills for hunting prey. Explore the wild beauty of nature and do everything possible to prepare your family for the vicious entities.
A creature called Sparky is invading your town looking for something and your house is next. Can you fight her off before she catches you? Try to survive the week without getting caught and solve the mystery to why she is targeting you.
Cubway is a journey with an abstract story of lifecycle of rebirth, called Samsara. Guide the cube through the long way full of dangers and difficulties, visit many interesting and mysterious places.
Endorlight is rogue-like game in which you have to find a way out to the next level. Each level contains a new and tougher enemies. Used your axe, bow or whip to defeat them!
MIND: Path to Thalamus is a First Person Puzzler that throws you into a fantastic and surreal environment. You will bend the natural elements to your will in order to progress in this emotive, mindbending tale. Now also in Virtual Reality!
What if alien life is closer than we think? Not in faraway galaxies or on planets still unknown to the human race... What if it was shining into our eyes every night for the past 4.5 billion years? They call themselves the Bantarans for Bantara is the nat
Divekick is the world's first two-button fighting game. It distills the essence of the fighting game genre into just two buttons with no d-pad directional movement. Includes two extra playable characters: Fencer from Nidhogg and Johnny Gat from Saints Row
Cruel Arena is a classic arena survival zombie game. Face endless hordes and survive as much as you can, Through The Doodles and The Frames!! Will you do the best record among your friends?
Get ready for a medieval adventure, full of mysteries and brutal monsters. Play as a little princess who faces against a horde of bloody critters and an invincible dragon god. It's told by the legends that the dragon god is born above the earth and beneat
Super Space Pug is a classic arcade shmup. Take control of 'Demetrius the Third'(Space Pug) to defend your personal space from the evil, fish flinging cats and random rocks because its a space shmup, and without rocks it would be rather non-space-y.
You got a job, which is to take care of an old man during the night in a recently purchased house; this house does not have electricity and you have to rely on some kind of hand crank generators to light the place up, but there is something in the darknes
Over 400 tricky puzzles, intuitive controls and cute heroes guarantee hours of fun.
Velocibox is a twitch-heavy action game crafted for the hardcore audience.
Simple Spy is a dynamic and minimalist 2d platformer. Though Simple Spy is a minimalist platformer,you can also find all fun and essence needed for a full fledged platformer. everything in Simple Spy is achieved through a combination of three action such
Catch a Falling Star is a casual and relaxing game where the aim is to catch falling stars and score points. A fun and relaxing game with beautiful graphics and soothing music - perfect for when you want to play something, but don't want to think too much
Crusaders of the Lost Idols is an idle game of heroic awesomeness! Create a band of fighters to fight monsters, earn gold and create strategies for the perfect formations over multiple campaigns! Upgrade your heroes, earn unique gear, and unlock new Crusa
Take control of a nimble janitor to rid the world of dust and debris.
HOOK is a short minimal, puzzle game.
You and your sister had finally found a haven in a small fishing village when you encountered more troubles. An unstoppable pirate crew threatened the entire kingdom. Your sister was kidnapped and taken to lands unknown. You must embark on a journey to th
Explore impossible geometry and optical illusions!
Battle Forever is an arcade Beat 'em Up which reminds you of the good old days in the penny arcade. Fight your way from left to right and leave no face unpunched! Four characters, 13 levels, a survival mode and a ton of fun awaits you!
It's Halloween night and your girlfriend is missing! Play as Billy, fighting through the randomly generated halls of an old, haunted mansion. Fight zombies, ghosts, goblins, and more with over 120 unique weapons and more than 610,000 costume combinations!
Ember's a fox who loves adventure. Run, jump, and ride through 30+ colorful, fast-paced obstacle courses in a quest to get your missing soul back!
★★★ PINT-SIZED POWERED-UP RACING ★★★ Get behind the wheel of 12 ultra-cool, fully tune-able miniaturized racing cars and take on 20 race tracks and some devious opponents through a comprehensive 'Championship Mode' and a multitude of 'Special Events'. Get
Take control of Faith. Learn about the unique gameplay experiences that await you.
Prepare for a different kind of poker night in a very different kind of club and play against familiar faces.
Holodrive is a super fast-paced 2D multiplayer shooter about robots exploding each other and collecting outfits! Create your Dummy, customize it and jetpack your way to victory!
Linkrealms is a Sandbox MMORPG that harks back to the roots of classic online role-playing games, where community was the center of the user experience, one's choices mattered, and reputation was earned on the battlefield rather than leaderboards.
Impossible Geometry is challenging platformer inspired by 2 amazing games! We have tried hard to take best of two worlds and bring you impossible challenges. You have deserved them!
When White House inquiries to the Scoggins Eraser Co. are answered only with curious puzzles, Nelson Tethers from the U.S. Department of Puzzle Research is sent on the case. The strange events in Scoggins will challenge every ounce of Tethers' expertise,
Local multiplayer! Play your friends. Crush their dreams. Smell their fear. Destroy them with a thousand pigeons.
A legendary Dragon is haunting the lands. Towns are set ablaze, and its magic power resurrects the evil creatures of the world. A hero is needed to travel to the corners of the lands and slay the beast to restore peace.
Bloxitivity is a puzzle/platformer with a powerful twist - you get to create the puzzles and then share them with friends and fans using the Steam Workshop or the XML files used by the game! What will you create?
DOOM® returns as a brutally fun and challenging modern-day shooter experience. Relentless demons, impossibly destructive guns, and fast, fluid movement provide the foundation for intense, first-person combat.
Désiré is a poetic point-and-click adventure game in black and white. From a tender age, he is going to meet several characters who will elicit in Désiré intense emotions. The original game soundtrack is also included with the download.
KW2B brings massive sieges and survival to medieval strategy. With epic storytelling and complex crafting, fight to survive through brutal siege combat, fighting each other, and hordes of Zombies. With complex castle and city building, beautiful, yet gory
Odd||Even is a math and logic based, integer placement puzzle game.
INK is a fast-paced platformer about using colorful paint to uncover your surroundings. Defeat all enemies in the room and reach the goal! However, the terrain is invisible, so you need to discover the terrain by physically bumping into it, by performing
A Tactical Battle Simulator that allows you to command thousands of soldiers as a Union or Confederate General. The game features the most accurately created map, a non-linear battle campaign, complex morale, innovative control mechanics and smart AI.
OPEN-WORLD carjacking goes back to the '80s in this 8-BIT nostalgic throwback. Run missions! Outrun the law! Rampage the city with weapons, power-ups and vehicles!
Use relative teleportation and the ability to change the direction of gravity to progress through the temple, where everything revolves around the core experience of puzzle solving. Do you have what it takes?
Den is a one-eyed alien who is grounded after the terrible crash of a spaceship. On this planet, one can control the gravity around him to walk in space. Lucky Dan is also able to change the gravity on the ground. Help him to reach the lost ship.
Grenade Madness is a crazy round-based multiplayer shooter with lots of explosions. Start your room, customize your loadout and challenge your friends now!
The adventure of a young, scared, but smart girl.
Dark Souls continues to push the boundaries with the latest, ambitious chapter in the critically-acclaimed and genre-defining series. Prepare yourself and Embrace The Darkness!
In a world where inhabitants live in the sky on floating islands made of cubes, a disaster threatens to make the population fall into the depths. Use the magic paint in this puzzle game to stuck cubes together and avoid the disaster.
