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The synthesis of mono- and diacetyl-9H-fluorenes. Reactivity and selectivity in the Lewis acid catalyzed Friedel-Crafts acetylation of 9H-fluorene
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Titinchi, Salam J.J.; Kamounah, Fadhil S.; Abbo, Hanna S.;
Friedel-Crafts acetylation of 9H-fluorene is an effective route for the preparation of mono- and diacetyl-9H-fluorenes. Using acetylchloride as the reagent and aluminum chloride as the Lewis acid catalyst the effect of the solvent polarity, the temperature, the reaction time and the mode of......-fluorene was obtained in 5-11 % yield when carbon disulfide was used as the solvent. Acetylation of 9H-fluorene in dichloroethane and carbon disulfide, using an excess of acetyl chloride and aluminum chloride at reflux temperature, gives 2,7-diacetyl-9H-fluorene exclusively in high yields (> 97%). Attempts to...
One-pot Synthesis of Lewis Acidic Ionic Liquids for Friedel-Crafts Alkylation
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Novel Lewis acidic ionic liquids containing thionyl cations and chloroaluminate anions were obtained by one-pot synthesis for the first time. Their acidities were determined by acetonitrile probe on IR spectrography. The ionic liquids were used as catalyst for Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene and 1-dodecene. The turnovers of 1-dodecene were higher than 99%. Monoalkylbenzene selectivity was 98%, while the 2-substituent product selectivity was 45%.
An efficient combination of Zr-MOF and microwave irradiation in catalytic Lewis acid Friedel-Crafts benzoylation.
Doan, Tan L H; Dao, Thong Q; Tran, Hai N; Tran, Phuong H; Le, Thach N
A zirconium-based metal-organic framework, an effective heterogeneous catalyst, has been developed for the Friedel-Crafts benzoylation of aromatic compounds under microwave irradiation. Constructed by a Zr(iv) cluster and a linker 1,4-bis(2-[4-carboxyphenyl]ethynyl)benzene (H2CPEB), the MOF, possessing large pores and high chemical stability, was appropriate for the enhancement of Lewis acid activity under microwave irradiation. The reaction studies demonstrated that the material could give high yields for a few minutes and maintain its reactivity and structure over several cycles. PMID:27064371
Methanetrisulfonic Acid: A Highly Efficient Strongly Acidic Catalyst for Wagner-Meerwein Rearrangement, Friedel-Crafts Alkylation and Acylation Reactions. Examples from Vitamin E Synthesis
Francesco Pace; Thomas Netscher; Simone Hoppmann; Alois Haas; Fabrice Aquino; Werner Bonrath; Horst Pauling
Methanetrisulfonic acid had been prepared for the first time over 140 years ago, but it was used only scarcely in chemical transformations. In the course of our activities dealing with key-steps of industrial syntheses of vitamins, e.g. economically important vitamin E (acetate), we found that methanetrisulfonic acid is an extremely effective catalyst in a variety of reactions. Examples of its applications are Wagner-Meerwein rearrangements, Friedel-Crafts alkylations and ring closures, as we...
Methanetrisulfonic Acid: A Highly Efficient Strongly Acidic Catalyst for Wagner-Meerwein Rearrangement, Friedel-Crafts Alkylation and Acylation Reactions. Examples from Vitamin E Synthesis
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Francesco Pace
Full Text Available Methanetrisulfonic acid had been prepared for the first time over 140 years ago, but it was used only scarcely in chemical transformations. In the course of our activities dealing with key-steps of industrial syntheses of vitamins, e.g. economically important vitamin E (acetate, we found that methanetrisulfonic acid is an extremely effective catalyst in a variety of reactions. Examples of its applications are Wagner-Meerwein rearrangements, Friedel-Crafts alkylations and ring closures, as well as acylation reactions. Use of this catalyst in truly catalytic amounts (0.04-1.0 mol% resulted in highly selective transformations and yields over 95%. (Remark by the authors: We are describing only one example each for the various types of reactions. Therefore, it would be more appropriate to write (here and in the Introduction and in the Conclusion sections: "Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and ring closure, as well as acylation reactions"
Sulfamic acid as a cost-effective and recyclable solid acid catalyst for Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indole with α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound and benzyl alcohol
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Jing Yang; Juan Zhang; Tian Tian Chen; De Mei Sun; Ji Li; Xue Fen Wu
Sulfamic acid was proved to be a cost-effective and recyclable catalyst for Friedel-Crafts type reaction of indole with α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound and benzyl alcohol. Various indoles, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds and a benzyl alcohol were successfully used in this type of reaction, and the corresponding products were obtained in good to excellent yields.
Chelation-assisted Pd-catalysed ortho-selective oxidative C-H/C-H cross-coupling of aromatic carboxylic acids with arenes and intramolecular Friedel-Crafts acylation: one-pot formation of fluorenones.
Sun, Denan; Li, Bijin; Lan, Jingbo; Huang, Quan; You, Jingsong
Pd-Catalysed ortho-selective oxidative C-H/C-H cross-coupling of aromatic carboxylic acids with arenes and subsequent intramolecular Friedel-Crafts acylation has been accomplished for the first time through a chelation-assisted C-H activation strategy. Starting from the readily available substrates, a variety of fluorenone derivatives are obtained in one pot. The direct use of naturally occurring carboxylic acid functionalities as directing groups avoids unnecessary steps for installation and removal of an extra directing group. PMID:26861768
Friedel-Crafts-type reaction of pyrene with diethyl 1-(isothiocyanato)alkylphosphonates. Efficient synthesis of highly fluorescent diethyl 1-(pyrene-1-carboxamido)alkylphosphonates and 1-(pyrene-1-carboxamido)methylphosphonic acid.
Wrona-Piotrowicz, Anna; Zakrzewski, Janusz; Gajda, Anna; Gajda, Tadeusz; Makal, Anna; Brosseau, Arnaud; Métivier, Rémi
Friedel-Crafts-type reaction of pyrene with diethyl 1-(isothiocyanato)alkylphosphonates promoted by trifluoromethanosulfonic acid afforded diethyl 1-(pyrene-1-carbothioamido)alkylphosphonates in 83-94% yield. These compounds were transformed, in 87-94% yield, into the corresponding diethyl 1-(pyrene-1-carboxamido)alkylphosphonates by treatment with Oxone(®). 1-(Pyrene-1-carboxamido)methylphosphonic acid was obtained in a 87% yield by treating the corresponding diethyl phosphonate with Me3Si-Br in methanol. All of the synthesized amidophosphonates were emissive in solution and in the solid state. The presence of a phosphonato group brought about an approximately two-fold increase in solution fluorescence quantum yield in comparison with that of a model N-alkyl pyrene-1-carboxamide. This effect was tentatively explained by stiffening of the amidophosphonate lateral chain which was caused by the interaction (intramolecular hydrogen bond) of phosphonate and amide groups. The synthesized phosphonic acid was soluble in a biological aqueous buffer (PBS, 0.01 M, pH 7.35) and was strongly emissive under these conditions (λem = 383, 400 nm, τ = 18.7 ns, ΦF > 0.98). Solid-state emission of diethyl 1-(pyrene-1-carboxamido)methylphosphonate (λmax = 485 nm; ΦF = 0.25) was assigned to π-π aggregates, the presence of which was revealed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. PMID:26734093
Polystyrene or Magnetic Nanoparticles as Support in Enantioselective Organocatalysis? A Case Study in Friedel-Crafts Chemistry.
Ranjbar, Sara; Riente, Paola; Rodríguez-Escrich, Carles; Yadav, Jagjit; Ramineni, Kishore; Pericàs, Miquel A
Heterogenized versions of the second-generation MacMillan imidazolidin-4-one are described for the first time. This versatile organocatalyst has been supported on 1% DVB Merrifield resin and Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles through a copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. The resulting catalytic materials have been successfully applied to the asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indoles with α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. While both catalytic systems can be easily recovered and admit repeated recycling, the polystyrene-based catalyst shows higher stability and provides better stereoselectivities. PMID:27010999
A Zeolite Imidazolate Framework ZIF-8 Catalyst for Friedel-Crafts Acylation
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
LienT.L.NGUYEN; Ky K.A.LE; Nam T.S.PHAN
A zeolite imidazolate framework,ZIF-8,was synthesized and characterized by dynamic laser light scattering,X-ray powder diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,thermogravimetric analysis,Fourier transform infrared,atomic absorption spectrophotometry,and nitrogen adsorption measurements.The ZIF-8 was highly crystalline and porous with a surface area of over 1600 m2/g.Friedel-Crafts acylation of anisole and benzoyl chloride proceeded well in the presence of ZIF-8 (2-6 mol%) without the need for an inert atmosphere.The reaction afforded a selectivity of 93%-95% to the p-isomer.The solid catalyst can be separated from the reaction mixture by simple centrifugation and reused without significant degradation in catalytic activity.There was no leaching of active acid species into the reaction solution.
A reactivity-selectivity study of the Friedel-Crafts acetylation of 3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl and the oxidation of the acetyl derivatives
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Titinchi, Salam J.J.; Kamounah, Fadhil S.; Abbo, Hanna S.;
Background: Friedel-Crafts acetylation is an important route to aromatic ketones, in research laboratories and in industry. The acetyl derivatives of 3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl (3,3'-dmbp) have applications in the field of liquid crystals and polymers and may be oxidized to the dicarboxylic acids and...... converted to the carboxylic acids by hypochlorite oxidation. The relative stabilities of the isomeric products and the corresponding s-complexes were studied by DFT calculations and the data indicated that mono-and diacetylation followed different mechanisms. Conclusions: Friedel-Crafts acetylation of 3...... derivatives that are of interest in cancer treatment. Findings: The effect of solvent and temperature on the selectivity of monoacetylation of 3,3'-dmbp by the Perrier addition procedure was studied using stoichiometric amounts of reagents. 4-Ac-3,3'-dmbp was formed almost quantitatively in boiling 1...
Highly enantioselective synthesis of beta-heteroaryl-substituted dihydrochalcones through Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indoles and pyrrole.
Wang, Wentao; Liu, Xiaohua; Cao, Weidi; Wang, Jun; Lin, Lili; Feng, Xiaoming
A highly enantioselective Friedel-Crafts (F-C) alkylation of indoles and pyrrole with chalcone derivatives catalyzed by a chiral N,N'-dioxide-Sc(OTf)(3) complex has been developed that tolerates a wide range of substrates. The reaction proceeds in moderate to excellent yields and high enantioselectivities (85-92 % enantiomeric excess) using 2 mol % (for indole) or 0.5 mol % (for pyrrole) catalyst loading, which showed the potential value of the catalyst system. Meanwhile, a strong positive nonlinear effect was observed. On the basis of the experimental results and previous reports, a possible working model is proposed to explain the origin of the activation and asymmetric induction. PMID:20013964
Exploring a chemical encoding strategy for combinatorial synthesis using Friedel-Crafts alkylation
Scott, Robin H.; Barnes, Colin; Gerhard, Ulrich; Balasubramanian, Shankar
The use of scandium(III) triflate and ytterbium(III) triflate-catalysed Friedel-Crafts alkylation to insert a set of hydroxymethyl pyrrole amide tags (1b-i) on to polystyrene resins under mild conditions and the encoding of a split and mix peptide library is demonstrated.
A reactivity-selectivity study of the Friedel-Crafts acetylation of 3,3′-dimethylbiphenyl and the oxidation of the acetyl derivatives
Titinchi Salam JJ; Kamounah Fadhil S; Abbo Hanna S; Hammerich Ole
Abstract Background Friedel-Crafts acetylation is an important route to aromatic ketones, in research laboratories and in industry. The acetyl derivatives of 3,3′-dimethylbiphenyl (3,3′-dmbp) have applications in the field of liquid crystals and polymers and may be oxidized to the dicarboxylic acids and derivatives that are of interest in cancer treatment. Findings The effect of solvent and temperature on the selectivity of monoacetylation of 3,3'-dmbp by the Perrier addition procedure was st...
Tetranuclear Zn/4f coordination clusters as highly efficient catalysts for Friedel-Crafts alkylation.
Griffiths, Kieran; Kumar, Prashant; Akien, Geoffrey R; Chilton, Nicholas F; Abdul-Sada, Alaa; Tizzard, Graham J; Coles, Simon J; Kostakis, George E
A series of custom-designed, high yield, isoskeletal tetranuclear Zn/4f coordination clusters showing high efficiency as catalysts with low catalytic loadings in Friedel-Crafts alkylation are described for the first time. The possibility of altering the 4f centers in these catalysts without altering the core topology allows us to further confirm their stability via EPR and NMR, as well to gain insights into the plausible reaction mechanism, showcasing the usefulness of these bimetallic systems as catalysts. PMID:27248829
A reactivity-selectivity study of the Friedel-Crafts acetylation of 3,3′-dimethylbiphenyl and the oxidation of the acetyl derivatives
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Titinchi Salam JJ
Full Text Available Abstract Background Friedel-Crafts acetylation is an important route to aromatic ketones, in research laboratories and in industry. The acetyl derivatives of 3,3′-dimethylbiphenyl (3,3′-dmbp have applications in the field of liquid crystals and polymers and may be oxidized to the dicarboxylic acids and derivatives that are of interest in cancer treatment. Findings The effect of solvent and temperature on the selectivity of monoacetylation of 3,3'-dmbp by the Perrier addition procedure was studied using stoichiometric amounts of reagents. 4-Ac-3,3′-dmbp was formed almost quantitatively in boiling 1,2-dichloroethane and this is almost twice the yield hitherto reported. Using instead a molar ratio of substrate:AcCl:AlCl3 equal to 1:4:4 or 1:6:6 in boiling 1,2-dichloroethane, acetylation afforded 4,4′- and 4,6′-diacetyl-3,3′-dmbp in a total yield close to 100%. The acetyl derivatives were subsequently converted to the carboxylic acids by hypochlorite oxidation. The relative stabilities of the isomeric products and the corresponding σ-complexes were studied by DFT calculations and the data indicated that mono- and diacetylation followed different mechanisms. Conclusions Friedel-Crafts acetylation of 3,3′-dmbp using the Perrier addition procedure in boiling 1,2-dichloroethane was found to be superior to other recipes. The discrimination against the 6-acetyl derivative during monoacetylation seems to reflect a mechanism including an AcCl:AlCl3 complex or larger agglomerates as the electrophile, whereas the less selective diacetylations of the deactivated 4-Ac-3,3′-dmbp are suggested to include the acetyl cation as the electrophile. The DFT data also showed that complexation of intermediates and products with AlCl3 does not seem to be important in determining the mechanism.
A facile Friedel-Crafts acylation for the synthesis of polyethylenimine-grafted multi-walled carbon nanotubes as efficient gene delivery vectors.
Nia, Azadeh Hashem; Amini, Abbas; Taghavi, Sahar; Eshghi, Hossein; Abnous, Khalil; Ramezani, Mohammad
Low chemical reactivity of carbon nanotubes is one of the major obstacles in their functionalization via chemical reactions. As a non-destructive method, Friedel-Crafts acylation was suggested among the explored reactions for which only a few methods have been reported under harsh reaction conditions, e.g., high temperature all leading to low yields. In this study, we propose a novel method for the acylation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) at a low temperature (i.e., 42°C), using SiO2-Al2O3 as a catalyst and 6-bromohexanoic acid as the acylating agent to produce high yield functionalized MWCNTs. After acylation, MWCNTs are conjugated with polyethylenimines (PEIs) with three molecular weights (1.8, 10 and 25kDa). Three different MWCNT-PEI conjugates are synthesized and evaluated for their condensation ability, viability, size and zeta potential properties. The transfection efficiency of the functionalized MWCNTs is evaluated using luciferase assay and flow cytometry in a Neuroblastoma cell line. MWCNT-PEI (10 kDa) conjugate shows the highest transfection efficacy compared to others. For this carrier transfection efficacy exceeds the amount of PEI 25 kDa at similar carrier to plasmid weight ratio (C/P) and is around 3 times higher compared to PEI 25 kDa at C/P=0.8 as positive control regarding its high transfection efficiency and low cytotoxicity. PMID:26906459
Fe3+-Exchanged Titanate Nanotubes: A New Kind of Highly Active Heterogeneous Catalyst for Friedel-Crafts Type Benzylation
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Yunchen Du
Full Text Available Heterogeneous catalysis for Friedel-Crafts type benzylation has received much attention in recent years due to its characteristic of environmental benefits. In this paper, titanate nanotubes (TNTs were employed as heterogeneous catalyst support, and a new kind of Fe3+-exchanged titanate nanotubes (Fe-TNTs catalyst with highly dispersed ferric sites was constructed by an ion exchange technique. The obtained catalyst was systematically characterized by XRD, TEM, N2 adsorption, XPS, and UV-vis spectra. As expected, Fe-TNTs showed excellent catalytic activities in the benzylation of benzene and benzene derivatives. The recycling tests for Fe-TNTs were also carried out, where the reason for the gradually decreased activity was carefully investigated. Superior to some reported catalysts, the catalytic ability of used Fe-TNTs could be easily recovered by ion exchange again, indicating that Fe-TNTs herein were a highly active and durable heterogeneous catalyst for Friedel-Crafts type benzylation. These results might be helpful for the design and preparation of novel heterogeneous catalysts by combining the structural advantages of titanate nanotubes and active metal ions.
The synthesis of mono- and diacetyl-9H-fluorenes. Reactivity and selectivity in the Lewis acid catalyzed Friedel-Crafts acetylation of 9H-fluorene
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Titinchi, Salam J. J.; Kamounah, Fadhil S.; Abbo, Hanna S.; Hammerich, Ole
addition (Perrier or Bouveault) on the reactivity-selectivity pattern was investigated. The results showed that monoacetylation of 9H-fluorene in chloroalkanes and nitromethane gives mixtures of 2-acetyl-9H-fluorene and 4-acetyl-9H-fluorene with the former dominating. In addition to these two isomers, 2......,7-diacetyl-9H-fluorene was obtained in 5-11 % yield when carbon disulfide was used as the solvent. Acetylation of 9H-fluorene in dichloroethane and carbon disulfide, using an excess of acetyl chloride and aluminum chloride at reflux temperature, gives 2,7-diacetyl-9H-fluorene exclusively in high yields (> 97...... reactivity-selectivity pattern observed and it is concluded that the distribution of products is partly kinetically controlled....
Alkylidene malonates and α,β-unsaturated α'-hydroxyketones as practical substrates for vinylogous Friedel-Crafts alkylations in water catalysed by scandium(III) triflate/SDS.
Oelerich, Jens; Roelfes, Gerard
Alkylidene malonates and α,β-unsaturated α'-hydroxyketones are demonstrated to be efficient classes of electrophiles for the scandium(III) triflate/sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) catalysed vinylogous Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indoles and pyrroles in water. These substrates contain an easily removable auxiliary group that increases affinity for the catalytic metal ion in such a way that they can compete with water for binding to the catalytic metal ion. Thus, alkylidene malonates and α,β-unsaturated α'-hydroxyketones are attractive substitutes for, e.g., α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids and -esters, which in aqueous media are not reactive enough in these reactions. The combination of Lewis acid and SDS in catalysis results in considerable acceleration of the reaction in water compared to organic solvents. The method presented is attractive because the reactions are fast, experimentally straightforward and give rise to high yields of products. PMID:25604240
Friedel-Craft Acylation of ar-Himachalene: Synthesis of Acyl-ar-Himachalene and a New Acyl-Hydroperoxide
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Abdallah Karim
Full Text Available Friedel-Craft acylation at 100 °C of 2,5,9,9-tetramethyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-benzocycloheptene [ar-himachalene (1], a sesquiterpenic hydrocarbon obtained by catalytic dehydrogenation of α-, β- and γ-himachalenes, produces a mixture of two compounds: (3,5,5,9-tetramethyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-benzocyclohepten-2-yl-ethanone (2, in 69% yield, with a conserved reactant backbone, and 3, with a different skeleton, in 21% yield. The crystal structure of 3 reveals it to be 1-(8-ethyl-8-hydroperoxy-3,5,5-trimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl-ethanone. In this compound O-H…O bonds form dimers. These hydrogen-bonds, in conjunction with weaker C-H…O interactions, form a more extended supramolecular arrangement in the crystal.
Diaryl fluorene-Based Shape-Persistent Organic Nano molecular Frameworks via Iterative Friedel-Crafts Protocol toward Multicomponent Organic Semiconductors
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
We describe bottom-up fluorenol approach to create soluble covalent organic nano molecular architectures (ONAs) as potential multicomponent organic semiconductors (MOSs). BPyFBFFA as a typical model of ONAs and MOSs exhibits a persistent chair-shaped geometric structure that consists of hole-transporting tri phenylamine (TPA), high-efficiency ter fluorene, and high-mobility pyrenes. BPyFBFFA was synthesized via the intermediates PyFA and BPyFA with iterative Friedel-Crafts reactions and Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. BPyFBFFA behaves as an efficient blue light-emitter without the low-energy green emission band. Complex diaryl fluorenes (CDAFs) are promising candidates for nano scale covalent organic frameworks and MOSs. Friedel-Crafts protocols offer versatile toolboxes for molecular architects to frame chemistry and materials, nano science, and molecular nano technology as well as molecular manufactures
Werner-type Cobalt Complexes and Ruthenium Complexes with Substituted 2-Guanidinobenzimidazole Ligands as Catalysts for Michael and Friedel Crafts Reactions
Ganzmann, Carola
In this thesis, chiral cobalt(III) complexes with en ligands (en = ethylenediamine) and ruthenium complexes with 2-guanidinobenzimidazole (GBI) and N-(2-benzimidazolyl)thiourea (BITU) ligands are developed. Their efficiency as catalysts for Friedel Crafts and Michael reactions are assayed. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the development of bifunctional thiourea catalysts and analyzes crystal structures of previously reported [Co(diamine)3]3+ complexes as well as GBI systems and correspondin...
Deaminated zeolite, ITQ-6 as heterogeneous catalyst for Friedel crafts alkylation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The ability of ITQ-6, a kind of meso porous zeolitic material to replace microporous zeolite as catalyst has attracted particular attention. In this study, modification of a precursor of microporous ferrierite, PREFER to meso porous material, ITQ-6 was carried out by delamination technique. The XRD results show that the crystalline phase of PREFER diminished for the sample after delamination. Porosity study of the ITQ-6 sample shows formation of homogeneous meso pores in the size between 3.5-4.0 nm. The acidity study indicates that ITQ-6 still contains appreciable amounts of Bronsted and Lewis acidities. Catalytic evaluation of the resulting material, ITQ-6 was carried out in the alkylation of resorcinol with methyl tert-butyl ether which gave 4-tert-butyl resorcinol and 4, 6-di-tert-butyl resorcinol as main products. The conversion of resorcinol when using ITQ-6 was ten times higher than ferrierite, FER with similar selectivity of disubstituted product. It shows that the meso porosity of ITQ-6 was responsible for the higher activity of the catalyst in the reaction. (author)
A Large Scale Formal Synthesis of CoQ10: Highly Stereoselective Friedel-Crafts Allylation Reaction of Tetramethoxytoluene with (E)-4-Chloro-2-methyl-1-phenylsulfonyl-2-butene in the Presence of Montmorillonite K-10
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
We disclosed that MK-10 is a highly effective catalyst for the Friedel-Crafts reaction of 6 and 7 in terms of yield and of stereoselectivity. Although there are numerous applications of clays in Friedel-Crafts reaction, there is very limited example which demonstrated its effect on the stereoselectivity. In that context, our result is significant and further expansion in this direction is highly envisioned. Ubiquinone, as its name represents, exists ubiquitously in human body, particularly in the heart. It mediates the electron transfer process in mitochondria and also exerts strong antioxidant effect in its reduced form. In clinical trial, it showed beneficial effect on heart-related diseases such as myocardial infarction, angina, and other related symptoms to cause decreased mortality compared to the placebo group
A Large Scale Formal Synthesis of CoQ{sub 10}: Highly Stereoselective Friedel-Crafts Allylation Reaction of Tetramethoxytoluene with (E)-4-Chloro-2-methyl-1-phenylsulfonyl-2-butene in the Presence of Montmorillonite K-10
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Lee, Sang Who; Lee, Hee Bong; Kim, Bong Chan; Sadaiah, Kadivendi; Lee, Kyuwoong; Shin, Hyunik [LG Life Sciences, Ltd., Daejeon (Korea, Republic of)
We disclosed that MK-10 is a highly effective catalyst for the Friedel-Crafts reaction of 6 and 7 in terms of yield and of stereoselectivity. Although there are numerous applications of clays in Friedel-Crafts reaction, there is very limited example which demonstrated its effect on the stereoselectivity. In that context, our result is significant and further expansion in this direction is highly envisioned. Ubiquinone, as its name represents, exists ubiquitously in human body, particularly in the heart. It mediates the electron transfer process in mitochondria and also exerts strong antioxidant effect in its reduced form. In clinical trial, it showed beneficial effect on heart-related diseases such as myocardial infarction, angina, and other related symptoms to cause decreased mortality compared to the placebo group.
Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of Arenes with 2-Halogeno-2-CF3-styrenes under Superacidic Conditions. Access to Trifluoromethylated Ethanes and Ethenes.
Sandzhieva, Maria A; Kazakova, Anna N; Boyarskaya, Irina A; Ivanov, Alexandr Yu; Nenajdenko, Valentine G; Vasilyev, Aleksander V
The formation of the corresponding benzyl cations [ArHC(+)-CH(X)CF3] takes place under protonation of E-/Z-2-halogeno-2-CF3 styrenes [ArCH═C(X)CF3, X = F, Cl, Br] in superacids. The structures of these new electrophiles were studied by means of NMR and theoretical DFT calculations. According to these data, in the case of bromo derivatives, the formed cations, most probably, exist as cyclic bromonium ions; however, in the cases of chloro and fluoro derivatives, open forms are more preferable. Subsequent reaction of these benzyl cations with arenes proceeds as Friedel-Crafts alkylation to afford 1,1-diaryl-2-halo-3,3,3-trifluoropropanes [Ar(Ar')CH-CH(X)CF3] in high yields (up to 96%) as a mixture of two diastereomers. The prepared halogenopropanes were easily converted into the corresponding mixtures of E-/Z-trifluoromethylated diarylethenes [Ar(Ar')C═CCF3] (in yields up to 96%) by dehydrohalogenation with base (KOH or t-BuOK). The mechanism of elimination (E2 and Ecb) depends on the nature of the leaving group and reaction conditions. PMID:27227747
分子内酰基化反应合成新型六环稠杂环化合物%Synthesis of Novel Hexacyclic -fused Heterocyclic Compounds via Intramolecular Friedel -Crafts Acylation
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
聂成铭; 徐良玉; 李阳; 高文涛
The hitherto unreported benzo[h]naphtho[1′,2′,6,7]oxepino[3,4-b] quinolin-17(8H) -one (3a) was synthesized by the intramolecular Friedel -Crafts acylation reaction of 2 -(( naphthalen -2 -yloxy)methyl)benzo[h]quinoline -3-carboxylic acid 2 under the treatment of Eaton′s reagent (P2O5 -Me-SO3 ) .The precursor 2 was prepared through one -pot reaction of ethyl 2-( chloromethyl ) benzo [ h] quinoline-3-carboxylate 1 with α-naphthol or β-naphthol .The substrate 1 was obtained in good yield by a mild , effi-cient and direct reaction of α-naphthylamine with 4 -chloroacetoacetate under the treatment of Vilsmeier -Haack reagent.The structures of all the new compounds were identified by ESI -MS, IR, NMR spectra and Ele-mental analysis .%以2-氯甲基-3-苯并喹啉甲酸乙酯(1)为底物与α-萘酚、β-萘酚反应经"一锅法"合成了中间体2-(α-萘氧甲基)苯并[ h]喹啉-3-羧酸(2a)、2-(β-萘氧甲基)苯并[ H]喹啉-3-羧酸(2b)。化合物2a,2b在Eaton′s试剂作用下合成两种新型六环稠杂环化合物萘并[2′,1′,6,7]氧杂卓并[3,4-b]苯并喹啉-7(14H)-酮(3a)和萘并[1′,2′,6,7]氧杂卓并[3,4-b]苯并喹啉-15(8H)-酮(3b)。化合物2a,2b发生分子内傅一克酰基化闭环反应,所合成的新化合物2a、2b、3a、3b的结构经红外光谱、核磁共振谱、质谱及元素分析等得以确认。
Indium triflate in 1-isobutyl-3-methylimidazolium dihydrogenphosphate: an efficient and green catalytic system for Friedel-Crafts acylation
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Tran, Phuong Hoang; Hoang, Huy Manh; Chau, Duy-Khiem Nguyen;
Indium triflate in the ionic liquid, 1-isobutyl-3-methylimidazolium dihydrogen phosphate ([i-BMIM]H2PO4), was found to show enhanced catalytic activity in the Friedel–Crafts acylation of various aromatic compounds with acid anhydrides. The catalytic system was easily recovered and reused without ...
Ga doped SBA-15 as an active and stable catalyst for Friedel-Crafts liquid-phase acylation
EL BERRICHI, Zohra; CHERIF, Leila; ORSEN O.; TESSONIER, Jean-Philippe; VANHAECKE, Estelle; LOUIS, Benoit; LEDOUX, Marc-Jacques; Pham-Huu, Cuong
Gallium containing SBA-15 mesoporous materials with different Si/Ga ratio were synthesized using a post-treatment procedure with an aqueous solution of Ga(NO3)3. The materials were characterised by means of elemental analysis, BET, XRD, TEM and H/D isotope exchange techniques. It appears that stable Ga-species were anchored to the siliceous matrix of SBA-15, thus generating acid properties in their host material. The catalytic activity of Ga-SBA-15 materials has been evaluated in the FriedelC...
Synthesis of 2,2'-Dipyrryl Ketones from Pyrrole-2-carboxylic Acids with Trifluoroacetic Anhydride
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Kim, Se Hee; Lim, Jin Woo; Yu, Jin; Kim, Jae Nyoung [Chonnam National Univ., Gwangju (Korea, Republic of)
An efficient synthesis of 2,2'-dipyrryl ketones has been carried out from pyrrole-2-carboxylic acids using trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA). Simultaneous generation of both mixed anhydride and 2-unsubstituted pyrrole, via facile decarboxylation with in-situ generated TFA, made their cross reaction (intermolecular Friedel-Crafts acylation) possible and efficient.
Ferrocenyl-derived electrophilic phosphonium cations (EPCs) as Lewis acid catalysts.
Mallov, Ian; Stephan, Douglas W
Oxidation of diphenylphosphinoferrocene and 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene with XeF2, resulted in the formation of CpFe(η(5)-C5H4PF2Ph2) 1 and Fe(η(5)-C5H4PF2Ph2)22 respectively. Subsequent reactions with [SiEt3][B(C6F5)4] yielded [CpFe(η(5)-C5H4PFPh2)][B(C6F5)4] 3 and [Fe(η(5)-C5H4PFPh2)2] [B(C6F5)4]24. PhP(η(5)-C5H4)2Fe 5 was prepared, converted to [PhMeP(η(5)-C5H4)2Fe][O3SCF3] 6 and then to [PhMeP(η(5)-C5H4)2Fe][B(C6F5)4] 7. The ability of the salts 3, 4 and 7 to catalyze Friedel-Crafts dimerization of 1,1-diphenylethylene, dehydrocoupling of phenol and triethylsilane, deoxygenation of acetophenone and hydrodefluorination of 1-fluoropentane were probed. While compound 7 proved to be ineffective, compounds 3 and 4 were useful Lewis acid catalysts. Compounds 3 and 4 were shown to catalyze the deoxygenation of a series of ketones. PMID:26911641
Unravelling the properties of supported copper oxide: can the particle size induce acidic behaviour?
Zaccheria, Federica; Scotti, Nicola; Marelli, Marcello; Psaro, Rinaldo; Ravasio, Nicoletta
There is a renewed interest in designing solid acid catalysts particularly due to the significance of Lewis acid catalyzed processes such as Friedel-Crafts acylation and alkylation and cellulose hydrolysis for the development of sustainable chemistry. This paper reports a new focus point on the properties of supported CuO on silica, a material that up to now has been considered only as the precursor of an effective hydrogenation catalyst. Thus, it deals with a re-interpretation of some of our results with supported copper oxide aimed to unveil the root of acidic activity exhibited by this material, e.g. in alcoholysis reactions. Several techniques were used to highlight the very high dispersion of the oxide phase on the support allowing us to ascribe the acidic behavior to coordinative unsaturation of the very small CuO particles. In turn this unsaturation makes the CuO particles prone to coordinate surrounding molecules present in the reaction mixture and to exchange them according to their nucleophilicity. PMID:23207422
Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase-Catalyzed Deamination of an Acyclic Amino Acid: Enzyme Mechanistic Studies Aided by a Novel Microreactor Filled with Magnetic Nanoparticles.
Weiser, Diána; Bencze, László Csaba; Bánóczi, Gergely; Ender, Ferenc; Kiss, Róbert; Kókai, Eszter; Szilágyi, András; Vértessy, Beáta G; Farkas, Ödön; Paizs, Csaba; Poppe, László
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), found in many organisms, catalyzes the deamination of l-phenylalanine (Phe) to (E)-cinnamate by the aid of its MIO prosthetic group. By using PAL immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles and fixed in a microfluidic reactor with an in-line UV detector, we demonstrated that PAL can catalyze ammonia elimination from the acyclic propargylglycine (PG) to yield (E)-pent-2-ene-4-ynoate. This highlights new opportunities to extend MIO enzymes towards acyclic substrates. As PG is acyclic, its deamination cannot involve a Friedel-Crafts-type attack at an aromatic ring. The reversibility of the PAL reaction, demonstrated by the ammonia addition to (E)-pent-2-ene-4-ynoate yielding enantiopure l-PG, contradicts the proposed highly exothermic single-step mechanism. Computations with the QM/MM models of the N-MIO intermediates from L-PG and L-Phe in PAL show similar arrangements within the active site, thus supporting a mechanism via the N-MIO intermediate. PMID:26345352
Antisolvent Precipitation for the Synthesis of Monodisperse Mesoporous Niobium Oxide Spheres as Highly Effective Solid Acid Catalysts
Li, Cheng Chao
We have developed a low-cost reaction protocol to synthesize mesoporous Nb 2O 5-based solid acid catalysts with external shape control. In the synthesis, monodisperse glycolated niobium oxide spheres (GNOS) were prepared by means of a simple antisolvent precipitation approach and subsequently converted to mesoporous niobium oxide spheres (MNOS) with a large surface area of 312m 2g -1 by means of the hydrothermal treatment. The antisolvent acetone used to obtain GNOS was recovered through distillation at high purity. The obtained mesoporous MNOS were functionalized further with sulfate anions at different temperatures or incorporated with tungstophosphoric acid to obtain recyclable solid acid catalysts. These MNOS-based catalysts showed excellent performance in a wide range of acid-catalyzed reactions, such as Friedel-Crafts alkylation, esterification, and hydrolysis of acetates. As they are monodisperse spheres with diameters in the submicrometer range, the catalysts can be easily separated and reused. © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
全氟辛基磺酸稀土金属盐催化氟两相Friedel-Crafts烷基化反应%Friedel-Crafts Alkylation in Fluorous Biphasic System Catalyzed by Rare Earth(Ⅲ) Perfluorooctanesulfonates
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
易文斌; 蔡春
制备了全氟辛基磺酸稀土金属盐[RE(OSO2C8C17)3,RE:Sc,Y,La~Lu],并研究了将其作为催化剂催化氟两相烷基化反应. 全氟己烷(C6F14)、全氟甲苯(C7F8)、全氟甲基环己烷(C7F14)、全氟辛烷(C8F18)、1-溴代全氟辛烷(C8F17Br)和全氟萘烷(C10F18,顺式与反式的混合物)可作为该反应的氟溶剂. 考察了带有不同配体的稀土金属催化剂对反应的影响. 研究表明,Yb(OSO2C8F17)3和C10F18分别是最好的氟代催化剂和氟溶剂. 以Yb(OSO2C8F17)3为催化剂在C10F18中苯甲醚和苯甲醇的烷基化反应得率为96%. 含有催化剂的氟相通过简单的相分离,可回收利用. 氟相重复使用5次,其催化活性降低不大.
Friedel-Crafts Acylation in Fluorous Biphasic Systems Catalyzed by Rare Earth( Ⅲ ) Perfluorooctanesulfonates%全氟辛基磺酸稀土金属盐催化氟两相Friedel-Crafts酰化反应
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
易文斌; 蔡春
Lipase catalyzed synthesis of epoxy-fatty acids
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
CHEN, Qian; LI, Zu-Yi
Lipase catalyzed synthesis of epoxy-fatty acidas from unsaturated carboxylic acids was investigated.Under mild conditions unsaturated arboxylic acids were convcveed to peroxide,then the unsaturated peroxycarboxylic acids epoxidised the C=C bond of themselves
The Iron-Catalyzed Oxidation of Hydrazine by Nitric Acid
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Karraker, D.G.
To assess the importance of iron to hydrazine stability, the study of hydrazine oxidation by nitric acid has been extended to investigate the iron-catalyzed oxidation. This report describes those results.
A Concise Synthesis and the Antibacterial Activity of 5,6-Dimethoxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic Acid
GÖKSU, Süleyman; UĞUZ, Metin Tansu
5,6-Dimethoxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid was synthesized in 7 steps and with an overall yield of 46%. Bromination of 2-naphthol, and methylation with dimethyl sulfate followed by Friedel-Crafts acylation with AcCl gave 2-acetyl-5-bromo-6-methoxynaphthalene. 2-Acetyl-5-bromo-6-methoxynaphthalene was converted to 5-bromo-6- methoxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid by a haloform reaction. The esterification of the acid with methanol, methoxylation with NaOCH3 in the presence of CuI and s...
Kinetic study on the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose to levulinic acid
Girisuta, B.; Janssen, L. P. B. M.; Heeres, H. J.
A variety of interesting bulk chemicals is accessible by the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose. An interesting example is levulinic acid, a versatile precursor for fuel additives, polymers, and resins. A detailed kinetic study on the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose to levulinic acid is r
Amino Acids Catalyzed Direct Aldol Reactions in Aqueous Micelles
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
PENG Yi-Yuan; WANG Qi; DING Qiu-Ping; HE Jia-Qi; CHENG Jin-Pei
@@ Since the discovery of its roles as a good small-organic-molecule catalyst in intramolecular aldol reactions, pro line has drawn considerable attention in synthetic chemistry due to its similarity to the type-Ⅰ aldolases. Recently,List and others have reported some new direct asymmetric intermolecular reactions catalyzed by proline, including aldol, Mannich, Michael, and other analogous reactions. Except for two recent examples, [1,2] proline catalyzed aldol reactions in aqueous micelles have not been reported, nor have other amino acids as organocatalysts in directly catalyzing aldol reaction been reported. Herein we wish to present our recent results regarding environmentally be nign direct aldol reactions catalyzed by amino acids including proline, histidine and arginine in aqueous media.
Polyphosphorous acid catalyzed cyclization in the synthesis of cryptolepine derivatives
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
11-Oxo-10,11-dihydroxy-5H-indolo[3,2,b]quinoline7-carboxylic acid was obtained specifically by polyphosphorous acid catalyzed cyclization with optimal reaction conditions. Biological assays showed that it potentially inhibits the proteasomal chymotrypsin-like activity in vitro and suppresses breast cancer cell growth.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Syed Shahed Ali
Full Text Available Formic acid catalyzed, single step and environmentally friendly process for synthesis of 3, 3- diheteroaromatic oxindole derivatives is described. This adopted protocol for Friedel- Crafts substitution reaction has the advantage of reusability of the catalyst, high yields and ease of separation of pure products.
Preparation of mono- and diacetyl 4,4′-dimethylbiphenyl and their corresponding carboxylic acids
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Titinchi, Salam J.J.; Kamounah, Fadhil S.; Abbo, Hanna S.
Shape selective acetylation of 4,4′-dimethylbiphenyl using anhydrous aluminum chloride as catalyst is an effective route for the production of mono- and di-acetyl-4,4′-dimethylbiphenyl. Preparations, characterization and a catalytic study of the Friedel-Crafts acetylation of 4,4′-dimethylbiphenyl...... dimethylbiphenyls. In chloroalkane or carbon disulfide solvent, the yields of isomers were in the order: 2 -> 3-; in nitromethane 3-isomer predominated. On the other hand diacetylation of the hydrocarbon gave only the 2,3′-diacetyl isomer. The mono- and di-ketones are converted to the corresponding carboxylic acids...
Acid-catalyzed kinetics of indium tin oxide etching
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
We report the kinetic characterization of indium tin oxide (ITO) film etching by chemical treatment in acidic and basic electrolytes. It was observed that film etching increased under more acidic conditions, whereas basic conditions led to minimal etching on the time scale of the experiments. Quartz crystal microbalance was employed in order to track the reaction kinetics as a function of the concentration of hydrochloric acid and accordingly solution pH. Contact angle measurements and atomic force microscopy experiments determined that acid treatment increases surface hydrophilicity and porosity. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments identified that film etching is primarily caused by dissolution of indium species. A kinetic model was developed to explain the acid-catalyzed dissolution of ITO surfaces, and showed a logarithmic relationship between the rate of dissolution and the concentration of undisassociated hydrochloric acid molecules. Taken together, the findings presented in this work verify the acid-catalyzed kinetics of ITO film dissolution by chemical treatment, and support that the corresponding chemical reactions should be accounted for in ITO film processing applications. - Highlights: • Acidic conditions promoted indium tin oxide (ITO) film etching via dissolution. • Logarithm of the dissolution rate depended linearly on the solution pH. • Acid treatment increased ITO surface hydrophilicity and porosity. • ITO film etching led to preferential dissolution of indium species over tin species
Palladium-Catalyzed alpha-Arylation of Tetramic Acids
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Storgaard, Morten; Dorwald, F. Z.; Peschke, B.;
A mild, racemization-free, palladium-Catalyzed alpha-arylation of tetramic acids (2,4-pyrrolidinediones) has been developed. Various amino acid-derived tetramic acids were cleanly arylated by treatment with 2 mol % of Pd(OAc)(2), 4 mol % of a sterically demanding biaryl phosphine, 2.3 equiv of K2...... effect on their reactivity: both electron-rich and electron-poor aryl chlorides and bromides or triflates led to good yields. Ortho-substituted aryl halides and heteroaryl halides, however, did not undergo the title reaction....
Synthesis of Rosin Acid Starch Catalyzed by Lipase
Rihui Lin; He Li; Han Long; Jiating Su; Wenqin Huang
Rosin, an abundant raw material from pine trees, was used as a starting material directly for the synthesis of rosin acid starch. The esterification reaction was catalyzed by lipase (Novozym 435) under mild conditions. Based on single factor experimentation, the optimal esterification conditions were obtained as follows: rosin acid/anhydrous glucose unit in the molar ratio 2 : 1, reaction time 4 h at 45°C, and 15% of lipase dosage. The degree of substitution (DS) reaches 0.098. Product from e...
4-Dimenthylaminopyridine or Acid-Catalyzed Synthesis of Esters: A Comparison
van den Berg, Annemieke W. C.; Hanefeld, Ulf
A set of highly atom-economic experiments was developed to highlight the differences between acid- and base-catalyzed ester syntheses and to introduce the principles of atom economy. The hydrochloric acid-catalyzed formation of an ester was compared with the 4-dimethylaminopyradine-catalyzed ester synthesis.
Direct amidation of amino acid derivatives catalyzed by arylboronic acids : applications in dipeptide synthesis.
Liu, S.; Yang, Y.; Liu, X.; Ferdousi, F. K.; Batsanov, A.S.; Whiting, A
The direct amidation of amino acid derivatives catalyzed by arylboronic acids has been examined. The reaction was generally slow relative to simple amine-carboxylic acid combinations though proceeded at 65–68 °C generally avoiding racemization. 3,4,5-Trifluorophenylboronic and o-nitrophenylboronic acids were found to be the best catalysts, though for slower dipeptide formations, high catalyst loadings were required and an interesting synergistic catalytic effect between two arylboronic acids ...
Synthesis of Rosin Acid Starch Catalyzed by Lipase
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Rihui Lin
Full Text Available Rosin, an abundant raw material from pine trees, was used as a starting material directly for the synthesis of rosin acid starch. The esterification reaction was catalyzed by lipase (Novozym 435 under mild conditions. Based on single factor experimentation, the optimal esterification conditions were obtained as follows: rosin acid/anhydrous glucose unit in the molar ratio 2 : 1, reaction time 4 h at 45°C, and 15% of lipase dosage. The degree of substitution (DS reaches 0.098. Product from esterification of cassava starch with rosin acid was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and iodine coloration analysis. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the morphology and crystallinity of the cassava starch were largely destroyed. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that thermal stability of rosin acid starch decreased compared with native starch.
Solvent effects in acid-catalyzed biomass conversion reactions.
Mellmer, Max A; Sener, Canan; Gallo, Jean Marcel R; Luterbacher, Jeremy S; Alonso, David Martin; Dumesic, James A
Reaction kinetics were studied to quantify the effects of polar aprotic organic solvents on the acid-catalyzed conversion of xylose into furfural. A solvent of particular importance is γ-valerolactone (GVL), which leads to significant increases in reaction rates compared to water in addition to increased product selectivity. GVL has similar effects on the kinetics for the dehydration of 1,2-propanediol to propanal and for the hydrolysis of cellobiose to glucose. Based on results obtained for homogeneous Brønsted acid catalysts that span a range of pKa values, we suggest that an aprotic organic solvent affects the reaction kinetics by changing the stabilization of the acidic proton relative to the protonated transition state. This same behavior is displayed by strong solid Brønsted acid catalysts, such as H-mordenite and H-beta. PMID:25214063
Solid acid catalyzed biodiesel production from waste cooking oil
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Jacobson, Kathlene; Gopinath, Rajesh; Meher, Lekha Charan; Dalai, Ajay Kumar [Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering Laboratories, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9 (Canada)
Various solid acid catalysts were evaluated for the production of biodiesel from low quality oil such as waste cooking oil (WCO) containing 15 wt.% free fatty acids. The zinc stearate immobilized on silica gel (ZS/Si) was the most effective catalyst in simultaneously catalyzing the transesterification of triglycerides and esterification of free fatty acid (FFA) present in WCO to methyl esters. The optimization of reaction parameters with the most active ZS/Si catalyst showed that at 200 C, 1:18 oil to alcohol molar ratio and 3 wt.% catalysts loading, a maximum ester yield of 98 wt.% could be obtained. The catalysts were recycled and reused many times without any loss in activity. (author)
An Efficient Procedure for Esterification of Aryloxyacetic Acid and Arylthioacetic Acid Catalyzed by Silica Sulfuric Acid
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
LI,Hong-Ya; LI,Ji-Tai; LI,Hui-Zhang
@@ Aryloxyacetate and arylthioacetate are wildly used in herbicides, plant regulator and insecticides. Recently, Wille et al. have reported that methyl aryloxyacetate is an efficient agent to prevent and treat allergic contact dermatitis.[1] The most popular synthesis is by heating sodium phenoxide (mercaptide) with ethyl chloroacetate in DMF,[2] or by the esterification of acid with alcohol using concentrated H2SO4 as catalyst.[3] In this paper, synthesis of aryloxyacetate and aryl thioacetate from aryloxyacetic acid and arylthioacetic acid respectively in ether catalyzed by silica sulfuric acid in 83%~94% yields is described. The catalyst is reused for 3 times without significant loss of activity (Entry 4). Compared with common procedures, the present procedure possesses the advantages of the operational simplicity, short reaction time,less-corrosion, high yield and reusable catalyst.
Marcos S. Rabelo; Jorge L. Colodette; Vera M. Sacon; Marcelo R. Silva; Marco A. B. Azevedo
Molybdenum catalyzed peroxide bleaching (PMo Stage) consists of pulp treatment with hydrogen peroxide under acidic conditions in the presence of a molybdenum catalyst. Molybdenum is applied in catalytic doses (50-200 mg/kg pulp) and may originate from various sources, including (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O, Na2MoO4.2H2O, siliconmolybdate, etc. This work is aimed at optimizing the PMo stage and evaluating its industrial application in the OAZDP sequence. Optimum PMo stage conditions for bleaching eucalyp...
Mechanism of carbon monoxide reactions under high pressure catalyzed by acids and bases
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Takezaki, Y.
A review, based mainly on work done at Kyoto University, covers the mechanisms and kinetics of acid-catalyzed carbonylations, including the hydrogen fluoride-catalyzed addition of carbon monoxide to methallyl chloride, the sulfuric acid-catalyzed synthesis of succinic acid from acrylic acid, and the conversion of toluene to p-tolualdehyde in hydrogen fluoride/boron trifluoride by the Gattermann-Koch reaction; and of base-catalyzed reactions, including the production of methyl formate from methanol with 1,8-diazabicyclo (5,4,0)undec-7-ene catalyst and of malonic acid from potassium acetate and potassium carbonate. Graphs, tables, and 34 references.
Acid base catalyzed transesterification kinetics of waste cooking oil
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Jain, Siddharth; Sharma, M.P.; Rajvanshi, Shalini [Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee (India)
The present study reports the results of kinetics study of acid base catalyzed two step transesterification process of waste cooking oil, carried out at pre-determined optimum temperature of 65 C and 50 C for esterification and transesterification process respectively under the optimum condition of methanol to oil ratio of 3:7 (v/v), catalyst concentration 1%(w/w) for H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} and NaOH and 400 rpm of stirring. The optimum temperature was determined based on the yield of ME at different temperature. Simply, the optimum concentration of H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} and NaOH was determined with respect to ME Yield. The results indicated that both esterification and transesterification reaction are of first order rate reaction with reaction rate constant of 0.0031 min{sup -1} and 0.0078 min{sup -1} respectively showing that the former is a slower process than the later. The maximum yield of 21.50% of ME during esterification and 90.6% from transesterification of pretreated WCO has been obtained. This is the first study of its kind which deals with simplified kinetics of two step acid-base catalyzed transesterification process carried under the above optimum conditions and took about 6 h for complete conversion of TG to ME with least amount of activation energy. Also various parameters related to experiments are optimized with respect to ME yield. (author)
Acid-Catalyzed Preparation of Biodiesel from Waste Vegetable Oil: An Experiment for the Undergraduate Organic Chemistry Laboratory
Bladt, Don; Murray, Steve; Gitch, Brittany; Trout, Haylee; Liberko, Charles
This undergraduate organic laboratory exercise involves the sulfuric acid-catalyzed conversion of waste vegetable oil into biodiesel. The acid-catalyzed method, although inherently slower than the base-catalyzed methods, does not suffer from the loss of product or the creation of emulsion producing soap that plagues the base-catalyzed methods when…
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Marcos S. Rabelo
Full Text Available Molybdenum catalyzed peroxide bleaching (PMo Stage consists of pulp treatment with hydrogen peroxide under acidic conditions in the presence of a molybdenum catalyst. Molybdenum is applied in catalytic doses (50-200 mg/kg pulp and may originate from various sources, including (NH46Mo7O24.4H2O, Na2MoO4.2H2O, siliconmolybdate, etc. This work is aimed at optimizing the PMo stage and evaluating its industrial application in the OAZDP sequence. Optimum PMo stage conditions for bleaching eucalyptus pulp were 90 ºC, pH 3.5, 2 h, 0.1 kg/adt Mo and 5 kg/adt H2O2. The PMo stage was more efficient to remove pulp hexenuronic acids than lignin. Its efficiency decreased with increasing pH in the range of 1.5-5.5, while it increased with increasing temperature and peroxide and molybdenum doses. The application of the PMo stage as replacement for the A-stage of the AZDP sequence significantly decreased chlorine dioxide demand. The PMo stage caused a decrease of 20-30% in the generation of organically bound chlorine. The quality parameters of the pulp produced during the PMo stage mill trial were comparable to those obtained with the reference A-stage.
The different roles of a cationic gold(i) complex in catalysing hydroarylation of alkynes and alkenes with a heterocycle.
Mehrabi, Tahmineh; Ariafard, Alireza
The mechanism of twofold hydroarylation of terminal alkynes with pyrrole catalyzed by a cationic gold(i) complex was investigated using DFT. It was found that while both the hydroarylation reactions proceed via a Friedel-Crafts-type mechanism, the first hydroarylation is directly promoted by gold(i) but the second hydroarylation by a proton released through interaction of the alkene product with gold-bound acidic organic species such as acetic acid and terminal alkynes. PMID:27377712
Biodiesel Production from Spent Fish Frying Oil Through Acid-Base Catalyzed Transesterification
Abdalrahman B. Fadhil; Mohammed M. Dheyab; Kareem M. Ahmed; Marwa H. Yahya
Biodiesel fuels were prepared from a special type of frying oil namely spent fish frying oil through two step transesterification viz. acid-base catalyzed transesterification. Hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide with methanol were used for this purpose. The oil was pre-treated with (1.0 wt% HCl) and methanol to reduce free fatty acids content of the oil. Then, conditions of the base catalyzed step such as base concentration, reaction temperature, methanol to oil molar ratio and reaction...
Acid-catalyzed reactions of hexanal on sulfuric acid particles: Identification of reaction products
Garland, Rebecca M.; Elrod, Matthew J.; Kincaid, Kristi; Beaver, Melinda R.; Jimenez, Jose L.; Tolbert, Margaret A.
While it is well established that organics compose a large fraction of the atmospheric aerosol mass, the mechanisms through which organics are incorporated into atmospheric aerosols are not well understood. Acid-catalyzed reactions of compounds with carbonyl groups have recently been suggested as important pathways for transfer of volatile organics into acidic aerosols. In the present study, we use the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) to probe the uptake of gas-phase hexanal into ammonium sulfate and sulfuric acid aerosols. While both deliquesced and dry non-acidic ammonium sulfate aerosols showed no organic uptake, the acidic aerosols took up substantial amounts of organic material when exposed to hexanal vapor. Further, we used 1H-NMR, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and GC-MS to identify the products of the acid-catalyzed reaction of hexanal in acidic aerosols. Both aldol condensation and hemiacetal products were identified, with the dominant reaction products dependent upon the initial acid concentration of the aerosol. The aldol condensation product was formed only at initial concentrations of 75-96 wt% sulfuric acid in water. The hemiacetal was produced at all sulfuric acid concentrations studied, 30-96 wt% sulfuric acid in water. Aerosols up to 88.4 wt% organic/11.1 wt% H 2SO 4/0.5 wt% water were produced via these two dimerization reaction pathways. The UV-VIS spectrum of the isolated aldol condensation product, 2-butyl 2-octenal, extends into the visible region, suggesting these reactions may impact aerosol optical properties as well as aerosol composition. In contrast to previous suggestions, no polymerization of hexanal or its products was observed at any sulfuric acid concentration studied, from 30 to 96 wt% in water.
Optimizing the Acid Catalyzed Synthesis of Hyperbranched Poly(Glycerol-diacids) Oligomers
Oligomeric pre-polymers were synthesized by the acid-catalyzed condensation of glycerol with succinic acid, glutaric acid and azelaic acid in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or dimethylformamide (DMF). The prepolymers were obtained, on average in 84% yield, and were characterized by proton NMR, MALDI-TOF ...
The Lewis acid catalyzed synthesis of hyperbranched Oligo(glycerol-diacid)s in aprotic polar media
The Lewis-acid, titanium (IV) butoxide (15% (w/w; catalyst/reactants)), was used to catalyze the condensation of 0.05 mol glycerol with 0.10 mol of either succinic acid, glutaric acid, or azelaic acid to produce oligomers. The reactions were refluxed in dilute solutions of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) o...
Solid Acid-Catalyzed Cellulose Hydrolysis Monitored by In Situ ATR-IR Spectroscopy
Zakzeski, J.; Grisel, R.J.H.; Smit, A.T.; Weckhuysen, B.M.
The solid acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose was studied under elevated temperatures and autogenous pressures using in situ ATR-IR spectroscopy. Standards of cellulose and pure reaction products, which include glucose, fructose, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), levulinic acid (LA), formic acid, and
Degradation of acid red 14 by silver ion-catalyzed peroxydisulfate oxidation in an aqueous solution
RASOULIFARD, Mohammad Hossein; MOHAMMADI, Seied Mohammad Mahdi DOUST
Silver ion (Ag1+)-catalyzed peroxydisulfate was studied for the degradation of acid red 14 (AR-14) in an aqueous medium. The effect of different parameters, such as temperature, peroxydisulfate concentration, and dye and Ag1+ concentrations, were investigated. Application of Ag1+-catalyzed peroxydisulfate, as an advanced oxidation process, introduces an effectual method for wastewater treatment. An accelerated reaction using S2O82- to destroy dyes can be achieved via chemical activat...
Synthesis of Tetrahydrofuran and Tetrahydropyran Derivatives Catalyzed by Tungstophosphoric Acid in Ionic Liquid
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Synthesis of tetrahydrofuran and tetrahydropyran derivatives catalyzed by tungstophosphoric acid (H3PW12O4o) were conveniently performed with high yield from the corresponding unsaturated alcohols in ionic liquid. Sufuric acid (H2SO4), trifluoromathanesulfonic acid (TfOH)and p-toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH) were also explored for preparing these products in ionic liquid.The catalysts and ionic liquid can be easily recovered and reused.
Investigation of acetic acid-catalyzed hydrothermal pretreatment on corn stover
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Xu, Jian; Thomsen, Mette Hedegaard; Thomsen, Anne Belinda
Acetic acid (AA)-catalyzed liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatments on raw corn stover (RCS) were carried out at 195 °C at 15 min with the acetic acid concentrations between 0 and 400 g/kg RCS. After pretreatment, the liquor fractions and water-insoluble solids (WIS) were collected separately and...
GSTP1-1 stereospecifically catalyzes glutathione conjugation of ethacrynic acid
Iersel, M.L.P.S. van; Lipzig, M.M.H. van; Rietjens, I.M.C.M.; Vervoort, J.; Bladeren, P.J. van
Using 1H NMR two diastereoisomers of the ethacrynic acid glutathione conjugate (EASG) as well as ethacrynic acid (EA) could be distinguished and quantified individually. Chemically prepared EASG consists of equal amounts of both diastereoisomers. GSTP1-1 stereospecifically catalyzes formation of one
Catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of epoxidized soybean oil by hydrated and anhydrous fluoroantimonic acids
Ring-opening polymerization of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) catalyzed by the super acid, fluroantimonic acid hexahydrate (HSbF6-6H2O), and the anhydrous form (HSbF6) in ethyl acetate was conducted in an effort to develop useful biodegradable polymers. The resulting polymerized ESO (SA-RPESO and SAA-...
Fe-Catalyzed Oxidative Cleavage of Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Spannring, P.
The oxidative cleavage of unsaturated fatty acids into aldehydes or carboxylic acids gives access to valuable products. The products can be used as chemical building blocks, as emulsifiers or in the paint or polymer industry. Ozonolysis is applied industrially to cleave the fatty acid oleic acid into the aldehydes nonanal and 9-oxo-nonanoic acid or into pelargonic and azelaic acid. Considerable hazards, including explosion risks, are associated with the use of ozone, and alternative processes...
Fe-Catalyzed Oxidative Cleavage of Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Spannring, P.
The oxidative cleavage of unsaturated fatty acids into aldehydes or carboxylic acids gives access to valuable products. The products can be used as chemical building blocks, as emulsifiers or in the paint or polymer industry. Ozonolysis is applied industrially to cleave the fatty acid oleic acid int
磷钨酸原位改性HMS催化苯甲醚乙酰化反应%Catalytic Synthesis of p-Methoxy Acetophenone with Modification Catalyst HMS by Phosphotungstic Acid
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
周晓; 张亚洲; 王伟; 刘向东; 陈平
The modification solid catalyst HMS by phosphotungstic acid was prepared by in-situ synthesis from DDA,TEOS,and phosphotungstic acid,and applied in p-Methoxy acetophenone production with the Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction of phenyl methyl ether and Acetic anhydride.The factors including reaction temperature,reaction time,catalyst amount,reactants molar ratio phenyl methyl ether to Acetic anhydride on the Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction were investigated.The experimental effects show that solid acid catalyst HMS has high catalytic activity.The acylation reaction conversion can reach 83.1% and the selectivity of p-Methoxy acetophenone production is 97.3% under the following optimal conditions:reaction temperature of 100 ℃,reaction time of 4 h,amount catalyst of 0.15 g,molar ratio of n(anisole) ∶ n(acetic anhydride) =1 ∶1.5.%以正十二胺(DDA)为模板剂、正硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)为硅源、磷钨酸(HPW)为活性组分,经原位合成法制备了HPW改性的介孔材料HMS(HPW-HMS),并以此催化剂催化苯甲醚与乙酸酐发生傅-克(Friedel-Crafts)酰基化反应合成对甲氧基苯乙酮,对催化剂进行了XRD和IR表征,研究了催化剂制备方法、脱除模板剂的方式以及催化反应条件,考察反应温度、反应时间、催化剂质量、反应物的物质的量等对苯甲醚转化率和主产物对甲氧基苯乙酮选择性的影响.实验结果表明,固体催化剂HPW-HMS在此反应中具有较高的催化活性,当反应温度100℃,反应时间4h,催化剂质量0.15g,原料物质的量比n(苯甲醚)∶n(乙酸酐)=1∶1.5时,苯甲醚转化率达到83.1%,对甲氧基苯乙酮选择性达97.3%.
Esterification of Oleic Acid for Biodiesel Production Catalyzed by SnCl2: A Kinetic Investigation
Marcio J. da Silva; Abiney L. Cardoso; Soraia Cristina Gonzaga Neves
The production of biodiesel from low-cost raw materials which generally contain high amounts of free fatty acids (FFAs) is a valuable alternative that would make their production costs more competitive than petroleum-derived fuel. Currently, the production of biodiesel from this kind of raw materials comprises a two-stage process, which requires an initial acid-catalyzed esterification of the FFA, followed by a basecatalyzed transesterification of the triglycerides. Commonly, the acid H2SO4 i...
Modification of oligo-Ricinoleic Acid and Its Derivatives with 10-Undecenoic Acid via Lipase-Catalyzed Esterification
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
M. Claudia Montiel
Full Text Available Lipases were employed under solvent-free conditions to conjugate oligo-ricinoleic acid derivatives with 10-undecenoic acid, to incorporate a reactive terminal double bond into the resultant product. First, undecenoic acid was covalently attached to oligo-ricinoleic acid using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase (CAL at a 30% yield. Thirty percent conversion also occurred for CAL-catalyzed esterification between undecenoic acid and biocatalytically-prepared polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR, with attachment of undecenoic acid occurring primarily at free hydroxyls of the polyglycerol moiety. The synthesis of oligo-ricinoleyl-, undecenoyl- structured triacylglycerols comprised two steps. The first step, the 1,3-selective lipase-catalyzed interesterification of castor oil with undecenoic acid, occurred successfully. The second step, the CAL-catalyzed reaction between ricinoleyl-, undecenoyl structured TAG and ricinoleic acid, yielded approximately 10% of the desired structured triacylglycerols (TAG; however, a significant portion of the ricinoleic acid underwent self-polymerization as a side-reaction. The employment of gel permeation chromatography, normal phase HPLC, NMR, and acid value measurements was effective for characterizing the reaction pathways and products that formed.
Dy(OTf)3 Catalyzed Reaction of Indole with Aldehydes and Ketones in Ionic Liquids
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
MI Xue-Ling; LUO San-Zhong; HE Jia-Qi; CHENG Jin-Pei
@@ The use of environmentally benign reaction media is very important in view of today' s environmentally con scious attitude. In connect with this, room temperature ionic liquids that are air and moisture stable have received a good deal of attention in recent years as novel solvent systems for organic synthesis. A number of reactions such as Friedel-Crafts reactions, Diels-Alder cycloadditions, hydrogenations, and Heck reactions have employed ionic liquids as solvents. Among them, the Friedel-Crafts reaction[1] is of great synthetic significance in view of laboratory synthesis and industrial production. Recent studies showed that Friedel-Crafts reaction of indole with carbonyl compounds proceeded readily in aqueous media. [2] However, the aqueous reactions suffer from some common problems,such as tedious work-up, reuse of catalyst and so on.
Iron-Catalyzed Acylation of Polyfunctionalized Aryl- and Benzylzinc Halides with Acid Chlorides.
Benischke, Andreas D; Leroux, Marcel; Knoll, Irina; Knochel, Paul
FeCl2 (5 mol %) catalyzes a smooth and convenient acylation of functionalized arylzinc halides at 50 °C (2-4 h) and benzylic zinc chlorides at 25 °C (0.5-4 h) with a variety of acid chlorides leading to polyfunctionalized diaryl and aryl heteroaryl ketones. PMID:27457108
Monitoring the Hydrolysis of Olive Oil Catalyzed by Lipase via Acid Value Detection
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Hydrolysis of olive oil catalyzed by Candida lipolytica lipase was investigated. The relative concentration of the components in the product was determined by using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). Furthermore, a novel rapid method to detect the hydrolytic process of olive oil was developed based on the relationship between the acid value and the relative concentration of the different components.
Clauson Kaas Pyrrole Synthesis Catalyzed by Acidic Ionic Liquid under Microwave Irradiation
Cigdem Yolacan; Feray Aydogan
A new procedure to synthesize the N-substituted pyrrole derivatives by Clauson Kaas reaction catalyzed by acidic ionic liquid under microwave irradiation was developed. This procedure provides several advantages such as high yield, clean product formation, and short reaction time.
Synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) by acid catalyzed dehydration of glucose-fructose mixtures
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Pedersen, Asbjørn Toftgaard; Ringborg, Rolf Hoffmeyer; Grotkjær, Thomas;
allowing the use of the cheapest available source of fructose: high fructose corn syrup. The dehydration was catalyzed by hydrochloric acid and conducted in acetone-water mixtures, which ensured good selectivity towards HMF and eliminated precipitation of polymer by-products (insoluble humins). Through...
Iron-catalyzed decarboxylative alkenylation of cycloalkanes with arylvinyl carboxylic acids via a radical process
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jiancan Zhao
Full Text Available A Fe(acac3-catalyzed decarboxylative coupling of 2-(arylvinyl carboxylic acids with cycloalkanes was developed by using DTBP as an oxidant through a radical process. This reaction tolerates a wide range of substrates, and products are obtained in good to excellent yields (71–95%. The reaction also shows excellent stereoselectivity, and only trans-isomers are obtained.
Iron-catalyzed decarboxylative alkenylation of cycloalkanes with arylvinyl carboxylic acids via a radical process
Jiancan Zhao; Hong Fang; Jianlin Han; Yi Pan
A Fe(acac)3-catalyzed decarboxylative coupling of 2-(aryl)vinyl carboxylic acids with cycloalkanes was developed by using DTBP as an oxidant through a radical process. This reaction tolerates a wide range of substrates, and products are obtained in good to excellent yields (71–95%). The reaction also shows excellent stereoselectivity, and only trans-isomers are obtained.
Iron-catalyzed decarboxylative alkenylation of cycloalkanes with arylvinyl carboxylic acids via a radical process.
Zhao, Jiancan; Fang, Hong; Han, Jianlin; Pan, Yi
A Fe(acac)3-catalyzed decarboxylative coupling of 2-(aryl)vinyl carboxylic acids with cycloalkanes was developed by using DTBP as an oxidant through a radical process. This reaction tolerates a wide range of substrates, and products are obtained in good to excellent yields (71-95%). The reaction also shows excellent stereoselectivity, and only trans-isomers are obtained. PMID:24062833
Furfural production from fruit shells by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Demirbas, A. [Selcuk Univ., Konya (Turkey). Dept. of Chemical Engineering
Pentosans are hydrolyzed to pentoses by dilute mineral acid hydrolysis. The main source of pentosans is hemicelluloses. Furfural can be produced by the acid hydrolysis of pentosan from fruit shells such as hazelnut, sunflower, walnut, and almond of agricultural wastes. Further dehydration reactions of the pentoses yield furfural. The hydrolysis of each shell sample was carried out in dilute sulfuric acid (0.05 to 0.200 mol/l), at high temperature (450-525 K), and short reaction times (from 30 to 600 s). (author)
Palladium-Catalyzed C–C Bond Formations via Activation of Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
Song, Bingrui
Applications of carboxylic acids and their derivatives in transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions regio-selectively forming Csp3-Csp2, and Csp2-Csp2 bonds were explored in this thesis. Several important organic building blocks such as aryl acetates, diaryl acetates, imines, ketones, biaryls, styrenes and polysubstituted alkenes were successfully accessed from carboxylic acids and their derivatives by the means of C–H activation and decarboxylative cross-couplings. An efficient ...
Tandem Aldol Condensation – Platinacycle-Catalyzed Addition Reactions of Aldehydes, Methyl Ketones and Arylboronic Acids
Liao, Yuan-Xi; Hu, Qiao-Sheng
Tandem aldol condensation of aldehydes with methyl ketones followed by anionic four-electron donor-based (Type I) platinacycle-catalyzed addition reactions of arylboronic acids to form β-arylated ketones is described. Good to excellent yields of β-arylated ketones were obtained for the tandem reactions of aromatic/aliphatic aldehydes, methyl ketones and arylboronic acids, and moderate yields were observed for the tandem reaction with α, β-unsaturated aldehydes as the aldehyde source.
Copper-catalyzed intermolecular oxyamination of olefins using carboxylic acids and O-benzoylhydroxylamines
Hemric, Brett N
Summary This paper reports a novel approach for the direct and facile synthesis of 1,2-oxyamino moieties via an intermolecular copper-catalyzed oxyamination of olefins. This strategy utilizes O-benzoylhydroxylamines as an electrophilic amine source and carboxylic acids as a nucleophilic oxygen source to achieve a modular difunctionalization of olefins. The reaction proceeded in a regioselective manner with moderate to good yields, exhibiting a broad scope of carboxylic acid, amine, and olefin substrates. PMID:26877805
Investigation of emulsified, acid and acid-alkali catalyzed mesoporous bioactive glass microspheres for bone regeneration and drug delivery
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Miao, Guohou [School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641 China (China); National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006 China (China); Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006 China (China); Chen, Xiaofeng, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641 China (China); National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006 China (China); Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006 China (China); Dong, Hua [National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006 China (China); Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006 China (China); School of Biological Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006 (China); Fang, Liming; Mao, Cong; Li, Yuli; Li, Zhengmao; Hu, Qing [School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641 China (China); National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006 China (China); Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006 China (China)
Acid-catalyzed mesoporous bioactive glass microspheres (MBGMs-A) and acid-alkali co-catalyzed mesoporous bioactive glass microspheres (MBGMs-B) were successfully synthesized via combination of sol-gel and water-in-oil (W/O) micro-emulsion methods. The structural, morphological and textural properties of mesoporous bioactive glass microspheres (MBGMs) were characterized by various techniques. Results show that both MBGMs-A and MBGMs-B exhibit regularly spherical shape but with different internal porous structures, i.e., a dense microstructure for MBGMs-A and internally porous structure for MBGMs-B. {sup 29}Si NMR data reveal that MGBMs have low polymerization degree of silica network. The in vitro bioactivity tests indicate that the apatite formation rate of MBGMs-B was faster than that of MBGMs-A after soaking in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution. Furthermore, the two kinds of MBGMs have similar storage capacity of alendronate (AL), and the release behaviors of AL could be controlled due to their unique porous structure. In conclusion, the microspheres are shown to be promising candidates as bone-related drug carriers and filling materials of composite scaffold for bone repair. - Graphical abstract: The morphologies and microstructures of acid-catalyzed mesoporous bioactive glass microspheres (MBGMs-A) and acid-alkali co-catalyzed mesoporous bioactive glass microspheres (MBGMs-B) were observed by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. MBGMs-A exhibits a dense structure and a porous can be observed in MBGMs-B. The microspheres have a quick inducing-apatite formation ability and show a sustained release of alendronate (AL). Highlights: • A rapid method was reported to prepare mesoporous bioactive glass microspheres. • The addition of ammonia significantly shortens the preparation time. • Acid and acid-alkali co-catalyzed microspheres were studied for the first time. • The materials exhibited excellent in vitro bioactivity and
Investigation of emulsified, acid and acid-alkali catalyzed mesoporous bioactive glass microspheres for bone regeneration and drug delivery
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Acid-catalyzed mesoporous bioactive glass microspheres (MBGMs-A) and acid-alkali co-catalyzed mesoporous bioactive glass microspheres (MBGMs-B) were successfully synthesized via combination of sol-gel and water-in-oil (W/O) micro-emulsion methods. The structural, morphological and textural properties of mesoporous bioactive glass microspheres (MBGMs) were characterized by various techniques. Results show that both MBGMs-A and MBGMs-B exhibit regularly spherical shape but with different internal porous structures, i.e., a dense microstructure for MBGMs-A and internally porous structure for MBGMs-B. 29Si NMR data reveal that MGBMs have low polymerization degree of silica network. The in vitro bioactivity tests indicate that the apatite formation rate of MBGMs-B was faster than that of MBGMs-A after soaking in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution. Furthermore, the two kinds of MBGMs have similar storage capacity of alendronate (AL), and the release behaviors of AL could be controlled due to their unique porous structure. In conclusion, the microspheres are shown to be promising candidates as bone-related drug carriers and filling materials of composite scaffold for bone repair. - Graphical abstract: The morphologies and microstructures of acid-catalyzed mesoporous bioactive glass microspheres (MBGMs-A) and acid-alkali co-catalyzed mesoporous bioactive glass microspheres (MBGMs-B) were observed by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. MBGMs-A exhibits a dense structure and a porous can be observed in MBGMs-B. The microspheres have a quick inducing-apatite formation ability and show a sustained release of alendronate (AL). Highlights: • A rapid method was reported to prepare mesoporous bioactive glass microspheres. • The addition of ammonia significantly shortens the preparation time. • Acid and acid-alkali co-catalyzed microspheres were studied for the first time. • The materials exhibited excellent in vitro bioactivity and drug
Synthesis of pteroylglutamic acid-3',5'-2H2 by trifluoroacetic acid catalyzed exchange with deuterium oxide
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Pteroylglutamic acid (PGA) was deuterated by trifluoroacetic acid catalyzed exchange with deuterium oxide. The product, pteroylglutamic acid-3',5'-2H2, was specifically deuterated in the aromatic protons of the p-aminobenzoyl (PABA) moiety; the protons on C7 and C9 and in the glutamic acid residue were not exchanged. Deuterium incorporation was measured by chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CI-MS). Pteroylglutamates were cleaved by a base-catalyzed, oxidative hydrolysis to PABA, which was converted to the methyl ester, N-trifluoroacetate for analysis by gas chromatography-chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. Products from the exchange typically contained 1 percent 2H1 and 90 percent 2H2 species. The procedure may be used to label specifically various analogs of PGA with deuterium in the PABA portion of the molecule
Development of Fluorous Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Reactions
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Joji Nishikido
Full Text Available Organic synthetic methodology in the 21st century aims to conform to the principles of green sustainable chemistry (GSC and we may expect that in the future, the realization of GSC will be an important objective for chemical industries. An important aim of synthetic organic chemistry is to implement waste-free and environmentally-benign industrial processes using Lewis acids as versatile as aluminum choride. A key technological objective of our work in this area has been to achieve a "catalyst recycling system that utilizes the high activity and structural features of fluorous Lewis acid catalystsâ€Â. Thus, we have developed a series of novel fluorous Lewis acid catalysts, namely the ytterbium(III, scandium(III, tin(IV or hafnium(IV bis(perfluoroalkanesulfonylamides or tris(perfluoro- alkanesulfonylmethides. Our catalysts are recyclable and effective for acylations of alcohols and aromatics, Baeyer-Villiger reactions, direct esterifications and transesterifications in a fluorous biphasic system (FBS, in supercritical carbon dioxide and on fluorous silica gel supports.
Heteropoly acid catalyzed hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Complete conversion of glycogen to glucose is achieved by using H3PW12O40·nH2O (HPW) and H4SiW12O40·nH2O (HSiW) as catalysts for the hydrolysis under optimized hydrothermal conditions (mass fraction of catalyst 2.4%, 373 K and 2 h reaction time). The reusability of the catalyst (HPW) was demonstrated. In addition to carrying out the glycogen hydrolysis in an autoclave, other novel methods such as microwave irradiation and sonication have also been investigated. At higher mass fraction of the heteropoly acids (10.5%), glycogen could be completely converted to glucose under microwave irradiation. Sonication of an aqueous solution of glycogen in the presence of HPW and HSiW also yielded glucose. Thus, heteropoly acids are efficient, environmentally friendly and reusable catalysts for the conversion of glycogen to glucose. - Highlights: • Hydrothermal, microwave and sonication based methods of hydrolysis. • Heteropoly acids are green catalysts for glycogen hydrolysis. • Glycogen from cyanobacteria is demonstrated as a potential feedstock for glucose
Grape skins (Vitis vinifera L.) catalyze the in vitro enzymatic hydroxylation of p-coumaric acid to caffeic acid
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Arnous, Anis; Meyer, Anne S.
The ability of grape skins to catalyze in vitro conversion of p-coumaric acid to the more potent antioxidant caffeic acid was studied. Addition of different concentrations of p-coumaric to red grape skins (Cabernet Sauvignon) resulted in formation of caffeic acid. This caffeic acid formation (Y......) correlated positively and linearly to p-coumaric acid consumption (X): Y = 0.5 X + 9.5; R 2 = 0.96, P <0.0001. The kinetics of caffeic acid formation with time in response to initial p-coumaric acid levels and at different grape skin concentrations, indicated that the grape skins harboured an o......-hydroxylation activity, proposedly a monophenol- or a flavonoid 3′-monooxygenase activity (EC 220.127.116.11 or EC 184.108.40.206). The K m of this crude o-hydroxylation activity in the red grape skin was 0.5 mM with p-coumaric acid....
Palladium-Catalyzed α-Arylation of Aryl Acetic Acid Derivatives via Dienolate Intermediates with Aryl Chlorides and Bromides
Sha, Sheng-Chun; Zhang, Jiadi; Walsh, Patrick J.
To date, examples of α-arylation of carboxylic acids remain scarce. Using a deprotonative cross-coupling process (DCCP), a method for palladium-catalyzed γ-arylation of aryl acetic acids with aryl halides has been developed. This protocol is applicable to a wide range of aryl bromides and chlorides. A procedure for the palladium-catalyzed α-arylation of styryl acetic acids is also described.
Development of Fluorous Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Reactions
Joji Nishikido; Osamu Yamazaki; Xiuhua Hao; Akihiro Yoshida
Organic synthetic methodology in the 21st century aims to conform to the principles of green sustainable chemistry (GSC) and we may expect that in the future, the realization of GSC will be an important objective for chemical industries. An important aim of synthetic organic chemistry is to implement waste-free and environmentally-benign industrial processes using Lewis acids as versatile as aluminum choride. A key technological objective of our work in this area has been to achieve a "c...
Kinetics of acid-catalyzed aldol condensation reactions of aliphatic aldehydes
Casale, Mia T.; Richman, Aviva R.; Elrod, Matthew J.; Garland, Rebecca M.; Beaver, Melinda R.; Tolbert, Margaret A.
Field observations of atmospheric aerosols have established that organic compounds compose a large fraction of the atmospheric aerosol mass. However, the physical/chemical pathway by which organic compounds are incorporated into atmospheric aerosols remains unclear. The potential role of acid-catalyzed reactions of organic compounds on acidic aerosols has been explored as a possible chemical pathway for the incorporation of organic material into aerosols. In the present study, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy was used to monitor the kinetics of formation of the products of the acid-catalyzed aldol condensation reaction of a range of aliphatic aldehydes (C 2-C 8). The experiments were carried out at various sulfuric acid concentrations and a range of temperatures in order to estimate the rate constants of such reactions on sulfuric acid aerosols under tropospheric conditions. The rate constants were generally found to decrease as the chain length of the aliphatic aldehyde increased (except for acetaldehyde, which had an unusually small rate constant), increase as a function of sulfuric acid concentration as predicted by excess acidity theory, and showed normal Arrhenius behavior as a function of temperature. While the kinetic data are generally consistent with previous laboratory reports of aldehyde reactivity in various sulfuric acid media, the aldol condensation reactions involving aliphatic aldehydes do not appear fast enough to be responsible for significant transfer of organic material into atmospheric aerosols.
Acid-Catalyzed Reaction of Epoxides on Atmospheric Nanoparticles
Xu, W.; Gomez-Hernandez, M.; Lal, V.; Qiu, C.; Khalizov, A. F.; Wang, L.; Zhang, R.
Aerosol plays an important role in affecting the earth climate and harming human health. Atmospheric aerosols can be formed from either primary emissions or gas-to-particle conversion process. Numerous studies, including both experimental and theoretical, have been carried out to elucidate the mechanism of gas-to-particle conversion process (a.k.a. nucleation) and the later growth stage of newly formed nanoparticles. However, a complete list of species involving in the nucleation and growth processes of nanoparticles is still poorly understood. The growth of newly formed sulfuric acid - water nanoparticles has been suggested to involve several potential organic vapors, such as amines, glyoxal, 2-4 hexadienal, and epoxides. In the present study, new formed sulfuric acid -water nanoparticles were size selected by a differential mobility analyzer and exposed to epoxide vapors. The size-change after exposure was detected using the second differential mobility analyzer. The size-enlarged particles were then collected by an electrostatic precipitator, thermal vaporized, and analyzed by an ion drift chemical ionization mass spectrometer. Our results show that the sizes of nanoparticles are increased considerably and the magnitude of the increment in size is size-dependent. Mass spectrometry analysis of the nanoparticles after exposure demonstrates that low volatile organosulfate and oligomers are formed in nanoparticles upon their exposure to epoxide vapors.
Kinetics of the Esterification Reaction between Pentanoic Acid and Methanol Catalyzed by Noncorrosive Cation Exchange Resin
Sharma, M.; Toor, A. P.; R. K. Wanchoo
Methyl pentanoate, commonly known as methyl valerate, is the methyl ester of pentanoic acid (valeric acid) with a fruity odour. Methyl pentanoate is commonly used in fragrances, beauty care, soap, laundry detergents at levels of 0.1 – 1 %. In its very pure form (purity 99.5 %) it is used as a plasticizer in the manufacture of plastics. In the present investigation, kinetics of esterification of pentanoic acid with methanol catalyzed by heterogeneous catalyst in a batch-type reactor is reporte...
Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Redox-Active Esters with Boronic Acids.
Wang, Jie; Qin, Tian; Chen, Tie-Gen; Wimmer, Laurin; Edwards, Jacob T; Cornella, Josep; Vokits, Benjamin; Shaw, Scott A; Baran, Phil S
A transformation analogous in simplicity and functional group tolerance to the venerable Suzuki cross-coupling between alkyl-carboxylic acids and boronic acids is described. This Ni-catalyzed reaction relies upon the activation of alkyl carboxylic acids as their redox-active ester derivatives, specifically N-hydroxy-tetrachlorophthalimide (TCNHPI), and proceeds in a practical and scalable fashion. The inexpensive nature of the reaction components (NiCl2 ⋅6 H2 O-$9.5 mol(-1) , Et3 N) coupled to the virtually unlimited commercial catalog of available starting materials bodes well for its rapid adoption. PMID:27380912
Organosolv liquefaction of sugarcane bagasse catalyzed by acidic ionic liquids.
Chen, Zhengjian; Long, Jinxing
An efficient and eco-friendly process is proposed for sugarcane bagasse liquefaction under mild condition using IL catalyst and environmental friendly solvent of ethanol/H2O. The relationship between IL acidic strength and its catalytic performance is investigated. The effects of reaction condition parameters such as catalyst dosage, temperature, time and solvent are also intensively studied. The results show that ethanol/H2O has a significant promotion effect on the simultaneous liquefaction of sugarcane bagasse carbohydrate and lignin. 97.5% of the bagasse can be liquefied with 66.46% of volatile product yield at 200°C for 30min. Furthermore, the IL catalyst shows good recyclability where no significant loss of the catalytic activity is exhibited even after five runs. PMID:27115746
Contribution to the study of the oxidation reaction of Np(V) by nitric acid catalyzed par nitrous acid
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The oxidation reaction kinetics of Np(V) to Np(VI) by nitric acid catalyzed by nitrous acid was studied. In a first part, a detailed bibliographical survey was made of the oxidation-reduction reactions of U, Np, Pu, Am with nitrous and nitric acids (51 references). It is shown that only when both the organic and aqueous phases are mixed up, the extraction of a reaction product (NpVI) induces an equilibrium displacement. TBP was used as solvent. It is shown that the extraction of nitrous acid from the solvent enables the nitrous acid concentration to be kept constant and in the same order of magnitude than that of Np. This enables to show that Np(V) and nitrous acid have no simple orders. The temperature and nitric acid concentration dependence was studied. It is shown that tetravalent nitrogen must play a major part in the Np(V) oxidation
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
K. Durai Murugan; S. Radhika; I. Baskaran; R. Anbarasan
Glycolic acid was polymerized under vacuum in the presence and absence of nano sized clay. The added clay catalyzed the condensation polymerization which can be confirmed by recording FT1R spectroscopy and intrinsic viscosity (Ⅳ) values. The relative intensity of C =O/CH is increased while increasing the amount of clay. DSC showed the appearance of multiple endotherms of poly(glycolic acid). TGA showed the percentage weight residue remain above 750℃ for polymer-nano composite system was 21% and hence proved the flame retardancy (char forming) nature. TEM confirmed the nano size of the clay used to catalyze the condensation reaction. The intrinsic viscosity value was increased with the increase of percentage weight of Hectorite type clay.
Keto-Enol Tautomerizations Catalyzed by Water and Carboxylic Acids
da Silva, G.
The ability of weakly-bound complexes to influence the kinetics of gas phase reactions, particularly in atmospheric chemistry, has long been speculated. This study uses quantum chemistry and statistical reaction rate theory to identify that bound water molecules can significantly reduce barriers to intramolecular hydrogen shift reactions, via a double-hydrogen-shift mechanism. The bound water molecule directly participates in the hydrogen shift reaction, exchanging a H atom with its counterpart. For the vinyl alcohol to acetaldehyde keto-enol tautomerization this mechanism cuts the reaction barrier approximately in half, reducing it by over 30 kcal mol-1. In contrast, while a non-participatory 'bystander' water molecule also reduces the hydrogen shift barrier, it is only by around 3 kcal/mol. When a carboxylic acid replaces water in the double-hydrogen-shift mechanism the barrier to keto-enol tautomerization is decimated, reduced to less than 6 kcal/mol (around 15 kcal/mol in the reverse direction). This results from reduced strain in the hydrogen shift transition state, and achieves enol lifetimes in the troposphere that become short on relevant timescales. Rapid enol to ketone isomerizations are currently required to explain the oxidation products of isoprene. The wider significance of rapid hydrogen shift reactions in atmospherically relevant molecules and radicals is also explored.
Origins of Stereoselectivities in Chiral Phosphoric Acid-Catalyzed Allylborations and Propargylations of Aldehydes
Wang, Hao; Jain, Pankaj; Antilla, Jon C.; Houk, K. N.