Welcome to the first puppet show RPG! Participate in battling a ton of foes, buy new upgrades, cast magic and recruit new Heroes. Or just sit back and enjoy the show as your Heroes fight on their own while you watch or do other things.
From indie Chilean developer ACE Team comes a new side-scrolling action adventure game featuring a complex fighting engine in procedurally generated levels that destines its three warriors to battle a different abyss each time!
You've never played a comic book like this! Control a team of heroes battling evil villains across dynamic environments. Play out epic comic book battles come to life in this exciting adaptation of the hit card game.
"Planet R-12" is a 2D tactical shooter. Your squad of persistent soldiers accidently landed on a planet of robots, populated by hostile mechanisms and war machines. Each step on a planet is full of dangers and soldiers really need your skills and abilitie
Chaostower - Build and defend, a physics-based action puzzler. Build a tower from a whole bunch of different parts and prove it against several natural forces like earthquakes, wind and meteors. Defend your tower against artificial enemies, like robots, t
Switchcars is a vehicular roguelike arcade set in a broken spacetime. Escape alien beasts over procedural environments, using more than 1,000 vehicles. You'll crash or run out of fuel, but that's okay - you'll switch to another vehicle. All you need to do
As a man or woman stranded naked, freezing & starving on a mysterious island, you must hunt, harvest, craft items, grow crops, & build shelters to survive. Use skill & cunning to kill, tame, breed, & ride Dinosaurs & primeval creatures living on ARK, and
SUPERHOT is the first person shooter where time moves only when you move. No regenerating health bars. No conveniently placed ammo drops. It's just you, outnumbered and outgunned, grabbing the weapons of fallen enemies to shoot, slice, and maneuver throug
In this puzzle-platformer you'll need creativity, cruelty and an absolute lack of morals as you help the evil Professor Splattunfuder complete his life's work - to create the most horrific recipe book ever, 101 Ways To Die!
Autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR) is defined as pleasurable tingling sensations in the head, scalp, back, or anywhere in the body in response to visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, or cognitive stimuli.
[NOW WITH KEYBOARD AND JOYSTICK COMPATIBILITY] Stretch across lands of unforeseeable cold, and trouble in Urizen Shadows of the Cold, (or as it was known before as Urisis The Darkthrone). Now a massive 50 warrior "head bopping", sword slashing platformer
Collider is a fast paced arcade game for 1 to 8 players.
Set in the golden age of pirates, this is your chance to become pirate king and conquer the Caribbean. Join, champion, and unite the three pirate factions: Pirates, Corsairs and Buccaneers. You must ultimately leverage this unity in all out war against th
Dyscourse is an interactive choice-based narrative adventure game where you journey through a stylized world of choice and consequence. Choose wisely.
Layers of Fear is a first-person psychedelic horror game with a heavy focus on story and exploration. Players take control of a painter whose sole purpose is to finish his Magnum Opus. The player must navigate through both a constantly changing Victorian-
Hardcore and realistic; LiF is a Medieval multiplayer sandbox RPG, with free terraforming, a rich crafting system and preset and modular building construction. With engaging survival aspects, no target physics-based combat and a unique formation system -
Rally here! Join millions of players in Smite, the online battleground of the gods. Whether this is your first Multiplayer Online Battle Arena (MOBA) game or you're a seasoned veteran, the competitive action and irreverent mythology of SMITE will make you
PANOPTES A STORY DRIVEN TCG The game's plot follows operations of the autonomous unit of clandestine, off-the-books organization — The Club. You face a duty of shaping up a squad of unique characters. Your employers will provide you with cutting-edge weap
Spellweaver is a free-to-play digital card game true to the classics of the genre, adding in several unique features for a new and fresh gameplay experience. With a focus of strategic depth and variety, it offers endless hours of fun in casual or AI match
Do you like running? How about gunning? What if special abilities are thrown into the mix? Upgradable weapons? Let's say there're dozens of on-screen enemies to unleash this firepower on, and as your reward for dispatching them you get experience and
Pixel Piracy: Avast, ye Scallywags! Loot, Pillage and Plunder as you lead your crew across the vast seas of Piracia on your quest to become a Legendary Pirate King - or die trying!
This is a platform game that challenges you with puzzles, upgrades and action.
CortexGear:AngryDroids is a clasic 3d Sci-Fi shooting sidescroller where quick tactics and skills need to be in harmony the beat the game. A run-and-gun shooter with both mouse and keyboard controls at the same time. An adventure game with a emotional sto
The XCOM: Enemy Unknown - Slingshot Pack is Now Available!
Stop Online is a multiplayer battle of words game where you compete with several players aiming to challenge them on their knowledge of words, trying to be the quickest to respond in order to achieve the highest rank. The words are in your language and yo
The story of funny little friends who got into trouble and found themselves far away from home. They need your help to get back home! Your journey will be peppered with wonderful adventures and incredible tests.
In an endless air ocean of an alien world, small lonesome plots of land float above the abyss. But sometimes approach each other, and lands which have never met before, reveal their secrets.
Inspired by Stephen King's book - "The Dark Tower", Alter World is a 2D platformer with interesting gameplay mechanics. Player can pass on an alternative universe anytime and use an alternative realms to move to another level. Levels are unique, with puzz
ShipLord is a space avoid-er mixed with interesting boss fights and breathtaking visuals, with a reward system to take your skill to another lvl.
Up in the sky in a fantasy world, two friends Cid and Markus decided to bring an old tavern back to life in Among the Heavens!
Wind of Luck: Arena is a session-based team multiplayer online game dedicated to naval battles of the age of sail warships. It's a unique opportunity to feel like a true pirate captain in the midst of a furious seafight offensive!
InfiniTrap is a fast paced puzzle game for hardcore players.
Shadow Blade is an action-platformer set in a visually striking world where the ancient teachings of ninjas and samurai clash upon a modern landscape. Sprint through stages littered with traps, slaying enemies along your path without hesitation as Kuro, t
Red Lake - horror shooter with elements of quest.
Nightmare on Azathoth is a dark game, in which you might not want to find the truth. Manage your base, scavenge, collect memory fragments, and collect resources to power up your spaceship to escape this planet. Death only brings an endless time loop, that
What Lilly sees is about to change her life forever.... Help our heroine through a variety of enchanting environments brimming with magic and wonder, as she seeks to rewrite the past, change the present, and unlock the ultimate mystery. Geeta Games presen
This 4-in-1 bundle includes 4 Hidden Object games: Stray Souls: A Dollhouse Story, House of 1,000 Doors: The Palm of Zoroaster, Dark Strokes: Sins of the Fathers, Eternal Journey: New Atlantis
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The modulation technique
Modulation is the technique of embedment of a signal into the carrier frequency (wave). There may be analog (includes FM, AM) or digital modulation. In digital modulation Binary values 0 and 1 is embedded in the carrier frequency by changing its frequency, amplitude or phase. In this way digital modulation may be ASK (Amplitude shift keying), FSK (Frequency shift keying) or PSK (Phase shift keying).
In GSM, GMSK ("Gaussian Minimum shift keying", also known as "Gaussian filtered Minimum Shift Keying") Modulation technique is used which is a type of FSK that continuously uses Phase modulation.
Advantages of GMSK over other techniques->
- Being able to carry digital modulation and efficiently using spectrum.
- Sidebands do not extend outwards from main carrier like other phase shift keying and thus, it avoids interference.
- No discontinuities as change in frequency occur at "carrier zero" crossing points.
- Being continuous frequency shift keying modulation scheme.
It uses the frequency hopping technique, which involves switching the call frequency many times per second for security.
GMSK Fundamentals
The unique factor of MSK (Maximum Shift Keying) is that frequency difference between the logical 1 and 0 states always equals to half of data rate, expressed in modulation index terms and always being equal to 0.5.
Signal using MSK modulation
Sidebands extend can be easily traced in the plot drawn for the spectrum of an MSK signal. Therefore before applying it to the carrier modulating signal is passed through a low pass filter (Gaussian filter). Before filtering it must have narrow bandwidth, sharp cut-off and impulse response should have no overshoot. Finally MSK signal gets converted to GMSK modulation.
Spectral density of MSK and GMSK signals
Generation of MSK Modulation
There are mainly two ways of to generate MSK modulation.
Description of First way- The filtering of Modulating signal is done using Gaussian filter and then it is applied to frequency Modulator to set modulation index to 0.5. It is the simplest way. Its limitation lies in the fact that Modulation index must exactly equal to 0.5, which is practically not suitable as drifts are experienced by the components (which is not possible to be set exactly).
Generating GMSK using Gaussian filter & VCO
Description of second way- Quadrature Modulator (or I-Q Modulator) is one of the ways. Here the phase of a signal lies in quadrature or 90 degrees to other one. It uses one signal, known as to be in-phase and another being quadrature to the first one. Use of Modulator of this type the Modulator index is exactly maintained to 0.5 without any further setting. Thus it is much easier to use and also it provides the required level of performance.
Block diagram of I-Q modulator used to create GMSK
For Demodulation the above techniques can be used in reverse.
The three systems of GSM are--
- Switching system (SS)
- Base station system (BSS)
- Operation and support system (OSS)
The Switching System- It is responsible for all call processing and other functions with following described units.
GSM Network Elements
Home Location Register (HLR)- It is the most important database of an operator storing every important details of subscribed customer. Whenever a customer buys a new connection his registration is made in HLR.
Mobile services switching centre (MSC)- It performs telephony switching functions of system including controlling calls to and from other telephone and data systems.
Visitor Location registers (VLR)- When a cell phone roams into a new MSC area, VLR connected to that MSC requests for data about mobile station from HLR. Later VLR will not need to interrogate HLR whenever customer makes any call.
Authentication centre (AUC)- It verifies each caller's identity and ensures confidentiality of each call.
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)- This database stores information of Mobile devices thus preventing calla from unauthorised or stolen ones.
Base Station System- It consists of
- Base Station Controllers (BSC)- It is the switch serving as physical links between MSC and BTS also providing functions like handover, cell configuration data, and control of Radio frequency (RF) power levels in BTS.
- Base Transceiver Stations (BTS)- It is the radio equipment which serves each cell in Network. A group of BTS are controlled by BSC.
Operation and Support System (OMC)- This entity (connected to all equipment in switching System and to BSC) helps the operator to govern the whole system and offer customer cost-effective support and maintenance activities need for GSM network.
Additional Elements-
Message centre (MXE)- It Handles SMS, voice mail, fax mail, email, and cell broadcast.
Mobile Service Node (MSN)- It governs Mobile intelligent network (IN) services.
Gateway Mobile Services Switching Centre (GMSC)- It interconnects two networks. MSC then known as GMSC.
GSM Interworking Unit (GIWU)- It consists of Hardwires and Software both and acts as an interface to various network for data communication.
Problems in Implementation of Technology:-
- Implementation of GSM technology requires a number of equipment. Many equipment need to be installed like tall towers. These towers are fixed at proper area in line of sight. Also satellites functionality also requires attention.
- Installation of Several equipment and devices require huge amount of money. Thus GSM architecture is very costly.
- Maintenance of equipment used in GSM is practically not affordable time and again.
- There are several protocols applied in GSM Technology, resulting problem in implementation.
- There is possibility of breaking into GSM networks that use cipher text-only cryptanalysis encrypted communication. These attacks are based on security flaws of the GSM protocols, and work whenever the mobile phone supports A5/2.
- The available radio frequencies need to be re-used closer together and continuously within the network so that spectral efficiency can be unlimited.
- There is huge consumption of power in GSM implementation, which is not convenient.
- GSM is also not secure as the sent signal or message is not so much hard to be decoded. So the third party may avail of it somehow using some technology.
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications: originally from Groupe Special Mobile) is the most widely used digital cellular technology for transmitting mobile voice and data services in the world.
It uses SIM (SubscriberIdentityModule) cards, which acts as digital identity, and is tied to the cellular network by searching for cells towards the towers (bts) in the nearby location.
GSM is a second-generation (2G) cell phone system used by over 3 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories. In over twenty years of development, GSM has been continuously upgraded to provide better signal, speech quality and thus fulfil the mass demands. It also facilitates to roam, switch carriers and the operators without replacement of handsets.
The GSM technology originally originated by the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) in 1982 when it firstly created Group Special Mobile (GSM) for the purpose of designing a pan-European mobile technology. European Telecommunications Standardization Institute (ETSI) later in 1991 adopted the GSM standard. GSM technology was firstly commercially lunched in 1991 in Finland, although it has been for testing purposes since 1980.
Newer versions of the standard are much compatible with the original GSM system. For example,Release '97,the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) added the packet data capabilities to GSM technology. Release '99 introduced higher speed data transmission usingEnhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution(EDGE).
It uses variation of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephone technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). Data is digitized and compressed and, sent down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. Most 2G GSM networks operates in the 900MHz or 1800MHz bands. It operates on four different frequencies worldwide. GSM calls are either based on data or voice. Voice calls use audio codecs called half-rate, full-rate and enhanced full-rate. Data calls can turn the cell phone into a modem operating at 9600 bps having ability to carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates.
GSM technology even keeps people in touch while roaming also as it home operators are having roaming collaboration with foreign operators.
GSM is the most popular, reliable and the fast growing wireless technology for mobile phones in the world. It has approximately covered the 89% share market of the global mobile telecom in more than 219 countries and territories with more than 3.8 billion people as per May 2009 study. Its signalling and speech channels being digital differs it from its and so pronounced as a second generation (2G) mobile phone system. This has also meant that data communication was easy to build into the system.
It also provides the integrated high-speed data, fax, paging, voice mail and short messages services (SMS) capabilities and thus offering communication to be secure, private and fraud prevented.
Many operators provide access to ISDN services to transmit data fast. Several offer GPRS facility to connect to high speed data communication channel (9600 bps).
GSM market share has grown at exponent rate over recent years. However the target to achieve 1 billion customers took 12 years (Feb 2004) but later it was a surprising fact that it crossed the 2 billion mark only in another 2.5 years (By June 2006) and 3 billion GSM customers in another less than 2 years. Now the Telecoms and Media hope to surpass 5 billion targets by 2013.
GSM is the legacy network of the evolution to the third generation (3G) technologies Universal Mobile Telecommunication System, (UMTS) also known as WCDMA, and High Speed Packet Access (HSPA).
Maximum Mobile phones manufacturer develop their products based on GSM technology and all mobile companies provide their customers GSM networks.
The Social Impact of Mobile Telephony
Mobile telephony is undoubted one of the most superb developments telecommunications industry. The number of subscribers is rapidly increasing in tremendous way. More and more people are being connected to the telecom.
GSM technology has greatly affected the social life. The various operators have been proving a number of offers to fascinate their customers. Due to aspects like reliability, security, voice and data transmission facilities GSM is much popular among the users. People are shifting to wireless communication from their fixed phones.