The chiral BINOL-phosphoric acid catalyzed allylboration and propargylation reactions are studied with density functional theory (B3LYP and B3LYP-D3). Two different models were recently proposed for these reactions by Goodman and our group, respectively. In Goodman's model for allylborations, the catalyst interacts with the boronate pseudo-axial oxygen. By contrast, our model for propargylations predicts that the catalyst interacts with the boronate pseudo-equatorial oxygen. In both models, t...
Amine-Catalyzed Highly Regioselective and Stereoselective C(sp(2) )-C(sp(2) ) Cross-Coupling of Naphthols with trans-α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes.
Hu, Yang; Ma, Yueyue; Sun, Rengwei; Yu, Xinhong; Xie, Hexin; Wang, Wei
A metal-free C(sp(2) )-C(sp(2) ) cross-coupling approach to highly congested (E)-α-naphtholylenals from simple naphthols and enals is described. The mild reaction conditions with pyridine hydrobromideperbromide (PHBP) as the bromination reagent in the presence of piperidine or diphenylprolinol trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether as promoters enable the process in good yields and with high chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, and stereoselectivity. The process involves an unprecedented pathway of in situ regioselective 4-bromination of 1-naphthols and the subsequent unusual aromatic nucleophilic substitution of the resulting 4-bromo-1-naphthols with the α-C(sp(2) ) of enals through a Michael-type Friedel-Crafts alkylation-dearomatization followed by a cyclopropanation ring-opening cascade process. The noteworthy features of this strategy are highlighted by the highly efficient creation of a C(sp(2) )-C(sp(2) ) bond from readily available unfunctionalized naphthols and enals catalyzed by non-metal, readily available cyclic secondary amines under mild reaction conditions. PMID:26096893
Sulfuric, hydrochloric, and nitric acid-catalyzed triacetone triperoxide (TATP) reaction mixtures: an aging study.
Fitzgerald, Mark; Bilusich, Daniel
The organic peroxide explosive triacetone triperoxide (TATP) is regularly encountered by law enforcement agents in various stages of its production. This study utilizes solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to examine sulfuric acid-, hydrochloric acid-, and nitric acid-catalyzed TATP syntheses during the initial 24 h of these reactions at low temperatures (5-9°C). Additionally, aging of the reaction mixtures was examined at both low and ambient temperatures (19-21°C) for a further 9 days. For each experiment, TATP could be readily identified in the headspace above the reaction mixture 1 h subsequent to the combination of reagents; at 24 h, TATP and diacetone diperoxide (DADP) were prominent. TATP degraded more rapidly than DADP. Additionally, chlorinated acetones chloroacetone and 1,1,-dichloroacetone were identified in the headspace above the hydrochloric acid-catalyzed TATP reaction mixture. These were not present when the catalyst was sulfuric acid or nitric acid. PMID:21595692
Preliminary Study on Lipase-catalyzed Synthesis of Polyesters Containing L-Malic Acid Units
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Da Hu YAO; Guang Ji LI
Terpolymer of 1, 8-octanediol, adipic acid, and L-malic acid was synthesized via a lipase-catalyzed direct polycondensation. The products were characterized by GPC and 1H NMR.The results indicated that the molecular weight of the prepared polymers decreased with increasing L-malic acid content in the monomer feed ratio, and that change in the L-malic acid content from 0to 20 mol % did not remarkably influenced on the molecular weight distribution Mw/Mn of the prepared samples. The 1H NMR spectra of the obtained copolymer samples showed that hydroxyl groups of L-malic acid did not take part in the polymerization reaction.
Solid acid-catalyzed depolymerization of barley straw driven by ball milling.
Schneider, Laura; Haverinen, Jasmiina; Jaakkola, Mari; Lassi, Ulla
This study describes a time and energy saving, solvent-free procedure for the conversion of lignocellulosic barley straw into reducing sugars by mechanocatalytical pretreatment. The catalytic conversion efficiency of several solid acids was tested which revealed oxalic acid dihydrate as a potential catalyst with high conversion rate. Samples were mechanically treated by ball milling and subsequently hydrolyzed at different temperatures. The parameters of the mechanical treatment were optimized in order to obtain sufficient amount of total reducing sugar (TRS) which was determined following the DNS assay. Additionally, capillary electrophoresis (CE) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) were carried out. Under optimal conditions TRS 42% was released using oxalic acid dihydrate as a catalyst. This study revealed that the acid strength plays an important role in the depolymerization of barley straw and in addition, showed, that the oxalic acid-catalyzed reaction generates low level of the degradation product 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). PMID:26859328
Palladium-Catalyzed Multicomponent Synthesis of 2-Imidazolines from Imines and Acid Chlorides
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Boran Xu
Full Text Available We describe the palladium-catalyzed multicomponent synthesis of 2-imidazolines. This reaction proceeds via the coupling of imines, acid chlorides and carbon monoxide to form imidazolinium carboxylates, followed by a decarboxylation. Decarboxylation in CHCl3 is found to result in a mixture of imidazolinium and imidazolium salts. However, the addition of benzoic acid suppresses aromatization, and generates the trans-disubstituted imidazolines in good yield. Combining this reaction with subsequent nitrogen deprotection provides an overall synthesis of imidazolines from multiple available building blocks.
Asymmetric epoxidation of allylic alcohols catalyzed by vanadium-binaphthylbishydroxamic Acid complex.
Noji, Masahiro; Kobayashi, Toshihiro; Uechi, Yuria; Kikuchi, Asami; Kondo, Hisako; Sugiyama, Shigeo; Ishii, Keitaro
A vanadium-binaphthylbishydroxamic acid (BBHA) complex-catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation of allylic alcohols is described. The optically active binaphthyl-based ligands BBHA 2a and 2b were synthesized from (S)-1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-dicarboxylic acid and N-substituted-O-trimethylsilyl (TMS)-protected hydroxylamines via a one-pot, three-step procedure. The epoxidations of 2,3,3-trisubstituted allylic alcohols using the vanadium complex of 2a were easily performed in toluene with a TBHP water solution to afford (2R)-epoxy alcohols in good to excellent enantioselectivities. PMID:25714329
Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of aryl boronic acids with aryl halides in water.
Wang, Shaoyan; Zhang, Zhiqiang; Hu, Zhizhi; Wang, Yue; Lei, Peng; Chi, Haijun
An efficient Suzuki cross-coupling reaction using a variety of aryl halides in neat water was developed. The Pd-catalyzed reaction between aryl bromides or chlorides and phenyl boronic acids was compatible with various functional groups and affords biphenyls in good to excellent yields without requirement of organic cosolvents. The air stability and solubility in water of the palladium-phosphinous acid complexes were considered to facilitate operation of the coupling reaction and product isolation. The reaction conditions including Pd catalyst selection, temperature, base and catalyst recoverability were also investigated. PMID:25084408
Formation of linear polyenes in poly(vinyl alcohol) films catalyzed by phosphotungstic acid, aluminum chloride, and hydrochloric acid
Tretinnikov, O. N.; Sushko, N. I.; Malyi, A. B.
Formation of linear polyenes-(CH=CH)n-via acid-catalyzed thermal dehydration of polyvinyl alcohol in 9- to 40-µm-thick films of this polymer containing hydrochloric acid, aluminum chloride, and phosphotungstic acid as dehydration catalysts was studied by electronic absorption spectroscopy. The concentration of long-chain ( n ≥ 8) polyenes in films containing phosphotungstic acid is found to monotonically increase with the duration of thermal treatment of films, although the kinetics of this process is independent of film thickness. In films containing hydrochloric acid and aluminum chloride, the formation rate of polyenes with n ≥ 8 rapidly drops as film thickness decreases and the annealing time increases. As a result, at a film thickness of less than 10-12 µm, long-chain polyenes are not formed at all in these films no matter how long thermal duration is. The reason for this behavior is that hydrochloric acid catalyzing polymer dehydration in these films evaporates from the films during thermal treatment, the evaporation rate inversely depending on film thickness.
Base catalyzed transesterification of acid treated vegetable oil blend for biodiesel production
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Yusup, Suzana; Khan, Modhar Ali [Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Tronoh, Perak 31750 (Malaysia)
Biodiesel can be produced from low cost non-edible oils and fats. However, most of these sources are of high free fatty acid content which requires two stage transesterification to reduce the acid value and produce biodiesel. The acid treatment step is usually followed by base transesterification since the latter can yield higher conversions of methyl esters at shorter reaction time when compared with acid catalyzed reaction. In the current study, base transesterification in the second stage of biodiesel synthesis is studied for a blend of crude palm/crude rubber seed oil that had been characterized and treated with acid esterification. Optimum conditions for the reaction were established and effect of each variable was investigated. The base catalyzed transesterification favored a temperature of 55 C with methanol/oil molar ratio of 8/1 and potassium hydroxide at 2% (ww{sup -1}) (oil basis). The conversion of methyl esters exceeded 98% after 5 h and the product quality was verified to match that for biodiesel with international standards. (author)
Esterification of Oleic Acid for Biodiesel Production Catalyzed by SnCl2: A Kinetic Investigation
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Marcio J. da Silva
Full Text Available The production of biodiesel from low-cost raw materials which generally contain high amounts of free fatty acids (FFAs is a valuable alternative that would make their production costs more competitive than petroleum-derived fuel. Currently, the production of biodiesel from this kind of raw materials comprises a two-stage process, which requires an initial acid-catalyzed esterification of the FFA, followed by a basecatalyzed transesterification of the triglycerides. Commonly, the acid H2SO4 is the catalyst on the first step of this process. It must be said, however, that major drawbacks such as substantial reactor corrosion and the great generation of wastes, including the salts formed due to neutralization of the mineral acid, are negative and virtually unsurmountable aspects of this protocol. In this paper, tin(II chloride dihydrate (SnCl2·2H2O, an inexpensive Lewis acid, was evaluated as catalyst on the ethanolysis of oleic acid, which is the major component of several fat and vegetable oils feedstocks. Tin chloride efficiently promoted the conversion of oleic acid into ethyl oleate in ethanol solution and in soybean oil samples, under mild reaction conditions. The SnCl2 catalyst was shown to be as active as the mineral acid H2SO4. Its use has relevant advantages in comparison to mineral acids catalysts, such as less corrosion of the reactors and as well as avoiding the unnecessary neutralization of products. Herein, the effect of the principal parameters of reaction on the yield and rate of ethyl oleate production has been investigated. Kinetic measurements revealed that the esterification of oleic acid catalyzed by SnCl2·2H2O is first-order in relation to both FFAs and catalyst concentration. Experimentally, it was verified that the energy of activation of the esterification reaction of oleic acid catalyzed by SnCl2 was very close those reported for H2SO4.
Direct Synthesis of 5-Aryl Barbituric Acids by Rhodium(II)-Catalyzed Reactions of Arenes with Diazo Compounds**
Best, Daniel; Burns, David J.; Lam, Hon Wai
A commercially available rhodium(II) complex catalyzes the direct arylation of 5-diazobarbituric acids with arenes, allowing straightforward access to 5-aryl barbituric acids. Free N—H groups are tolerated on the barbituric acid, with no complications arising from N—H insertion processes. This method was applied to the concise synthesis of a potent matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor.
Direct Synthesis of 5-Aryl Barbituric Acids by Rhodium(II)-Catalyzed Reactions of Arenes with Diazo Compounds**
Best, Daniel; Burns, David J; Lam, Hon Wai
A commercially available rhodium(II) complex catalyzes the direct arylation of 5-diazobarbituric acids with arenes, allowing straightforward access to 5-aryl barbituric acids. Free N—H groups are tolerated on the barbituric acid, with no complications arising from N—H insertion processes. This method was applied to the concise synthesis of a potent matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor. PMID:25959544
Direct Synthesis of 5-Aryl Barbituric Acids by Rhodium(II)-Catalyzed Reactions of Arenes with Diazo Compounds.
Best, Daniel; Burns, David J; Lam, Hon Wai
A commercially available rhodium(II) complex catalyzes the direct arylation of 5-diazobarbituric acids with arenes, allowing straightforward access to 5-aryl barbituric acids. Free N-H groups are tolerated on the barbituric acid, with no complications arising from N-H insertion processes. This method was applied to the concise synthesis of a potent matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor. PMID:25959544
Synthesis of 2-monoacylglycerols and structured triacylglycerols rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids by enzyme catalyzed reactions.
Rodríguez, Alicia; Esteban, Luis; Martín, Lorena; Jiménez, María José; Hita, Estrella; Castillo, Beatriz; González, Pedro A; Robles, Alfonso
This paper studies the synthesis of structured triacylglycerols (STAGs) by a four-step process: (i) obtaining 2-monoacylglycerols (2-MAGs) by alcoholysis of cod liver oil with several alcohols, catalyzed by lipases Novozym 435, from Candida antartica and DF, from Rhizopus oryzae, (ii) purification of 2-MAGs, (iii) formation of STAGs by esterification of 2-MAGs with caprylic acid catalyzed by lipase DF, from R. oryzae, and (iv) purification of these STAGs. For the alcoholysis of cod liver oil, absolute ethanol, ethanol 96% (v/v) and 1-butanol were compared; the conditions with ethanol 96% were then optimized and 2-MAG yields of around 54-57% were attained using Novozym 435. In these 2-MAGs, DHA accounted for 24-31% of total fatty acids. In the operational conditions this lipase maintained a stable level of activity over at least 11 uses. These results were compared with those obtained with lipase DF, which deactivated after only three uses. The alcoholysis of cod liver oil and ethanol 96% catalyzed by Novozym 435 was scaled up by multiplying the reactant amounts 100-fold and maintaining the intensity of treatment constant (IOT=3g lipase h/g oil). In these conditions, the 2-MAG yield attained was about 67%; these 2-MAGs contained 36.6% DHA. The synthesized 2-MAGs were separated and purified from the alcoholysis reaction products by solvent extraction using solvents of low toxicity (ethanol and hexane); 2-MAG recovery yield and purity of the target product were approximately 96.4% and 83.9%, respectively. These 2-MAGs were transformed to STAGs using the optimal conditions obtained in a previous work. After synthesis and purification, 93% pure STAGs were obtained, containing 38% DHA at sn-2 position and 60% caprylic acid (CA) at sn-1,3 positions (of total fatty acids at these positions), i.e. the major TAG is the STAG with the structure CA-DHA-CA. PMID:22759534
Lewis Acid Pairs for the Activation of Biomass-derived Oxygenates in Aqueous Media
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Roman, Yuriy [Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)
post-synthetic modifications, layered zeolite precursors can be transformed into 2-dimensional (2D), zeolites with open architectures. These novel hierarchical microporous/mesoporous materials with exposed active sites can facilitate the conversion of bulky substrates while maintaining higher stability than amorphous mesoporous materials. However, post-synthetic exfoliation techniques are energy intensive, multi-step and require highly alkaline conditions that result in low silica yields and a partially amorphous product. In this aim, we demonstrate an effective one-pot synthesis method to generate exfoliated single-unit-cell thick MWW nanosheets. The new material, named MIT-1, is synthesized using a rationally-designed OSDA and results in a material with high crystallinity, surface area, and acidity that does not require post-synthetic treatments other than calcination. A parametric study of Al, Na, and water content reveals that MIT-1 crystallizes over a wide synthetic window. Characterization data show that MIT-1 has high mesoporosity with an external surface area exceeding 500 m2g-1 and a high external acid site density of 21 x 10-5 mol g-1. Catalytic tests demonstrate that MIT-1 has three-fold higher catalytic activity for the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene with benzyl alcohol as compared to that of other 3D MWW topology zeolites.
Biodiesel Production from Spent Fish Frying Oil Through Acid-Base Catalyzed Transesterification
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Abdalrahman B. Fadhil
Full Text Available Biodiesel fuels were prepared from a special type of frying oil namely spent fish frying oil through two step transesterification viz. acid-base catalyzed transesterification. Hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide with methanol were used for this purpose. The oil was pre-treated with (1.0 wt% HCl and methanol to reduce free fatty acids content of the oil. Then, conditions of the base catalyzed step such as base concentration, reaction temperature, methanol to oil molar ratio and reaction time were optimized. The study raveled that, 0.50% KOH w/w of oil; a 6:1 methanol to oil molar ratio; a reaction temperature of 60°C and a duration of 1h were the optimal conditions because they resulted in high biodiesel yield. Fuel properties of the products were assessed and found better than those of the parent oil. Furthermore, they met the specified limits according to the ASTM standards. Thin layer chromatography was used as a simple technique to monitor the transesterification of the oil. Blending of the optimal biodiesel sample with petro diesel using specified volume percentages was done as well. The results indicated that biodiesel had slight effect on the values of the assessed properties.
Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Tandem Synthesis of Acenes Using Carboxylic Acids as Traceless Directing Groups.
Kim, Kiho; Vasu, Dhananjayan; Im, Honggu; Hong, Sungwoo
A straightforward synthetic strategy for generating useful anthracene derivatives was developed involving palladium(II)-catalyzed tandem transformation with carboxylic acids as traceless directing groups. Carboxyl-directed C-H alkenylation, carboxyl-directed secondary C-H activation and rollover, intramolecular C-C bond formation, and decarboxylative aromatization are proposed as the key steps in the tandem reaction pathway. This novel synthetic route utilizes a broad range of substrates and provides a convenient synthetic tool that allows access to acenes. PMID:27244536
Synthesis of phytuberin. 4-endo-tet acid-catalyzed cyclization of alpha-hydroxy epoxides.
Prangé, Thierry; Rodríguez, María S; Suárez, Ernesto
The total synthesis of phytuberin, a phytoalexin of the Solanum genus, from (-)-alpha-santonin is reported. The key steps include (a) reductive cleavage of the C-O bond of the gamma-lactone with concomitant protection of the C1 double bond, (b) Sharpless stereocontrolled hydroxy-assisted epoxidation of allylic alcohol 6 and simultaneous deprotection of the C1 double bond, (c) a rare 4-endo-tet acid-catalyzed cyclization of an alpha-hydroxy epoxide, and (d) an unprecedented 4-exo selenocyclization of a homoallylic alcohol. PMID:12762747
Copper-catalyzed decarboxylative sulfonylation of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids.
Rokade, Balaji V; Prabhu, Kandikere Ramaiah
Copper-catalyzed, ligand-promoted decarboxylative coupling of readily available α,β-unsaturated acids with sodium aryl sulfinates is presented. This method provides a new avenue for the synthesis of vinyl sulfones via a decarboxylative radical coupling strategy by employing a catalytic amount of Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O, TBHP in decane as an oxidant, and 1,10-phenanthroline as a ligand. The salient feature of this method is that it furnishes exclusively the (E)-isomer. PMID:25098975
Microwave-assisted facile and rapid Friedel-Crafts benzoylation of arenes catalysed by bismuth trifluoromethanesulfonate
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Tran, Phoung Hoang; Hansen, Poul Erik; Pham, Thuy Than;
The catalytic activity of metal triflates was investigated in Friedel–Crafts benzoylation under microwave irradiation. Friedel–Crafts benzoylation with benzoyl chloride of a variety of arenes containing electron-rich and electron-poor rings using bismuth triflate under microwave irradiation is...
Green photochemistry: the solar-chemical 'Photo-Friedel-Crafts acylation' of quinones
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Schiel, C.; Oelgemoeller, M.; Ortner, J.; Mattay, J.
The photoreactions between 1,4-quinones (1 and 4) and aldehydes (2 and 5), yielding acylated hydroquinones as sole products, were investigated under artificial and solar irradiation conditions. Three different solar reactors were used for the photochemical syntheses with sunlight (PROPHIS, CPC and a flat bed reactor), and the CPC system was found to be the most robust one in terms of weather dependence. The solar reactions can be easily performed on a half-kilogram scale using cheap and commercially available starting materials. (author)
7-deoxyloganetic acid synthase catalyzes a key 3 step oxidation to form 7-deoxyloganetic acid in Catharanthus roseus iridoid biosynthesis.
Salim, Vonny; Wiens, Brent; Masada-Atsumi, Sayaka; Yu, Fang; De Luca, Vincenzo
Iridoids are key intermediates required for the biosynthesis of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs), as well as quinoline alkaloids. Although most iridoid biosynthetic genes have been identified, one remaining three step oxidation required to form the carboxyl group of 7-deoxyloganetic acid has yet to be characterized. Here, it is reported that virus-induced gene silencing of 7-deoxyloganetic acid synthase (7DLS, CYP76A26) in Catharanthus roseus greatly decreased levels of secologanin and the major MIAs, catharanthine and vindoline in silenced leaves. Functional expression of this gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae confirmed its function as an authentic 7DLS that catalyzes the 3 step oxidation of iridodial-nepetalactol to form 7-deoxyloganetic acid. The identification of CYP76A26 removes a key bottleneck for expression of iridoid and related MIA pathways in various biological backgrounds. PMID:24594312
Noble metal catalyzed hydrogen generation from formic acid in nitrite-containing simulated nuclear waste media
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The Hanford Waste Vitrification Plant (HWVP) is being designed by the U.S. Department of Energy to immobilize high-level nuclear waste. Simulants for the HWVP feed containing the major nonradioactive components Al, Cd, Fe, Mn, Nd, Ni, Si, Zr, Na, CO32-, NO3- and NO2- were used as media to evaluate the stability of formic acid towards hydrogen evolution by the reaction HCO2H→H2+/CO2 catalyzed by the noble metals Ru, Rh, and/or Pd found in significant quantities in uranium fission products. Small-scale experiments using 40-50 mL of feed simulant in closed glass reactors (250-550 mL total volume) at 80-100 degree C were used to study the effect of nitrite and nitrate ion on the catalytic activities of the noble metals for formic acid decomposition. Reactions were monitored using gas chromatography to analyze the CO2, H2, NO, and N2O in the gas phase as a function of time. Rhodium, which was introduced as soluble RhCl3.3H2O, was found to be the most active catalyst for hydrogen generation from formic acid above nearly 80 degree C in the presence of nitrite ion in accord with earlier observations. The apparent homogeneous nature of the nitrite-promoted Rh-catalyzed formic acid decomposition is consistent with the approximate pseudo-first-order dependence of the hydrogen production rate on Rh concentration. 24 refs., 7 figs., 2 tabs
Recovery of arabinan in acetic acid-catalyzed hydrothermal pretreatment on corn stover
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Xu, Jian; Hedegaard, Mette Christina; Thomsen, Anne Belinda
Acetic acid-catalyzed hydrothermal pretreatment was done on corn stover under 195 °C, 15 min with the acetic acid ranging from 5 × 10−3 to 0.2 g g−1 corn stover. After pretreatment, the water-insoluble solids (WISs) and liquors were collected respectively. Arabinan recoveries from both WIS and...... liquors were investigated. The results indicate that there was no detectable arabinan left in the WIS when the acetic acid of 0.1 and 0.2 g g−1 corn stover were used in the pretreatment. The arabinan contents in the other WISs were not more than 10%. However, the arabinan found in the liquors was not...... covering the amount of arabinan released from the raw corn stover. For the arabinan recovery from liquor fractions, the highest of 43.57% was obtained by the pretreatment of acetic acid of 0.01 g g−1 of corn stover and the lowest was only 26.77% when the acetic acid of 0.2 g g−1 corn stover was used. As...
Esterification of Oleic Acid for Biodiesel Production Catalyzed by SnCl2: A Kinetic Investigation
Abiney L. Cardoso; Soraia Cristina Gonzaga Neves; Marcio J. da Silva
The production of biodiesel from low-cost raw materials which generally contain high amounts of free fatty acids (FFAs) is a valuable alternative that would make their production costs more competitive than petroleum-derived fuel. Currently, the production of biodiesel from this kind of raw materials comprises a two-stage process, which requires an initial acid-catalyzed esterification of the FFA, followed by a basecatalyzed transesterification of the triglycerides. Commonly, the acid H2SO4 i...
Silver ion catalyzed cerium(IV) mediated electrochemical oxidation of phenol in nitric acid medium
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO) is one of the sustainable processes for organic pollutant destruction and has been employed for organic mineralization reactions by many researchers. In the MEO a metal ion capable of exhibiting redox behavior is oxidized from lower oxidation state to higher oxidation state by an electrochemical cell and subsequently used as an oxidant for mineralizing the toxic organics into CO2 and water. The net result is the consumption of electrical energy for organic mineralization. Therefore, the current efficiency is an important factor and maximizing the current efficiency is one of the ways of reducing the running cost of the MEO process. It has been reported in the literature that the current efficiency could be increased using a metal ion catalyst having a good redox potential. In this study Ce(IV) mediated electrochemical oxidation of phenol was carried out with silver ion catalyst. The current efficiency for the electro-oxidation of cerium(III) in nitric acid was found to be increased by the addition of silver ions. This mixed mediator system was tested for the oxidation of phenol in order to optimize the parameters for organic pollutant destruction. The mineralization efficiency calculated based on the CO2 evolution was found to be higher for silver catalyzed Ce(IV) mediated oxidation compared to the non-silver catalyzed system
Phenylalanine Aminomutase-Catalyzed Addition of Ammonia to Substituted Cinnamic Acids : a Route to Enantiopure alpha- and beta-Amino Acids
Szymanski, Wiktor; Wu, Bian; Weiner, Barbara; Wildeman, Stefaan de; Feringa, Ben L.; Janssen, Dick B.
An approach is described for the synthesis of aromatic alpha- and beta-amino acids that Uses phenylalanine aminomutase to catalyze a highly enantioselective addition of ammonia to substituted cinnamic acids. The reaction has a broad scope and yields Substituted alpha- and beta-phenylalanines with ex
Kinetics of Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Cyclic Hemiacetals in Organic Aerosol Particles in Equilibrium with Nitric Acid Vapor.
Ranney, April P; Ziemann, Paul J
Previous studies have shown that 1,4-hydroxycarbonyls, which are often major products of the atmospheric oxidation of hydrocarbons, can undergo acid-catalyzed cyclization and dehydration in aerosol particles to form highly reactive unsaturated dihydrofurans. In this study the kinetics of dehydration of cyclic hemiacetals, the rate-limiting step in this process, was investigated in a series of environmental chamber experiments in which secondary organic aerosol (SOA) containing cyclic hemiacetals was formed from the reaction of n-pentadecane with OH radicals in dry air in the presence of HNO3. A particle beam mass spectrometer was used to monitor the formation and dehydration of cyclic hemiacetals in real time, and SOA and HNO3 were quantified in filter samples by gravimetric analysis and ion chromatography. Measured dehydration rate constants increased linearly with increasing concentration of HNO3 in the gas phase and in SOA, corresponding to catalytic rate constants of 0.27 h(-1) ppmv(-1) and 7.0 h(-1) M(-1), respectively. The measured Henry's law constant for partitioning of HNO3 into SOA was 3.7 × 10(4) M atm(-1), ∼25% of the value for dissolution into water, and the acid dissociation constant was estimated to be SOA and that dehydration of cyclic hemiacetals was catalyzed by molecular HNO3 rather than by H(+). The Henry's law constant and kinetics relationships measured here can be used to improve mechanisms and models of SOA formation from the oxidation of hydrocarbons in dry air in the presence of NOx, which are conditions commonly used in laboratory studies. The fate of cyclic hemiacetals in the atmosphere, where the effects of higher relative humidity, organic/aqueous phase separation, and acid catalysis by molecular H2SO4 and/or H(+) are likely to be important, is discussed. PMID:27043733
Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of fatty acid amide (erucamide) using fatty acid and urea.
Awasthi, Neeraj Praphulla; Singh, R P
Ammonolysis of fatty acids to the corresponding fatty acid amides is efficiently catalysed by Candida antartica lipase (Novozym 435). In the present paper lipase-catalysed synthesis of erucamide by ammonolysis of erucic acid and urea in organic solvent medium was studied and optimal conditions for fatty amides synthesis were established. In this process erucic acid gave 88.74 % pure erucamide after 48 hour and 250 rpm at 60 degrees C with 1:4 molar ratio of erucic acid and urea, the organic solvent media is 50 ml tert-butyl alcohol (2-methyl-2-propanol). This process for synthesis is economical as we used urea in place of ammonia or other amidation reactant at atmospheric pressure. The amount of catalyst used is 3 %. PMID:17898456
Intrinsic oxidation kinetics of sulfite catalyzed by peracetic acid under different water quality and light conditions
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Oxidation of sulfite is an important process in wet flue gas desulfurization.Using highly purified water or distilled water as a reaction medium and a transparent or an opaque intermittent reaction apparatus,the intrinsic oxidation kinetics of sulfite catalyzed by peracetic acid was investigated under four dif-ferent conditions.The reaction order of the reagents and the activation energy were obtained.The re-sults indicate that water quality and light have no obvious effects on the reaction order and activation energy,but have an influence on the reaction rate constant.The mechanism of the intrinsic reaction is proposed.The results derived with this mechanism are in good agreement with the experimental re-sults.
Acid-Catalyzed Transesterification Reaction of Beef Tallow For Biodiesel Production By Factor Variation
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
R.C. Ehiri
Full Text Available Biodiesel is a diesel grade fuel made by transesterification reaction of vegetable oils and animal fats with alcohol. Three variable factors that affect the yield of biodiesel namely, reaction time, reaction temperature and catalyst concentration were studied in this work. The biodiesel was produced via a batchprocess acid-catalyzed transesterification reaction of beef tallow with methanol. Optimal conditions for the reaction were established in a three factor two-level (23 central composite design with the biodiesel pretreatment yield as the response surface. The results show that the mean yield of biodiesel was 92.04% with a standard deviation of 5.16. An optimal biodiesel yield of 96.30% occurred at 0.5% HCl catalyst concentration and at constant conditions of 1.5h reaction time, 60oC reaction temperature and 6:1 methanol: tallow volume ratio. Gas chromatographic analysis of the beef tallow identified palmitic, stearic and oleic acids in it while the fatty acid methyl esters in the biodiesel product were oleate and linoleate. Catalysis was the most significant factor in the transesterification process.
Selective Synthesis of Unsaturated N-Acylethanolamines by Lipase-Catalyzed N-Acylation of Ethanolamine with Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Plastina, P.; Vincken, J.P.; Gruppen, H.; Witkamp, R.F.; Gabriele, B.
The selective synthesis of unsaturated N-acylethanolamines 1b-6b by lipase-catalyzed direct condensation between unsaturated fatty acids 1a-6a and ethanolamine is reported. Reactions were carried out in hexane at 40 °C, in the presence of Candida antarctica Lipase B as the catalyst, to give the corr
Aerobic oxidation of benzylic aldehydes to acids catalyzed by iron (Ⅲ) meso-tetraphenylporphyrin chloride under ambient conditions
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Highly efficient aerobic oxidation of benzylic aldehydes to the corresponding acids catalyzed by iron (Ⅲ) meso-tetraphenylporphyrin chloride (Fe(TPP)Cl) under ambient conditions was developed. The catalyst has been proved to be an excellent catalyst for the system in the presence of molecular oxygen and isobutryaldehyde at room temperature.
Lipase-catalyzed process in an anhydrous medium with enzyme reutilization to produce biodiesel with low acid value.
Azócar, Laura; Ciudad, Gustavo; Heipieper, Hermann J; Muñoz, Robinson; Navia, Rodrigo
One major problem in the lipase-catalyzed production of biodiesel or fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) is the high acidity of the product, mainly caused by water presence, which produces parallel hydrolysis and esterification reactions instead of transesterification to FAME. Therefore, the use of reaction medium in absence of water (anhydrous medium) was investigated in a lipase-catalyzed process to improve FAME yield and final product quality. FAME production catalyzed by Novozym 435 was carried out using waste frying oil (WFO) as raw material, methanol as acyl acceptor, and 3Å molecular sieves to extract the water. The anhydrous conditions allowed the esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) from feedstock at the initial reaction time. However, after the initial esterification process, water absence avoided the consecutives reactions of hydrolysis and esterification, producing FAME mainly by transesterification. Using this anhydrous medium, a decreasing in both the acid value and the diglycerides content in the product were observed, simultaneously improving FAME yield. Enzyme reuse in the anhydrous medium was also studied. The use of the moderate polar solvent tert-butanol as a co-solvent led to a stable catalysis using Novozym 435 even after 17 successive cycles of FAME production under anhydrous conditions. These results indicate that a lipase-catalyzed process in an anhydrous medium coupled with enzyme reuse would be suitable for biodiesel production, promoting the use of oils of different origin as raw materials. PMID:21889401
(Salen)Ti(Ⅳ)-Catalyzed Asymmetric Ring-opening of meso Epoxides Using Dithiophosphorus Acid as the Nucleophile
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Zheng Hong ZHOU; Zhao Ming LI; Bing LIU; Kang Ying LI; Li Xin WANG; Guo Feng ZHAO; Qi Lin ZHOU; Chu Chi TANG
The asymmetric ring-opening of epoxides with dithiophosphorus acids catalyzed by a (salen)Ti(Ⅳ) complex formed in situ from the reaction of Ti(OPr-i)4 and the chiral Schiff base derived from (1R,2R)-(+)-diaminocyclohexane was realized. The resulting products were obtained with low to good enantioselectivity (up to 73% ee).
Ru/Me-BIPAM-Catalyzed Asymmetric Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Aliphatic Aldehydes and α-Ketoesters
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Momoko Watanabe
Full Text Available A ruthenium-catalyzed asymmetric arylation of aliphatic aldehydes and α-ketoesters with arylboronic acids has been developed, giving chiral alkyl(arylmethanols and α-hydroxy esters in good yields. The use of a chiral bidentate phosphoramidite ligand (Me-BIPAM achieved excellent enantioselectivities.
Rh(III)-Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling of Benzoic Acids with Geminal-Substituted Vinyl Acetates: Synthesis of 3-Substituted Isocoumarins.
Zhang, Mingliang; Zhang, Hui-Jun; Han, Tiantian; Ruan, Wenqing; Wen, Ting-Bin
The Rh(III)-catalyzed C-H activation initiated cyclization of benzoic acids with electron-rich geminal-substituted vinyl acetates was described. The reaction was employed to prepare a range of 3-aryl and 3-alkyl substituted isocoumarins selectively. PMID:25436434
In situ detection of denitrifying bacteria by mRNA-targeted nucleic acid probes and catalyzed reporter deposition
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Kofoed, Michael Vedel; Stief, Peter; Poulsen, Morten; Schramm, Andreas
In situ detection of denitrifying bacteria by mRNA-targeted nucleic acid probes and catalyzed reporter deposition Michael V.W. Kofoed, Peter Stief, Morten Poulsen, and Andreas Schramm Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology, University of Aarhus, Denmark Denitrification, the sequential...... and catalyzed fluorescent reporter deposition (CARD-FISH). The general feasibility of the approach was first tested with pure cultures of Pseudomonas stutzeri and various denitrifying and nitrate-reducing isolates. Detailed studies of probe specificity and hybridization conditions using Clone-FISH of...
Brönsted Acid of Keggin Type Polyoxometalate Catalyzed Pinacol Rearrangement
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Aldes Lesbani
Full Text Available Keggin type polyoxometalates K4[a-SiW12O40] was synthesized and transformed to H4[a-SiW12O40]. Both catalysts have been used for pinacol rearrangement in toluene at 373 oK. The results showed that reaction of pinacol rearrangement did not proceed using K4[a-SiW12O40] as catalyst. The extent reac-tion time until 20 h also did not produce pinacolone as main product. By using H4[a-SiW12O40] as cata-lyst at 1 h reaction time gave conversion 100% with formation of pinacolone 72%. The reaction produce 27% of 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene as byproduct and 99% carbon balance for the reaction. This phe-nomenon indicated the Brönsted acid is a key role for catalytic reaction of pinacol rearrangement to pinacolone. © 2014 BCREC UNDIP. All rightsSubmitted: 21st January 2014; Revised: 21st April 2014; Accepted: 3rd May 2014[ How to Cite: Lesbani, A., Mohadi, R., (2014. Brönsted Acid of Keggin Type Polyoxometalate Catalyzed Pinacol Rearrangement. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 9 (2: 136-141. (doi:10.9767/bcrec.9.2.6074.136-141 ][ Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.9.2.6074.136-141
Hetropolyacid-Catalyzed Oxidation of Glycerol into Lactic Acid under Mild Base-Free Conditions.
Tao, Meilin; Yi, Xiaohu; Delidovich, Irina; Palkovits, Regina; Shi, Junyou; Wang, Xiaohong
Lactic acid (LA) is a versatile platform molecule owing to the opportunity to transform this compound into useful chemicals and materials. Therefore, efficient production of LA based on inexpensive renewable feedstocks is of utmost importance for insuring its market availability. Herein, we report the efficient conversion of glycerol into LA catalyzed by heteropolyacids (HPAs) under mild base-free conditions. The catalytic performance of molecular HPAs appears to correlate with their redox potential and Brønsted acidity. Namely, H3 PMo(12)O(40) (HPMo) exhibits the best selectivity towards LA (90 %) with 88 % conversion of glycerol. Loading of HPMo onto a carbon support (HPMo/C) further improves LA productivity resulting in 94 % selectivity at 98 % conversion under optimized reaction conditions. The reaction takes place through the formation of dihydroxyacetone/glyceraldehyde and pyruvaldehyde as intermediates. No leaching of HPMo was observed under the applied reaction conditions and HPMo/C could be recycled 5 times without significant loss of activity. PMID:26611678
Origins of stereoselectivities in chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed allylborations and propargylations of aldehydes.
Wang, Hao; Jain, Pankaj; Antilla, Jon C; Houk, K N
The chiral BINOL-phosphoric acid catalyzed allylboration and propargylation reactions are studied with density functional theory (B3LYP and B3LYP-D3). Two different models were recently proposed for these reactions by Goodman and our group, respectively. In Goodman's model for allylborations, the catalyst interacts with the boronate pseudoaxial oxygen. By contrast, our model for propargylations predicts that the catalyst interacts with the boronate pseudoequatorial oxygen. In both models, the phosphoric acid stabilizes the transition state by forming a strong hydrogen bond with the oxygen of the boronate and is oriented by a formyl hydrogen bond (Goodman model) and by other electrostatic attractions in our model. Both of these models have now been reinvestigated for both allylborations and propargylations. For the most effective catalyst for these reactions, the lowest energy transition state corresponds to Goodman's axial model, while the best transition state leading to the minor enantiomer involves the equatorial model. The high enantioselectivity observed with only the bulkiest catalyst arises from the steric interactions between the substrates and the bulky groups on the catalyst, and the resulting necessity for distortion of the catalyst in the disfavored transition state. PMID:23298338
Cooperative Effects Between Arginine and Glutamic Acid in the Amino Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Reaction.
Valero, Guillem; Moyano, Albert
Catalysis of the aldol reaction between cyclohexanone and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde by mixtures of L-Arg and of L-Glu in wet dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) takes place with higher enantioselectivity (up to a 7-fold enhancement in the anti-aldol for the 1:1 mixture) than that observed when either L-Glu or L-Arg alone are used as the catalysts. These results can be explained by the formation of a catalytically active hydrogen-bonded complex between both amino acids, and demonstrate the possibility of positive cooperative effects in catalysis by two different α-amino acids. Chirality 28:599-605, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. PMID:27362554
Ion-exchange Resin Catalyzed Esterification of Lactic Acid with Isopropanol: a Kinetic Study
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Amrit P. Toor
Full Text Available The kinetic behavior of esterification of lactic acid with isopropanol over an acidic cation exchange resin, Amberlyst 15, was studied under isothermal condition. Isopropyl lactate synthesized in this reaction is an important pharmaceutical intermediate. The experiments were carried out in a stirred batch reactor in the temperature range of 323.15 to 353.15 K. The effect of various parameters such as temperature, molar ratio and catalyst loading was studied. Variation in parameters on rate of reaction demonstrated that the reaction was intrinsically controlled. Kinetic modeling was performed using Eley-Rideal model which acceptably fits the experimental data. The activation energy was found to be 22.007 kJ/mol and frequency factor was 0.036809 l2 g-1 mol-1 min-1 for forward reaction. The value of entropy for the forward reaction was found to be 182.317 J K-1 mol-1 . © 2011 BCREC UNDIP. All rights reserved(Received: 19th January 2011, Revised: 16th March 2011; Accepted: 16th March 2011[How to Cite: A.P. Toor, M. Sharma, S. Thakur, and R. K. Wanchoo. (2011. Ion-exchange Resin Catalyzed Esterification of Lactic Acid with Isopropanol: a Kinetic Study. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering and Catalysis, 6(1: 39-45. doi:10.9767/bcrec.6.1.791.39-45][How to Link / DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.6.1.791.39-45 || or local: http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/bcrec/article/view/791 ] | View in
Lipase-catalyzed Synthesis of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester in Ionic Liquids:Effect of Specific Ions and Reaction Parameters
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
王俊; 李晶; 张磊霞; 顾双双; 吴福安
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a rare, naturally occurring phenolic food additive. This work systematically reported fundamental data on conversion of caffeic acid (CA), yield of CAPE, and reactive selectiv-ity during the lipase-catalyzed esterification process of CA and phenylethanol (PE) in ionic liquids (ILs). Sixteen ILs were selected as the reaction media, and the relative lipase-catalyzed synthesis properties of CAPE were meas-ured in an effort to enhance the yield of CAPE with high selectivity. The results indicated that ILs containing weakly coordinating anions and cations with adequate alkyl chain length improved the synthesis of CAPE. [Emim][Tf2N] was selected as the optimal reaction media. The optimal parameters were as follows by response surface methodology (RSM):reaction temperature, 84.0 °C;mass ratio of Novozym 435 to CA, 14︰1;and molar ratio of PE to CA, 16︰1. The highest reactive selectivity of CAPE catalyzed by Novozym 435 in [Emim][Tf2N] reached 64.55%(CA conversion 98.76%and CAPE yield 63.75%, respectively). Thus, lipase-catalyzed esterifica-tion in ILs is a promising method suitable for CAPE production.
PNPCB heterocycles via thermal and Lewis acid catalyzed trans-hydroborations.
Fan, Louie; Stephan, Douglas W
The compounds iPr2P(BH3)N3, tBu2PC[triple bond, length as m-dash]CR (R = Ph , tBu , Cy ) and Ph2PC[triple bond, length as m-dash]CR (R = Ph , tBu , Cy ) were reacted to give the products tBu2P(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CR)NP(BH3)iPr2 (R = Ph , tBu , Cy ) and Ph2P(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CR)NP(BH3)iPr2 (R = Ph , tBu , Cy ). Subsequent thermally induced or Lewis acid catalyzed intramolecular hydroboration of and afforded the PNPCB heterocyclic compounds Ph2P(C[double bond, length as m-dash]CHPh)NP(BH2)iPr2 and tBu2P(C[double bond, length as m-dash]CHPh)NP(BH2)iPr2, respectively. Compounds and were crystallographically characterized and the mechanisms and implications for the synthesis of inorganic heterocycles are considered. PMID:27177164
Manganese(II) catalyzes the bicarbonate-dependent oxidation of amino acids by hydrogen peroxide and the amino acid-facilitated dismutation of hydrogen peroxide.
Berlett, B S; Chock, P B; Yim, M B; Stadtman, E. R.
In bicarbonate/CO2 buffer, Mn(II) and Fe(II) catalyze the oxidation of amino acids by H2O2 and the dismutation of H2O2. As the Mn(II)/Fe(II) ratio is increased, the yield of carbonyl compounds per mole of leucine oxidized is essentially constant, but the ratio of alpha-ketoisocaproate to isovaleraldehyde formed increases, and the fraction of H2O2 converted to O2 increases. In the absence of Fe(II), the rate of Mn(II)-catalyzed leucine oxidation is directly proportional to the H2O2, Mn(II), an...
Probing the "additive effect" in the proline and proline hydroxamic acid catalyzed asymmetric addition of nitroalkanes to cyclic enones.