Popularity Reasons of GSM Technology
- Improved spectrum efficiency.
- High speech quality.
- International roaming.
- Better signal quality.
- Offer voice, data and fax.
- Offer secure communication and privacy.
- Low-cost mobile sets and base stations (BSs).
- Flexibility SIM.
- High share market capture.
- Low terminal and service cost.
- ISDN compatibility.
- Compatibility with Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) for data transmission.
- Support for new services like VAS.
Backbone for 3G and other evaluating technologies
Health Issues
It is the recent report that use of GSM mobile technology poses Health Hazards. Its regular and continuous use for hours may create heath problems like irritations, allergies, headache, ears pain etc.
It is fact proved by scientists that radio waves of frequencies that it utilises can create electric fieldsin human cells and brain. Long term exposure may have adverse health effects too.
Many research institutions controlled by government and independent bodies are continuously studying over it. Also research results are being revived by ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) and the WHO (World Health Organisation) at global level.
Use of cellular phone is highly restricted to be turned off while in flight as the radio frequencies may interfere. The same case happens at hospitals as the radio signal may create interference with electronic medical devices at short rang or cause uneasiness among patients.
While driving use of cell phone is advised to avoid and in petrol pumps as the radio waves used in GSM technology may cause interference.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 30, 1990
|Filing date
|Mar 22, 1989
|Priority date
|Dec 9, 1986
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Richard A. J. Lewis, Donald C. Forbush
|Original Assignee
|Lewis Richard A J, Forbush Donald C
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (28), Classifications (12), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part application of the continuation-in-part application entitled "Sulfur Dioxide Generator filed 12/8/87, Ser. No. 129,044 by Donald C. Forbush, et al, now abandoned, of the original application entitled" Sulfur Dioxide Generator filed 12/9/86, Ser. No. 940,786 now abandoned by Donald C. Forbush, et al.
1. This invention is directed to an apparatus for burning sulfur to sulfur dioxide, which sulfur dioxide is then used to generate sulfurous acid.
State of the Art
2. Various small sulfur burning sulfur dioxide generators are known, such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,226,201, 3,337,989, 3,627,134, 3,907,510 and 4,039,289. These devices are limited in the maximum burning rate of sulfur per hour to approximately 7 pounds of sulfur per hour per square foot of burning surface. Assignee devised a Sulfurous Acid Generator, U.S. Pat. No. 4,526,771 utilizing a positive pressure air feed system which significantly increased the sulfur burn rate and efficiency, but did not provide sufficient ability to provide varying strengths of acids required by farmers for differing agricultural applications. Because of the positive air pressure oxygen feed system, applicant's previous invention was subject to sulfur dioxide leaks through breaks in seals, and machine welds which could jeopardize the operator. The heat produced from burning sulfur was not recaptured, but dissipated into the atmosphere. The present invention eliminates these deficiencies, as more fully described below.
The present invention comprises as its primary components a sulfur feed tank, a primary sulfur-burning chamber in communication with a secondary sulfur-burning chamber, and an absorption tower. A heat collection unit may also be included to remove excess reaction heat. The primary sulfur burning chamber comprises a negative pressure enclosure adapted to have a pool of molten sulfur therein, a sulfur inlet at a first lower elevation, a primary oxygen-containing gas inlet at a second, relatively higher, elevation, and a gas outlet.
Preferably, the sulfur feed tank is closely coupled to the primary burn chamber to insure that molten sulfur is continuously provided to the sulfur pool. This close coupling can be accomplished with a short conduit between the sulfur feed tank and the sulfur inlet of the primary burn chamber, where the conduit has a cross-sectional area sufficient to allow enough sulfur to pass into the primary burn chamber from the feed tank at sufficient flow to sustain the maximum burn rate, but sized to provide sufficient sulfur flow resistance to prevent sulfur from entirely filling the burn chamber. A conduit cross-sectional area of from 15 to 80% of the surface area of the sulfur pool and a length less than the diameter of the pool, as described in applicant's previous sulfur dioxide generator application, is an example of one sizing range which achieved desired sulfur flow rates.
The gas generated in the primary burn chamber contains sulfur, sulfur dioxide and unreacted oxygen. It is passed to the secondary negative pressure burn chamber. The secondary burn chamber draws in the the gas generated in the primary burn chamber, and provides sufficient residence time and contains means such as baffles which cause the gas passing therethrough to undergo turbulent flow to insure that substantially all of the sulfur is converted to sulfur dioxide. An oxygen-containing secondary air inlet leading into the secondary chamber is included to stabilize the intake air drawn into the primary burn chamber. This also insures sufficient gas flow through the secondary burn chamber to prevent sublimation of sulfur within the secondary burn chamber. Means are associated with the secondary air inlet to regulate the air flow therethrough drawn into and raising the negative pressure into the secondary chamber in response to the pH of the sulfurous acid produced in the absorption tower. The raising of the pressure by injection of air into the secondary chamber in turn reduces the amount of gases drawn from the primary chamber; thereby increasing the residence burn time of gases drawn into the primary burn chamber to produce more completely burned sulfur dioxide. This more complete burning prevents sulfur sublimation within the secondary burn chamber.
The absorption tower has a water inlet at its top and a sulfur dioxide gas inlet at its bottom for countercurrent flow of sulfur dioxide gas and water therein. There is a conduit between the sulfur dioxide gas inlet of the absorption tower and the outlet of the secondary chamber. Evacuation means, such as an exhaust fan or blower, is associated with the top of the absorption tower to create negative pressure therein to draw the sulfur doxide gas from the secondary burn chamber; thereby also creating negative pressure within both the secondary and primary burn chambers as well as the feed tank.
Preferably, the primary and secondary oxygen-containing gas inlets are oriented to introduce oxygen-containing air into the primary and secondary chambers tangentially to provide sufficient velocity to form turbulent gas flow.
A pH sensor is associated with the acid produced by the absorption tower effluent. The pH sensor signals are electro-mechanically interpreted by a valve associated to adjust the air flow through the secondary air inlet. As higher acid pH is required to be produced, the secondary inlet is restricted by the valve to allow less air into the secondary burn chamber. This restriction of the secondary gas inlet draws more air into the primary burn chamber from the primary inlet to burn more sulfur and produce more sulfur dioxide gas. Conversely, as weaker acid pH is required, the secondary air inlet is opened wider to allow more air into the secondary burn chamber. This opening of the secondary air increases the air flow into the secondary burn chamber to increase the pressure in both the primary and secondary burn chambers. Thus less air is drawn into the primary burn chamber to burn less sulfur.
Heat extraction means, such as a water jacket, may be associated with the primary and secondary burn chambers to convert surplus reaction heat generated therein to mechanical-thermal energy. Preferably, the heat extraction means are associated in a manner to withdraw only surplus reaction heat from the burn chambers and prevent lowering of the chamber temperatures to a point which causes precipitation of sulfur within the burn chamber walls. In one preferred embodiment, the primary and all but the discharge end of the secondary burn chambers are insulated to prevent heat losses. Heat extraction means are associated with the unshielded end of the secondary burn chamber between the absorption tower to extract heat after complete burning of the sulfur. This extracted heat may be used to produce steam to drive electrical or mechanical devices such as steam operated pumps, or turbines for electrical production.
Thus, the improved negative air fed sulfurous acid generator not only produces a wide range of strengths of sulfurous acid for irrigation, waste treatment, and other applications, it may also supply some of the power needs of its users. It also prevents accidental leakage and exposure of the operator to SO2 gas.
FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a rear elevation view of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1
FIG. 3 is a side elevation view of the apparatus of FIG. 1 taken along line 3--3 of FIG. 1
FIG. 4 is a top plan view of the apparatus of FIG. 1.
FIG. 5 is a top sectional view of the primary sulfur burning chamber of the apparatus of FIG. 1 taken along line 5--5 in FIG. 1
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of the pH control system.
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of one preferred pH monitoring circuit.
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a preferred valve control circuit.
FIG. 9 illustrates another embodiment of the invention.
With reference to the figures, applicant's sulfurous acid generating system 10 according to the present invention comprises a negative air intake control system adapted to more consistently control the sulfur burning and acid production problems encountered by its previously described machine, U.S. Pat. No. 4,526,771. Its principal elements comprise an open grid support skid 12, a sulfur feed tank or hopper 14, a primary sulfur-burning chamber or zone 16, an absorption tower or zone 20, a sulfurous acid receiving tank 22, an exhaust fan 24, an acid pump 26, and a control box 28. All the elements are supported on the skid 12 so that the entire unit can easily be transported on a flatbed truck. The elements can easily be disassembled for transport and replacement, as required.
The sulfur feed tank or hopper 14 is sized to hold a multiple day supply of sulfur to meet the needs of a user. The feed tank or hopper 14 is self-feeding--i.e. no conveyor system is required to feed sulfur from the feed tank to the primary sulfur-burning chamber 16, although a vibrator (not shown) may be included. As shown by FIGS. 1,2, and 4, the wall of the sulfur feed tank 14 facing the primary sulfur-burning chamber 16 is flat, and the bottom portion of the wall of the sulfur feed tank 14 farthest from the primary sulfur-burning chamber 16 slopes inwardly toward the primary sulfur-burning chamber 16. The sulfur feed tank 14 is shown in the figures diametrically opposite the location in which air is introduced into the primary sulfur-burning chambers 16.
The feed tank 14 may include a top 30 to protect the sulfur supply from the weather. Because of the negative air pressure system, it is not necesary to have an airtight feed tank 14 to prevent the escape of gases generated in the primary sulfur-burning chamber 16. These gases are all drawn into the sulfur-burning chambers 16,18.
The primary sulfur-burning chamber 16 comprises a cylindrical enclosure 32 formed by a tubular side wall 33, a flat bottom wall 34, and a flat top wall 35. The primary chamber 16 is adapted to have a pool 36 of molten sulfur therein. The size of the bottom wall determines the surface area and diameter of the molten pool 36. As used herein, the term "burning surface" refers to the top surface of the pool 36. A sulfur inlet 38 is provided in the side wall 33 at a first elevation for feed of sulfur into the pool 36.
An oxygen-containing air inlet 40 is provided at a second, relatively higher, elevation in the side wall 33 for introduction of an oxygen-containing gas into the enclosure 32. Preferably, the sulfur inlet 38 and the oxygen-containing air inlet 40 are diametrically opposite each other. This is done so that incoming cool air does not cool molten sulfur at the sulfur inlet 38 and so that the hottest portion of the primary chamber 16 is adjacent the feed tank 14 to melt incoming sulfur. It is important that the sulfur at the inlet 38 be maintained at a temperature higher than its melting point to maintain a constant feed of molten sulfur to the sulfur pool 36.
An access port 44 in the side wall 33 with a cap 45 gives access to the inside of the primary chamber 16 to light sulfur therein. An electronic ignition device, such as an electric heating wand 49, having its own port can be used. In more remote areas without electricity, an alcohol bunsen burner, also structured as a heating wand 50, can be used to initially ignite the sulfur. The sulfur, once ignited, is then manually fanned with blower means such as hand operated bellows 51 in communication with the primary burn chamber through a sealable port (not shown) in the cap 40 until sufficient heat is generated to continue the exothermic combustion reaction.
A covered cleanup port 46 is provided for cleaning out the primary sulfur burning chamber 16 as necessary.
The gas inlet 40 is oriented to introduce oxygen-containing gas tangentially and approximately horizontally, thereby creating a high-velocity, turbulent, cyclonic flow of oxygen-containing gas 48 in the primary chamber 16. A depending skirt 52 hangs down to an elevation below that of the elevation of the oxygen-containing air inlet 40 to contribute to this cyclonic flow of gas 48. This is accomplished by the incoming oxygen containing gas 48 being displaced vertically by the skirt 52. As shown in FIG. 5, the skirt 52 forms a closed-at-its-top annular region 54 proximate to the oxygen-containing air is important in that it insures that any carbon-containing impurities that collect on the top of the sulfur pool 36 are burnt off. The presence of impurities on the top of the sulfur pool 36 interferes with the burning of the sulfur and decreases the capacity of the sulfurous acid generator 10.
A gas outlet 56 extends through the top wall 35. This is the only outlet for gas from the primary chamber 16. A conduit 60 provides molten sulfur to the sulfur pool 36 from the base of the sulfur feed tank 14 via the sulfur inlet 38 of the primary burn chamber 16. Sulfur present in the conduit 60 is melted by the heat generated by the exothermic combustion of sulfur in the primary chamber 16. To maintain a steady flow of sulfur to the primary chamber 16, it is important that the feed tank 14 and the primary chamber 16 be closely coupled together. In one embodiment, this is accomplished by sizing the conduit 60 so its length is less than the diameter of the burning surface, i.e. is less than the diameter of the primary chamber 16. For example, for a primary burn chamber 16 having a diameter of 15 inches, the maximum length of the conduit 60 (distance A in FIG. 4) preferably is about 10 inches long, i.e. less than about 70% of the diameter of the burning surface pool 36. Preferably, the cross-sectional area of the conduit 60 is at least about 15% of the surface area of the burning surface pool 36. Further, the conduit 60 preferably has a large cross-sectional flow area compared to the diameter of the sulfur pool 36. The cross-sectional area of the conduit 60 is preferably from about 30 to about 40% of the surface area of the pool 36. For example, for a primary chamber having a diameter of 15 inches, a preferred conduit is one that is 5 inches tall and 15 inches wide, thus providing a cross-sectional area of about 40% of the surface area of the sulfur pool 36. However, as outlined above, the conduit 60 is just sized to deliver the required maximum sulfur flow required into the primary burn chamber 16, and provide sufficient resistance to prevent the melted sulfur from filling the entire primary burn chamber 16 and eliminating the air burn space above the sulfur pool 36.
The secondary chamber 18 has the shape of an elongated box, having upstanding side walls 62, a first end up-standing end wall 63A, a second end upstanding end wall 63B, a horizontal top wall 64, and a horizontal bottom wall 65 adjacent the second end wall 63B. The gas inlet 66 is located vertically above and vertically spaced apart from the gas outlet 56 of the primary chamber 16 and connected thereto by a conduit 70. A second oxygen-containing air inlet 62C is located in the bottom wall 65 proximate the gas inlet 66. This air inlet 62C is opened and closed by a butterfly valve 71 mechanically activated in response to signals from a pH sensor (not shown) in contact with the acid effluent.
The secondary chamber 18 is used for burning any unreacted sulfur present in the effluent gas from the primary chamber 16. For this purpose, it is important that the secondary chamber 18 provides sufficient residence time for burning of the sulfur and at the same time provides adequate mixing of the gases passing therethrough to bring unoxidized sulfur into contact with oxygen. To provide adequate residence time in the secondary chamber 18, in one preferred embodiment, the ratio of the volume of the secondary chamber 18 in cubic feet to the surface area of the sulfur pool 36 in square feet is at least about 1, preferably at least about 1.2, and more preferably at least about 1.4. The exact ratio depends upon the type and amount of oxygen-containing air used to burn the sulfur.
To obtain good mixing of the gases in the secondary chamber 18, a plurality of vertical baffles 72 extending alternatively up from the bottom wall 65 or down from the top wall 64 are provided. Preferably, each baffle 72 is welded to both side walls 62 and either the top wall 64 or the bottom wall 65 and is spaced apart a small distance, in the order of about 2 to 3 inches from either the opposing top wall 64 of the opposing bottom wall 65. This provides a tortuous flow path through the secondary chamber 18 as indicated by arrows 74. Moreover, the relatively small clearance between the baffles 72 and either the top wall 64 or the bottom wall 65 causes greatly increases gas velocities adjacent the ends of the baffles 72, resulting in turbulent flow in the secondary chamber 18 and intimate mixing of the gas passing therethrough. This insures that substantially all of the unreacted sulfur present in the secondary chamber is combined with oxygen to produce sulfur dioxide.
The gas outlet 68 from the secondary chamber 18 is directly above the sulfurous acid receiving tank 22 and is connected thereto by a short conduit 76 which is provided with the quench water inlet 78. Sulfurous acid 80 is collected in the collection tank 22. There is a gas space 82 in the collection tank 22 above the acid 80. Gas from the secondary chamber 18 passes through the conduit 76, through the air space 82, to enter the base of the absorption tower 20.
The primary and secondary chambers 16, 18, are preferably insulated with a blanket shield 18A to prevent loss of heat. A heat exchanger water jacket system 76A surrounds and is associated with the short conduit 76 to remove heat from the gas stream prior to being injected into the absorption tower 20. Steam is produced by the water jacket system 76A and used to drive mechanical devices (not shown), such as a pump, to assist in moving water from the ground water source through the generator 10 and onto the fields or other acid treatment areas. The extracted heat may also be used for process heating. The gas stream is simultaneously cooled by the water jacket system 76A, which aids in the absorption acid production process. It also minimizes vapor and acid losses out of the tower 20 which previously resulted when the higher temperature gases kept the tower 20 at elevated temperatures.
The absorbtion tower 20 is a packed tower, having near its bottom a packing support grid 84 (see FIG. 3). The tower is substantially completely filled with packing (not shown). A suitable packing comprises 1-inch out diameter, schedule 125 polyvinylchloride pipe cut into 1-inch lengths randomly loaded into the tower 20.
Alternatively, the packing can be 1 inch polypropylene saddles in a depth of at least about 5 feet on top of six inches of 1 inch stainless steel pall rings to dissipate any heat. The depth of the packing varies according to the overall performance requirements of the machine. The pall rings are not necessary where the water jacket system 76A removes the heat prior to entering the tower 20, or the secondary burn chamber 18 is run at sufficient flow rates to reduce the temperatures of the gases entering the tower 20
The tower 20 has a covered access port 85 shown in FIG. 2.
With reference to FIG. 3, the top of the tower 20 may be provided with a demister (not shown) that is supported by brackets welded to the inside wall of the tower 20. The demister separates any entering liquid from vapor passing out of the top of the absorption tower. A suitable demister is available from Otto H. York Company.
Also supported on the top of the tower is an exhaust fan 24, which draws gases into the absorption tower 20 and creates a negative pressure throughout the primary and secondary sulfur burning chambers 16, 18. This exhaust fan 24 preferably operates at a range of 5 c.f.m. to 75 c.f.m., and can be regulated to operate over differing ranges, if necessary to move more air into the primary burning chamber 16. However, the fan speed is preferably fixed at 65 c.f.m. to move the optimal amount of oxygen-containing air into the primary burning chamber 16. The size of the secondary air inlet opening 62C is then adjusted in response to the pH sensor readings to vary the amount of oxygen-containing air entering the primary burning chamber 16 through the primary air inlet 40, as described below. The size of the fan 24 is increased in proportion to the increase in the size of the secondary air inlet opening 62C on various sized generator models.
The brackets (not shown) also support a water distribution assembly which supplies water to the tower 20.
Alternatively, a spray nozzle available from Spraying Systems of Wheaton, Ill., model 2RR 9545, can be used.
Water for the quench water and for the absorption tower 20 is provided by an inlet pipe 112 that is connected to a T-connector 114. The T-connector 114 distributes water through a valve 116 to a hose 118 connected to the quench water inlet 78. The other side of the T-connector is connected to a valve 120 that is used to control flow of water through a PVC pipe 122 that is connected to the segment of plastic pipe 88 coupled to the water distribution assembly 89.
In a preferred version of the absorption tower 20, the tower 20 is made of plastic, such as PVC, rather than stainless steel, and the gas inlet 76 is a nozzle that extends into the tower 20 and directs incoming gas downward toward the receiving tank 22. With this configuration incoming water cools the gas inlet nozzle 76 and helps avoid corrosion.
The oxygen-containing air can be any gas that provides free oxygen for combining with sulfur. Preferably, the gas is ambient air, although air enriched with oxygen, or air of reduced oxygen content can be used.
The sulfurous acid removal system comprises a discharge pump 26 that is connected by a hose 128 to the bottom of the sulfurous acid receiving tank 22. There is a valved discharge line 130 from the pump 26. A level control system (not shown) is used to insure that the pump 26 does not withdraw sulfurous acid from the receiving tank (not shown) at a rate faster than it is generated.
A standpipe (not shown) is connected to the base of the receiving tank to insure that the absorption tower 22 does not become flooded with liquid. The standpipe can be pivoted to drain the receiving tank 22 during the shut-down.
Carbon steel can be used for the construction of the sulfurous acid generator 10, although preferably stainless steel is used for components in contact with sulfur dioxide and high heat such as the feed tank, conduits 60,70 and 76, and the primary and secondary combustion chambers 16, 18.
A control box 30 is provided with electrical controls for operating the discharge pump 26, the pH sensor (not shown), and the butterfly valve 71. In addition, sensing elements (not shown) are provided to monitor the temperature in the absorption tower, the water pressure of incoming water, and the pH of the sulfurous acid. If the pressure of the incoming water is below a set value or if the temperature in the absorption tower becomes too high, the flow of oxygen-containing gas is shut off by shutting down the exhaust fan 24.
FIGS. 6,7, and 8, illustrate a preferred controller circuit for measuring and controlling the pH of the acid produced by the generator 10. First, pH signals from the probe (not shown) are equated to a voltage. The voltage from the pH probe is fed into a J Fet Instrument Amplifier where it is amplified and compared to a pre-set desired pre-calibrated control voltage. This control voltage is pre-set at desired values opposite that produced by the pH probe. The circuit sums the probe and reference voltages and determines whether the inputs are in balance. If the measured value is not in balance, an error signal is generated. This error signal is fed to an error amplifier to drive a motor circuit to open and close the butterfly valve 71. If the error exceeds a designated tolerance, a signal is transmitted to the control motor to reposition the butterfly valve 71. A several second delay circuit is usually incorporated to prevent the motor from driving too far in reaction to a temporary pH spike reading. To minimize pH probe reading errors, a continuous sample of the acid effluent is withdrawn and transmitted to a vacuum insulated flask into which the probe is located. This insulated flask protects the probe from external heat caused sensing errors. The continuous sample flows into the test flask to provide an averaging acid composition which prevents the generation of widely fluctuating pH readings. An outlet in the flask is included in association with an acid return circuit to transmit the sample acid back into the scrubbing tower.