Hanessian, Stephen; Govindan, Subramaniyan; Warrier, Jayakumar S
The effect of chirality and steric bulk of 2,5-disubstituted piperazines as additives in the conjugate addition of 2-nitropropane to cyclohexenone, catalyzed by l-proline, was investigated. Neither chirality nor steric bulk affects the enantioselectivity of addition, which gives 86-93% ee in the presence of achiral and chiral nonracemic 2,5-disubstituted piperazines. Proline hydroxamic acid is shown for the first time to be an effective organocatalyst in the same Michael reaction. PMID:16189834
High efficient acetalization of carbonyl compounds with diols catalyzed by novel carbon-based solid strong acid catalyst
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
The novel carbon-based acid catalyst has been applied to catalyzing the acetalization and ketalization. The results showed that the catalyst was very efficient with the average yield over 93%. The novel heterogeneous catalyst has the advantages of high activity, wide applicability even to 7-membered ring acetals, strikingly simple workup procedure, non-pollution, and reusability, which will contribute to the green process greatly.
Phosphorus-carbon bond formation by lewis Acid catalyzed/mediated addition of silylphosphines.
Hayashi, Minoru; Matsuura, Yutaka; Nishimura, Yasunobu; Yamasaki, Toshikazu; Imai, Yoshito; Watanabe, Yutaka
Triethylaluminum-catalyzed/mediated addition of a silylphosphine to aldehydes and epoxides is described. Organophosphines containing a silyloxy group at the alpha- or beta-position on the alkyl substituent are successfully prepared in good yields. PMID:17784776
Tandem Suzuki-Miyaura coupling/acid-catalyzed cyclization between vinyl ether boronates and vinyl halides: a concise approach to polysubstituted furans.
Butkevich, Alexey N; Meerpoel, Lieven; Stansfield, Ian; Angibaud, Patrick; Corbu, Andrei; Cossy, Janine
Polysubstituted 2-(ω-hydroxyalkyl)furans were prepared by tandem Suzuki-Miyaura coupling/acid-catalyzed cyclization starting from appropriately substituted 3-haloallylic alcohols and dihydrofuran-, dihydropyran- or glycal-derived pinacol boronates. PMID:23855589
Acid-catalyzed conversion of mono- and poly-sugars into platform chemicals: effects of molecular structure of sugar substrate.
Hu, Xun; Wu, Liping; Wang, Yi; Song, Yao; Mourant, Daniel; Gunawan, Richard; Gholizadeh, Mortaza; Li, Chun-Zhu
Hydrolysis/pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass always produces a mixture of sugars with distinct structures as intermediates or products. This study tried to elucidate the effects of molecular structure of sugars on their acid-catalyzed conversions in ethanol/water. Location of carbonyl group in sugars (fructose versus glucose) and steric configuration of hydroxyl groups (glucose versus galactose) significantly affected yields of levulinic acid/ester (fructose>glucose>galactose). The dehydration of fructose to 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural produces much less soluble polymer than that from glucose and galactose, which results in high yields of levulinic acid/ester from fructose. Anhydrate sugar such as levoglucosan tends to undergo the undesirable decomposition to form less levulinic acid/ester. Catalytic behaviors of the poly-sugars (sucrose, maltose, raffinose, β-cyclodextrins) were determined much by their basic units. However, their big molecular sizes create the steric hindrance that significantly affects their followed conversion over solid acid catalyst. PMID:23454803
Iodine-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Amidation of β,γ-Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids with Chloramine Salts Leading to Allylic Amides.
Kiyokawa, Kensuke; Kojima, Takumi; Hishikawa, Yusuke; Minakata, Satoshi
The iodine-catalyzed decarboxylative amidation of β,γ-unsaturated carboxylic acids with chloramine salts is described. This method enables the regioselective synthesis of allylic amides from various types of β,γ-unsaturated carboxylic acids containing substituents at the α- and β-positions. In the reaction, N-iodo-N-chloroamides, generated by the reaction of a chloramine salt with I2 , function as a key active species. The reaction provides an attractive alternative to existing methods for the synthesis of useful secondary allylic amine derivatives. PMID:26493878
The Formation of Pyrroline and Tetrahydropyridine Rings in Amino Acids Catalyzed by Pyrrolysine Synthase (PylD)
Quitterer, Felix
The dehydrogenase PylD catalyzes the ultimate step of the pyrrolysine pathway by converting the isopeptide L-lysine-Nε-3R-methyl-D-ornithine to the 22nd proteinogenic amino acid. In this study, we demonstrate how PylD can be harnessed to oxidize various isopeptides to novel amino acids by combining chemical synthesis with enzyme kinetics and X-ray crystallography. The data enable a detailed description of the PylD reaction trajectory for the biosynthesis of pyrroline and tetrahydropyridine rings as constituents of pyrrolysine analogues. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Iron-Catalyzed, Highly Regioselective Synthesis of alpha-Aryl Carboxylic Acids from Styrene Derivatives and CO2
Greenhalgh, Mark D.; Thomas, Stephen P.
The iron-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of aryl alkenes has been developed using a highly active bench-stable iron(II) precatalyst to give alpha-aryl carboxylic acids in excellent yields and with near-perfect regioselectivity. Using just 1 mol % FeCl2, bis(imino)pyridine 6 (1 mol %), CO2 (atmospheric pressure), and a hydride source (EtMgBr, 1.2 equiv), a range of sterically and electronically differentiated aryl alkenes were transformed to the corresponding alpha-aryl carboxylic acids (up to 96...
A two-step acid-catalyzed process for the production of biodiesel from rice bran oil
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Zullaikah, S.; Lai, Chao Chin; Vali, S.R.; Ju, Yi Hsu [National Taiwan Univ. of Science and Technology, Taipei (China). Dept. of Chemical Engineering
A study was undertaken to examine the effect of temperature, moisture and storage time on the accumulation of free fatty acid in the rice bran. Rice bran stored at room temperature showed that most triacylglyceride was hydrolyzed and free fatty acid (FFA) content was raised up to 76% in six months. A two-step acid-catalyzed methanolysis process was employed for the efficient conversion of rice bran oil into fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The first step was carried out at 60 {sup o}C. Depending on the initial FFA content of oil, 55-90% FAME content in the reaction product was obtained. More than 98% FFA and less than 35% of TG were reacted in 2 h. The organic phase of the first step reaction product was used as the substrate for a second acid-catalyzed methanolysis at 100 {sup o}C. By this two-step methanolysis reaction, more than 98% FAME in the product can be obtained in less than 8 h. Distillation of reaction product gave 99.8% FAME (biodiesel) with recovery of more than 96%. The residue contains enriched nutraceuticals such as {gamma}-oryzanol (16-18%), mixture of phytosterol, tocol and steryl ester (19-21%). (author)
Studies of Grafted and Sulfonated Spiro Poly(isatin-ethersulfone Membranes by Super Acid-Catalyzed Reaction
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Lei Jin
Full Text Available Spiro poly(isatin-ethersulfone polymers were prepared from isatin and bis-2,6-dimethylphenoxyphenylsulfone by super acid catalyzed polyhydroxyalkylation reactions. We designed and synthesized bis-2,6-dimethylphenoxyphenylsulfone, which is structured at the meta position steric hindrance by two methyl groups, because this structure minimized crosslinking reaction during super acid catalyzed polymerization. In addition, sulfonic acid groups were structured in both side chains and main chains to form better polymer chain morphology and improve proton conductivity. The sulfonation reactions were performed in two steps which are: in 3-bromo-1-propanesulfonic acid potassium salt and in con. sulfuric acid. The membrane morphology was studied by tapping mode atomic force microscope (AFM. The phase difference between the hydrophobic polymer main chain and hydrophilic sulfonated units of the polymer was shown to be the reasonable result of the well phase separated structure. The correlations of proton conductivity, ion exchange capacity (IEC and single cell performance were clearly described with the membrane morphology.
Esterification of oleic acid for biodiesel production catalyzed by SnCl{sub 2}: a kinetic investigation
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Cardoso, A. L.; Gonzaga Neves, S. C.; Silva, M. J. da [Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000 (Brazil)
The production of biodiesel from low-cost raw materials which generally contain high amounts of free fatty acids (FFAs) is a valuable alternative that would make their production costs more competitive than petroleum-derived fuel. Currently, the production of biodiesel from this kind of raw materials comprises a two-stage process, which requires an initial acid-catalyzed esterification of the FFA, followed by a basecatalyzed transesterification of the triglycerides. Commonly, the acid H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} is the catalyst on the first step of this process. It must be said, however, that major drawbacks such as substantial reactor corrosion and the great generation of wastes, including the salts formed due to neutralization of the mineral acid, are negative and virtually unsurmountable aspects of this protocol. In this paper, tin(II) chloride dihydrate (SnCl{sub 2}{center_dot}2H{sub 2}O), an inexpensive Lewis acid, was evaluated as catalyst on the ethanolysis of oleic acid, which is the major component of several fat and vegetable oils feedstocks. Tin chloride efficiently promoted the conversion of oleic acid into ethyl oleate in ethanol solution and in soybean oil samples, under mild reaction conditions. The SnCl{sub 2} catalyst was shown to be as active as the mineral acid H{sub 2}SO{sub 4}. Its use has relevant advantages in comparison to mineral acids catalysts, such as less corrosion of the reactors and as well as avoiding the unnecessary neutralization of products. Herein, the effect of the principal parameters of reaction on the yield and rate of ethyl oleate production has been investigated. Kinetic measurements revealed that the esterification of oleic acid catalyzed by SnCl{sub 2}{center_dot}2H{sub 2}O is first-order in relation to both FFAs and catalyst concentration. Experimentally, it was verified that the energy of activation of the esterification reaction of oleic acid catalyzed by SnCl{sub 2} was very close to those reported for H{sub 2}SO{sub 4
Palladium(II-catalyzed Heck reaction of aryl halides and arylboronic acids with olefins under mild conditions
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Tanveer Mahamadali Shaikh
Full Text Available A series of general and selective Pd(II-catalyzed Heck reactions were investigated under mild reaction conditions. The first protocol has been developed employing an imidazole-based secondary phosphine oxide (SPO ligated palladium complex (6 as a precatalyst. The catalytic coupling of aryl halides and olefins led to the formation of the corresponding coupled products in excellent yields. A variety of substrates, both electron-rich and electron-poor olefins, were converted smoothly to the targeted products in high yields. Compared with the existing approaches employing SPO–Pd complexes in a Heck reaction, the current strategy features mild reaction conditions and broad substrate scope. Furthermore, we described the coupling of arylboronic acids with olefins, which were catalyzed by Pd(OAc2 and employed N-bromosuccinimide as an additive under ambient conditions. The resulted biaryls have been obtained in moderate to good yields.
Pd-catalyzed ethylene methoxycarbonylation with Brønsted acid ionic liquids as promoter and phase-separable reaction media
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Garcia-Suarez, Eduardo J.; Khokarale, Santosh Govind; Nguyen van Buu, Olivier;
Brønsted acid ionic liquids (BAILs) were prepared and applied as combined acid promoters and reaction media in Pd–phosphine catalyzed methoxycarbonylation of ethylene to produce methyl propionate. The BAILs served as alternatives to common mineral acids required for the reaction, e.g. methanesulf...
(+)-Tartaric Acid-Catalyzed High Regio- and Stereoselective Aminobromination of Olefins%(+)-Tartaric Acid-Catalyzed High Regio- and Stereoselective Aminobromination of Olefins
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
陈战国; 魏俊发; 李文丽; 王芸; 赵朋飞; 石先莹
(+)-Tartaric acid-catalyzed aminobromination of α,β-unsaturated ketones, α,β-unsaturated esters and simple olefins utilizing TsNHJNBS as the nitrogen/halogen sources at room temperature without protection of inert gases achieved good yields (up to 92% yield) of vicinal haloamino products with excellent regio- and stereoselectivity, even just 10% of (+)-tartaric acid was used as catalyst. The regio- and stereochemistry was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray structural analysis of products 2b and 12e. The electron-rich and deficient olefins show significant differences in activity to the aminobromination reaction and give the opposite regioselectivities. The 21 cases have been investigated which indicated that our protocol has the advantage of a large scope of olefins. Additionally, tartaric acid as catalyst has the advantage of avoiding any hazardous metals retained in products.
High fluorescence emission of carboxylic acid functionalized polystyrene/BaTiO3 nanocomposites and rare earth metal complexes: Preparation and characterization
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Noble fluorescence nanocomposite compound based on barium titanate nanoparticles (BTO), polystyrene (PSt), and terbium ion (Tb3+) was synthesized by a combination of surface-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction and coordinate chemistry. Initially, a modification of surface of BTO was conducted by an exchange process with S-benzyl S'-trimethoxysilylpropyltrithiocarbonate to create macro-initiator for polymerization of styrene. Subsequently, aryl carboxylic acid functionalized polystyrene grafted barium titanate (BTO-g-PSt-COOH) was generated by substitution reaction between 4-(Chloromethyl) benzoic acid and PSt chains. The coordination of the nanohybrids with Tb3+ ions afforded fluorescent Tb3+ tagged aryl carboxylic acid functionalized polystyrene grafted barium titanate (BTO-g-PSt-Tb3+) complexes. Structure, morphology, and fluorescence properties of nanohybrid complexes were investigated by respective physical and spectral studies. FT-IR and SEM analyses confirmed the formation of BTO-g-PSt-Tb3+nanohybrids. Furthermore, TGA profiles demonstrated the grafting of aryl carboxylic acid functionalized polystyrene on BTO surface. Optical properties of BTO-g-PSt-Tb3+ complexes were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy
High fluorescence emission of carboxylic acid functionalized polystyrene/BaTiO{sub 3} nanocomposites and rare earth metal complexes: Preparation and characterization
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Cao, X. T.; Showkat, A. M.; Wang, Z.; Lim, K. T., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Department of Imaging System Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737 (Korea, Republic of)
Noble fluorescence nanocomposite compound based on barium titanate nanoparticles (BTO), polystyrene (PSt), and terbium ion (Tb{sup 3+}) was synthesized by a combination of surface-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction and coordinate chemistry. Initially, a modification of surface of BTO was conducted by an exchange process with S-benzyl S'-trimethoxysilylpropyltrithiocarbonate to create macro-initiator for polymerization of styrene. Subsequently, aryl carboxylic acid functionalized polystyrene grafted barium titanate (BTO-g-PSt-COOH) was generated by substitution reaction between 4-(Chloromethyl) benzoic acid and PSt chains. The coordination of the nanohybrids with Tb{sup 3+} ions afforded fluorescent Tb{sup 3+} tagged aryl carboxylic acid functionalized polystyrene grafted barium titanate (BTO-g-PSt-Tb{sup 3+}) complexes. Structure, morphology, and fluorescence properties of nanohybrid complexes were investigated by respective physical and spectral studies. FT-IR and SEM analyses confirmed the formation of BTO-g-PSt-Tb{sup 3+}nanohybrids. Furthermore, TGA profiles demonstrated the grafting of aryl carboxylic acid functionalized polystyrene on BTO surface. Optical properties of BTO-g-PSt-Tb{sup 3+} complexes were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy.
Polar modified post-cross-linked resin and its adsorption toward salicylic acid from aqueous solution: Equilibrium, kinetics and breakthrough studies.
Fu, Zhenyu; He, Chunlian; Huang, Jianhan; Liu, You-Nian
A novel polar modified post-cross-linked resin PDMPA was synthesized, characterized and evaluated for adsorption of salicylic acid from aqueous solution. PDMPA was prepared by a suspension polymerization of methyl acrylate (MA) and divinylbenzene (DVB), a Friedel-Crafts reaction and an amination reaction. After characterization of the chemical and pore structure of PDMPA, the adsorption behaviors of salicylic acid on PDMPA were determined in comparison with the precursor resins. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of salicylic acid on PDMPA was much larger than the precursor resins and the equilibrium data were correlated by both of the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The pseudo-second-order rate equation fitted the kinetic data better than the pseudo-first-order rate equation, and the micropore diffusion model could characterize the kinetic data very well. The dynamic experimental results showed that the breakthrough point and saturated point of salicylic acid on PDMPA were 40.3 and 92.4BV (1BV=10mL) at a feed concentration of 995.8mg/L and a flow rate of 1.4mL/min, and the resin column could be regenerated by 16.0BV of a mixture desorption solvent containing 0.01mol/L of NaOH (w/v) and 50% of ethanol (v/v). PMID:25863446
Bidentate Lewis Acid Catalyzed Domino Diels-Alder Reaction of Phthalazine for the Synthesis of Bridged Oligocyclic Tetrahydronaphthalenes.
Schweighauser, Luca; Bodoky, Ina; Kessler, Simon N; Häussinger, Daniel; Donsbach, Carsten; Wegner, Hermann A
A domino process consisting of an inverse and a normal electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction is presented for the formation of bridged tri- and tetracyclic 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenes catalyzed by a bidentate Lewis acid. The products were synthesized in a one-pot reaction from commercially available starting materials and contain up to six stereogenic centers. The tetrahydronaphthalenes were isolated as single diastereomers and are derivatives of phenylethylamine, which is well-known as a scaffold of amphetamine or dopamine. PMID:26943286
Acidic Residues C-Terminal to the A2 Domain Facilitate Thrombin-Catalyzed Activation of Factor VIII
Newell, Jennifer L.; Fay, Philip J.
Factor VIII is activated by thrombin through proteolysis at Arg740, Arg372, and Arg1689. One region implicated in this exosite-dependent interaction is the factor VIII a2 segment (residues 711-740) separating the A2 and B domains. Residues 717-725 (DYYEDSYED) within this region consist of five acidic residues and three sulfo-Tyr residues, thus representing a high density of negative charge potential. The contributions of these residues to thrombin-catalyzed activation of factor VIII were asse...
Catalytic Synthesis of 4- Hydroxy-3-methyl Ethyl Ketone by Poly Phosphoric Acid%多聚磷酸催化合成4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯乙酮的实验研究
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯乙酮是一种非常重要的化工原料,可用来生产食品添加,制备香料、合成多种药品,在造纸工业中用来合成邻醌型木质素模型物。邻甲氧基苯酚乙酰化合成4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯乙酮的反应属于傅列德尔-克拉夫茨(Friedel-Crafts)酰基化反应,传统的催化剂是 AlCl3,但是 AlCl3作为催化剂自身有很多难以克服的缺点。通过对乙酰化反应催化剂(路易斯酸或质子酸)的分析探讨,研究表明,多聚磷酸(PPA)在温和的催化条件下,具有不易水解酯类化合物、对乙酰基化反应尤其对芳香烃类酯化反应的催化活性好、副反应少、目标产物易于分离等优点。以多聚磷酸 PPA 为催化剂,通过实验分析判别出了该合成工艺的最佳催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间和原料摩尔比。%4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-acetophenone is an important organic chemical raw material, and can be used to produce food additives, perfume, various intermediates of pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and so on. Synthesis reaction of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-acetophenone by guaiacol acetylation belongs to Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction, conventional catalyst is AlCl3, but AlCl3 catalyst has many insurmountable drawbacks. In this paper, the acetylation catalysts (Lewis acid or a proton acid) were analyzed. The results show that, PPA catalyst has many advantages, such as mild reaction condition, high catalytic activity, and fewer side reactions and so on. At last, the best synthesis conditions including PPA catalyst dosage, reaction temperature, reaction time and molar ratio of the raw materials were determined through experiments.
Characterization of a Cross-Linked Protein-Nucleic Acid Substrate Radical in the Reaction Catalyzed by RlmN
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Silakov, Alexey; Grove, Tyler L.; Radle, Matthew I.; Bauerle, Matthew R.; Green, Michael T.; Rosenzweig, Amy C.; Boal, Amie K.; Booker, Squire J. [NWU; (Penn)
RlmN and Cfr are methyltransferases/methylsynthases that belong to the radical S-adenosylmethionine superfamily of enzymes. RlmN catalyzes C2 methylation of adenosine 2503 (A2503) of 23S rRNA, while Cfr catalyzes C8 methylation of the exact same nucleotide, and will subsequently catalyze C2 methylation if the site is unmethylated. A key feature of the unusual mechanisms of catalysis proposed for these enzymes is the attack of a methylene radical, derived from a methylcysteine residue, onto the carbon center undergoing methylation to generate a paramagnetic protein–nucleic acid cross-linked species. This species has been thoroughly characterized during Cfr-dependent C8 methylation, but does not accumulate to detectible levels in RlmN-dependent C2 methylation. Herein, we show that inactive C118S/A variants of RlmN accumulate a substrate-derived paramagnetic species. Characterization of this species by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy in concert with strategic isotopic labeling shows that the radical is delocalized throughout the adenine ring of A2503, although predominant spin density is on N1 and N3. Moreover, 13C hyperfine interactions between the radical and the methylene carbon of the formerly [methyl-13C]Cys355 residue show that the radical species exists in a covalent cross-link between the protein and the nucleic acid substrate. X-ray structures of RlmN C118A show that, in the presence of SAM, the substitution does not alter the active site structure compared to that of the wild-type enzyme. Together, these findings have new mechanistic implications for the role(s) of C118 and its counterpart in Cfr (C105) in catalysis, and suggest involvement of the residue in resolution of the cross-linked species via a radical mediated process
Kinetics and mechanism of the acid-catalyzed decomposition of omega-diazoacetophenones and their o-carbomethyoxy derivatives
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Denisova, T.G.
The kinetics of the acid-catalyzed decomposition of omega-diazoacetophenones and their o-carbomethoxy derivatives have been studied and their rate constants and activation energies measured in dioxane-H/sub 2/O (D/sub 2/O) and aqueous (D/sub 2/O)-dioxane mixtures (40:60 by volume) in the presence of H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ (D/sub 2/SO/sub 4/), as well as in acetic and deuteroacetic acids, in the temperature range 290-328 K. Based on the results of k/sub H//k/sub D/ and ..delta..S not identical to measurements, assumptions have been made concerning the mechanism of the catalytic decomposition of the indicated diazoketones.
Elucidating Latent Mechanistic Complexity in Competing Acid-Catalyzed Reactions of Salicylaldehyde-Derived Baylis-Hillman Adducts.
Olomola, Temitope O; Klein, Rosalyn; Caira, Mino R; Kaye, Perry T
(1)H NMR-based kinetic studies have revealed the latent mechanistic complexity of deceptively simple hydrochloric acid-catalyzed reactions of salicylaldehyde-derived Baylis-Hillman adducts. Reactions conducted at 0 °C afforded 2-(chloromethyl)cinnamic acid derivatives as the major products and the corresponding 3-(chloromethyl)coumarin derivatives as the minor products. In reactions conducted in refluxing acetic acid, however, the 3-(chloromethyl)coumarin derivatives are the sole products. Variable-temperature (1)H NMR analysis permitted the determination of the rate constants and kinetic parameters involved in the pseudo-first-order formation of (Z)-2-(chloromethyl)-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid. The kinetic data clearly preclude the operation of classical kinetic versus thermodynamic control and indicate the operation of three independent reaction pathways. Theoretical studies of these pathways undertaken at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level permitted rationalization of the experimental data and provided insights into the possible mechanism of the enzymic E-Z isomerization and cyclization of (E)-cinnamic acid analogues to afford coumarins. PMID:26655750
Pd-Catalyzed Coupling of γ-C(sp(3))-H Bonds of Oxalyl Amide-Protected Amino Acids with Heteroaryl and Aryl Iodides.
Han, Jian; Zheng, Yongxiang; Wang, Chao; Zhu, Yan; Huang, Zhi-Bin; Shi, Da-Qing; Zeng, Runsheng; Zhao, Yingsheng
Pd-catalyzed regioselective coupling of γ-C(sp(3))-H bonds of oxalyl amide-protected amino acids with heteroaryl and aryl iodides is reported. A wide variety of iodides are tolerated, giving the corresponding products in moderate to good yields. Various oxalyl amide-protected amino acids were compatible in this C-H transformation, thus representing a practical method for constructing non-natural amino acid derivatives. PMID:27286881
Highly active and reusable catalyst from Fe-Mg-hydrotalcite anionic clay for Friedel-Crafts type benzylation reactions
Indian Academy of Sciences (India)
Vasant R Choudhary; Rani Jha; Pankaj A Choudhari
Fe-Mg-hydrotalcite (Mg/Fe = 3) anionic clay with or without calcination (at 200-800°C) has been used for the benzylation of toluene and other aromatic compounds by benzyl chloride. Hydrotalcite before and after its calcination was characterized for surface area, crystalline phases and basicity. Both the hydrotalcite, particularly after its use in the benzylation reaction, and the catalyst derived from it by its calcination at 200-800°C show high catalytic activity for the benzylation of toluene and other aromatic compounds. The catalytically active species present in the catalyst in its most active form are the chlorides and oxides of iron on the catalyst surface.
Upward Trend in Catalytic Efficiency of Rare-Earth Triflate Catalysts in Friedel-Crafts Aromatic Sulfonylation Reactions
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Duus, Fritz; Le, Thach Ngoc; Nguyen, Vo Thu An
90 % were achieved for short irradiation periods. This was the case especially for Tm(OTf)3, Yb(OTf)3, and Lu(OTf)3, of which Yb(OTf)3 was the most efficient. The upward trend in catalytic efficiency therefore correlates with the lanthanide sequence in the periodic table. The results can be explained...
Protection of ascorbic acid from copper(II)-catalyzed oxidative degradation in the presence of flavonoids: quercetin, catechin and morin.
Beker, Bilge Yildoğan; Sönmezoğlu, Inci; Imer, Filiz; Apak, Reşat
Protection of ascorbic acid (AA) (vitamin C) from Cu(II)-catalyzed autoxidation is an important aspect of antioxidant chemistry. The autoxidation of AA in the absence and presence of Cu(II) ions was investigated in aerated solution at room temperature and I = 0.1 ionic strength (KNO(3)); the effects of three different flavonoids of similar structure (quercetin, morin and catechin) and their mixtures on the AA system were studied. The concentration of unoxidized AA remaining in solution was measured with the modified cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity spectrophotometric method. The Cu(II)-catalyzed oxidation at pH 4.5 followed first-order kinetics with respect to AA concentration. Catalytic autoxidation of AA was inhibited to a greater extent by stable quercetin and morin complexes of Cu(II) than by catechin complex. The inhibitive effectiveness order of mixtures gives information about possible synergistic or antagonistic combinations of flavonoid antioxidants, which should be further confirmed with other antioxidant tests. PMID:21391791
Kinetic Study of Esterification of Acetic Acid with n-butanol and isobutanol Catalyzed by Ion Exchange Resin
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Amrit Pal Toor
Full Text Available Esters are an important pharmaceutical intermediates and very useful perfumery agents. In this study the esterification of acetic acid with n-butanol and iso-butanol over an acidic cation exchange resin, Amberlyst 15 were carried out. The effects of certain parameters such as temperature, catalyst loading, initial molar ratio between reactants on the rate of reaction were studied. The experiments were conducted in a stirred batch reactor in the temperature range of 351.15 K to 366.15K.Variation of parameters on rate of reaction demonstrated that the reaction was intrinsically controlled.The activation energy for the esterification of acetic acid with n-butanol and iso butanol is found to be 28.45 k J/mol and 23.29 kJ/mol respectively. ©2011 BCREC UNDIP. All rights reserved.(Received: 16th December 2010, Revised: 19th March 2011; Accepted: 7th April 2011[How to Cite: A.P. Toor, M. Sharma, G. Kumar, and R. K. Wanchoo. (2011. Kinetic Study of Esterification of Acetic Acid with n-butanol and isobutanol Catalyzed by Ion Exchange Resin. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering and Catalysis, 6(1: 23-30. doi:10.9767/bcrec.6.1.665.23-30][How to Link / DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.6.1.665.23-30 || or local: http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/bcrec/article/view/665 ] | View in
Influence of fatty acid on lipase-catalyzed synthesis of ascorbyl esters and their free radical scavenging capacity.
Stojanović, Marija; Carević, Milica; Mihailović, Mladen; Veličković, Dušan; Dimitrijević, Aleksandra; Milosavić, Nenad; Bezbradica, Dejan
Fatty acid (FA) ascorbyl esters are recently emerging food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical additives, which can be prepared in an eco-friendly way by using lipases as catalysts. Because they are amphiphilic molecules, which possess high free radical scavenging capacity, they can be applied as liposoluble antioxidants as well as emulsifiers and biosurfactants. In this study, the influence of a wide range of acyl donors on ester yield in lipase-catalyzed synthesis and ester antioxidant activity was examined. Among saturated acyl donors, higher yields and antioxidant activities of esters were achieved when short-chain FAs were used. Oleic acid gave the highest yield overall and its ester exhibited a high antioxidant activity. Optimization of experimental factors showed that the highest conversion (60.5%) in acetone was achieved with 5 g L(-1) of lipase, 50 mM of vitamin C, 10-fold molar excess of oleic acid, and 0.7 mL L(-1) of initial water. Obtained results showed that even short- and medium-chain ascorbyl esters could be synthesized with high yields and retained (or even exceeded) free radical scavenging capacity of l-ascorbic acid, indicating prospects of broadening their application in emulsions and liposomes. PMID:25224149
Copolymerization of Ethylene and Vinyl Amino Acidic Ester Catalyzed by Titanium and Zirconium Complexes
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jing Wang
Full Text Available A series of titanium and zirconium complexes with ligands based on di-isopropyl phosphorus-phenylamine and their derivatives were synthesized and characterized. These catalysts were utilized to catalyze the copolymerization of ethylene with N-acetyl-O-(dec-9-enyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester with high catalytic activity of 6.63 × 104 g P (mol Ti−1 h−1 after activation by methylaluminoxane (MAO. The effects of ligand structure, metal atoms (Ti, Zr and polymerization conditions were investigated in detail. The obtained polymers were characterized by 13C-NMR, DSC, FT-IR, and GPC. The results showed that the obtained copolymer had a high comonomer incorporation rate of 2.56 mol % within the copolymer chain. The melting temperature of the copolymer was up to 138.9 °C, higher than that of the obtained homopolyethylene.
The Acid Hydrolysis Mechanism of Acetals Catalyzed by a Supramolecular Assembly in Basic Solution
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Pluth, Michael D.; Bergman, Robert G.; Raymond, Kenneth N.
A self-assembled supramolecular host catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetals in basic aqueous solution. The mechanism of hydrolysis is consistent with the Michaelis-Menten kinetic model. Further investigation of the rate limiting step of the reaction revealed a negative entropy of activation ({Delta}S{double_dagger} = -9 cal mol{sup -1}K{sup -1}) and an inverse solvent isotope effect (k(H{sub 2}O)/k(D{sub 2}O) = 0.62). These data suggest that the mechanism of hydrolysis that takes place inside the assembly proceeds through an A-2 mechanism, in contrast to the A-1 mechanism operating in the uncatalyzed reaction. Comparison of the rates of acetal hydrolysis in the assembly with the rate of the reaction of unencapsulated substrates reveals rate accelerations of up to 980 over the background reaction for the substrate diethoxymethane.
Effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone on mesoporous silica morphology and esterification of lauric acid with 1-butanol catalyzed by immobilized enzyme
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Zhang, Jinyu; Zhou, Guowei, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Jiang, Bin; Zhao, Minnan; Zhang, Yan
Mesoporous silica materials with a range of morphology evolution, i.e., from curved rod-shaped mesoporous silica to straight rod-shaped mesoporous silica, were successfully prepared using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and triblock copolymer as dual template. The effects of PVP molecular weight and concentration on mesoporous silica structure parameters were studied. Results showed that surface area and pore volume continuously decreased with increased PVP molecular weight. Mesoporous silica prepared with PVP K30 also possessed larger pore diameter, interplanar spacing (d{sub 100}), and cell parameter (a{sub 0}) than that prepared with PVP K15 and PVP K90. In addition, with increased PVP concentration, d{sub 100} and a{sub 0} continuously decreased. The mechanism of morphology evolution caused by the change in PVP concentration was investigated. The conversion rate of lauric acid with 1-butanol catalyzed by immobilized Porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) was also evaluated. Results showed that PPL immobilized on amino-functionalized straight rod-shaped mesoporous silica maintained 50% of its esterification conversion rate even after five cycles of use with a maximum conversion rate was about 90.15%. - Graphical abstract: Curved rod-shaped mesoporous silica can be obtained at low and the highest PVP concentration, while straight rod-shaped mesoporous silica can be obtained at higher PVP concentration. - Highlights: • Mesoporous silica with morphology evolution from CRMS to SRMS were prepared. • Effects of PVP molecular weight and concentration on silica morphology were studied. • A possible mechanism for the formation of morphology evolution SiO{sub 2} was proposed. • Esterification of lauric acid with 1-butanol catalyzed by immobilized PPL.
The Optimized Synthesis of Starch-g-Lactic Acid Copolymer with High Grafting Degree Catalyzed by Sulfuric Acid
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
HU Zhiying
The starch-g-lactic acid copolymer was synthesized with catalysis of sulfuric acid by one-step process, and the structure of starch-g-lactic acid copolymer was characterized by means of IR, 13C-NMR, HMBC, XRD, and SEM. The experimental results show that the maximum grafting degree of starch can reach 75%when the starch-g-lactic acid copolymer is activated at 80℃for 2 h and reacted with lactic acid at 90℃for 4 h in vacuum.
Mercapturic acid formation and enzyme-catalyzed conjugations with glutathione in pigeons
Wit, J.G.; Leeuwangh, P.
Pigeons are able to metabolize 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene (DCNB) and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloronitrobenzene (TCNB). The main metabolic route for DCNB is reduction of the nitro group and mercapturic acid is a minor metabolite. TCNB is converted to mercapturic acid. High-speed supernatant of pigeon liver conta
Esterification of oleic acid with ethanol catalyzed by sulfonated cation exchange resin: Experimental and kinetic studies
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Graphical abstract: - Highlights: • Esterification of oleic acid with ethanol was investigated in the presence of sulfonated cation exchange resin. • We studied kinetic model of the esterification of oleic acid with ethanol according to experimental data. • The proposed kinetic model can well predict oleic acid conversion. - Abstract: This paper investigated the effects of ethanol to oleic acid molar ratio, reaction temperature, catalyst loading, water content and catalyst recycling on sulfonated cation exchange resin in a stirred batch reactor under atmospheric pressure. When the esterification was carried out with an ethanol to oleic acid (42.4 g) molar ratio of 9:1, reflux of ethanol at 82 °C, 20 g of catalyst and 8 h of reaction time, the oleic acid conversion rate reached approximately 93%. A pseudo-homogeneous kinetic model for describing the esterification of oleic acid with ethanol by the sulfonated cation exchange resin was developed on the basis of laboratorial results. The kinetic model can well predict the oleic acid conversion
Two-step synthesis of fatty acid ethyl ester from soybean oil catalyzed by Yarrowia lipolytica lipase
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Chen Jinnan
Full Text Available Abstract Background Enzymatic biodiesel production by transesterification in solvent media has been investigated intensively, but glycerol, as a by-product, could block the immobilized enzyme and excess n-hexane, as a solution aid, would reduce the productivity of the enzyme. Esterification, a solvent-free and no-glycerol-release system for biodiesel production, has been developed, and two-step catalysis of soybean oil, hydrolysis followed by esterification, with Yarrowia lipolytica lipase is reported in this paper. Results First, soybean oil was hydrolyzed at 40°C by 100 U of lipase broth per 1 g of oil with approximately 30% to 60% (vol/vol water. The free fatty acid (FFA distilled from this hydrolysis mixture was used for the esterification of FFA to fatty acid ethyl ester by immobilized lipase. A mixture of 2.82 g of FFA and equimolar ethanol (addition in three steps were shaken at 30°C with 18 U of lipase per 1 gram of FFA. The degree of esterification reached 85% after 3 hours. The lipase membranes were taken out, dehydrated and subjected to fresh esterification so that over 82% of esterification was maintained, even though the esterification was repeated every 3 hours for 25 batches. Conclusion The two-step enzymatic process without glycerol released and solvent-free demonstrated higher efficiency and safety than enzymatic transesterification, which seems very promising for lipase-catalyzed, large-scale production of biodiesel, especially from high acid value waste oil.
Ruthenium Hydride/Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Tandem Isomerization/N-Acyliminium Cyclization Sequence for the Synthesis of Tetrahydro-β-carbolines
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hansen, Casper Lykke; Clausen, Janie Regitse Waël; Ohm, Ragnhild Gaard;
This paper describes an efficient tandem sequence for the synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carbolines (THBCs) relying on a ruthenium hydride/Brønsted acid- catalyzed isomerization of allylic amides to N-acyliminium ion intermediates which are trapped by a tethered indolenucleophile. The...
C8-Selective Acylation of Quinoline N-Oxides with α-Oxocarboxylic Acids via Palladium-Catalyzed Regioselective C-H Bond Activation.
Chen, Xiaopei; Cui, Xiuling; Wu, Yangjie
A facile and efficient protocol for palladium-catalyzed C8-selective acylation of quinoline N-oxides with α-oxocarboxylic acids has been developed. In this approach, N-oxide was utilized as a stepping stone for the remote C-H functionalization. The reactions proceeded efficiently under mild reaction conditions with excellent regioselectivity and broad functional group tolerance. PMID:27441527
Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of diazo compounds and vinyl boronic acids: an approach to 1,3-diene compounds.
Xia, Yamu; Xia, Ying; Liu, Zhen; Zhang, Yan; Wang, Jianbo
A palladium-catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling of vinyl boronic acids and cyclic α-diazocarbonyl compounds has been reported. The reaction constitutes an efficient method for the synthesis of 1,3-diene compounds bearing a ring structure. Mechanistically, the reaction involves migratory insertion of palladium carbene as the key step. PMID:25019414
Oxidation of saturated hydrocarbons with peroxyacetic acid catalyzed by vanadium complexes
Gonzalez Cuervo, Laura; Kozlov, Yuriy N.; Süss-Fink, Georg; Shul'pin, Georgiy B.
Peroxyacetic acid (PAA) oxidizes alkanes in acetonitrile or acetic acid at 60 °C if a soluble vanadium(V) salt, n-Bu4NVO3 (1), is used as a catalyst. Corresponding ketones, alcohols and alkyl hydroperoxides are the main products. Methane, ethane, propane, cyclohexane, and other higher alkanes were substrates in the oxidations. The proposed mechanism involves the formation of a complex between (1) and PAA with equilibrium constants 3.3 and 6.8 dm3 mol−1 for acetonitrile and acetic acid as solv...
Magnetic, acidic, ionic liquid-catalyzed one-pot synthesis of spirooxindoles.
Khalafi-Nezhad, Ali; Mohammadi, Somayeh
Magnetic, supported, acidic ionic liquid was synthesized and identified as an efficient catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of novel spirooxindole derivatives at mild conditions and in good yields. Three component reaction of wide variety of substituted isatins, 1,3-dimethyl-2-amino uracil, and barbituric acid, thiobarbituric acid, and dimedon as 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds gives the target compounds. Operational simplicity, low cost, high yields, environmental friendliness, wide applicability and reusability and easy recovery of the catalyst using an external magnet are the key features of this methodology. PMID:23971413
Regiospecific O-methylation of naphthoic acids catalyzed by NcsB1, an O-methyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of the enediyne antitumor antibiotic neocarzinostatin.
Luo, Yinggang; Lin, Shuangjun; Zhang, Jian; Cooke, Heather A; Bruner, Steven D; Shen, Ben
Neocarzinostatin, a clinical anticancer drug, is the archetypal member of the chromoprotein family of enediyne antitumor antibiotics that are composed of a nonprotein chromophore and an apoprotein. The neocarzinostatin chromophore consists of a nine-membered enediyne core, a deoxyaminosugar, and a naphthoic acid moiety. We have previously cloned and sequenced the neocarzinostatin biosynthetic gene cluster and proposed that the biosynthesis of the naphthoic acid moiety and its incorporation into the neocarzinostatin chromophore are catalyzed by five enzymes NcsB, NcsB1, NcsB2, NcsB3, and NcsB4. Here we report the biochemical characterization of NcsB1, unveiling that: (i) NcsB1 is an S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent O-methyltransferase; (ii) NcsB1 catalyzes regiospecific methylation at the 7-hydroxy group of its native substrate, 2,7-dihydroxy-5-methyl-1-naphthoic acid; (iii) NcsB1 also recognizes other dihydroxynaphthoic acids as substrates and catalyzes regiospecific O-methylation; and (iv) the carboxylate and its ortho-hydroxy groups of the substrate appear to be crucial for NcsB1 substrate recognition and binding, and O-methylation takes place only at the free hydroxy group of these dihydroxynaphthoic acids. These findings establish that NcsB1 catalyzes the third step in the biosynthesis of the naphthoic acid moiety of the neocarzinostatin chromophore and further support the early proposal for the biosynthesis of the naphthoic acid and its incorporation into the neocarzinostatin chromophore with free naphthoic acids serving as intermediates. NcsB1 represents another opportunity that can now be exploited to produce novel neocarzinostatin analogs by engineering neocarzinostatin biosynthesis or applying directed biosynthesis strategies. PMID:18387946
Lewis acid-catalyzed intramolecular [3+2] cycloaddition of cyclopropane 1,1-diesters with alkynes for the synthesis of cyclopenta[c]chromene skeletons.
Xia, Xiao-Feng; Song, Xian-Rong; Liu, Xue-Yuan; Liang, Yong-Min
An efficient method to construct cyclopenta[c]chromene skeletons by Lewis acid-catalyzed intramolecular [3+2] cycloaddition of cyclopropane 1,1-diesters with alkynes is presented. Two new fused cycles can be formed in one step in moderate to excellent yields (up to 94 %), and the products can be converted into bioactive barbituric acid derivatives (1) under simple reaction conditions. PMID:22488826
Synthesis of ascorbyl oleate by transesterification of olive oil with ascorbic acid in polar organic media catalyzed by immobilized lipases.
Moreno-Perez, Sonia; Filice, Marco; Guisan, Jose M; Fernandez-Lorente, Gloria
The reaction of transesterification between oils (e.g., olive oil) and ascorbic acid in polar anhydrous media (e.g., tert-amyl alcohol) catalyzed by immobilized lipases for the preparation of natural liposoluble antioxidants (e.g., ascorbyl oleate) was studied. Three commercial lipases were tested: Candida antarctica B lipase (CALB), Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL) and Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML). Each lipase was immobilized by three different protocols: hydrophobic adsorption, anionic exchange and multipoint covalent attachment. The highest synthetic yields were obtained with CALB adsorbed on hydrophobic supports (e.g., the commercial derivative Novozym 435). The rates and yields of the synthesis of ascorbyl oleate were higher when using the solvent dried with molecular sieves, at high temperatures (e.g. 45°C) and with a small excess of oil (2 mol of oil per mol of ascorbic acid). The coating of CALB derivatives with polyethyleneimine (PEI) improved its catalytic behavior and allowed the achievement of yields of up to 80% of ascorbyl oleate in less than 24h. CALB adsorbed on a hydrophobic support and coated with PEI was 2-fold more stable than a non-coated derivative and one hundred-fold more stable than the best TLL derivative. The best CALB derivative exhibited a half-life of 3 days at 75°C in fully anhydrous media, and this derivative maintained full activity after 28 days at 45°C in dried tert-amyl alcohol. PMID:23891831
Convenient synthetic method of starch/lactic acid graft copolymer catalyzed with sodium hydroxide
Indian Academy of Sciences (India)
Qingling Wang; Yingmo Hu; Jianhua Zhu; Yang Liu; Xue Yang; Jing Bian
Copolymer of starch grafted with lactic acid (LA) could be directly prepared by reaction of cornstarch with lactic acid and with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as the catalyst. The structure of starch/LA copolymer was characterized by IR, XRD, SEM and 1H-NMR. The effects of NaOH concentration, ratios of starch and LA, reaction temperature and reaction time on the grafting degree were also investigated and the results showed that the highest grafting degree of starch could reach 33.60% when the graft copolymerization was carried out in 0.40 mol l-1 NaOH aqueous solution for 9 h at 90°C with 1: 6 ratio of starch and lactic acid.