FIG. 7 illustrates a simple circuit pattern. A pH electrode is used to sense, in a solution, acidity or alkalinity, and equates it into a value of voltage depending on the degree of acidity of alkalinity present. The voltage is very small, i.e. millivolts, and has a polarity of plus or minus depending on whether it is acid or alkaline. The electrode is very sensitive to any change in voltage. The circuitry must be capable to meet the demands of the electrode. The circuitry includes a pair of operational amplifiers sufficient to meet these demands. The first amplifier is a 41J, and the second is a 504D. Examples of preferred 41J and 504D amplifiers are those produced by Analog Devices. The 41J is particularly well suited to work with pH electrodes. The 504D is used as a buffer between the external circuitry and the sensitive 41J amplifier. Both amplifiers require a dual power supply to sense plus or minus signals with equal accuracy. The also have tow signal inputs, in this design, with one input on each amplifier referenced to ground.
In operation, an example of the signal follow throughs are as follows: Assume that the desired pH signal is 50 millivolts. This voltage is applied to the 41J amplifier where it is accepted without disturbing the electrode. In this design the 41J is intended only to accept the electrode voltage, with a gain near one, assume the gain to be one. A signal of one is now applied to the input of the 504D amplifier. The gain of the 504D amplifier can be varied, but assume that it is set for 25. The 504D amplifier now not only buffers the 41J amplifier from outside interference, but amplifies the signal from 50 to 1.25. This value of voltage is now available to outside circuitry and is of a large enough value to be processed easily. Any electrode signal is now seen at the output and is an accurate representative of the pH voltage.
FIG. 8 illustrates a preferred circuit designed to function as a motor drive control. It has an operational amplifier similar to those in the pH circuitry, though not as accurate. It is known as a 741 operational amplifier, and is similar in its characteristics to the 41J and 504D amplifiers. It also has one of its inputs referenced to ground, and the other input accepts the output signal from the 504D in the pH circuitry. The output of the 741 voltage is applied to a steering diode junction, where, depending on the voltage polarity, the diode accepts and passes the voltage to the input of a transistor switch. The transistor switch has in its circuitry a relay that when activated, sets a motor in motion and a given direction. The motor positions a valve that controls the supply of material to the process. Attached to the valve is a potentiometer that has a voltage applied across it. A portion of this voltage is applied to the same input of the 741 as the pH signal is applied, but is of opposite polarity, giving a summing action to the 741 operational amplifier.
In operation, an example of the signal follow throughs are as follows: At calibration time, the potentiometer attached to the valve 62C becomes what is termed an error signal source, and is set to apply a signal to the input of the 741 equal to and opposite to polarity to the pH signal (in this case 1.25). As long as the pH signal remains at 1.25, the output signal is zero. If the pH signal changes, the input signal is no longer 1.25 and the input at the 741 is no longer zero, the output then changes to a polarity and value sufficient to turn one of the relays on, giving command to the drive motor to move. The drive motor will move the valve to a position that would send an error signal back to the input of the 741 to sum out the pH signal. When the valve is moved it also allows a change in material flow and that changes the process, bringing the pH signal back to the desired set point.
FIG. 9 is a circuit designed to control the on/of time of the drive motor. It consists of an ic device referenced as a 555 time. Its function is to have an output of measured programmable time, on and off. It was felt that the drive motor may drive too far at one time or get into a hunting cycle. This circuit allows the drive motor to operate approximately two second out of every ten to twelve seconds. This is accomplished by the external timing resistors and a capacitor. A relay in the output of the timer is activated by the on time of the timer. The contacts of the relay control the drive motor by connecting or disconnecting the ac common voltage line to the ac source.
In operation of the generator 10, sulfur in the primary sulfur-burning chamber 16 is ignited and air is continuously drawn into the chamber from the oxygen-containing primary air inlet 40. The amount of the air introduced controls the rate at which sulfur is burned. At maximum capacity, in the order of about 25 to about 30 pounds of sulfur per square foot of burning surface per hour is burned. About 1 to about 2 CFM (cubic feet per minute) of air per pound of sulfur burned is used.
For each pound of sulfur burned, approximately 4,000 btu's per pound is generated. At a given rate of sulfur consumption, the total heat (Ht) produced can be calculated. The maximum total heat produced by the device 10 is the apparatus consumption in pounds of sulfur burned per hour times 4,000 btu's per pound of sulfur. For a small generator consuming between 8 and 16 lbs. per hour, at the lowest operating level, the available potential horsepower output is approximately 8 lbs. per hour�4,000 btu's per pound-0.000392752 Hp.hr./lb=approximately 12 horsepower per hour. This amount of power may be enough to pump acidified irrigation water through a pivot or drip irrigation system, or draw water from a stream or shallow well. In rural or undeveloped areas, a small model improved sulfur dioxide generator 10 thus provides an inexpensive portable power source as water is being treated for various applications. The larger consumption sulfur dioxide generators 10 used with water treatment systems provide a major source of steam and electrical power to operate water and waste treatment plants.
The oxygen-containing gas inlet 40 is sized so that the oxygen-containing gas enters the primary chamber 16 at high velocity, preferably at least about 30 feet per second. Preferably, the velocity is less than about 125 feet per second to avoid blowing out the flame.
An advantage of these high velocities is that high sulfur burning rates are achieved because of burn off of carsul. Carsul is a sulfur/carbonaceous material resulting from sulfur combining with carbonaceous impurities within the raw sulfur. Carsul can collect on the surface of the sulfur pool, preventing oxygen from reaching the underlying sulfur, and thereby reducing the sulfur burn rates. Because of the use of high air circulation rates, the carsul accumulates at the center of the pool where portions rise above the level of the liquid sulfur. This carsul is no longer coated with sulfur, and thus can burn off.
The velocity at which air is drawn (cfm) into the primary chamber 16 is determined by dividing the rate at which air is drawn in, by the primary air inlet 40 diameter (sq.ft.)
Preferably, the temperature in the primary chamber 16 is sufficiently high that sulfur in the pool 36 is vaporized. A portion of this vaporized sulfur is burned in the primary chamber 16 in the gas space above the sulfur pool 36. Effluent gas passes from the primary sulfur-burning chamber 16 via the conduit 70 into the secondary sulfur-burning chamber 18. The effluent gas contains sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and unreacted sulfur vapor. In the secondary chamber 18, because of the turbulent flow conditions and long retention time, substantially all of the sulfur in the effluent gas is converted to sulfur dioxide.
The maximum temperature in the secondary burning chamber 18 occurs in the first section 134 that is formed by the first side wall 63A, the top wall 64, the bottom wall 65 and the first baffle 72A. The maximum temperature is at least about 1000 degrees F., and preferably is maintain between 1000 to 1500 degrees F., and more preferably between about 1300 and 1400 degrees F. When the temperature in the secondary chamber 18 is mentioned herein, reference is being made to the temperature in the first section of the secondary chamber 18.
The velocity of the inlet gas into the secondary sulfur-burning chamber 18 is at its maximum proximate to the end of the baffles 72. This velocity preferably is at least about 750 feet per minute to obtain turbulence with resultant oxidation of substantially all of the sulfur present.
Gas passing from the secondary chamber 18 is quenched with quench water introduced through the quench water inlet 78 at a rate of about 0.1 to about 0.15 gallons per minute of water per pound per hour of sulfur burned to prevent damage to the packing in the absorption tower 20. The rate is varied depending upon the temperature in the secondary chamber 18.