Electro-oxidation of ascorbic acid catalyzed on cobalt hydroxide-modified glassy carbon electrode
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Full Text Available The electrochemical behavior of ascorbic acid on a cobalt hydroxide modified glassy carbon (CHM–GC electrode in alkaline solution was investigated. The process of the involved oxidation and its kinetics were established using the cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry techniques, as well as by steady state polarization measurements. The results revealed that cobalt hydroxide promotes the rate of oxidation by increasing the peak current; hence ascorbic acid is oxidized at lower potentials, which is thermodynamically more favorable. The cyclic voltammograms and chronoamperometry indicate a catalytic EC mechanism is operative with the electrogeneration of Co(IV as the electrochemical process. Also, the process is diffusion-controlled and the current–time responses follow Cottrellian behavior. This result was confirmed by steady state measurements. The rate constants of the catalytic oxidation of ascorbic acid and the electron-transfer coefficient are reported.
Lipase catalyzed synthesis of neutral glycerides rich in micronutrients from rice bran oil fatty acid distillate.
Nandi, Sumit; Gangopadhyay, Sarbani; Ghosh, Santinath
Neutral glycerides with micronutrients like sterols, tocopherols and squalene may be prepared from cheap raw material like rice bran oil fatty acid distillate (RBO FAD). RBO FAD is an important byproduct of vegetable oil refining industries in the physical refining process. Glycerides like triacylglycerols (TAG), diacylglycerols (DAG) and monoacylglycerols (MAG) containing significant amounts of unsaponifiable matter like sterols, tocopherols and hydrocarbons (mainly squalene) may certainly be considered as novel functional food ingredients. Fatty acids present in RBO FAD were esterified with glycerol of varying amount (1:0.33, 1:0.5, 1:1 and 1:1.5 of FAD : glycerol ratio) for 8 h using non-specific enzyme NS 40013 (Candida antartica). After esterification the product mixture containing mono, di- and triglycerides was purified by molecular distillation to remove excess free fatty acids and also other volatile undesirable components. The purified product containing sterols, tocopherols and squalene can be utilized in various food formulations. PMID:18838832
Lipase-catalyzed esterification of lactic acid with straight-chain alcohols
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Rønne, Torben Harald; Xu, Xuebing; Tan, Tianwei
Enzymatic synthesis of esters of lactic acid and straight-chain alcohols with different chain lengths (C6–C18) were investigated in batch reactions with hexadecanol (C16) as the model alcohol. Cyclohexane was the best solvent for higher ester yields, and the best biocatalyst was the immobilized...... of lactic acid to alcohol, each at a concentration of 120 mM each; a 50°C reaction temperature; 190 rpm shaking speed; and the addition of 100 mg molecular sieves (4 Å) for drying. The ester yield increased with increasing lipase load, and a yield of 79.2% could be obtained after 24 h of reaction at...... 20 wt% of Novozym 435. The immobilized Candida sp. lipase prepared in the laboratory also could be used to produce esters of lactic acid and straight-chain alcohols, but it had a much lower activity than Novozym 435 with a temperature optimum of 40°C....
Edson Avellaneda Maytán; Gustavo Paim Valença
This work studies the esterification of acrylic acid with 1-butanol using Al-MCM-41 as catalyst with different degrees of acidity at different temperatures. Al-MCM-41 synthesis was made from bromate Cetyl trimethyl ammonium using as router agent, NH4OH (25%), deionized H2O and Al2(SO4)3. Catalytic tests were carried out by groups and worked with temperature ranges among (333 to 348) K and a small sample was collected at predetermined intervals of time for subsequent gas chromatography analysi...
Hydrolysis of Selected Tropical Plant Wastes Catalyzed by a Magnetic Carbonaceous Acid with Microwave
Tong-Chao Su; Zhen Fang; Fan Zhang; Jia Luo; Xing-Kang Li
In this study, magnetic carbonaceous acids were synthesized by pyrolysis of the homogeneous mixtures of glucose and magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles, and subsequent sulfonation. The synthesis conditions were optimized to obtain a catalyst with both high acid density (0.75 mmol g−1) and strong magnetism [magnetic saturation, Ms = 19.5 Am2 kg−1]. The screened catalyst (C-SO3H/Fe3O4) was used to hydrolyze ball-milled cellulose in a microwave reactor with total reducing sugar (TRS) yield of 25.3% und...
[Synthesis, characterization and in vitro release of poly (succinimide-co-4-aminobutanoic acid) by acid-catalyzed polycondensation of L-aspartic acid and 4-aminobutanoic acid].
Liao, Zhiyin; Tang, Guping
For the purpose of increasing the hydrophilicity of poly aspartic acid, a series of polymer of L-aspartic acid and 4-aminobutanoic acid with different ratios (mol/mol) were prepared. The copolymers were characterized by 13CNMR, DSC and x-ray. The confirmed the structures of the polymers. In-vitro tests of release at phosphate buffer saline, enzyme solution of trypsin and papain (37.0 degrees C, pH = 7.4) were carried out. The result indicated that the polymers could be degraded in some degree, and that 4-aminobutanoic acid segments accelerated the degradation rate of the polymers. Skin irritation test and systemic acute toxicity test were carried out, which showed that the polymer was a nontoxic biomedical material. PMID:14564996
Brønsted acid ionic liquid catalyzed formation of pyruvaldehyde dimethylacetal from triose sugars
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Shunmugavel, Saravanamurugan; Riisager, Anders
A series of sulfonic acid functionalized ionic liquids (SO3H-ILs) have been synthesized, characterized and investigated as catalysts for the conversion of the triose sugars, 1,3-dihydroxyacetone (DHA) and glyceraldehyde (GLA), to pyruvaldehyde dimethylacetal (PADA) in methanol. Depending on the...
Lewis base additives improve the zeolite ferrierite-catalyzed synthesis of isostearic acid
Isostearic acid (IA) is of interest for industrial purposes especially in the area of biolubricants, such as cosmetics and slip additives for polyolefin and related copolymer films. This study was designed to develop a zeolitic catalysis process for IA production through isomerization of fatty aci...
Amidase-catalyzed production of nicotinic acid in batch and continuous stirred membrane reactors
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Cantarella, M.; Cantarella, L.; Gallifuoco, A.; Intellini, R.; Kaplan, Ondřej; Spera, A.; Martínková, Ludmila
Roč. 42, č. 3 (2008), s. 222-229. ISSN 0141-0229 R&D Projects: GA MŠk OC D25.002 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z50200510 Keywords : amidase * nicotinic acid bioproduction * temperature dependence Subject RIV: EE - Microbiology, Virology Impact factor: 2.375, year: 2008
Studies concerning the anion ex-change resins catalyzed esterification of epichlorohydrin with organic acids
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
E.I. Muresan
Full Text Available The paper studies the esterification of carboxylic acids with epichlorohydrin over two macroporous strong base anion exchange resins with different polymer matrix. For both resins, the influence of reaction parameters (temperature, catalyst loading, molar ratio on the reaction rate and the yields of the two isomeric esters were investigated.
Acid-functionalized mesoporous carbon: an efficient support for ruthenium-catalyzed γ-valerolactone production.
Villa, Alberto; Schiavoni, Marco; Chan-Thaw, Carine E; Fulvio, Pasquale F; Mayes, Richard T; Dai, Sheng; More, Karren L; Veith, Gabriel M; Prati, Laura
The hydrogenation of levulinic acid has been studied using Ru supported on ordered mesoporous carbons (OMCs) prepared by soft-templating. P- and S-containing acid groups were introduced by postsynthetic functionalization before the addition of 1 % Ru by incipient wetness impregnation. These functionalities and the reaction conditions mediate the activity and selectivity of the levulinic acid hydrogenation. The presence of S-containing groups (Ru/OMC-S and Ru/OMC-P/S) deactivates the Ru catalysts strongly, whereas the presence of P-containing groups (Ru/OMC-P) enhances the activity compared to that of pristine Ru/OMC. Under mild conditions (70 °C and 7 bar H2 ) the catalyst shows high selectivity to γ-valerolactone (GVL; >95 %) and high stability on recycling. However, under more severe conditions (200 °C and p H 2=40 bar) Ru/OMC-P is particularly able to promote GVL ring-opening and the consecutive hydrogenation to pentanoic acid. PMID:26089180
Coupling of Carbon Dioxide with Epoxides Catalyzed by Amino Acid Hydrochloride Salts
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Using amino acid hydrochloride salt as a catalyst, the coupling reaction of CO2 with epoxides could proceed smoothly to give cyclic carbonates in very good yields and high selectivity. The reaction conditions such as the pressure of carbon dioxide, reaction temperature, time and catalyst loading were carefully investigated.
Tannic acid Catalyzed an Efficient Synthesis of 2,4,5-Triaryl-1H-Imidazole
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Shitole Nana Vikram
Full Text Available Tannic acid (C76H52O46 has been found to be an efficient catalyst for one-pot synthesis of 2,4,5-triaryl substituted imidazoles by the reaction of an arylaldehyde, benzyl/benzoin and an ammonium acetate. The short reaction time and excellent yields making this protocol practical and economically attractive.
Lewis-acid catalyzed depolymerization of Protobind lignin in supercritical water and ethanol
Guvenatam, Burcu; Heeres, Erik H.J.; Pidko, Evgeny A.; Hensen, Ernie J. M.
The use of metal acetates, metal chlorides and metal triflates as Lewis acid catalysts for the depolymerization of soda lignin under supercritical conditions was investigated. The reactions were carried out at 400 degrees C in water and ethanol. Lignin conversion in supercritical water led to format
Kinetics of cytochrome P450 2E1-catalyzed oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid via acetaldehyde.
Bell-Parikh, L C; Guengerich, F P
The P450 2E1-catalyzed oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde is characterized by a kinetic deuterium isotope effect that increases K(m) with no effect on k(cat), and rate-limiting product release has been proposed to account for the lack of an isotope effect on k(cat) (Bell, L. C., and Guengerich, F. P. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 29643-29651). Acetaldehyde is also a substrate for P450 2E1 oxidation to acetic acid, and k(cat)/K(m) for this reaction is at least 1 order of magnitude greater than that for ethanol oxidation to acetaldehyde. Acetic acid accounts for 90% of the products generated from ethanol in a 10-min reaction, and the contribution of this second oxidation has been overlooked in many previous studies. The noncompetitive intermolecular kinetic hydrogen isotope effects on acetaldehyde oxidation to acetic acid ((H)(k(cat)/K(m))/(D)(k(cat)/K(m)) = 4.5, and (D)k(cat) = 1.5) are comparable with the isotope effects typically observed for ethanol oxidation to acetaldehyde, and k(cat) is similar for both reactions, suggesting a possible common catalytic mechanism. Rapid quench kinetic experiments indicate that acetic acid is formed rapidly from added acetaldehyde (approximately 450 min(-1)) with burst kinetics. Pulse-chase experiments reveal that, at a subsaturating concentration of ethanol, approximately 90% of the acetaldehyde intermediate is directly converted to acetic acid without dissociation from the enzyme active site. Competition experiments suggest that P450 2E1 binds acetic acid and acetaldehyde with relatively high K(d) values, which preclude simple tight binding as an explanation for rate-limiting product release. The existence of a rate-determining step between product formation and release is postulated. Also proposed is a conformational change in P450 2E1 occurring during the course of oxidation and the discrimination of P450 2E1 between acetaldehyde and its hydrated form, the gem-diol. This multistep P450 reaction is characterized by kinetic
An Intensified Esterification Process of Palm Oil Fatty Acid Distillate Catalyzed by Delipidated Rice Bran Lipase
Fui Chin Chong; Beng Ti Tey; Zanariah Mohd. Dom; Nordin Ibrahim; Russly Abd. Rahman; Tau Chuan Ling
An intensified esterification process was operated by circulating 10 l of reaction mixtures, consisting of palm oil fatty acid distillate (PFAD) and glycerol in hexane, through a packed-bed reactor (PBR) filled with 10 kg of delipidated rice bran lipase (RBL). The influence of the process parameters, such as reaction temperature and type of water-removal agent, on the performance of this intensified esterification process were investigated. The highest degree of esterification (61%) was achie...
Enantioselective CuH-Catalyzed Reductive Coupling of Aryl Alkenes and Activated Carboxylic Acids.
Bandar, Jeffrey S; Ascic, Erhad; Buchwald, Stephen L
A new method for the enantioselective reductive coupling of aryl alkenes with activated carboxylic acid derivatives via copper hydride catalysis is described. Dual catalytic cycles are proposed, with a relatively fast enantioselective hydroacylation cycle followed by a slower diastereoselective ketone reduction cycle. Symmetrical aryl carboxyclic anhydrides provide access to enantioenriched α-substituted ketones or alcohols with excellent stereoselectivity and functional group tolerance. PMID:27121395
Gas-phase studies of copper catalyzed aerobic cross coupling of thiol esters and arylboronic acids
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Tsybizová, A.; Schröder, Detlef; Roithová, J.; Henke, A.; Šrogl, Jiří
Roč. 27, č. 3 (2014), s. 198-203. ISSN 0894-3230 R&D Projects: GA ČR GAP207/12/0846 Grant ostatní: GA ČR(CZ) GAP207/11/0338 Institutional support: RVO:61388963 Keywords : boronic acids * catalysis * copper * cross coupling * electrospray ionization * mass spectrometry * kinetic studies Subject RIV: CC - Organic Chemistry Impact factor: 1.380, year: 2014
Hydrolysis of Selected Tropical Plant Wastes Catalyzed by a Magnetic Carbonaceous Acid with Microwave
Su, Tong-Chao; Fang, Zhen; Zhang, Fan; Luo, Jia; Li, Xing-Kang
In this study, magnetic carbonaceous acids were synthesized by pyrolysis of the homogeneous mixtures of glucose and magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles, and subsequent sulfonation. The synthesis conditions were optimized to obtain a catalyst with both high acid density (0.75 mmol g-1) and strong magnetism [magnetic saturation, Ms = 19.5 Am2 kg-1]. The screened catalyst (C-SO3H/Fe3O4) was used to hydrolyze ball-milled cellulose in a microwave reactor with total reducing sugar (TRS) yield of 25.3% under the best conditions at 190 °C for 3.5 h. It was cycled for at least seven times with high catalyst recovery rate (92.8%), acid density (0.63 mmol g-1) and magnetism (Ms = 12.9 Am2 kg-1), as well as high TRS yield (20.1%) from the hydrolysis of ball-milled cellulose. The catalyst was further successfully tested for the hydrolysis of tropical biomass with high TRS and glucose yields of 79.8% and 58.3% for bagasse, 47.2% and 35.6% for Jatropha hulls, as well as 54.4% and 35.8% for Plukenetia hulls.
Phenylsulfonic Acid Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Catalyzed Transetherification of Alcohols with Dimethoxymethane
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
杨建明; 吕剑
Phenylsulfonic acid functionalized mesoporous silica was synthesized by condensation of tetraethylorthosilicate with phenyltrimethoxysilane, and then sulfonation using 30% fuming sulfuric acid. The material was characterized using FT-IR, DSC, XPS, TEM and N2 adsorption/desorption measurements. DSC revealed that sulfonic acid group of the catalyst was decomposed at 354.8℃, indicating that the catalyst exhibited high thermal stability. XPS showed that there existed three kinds of different silicon species on surface of the catalyst. The catalytic performance of the catalyst was evaluated using transetherification of alcohols with dimethoxymethane. It was found that among primary alcohols, the selectivities of the two long-chain alcohols for n-dedocanol and n-tetradecyl alcohol were higher than 97.0% at the conversions of 43.6% and 65.3%, respectively, while the selectivities of the short-chain alcohols except for n-hexanol were less than 90.0% at the conversions of over 80.0%. Due to steric bartier, the secondary alcohols such as /so-butanol and cyclohexanol afforded conversions of 79.4% and 60.5%, and the selectivities of the two alcohols were more than 90.0%. The sequence in conversion of the substituted phenols isas follows: p-nitrophenol>p-fluorophenol≥p-bromophenol>p-cresol>m-cresol.
Acid Hydrolysis of Bromazepam Catalyzed by Micelles, Reverse Micelles, and Microemulsions
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ferdousi Begum
Full Text Available Kinetics of the acid hydrolysis of bromazepam (Bz has been investigated in micelles, reverse micelles, and microemulcions of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB by spectrophotometric method. The rate of the acid hydrolysis of Bz was found to be enhanced both below and above the critical micelle concentration (CMC of CTAB in aqueous solution. The pseudo-first-order rate constant (k′ shows an initial decrease for both low and high H+ concentrations. With further increase in [CTAB], at low [H+], the k′ attains an almost constant value, while, at high [H+], the k′ passes through a maximum and then decreases. The kinetic data for catalysis by micelles of CTAB was interpreted with the pseudophase ion exchange (PIE model. In CTAB/cyclohexane/1-butanol/water microemulsions, as the water to surfactant ratio (wo increases, the physicochemical properties and droplet sizes of microemulsions significantly change and distinct changes in reaction environment can be marked. The rate of the hydrolysis reaction exhibits excellent correlation with the physicochemical properties and droplet sizes of the microemulsions and reverse micelles of CTAB. At [H+] = 0.001 M, in reverse micelles and microemulsions of CTAB, the k′ of the acid hydrolysis of Bz decreases sharply followed by a slight increase with increasing wo.
Upcycling potato peel waste - Data of the pre-screening of the acid-catalyzed liquefaction.
Ventura, Patrícia; Bordado, João Carlos Moura; Mateus, Maria Margarida; Galhano Dos Santos, Rui
Herein, the data acquired regarding the preliminary and exploratory experiments conducted with potato peel as a biomass source for the direct thermochemical liquefaction is disclosed. The procedure was carried out in a 2-ethylhexanol/DEG solvent mixture at 160 °C in the presence of p-Toluenesulfonic acid. The adopted procedure afforded a bio-oil in high yield (up to 93%) after only 30 min. For longer reaction times, higher amounts of solid residues were obtained leading, consequently, to lower yields. PMID:27182538
Self-catalyzed syntheses, structural characterization, DPPH radical scavenging-, cytotoxicity-, and DFT studies of phenoxyaliphatic acids of 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthene derivatives
Suresh Kumar, G. S.; Antony Muthu Prabhu, A.; Seethalashmi, P. G.; Bhuvanesh, N.; Kumaresan, S.
One-pot, in-water syntheses of phenoxyaliphatic acids of 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthene derived from dimedone and formylphenoxyaliphatic acids are reported. Geometries of compounds 2b, 2c, and 5a have been examined crystallographically. The synthesized compounds showed better DPPH radical scavenging activity and cytotoxicity against A431 cancer cell line. The molecular properties of all synthesized xanthenes have been investigated using single crystal XRD and DFT method. Self-catalyzed Bronsted-Lowry acid catalytic behavior was also investigated by both experimental and theoretical methods.
Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)
Gulzar, Naeem; Klussmann, Martin
The direct functionalization of C-H bonds is an important and long standing goal in organic chemistry. Such transformations can be very powerful in order to streamline synthesis by saving steps, time and material compared to conventional methods that require the introduction and removal of activating or directing groups. Therefore, the functionalization of C-H bonds is also attractive for green chemistry. Under oxidative conditions, two C-H bonds or one C-H and one heteroatom-H bond can be transformed to C-C and C-heteroatom bonds, respectively. Often these oxidative coupling reactions require synthetic oxidants, expensive catalysts or high temperatures. Here, we describe a two-step procedure to functionalize indole derivatives, more specifically tetrahydrocarbazoles, by C-H amination using only elemental oxygen as oxidant. The reaction uses the principle of C-H functionalization via Intermediate PeroxideS (CHIPS). In the first step, a hydroperoxide is generated oxidatively using visible light, a photosensitizer and elemental oxygen. In the second step, the N-nucleophile, an aniline, is introduced by Brønsted-acid catalyzed activation of the hydroperoxide leaving group. The products of the first and second step often precipitate and can be conveniently filtered off. The synthesis of a biologically active compound is shown. PMID:24998636
Effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone on mesoporous silica morphology and esterification of lauric acid with 1-butanol catalyzed by immobilized enzyme
Zhang, Jinyu; Zhou, Guowei; Jiang, Bin; Zhao, Minnan; Zhang, Yan
Mesoporous silica materials with a range of morphology evolution, i.e., from curved rod-shaped mesoporous silica to straight rod-shaped mesoporous silica, were successfully prepared using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and triblock copolymer as dual template. The effects of PVP molecular weight and concentration on mesoporous silica structure parameters were studied. Results showed that surface area and pore volume continuously decreased with increased PVP molecular weight. Mesoporous silica prepared with PVP K30 also possessed larger pore diameter, interplanar spacing (d100), and cell parameter (a0) than that prepared with PVP K15 and PVP K90. In addition, with increased PVP concentration, d100 and a0 continuously decreased. The mechanism of morphology evolution caused by the change in PVP concentration was investigated. The conversion rate of lauric acid with 1-butanol catalyzed by immobilized Porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) was also evaluated. Results showed that PPL immobilized on amino-functionalized straight rod-shaped mesoporous silica maintained 50% of its esterification conversion rate even after five cycles of use with a maximum conversion rate was about 90.15%.
KINETIC STUDY OF PALMITIC ACID ESTERIFICATION CATALYZED BY Rhizopus oryzae RESTING CELLS
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Full Text Available ABSTRACT In the present study, a kinetic model for the biocatalytic synthesis of esters using Rhizopus oryzae resting cells is proposed. The kinetic study has been made in a range of 30-50 °C and atmospheric pressure. The Influence of operating variables, water content, pH, amount of mycelium was studied. Different values of temperature, initial mycelium concentration and acid/alcohol molar ratio were tested. Initial rates were estimated from the slope of the concentration of palmitic acid, or their corresponding ester at conversions of less than 10%, versus time and reported as mmol l-1 min -1. The values of kinetic constants were computed using the freeware program SIMFIT (http:\\www.simfit.man.ac.uk. Key words: bound lipase, esterification, fungal resting cells, Rhizopus oryzae, palmitic acid, propanol. RESUMEN En el presente estudio, un modelo cinético para la síntesis de esteres usando Rhizopus oryzae resting cells es propuesto. El estudio cinético fue realizado en un rango de temperatura de 30-50 ºC a presión atmosférica reducida. La influencia de las variables de operación tales como temperatura, pH y contenido de agua fueron estudiadas. Diferentes valores de concentración de micelio y relación molar de ácido/alcohol son ensayadas, Las velocidades iníciales se estimaron de la curva de concentración de acido palmítico, y su correspondiente conversión a ester en menos del 10%, frente a tiempo y reportadas en mmol I-1 min -1. Los valores de las constantes cinéticas fueron calculados usando el programa freeware SIMFIT (http:\\www.simfit.man.ac.uk. Palabras clave: Lipasas, esterificación, resting cells, Rhizopus oryzae, acido palmítico, propanol.
In the present study, a kinetic model for the biocatalytic synthesis of esters using Rhizopus oryzae resting cells is proposed. The kinetic study has been made in a range of 30-50 °C and atmospheric pressure. The Influence of operating variables, water content, pH, amount of mycelium was studied. Different values of temperature, initial mycelium concentration and acid/alcohol molar ratio were tested. Initial rates were estimated from the slope of the concentration of palmitic acid, or their corresponding ester at conversions of less than 10%, versus time and reported as mmol l-1 min -1. The values of kinetic constants were computed using the freeware program SIMFIT (http:\\www.simfit.man.ac.uk.
Key words: bound lipase, esterification, fungal resting cells, Rhizopus oryzae, palmitic acid, propanol.
En el presente estudio, un modelo cinético para la síntesis de esteres usando Rhizopus oryzae resting cells es propuesto. El estudio cinético fue realizado en un rango de temperatura de 30-50 ºC a presión atmosférica reducida. La influencia de las variables de operación tales como temperatura, pH y contenido de agua fueron estudiadas. Diferentes valores de concentración de micelio y relación molar de ácido/alcohol son ensayadas, Las velocidades iníciales se estimaron de la curva de concentración de acido palmítico, y su correspondiente conversión a ester en menos del 10%, frente a tiempo y reportadas en mmol I-1 min -1. Los valores de las constantes cinéticas fueron calculados usando el programa freeware SIMFIT (http:\\www.simfit.man.ac.uk.
Palabras clave: Lipasas, esterificación, resting cells, Rhizopus oryzae, acido palmítico, propanol.
Metal-Free Ammonia-Borane Dehydrogenation Catalyzed by a Bis(borane) Lewis Acid.
Lu, Zhenpin; Schweighauser, Luca; Hausmann, Heike; Wegner, Hermann A
The storage of energy in a safe and environmentally benign way is one of the main challenges of today's society. Ammonia-borane (AB=NH3 BH3 ) has been proposed as a possible candidate for the chemical storage of hydrogen. However, the efficient release of hydrogen is still an active field of research. Herein, we present a metal-free bis(borane) Lewis acid catalyst that promotes the evolution of up to 2.5 equivalents of H2 per AB molecule. The catalyst can be reused multiple times without loss of activity. The moderate temperature of 60 °C allows for controlling the supply of H2 on demand simply by heating and cooling. Mechanistic studies give preliminary insights into the kinetics and mechanism of the catalytic reaction. PMID:26537288
Unsaturated Fatty Acid Esters Metathesis Catalyzed by Silica Supported WMe5
Riache, Nassima
Metathesis of unsaturated fatty acid esters (FAEs) by silica supported multifunctional W-based catalyst is disclosed. This transformation represents a novel route towards unsaturated di-esters. Especially, the self-metathesis of ethyl undecylenate results almost exclusively on the homo-coupling product whereas with such catalyst, 1-decene gives ISOMET (isomerization and metathesis olefin) products. The olefin metathesis in the presence of esters is very selective without any secondary cross-metathesis products demonstrating that a high selective olefin metathesis could operate at 150 °C. Additionally, a cross-metathesis of unsaturated FAEs and α-olefins allowed the synthesis of the corresponding ester with longer hydrocarbon skeleton without isomerisation.
Efficient Lewis Acids Catalyzed Aza-Michael Reactions of Enones with Carbamates
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
XIA Chun-Gu; XU Li-Wen
The a-amino carbonyl functionality is not only a segment of biologically important natural products but also a versatile intermediate for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds.1 The development of novel synthetic methods leading to a-amino ketone, a-amino acids or their derivatives has attracted much attention in organic synthesis.2 Among the traditional methods for generating a-amino carbonyl compounds, Mannich-type reaction is one of the classical and powerful methods.3 However, the classic Mannich reaction presents serious disadvantages, for example, there is still a drawback in that the silyl enolates have to be prepared from the corresponding carbonyl compounds. Alternatively, aza-Michael additions can be used to create carbon-heteroatom bonds by reaction of a,a-unsaturated carbonyl compounds with amines. Although recent advances have made this route more attractive, development of cheaper, simpler, and more efficient metal catalyst, especially which can be applied to chalcone, is highly desirable.In this paper, we demonstrated that the first aza-Michael reaction of chalcone with a less nucleophilic carbamates can be accomplished on Me3SiCFFeCl3 catalyst system under very mild conditions. Apart from experimental simplicity, the advantages of this methodology are the use of a very cheap Lewis acid catalyst and the insensitivity of the reaction mixture towards air and moisture.catalyst for aza-Michael reaction of chalcone and cyclic enones with carbamates. And with the cyclic enones with carbamates in dichloromethane at room temperature were also investigated. In this conjugate addition reaction, good to excellent yields of a-amino ketones were obtained with system could also mediates aza-Michael addition of carbamates to chalcone and derivatives.These new strategies opened efficient procedures for the synthesis of a-amino ketones under mild conditions.
Hydrogenation of phenylpyruvic acid to phenylalanine catalyzed by Ni-B/SiO2
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Qunfang Liang; Aiqing Zhang; Lin Li
Phenylalanine(Phe)is a significant amino acid that cannot be synthesized by human themselves but must be taken from environment.It was initially found that the nanosized amorphous Ni-B/SiO2 alloy prepared by the chemical reduction method was an effective catalyst for the preparation of Phe from phenylpyruvic acid(PPA)by amination and hydrogenation.It has been found that the amorphous Ni-B/SiO2 alloy catalyst exhibits superior activity and selectivity to the traditional catalysts Raney Nj and Urushibara nickel.The effects of reaction time.amounts of catalysts and ammonia solution,reaction temperature,and H2 pressure on the reaction have been investigated systematically.The results indicated that the yield of Phe was 97.9%.and the selectivity for Phe reached 98.9%when the reaction was carried out for 3 h at 333 K and 2.0 Mpa of H2 with m(Cat.):m(PPA)=0.6:1.0 and n(NH3):n(PPA)=3:1.The catalysts were characterized by XRD,AAS,XPS,BET,and TEM.and the relationship between the catalyst structure and the catalytic activity was discussed in detail.It was found that the reason why Ni-B/SiO2 amorphous alloy catalyst was much more active for the preparation of Phe could be accounted for by the presence of electron-rich Ni due to electron donation from alloying B:the smaller size of Ni-B particles,the larger specific surface area of Ni-B/SiO2.
Sulfamic Acid-Catalyzed Lead Perovskite Formation for Solar Cell Fabrication on Glass or Plastic Substrates.
Guo, Yunlong; Sato, Wataru; Shoyama, Kazutaka; Nakamura, Eiichi
Lead perovskite materials such as methylammonium triiodoplumbate(II) (CH3NH3PbI3, PV) are promising materials for printable solar cell (SC) applications. The preparation of PV involves a series of energetically costly cleavages of the μ-iodo bridges via conversion of a mixture of PbI2 (PI) and methylammonium iodide (CH3NH3I, MAI) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) into a precursor solution containing a polymeric strip of a plumbate(II) dimer [(MA(+))2(PbI3(-))2·(DMF)2]m, which then produces a perovskite film with loss of DMF upon spin-coating and heating of the substrate. We report here that the PI-to-PV conversion and the PV crystal growth to micrometer size can be accelerated by a small amount of zwitterionic sulfamic acid (NH3SO3, SA) and that sulfamic acid facilitates electron transfer to a neighboring electron-accepting layer in an SC device. As a result, an SC device on indium tin oxide (ITO)/glass made of a 320 nm thick PV film using 0.7 wt % SA showed a higher short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage, and fill factor and hence a 22.5% higher power conversion efficiency of 16.02% compared with the device made without SA. The power conversion efficiency value was reproducible (±0.3% for 25 devices), and the device showed very small hysteresis. The device without any encapsulation showed a respectable longevity on a shelf under nitrogen under ambient light. A flexible device similarly fabricated on ITO/poly(ethylene naphthalate) showed an efficiency of 12.4%. PMID:27054265
Lipase-catalyzed acidolysis of canola oil with caprylic acid to produce medium-, long- and medium-chain-type structured lipids
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Wang, Yingyao; Xia, Luan; Xu, Xuebing; Xie, Liang; Duan, Zhangqun
Lipase-catalyzed acidolysis of canola oil with caprylic acid was performed to produce structured lipids (SLs) containing medium-chain fatty acid (M) at position sn-1,3 and long-chain fatty acid (L) at the sn-2 position in a solvent-free system. Six commercial lipases from different sources were...... screened for their ability to incorporate caprylic acid into the canola oil. The sn-1,3 regiospecificity toward the glycerol backbone of canola oil of the lipases with relatively higher acidolysis activity was compared by investigating the fatty acid profiles of the products. The results showed that...... when reactions were carried with 10% lipase of the total weight of substrates with a 1:4 mole ratio of oil and caprylic acid. The optimal time course and temperature for synthesis SLs were 15 h and 50–60 °C. Possible triacylglycerol species and physical properties of the SLs product obtained at...
Acetalization of carbonyl compounds with 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanedio catalyzed by novel carbon based solid acid catalyst
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Ling Liu; Yuechang Zhao; Shan Gan; Xuezheng Liang; Jianguo Yang; Mingyuan He
The synthesis of 2, 4-diisopropyl-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane through the acetalization of isobutyraldehyde with 2, 2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol (TMPD) catalyzed by the novel carbon based acid was first carried out. High conversion (≥98%) and specific selectivity were obtained using the novel carbon based acid, which kept high activity after it was reused 5 times.Moreover, the catalyst could be used to catalyze the acetalization and ketalization of different aldehydes and ketones with superior yield. The yield of several products was over 90%. The novel heterogeneous catalyst has the distinct advantages of high activity, strikingly simple workup procedure, non-pollution, and reusability, which will contribute to the success of the green process greatly.
Unique Reactivity Patterns Catalyzed by Internal Lewis Acid Assisted Hydrogen Bond Donors
Auvil, Tyler Jay
The advancement of hydrogen bond donor (HBD) organocatalysis has been inhibited by a number of challenges. Conventional HBDs suffer from high catalyst loadings and operate in only limited types of reactions, typically the activation of 1,2- and 1,4-acceptors for nucleophilic attack. One strategy to address the shortcomings of HBD catalysis is to design innovative catalysts with improved reactivity. To this end, boronate ureas have been developed as a new family of enhanced HBD catalysts that enable useful new reactivity patterns. Boronate ureas are easily-accessible, small organic molecules that benefit from improved catalytic abilities plausibly due to internal coordination of the urea carbonyl to a strategically placed Lewis acid. Optimization of the boronate urea scaffold has revealed their enhanced catalytic activity, enabling new directions in HBD catalysis. The discovery of boronate ureas has allowed for the unveiling of new HBD activation modes, providing unique reactivity patterns that are inaccessible with conventional HBD catalysts. Among these reactivity patterns is the activation of strained nitrocyclopropane carboxylates for nucleophilic ring-opening reactions, which affords a swift route to access gamma-amino-alpha-nitroester building blocks. The ring-opening method was highlighted by its utilization in the total synthesis of a CB-1 receptor inverse agonist, which was recently patented by Eli Lilly. Additionally, boronate ureas can elicit carbene-like reactivity from alpha-diazocarbonyl compounds, allowing for organocatalytic heteroatom-hydrogen insertions reactions, the first of their kind. The boronate urea activation of alpha-nitrodiazoesters has permitted the development of an unsymmetric double alpha-arylation process, affording a synthetically challenging motif in a single flask. The alpha-arylation reaction proceeds through a conceptually novel organocatalytic transient N--H insertion process, employing anilines as carbene activators. The use
Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels Formed in Situ by Transglutaminase-Catalyzed Reaction.
Ranga, Adrian; Lutolf, Matthias P; Hilborn, Jöns; Ossipov, Dmitri A
Enzymatically cross-linked hydrogels can be formed in situ and permit highly versatile and selective tethering of bioactive molecules, thereby allowing for a wealth of applications in cell biology and tissue engineering. While a number of studies have reported the bioconjugation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and peptides into such matrices, the site-specific incorporation of biologically highly relevant polysaccharides such as hyaluronic acid (HA) has thus far not been reported, limiting our ability to reconstruct this key feature of the in vivo ECM. Here we demonstrate a novel strategy for transglutaminase-mediated covalent linking of HA moieties to a synthetic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) macromer resulting in the formation of hybrid HA-PEG hydrogels. We characterize the ensuing matrix properties and demonstrate how these cytocompatible gels can serve to modulate the cellular phenotype of human mammary cancer epithelial cells as well as mouse myoblasts. The use of HA as a novel building block in the increasingly varied library of synthetic PEG-based artificial ECMs should have applications as a structural as well as a signaling component and offers significant potential as an injectable matrix for regenerative medicine. PMID:27014785
Lewis acid-catalyzed in situ transesterification/esterification of microalgae in supercritical ethanol.
Jin, Binbin; Duan, Peigao; Xu, Yuping; Wang, Bing; Wang, Feng; Zhang, Lei
The activities of several Lewis acid catalysts such SnCl2, FeCl3, ZnCl2, AlCl3, and NbCl5 for the in situ transesterification/esterification of lipid contained within a microalga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) in ethanol at 350°C were examined to identify the most suitable catalyst in term of crude biodiesel (CBD) yield. Of those catalysts tested, ZnCl2 showed the highest performance toward the CBD production. Using ZnCl2 as catalyst, effects of reaction temperature (200-370 °C), time (0-120 min), ethanol to microalga ratio (EtOH:MA) (5/5-40/5), catalyst loading (0-30 wt.%), and algae moisture (0-80 wt.%) on the yields of product fractions and the properties of CBD were studied. The presence of ZnCl2 not only promoted the production of CBD but also showed activities toward the deoxygenation and denitrogenation of CBD. The moisture content in the starting material is the most influential factor affecting the yield and properties of CBD. PMID:24768889
Progressive deconstruction of Arundo donax Linn. to fermentable sugars by acid catalyzed ionic liquid pretreatment.
You, Ting-Ting; Zhang, Li-Ming; Xu, Feng
Acid enhanced ionic liquid (IL) 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4 mim]Cl) pretreatment has shown great potential for boosting the yield of sugars from biomass cost-effectively and environmental-friendly. Pretreatment with shorter processing time will promote the commercial viability. In this work, pretreatment of reduced Amberlyst catalysis time of 34 min was demonstrated to be the most effective among time-varying pretreatments, evidenced by partial removal of hemicellulose and cellulose crystal transformation of Arundo donax Linn. A higher fermentable sugar concentration of 10.42 g/L (2% substrate) was obtained after 72 h of saccharification than the others. Total processing time to reach 92% glucose yield was cut down to approximately 26 h. Progressive deconstruction of crop cell wall was occurred with increased catalysis time by gradual releasing of H3O(+) of Amberlyst. However, vast lignin re-deposited polymers on fibers could hinder further enzymatic hydrolysis. These discoveries provide new insights into a more economic pretreatment for bioethanol production. PMID:26363822
Super phosphoric acid catalyzed esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate for biodiesel production: physicochemical parameters and kinetics
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Metre Anand V.
Full Text Available In the present study the esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD, a by-product from palm oil industry, in the presence of super phosphoric acid (SPA catalyst was studied. The effects of various physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, PFAD to methanol molar ratio and amount of catalyst on the conversion of biodiesel were investigated. The percent conversion of FFA and properties of the biodiesel were determined following standard methodologies. Percent conversion of biodiesel was found to increase with the increase in PFAD to methanol molar ratio and at 1:12 molar ratio and 70°C temperature 95% conversion was achieved. Thermodynamic parameters were also evaluated in terms of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy at different molar ratio and temperatures. Both pseudo first and second order irreversible kinetics were applied to a wide range of experimental data. However, according to regression coefficient (R2 the second order described better experimental behavior of kinetic data.
Ruthenium-Catalyzed Selective Hydrogenation of bis-Arylidene Tetramic Acids. Application to the Synthesis of Novel Structurally Diverse Pyrrolidine-2,4-diones
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Olga Igglessi-Markopoulou
Full Text Available Catalytic hydrogenation of 3,5-bis-arylidenetetramic acids, known for their biological activity, has been developed. The chemoselective ruthenium-catalyzed reduction of the exocyclic carbon-carbon double bonds on pyrrolidine-2,4-dione ring system, containing other reducible functions, has been investigated. Depending on the substrate the yield of the hydrogenation process can reach up to 95%. The structural elucidation has been established using NMR and HRMS spectral data.
A Palladium-Catalyzed Three-Component Cross-Coupling of Conjugated Dienes or Terminal Alkenes with Vinyl Triflates and Boronic Acids
Liao, Longyan; Jana, Ranjan; Urkalan, Kaveri Balan; Sigman, Matthew S.
A three-component coupling of vinyl triflates and boronic acids to alkenes catalyzed by palladium is reported. Using 1,3-dienes, selective 1,2-alkene difunctionalization is observed, whereas the use of terminal alkenes results in 1,1-alkene difunctionalization. The reaction outcome is attributed to the formation of stabilized, cationic Pd-π-allyl intermediates to regulate β-hydride elimination.
Molecular mechanism of acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of peptide bonds using a model compound.
Pan, Bin; Ricci, Margaret S; Trout, Bernhardt L
The stability of peptide bonds is a critical aspect of biological chemistry and therapeutic protein applications. Recent studies found elevated nonenzymatic hydrolysis in the hinge region of antibody molecules, but no mechanism was identified. As a first step in providing a mechanistic interpretation, this computational study examines the rate-determining step of the hydrolytic reaction of a peptide bond under acidic pH by a path sampling technique using a model compound N-MAA. Most previous computational studies did not include explicit water molecules, whose effects are significant in solution chemistry, nor did they provide a dynamic picture for the reaction process in aqueous conditions. Because no single trajectory can be used to describe the reaction dynamics due to fluctuations at finite temperatures, a variant version of the transition path sampling technique, the aimless shooting algorithm, was used to sample dynamic trajectories and to generate an ensemble of transition trajectories according to their statistical weights in the trajectory space. Each trajectory was computed as the time evolution of the molecular system using the Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics technique. The likelihood maximization procedure and its modification were used in extracting dynamically relevant degrees of freedom in the system, and approximations of the reaction coordinate were compared. Its low log-likelihood score and poor p(B) histogram indicate that the C-O distance previously assumed as the reaction coordinate for the rate-determining step is inadequate in describing the dynamics of the reaction. More than one order parameter in a candidate set including millions of geometric quantities was required to produce a convergent reaction coordinate model; its involvement of many degrees of freedom suggests that this hydrolytic reaction step is very complex. In addition to affecting atoms directly involved in bond-making and -breaking processes, the water network also has
Experimental and Theoretical Studies of the Acid-Catalyzed Conversion of Furfuryl Alcohol to Levulinic Acid in Aqueous Solution
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Gonzalez Maldonado, Gretchen M.; Assary, Rajeev S.; Dumesic, James A.; Curtiss, Larry A.
The conversion of furfuryl alcohol (FAL) to levulinic acid over Amberlyst TM 15 in aqueous media was investigated using a combination of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) measurements, isotopic labeling studies, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and ab initio quantum chemical calculations using the G4MP2 method. The results of these combined studies showed that one of the major reaction pathways takes place via a geminal diol species (4,5,5- trihydroxypentan-2-one, denoted as intermediate A), formed by the addition of two water molecules to FAL, where two of the oxygen atoms from FAL are retained. This geminal diol species can also be produced from another intermediate found to be a dimer-like species, denoted as intermediate B. This dimer-like species is formed at the early stages of reaction, and it can also be converted to intermediate A, indicating that intermediate B is the product of the reaction of FAL with another early intermediate. Quantum chemical calculations suggested this to be a protonated acyclic species. Reaction of this early intermediate with water produces intermediate A, while reaction with FAL produces intermediate B.
Synthesis, X-ray Structure and Aggregation Effect of Tetramethoxy Substituted Dibenzo[fg, op]naphthacene
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
CHENG Xiao-Hong; FU Chang-Jin
Tetramethoxy substituted dibenzo[fg,op]naphthacene was synthesised by using Friedel-Crafts acylation, tandem Aldol-Michael solvent-free reaction and palladium catalyzed dehydrohalogenation cyclization as key steps. The X-ray structure of the product and its aggregation effect in solvent were also reported.
Purification, molecular cloning, and expression of 2-hydroxyphytanoyl- CoA lyase, a peroxisomal thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the carbon-carbon bond cleavage during à-oxidation of 3- methyl-branched fatty acids
Foulon, V; Croes, K; Waelkens, E
Purification, molecular cloning, and expression of 2-hydroxyphytanoyl- CoA lyase, a peroxisomal thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the carbon-carbon bond cleavage during à-oxidation of 3- methyl-branched fatty acids
Amino acid-catalyzed seed regrowth synthesis of photostable high fluorescent silica nanoparticles with tunable sizes for intracellular studies
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Size-controlled fluorescence silica nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used for nanotoxicological studies, and diagnostic and targeted therapies. Such particles can be easily visualized and localized within cell environments and their interactions with cellular components can be monitored. We developed an amino acid-catalyzed seed regrowth technique (ACSRT) to synthesize spherical rhodamine-doped silica NPs with tunable sizes, low polydispersity index as well as high labeling efficiency and enhanced fluorescence photostability. Via ACSRT, fluorescent silica NPs can be obtained by introducing the fluorophore in seed formation step, while a precise control over particle size can be achieved by simply adjusting the concentration of reactants in the regrowth step. Unlike the conventional methods, the proposed ACSRT permits the synthesis of fluorescent silica NPs in a water-based system, without the use of any surfactants and co-surfactants. By this approach, additional linkers for covalent coupling of the fluorophore to silica matrix can be omitted, while a remarkable doping efficiency is achieved. The suitability of these particles for biomedical application is demonstrated by in vitro tests with normal and malignant bone cells. We show that the particles can be easily and unambiguously visualized by a conventional fluorescence microscope, localized, and distinguished within intracellular components. In addition, it is presented that the cellular uptake and cytotoxic profile of silica NPs are strongly correlated to the particle size, concentration, and cell line. The results of in vitro experiments demonstrate that tunable fluorescent silica NPs synthesized with ACSRT can be potentially used for toxicological assessments and nanomedical studies
Highly Efficient C--N Bond Forming Reactions in Water Catalyzed by Copper(I) Iodide with Calix[4]arene Supported Amino Acid Ionic Liquid%Highly Efficient C--N Bond Forming Reactions in Water Catalyzed by Copper(I) Iodide with Calix[4]arene Supported Amino Acid Ionic Liquid
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
黄利; 金灿; 苏为科
A novel and effective protocol has been developed for the Ullmann-type C--N coupling reaction catalyzed by calix[4]arene supported amino acid ionic liquid and copper(I) iodide in water under microwave irradiation condition The protocol uses ealix[4]arene supported amino acid ionic liquid as double function of the ligand and phase-transfer catalyst, and shows good tolerance in good to excellent yields.
Additional Nucleophile-Free FeCl3-Catalyzed Green Deprotection of 2,4-Dimethoxyphenylmethyl-Protected Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids.
Sawama, Yoshinari; Masuda, Masahiro; Honda, Akie; Yokoyama, Hiroki; Park, Kwihwan; Yasukawa, Naoki; Monguchi, Yasunari; Sajiki, Hironao
The deprotection of the methoxyphenylmethyl (MPM) ether and ester derivatives can be generally achieved by the combinatorial use of a catalytic Lewis acid and stoichiometric nucleophile. The deprotections of 2,4-dimethoxyphenylmethyl (DMPM)-protected alcohols and carboxylic acids were found to be effectively catalyzed by iron(III) chloride without any additional nucleophile to form the deprotected mother alcohols and carboxylic acids in excellent yields. Since the present deprotection proceeds via the self-assembling mechanism of the 2,4-DMPM protective group itself to give the hardly-soluble resorcinarene derivative as a precipitate, the rigorous purification process by silica-gel column chromatography was unnecessary and the sufficiently-pure alcohols and carboxylic acids were easily obtained in satisfactory yields after simple filtration. PMID:27373632
Modification of diphenylamine-linked bis(oxazoline) ligands: Tuning of electronic effect and rigidity of ligand skeleton
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
The electronic effect of diphenylamine-linked bis(oxazoline) ligands was tuned through introduction of electron-withdrawing bromo and nitro substituents onto the 4 and 4′ position. The variation of the NH bond acidity was determined by the different chemical shifts of NH. The catalytic activity and enantioselectivity of the modified ligands were tested in the asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indole with β-nitrostyrene. The effect of ligand skeleton rigidity was also investigated through the synthesis of iminodibenzyl-linked bis(oxazoline) ligands and evaluation of their catalytic activity in Friedel-Crafts alkylation.
Palladium-catalyzed C–N and C–O bond formation of N-substituted 4-bromo-7-azaindoles with amides, amines, amino acid esters and phenols
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Rajendra Surasani
Full Text Available Simple and efficient procedures for palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of N-substituted 4-bromo-7-azaindole (1H-pyrrole[2,3-b]pyridine, with amides, amines, amino acid esters and phenols through C–N and C–O bond formation have been developed. The C–N cross-coupling reaction of amides, amines and amino acid esters takes place rapidly by using the combination of Xantphos, Cs2CO3, dioxane and palladium catalyst precursors Pd(OAc2/Pd2(dba3. The combination of Pd(OAc2, Xantphos, K2CO3 and dioxane was found to be crucial for the C–O cross-coupling reaction. This is the first report on coupling of amides, amino acid esters and phenols with N-protected 4-bromo-7-azaindole derivatives.
Use of immobilized phospholipase A1-catalyzed acidolysis for the production of structured phosphatidylcholine with an elevated conjugated linoleic acid content
Baeza-Jiménez, R.; GonzáLez-RodríGuez, J.; Kim, In-H.; García, H. S.; Otero, C.
Structured phosphatidylcholine (SPC) was successfully produced via immobilized phospholipase A1 (PLA1) – catalyzed acidolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The effects of enzyme loading (2, 5, 10, 15 and 20%, with respect to the weight of substrates), temperature (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 °C) and the molar ratio of substrates (1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8 and 1:10, PC/CLA) were evaluated to maximize the incorporation of CLA i...
Pd-Catalyzed Regioselective Alkoxycarbonylation of 1-Alkenes Using a Lewis Acid [SnCl2 or Ti(O(i)Pr)4] and a Phosphine.
Amézquita-Valencia, Manuel; Achonduh, George; Alper, Howard
The phosphine ligand mediated palladium catalyzed alkoxycarbonylation of alkenes was investigated with the objective of attaining good linear selectivity for the ester. The effect of various parameters such as solvents, additives, palladium precursors, CO pressures, and alkenes of various structural complexities were examined. The results revealed the importance of using a Lewis acid such as SnCl2 or Ti(O(i)Pr)4 in combination with a monodentate ligand such CYTOP 292 or P(p-anisyl)3 to enhance the regioselectivity for the linear isomers in the range of 70-96%. PMID:26005796
Directing Group in Decarboxylative Cross-Coupling: Copper-Catalyzed Site-Selective C-N Bond Formation from Nonactivated Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids.
Liu, Zhao-Jing; Lu, Xi; Wang, Guan; Li, Lei; Jiang, Wei-Tao; Wang, Yu-Dong; Xiao, Bin; Fu, Yao
Copper-catalyzed directed decarboxylative amination of nonactivated aliphatic carboxylic acids is described. This intramolecular C-N bond formation reaction provides efficient access to the synthesis of pyrrolidine and piperidine derivatives as well as the modification of complex natural products. Moreover, this reaction presents excellent site-selectivity in the C-N bond formation step through the use of directing group. Our work can be considered as a big step toward controllable radical decarboxylative carbon-heteroatom cross-coupling. PMID:27439145
Reaction Between U(Ⅳ)and Nitrous Acid Catalyzed by Plutonium%Pu催化HNO2氧化U(Ⅳ)的研究
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
王浩文; 周贤明; 李高亮; 兰天; 刘金平; 常尚文; 何辉; 段红卫
The oxidation of U(Ⅳ)by nitrous acid in the present of plutonium was studied. The influence of the concentration of nitrous acid,nitric acid,plutonium on the oxidation of U(Ⅳ)was investigated.The results show that plutonium can catalyze the reaction between U(Ⅳ)and nitrous acid.And the rate equation of the reaction between U(Ⅳ)and nitrous acid catalyzed by plutonium was obtained:-dc(U(Ⅳ))/dt=kc(U(Ⅳ))c1.3 (HNO3 )c1.3 (NO-2 ), k=(0.69±0.04)L2.6/(mol2.6 ·min)when the temperature was 29 ℃.The mechanism of the oxidation of U(Ⅳ)was discussed.%研究了Pu存在条件下 HNO2氧化 U(Ⅳ)的反应,并考察了 HNO2浓度、反应温度、HNO3浓度、Pu 浓度对 U(Ⅳ)氧化速率的影响。结果表明:Pu对 HNO2氧化 U(Ⅳ)的反应具有显著催化作用;获得了 Pu催化条件下 HNO2氧化 U(Ⅳ)的动力学方程:-dc(U(Ⅳ))/dt=kc(U(Ⅳ))c1.3(HNO3)c1.3(NO-2),得到了29℃时的反应速率常数k=(0.69±0.04)L2.6/(mol2.6·min)。并对反应历程进行了探讨。
Synthesis of beta-lactones by the regioselective, cobalt and Lewis acid catalyzed carbonylation of simple and functionalized epoxides.
Lee, J T; Thomas, P J; Alper, H
The PPNCo(CO)(4) and BF(3) x Et(2)O catalyzed carbonylation of simple and functionalized epoxides in DME gives the corresponding beta-lactones regioselectively in good to high yields. The carbonylation occurred selectively at the unsubstituted C-O bond of the epoxide ring, and this reaction tolerates various functional groups such as alkenyl, halide, hydroxy, and alkyl ether. PMID:11485465
Oxidation of alkanes with m-chloroperbenzoic acid catalyzed by iron(III) chloride and a polydentate amine
Shul'pin, Georgiy B.; Stoeckli-Evans, Helen; Mandelli, Dalmo; Kozlov, Yuriy N.; Tesouro Vallina, Ana; Woitiski, Camile B.; Jimenez, Ricardo S.; Carvalho, Wagner A.
Tetradentate amine N,N′-bis(2-pyridylmethylene)-1,4-diaminodiphenyl ether (compound 1) dramatically accelerates the oxidation of alkanes with MCPBA in acetonitrile catalyzed by FeCl3, whereas N,N′-bis(2-pyrrolidinmethylene)-1,4-diaminodiphenyl ether (2) does not affect the reaction. The selectivity of the reaction in the presence of 1 is noticeably higher than that in its absence. On the basis of the kinetic study and selectivity parameters a mechanism has been proposed which includes the for...
5-Methylisoxazole-3-carboxamide-Directed Palladium-Catalyzed γ-C(sp(3))-H Acetoxylation and Application to the Synthesis of γ-Mercapto Amino Acids for Native Chemical Ligation.
Pasunooti, Kalyan Kumar; Yang, Renliang; Banerjee, Biplab; Yap, Terence; Liu, Chuan-Fa
Palladium-catalyzed acetoxylation of the primary γ-C(sp(3))-H bonds in the amino acids Val, Thr, and Ile was achieved using a newly discovered 5-methylisoxazole-3-carboxamide directing group. The γ-acetoxylated α-amino acid derivatives could be easily converted to γ-mercapto amino acids, which are useful for native chemical ligation (NCL). The first application of NCL at isoleucine in the semisynthesis of a Xenopus histone H3 protein was also demonstrated. PMID:27218276
Use of immobilized phospholipase A1-catalyzed acidolysis for the production of structured phosphatidylcholine with an elevated conjugated linoleic acid content
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Baeza-Jimenez, R.; Gonzalez-Rodriguez, J.; Kim, I. H.; Gracia, H. S.; Otero, C.
Structured phosphatidylcholine (SPC) was successfully produced via immobilized phospholipase A1 (PLA1) catalyzed acidolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The effects of enzyme loading (2, 5, 10, 15 and 20%, with respect to the weight of substrates), temperature (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 degree centigrade) and the molar ratio of substrates (1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8 and 1:10, PC/CLA) were evaluated to maximize the incorporation of CLA into PC. The maximum incorporation of CLA achieved was ca. 90% for 24 h of reaction at 50 degree centigrade and 200 rpm, using a 1:4 substrate molar ratio and an enzyme loading of 15%. (Author) 30 refs.
Camphor-10-sulfonic acid catalyzed condensation of 2-naphthol with aromatic/aliphatic aldehydes to 14-aryl/alkyl-14H-dibenzo[a,j]xanthenes
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Kundu Kshama
Full Text Available (±-Camphor-10-sulfonic acid (CSA catalyzed condensation of 2-naphthol with both aliphatic/aromatic aldehydes at 80°C yielded 14-alkyl/aryl-dibenzoxanthenes as the sole product in high yields. However, the same condensation with benzaldehyde at 25°C afforded a mixture of intermediate 1,1-bis-(2-hydroxynaphthylphenylmethane and 14-phenyl-dibenzoxanthene while the condensation with aliphatic aldehydes at 25°C furnished the corresponding 14-alkyl-dibenzoxanthenes as the sole product. Moreover, condensation of 2-naphthol with aromatic/aliphatic aldehydes with low catalyst loading (2 mol% was greatly accelerated under microwave irradiation to afford the corresponding 14-aryl/alkyl-dibenzoxanthenes as the sole product in high yields.
Bispalladacycle-catalyzed Brønsted acid/base-promoted asymmetric tandem azlactone formation-Michael addition.
Weber, Manuel; Jautze, Sascha; Frey, Wolfgang; Peters, René
Cooperative activation by a soft bimetallic catalyst, a hard Brønsted acid, and a hard Brønsted base has allowed the formation of highly enantioenriched, diastereomerically pure masked alpha-amino acids with adjacent quaternary and tertiary stereocenters in a single reaction starting from racemic N-benzoylated amino acids. The products can, for example, be used to prepare bicyclic dipeptides. PMID:20715774
酶法生产共轭亚油酸的研究进展%Development of linoleate isomerase catalyzes forproduction of conjugated linoleic acid
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
张艳禾; 王春来; 刘思国; 张兰威
共轭亚油酸(Conjugated linoleic acid,CLA)具有抗癌、抗动脉粥样硬化、减肥和免疫调节等生理活性.共轭亚油酸可以通过酶法异构化获得,将底物亚油酸异构形成具有生物活性物质-共轭亚油酸的异构酶称为亚油酸异构酶.因此,通过介绍亚油酸异构酶的来源、作用机制、酶学性质和基因工程菌生产等方面的研究进展,结合不断发展的基因工程技术,旨在提高亚油酸异构酶的活性、产量和异构化效率,以扩大反应底物范围,降低生产成本,从而推进共轭亚油酸的规模化、可持续性的工业生产.%CLA (Conjugated linoleic acid, CLA) possesses a wide range of biological activities including anti-cancer activity, anti-atherosclerosis activity, capability of helping reduce weight fat and regulate immune system. The fatty acid isomerase from bacteria, which catalyzes the isomerization of linoleic acid (LA) to CLA production, is a promising candidate for other approachs. This paper introduces the source of linoleate isomerase, the mechanism of its function as well as reviewing recent advances regarding the key property of this important enzyme. The preparation of linoleate isomerase and how to use it to produce high yield of isomers of conjugated linoleic acid with high purity are also demonstrated,which will help to realize sustainability and industrial scale production of conjugated linoleic acid.
Pyruvate decarboxylase catalyzes decarboxylation of branched-chain 2-oxo acids but is not essential for fusel alcohol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
ter Schure, E G; Flikweert, M T; van Dijken, J P; Pronk, J T; Verrips, C T
The fusel alcohols 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, and 2-methyl-propanol are important flavor compounds in yeast-derived food products and beverages. The formation of these compounds from branched-chain amino acids is generally assumed to occur via the Ehrlich pathway, which involves the concerted action of a branched-chain transaminase, a decarboxylase, and an alcohol dehydrogenase. Partially purified preparations of pyruvate decarboxylase (EC 22.214.171.124) have been reported to catalyze the decarboxylation of the branched-chain 2-oxo acids formed upon transamination of leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Indeed, in a coupled enzymatic assay with horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase, cell extracts of a wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain exhibited significant decarboxylation rates with these branched-chain 2-oxo acids. Decarboxylation of branched-chain 2-oxo acids was not detectable in cell extracts of an isogenic strain in which all three PDC genes had been disrupted. Experiments with cell extracts from S. cerevisiae mutants expressing a single PDC gene demonstrated that both PDC1- and PDC5-encoded isoenzymes can decarboxylate branched-chain 2-oxo acids. To investigate whether pyruvate decarboxylase is essential for fusel alcohol production by whole cells, wild-type S. cerevisiae and an isogenic pyruvate decarboxylase-negative strain were grown on ethanol with a mixture of leucine, isoleucine, and valine as the nitrogen source. Surprisingly, the three corresponding fusel alcohols were produced in both strains. This result proves that decarboxylation of branched-chain 2-oxo acids via pyruvate decarboxylase is not an essential step in fusel alcohol production. PMID:9546164
HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of oxidized di-caffeoylquinic acids generated by metalloporphyrin-catalyzed reactions
Michel D. Santos; Norberto P. Lopes; Yassuko Iamamoto
This paper reports an HPLC-ESI-MS/MS investigation on the oxidation of 3,5- and 4,5- dicaffeoylquinic acid using iron(III) tetraphenylporphyrin chloride as catalyst. Two major mono-oxidised products of the quinic acid moiety have been identified for both compounds. However, only the 4,5-derivative afforded two different tri-oxo products. Thus, it seems that the oxidation pattern depends on the number and positions of the caffeic acid moieties present in caffeoylquinic acid molecules.
HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of oxidized di-caffeoylquinic acids generated by metalloporphyrin-catalyzed reactions
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Michel D. Santos
Full Text Available This paper reports an HPLC-ESI-MS/MS investigation on the oxidation of 3,5- and 4,5- dicaffeoylquinic acid using iron(III tetraphenylporphyrin chloride as catalyst. Two major mono-oxidised products of the quinic acid moiety have been identified for both compounds. However, only the 4,5-derivative afforded two different tri-oxo products. Thus, it seems that the oxidation pattern depends on the number and positions of the caffeic acid moieties present in caffeoylquinic acid molecules.
Conversion of nicotinic acid to trigonelline is catalyzed by N-methyltransferase belonged to motif B′ methyltransferase family in Coffea arabica
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Mizuno, Kouichi, E-mail: email@example.com [Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195 (Japan); Matsuzaki, Masahiro [Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195 (Japan); Kanazawa, Shiho [Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610 (Japan); Tokiwano, Tetsuo; Yoshizawa, Yuko [Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195 (Japan); Kato, Misako [Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610 (Japan)
Graphical abstract: Trigonelline synthase catalyzes the conversion of nicotinic acid to trigonelline. We isolated and characterized trigonelline synthase gene(s) from Coffea arabica. - Highlights: • Trigonelline is a major compound in coffee been same as caffeine is. • We isolated and characterized trigonelline synthase gene. • Coffee trigonelline synthases are highly homologous with coffee caffeine synthases. • This study contributes the fully understanding of pyridine alkaloid metabolism. - Abstract: Trigonelline (N-methylnicotinate), a member of the pyridine alkaloids, accumulates in coffee beans along with caffeine. The biosynthetic pathway of trigonelline is not fully elucidated. While it is quite likely that the production of trigonelline from nicotinate is catalyzed by N-methyltransferase, as is caffeine synthase (CS), the enzyme(s) and gene(s) involved in N-methylation have not yet been characterized. It should be noted that, similar to caffeine, trigonelline accumulation is initiated during the development of coffee fruits. Interestingly, the expression profiles for two genes homologous to caffeine synthases were similar to the accumulation profile of trigonelline. We presumed that these two CS-homologous genes encoded trigonelline synthases. These genes were then expressed in Escherichiacoli, and the resulting recombinant enzymes that were obtained were characterized. Consequently, using the N-methyltransferase assay with S-adenosyl[methyl-{sup 14}C]methionine, it was confirmed that these recombinant enzymes catalyzed the conversion of nicotinate to trigonelline, coffee trigonelline synthases (termed CTgS1 and CTgS2) were highly identical (over 95% identity) to each other. The sequence homology between the CTgSs and coffee CCS1 was 82%. The pH-dependent activity curve of CTgS1 and CTgS2 revealed optimum activity at pH 7.5. Nicotinate was the specific methyl acceptor for CTgSs, and no activity was detected with any other nicotinate derivatives, or
Conversion of nicotinic acid to trigonelline is catalyzed by N-methyltransferase belonged to motif B′ methyltransferase family in Coffea arabica
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Graphical abstract: Trigonelline synthase catalyzes the conversion of nicotinic acid to trigonelline. We isolated and characterized trigonelline synthase gene(s) from Coffea arabica. - Highlights: • Trigonelline is a major compound in coffee been same as caffeine is. • We isolated and characterized trigonelline synthase gene. • Coffee trigonelline synthases are highly homologous with coffee caffeine synthases. • This study contributes the fully understanding of pyridine alkaloid metabolism. - Abstract: Trigonelline (N-methylnicotinate), a member of the pyridine alkaloids, accumulates in coffee beans along with caffeine. The biosynthetic pathway of trigonelline is not fully elucidated. While it is quite likely that the production of trigonelline from nicotinate is catalyzed by N-methyltransferase, as is caffeine synthase (CS), the enzyme(s) and gene(s) involved in N-methylation have not yet been characterized. It should be noted that, similar to caffeine, trigonelline accumulation is initiated during the development of coffee fruits. Interestingly, the expression profiles for two genes homologous to caffeine synthases were similar to the accumulation profile of trigonelline. We presumed that these two CS-homologous genes encoded trigonelline synthases. These genes were then expressed in Escherichiacoli, and the resulting recombinant enzymes that were obtained were characterized. Consequently, using the N-methyltransferase assay with S-adenosyl[methyl-14C]methionine, it was confirmed that these recombinant enzymes catalyzed the conversion of nicotinate to trigonelline, coffee trigonelline synthases (termed CTgS1 and CTgS2) were highly identical (over 95% identity) to each other. The sequence homology between the CTgSs and coffee CCS1 was 82%. The pH-dependent activity curve of CTgS1 and CTgS2 revealed optimum activity at pH 7.5. Nicotinate was the specific methyl acceptor for CTgSs, and no activity was detected with any other nicotinate derivatives, or with
Transition metal-catalyzed oxidative double bond cleavage of simple and bio-derived alkenes and unsaturated fatty acids
Spannring, Peter; Bruijnincx, Pieter C. A.; Weckhuysen, Bert. M.; Klein Gebbink, Bert
The oxidative cleavage of the C=C double bond in unsaturated fatty acids into aldehydes or carboxylic acids is a reaction of current interest in biomass valorization. The products of this reaction, which is currently being performed on an industrial scale by means of ozonolysis, can be applied for t
Ruthenium-catalyzed aerobic oxidative decarboxylation of amino acids: a green, zero-waste route to biobased nitriles.
Claes, Laurens; Verduyckt, Jasper; Stassen, Ivo; Lagrain, Bert; De Vos, Dirk E
Oxidative decarboxylation of amino acids into nitriles was performed using molecular oxygen as terminal oxidant and a heterogeneous ruthenium hydroxide-based catalyst. A range of amino acids was oxidized in very good yield, using water as the solvent. PMID:25773363
Enzymatic α-glucuronylation of maltooligosaccharides using α-glucuronic acid 1-phosphate as glycosyl donor catalyzed by a thermostable phosphorylase from Aquifex aeolicus VF5.
Umegatani, Yuta; Izawa, Hironori; Nawaji, Mutsuki; Yamamoto, Kazuya; Kubo, Akiko; Yanase, Michiyo; Takaha, Takeshi; Kadokawa, Jun-ichi
This paper describes thermostable phosphorylase-catalyzed α-glucuronylation of maltooligosaccharides for the direct synthesis of anionic oligosaccharides having a glucuronic acid residue at the non-reducing end. When the reaction of α-glucuronic acid 1-phosphate (GlcA-1-P) as a glycosyl donor and maltotriose as a glycosyl acceptor was performed in the presence of thermostable phosphorylase from Aquifex aeolicus VF5, high performance anion exchange chromatography analysis of the reaction mixture suggested the production of a glucuronylated tetrasaccharide, whose structure was also confirmed by the MALDI-TOF MS measurement of the crude products. Furthermore, treatment of the crude products with glucoamylase supported that the α-glucuronic acid unit was positioned at the non-reducing end of the tetrasaccharide and (1)H NMR analysis suggested that it was bound in an α-(1→4)-linkage. When the α-glucuronylation of maltotetraose using GlcA-1-P was conducted, α-glucuronylated oligosaccharides with various degrees of polymerization were produced. On the other hand, the α-glucuronylation of maltotetraose using GlcA-1-P in the presence of potato phosphorylase did not occur at all, indicating no recognition of GlcA-1-P by potato phosphorylase. PMID:22265379
Copper-catalyzed oxidation of a structured lipid-based emulsion containing alpha-tocopherol and citric acid: influence of pH and NaCl.
Osborn-Barnes, Hannah T; Akoh, Casimir C
The effects of salt and pH on copper-catalyzed lipid oxidation in structured lipid-based emulsions were evaluated. Ten percent oil-in-water emulsions were formulated with a canola oil/caprylic acid structured lipid and stabilized with 0.5% whey protein isolate. alpha-Tocopherol and citric acid were added to the emulsions to determine how changes in pH or the addition of NaCl affected their antioxidant activity. The peroxide values and anisidine values of emulsions stored at 50 degrees C were measured over an 8-day period. Increased lipid oxidation occurred in the pH 7.0 emulsions and when 0.5 M NaCl was added to the pH 3.0 samples. Adding alpha-tocopherol, citric acid, or a combination of the two compounds slowed the formation of hydroperoxides and their subsequent decomposition products in pH 3.0 emulsions. PMID:14582985
Synthesis and characterization of poly(lactic acid)/ montmorillonite nanocomposites by in situ polycondensation catalyzed by non-metal-based compound.
Kaewprapan, Kulwadee; Phattanarudee, Siriwan
Poly(lactic acid)/montmorillonite nanocomposites were prepared by using non-toxic catalysts, i.e., phthalic acid and succinimide, via in situ polycondensation in presence of silicate. Concentrations of catalysts and clay were varied in a range of 0-3% wt and 0-0.5% wt, respectively. The reaction condition was controlled at 180 degrees C for 24 hr under a reduced pressure. Viscosity average molecular weight of the synthesized polymers and nanocomposites were characterized and compared using an Ubbelohde viscometer. Pattern of silicate distribution in the composites was investigated by X-ray diffraction to correlate with thermal properties evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that the addition of catalysts at 2% wt gave the highest product yield (55-60%). The presence of silicate affected on molecular weight reduction, and the diffracted patterns suggested an intercalated structure. With a small amount of added filler, a significant improvement in thermal property and crystallinity of the resultant composites was obtained compared to those of the catalyzed polymers, in which the composites with succinimide exhibited overall better thermal stability and higher crystallinity than the ones prepared with phthalic acid. PMID:22524057
Theoretical Studies on the Asymmetric Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation Reaction of 4-Phenylcyclohexanone with m-Chloroperoxobenzoic Acid Catalyzed by Chiral Scandium(III)-N,N'-Dioxide Complexes.
Yang, Na; Su, Zhishan; Feng, Xiaoming; Hu, Changwei
The mechanism and enantioselectivity of the asymmetric Baeyer-Villiger oxidation reaction between 4-phenylcyclohexanone and m-chloroperoxobenzoic acid (m-CPBA) catalyzed by Sc(III) -N,N'-dioxide complexes were investigated theoretically. The calculations indicated that the first step, corresponding to the addition of m-CPBA to the carbonyl group of 4-phenylcyclohexanone, is the rate-determining step (RDS) for all the pathways studied. The activation barrier of the RDS for the uncatalyzed reaction was predicted to be 189.8 kJ mol(-1) . The combination of an Sc(III) -N,N'-dioxide complex and the m-CBA molecule can construct a bifunctional catalyst in which the Lewis acidic Sc(III) center activates the carbonyl group of 4-phenylcyclohexanone while m-CBA transfers a proton, which lowers the activation barrier of the addition step (RDS) to 86.7 kJ mol(-1) . The repulsion between the m-chlorophenyl group of m-CPBA and the 2,4,6-iPr3 C6 H2 group of the N,N'-dioxide ligand, as well as the steric hindrance between the phenyl group of 4-phenylcyclohexanone and the amino acid skeleton of the N,N'-dioxide ligand, play important roles in the control of the enantioselectivity. PMID:25809412
DFT Study of Solvent Effects in Acid-Catalyzed Diels-Alder Cycloadditions of 2,5-Dimethylfuran and Maleic Anhydride.
Salavati-fard, Taha; Caratzoulas, Stavros; Doren, Douglas J
Density functional theory electronic structure calculations were used to explore the mechanism for the Diels-Alder reaction between 2,5-dimethylfuran and maleic anhydride (MA). Reaction paths are reported for uncatalyzed and Lewis and Brønsted acid-catalyzed reactions in vacuum and in a broad range of solvents. The calculations show that, while the uncatalyzed Diels-Alder reaction is thermally feasible in vacuum, a Lewis acid (modeled as Na(+)) lowers the activation barrier by interacting with the dienophile (MA) and decreasing the HOMO-LUMO gap of the reactants. A Brønsted acid (modeled as a proton) can bind to a carbonyl oxygen in MA, changing the reaction mechanism from concerted to stepwise and eliminating the activation barrier. Solvation effects were studied with the SMD model. Electrostatic effects play the largest role in determining the solvation energy of the transition state, which tracks the net dipole moment at the transition state. For the uncatalyzed reaction, the dipole moment is largely determined by charge transfer between the reactants, but in the reactions with ionic catalysts, there is no simple relationship between solvation of the transition state and charge transfer between the reactants. Nonelectrostatic contributions to solvation of the reactants and transition state also make significant contributions to the activation energy. PMID:26331220
Biomimetic Decarboxylation of Carboxylic Acids with PhI(OAc)2 Catalyzed by Manganese Porphyrin [Mn(TPP)OAcl
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
GHOLAM REZA Karimipour; ROXANA Ahmadpour
Manganese(Ⅲ) meso-tetraphenylporphyrin acetate [Mn(TPP)OAc] served as an effective catalyst for the oxidative decarboxylation of carboxylic acids with (diacetoxyiodo)benzene [Phl(OAc)2] in CH2C12-H2O(95:5,volume ratio),The aryl substituted acetic acids are more reactive than the less electron rich linear carboxylic acids in the presence of catalyst Mn(TPP)OAc,In the former case,the formation of carbonyl products was complete within just a few minutes with >97% selectivities,and no further oxidation of the produced aldehydes was achieved under these catalytic conditions,This method provides a benign procedure owing to the utilization of low toxic(diacetoxyiodo)benzene,biologically relevant manganese porphyrins,and carboxylic acids.
Lipase-Catalyzed Esterification of Betulinic Acid Using Phthalic Anhydride in Organic Solvent Media: Study of Reaction Parameters
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M. Ghaffari Moghaddam
Full Text Available The lipase from Candida antarctica immobilized on an acrylic resin (Novozym 435 was employed for the catalytic reaction of betulinic acid and phthalic anhydride. The influence of different reaction parameters, such as effect of single and mixed solvents, substrate molar ratio, reaction time, temperature, amount of enzyme, effect of inorganic bases and effect of substrate support were investigated and optimized. Optimum conditions to produce 3-O-phthalyl- betulinic acid were observed at reaction time; 24 h, temperature; 55°C, amount of enzyme; 176 mg, substrate molar ratio (betulinic acid: phthalic anhydride, 1:1, inorganic base of K2CO3, amount of celite; 170 mg in 1:1 mixture of chloroform and n-hexane as solvent. At optimum conditions, it gave 61.8% of 3-O-phthalyl- betulinic acid.
Effect of Solvent and Acid-Base on Palladium(ll)-catalyzed Dicarbonylation of Terminal Acetylenes: a General, Efficient andStereoselective Synthesis of Maleic Diesters and Maleic Anhydrides
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
JIANG, Huan-Feng; LI, JiN-Heng; CHEN, Ming-Cai
The productions of maleic diesters and maleic anhydrises depend on the effect of solvint and acid-bade of solvent and acid-base in palladium-catalyzed dicarbonylation of terminal acetylenes. For primaryand secondary alcohol in benzene.only maleic diesters wereobtained stereospecifically from the sicabonylation ofacetylenes in the presence of PdCl2,and NaHCO3.For tERTIARy alcohols,maleic anhydrides were synthesized selectively.
Synthesis of high molecular weight polylactic acid from aqueous lactic acid co-catalyzed by tin(II)chloride dihydrate and succinic anhydride
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
LEI Ziqiang; BAI Yanbin; WANG Shoufeng
Polylactic acid was synthesized from commercial available cheap aqueous lactic acid (85%―90% w/w) using succinic anhydride and SnCl2·2H2O as catalyst in the absence of organic solvents. As a result, polylactic acid with a molecular weight of 60000 was prepared in 10 h. The new procedure is much simple, cheap and outstanding in that the start material is aqueous lactic acid; the catalytic system is environmentally benign.
Studies of manufacturing controlled-release graphene acid and catalyzing synthesis of chalcone with Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction
Li, Jihui; Feng, Jia; Li, Mei; Wang, Qiaolian; Su, Yumin; Jia, Zhixin
In the paper, graphene acid (GA) was manufactured, using flake graphite as raw material, and the acidity and the structure of GA were characterized as well as. Then, chalcone was synthesized in the presence of GA, using acetophenone and benzaldehyde as the reactant. The results showed that the acidity of GA was for pH = 1.12 in aqueous solution, and it was structured by the graphene sheets with the spaces between the graphene sheet and the graphene sheet and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and acetic acid (CH3CO2H) inside the spaces. At the same time, the results also exhibited that the chalcone yield was able to reach 60.36% when GA dosage was 5 g, and the chalcone yields could attain apart 60.36, 52.05 and 31.16% when 5 g of GA was used thrice. This shows that GA is not only a high-performance catalyst, but also a controlled-release catalyst.
Evidence for a transient peroxynitro acid in the reaction catalyzed by nitronate monooxygenase with propionate 3-nitronate.
Smitherman, Crystal; Gadda, Giovanni
Nitronate monooxygenase is a flavin-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the denitrification of propionate 3-nitronate (P3N) and other alkyl nitronates. The enzyme was previously known as 2-nitropropane dioxygenase, until its reclassification in 2010 by the IUBMB. Physiologically, the monooxygenase from fungi protects the organism from the environmental occurrence of P3N, which shuts down the Krebs cycle by inactivating succinate dehydrogenase and fumarase. The inhibition of these enzymes yields severe neurological disorders or death. Here, we have used for the first time steady-state and rapid kinetics, viscosity and pH effects, and time-resolved absorbance spectroscopy of the enzyme in turnover with P3N and the substrate analogue ethyl nitronate (EN) to elucidate the mechanism of the reaction. A transient increase in absorbance at ∼300 nm, never reported before, was seen during steady-state turnover of the enzyme with P3N and oxygen, with no concomitant changes between 400 and 600 nm. The transient species was not detected when oxygen was absent. Anaerobic reduction of the enzyme with P3N yielded anionic flavosemiquinone and was fast (e.g., ≥1900 s(-1)). Steady-state kinetics demonstrated that oxygen reacts before the release of the product of P3N oxidation from the enzyme. No pH effects were seen with P3N on kcat/Km, kcat/Koxygen, and kcat; in contrast, with EN, the kcat/Km and kcat decreased with increasing pH defining two plateaus and a pKa ∼ 8.0. Solvent viscosity at the pH optima suggested product release as being partially controlling the overall rate of turnover with the physiological substrate and its analogue. A mechanism that satisfies the kinetic results is proposed. PMID:23530838
Erbium trifluoromethanesulfonate-catalyzed Friedel–Crafts acylation using aromatic carboxylic acids as acylating agents under monomode-microwave irradiation
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Tran, Phuong Hoang; Hansen, Poul Erik; Nguyen, Hai Truong;
Erbium trifluoromethanesulfonate is found to be a good catalyst for the Friedel–Crafts acylation of arenes containing electron-donating substituents using aromatic carboxylic acids as the acylating agents under microwave irradiation. An effective, rapid and waste-free method allows the preparation...... of a wide range of aryl ketones in good yields and in short reaction times with minimum amounts of waste...
The decolorization of Acid Orange II in non-homogeneous Fenton reaction catalyzed by natural vanadium-titanium magnetite
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Liang Xiaoliang; Zhong Yuanhong [Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510640 (China); Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 (China); Zhu Sanyuan; Zhu Jianxi; Yuan Peng [Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510640 (China); He Hongping, E-mail: email@example.com [Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510640 (China); Zhang Jing [Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 (China)
The catalytic activity of natural vanadium-titanium magnetite was investigated in the decolorization of Acid Orange II by non-homogeneous Fenton process. The natural catalysts purified by magnetic separation were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), polarizing microscope, X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analysis and Moessbauer spectroscopy. The obtained results show that the natural samples after magnetic separation mainly contain titanomagnetite, with a small amount of ilmenite and chlorite. Titanomagnetite is doped with vanadium, whose the valency is mainly +3 and occupies the octahedral site. Batch decolorization studies were performed to evaluate the influences of various experimental parameters like initial pH, the amount of catalyst and initial concentration of hydrogen peroxide on the decolorization efficiency of Acid Orange II. The decolorization of the dye mainly relied on degradation. The degradation efficiency was strongly dependent on pH of the medium where it increased as the pH decreased in acid range. The increase of catalyst and hydrogen peroxide could accelerate the degradation. The catalytic property of natural vanadium-titanium magnetite in the degradation of Acid Orange II was stronger than that of synthetic magnetite (Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}). The catalytic activity of the natural samples was greatly related to the titanomagnetite content. The degradation process was dominated by heterogeneous Fenton reaction, complying with pseudo-first-order rate law. The natural catalyst has a good catalytic stability.
The decolorization of Acid Orange II in non-homogeneous Fenton reaction catalyzed by natural vanadium-titanium magnetite
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The catalytic activity of natural vanadium-titanium magnetite was investigated in the decolorization of Acid Orange II by non-homogeneous Fenton process. The natural catalysts purified by magnetic separation were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), polarizing microscope, X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analysis and Moessbauer spectroscopy. The obtained results show that the natural samples after magnetic separation mainly contain titanomagnetite, with a small amount of ilmenite and chlorite. Titanomagnetite is doped with vanadium, whose the valency is mainly +3 and occupies the octahedral site. Batch decolorization studies were performed to evaluate the influences of various experimental parameters like initial pH, the amount of catalyst and initial concentration of hydrogen peroxide on the decolorization efficiency of Acid Orange II. The decolorization of the dye mainly relied on degradation. The degradation efficiency was strongly dependent on pH of the medium where it increased as the pH decreased in acid range. The increase of catalyst and hydrogen peroxide could accelerate the degradation. The catalytic property of natural vanadium-titanium magnetite in the degradation of Acid Orange II was stronger than that of synthetic magnetite (Fe3O4). The catalytic activity of the natural samples was greatly related to the titanomagnetite content. The degradation process was dominated by heterogeneous Fenton reaction, complying with pseudo-first-order rate law. The natural catalyst has a good catalytic stability.
Aza-Michael addition reactions between nitroolefins and benzotriazole catalyzed by MCM-41 immobilized heteropoly acids in water
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Shao-Lei Xie; Yong-Hai Hui; Xiang-Ju Long; Chang-Chun Wang; Zheng-Feng Xie
MCM-41 supported heteropoly acids (HPAs) catalysts were synthesized,characterized and their catalytic activity was evaluated in an aza-Michael addition reaction between nitroolefins and benzotriazole in water at room temperature.50 wt% PW/MCM-41 showed the highest activity (up to 96% yield).The catalyst was used in six consecutive experiments without obvious loss of activity,confirming the success of the anchoring process and the catalyst stability.
Synthesis of pregnane 3-carboxylic acids via Pd-catalyzed alkoxycarbonylation and their effect on NMDA receptor activity
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Šťastná, Eva; Chodounská, Hana; Pouzar, Vladimír; Borovská, Jiřina; Vyklický ml., Ladislav
Roč. 76, č. 9 (2011), s. 1141-1161. ISSN 0010-0765 R&D Projects: GA ČR(CZ) GA203/08/1498; GA ČR(CZ) GA309/07/0271 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z40550506; CEZ:AV0Z50110509 Keywords : neurosteroids * carboxylic acid * alkoxycarbonylation * steroids * NMDA receptor activity Subject RIV: CC - Organic Chemistry Impact factor: 1.283, year: 2011
Microwave-Assisted Resolution of α-Lipoic Acid Catalyzed by an Ionic Liquid Co-Lyophilized Lipase
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Ning Liu
Full Text Available The combination of the ionic liquid co-lyophilized lipase and microwave irradiation was used to improve enzyme performance in enantioselective esterification of α-lipoic acid. Effects of various reaction conditions on enzyme activity and enantioselectivity were investigated. Under optimal condition, the highest enantioselectivity (E = 41.2 was observed with a high enzyme activity (178.1 μmol/h/mg when using the ionic liquid co-lyophilized lipase with microwave assistance. Furthermore, the ionic liquid co-lyophilized lipase exhibited excellent reusability under low power microwave.
Impact of zeolite aging in hot liquid water on activity for acid-catalyzed dehydration of alcohols
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Vjunov, Aleksei; Derewinski, Miroslaw A.; Fulton, John L.; Camaioni, Donald M.; Lercher, Johannes A.
The catalytic performance of zeolite in aqueous medium depends on a multitude of factors, such as the concentration and distribution of active sites and framework integrity. Al K–edge extended X–ray absorption fine structure and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopies in combination with DFT calculations are used to determine the distribution of tetrahedral Al sites both qualitatively and quantitatively for both parent and 48 h 160 ºC water treated HBEA catalysts. There is no evidence of Al coordination modification after aging in water. The distribution and concentration of Al T–sites, active centers for the dehydration of cyclohexanol, do not markedly impact the catalytic performance in water, because the Brønsted acidic protons are present in the form of hydrated hydronium ions and thus have very similar acid properties. The results suggest that all Brønsted acid sites are equally active in aqueous medium. The decrease of zeolite catalytic performance after water treatment is attributed to the reduced concentration of Brønsted acid sites. Increasing the stability of pore walls and decreasing the rate of Si–O–Si group hydrolysis may result in improved apparent zeolite catalytic performance in aqueous medium. Authors thank B. W. Arey (PNNL) for HIM measurements, T. Huthwelker for support during Al XAFS measurements at the Swiss Light Source (PSI, Switzerland), J. Z. Hu and S. D. Burton (PNNL) for support during NMR experiments. This work was supported by the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences & Biosciences. MD acknowledges support by the Materials Synthesis and Simulation Across Scales (MS3 Initiative) conducted under Laboratory Directed Research & Development Program at PNNL. HIM imaging and NMR experiments were performed at the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, a national scientific user facility sponsored by the DOE Office of Science, Office of Biological
Upcycling potato peel waste – Data of the pre-screening of the acid-catalyzed liquefaction
Ventura, Patrícia; Bordado, João Carlos Moura; Mateus, Maria Margarida; Galhano dos Santos, Rui
Herein, the data acquired regarding the preliminary and exploratory experiments conducted with potato peel as a biomass source for the direct thermochemical liquefaction is disclosed. The procedure was carried out in a 2-ethylhexanol/DEG solvent mixture at 160 °C in the presence of p-Toluenesulfonic acid. The adopted procedure afforded a bio-oil in high yield (up to 93%) after only 30 min. For longer reaction times, higher amounts of solid residues were obtained leading, consequently, to lower yields. PMID:27182538
Catalyzed Ester Synthesis Using Candida rugosa Lipase Entrapped by Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-itaconic Acid) Hydrogel
This study reports the synthesis of polymeric matrices based on N-isopropylacrylamide and itaconic acid and its application for immobilization of lipase from Candida rugosa. The lipase was immobilized by entrapment method. Free and immobilized lipase activities, pH and temperature optima, and storage stability were investigated. The optimum temperature for free and entrapped lipase was found to be 40 and 45°C, while the optimum pH was observed at pH 7 and 8, respectively. Both hydrolytic acti...