Some sulfur dioxide in the gas withdrawn from the secondary chamber 18 is absorbed in the quench water which is collected in the receiving tank 22. The remainder of the sulfur dioxide is absorbed into water introduced into the top of the absorption tower 12 through the distribution assembly 90 as the gas passes upwardly through the tower. Water in the tower 20 is used at a rate of from about 1 to about 2 gallons per minute per pound of sulfur burned per hour.
The sulfur dioxide content of the gas withdrawn from the secondary sulfur-burning chamber 18, prior to the quench, is about 8% to 14% sulfur dioxide by volume, while the gas passing out of the absorption tower 20 contains substantially no sulfur dioxide.
Because of the exhaust fan 24, the entire system, including the primary and secondary chambers 16, 18, is under negative pressure. All sulfur dioxide gas produced is therefore drawn through the tower 20 to produce sulfurous acid; thereby preventing leakage to the atmosphere.
Although the present invention has made reference to the illustrated embodiments, it is not intended to restrict the scope of the appended claims. The claims themselves recite those limitations deemed necessary for the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 13, 1922
|Apr 3, 1923
|Du Pont
|Sulphur burner
|Jul 1, 1921
|Jul 7, 1925
|Du Pont
|Burning sulphur and recovery of heat generated
|Mar 28, 1925
|Aug 16, 1927
|Gen Chemical Corp
|Sulphur burner
|Feb 7, 1963
|Dec 28, 1965
|William W Cornforth
|Apparatus for treating irrigation water
|Nov 22, 1965
|Aug 29, 1967
|William W Cornforth
|Process of treating soil containing carbonates
|Apr 22, 1966
|Nov 5, 1968
|Walter J. Sackett Sr.
|Controlled ph scrubber system
|Nov 12, 1969
|Dec 14, 1971
|Chemical Corp
|Water treatment device
|Dec 14, 1970
|Mar 27, 1973
|Babcock & Wilcox Co
|Apparatus for the preparation of sulfur dioxide
|Dec 26, 1972
|Sep 23, 1975
|Chemsoil Corp
|System for burning sulfur and absorbing sulfur dioxide in water
|Oct 15, 1975
|Aug 2, 1977
|Chemsoil Corporation
|Sulphur-burning and gaseous products absorption system and components therefor
|Sep 27, 1982
|Jul 2, 1985
|International Environmental, Inc.
|Sulfurous acid generator
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 18, 1991
|Apr 20, 1993
|C.F. Braun Inc.
|Sulfur dioxide generation by submerged combustion and reduced thermal cycling by use of a hot recycle of sulfur
|Sep 17, 1992
|Dec 21, 1993
|Electric Power Research Institute, Inc.
|Apparatus for sensing a chemical property of a spray
|Jul 7, 1997
|Jun 19, 2001
|Edward Jackson
|Open system sulfurous acid generator
|Aug 5, 1999
|Dec 31, 2002
|Edward Jackson
|Sulphurous acid generator with air injector
|Aug 21, 2000
|Jan 14, 2003
|Aapa Trust
|Open system sulphurous acid generator
|Oct 27, 2000
|Feb 10, 2004
|Aapa Trust
|Method and apparatus for introducing sulphur dioxide into aqueous solutions
|Jan 14, 2003
|Nov 28, 2006
|Jackson Edward W
|Open system sulphurous acid generator
|Dec 30, 2002
|Feb 27, 2007
|Edward Jackson
|Sulphurous acid generator with air injector
|Mar 2, 2004
|Mar 20, 2007
|So2 Solutions, Llc
|Coal-bed-methane water treatment system
|Dec 13, 2003
|Feb 16, 2010
|Outotec Oyj
|Process and plant for producing metal oxide from metal compounds
|Feb 9, 2007
|Oct 25, 2011
|Outotec Oyj
|Process and apparatus for the combustion of sulfur
|Jul 10, 2009
|Nov 1, 2011
|Outotec Oyj
|Process and plant for producing metal oxide from metal compounds
|Jun 24, 2010
|Jun 26, 2012
|Earth Renaissance Technologies, Llc
|Sulfur dioxide generator with aqueous gas mixer/aerator
|Jan 4, 2012
|Mar 25, 2014
|Albemarle Corporation
|Process for producing sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide
|Mar 26, 2003
|Nov 13, 2003
|Jackson Edward W.
|Open system sulphurous acid generator with plume demister
|Mar 2, 2004
|May 26, 2005
|James Webb
|Coal-bed-methane water treatment system
|Aug 15, 2006
|Feb 21, 2008
|Muller John J
|Sulfurous acid mist and sulfur dioxide gas recovery system
|Aug 15, 2006
|Feb 21, 2008
|Muller John J
|Fail-safe, on-demand sulfurous acid generator
|Aug 11, 2005
|May 29, 2008
|Achim Schmidt
|Fluidized-Bed Reactor For The Thermal Treatment Of Fluidizable Substances In A Microwave-Heated Fluidized Bed
|Feb 9, 2007
|Mar 12, 2009
|Outotec Oyj
|Process and apparatus for the combustion of sulfur
|Jun 17, 2008
|Sep 16, 2010
|Northrop Paul S
|Production of Hydrogen Gas From Sulfur-Containing Compounds
|Jun 10, 2015
|Jan 21, 2016
|James Zane Bunderson
|Supplement patty delivery system
|Dec 1, 2008
|Mar 22, 2011
|Jackson Edward W
|Open system sulphurous acid generator
|Feb 9, 2007
|Sep 12, 2012
|Process and apparatus for the combustion of sulfur
|Aug 9, 1999
|Aug 8, 2001
|Edward Jackson
|Sulphurous acid generator with air injector
|Aug 9, 1999
|Jun 26, 2002
|Edward Jackson
|Sulphurous acid generator with air injector
|Feb 9, 2007
|Aug 16, 2007
|Outotec Oyj
|Process and apparatus for the combustion of sulfur
|Feb 9, 2007
|Mar 6, 2008
|Outotec Oyj
|Process and apparatus for the combustion of sulfur
|U.S. Classification
|422/62, 423/539, 422/160, 422/161, 422/111, 422/107, 423/543, 422/206, 422/140
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 7, 1991
Owner name: NITRI-SUL INTERNATIONAL, INC., A CORP. OF UT, UT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:LEWIS, RICHARD A. J.;REEL/FRAME:005870/0588
Effective date: 19911002
|May 2, 1994
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|May 26, 1998
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Nov 1, 1998
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jan 12, 1999
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19981030


text:
Sidney Lanier
Sidney Lanier was an American musician, author, and poet.
- Nationality: American
- Birth Date: 3 Feb 1842
- Death Date: 7 Sept 1881
Available Works
Individual Passages
- Evening Song
- The author describes a sunset on the coast.
- From the Flats
- The author marvels at the flat nature of his surroundings.
- The Mockingbird
- The author is witness to a mockingbird's supper.
- Tampa Robins
- A robin has a meal under an orange-tree.
FCIT. (2017, February 22). Sidney Lanier author page. Retrieved February 22, 2017, from http://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/authors/32/sidney-lanier/
FCIT. "Sidney Lanier author page." Lit2Go ETC. Web. 22 February 2017. <http://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/authors/32/sidney-lanier/>.
FCIT, "Sidney Lanier author page." Accessed February 22, 2017. http://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/authors/32/sidney-lanier/.