FAME Production from Jatropha curcas Seed Oil via Calcium Oxide Catalyzed Transesterification and its Purification using Acid Activated Bentonite
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Novizar Nazir
Full Text Available This paper presents the study of transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil (JCO via environmentally benign process using calcium oxide as heterogeneous catalyst. Response surface methodology (RSM based on central composite design (CCD was performed to optimize three reaction variables in this study. The transesterification process variables were reaction time, x1 (60 minutes-120 minutes, molar ratio of methanol: oil, x2 (5:1 – 13:1, and amount of catalyst, x3 (0.5 % –1.50 % of mass fraction. Since water washing method is not suitable to purify CaO synthesized fatty acid methyl esters (FAME, the purification of as-synthesized FAME with acid-activated bentonites to eliminate the remaining calcium was also investigated. It was found that the yield of JCO FAME could reach up to 94.35 % using the following reaction conditions: 79.33 minutes reaction time, 10.41:1 methanol:oil molar ratio and 0.99 % catalyst at reaction temperature 65oC. Among bentonites used in the purification, 2.5% of H2SO4-activated bentonite shows a good performance as decalcifying agent for FAME purification. The properties of purified jatropha FAME were comparable to those of diesel and satisfied the international standard.
A study of the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose dissolved in ionic liquids and the factors influencing the dehydration of glucose and the formation of humins.
Dee, Sean J; Bell, Alexis T
An investigation was carried out into the hydrolysis of cellulose dissolved in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Emim][Cl]) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim][Cl]) catalyzed by mineral acids. Glucose, cellobiose, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) were observed as the primary reaction products. The initial rate of glucose formation was determined to be of first order in the concentrations of dissolved glucan and protons and of zero order in the concentration of water. The absence of a dependence on water concentration suggests that cleavage of the β-1,4-glycosidic linkages near chain ends is irreversible. The apparent activation energy for glucose formation is 96 kJ mol(-1). The absence of oligosaccharides longer than cellobiose suggests that cleavage of interior glycosidic bonds is reversible due to the slow diffusional separation of cleaved chains in the highly viscous glucan/ionic liquid solution. Progressive addition of water during the course of glucan hydrolysis inhibited the rate of glucose dehydration to 5-HMF and the formation of humins. The inhibition of glucose dehydration is attributed to stronger interaction of protons with water than the 2-OH atom of the pyranose ring of glucose, the critical step in the proposed mechanism for the formation of 5-HMF. The reduction in humin formation associated with water addition is ascribed to the lowered concentration of 5-HMF, since the formation of humins is suggested to proceed through the condensation polymerization of 5-HMF with glucose. PMID:21809450
Synthesis of 1,8-Dioxo-octahydroxanthene Derivatives Catalyzed by p-Dodecylbenezenesulfonic Acid in Water
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
JIN,Tong-Shou; ZHANG,Jian-She; WANG,Ai-Qing; LI,Tong-Shuang
@@ With the increasing concerns of the environment, more and more chemists are devoted to the research of the "green synthesis" which means that the reagent, solvent and catalyst are environmentally friendly in the organic chemical reactions. The importance of aqueous reaction is now generally recognized, and development of carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions that can be carried out in aqueous media is now one of the most challenging topics in organic synthesis.[1]Herein, we report a clean synthesis of 3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-9-aryl-1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthene derivatives from aromatic aldehyde and 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadione using p-dodecylbenezenesulfonic acid (DBSA) as the catalyst in water.This method provides several advantages such as high yield, simple work-up procedure and environmental friendliness and water was chosen as a green solvent. All the products were characterized by m.p., 1H NMR, IR and elemental analyses.
Cytochrome P-450-catalyzed desaturation of valproic acid in vitro. Species differences, induction effects, and mechanistic studies
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The cytochrome P-450-mediated desaturation of valproic acid (VPA) to its hepatotoxic metabolite, 2-n-propyl-4-pentenoic acid (4-ene-VPA), was examined in liver microsomes from rats, mice, rabbits and humans. The highest substrate turnover was found with microsomes from rabbits (44.2 +/- 2.7 pmol of product/nmol P-450/15 min), while lower activities were observed in preparations from human, mouse, and rat liver, in that order. Pretreatment of animals with phenobarbital led to enhanced rates of formation of 4-ene-VPA in vitro and yielded induction ratios for desaturation ranging from 2.5 to 8.4, depending upon the species. Comparative studies in the rat showed that phenobarbital is a more potent inducer of olefin formation than either phenytoin or carbamazepine. The mechanism of the desaturation reaction was studied by inter- and intramolecular deuterium isotope effect experiments, which demonstrated that removal of a hydrogen atom from the subterminal C-4 position of VPA is rate limiting in the formation of both 4-ene- and 4-hydroxy-VPA. Hydroxylation at the neighboring C-5 position, on the other hand, was highly sensitive to deuterium substitution at that site, but not to deuteration at C-4. Based on these findings, it is proposed that 4-ene- and 4-hydroxy-VPA are products of a common P-450-dependent metabolic pathway, in which a carbon-centered free radical at C-4 serves as the key intermediate. 5-Hydroxy-VPA, in contrast, derives from an independent hydroxylation reaction
Hydrolysis of palm oil catalyzed by acid%棕榈油的酸催化水解工艺研究
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
张玲玲; 王晖
以棕榈油为原料进行常压酸催化水解工艺研究。考察了反应时间、反应温度、催化剂用量、油水质量比及乳化剂用量对棕榈油水解反应的影响,得出棕榈油一次酸催化水解的最佳反应条件:反应时间7 h,反应温度100℃,催化剂浓硫酸用量7.5%,油水质量比1∶1,乳化剂磺酸用量0.5%;在最佳反应条件下棕榈油水解产物酸值(KOH)为192.77 mg/g,水解率达到91.96%。并研究出一套循环水解的工艺流程,实现油脂水解产物的循环利用,提高了水相中甘油的含量。%The hydrolysis of palm oil catalyzed by acid was studied. The effects of reaction time,reaction temperature,catalyst dosage,mass ratio of oil to water and emulsifier dosage on the hydrolysis of palm oil were investigated. The optimal reaction conditions of palm oil hydrolysis were obtained as follows:reaction time 7 h,reaction temperature 100℃,mass ratio of oil to water 1∶1,dosage of sulfonic acid used as emul-sifier 0. 5% and catalyst( concentrated sulfonic acid) dosage 7. 5%. Under the optimal reaction condi-tions,the acid value of the hydrolysates was up to 192. 77 mgKOH/g and the hydrolysis rate of palm oil was 91. 96%. A circulated hydrolysis process was designed, then the recycling of hydrolysates was real-ized,and the content of glycerin in the aqueous phase increased.
Catalyzed Ester Synthesis Using Candida rugosa Lipase Entrapped by Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-itaconic Acid Hydrogel
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Nikola Milašinović
Full Text Available This study reports the synthesis of polymeric matrices based on N-isopropylacrylamide and itaconic acid and its application for immobilization of lipase from Candida rugosa. The lipase was immobilized by entrapment method. Free and immobilized lipase activities, pH and temperature optima, and storage stability were investigated. The optimum temperature for free and entrapped lipase was found to be 40 and 45°C, while the optimum pH was observed at pH 7 and 8, respectively. Both hydrolytic activity in an aqueous medium and esterolytic activity in an organic medium have been evaluated. Maximum reaction rate (Vmax and Michaelis-Menten constants (Km were also determined for immobilized lipase. Storage stability of lipase was increased as a result of immobilization process. Furthermore, the operational stability and reusability of the immobilized lipase in esterification reaction have been studied, and it was observed that after 10 cycles, the residual activity for entrapped lipase was as high as 50%, implying that the developed hydrogel and immobilized system could provide a promising solution for the flavor ester synthesis at the industrial scale.
An Efficient Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H-Ones and Thiones Catalyzed by a Novel Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquid under Solvent-Free Conditions
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Yonghong Zhang
Full Text Available We report here an efficient and green method for Biginelli condensation reaction of aldehydes, β-ketoesters and urea or thiourea catalyzed by Brønsted acidic ionic liquid [Btto][p-TSA] under solvent-free conditions. Compared to the classical Biginelli reaction conditions, the present method has the advantages of giving good yields, short reaction times, near room temperature conditions and the avoidance of the use of organic solvents and metal catalyst.
Visual detection of trace copper ions based on copper-catalyzed reaction of ascorbic acid with oxygen
Hou, Xin Yan; Chen, Shu; Shun, Lian Ju; Zhao, Yi Ni; Zhang, Zhi Wu; Long, Yun Fei; Zhu, Li
A visual detection method for trace Cu2+ in aqueous solutions using triangular silver nanoplates (abbreviated as TAgNPs) as the probe was developed. The method is based on that TAgNPs could be corroded in sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) solutions. The absorption spectrum of TAgNPs solution changed when it is corroded by Na2S2O3. The reaction of oxygen with ascorbic acid (Vc) in the presence of a low concentration of Cu2+ generates hydrogen peroxide that reacts with Na2S2O3, which leads the concentration of Na2S2O3 in the solution to be decreased. Therefore, the reaction between TAgNPs and the reacted mixture of Na2S2O3/Vc/Cu2+ was prevented efficiently. When the Na2S2O3 concentration and reaction time are constant, the decrease in the concentration of Na2S2O3 is directly proportional to the Cu2+ concentration. Thus, morphology, color, and maximum absorption wavelength of TAgNPs changed with the change of Cu2+ concentration. The changed maximum absorption wavelength of TAgNPs (Δλ) is proportional to Cu2+ concentration in the range from 7.5 × 10-9 to 5.0 × 10-7 M with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.9956. Moreover, color change of TAgNP solution was observed clearly over a Cu2+ concentration range from 7.5 × 10-8 to 5.0 × 10-7 M. This method has been used to detect the Cu2+ content of a human hair sample, and the result is in agreement with that obtained by the atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) method.
Sulfate radical-induced degradation of Acid Orange 7 by a new magnetic composite catalyzed peroxymonosulfate oxidation process
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Chen, Dan; Ma, Xiaolong; Zhou, Jizhi [School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444 (China); Chen, Xi [Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027 (United States); Qian, Guangren, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444 (China)
Graphical abstract: Organic dyes could be absorbed on the surface of the composite or dispersed in the solution. Sulfate radicals (SO{sub 4}·{sup −}) generated by the synergistic reaction between peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and the composite, attacked the organic functional groups of the dyes molecules both adsorbed on the composite surface and dispersed in the solution, which resulted in the degradation of AO7 dye. - Highlights: • A new composite was synthesized successfully via microwave hydrothermal method. • The complete degradation in the system of FLCN and PMS can be achieved. • The catalytic behavior of FLCN can be reused at least for five times. • The AO7 degradation mechanism in the system of FLCN and PMS was demonstrated. - Abstract: We synthesized a novel magnetic composite, Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}/Cu(Ni)Cr-LDH, as a heterogeneous catalyst for the degradation of organic dyes in the solution using sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes. The physicochemical properties of the composite synthesized via two-step microwave hydrothermal method were characterized by several techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The degradation tests were performed at 25 °C with Acid Orange 7 (AO7) initial concentration of 25 mg/L and AO7/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) molar ratio of 1:10, which showed that the complete degradation by Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}/Cu{sub 1.5}Ni{sub 0.5}Cr-LDH could be achieved and the mineralization rate could reach 46%. PMS was activated by Cu (II) and Fe (II/III) of Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}/Cu(Ni)Cr-LDH to generate sulfate radicals (SO{sub 4}·{sup −}). Subsequently, the organic functional groups of AO7 molecules were destroyed by sulfate radicals (SO{sub 4}·{sup −}), inducing the degradation of AO7. Moreover, the catalytic behavior of the catalysts could be reused five times. Therefore, our work suggested that the Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4
Sulfate radical-induced degradation of Acid Orange 7 by a new magnetic composite catalyzed peroxymonosulfate oxidation process
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Graphical abstract: Organic dyes could be absorbed on the surface of the composite or dispersed in the solution. Sulfate radicals (SO4·−) generated by the synergistic reaction between peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and the composite, attacked the organic functional groups of the dyes molecules both adsorbed on the composite surface and dispersed in the solution, which resulted in the degradation of AO7 dye. - Highlights: • A new composite was synthesized successfully via microwave hydrothermal method. • The complete degradation in the system of FLCN and PMS can be achieved. • The catalytic behavior of FLCN can be reused at least for five times. • The AO7 degradation mechanism in the system of FLCN and PMS was demonstrated. - Abstract: We synthesized a novel magnetic composite, Fe3O4/Cu(Ni)Cr-LDH, as a heterogeneous catalyst for the degradation of organic dyes in the solution using sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes. The physicochemical properties of the composite synthesized via two-step microwave hydrothermal method were characterized by several techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The degradation tests were performed at 25 °C with Acid Orange 7 (AO7) initial concentration of 25 mg/L and AO7/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) molar ratio of 1:10, which showed that the complete degradation by Fe3O4/Cu1.5Ni0.5Cr-LDH could be achieved and the mineralization rate could reach 46%. PMS was activated by Cu (II) and Fe (II/III) of Fe3O4/Cu(Ni)Cr-LDH to generate sulfate radicals (SO4·−). Subsequently, the organic functional groups of AO7 molecules were destroyed by sulfate radicals (SO4·−), inducing the degradation of AO7. Moreover, the catalytic behavior of the catalysts could be reused five times. Therefore, our work suggested that the Fe3O4/Cu(Ni)Cr-LDH composite could be applied widely for the treatment of organic dyes in wastewater
Lewis acid-induced change from four- to two-electron reduction of dioxygen catalyzed by copper complexes using scandium triflate.
Kakuda, Saya; Rolle, Clarence J; Ohkubo, Kei; Siegler, Maxime A; Karlin, Kenneth D; Fukuzumi, Shunichi
Mononuclear copper complexes, [(tmpa)Cu(II)(CH3CN)](ClO4)2 (1, tmpa = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) and [(BzQ)Cu(II)(H2O)2](ClO4)2 (2, BzQ = bis(2-quinolinylmethyl)benzylamine)], act as efficient catalysts for the selective two-electron reduction of O2 by ferrocene derivatives in the presence of scandium triflate (Sc(OTf)3) in acetone, whereas 1 catalyzes the four-electron reduction of O2 by the same reductant in the presence of Brønsted acids such as triflic acid. Following formation of the peroxo-bridged dicopper(II) complex [(tmpa)Cu(II)(O2)Cu(II)(tmpa)](2+), the two-electron reduced product of O2 with Sc(3+) is observed to be scandium peroxide ([Sc(III)(O2(2-))](+)). In the presence of 3 equiv of hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPA), [Sc(III)(O2(2-))](+) was oxidized by [Fe(bpy)3](3+) (bpy = 2,2-bipyridine) to the known superoxide species [(HMPA)3Sc(III)(O2(•-))](2+) as detected by EPR spectroscopy. A kinetic study revealed that the rate-determining step of the catalytic cycle for the two-electron reduction of O2 with 1 is electron transfer from Fc* to 1 to give a cuprous complex which is highly reactive toward O2, whereas the rate-determining step with 2 is changed to the reaction of the cuprous complex with O2 following electron transfer from ferrocene derivatives to 2. The explanation for the change in catalytic O2-reaction stoichiometry from four-electron with Brønsted acids to two-electron reduction in the presence of Sc(3+) and also for the change in the rate-determining step is clarified based on a kinetics interrogation of the overall catalytic cycle as well as each step of the catalytic cycle with study of the observed effects of Sc(3+) on copper-oxygen intermediates. PMID:25659416
Palladium-phosphinous acid complexes catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of heteroaryl bromides with phenylboronic acid in water/alcoholic solvents
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Ben Li; Cuiping Wang; Guang Chen; Zhiqiang Zhang
Highly active,air-stable and water-soluble palladium-phosphinous acid complexes have been applied to Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of heteroaryl bromides under mild conditions in water/alcoholic solvents.Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of heteroaryl bromides with phenylboronic acid occurred efficiently using palladium phosphinous acid complexes (POPd) and phase transfer catalyst (tetrabutylammonium bromide and polyethylene glycol) in water/ethanol mixture,water/propanol mixture and neat water respectively,the corresponding yields of cross-coupling heteroaryl-aryls were satisfied.The tert-butyl substituted ligand di-tert-butylphosphino in combination with POPd was found to be more active than the same family derived catalysts dipalladium complexes POPdl and POPd2,and other two kinds of Pd-catalysts Pd(PPh3)4 and Pd2(dba)3.The mechanism of Suzuki cross-coupling reaction between heteroaryl bromides and phenylboronic acid in water was proposed with respect to the key role of phase transfer catalyst on the transmetallation step.Compared with other solid phase transfer catalysts,TBAB was tested as the ideal one.The alkalinity of base and the molar proportion between POPd and TBAB were investigated in water and alcoholic solvents.Notably,in the presence of TBAB adding alcoholic solvents into water enhanced the yields of target products.However in terms of the liquid phase transfer catalyst of PEGs,mixing water into PEGs could slightly decrease the yields with respect to the water free PEGs bulk phase,which was probably due to the homogenous liquid conditions in pure PEGs and weak interactions between PEGs and heteroaryl bromide molecules in water depending on their molecular chain lengths.
Synthesis and Applications of (-)-(S)-3-Aminoquinuclidine- Derived Thiourea
Rolava, E; Turks, M
A synthesis of enantiopure thiourea organocatalyst based on (-)-(S)-3-aminoquinuclidine dihydrochloride was developed with quantitative product yield. The catalyst was tested in different reactions: asymmetric Michael addition of ketones and malonates to nitroalkenes, nitromethane 1,4-addition to trans-chalcone, and Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indoles with trans-β-nitrostyrene. The novel thiourea proved to catalyze the aforementioned reactions and expected products were ...
Hydrogen Isotope Measurements of Organic Acids and Alcohols by Pyrolysis-GC-MS-TC-IRMS: Application to Analysis of Experimentally Derived Hydrothermal Mineral-Catalyzed Organic Products
Socki, Richard A.; Fu, Qi; Niles, Paul B.; Gibson, Everett K., Jr.
We report results of experiments to measure the H isotope composition of organic acids and alcohols. These experiments make use of a pyroprobe interfaced with a GC and high temperature extraction furnace to make quantitative H isotope measurements. This work compliments our previous work that focused on the extraction and analysis of C isotopes from the same compounds [1]. Together with our carbon isotope analyses our experiments serve as a "proof of concept" for making C and H isotope measurements on more complex mixtures of organic compounds on mineral surfaces in abiotic hydrocarbon formation processes at elevated temperatures and pressures. Our motivation for undertaking this work stems from observations of methane detected within the Martian atmosphere [2-5], coupled with evidence showing extensive water-rock interaction during Mars history [6-8]. Methane production on Mars could be the result of synthesis by mineral surface-catalyzed reduction of CO2 and/or CO by Fischer-Tropsch Type (FTT) reactions during serpentization [9,10]. Others have conducted experimental studies to show that FTT reactions are plausible mechanisms for low-molecular weight hydrocarbon formation in hydrothermal systems at mid-ocean ridges [11-13]. Our H isotope measurements utilize an analytical technique combining Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometry-High Temperature Conversion-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC-MS-TC-IRMS). This technique is designed to carry a split of the pyrolyzed GC-separated product to a Thermo DSQII quadrupole mass spectrometer as a means of making qualitative and semi-quantitative compositional measurements of separated organic compounds, therefore both chemical and isotopic measurements can be carried out simultaneously on the same sample.
Horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed polymerization of L-DOPA for mono-/bi-enzyme immobilization and amperometric biosensing of H2O2 and uric acid.
Dai, Mengzhen; Huang, Ting; Chao, Long; Xie, Qingji; Tan, Yueming; Chen, Chao; Meng, Wenhua
Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-catalyzed polymerization of L-DOPA (vs. dopamine) in the presence of H2O2 (and uricase (UOx)) was exploited to immobilize mono-/bi-enzymes for hydroquinone-mediated amperometric biosensing of H2O2 and uric acid (UA). The relevant polymeric biocomposites (PBCs) were prepared in phosphate buffer solution containing HRP and L-DOPA (or plus UOx) after adding H2O2. The mono-/bi-enzyme amperometric biosensors were prepared simply by casting some of the PBCs on Au-plated Au (Au(plate)/Au) electrodes, followed by coating with an outer-layer chitosan (CS) film for each. UV-vis spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used for film characterization and/or process monitoring. The HRP immobilized by enzyme catalysis well preserved its bioactivity, as confirmed by UV-vis spectrophotometry. Under optimized conditions, the monoenzyme CS/HRP-poly(L-DOPA) (PD)/Au(plate)/Au electrode potentiostated at -0.1V responded linearly to H2O2 concentration from 0.001 to 1.25mM with a sensitivity of 700μA mM(-1)cm(-2) and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1μM, and the bienzyme CS/UOx-HRP-PD/Au(plate)/Au electrode at -0.1V responded linearly to UA concentration from 0.001 to 0.4mM with a sensitivity of 349μA mM(-1)cm(-2) and a LOD of 0.1μM. The mono-/bi-enzyme biosensors based on biosynthesized PD performed better than many reported analogues and those based on similarly biosynthesized polydopamine. PMID:26717822
Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Five-, Six-, and Seven-Membered β-Substituted Cyclic Enones: Enantioselective Construction of All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters
Kikushima, Kotaro
The first enantioselective Pd-catalyzed construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters via 1,4-addition of arylboronic acids to β-substituted cyclic enones is reported. Reaction of a wide range of arylboronic acids and cyclic enones using a catalyst prepared from Pd(OCOCF(3))(2) and a chiral pyridinooxazoline ligand yields enantioenriched products bearing benzylic stereocenters. Notably, this transformation is tolerant to air and moisture, providing a practical and operationally simple method of synthesizing enantioenriched all-carbon quaternary stereocenters.
The Practical Asymmetric Syntheses of Key Chiral Intermediates of Chiral Drug from Four-Carbon Chiral Pool
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
MI; AiQiao
(S)-or (R)-2-Amino-4-phenylbutyric acid and (S)-or (R)-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyric acid and their ethyl esters are key chiral intermediates for the preparation of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and other chiral drugs. Their practically asymmetric synthetic methods in large scale from four-carbon chiral pool, commercially available L-aspartic acid and L-malic acid, will be presented (as scheme). (S)-2-Amino-4-phenylbutyric acid and its ethyl ester hydrochloride were prepared from the easily available L-aspartic acid via activation by forming anhydride hydrochloride, Friedel-Crafts reaction with benzene, hydrogenolysis and esterification with ethanol in the presence of thionyl chloride in overall yield of 80% and 73.6% respectively with 99% ee. We first used amino acid anhydride hydrochloride as the acylating agent in Friedel-Crafts reaction without racemization. [1]……
The Practical Asymmetric Syntheses of Key Chiral Intermediates of Chiral Drug from Four-Carbon Chiral Pool
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
@@ (S)-or (R)-2-Amino-4-phenylbutyric acid and (S)-or (R)-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyric acid and their ethyl esters are key chiral intermediates for the preparation of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and other chiral drugs. Their practically asymmetric synthetic methods in large scale from four-carbon chiral pool, commercially available L-aspartic acid and L-malic acid, will be presented (as scheme). (S)-2-Amino-4-phenylbutyric acid and its ethyl ester hydrochloride were prepared from the easily available L-aspartic acid via activation by forming anhydride hydrochloride, Friedel-Crafts reaction with benzene, hydrogenolysis and esterification with ethanol in the presence of thionyl chloride in overall yield of 80% and 73.6% respectively with 99% ee. We first used amino acid anhydride hydrochloride as the acylating agent in Friedel-Crafts reaction without racemization. [1
Understanding the Mechanism of the Hydrogen Abstraction from Arachidonic Acid Catalyzed by the Human Enzyme 15-Lipoxygenase-2. A Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Free Energy Simulation.
Suardíaz, Reynier; Jambrina, Pablo G; Masgrau, Laura; González-Lafont, Àngels; Rosta, Edina; Lluch, José M
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are a family of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of several lipid mediators. In the case of human 15-LOX, the 15-LOX-1 and 15-LOX-2 isoforms show slightly different reaction regiospecificity and substrate specificity, indicating that substrate binding and recognition may be different, a fact that could be related to their different biological role. Here, we have used long molecular dynamics simulations, QM(DFT)/MM potential energy and free energy calculations (using the newly developed DHAM method), to investigate the binding mode of the arachidonic acid (AA) substrate into 15-LOX-2 and the rate-limiting hydrogen-abstraction reaction 15-LOX-2 catalyzes. Our results strongly indicate that hydrogen abstraction from C13 in 15-LOX-2 is only consistent with the "tail-first" orientation of AA, with its carboxylate group interacting with Arg429, and that only the pro-S H13 hydrogen will be abstracted (being the pro-R H13 and H10 too far from the acceptor oxygen atom). At the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level the potential and free energy barriers for the pro-S H13 abstraction of AA by 15-LOX-2 are 18.0 and 18.6 kcal/mol, respectively. To analyze the kinetics of the hydrogen abstraction process, we determined a Markov model corresponding to the unbiased simulations along the state-discretized reaction coordinate. The calculated rates based on the second largest eigenvalue of the Markov matrices agree well with experimental measurements, and also provide the means to directly determine the pre-exponential factor for the reaction by comparing with the free energy barrier height. Our calculated pre-exponential factor is close to the value of kBT/h. On the other hand, our results suggest that the spin inversion of the complete system (including the O2 molecule) that is required to happen at some point along the full process to lead to the final hydroperoxide product, is likely to take place during the hydrogen transfer, which is a proton coupled electron transfer
Organometallic Enantiomeric Scaffolding: General Access to 2-Substituted Oxa- and Azabicyclo[3.2.1]octenes via a Brønsted Acid-catalyzed [5+2] Cycloaddition Reaction
Garnier, Ethel C.; Liebeskind, Lanny S.
6-Substituted TpMo(CO)2(η-2,3,4-pyranyl)- and TpMo(CO)2(η-2,3,4-pyridinyl) scaffolds (Tp = hydridotrispyrazolylborato) function as reaction partners in an efficient regio- and stereocontrolled synthesis of functionalized oxa- and azabicyclo[3.2.1]octenes through a novel Brønsted acid-catalyzed [5+2] cycloaddition reaction. Excellent exo-selectivities are obtained and the reaction gives products with complete retention of enantiomeric purity when carried out with chiral, non-racemic scaffolds....
Process Condition Optimization of the a-linolenic Acid Catalyzed by Pichia pastoris%巴斯德毕赤酵母催化生成a-亚麻酸的工艺条件优化
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
冯康; 葛军军; 张昕欣
利用正交实验优化了巴斯德毕赤酵母催化硬脂酸生成a-亚麻酸的工艺条件,结果显示催化时巴斯德毕赤酵母接种量对催化效率影响显著,在此基础上得到的最佳催化条件为pH值6.5,硬脂酸乙醇饱和溶液加量4 mL,巴斯德毕赤酵母接种量为1 mL。在此条件下,以a-亚麻酸甲酯气相色谱积分面积(18:3)/硬脂酸甲酯气相色谱积分面积(18:0)为标准计算出的转化率为7.16。%For a-linolenic acid production, process condition optimization of stearic acide catalyzed by Pichia pastoris was done by orthogonal design. The results indicated that there was a significant effect of the catalytic efficiency by inoculum size of Pichia pastoris. On this basis, the best catalyzed conditions were obtained:pH of 6. 5, addition amount of saturated ethanol solution of stearic acide was 4 mL, inoculum size of Pichia pastoris was 1 mL. Under the condition, conversion of stearic acide toa-linolenic acid was 7. 16.
Study on Biodiesel Preparation by a Two-step Catalyzed Process from Waste Cooking Oil with a High Acid Value%两步法利用高酸值潲水油制备生物柴油研究
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
马顺; 汪勇; 唐书泽
A two-step catalyzed process was developed to prepare biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) in this study.Free fatty acid of WCO was esterified with methanol catalyzed by polyferric sulfate in the first step, and then triglyceride of WCO was transesterified with methanol catalyzed by potassium hydroxide.Results showed that polyferric sulfate had strong activity to catalyze the esterification.The optimal parameters of esterification obtained by response surface as follows :5.87 % ( of the WCO mass) of polyferric sulfate, 108.7% (of the WCO mass) of methanol,6.0 h of reaction time and 80 ℃ of reaction temperature.Under this condition, the AV reached as low as 2.20 mgKOH/g,and the esterification rate was 97.71%.The yield of purified biodiesel was 98.20% from the crude biodiesel obtained by this two-step process by molecular distillation at 110 ℃.Composition of fatty acid methyl ester of the purified biodiesel was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC).Some physical and chemical properties of purified biodiesel were detected according to national standards for biodiesel.%以潲水油为原料,采用两步催化法制备生物柴油.先用聚合硫酸铁催化潲水油中游离脂肪酸和甲醇酯转化为脂肪酸甲酯,然后再通过碱催化剩余的甘油三酯进行酯交换反应.通过响应面试验设计优化酯化反应,结果表明,在反应时间6.0 h、甲醇用量108.7%(质量比,按油质量)、催化剂用量5.87%(质量比,按油质量)、反应温度80℃下,酸值可达到2.20 mgKOH/g,即酯化率为97.71%.在¨0℃下对经两步催化得到的生物柴油进行分子蒸馏,得率为98.20%,测定了生物柴油的脂肪酸甲酯组成,按照国标检测了纯化的生物柴油的物化性质.
Hydrogen Peroxide-Resistant CotA and YjqC of Bacillus altitudinis Spores Are a Promising Biocatalyst for Catalyzing Reduction of Sinapic Acid and Sinapine in Rapeseed Meal
Zhang, Yanzhou; Li, Xunhang; Hao, Zhikui; Xi, Ruchun; Cai, Yujie; Liao, Xiangru
For the more efficient detoxification of phenolic compounds, a promising avenue would be to develop a multi-enzyme biocatalyst comprising peroxidase, laccase and other oxidases. However, the development of this multi-enzyme biocatalyst is limited by the vulnerability of fungal laccases and peroxidases to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced inactivation. Therefore, H2O2-resistant peroxidase and laccase should be exploited. In this study, H2O2-stable CotA and YjqC were isolated from the outer coat of Bacillus altitudinis SYBC hb4 spores. In addition to the thermal and alkali stability of catalytic activity, CotA also exhibited a much higher H2O2 tolerance than fungal laccases from Trametes versicolor and Trametes trogii. YjqC is a sporulation-related manganese (Mn) catalase with striking peroxidase activity for sinapic acid (SA) and sinapine (SNP). In contrast to the typical heme-containing peroxidases, the peroxidase activity of YjqC was also highly resistant to inhibition by H2O2 and heat. CotA could also catalyze the oxidation of SA and SNP. CotA had a much higher affinity for SA than B. subtilis CotA. CotA and YjqC rendered from B. altitudinis spores had promising laccase and peroxidase activities for SA and SNP. Specifically, the B. altitudinis spores could be regarded as a multi-enzyme biocatalyst composed of CotA and YjqC. The B. altitudinis spores were efficient for catalyzing the degradation of SA and SNP in rapeseed meal. Moreover, efficiency of the spore-catalyzed degradation of SA and SNP was greatly improved by the presence of 15 mM H2O2. This effect was largely attributed to synergistic biocatalysis of the H2O2-resistant CotA and YjqC toward SA and SNP. PMID:27362423
A DFT study of the formation of xanthydrol motifs during electrophilic poly(aryl ether ketone) synthesis.
Melissen, Sigismund T A G; Tognetti, Vincent; Dupas, Georges; Jouanneau, Julien; Lê, Guillaume; Joubert, Laurent
The reaction pathway of the cyclization of 2-phenoxybenzophenone into 9-phenyl-9H-xanthen-9-ol in the presence of acid and an excess of AlCl33 was studied using density functional theory. This type of reaction is known to occur during the Friedel-Crafts polycondensation of poly(aryl ether ketones) following the undesired benzoylation of nucleophilic positions ortho- to the growing polymer's ether groups. The formed defect acts as an undesired terminator of the polymer chain, causing severe problems in the polymer's melt state. A branched, multistep mechanism reminiscent of the Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction is discovered; the reaction starts with the protonation of the carbonyl oxygen, followed by intramolecular electrophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon that determines the turnover frequency of the catalytic cycle and ends by deprotonation of the Wheland intermediate. PMID:26696543
Armour, Edward A.G.
Muon catalyzed fusion is a process in which a negatively charged muon combines with two nuclei of isotopes of hydrogen, e.g, a proton and a deuteron or a deuteron and a triton, to form a muonic molecular ion in which the binding is so tight that nuclear fusion occurs. The muon is normally released after fusion has taken place and so can catalyze further fusions. As the muon has a mean lifetime of 2.2 microseconds, this is the maximum period over which a muon can participate in this process. This article gives an outline of the history of muon catalyzed fusion from 1947, when it was first realised that such a process might occur, to the present day. It includes a description of the contribution that Drachrnan has made to the theory of muon catalyzed fusion and the influence this has had on the author's research.
Metalloporphyrin-Based Hypercrosslinked Polymers Catalyze Hetero-Diels-Alder Reactions of Unactivated Aldehydes with Simple Dienes: A Fascinating Strategy for the Construction of Heterogeneous Catalysts.
Dou, Zhiyu; Xu, Li; Zhi, Yongfeng; Zhang, Yuwei; Xia, Hong; Mu, Ying; Liu, Xiaoming
We describe a novel and intriguing strategy for the construction of efficient heterogeneous catalysts by hypercrosslinking catalyst molecules in a one-pot Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction. The new hypercrosslinked polymers (HCPs) as porous solid catalysts exhibit the combined advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, owing to their high surface area, good stability, and tailoring of catalytic centers on the frameworks. Indeed, a new class of metalloporphyrin-based HCPs were successfully synthesized using modified iron(III) porphyrin complexes as building blocks, and the resulting networks were found to be excellent recyclable heterogeneous catalysts for the hetero-Diels-Alder reaction of unactivated aldehydes with 1,3-dienes. Moreover, this new strategy showed wide adaptability, and many kinds of homogeneous-like solid-based catalysts with high catalytic performance and excellent recyclability were also constructed. PMID:27147500
Synthesis of 2,4-diisopropyl-5,5-dimethyl- 1,3-dioxane catalyzed by Brφnsted acidic ionic liquids
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
WANG WenJuan; WANG YouFei; CHENG WenPing; WANG Jian; YANG JianGuo; HE MingYuan
The acetalization reactions of isobutyraldehyde with 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol (TMPD) for the synthesis of 2,4-diisopropyl-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane were carried out under mild reaction conditions using four water-stable Brφnsted-acidic task-specific ionic liquids ([HMIM]BF4, -SO3H functionalized acidic ionic liquid, -COOH functionalized acidic ionic liquid, [NMP][HSO4]) as environmentally benign catalysts for the first time. The process is highly effective and very selective. The -COOH functional-ized Bronsted acidic ionic liquid with the two acid sites (IL-3) exhibited the most excellent catalytic performance under mild reaction conditions. The --COOH functionalized Brφnsted acidic ionic liquid could be conveniently separated from the product and easily recycled in subsequent runs.
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Isoamyl salicylate was synthesized by using germanotungtic acid as catalyst.The effects of the amaunt of catalyst,the molar ratio of salicycic acid of isoamy l alcohol,the reaction temperature and the reaction time on the yield of ester w ere studied.The optimum reaction conditions were 1.3∶100 (mass ratio) of cataly st to reactants,1∶2.5 (molar ratio) of acid to alcohol,135~153℃ being satisfa ctary reaction temperature and reaction time suitable being 3h.Under such condit ion,the yield of ester was up to 94%.Germanotungtic acid catalyst can be used re peatedly.
A metal-free aerobic oxidation of nitrotoluenes catalyzed by N,N',N″-trihydroxyisocyanuric acid (THICA) and a novel approach to the catalyst.
Wang, Kai; Zhou, Zhiming; Song, Jinhong; Bi, Lixue; Shen, Ning; Wu, Yukai; Chen, Fuxue; Wen, Hongliang
A metal-free catalytic system with N,N',N″-trihydroxyisocyanuric acid (THICA) as the catalyst for the oxidation of nitrotoluenes is introduced, and a novel Pd-free approach for the synthesis of THICA was developed. In a solution of acetic acid, THICA and concentrated nitric acid, nitrotoluenes especially polynitrotoluenes such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), were converted into the desired carboxylic acids under 0.2 MPa of O(2) at 100°C with yields up to 99%. THICA was synthesized from N-hydroxyphtalimide through a four-step synthesis in a total yield of 46%. A possible mechanism of this catalytic process was proposed where NO(2) and nitric acid first induced a radical of THICA, which then abstracts a hydrogen atom from the methyl on the aromatic ring to form a benzyl radical. This radical then initiates subsequent reactions. The production of the benzyl radical was supported by ESR measurements. PMID:20869170
Synthesis and Characterization of Sulfonated Poly(Phenylene Containing a Non-Planar Structure and Dibenzoyl Groups
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Hohyoun Jang
Full Text Available Polymers for application as sulfonated polyphenylene membranes were prepared by nickel-catalyzed carbon-carbon coupling reaction of bis(4-chlorophenyl-1,2-diphenylethylene (BCD and 1,4-dichloro-2,5-dibenzoylbenzene (DCBP. Conjugated cis/trans isomer (BCD had a non-planar conformation containing four peripheral aromatic rings that facilitate the formation of π–π interactions. 1,4-Dichloro-2,5-dibenzoylbenzene was synthesized from the oxidation reaction of 2,5-dichloro-p-xylene, followed by Friedel-Crafts reaction with benzene. DCBP monomer had good reactivity in polymerization affecting the activity of benzophenone as an electron-withdrawing group. The polyphenylene was sulfonated using concentrated sulfuric acid. These polymers without any ether linkages on the polymer backbone were protected from nucleophilic attack by hydrogen peroxide, hydroxide anion, and radicals generated by polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC operation systems. The mole fraction of the sulfonic acid groups was controlled by varying the mole ratio of bis(4-chlorophenyl-1,2-diphenylethylene in the copolymer. In comparison with Nafion 211® membrane, these SBCDCBP membranes showed ion exchange capacity (IEC ranging from 1.04 to 2.07 meq./g, water uptake from 36.5% to 69.4%, proton conductivity from 58.7 to 101.9 mS/cm, and high thermal stability.
Synthesis and Docking Studies of 2,4,6-Trihydroxy-3-Geranylacetophenone Analogs as Potential Lipoxygenase Inhibitor
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Chean Hui Ng
Full Text Available The natural product molecule 2,4,6-trihydroxy-3-geranyl-acetophenone (tHGA isolated from the medicinal plant Melicope ptelefolia was shown to exhibit potent lipoxygenase (LOX inhibitory activity. It is known that LOX plays an important role in inflammatory response as it catalyzes the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid to form hydroperoxides. The search for selective LOX inhibitors may provide new therapeutic approach for inflammatory diseases. Herein, we report the synthesis of tHGA analogs using simple Friedel-Craft acylation and alkylation reactions with the aim of obtaining a better insight into the structure-activity relationships of the compounds. All the synthesized analogs showed potent soybean 15-LOX inhibitory activity in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 = 10.31–27.61 μM where compound 3e was two-fold more active than tHGA. Molecular docking was then applied to reveal the important binding interactions of compound 3e in soybean 15-LOX binding site. The findings suggest that the presence of longer acyl bearing aliphatic chain (5Cs and aromatic groups could significantly affect the enzymatic activity.
Kinetics of phosphotungstic acid catalyzed oxidation of propan-1,3-diol and butan-1,4-diol by N-chlorosaccharin
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sanjay Kumar Singh
Full Text Available The kinetic studies of N-chlorosaccharin (NCSA oxidation of propan-1,3-diol and butan-1,4-diol have been reported in presence of phophotungstic acid and in aqueous acetic acid medium. The reactions follow first-order in NCSA and one to zero order with respect to substrate and phosphotungstic acid. Increase in the concentration of added perchloric acid increases the rate of oxidation. A negative effect on the oxidation rate is observed for solvent whereas the ionic strength does not influence the rate of reaction. Addition of the reaction product, saccharin, exhibited retarding effect. Various activation parameters have been evaluated. The products of the reactions were identified as the corresponding aldehydes. A suitable scheme of mechanism consistent with the experimental results has been proposed.
The effect of the distance between acidic site and basic site immobilized on mesoporous solid on the activity in catalyzing aldol condensation
Yu, Xiaofang; Yu, Xiaobo; Wu, Shujie; Liu, Bo; Liu, Heng; Guan, Jingqi; Kan, Qiubin
Acid-base bifunctional heterogeneous catalysts containing carboxylic and amine groups, which were immobilized at defined distance from one another on the mesoporous solid were synthesized by immobilizing lysine onto carboxyl-SBA-15. The obtained materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N 2 adsorption, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron micrographs (SEM), transmission electron micrographs (TEM), elemental analysis, and back titration. Proximal-C-A-SBA-15 with a proximal acid-base distance was more active than maximum-C-A-SBA-15 with a maximum acid-base distance in aldol condensation reaction between acetone and various aldehydes. It appears that the distance between acidic site and basic site immobilized on mesoporous solid should be an essential factor for catalysis optimization.
CuO and Ag2O/CuO Catalyzed Oxidation of Aldehydes to the Corresponding Carboxylic Acids by Molecular Oxygen
Yaowu Sha; Daxin Shi; Qingyong Tian
Furfural was oxidized to furoic acid by molecular oxygen under catalysis by 150nm-sized Ag2O/CuO (92%) or simply CuO (86.6%). When 30 nm-size catalyst was used,the main product was a furfural Diels-Alder adduct. Detailed reaction conditions andregeneration of catalysts were investigated. Under optimal conditions, a series of aromaticand aliphatic aldehydes were oxidized to the corresponding acids in good yields.
CuO and Ag2O/CuO Catalyzed Oxidation of Aldehydes to the Corresponding Carboxylic Acids by Molecular Oxygen
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Yaowu Sha
Full Text Available Furfural was oxidized to furoic acid by molecular oxygen under catalysis by 150nm-sized Ag2O/CuO (92% or simply CuO (86.6%. When 30 nm-size catalyst was used,the main product was a furfural Diels-Alder adduct. Detailed reaction conditions andregeneration of catalysts were investigated. Under optimal conditions, a series of aromaticand aliphatic aldehydes were oxidized to the corresponding acids in good yields.
One-pot, three-component synthesis of a library of spirooxindole-pyrimidines catalyzed by magnetic nanoparticle supported dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid in aqueous media.
Deng, Jia; Mo, Li-Ping; Zhao, Fei-Yang; Zhang, Zhan-Hui; Liu, Shou-Xin
Dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid functionalized silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles (γ-Fe2O3@SiO2-DDBSA) were readily prepared and identified as an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of a library of spirooxindole-pyrimidine derivatives by three-component condensation reaction of barbituric acids, isatins and cyclohexane-1,3-diones. The aqueous reaction medium, easy recovery of the catalyst using an external magnet, and high yields make the protocol sustainable and economic. PMID:22533528
Conversion of hemicellulose sugars catalyzed by formic acid: kinetics of the dehydration of D-xylose, L-arabinose, and D-glucose.
Dussan, Karla; Girisuta, Buana; Lopes, Marystela; Leahy, James J; Hayes, Michael H B
The pre-treatment of lignocellulosic biomass produces a liquid stream of hemicellulose-based sugars, which can be further converted to high-value chemicals. Formosolv pulping and the Milox process use formic acid as the fractionating agent, which can be used as the catalyst for the valorisation of hemicellulose sugars to platform chemicals. The objective of this study was to investigate the reaction kinetics of major components in the hemicelluloses fraction of biomass, that is, D-xylose, L-arabinose and D-glucose. The kinetics experiments for each sugar were performed at temperatures between 130 and 170 °C in various formic acid concentrations (10-64 wt %). The implications of these kinetic models on the selectivity of each sugar to the desired products are discussed. The models were used to predict the reaction kinetics of solutions that resemble the liquid stream obtained from the fractionation process of biomass using formic acid. PMID:25821128
Phosphotungstic Acid Catalyzed One-Pot Synthesis of 2-amino-3,5-dicarbonitrile-6-thio-pyridines in Aqueous Media
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
In this study, we report the one-pot synthesis of 2-amino-3,5-dicarbonitrile-6-thio-pyridines with benzaldehyde, malononitrile, and thiophenol by using phosphotungstic acid as an efficient catalyst to aqueous media. This method has the advantages of easy separation, high storage stability, and environmental friendliness. (author)
固体碱催化合成中碳链脂肪酸聚甘油酯%Synthesis of polyglycerol medium chain fatty acid ester catalyzed by solid base catalyst
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
曾哲灵; 邹强; 聂蓉蓉; 龙俊敏; 张驰
以聚甘油、樟树籽仁油脂肪酸为原料,固体碱KOH/Al2O3为催化剂,催化酯化合成中碳链脂肪酸聚甘油酯.采用单因素试验研究反应温度、反应时间、聚甘油与中碳链脂肪酸质量比、催化剂用量对酯化率的影响,通过正交试验优化中碳链脂肪酸聚甘油酯的合成工艺.最优合成工艺条件为反应温度220℃、反应时间2.5h、聚甘油与中碳链脂肪酸质量比2∶1、催化剂用量4.5%,该条件下酯化率为87.5%,所得中碳链脂肪酸聚甘油酯的酸值(KOH)、皂化值(KOH)、碘值(Ⅰ)、熔点分别为1.86 mg/g、148.4 mg/g、2.9 g/100 g、47.3℃.%The solid base KOH/A12O3 was used as catalyst to catalyze esterification of polyglycerol and fatty acids of camphor tree seed kernel oil to synthesize polyglycerol medium chain fatty acid ester. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, mass ratio of polyglycerol to medium chain fatty acid and dosage of catalyst on esterification rate were studied by single factor tests, and the synthesis technology of polyglycerol medium chain fatty acid ester was optimized by an orthogonal test. The optimal synthesis conditions were as follows: reaction temperature 220 °C , reaction time 2. 5 h, mass ratio of polyglycerol to medium chain fatty acid 2:1, dosage of catalyst 4. 5%. Under the optimal conditions, the esterification yield reached 87. 5% , and the acid value, saponification value, iodine value, and melting point of the product were 1.86 mgKOH/g,148.4 mgKOH/g, 2.9 gl/100 g and 47. 3 °C , respectively.
Synthesis of 1-tert-butoxy-4-methylbenzene with p-cresol and isobutene catalyzed by Lewis acid%Lewis酸催化对甲酚与异丁烯合成对叔丁氧基甲苯
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
林富荣; 颉林; 周永生
1-tert-Butoxy-4-methylbenzene was prepared through O-alkylation of p-cresol and isobutene catalyzed by Lewis acid. The effects of reaction conditions such as type of catalyst, the amount of catalyst, temperature, and mole ratios between materials on O-alkylation were optimized. The yield of product can be 76% with content of 99. 6% when weight ratio of p-cresol/crystal ferric chloride is 11. 8: 1,molar ratio of isobutene/p-cresol 1.6- 1, reaction temperaturef30 ℃ , reaction time 9 h, condensed isobutene dropped with resistant and constant pressure dropping funnel. The reaction mechanism of O-alkylation catalyzed by Lewis acid was discussed. The method is characterized by excellent atom economy and high selectivity of O-alkylation.%以Lewis酸为催化剂,对甲苯酚与异丁烯经O-烷基化反应合成对叔丁氧基甲苯.考察了催化剂种类、催化剂用量、反应温度、物料比等因素对反应的影响.实验表明适宜的工艺条件是对甲酚与结晶氯化铁的质量比为11.8∶1,异丁烯与对甲酚的物质的量为1.6∶1,异丁烯通过耐压恒压滴液漏斗滴加,反应温度为30℃,反应时间为9h,收率达76%,纯度为99.6%.探讨了Lewis酸催化O-烷基化反应的机理.该方法具有原子经济性好,0-烷基化反应选择性高特点.
Effects of Soluble Lignin on the Formic Acid-Catalyzed Formation of Furfural: A Case Study for the Upgrading of Hemicellulose.
Dussan, Karla; Girisuta, Buana; Lopes, Marystela; Leahy, James J; Hayes, Michael H B
A comprehensive study is presented on the conversion of hemicellulose sugars in liquors obtained from the fractionation of Miscanthus, spruce bark, sawdust, and hemp by using formic acid. Experimental tests with varying temperature (130-170 °C), formic acid concentration (10-80 wt %), carbohydrate concentrations, and lignin separation were carried out, and experimental data were compared with predictions obtained by reaction kinetics developed in a previous study. The conversions of xylose and arabinose into furfural were inherently affected by the presence of polymeric soluble lignin, decreasing the maximum furfural yields observed experimentally by up to 24 %. These results were also confirmed in synthetic mixtures of pentoses with Miscanthus and commercial alkali lignin. This observation was attributed to side reactions involving intermediate stable sugar species reacting with solubilized lignin during the conversion of xylose into furfural. PMID:26805656
Computational Study on the Acid Catalyzed Reactions of Fluorine-Containing 2,4-Dialkoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrans with Aromatic Compounds
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Norio Ota
Full Text Available The reaction of 2,4-diethoxy-6-trifluoromethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (1 with aromatic compounds in refluxing acetonitrile in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid gave the mixture of 4-aryl-2-trifluoromethyl-4H-pyrans (3 and 6-aryl-1,1,1-trifluorohexa-3,5-dien-2-ones (4. In contrast, the same reaction carried out in trifluoroacetic acid at ambient temperature afforded 4-aryl-2-ethoxy-6-trifluoromethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrans (2 selectively. These two types of reactions giving quite different products under each condition were studied on the basis of DFT calculations. Moreover, the proposed mechanism for the reaction of 5-trifluoroacetyl-6-trifluoromethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (5 with aromatic compounds affording butadiene derivatives (6 exclusively was also discussed based on the calculations and comparison with the reactivity of pyrylium intermediate (7.
VO(acac)2 catalyzed condensation of o-phenylenediamine with aromatic carboxylic acids/aldehydes under microwave radiation affording benzimidazoles
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Madhudeepa Dey; Krishnajyoti Deb; Siddhartha Sankar Dhar
Vanadyl acetylacetonate, VO(acac)2, has been found to be very effective catalyst for synthesis of a variety of benzimidazoles under solvent-free condition. The methodology involves the exposure of a mixture of o-phenylenediamine and a selected aromatic carboxylic acid/aldehyde to microwave radiation without the use of any solvent or supporting agents. The benzimidazoles were obtained in quick time with high yields.
Effective Liquid-phase Nitration of Benzene Catalyzed by a Stable Solid Acid Catalyst: Silica Supported Cs2.5H0.5PMo12O40
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Silica supported Cs2.5H0.5PMo12O40 catalyst was prepared through sol-gel method with ethyl silicate-40 as silicon resource and characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption and potentiometric titration methods. The Cs2.5H0.5PMo12O40 particles with Keggin-type structure well dispersed on the surface of silica, and the catalyst exhibited high surface area and acidity. The catalytic performance of the catalysts for benzene liquid-phase nitration was examined with 65% nitric acid as nitrating agent, and the effects of various parameters were tested, which including temperature, time and amount of catalyst, reactants ratio, especially the recycle of catalyst was emphasized. Benzene was effectively nitrated to mononitro-benzene with high conversion (95%) in optimized conditions. Most importantly, the supported catalyst was proved has excellent stability in the nitration progress, and there were no any other organic solvent and sulfuric acid were used in the reaction system, so the liquid-phase nitration of benzene that we developed was an eco-friendly and attractive alternative for the commercial technology
Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from 2-Methyl-3-Buten-2-ol Photooxidation: Evidence of Acid-Catalyzed Reactive Uptake of Epoxides
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Zhang, Haofei; Zhang, Zhenfa; Cui, Tianqu; Lin, Ying-Hsuan; Bhathela, Neil A.; Ortega, John; Worton, David; Goldstein, Allen H.; Guenther, Alex B.; Jimenez, Jose L.; Gold, Avram; Surratt, Jason D.
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO) photooxidation has recently been observed in both field and laboratory studies. Similar to isoprene, MBO-derived SOA increases with elevated aerosol acidity in the absence of nitric oxide; therefore, an epoxide intermediate, (3,3-dimethyloxiran-2-yl)methanol (MBO epoxide) was synthesized and tentatively proposed here to explain this enhancement. In the present study, the potential of the synthetic MBO epoxide to form SOA via reactive uptake was systematically examined. SOA was observed only in the presence of acidic aerosols. Major SOA constituents, 2,3-dihydroxyisopentanol (DHIP) and MBO-derived organosulfate isomers, were chemically characterized in both laboratory-generated SOA and in ambient fine aerosols collected from the BEACHON-RoMBAS field campaign during summer 2011, where MBO emissions are substantial. Our results support epoxides as potential products of MBO photooxidation leading to formation of atmospheric SOA and suggest that reactive uptake of epoxides may generally explain acid enhancement of SOA observed from other biogenic hydrocarbons.
pH dependence of the acetylcholinesterase-catalyzed oxygen exchange between acetate and water/purification and characterization of the low-molecular-weight acid phosphatase from bovine liver: Clarification of the roles of cysteine and histidine at the active site
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) catalyzes ester hydrolysis through nucleophilic attack of an active-site serine on the acyl carbon of the substrate, acetylcholine, leading to the formation of an acylenzyme intermediate, with hydrolysis resulting in the production of choline and acetic acid. The first half of the reverse reaction-AChE-catalyzed attack on acetate-was studied over a wide range in pH. Homogeneous enzyme was obtained after chromatography using the synthetic affinity resin 9-(5-carboxypentylamino)acridine. The pH-dependence of AChE-catalyzed acetylthiocholine hydrolysis and its inhibition by acetate implicated one, or possibly two, active site residues in deacylation with pK/sub a/ values of 6.7 and 5.0. The pH-dependence of the enzyme-catalyzed exchange of oxygen between sodium [1-13C, 18O2] acetate and water suggested acetic acid as the preferred substrate for exchange, while rate data supported the role of an induced-fit rate-limiting step involving a virtual transition state in catalysis
Direct and remarkably efficient conversion of methane into acetic acid catalyzed by amavadine and related vanadium complexes. A synthetic and a theoretical DFT mechanistic study.
Kirillova, Marina V; Kuznetsov, Maxim L; Reis, Patrícia M; da Silva, José A L; da Silva, João J R Fraústo; Pombeiro, Armando J L
Vanadium(IV or V) complexes with N,O- or O,O-ligands, i.e., [VO{N(CH2CH2O)3}], Ca[V(HIDPA)2] (synthetic amavadine), Ca[V(HIDA)2], or [Bu4N]2[V(HIDA)2] [HIDPA, HIDA = basic form of 2,2'-(hydroxyimino)dipropionic or -diacetic acid, respectively], [VO(CF3SO3)2], Ba[VO(nta)(H2O)]2 (nta = nitrilotriacetate), [VO(ada)(H2O)] (ada = N-2-acetamidoiminodiacetate), [VO(Hheida)(H2O)] (Hheida = 2-hydroxyethyliminodiacetate), [VO(bicine)] [bicine = basic form of N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine], and [VO(dipic)(OCH2CH3)] (dipic = pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate), are catalyst precursors for the efficient single-pot conversion of methane into acetic acid, in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) under moderate conditions, using peroxodisulfate as oxidant. Effects on the yields and TONs of various factors are reported. TFA acts as a carbonylating agent and CO is an inhibitor for some systems, although for others there is an optimum CO pressure. The most effective catalysts (as amavadine) bear triethanolaminate or (hydroxyimino)dicarboxylates and lead, in a single batch, to CH3COOH yields > 50% (based on CH4) or remarkably high TONs up to 5.6 x 103. The catalyst can remain active upon multiple recycling of its solution. Carboxylation proceeds via free radical mechanisms (CH3* can be trapped by CBrCl3), and theoretical calculations disclose a particularly favorable process involving the sequential formation of CH3*, CH3CO*, and CH3COO* which, upon H-abstraction (from TFA or CH4), yields acetic acid. The CH3COO* radical is formed by oxygenation of CH3CO* by a peroxo-V complex via a V{eta1-OOC(O)CH3} intermediate. Less favorable processes involve the oxidation of CH3CO* by the protonated (hydroperoxo) form of that peroxo-V complex or by peroxodisulfate. The calculations also indicate that (i) peroxodisulfate behaves as a source of sulfate radicals which are methane H-abstractors, as a peroxidative and oxidizing agent for vanadium, and as an oxidizing and coupling agent for CH3CO* and that (ii) TFA is
Asymmetric Ring-Opening of Cyclopropyl Ketones with Thiol, Alcohol, and Carboxylic Acid Nucleophiles Catalyzed by a Chiral N,N'-Dioxide-Scandium(III) Complex.
Xia, Yong; Lin, Lili; Chang, Fenzhen; Fu, Xuan; Liu, Xiaohua; Feng, Xiaoming
A highly efficient asymmetric ring-opening reaction of cyclopropyl ketones with a broad range of thiols, alcohols and carboxylic acids has been first realized by using a chiral N,N'-dioxide-scandium(III) complex as catalyst. The corresponding sulfides, ethers, and esters were obtained in up to 99% yield and 95% ee. This is also the first example of one catalytic system working for the ring-opening reaction of donor-acceptor cyclopropanes with three different nucleophiles, let alone in an asymmetric version. PMID:26398505
Influence of acid-base properties on the Lebedev ethanol-to-butadiene process catalyzed by SiO2-MgO materials
Angelici, Carlo; Velthoen, Marjolein E. Z.; Weckhuysen, Bert M.; Bruijnincx, Pieter C. A.
The Lebedev ethanol-to-butadiene process entails a complex chain of reactions that require catalysts to possess a subtle balance in the number and strength of acidic and basic sites. SiO2-MgO materials can be excellent Lebedev catalysts if properly prepared, as catalyst performance has been found to depend significantly on the synthesis method. To assess the specific requirements for butadiene production in terms of active sites and to link their presence to the specific preparation method ap...
Antibody-Catalyzed Degradation of Cocaine
Landry, Donald W.; Zhao, Kang; Yang, Ginger X.-Q.; Glickman, Michael; Georgiadis, Taxiarchis M.
Immunization with a phosphonate monoester transition-state analog of cocaine provided monoclonal antibodies capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of the cocaine benzoyl ester group. An assay for the degradation of radiolabeled cocaine identified active enzymes. Benzoyl esterolysis yields ecgonine methyl ester and benzoic acid, fragments devoid of cocaine's stimulant activity. Passive immunization with such an artificial enzyme could provide a treatment for dependence by blunting reinforcement.
Production of oleic acid ethyl ester catalyzed by crude rice bran (Oryza sativa lipase in a modified fed-batch system: problem and its solution
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Indro Prastowo
Full Text Available A fed-batch system was modified for the enzymatic production of Oleic Acid Ethyl Ester (OAEE using rice bran (Oryza sativa lipase by retaining the substrate molar ratio (ethanol/oleic acid at 2.05: 1 during the reaction. It resulted in an increase in the ester conversion up to 76.8% in the first 6 h of the reaction, and then followed by a decrease from 76.8% to 22.9% in 6 h later. Meanwhile, the production of water in the reaction system also showed a similar trend to the trend of ester production. The water was hypothesized to lead lipase to reverse the reaction which resulted in a decrease in both (water and esters in the last 6 h of the reaction. In order to overcome the problem, zeolite powders (25 and 50 mg/ml were added into the reaction system at 5 h of the reaction. As the result, final ester conversions increased drastically up to 90 - 95.7% (1.17 – 1.24 times. The addition also proved a hypothesis that the water was involved in reducing the ester conversion in the last 6 h of the reaction. Thus, the combination was effective to produce the high final ester conversion.
对甲苯磺酸催化查尔酮的合成%Synthtsis of Chalcone Catalyzed by P-toluenesulfonic Acid
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
谭昌会; 郑荣选; 罗淑云; 林俏焰
研究了查耳酮的制备方法和缩合反应的影响因素选择最佳的反应条件,实验的结果表明,合成查尔酮的缩合反应的较佳条件是:n(苯乙酮)加(间硝基苯甲醛)=1∶1,反应温度是70℃,反应的时间3h,对甲笨磺酸为3 g,乙酸用量为20 mL,在此条件下查尔酮的收率达71.6%.%Synthesis methods of chalcone were studied, affecting factors of the condensation reaction were discussed so as to select the best reaction conditions. The experimental results show that the better reaction conditions of the synthesis are as follows: n (m-nitrobenzaldehyde) / n (preparation) = 1 : 1, the reaction temperature is 70 ℃, the reaction time is 3 h, p-toluene sulfonic acid dosage and acetic acid dosage are 3 g and 20 mL , respectively. Under above conditions, the chalcone yield can reach 71.6%.
固体酸催化合成乳酸正丁酯%Synthesis of n-Butyl Lactate Catalyzed by Solid Acid
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
苏兆祥; 邓旭忠; 杨辉荣; 谢光炎
In the presence of roasted ferric sulfate as catalyst,lactic acid can react with n-butyl alcohol to form n-butyl lactate. The optimum conditions are follows:molar ratio of lactic acid to n-butyl alcohol = 1:4.5,reaction temperature time = 150min, weight of catalyst=2g. The yield under the optimum conditions was up to 87.4%.The catalyst has many advantages,such as being able to manufacture very easy,use repeatedly and less pollution to the environment.%以焙烧的Fe2(SO4)3为催化剂,实现了乳酸与正丁酸与正丁醇反应合成乳酸正丁酯.最佳合成条件为:以0.085mol乳酸为准,乳酸与丁醇的摩尔比是1:4,催化剂用量为2g,反应时间为150min,产率达87.4%.该催化剂具有制备易,可循环使用,不污染环境等优点.
Tritium catalyzed deuterium tokamaks
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A preliminary assessment of the promise of the Tritium Catalyzed Deuterium (TCD) tokamak power reactors relative to that of deuterium-tritium (D-T) and catalyzed deuterium (Cat-D) tokamaks is undertaken. The TCD mode of operation is arrived at by converting the 3He from the D(D,n)3He reaction into tritium, by neutron capture in the blanket; the tritium thus produced is fed into the plasma. There are three main parts to the assessment: blanket study, reactor design and economic analysis and an assessment of the prospects for improvements in the performance of TCD reactors (and in the promise of the TCD mode of operation, in general)
Mechanism of the Enantioselective Intramolecular [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition Reaction of Coumarin Catalyzed by a Chiral Lewis Acid: Comparison with Enone Substrates.
Wang, Hongjuan; Fang, Wei-Hai; Chen, Xuebo
The asymmetric catalysis of the intramolecular enone [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction relies on a complicated regulation mechanism to control its reactivity and selectivity as well as quantum yield. The multiconfiguration perturbation theory associated with energy-consistent relativistic pseudopotentials offers a mechanistic comparison between representative coumarin and enone substrates. A pair of bright ππ* states govern the unselective background reaction of the free coumarin through the direct cycloaddition in the singlet hypersurface and the elimination of the reaction channel in the triplet manifold due to the existence of anti El Sayed type singlet-triplet crossing. The opening of a reaction channel in the triplet state is repeatedly verified to depend on the presence of relativistic effects, i.e., spin-orbit coupling due to heavy atoms in the chiral Lewis acid catalyst. PMID:27322795
Palladium(II)-catalyzed oxidation of L-tryptophan by hexacyanoferrate(III) in perchloric acid medium: a kinetic and mechanistic approach
Indian Academy of Sciences (India)
Ahmed Fawzy
The catalytic effect of palladium(II) on the oxidation of L-tryptophan by potassium hexacyanoferrate( III) has been investigated spectrophotometrically in aqueous perchloric acid medium. A first order dependence in [hexacyanoferrate(III)] and fractional-first order dependences in both [L-tryptophan] and [palladium(II)] were obtained. The reaction exhibits fractional-second order kinetics with respect to [H+]. Reaction rate increased with increase in ionic strength and dielectric constant of the medium. The effect of temperature on the reaction rate has also been studied and activation parameters have been evaluated and discussed. Initial addition of the reaction product, hexacyanoferrate(II), does not affect the rate significantly. A plausible mechanistic scheme explaining all the observed kinetic results has been proposed. The final oxidation products are identified as indole-3-acetaldehyde, ammonium ion and carbon dioxide. The rate law associated with the reaction mechanism is derived.
Kinase-Catalyzed Biotinylation
Senevirathne, Chamara; Green, Keith D.; Pflum, Mary Kay H.
Kinase-catalyzed protein phosphorylation plays an essential role in a variety of biological processes. Methods to detect phosphoproteins and phosphopeptides in cellular mixtures will aid in cell biological and signaling research. Our laboratory recently discovered the utility of γ-modified ATP analogues as tools for studying phosphorylation. Specifically, ATP-biotin can be used for labeling and visualizing phosphoproteins from cell lysates. Because the biotin tag is suitable for protein detec...
The mechanism of Fe (Ⅲ)-catalyzed ozonation of phenol
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
竹湘锋; 徐新华
Fe (Ⅲ)-catalyzed ozonation yielded better degradation rate and extent of COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) or oxalic acid as compared with oxidation by ozone alone. Two parameters with strong effects on the efficiency of ozonation are pH of the solution and the catalyst (Fe3+) dosage. The existence of a critical pH value determining the catalysis of Fe (Ⅲ) in acid conditions was observed in phenol and oxalic acid systems. The best efficiency of catalysis was obtained at a moderate concentration of the catalyst. A reasonable mechanism of Fe (Ⅲ)-catalyzed ozonation of phenol was obtained based on the results and literature.
A propionate CoA-transferase of Ralstonia eutropha H16 with broad substrate specificity catalyzing the CoA thioester formation of various carboxylic acids.
Lindenkamp, Nicole; Schürmann, Marc; Steinbüchel, Alexander
In this study, we have investigated a propionate CoA-transferase (Pct) homologue encoded in the genome of Ralstonia eutropha H16. The corresponding gene has been cloned into the vector pET-19b to yield a histidine-tagged enzyme which was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). After purification, high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) analyses revealed that the enzyme exhibits a broad substrate specificity for carboxylic acids. The formation of the corresponding CoA-thioesters of acetate using propionyl-CoA as CoA donor, and of propionate, butyrate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, 3-hydroxypropionate, crotonate, acrylate, lactate, succinate and 4-hydroxybutyrate using acetyl-CoA as CoA donor could be shown. According to the substrate specificity, the enzyme can be allocated in the family I of CoA-transferases. The apparent molecular masses as determined by gel filtration and detected by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were 228 and 64 kDa, respectively, and point to a quaternary structure of the native enzyme (α4). The enzyme exhibited similarities in sequence and structure to the well investigated Pct of Clostridium propionicum. It does not contain the typical conserved (S)ENG motif, but the derived motif sequence EXG with glutamate 342 to be, most likely, the catalytic residue. Due to the homo-oligomeric structure and the sequence differences with the subclasses IA-C of family I CoA-transferases, a fourth subclass of family I is proposed, comprising - amongst others - the Pcts of R. eutropha H16 and C. propionicum. A markerless precise-deletion mutant R. eutropha H16∆pct was generated. The growth and accumulation behaviour of this mutant on gluconate, gluconate plus 3,3'-dithiodipropionic acid (DTDP), acetate and propionate was investigated but resulted in no observable phenotype. Both, the wild type and the mutant showed the same growth and storage behaviour with these carbon sources. It is probable that R. eutropha H16 is upregulating
Rhodotorula glutinis Phenylalanine/Tyrosine Ammonia Lyase Enzyme Catalyzed Synthesis of the Methyl Ester of para-Hydroxycinnamic Acid and its Potential Antibacterial Activity
MacDonald, Marybeth C.; Arivalagan, Pugazhendhi; Barre, Douglas E.; MacInnis, Judith A.; D'Cunha, Godwin B.
Biotransformation of L-tyrosine methyl ester (L-TM) to the methyl ester of para- hydroxycinnamic acid (p-HCAM) using Rhodotorula glutinis yeast phenylalanine/tyrosine ammonia lyase (PTAL; EC 184.108.40.206) enzyme was successfully demonstrated for the first time; progress of the reaction was followed by spectrophotometric determination at 315 nm. The following conditions were optimized for maximal formation of p-HCAM: pH (8.5), temperature (37°C), speed of agitation (50 rpm), enzyme concentration (0.080 μM), and substrate concentration (0.50 mM). Under these conditions, the yield of the reaction was ∼15% in 1 h incubation period and ∼63% after an overnight (∼18 h) incubation period. The product (p-HCAM) of the reaction of PTAL with L-TM was confirmed using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR) was carried out to rule out potential hydrolysis of p-HCAM during overnight incubation. Potential antibacterial activity of p-HCAM was tested against several strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This study describes a synthetically useful transformation, and could have future clinical and industrial applications. PMID:27014206
Mechanisms of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reduction of Two Carcinogenic Nitro-Aromatics, 3-Nitrobenzanthrone and Aristolochic Acid I: Experimental and Theoretical Approaches
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Marie Stiborová
Full Text Available This review summarizes the results found in studies investigating the enzymatic activation of two genotoxic nitro-aromatics, an environmental pollutant and carcinogen 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA and a natural plant nephrotoxin and carcinogen aristolochic acid I (AAI, to reactive species forming covalent DNA adducts. Experimental and theoretical approaches determined the reasons why human NAD(PH:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1 and cytochromes P450 (CYP 1A1 and 1A2 have the potential to reductively activate both nitro-aromatics. The results also contributed to the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of these reactions. The contribution of conjugation enzymes such as N,O-acetyltransferases (NATs and sulfotransferases (SULTs to the activation of 3-NBA and AAI was also examined. The results indicated differences in the abilities of 3-NBA and AAI metabolites to be further activated by these conjugation enzymes. The formation of DNA adducts generated by both carcinogens during their reductive activation by the NOQ1 and CYP1A1/2 enzymes was investigated with pure enzymes, enzymes present in subcellular cytosolic and microsomal fractions, selective inhibitors, and animal models (including knock-out and humanized animals. For the theoretical approaches, flexible in silico docking methods as well as ab initio calculations were employed. The results summarized in this review demonstrate that a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches is a useful tool to study the enzyme-mediated reaction mechanisms of 3-NBA and AAI reduction.
Nitric acid activation of graphite granules to increase the performance of the non-catalyzed oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) for MFC applications
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Erable, Benjamin [School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne - NE1 7RU (United Kingdom); Laboratoire de Genie Chimique, CNRS-Universite de Toulouse, 5 rue Paulin Talabot, BP1301, 31106 Toulouse (France); Duteanu, Narcis [School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne - NE1 7RU (United Kingdom); Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University ' ' POLITEHNICA' ' Timisoara, 300006 Timisoara (Romania); Kumar, S.M. Senthil; Scott, Keith [School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne - NE1 7RU (United Kingdom); Feng, Yujie [State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 202, Haihe Road, Harbin 150090 (China); Ghangrekar, Makarand M. [School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne - NE1 7RU (United Kingdom); Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur - 721302 (India)
Nitric acid and thermal activation of graphite granules were explored to increase the electrocatalytic performance of dissolved oxygen reduction at neutral pH for microbial fuel cell (MFC) applications. Electrochemical experiments showed an improvement of +400 mV in open circuit potential for graphite granules when they were activated. The improvement of ORR performance observed with activated granules was correlated to the increase of Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface of the activated material and the emergence of nitrogen superficial groups revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis on its surface. The use of activated graphite granules in the cathodic compartment of a dual-chamber MFC led to a high open circuit voltage of 1050 mV, which is among one of the highest reported so far. The stable performance of this cathode material (current density of 96 A m{sup -3} at +200 mV/Ag-AgCl) over a period of 10 days demonstrated its applicability as a cathode material without any costly noble metal. (author)
Sonolytic and Silent Polymerization of Methacrlyic Acid Butyl Ester Catalyzed by a New Onium Salt with bis-Active Sites in a Biphasic System — A Comparative Investigation
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Perumberkandgai A. Vivekanand
Full Text Available Currently, ingenious new analytical and process experimental techniques which are environmentally benign techniques, viz., ultrasound irradiation, have become immensely popular in promoting various reactions. In this work, a novel soluble multi-site phase transfer catalyst (PTC viz., 1,4-bis-(propylmethyleneammounium chloridebenzene (BPMACB was synthesized and its catalytic efficiency was assessed by observing the kinetics of sonolytic polymerization of methacrylic acid butyl ester (MABE using potassium persulphate (PPS as an initiator. The ultrasound–multi-site phase transfer catalysis (US-MPTC-assisted polymerization reaction was compared with the silent (non-ultrasonic polymerization reaction. The effects of the catalyst and various reaction parameters on the catalytic performance were in detail investigated by following the kinetics of polymerization of MABE in an ethyl acetate-water biphasic system. From the detailed kinetic investigation we propose a plausible mechanism. Further the kinetic results demonstrate clearly that ultrasound-assisted phase-transfer catalysis significantly increased the reaction rate when compared to silent reactions. Notably, this environmentally benign and cost-effective process has great potential to be applied in various polymer industries.
Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of L-ascorbyl fatty acid esters and D-isoascorbyl fatty acid esters%脂肪酶催化合成L-抗坏血酸脂肪酸酯和D-异抗坏血酸脂肪酸酯
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
郑大贵; 祝显虹; 余泗莲; 彭化南; 张小兰
The lipase-catalyzed synthesis of L.-ascorbyl fatty acid esters and D-isoascorbyl fatty acid esters were studied by direct es-terification and transesterification,respectively. The structures of products were confirmed by IR,1H NMR,13C NMR and MS. It was found that the yield of the direct esterification were higher than that of the corresponding transesterification under the similar synthetic conditions. The raw material fatty acids and fatty acid methyl esters could be recycled and reused.%用固定化脂肪酶Lipozyme 435作催化剂,分别用直接酯化法和酯交换法合成L-抗坏血酸脂肪酸酯和D-异抗坏血酸脂肪酸酯.产物结构经IR、1HNMR、13CNMR和MS表征.结果表明,对于同一目标化合物,相似条件下,直接酯化法的效果优于酯交换法,原料脂肪酸和脂肪酸甲酯均可回收循环使用.
Catalyzed Ceramic Burner Material
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Barnes, Amy S., Dr.
Catalyzed combustion offers the advantages of increased fuel efficiency, decreased emissions (both NOx and CO), and an expanded operating range. These performance improvements are related to the ability of the catalyst to stabilize a flame at or within the burner media and to combust fuel at much lower temperatures. This technology has a diverse set of applications in industrial and commercial heating, including boilers for the paper, food and chemical industries. However, wide spread adoption of catalyzed combustion has been limited by the high cost of precious metals needed for the catalyst materials. The primary objective of this project was the development of an innovative catalyzed burner media for commercial and small industrial boiler applications that drastically reduce the unit cost of the catalyzed media without sacrificing the benefits associated with catalyzed combustion. The scope of this program was to identify both the optimum substrate material as well as the best performing catalyst construction to meet or exceed industry standards for durability, cost, energy efficiency, and emissions. It was anticipated that commercial implementation of this technology would result in significant energy savings and reduced emissions. Based on demonstrated achievements, there is a potential to reduce NOx emissions by 40,000 TPY and natural gas consumption by 8.9 TBtu in industries that heavily utilize natural gas for process heating. These industries include food manufacturing, polymer processing, and pulp and paper manufacturing. Initial evaluation of commercial solutions and upcoming EPA regulations suggests that small to midsized boilers in industrial and commercial markets could possibly see the greatest benefit from this technology. While out of scope for the current program, an extension of this technology could also be applied to catalytic oxidation for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Considerable progress has been made over the course of the grant
Liquefaction of wheat straw catalyzed by acidic ionic liquid and analysis of liquefied products%酸性离子液体催化麦秸液化及其产物分析
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
关倩; 蒋剑春; 徐俊明; 王奎; 冯君锋
With the increasing energy requirements and pollution problems worldwide, energy from renewable resources has received global attention in recent decades. Biomass is one of the most abundant renewable resources. It mainly includes forest residues, agricultural wastes, industrial residues, municipal solid wastes, bagasse, aquatic plants, and algae animal wastes. Due to the advantages of abundance, non-polluting, being renewable and easy to obtain, biomass is considered as the most promising energy feedstock to replace the traditional energy. Meanwhile, it is the only resource that can be converted into solid, liquid, and gaseous products for use of fuels. Thermo-chemical conversion is an effective technology of biomass conversion. Liquefaction is the typical thermo-chemical technology for the conversion of biomass to obtain liquid biofuels and valuable chemicals, such as bio-oil and fuel additives. The conversion process is not only influenced by organic reagents but also by different catalysts. Effective catalyst is an essential factor to improve liquefaction efficiency. As catalyst, sulfuric acid has very strong corrosion and needs high-quality liquefaction equipment, and its recycling is difficult. Solid acid is used to overcome shortcomings of organic acid in the liquefaction, but it is easy to form coke to cause the deactivation of catalyst, and needs to be calcined before re-use, which increases the reaction cost. Now, it is found that the ionic liquid has non-corrosiveness, low melting point, high thermal stability and low vapor pressure, and some other merits. It has a broad application prospect used as solvents and catalysts in catalytic reactions. Ionic liquid, especially sulfonated bisulfate ionic liquid can dissolve cellulose, because it has higher acidic sites that can easily break the hydrogen bonds of biomass material, and promote the degradation and conversion of cellulose. At present, ionic liquid is usually used to catalyze carbohydrate, which is
An integrated process for the production of platform chemicals and diesel miscible fuels by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis and downstream upgrading of the acid hydrolysis residues with thermal and catalytic pyrolysis.
Girisuta, Buana; Kalogiannis, Konstantinos G; Dussan, Karla; Leahy, James J; Hayes, Michael H B; Stefanidis, Stylianos D; Michailof, Chrysa M; Lappas, Angelos A
This study evaluates an integrated process for the production of platform chemicals and diesel miscible biofuels. An energy crop (Miscanthus) was treated hydrothermally to produce levulinic acid (LA). Temperatures ranging between 150 and 200 °C, sulfuric acid concentrations 1-5 wt.% and treatment times 1-12 h were applied to give different combined severity factors. Temperatures of 175 and 200 °C and acid concentration of 5 wt.% were found to be necessary to achieve good yield (17 wt.%) and selectivities of LA while treatment time did not have an effect. The acid hydrolysis residues were characterized for their elemental, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents, and then tested in a small-scale pyrolyzer using silica sand and a commercial ZSM-5 catalyst. Milder pretreatment yielded more oil (43 wt.%) and oil O(2) (37%) while harsher pretreatment and catalysis led to more coke production (up to 58 wt.%), less oil (12 wt.%) and less oil O(2) (18 wt.%). PMID:23073094
Catalyzing alignment processes
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Lauridsen, Erik Hagelskjær; Jørgensen, Ulrik
time and in combination with other social processes establish more aligned and standardized environmental performance between countries. However, examples of the introduction of environmental management suggests that EMS' only plays a minor role in developing the actual environmental objectives......This paper describes how environmental management systems (EMS) spur the circulation of processes that support the constitution of environmental issues as specific environ¬mental objects and objectives. EMS catalyzes alignmentprocesses that produce coherence among the different elements involved...... they are implemented in and how the changing context is reflected in the environmental objectives that are established and prioritised. Our argument is, that the ability of the standard to achieve an impact is dependant on the constitution of 'coherent' environmental issues in the context, where the management system...
Chiral Diamine-catalyzed Asymmetric Aldol Reaction
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
LI Hui; XU Da-zhen; WU Lu-lu; WANG Yong-mei
A highly efficient catalytic system composed of a simple and commercially available chiral primary diamine (1R,2R)-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine(6) and trifluoroacetic acid(TFA) was employed for asymmetric Aldol reaction in i-PrOH at room temperature.A loading of 10%(molar fraction) catalyst 6 with TFA as a cocatalyst could catalyze the Aldol reactions of various ketones or aldehydes with a series of aromatic aldehydes,furnishing Aldol products in moderate to high yields(up to >99%) with enantioselectivities of up to >99% and diastereoselectivities of up to 99:1.
Study of Soybean Oil Hydrolysis Catalyzed by Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipase and Its Application to Biodiesel Production via Hydroesterification
Elisa d'Avila Cavalcanti-Oliveira; Priscila Rufino da Silva; Alessandra Peçanha Ramos; Donato Alexandre Gomes Aranda; Denise Maria Guimarães Freire
The process of biodiesel production by the hydroesterification route that is proposed here involves a first step consisting of triacylglyceride hydrolysis catalyzed by lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TL 100L) to generate free fatty acids (FFAs). This step is followed by esterification of the FFAs with alcohol, catalyzed by niobic acid in pellets or without a catalyst. The best result for the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis was obtained under reaction conditions of 50% (v/v) soybean oil and 2...
Synthesis of DOTA-conjugated multimeric [Tyr3]octreotide peptides via a combination of Cu(I)-catalyzed "click" cycloaddition and thio acid/sulfonyl azide "sulfo-click" amidation and their in vivo evaluation.
Yim, C.B.; Dijkgraaf, I.; Merkx, R.; Versluis, C.; Eek, A.; Mulder, G.E.; Rijkers, D.T.; Boerman, O.C.; Liskamp, R.M.
Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of DOTA-conjugated monomeric, dimeric, and tetrameric [Tyr(3)]octreotide-based analogues as a tool for tumor imaging and/or radionuclide therapy. These compounds were synthesized using a Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycl
Ruthenium-catalyzed C–H activation of thioxanthones
Danny Wagner; Stefan Bräse
Thioxanthones – being readily available in one step from thiosalicylic acid and arenes – were used in ruthenium-catalyzed C–H-activation reaction to produce 1-mono- or 1,8-disubstituted thioxanthones in good to excellent yields. Scope and limitation of this reaction are presented.
Ruthenium-catalyzed C–H activation of thioxanthones
Wagner, Danny
Summary Thioxanthones – being readily available in one step from thiosalicylic acid and arenes – were used in ruthenium-catalyzed C–H-activation reaction to produce 1-mono- or 1,8-disubstituted thioxanthones in good to excellent yields. Scope and limitation of this reaction are presented. PMID:25977717
CU(II): catalyzed hydrazine reduction of ferric nitrate
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A method is described for producing ferrous nitrate solutions by the cupric ion-catalyzed reduction of ferric nitrate with hydrazine. The reaction is complete in about 1.5 hours at 400C. Hydrazoic acid is also produced in substantial quantities as a reaction byproduct
Efficient Synthesis of Spirobarbiturates and Spirothiobarbiturates Bearing Cyclopropane Rings by Rhodium(II)-Catalyzed Reactions of Cyclic Diazo Compounds
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Wang, Xue; Lee, Yong Rok [Yeungnam Univ., Gyeongsan (Korea, Republic of)
Rhodium(II)-catalyzed reactions of cyclic diazo compounds derived from barbituric acid and thiobarbituric acid with a variety of styrene moieties were examined. These reactions provide rapid synthetic routes to the preparations of spirobarbiturates and spirothiobarbiturates bearing cyclopropane rings.
Catalyzed Oxidation of Methanol on Acid/Base Modified VOx/Al2O3 Studied by Solid-state NMR%改性VOx/Al2O3催化剂催化氧化甲醇的固体核磁共振研究
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
曾丹林; 杨俊; 郑安民; 陈雷; 徐君; 叶朝辉; 邓风
采用固体核磁共振研究了NaOH和HNO3改性的VOx/Al2O3上甲醇选择性催化氧化反应.实验结果表明:在甲醇的氧化反应中,酸位对二甲氧基甲烷的生成起了重要作用.与VOx/Al2O3催化剂相比,酸改性的VOx/Al2O3上的强的Bronsted酸位对二甲氧基甲烷的选择性较高,没有Bronsted酸位的碱改性的VOx/Al2O3上生成的不是二甲氧基甲烷而是甲酸盐.%Oxidation of methanol catalyzed by NaOH or HNO3 modified VOx/Al2O3 was studied by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The acid-treated VOx/Al2O3 catalyst showed stronger Bronsted acid sites compared to the unmodified VOx/Al2O3 catalyst, while the base-treated VOx/Al2O3 catalyst had no Bronsted acid sites. As a result, the former exhibited higher selectivity in producing dimethoxymethane from oxidation of methanol whereas the oxidation reaction catalyzed by the later yielded mainly formate. These results indicate that the Bronsted acid sites in VOx/Al2O3 catalysts play a key role in the oxidation reaction converting methanol to dimethoxymethane.
Horseradish peroxidase catalyzed hydroxylations: mechanistic studies.
Dordick, J S; Klibanov, A M; Marletta, M A
The hydroxylation of phenol to hydroquinone and catechol in the presence of dihydroxyfumaric acid and oxygen catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied under conditions where the product yield was high and the side reactions were minimal. The reaction is partially uncoupled with a molar ratio of dihydroxyfumaric acid consumed to hydroxylated products of 12:1. Hydrogen peroxide does not participate in the reaction as evidenced by the lack of effect of catalase and by the direct addition of hydrogen peroxide. Conversely, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals are involved as their scavengers are potent inhibitors. Experiments were all consistent with the involvement of compound III (oxygenated ferrous complex) of peroxidase in the reaction. Compound III is stable in the presence of phenol alone but decomposes rapidly in the presence of both phenol and dihydroxyfumaric acid with the concomitant formation of product. Therefore, phenol and dihydroxyfumaric acid must be present with compound III in order for the hydroxylation reaction to occur. A mechanism consistent with the experimental results is proposed. PMID:3718931
A simple, effective, green method for regioselective 3-acylation of unprotected indoles
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Tran, Phuong Huong; Tran, Hai N.; Hansen, Poul Erik; Do, Mai Hoang Ngoc; Le, Thach N
A fast and green method is developed for regioselective acylation of indoles in the 3-position without the need for protection of the NH position. The method is based on Friedel-Crafts acylation using acid anhydrides. The method has been optimized, and Y(OTf)3 in catalytic amounts is found to be...... the best catalyst together with the commercially available ionic liquid [BMI]BF4 (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoro-borate) as solvent. The reaction is completed in a very short time using monomode microwave irradiation. The catalyst can be reused up to four times without significant loss of...
Modification of diphenylamine-linked bis(oxazoline)ligands:Tuning of electronic effect and rigidity of ligand skeleton
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
LIU Han; LI Wei; DU DaMing
The electronic effect of diphenylamine-linked bis(oxazoline) ligands was tuned through introduction of electron-withdrawing bromo and nitro substituents onto the 4 and 4' position.The variation of the NH bond acidity was determined by the different chemical shifts of NH.The catalytic activity and enantioselectivity of the modified ligands were tested in the asymmetric FriedeI-Crafts alkylation of indole with β-nitrostyrene.The effect of iigand skeleton rigidity was also investigated through the synthesis of iminodibenzyl-linked bis(oxazoline) ligands and evaluation of their catalytic activity in Friedel-Crafts alkylation.
Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of 6-Acylsubstituted benzo-1,4-dioxanes and dihydrobenzopyrans
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Daukshas, V.K.; Brukshtus, A.B.; Gaidyalis, P.G.; Pyatrauskas, O.Yu.; Udrenaite, E.B.
6-Acylsubstituted benzo-1,4-dioxanes and dihydrobenzopyrans were synthesized by the Friedel-Crafts reaction by the acylation of benzo-1,4-dioxane or corresponding dihydrobenzopyran with an acid chloride in the presence of anhydrous AlCl/sub 3/; the ketone was obtained by the hydrogenation of the chalcone using Raney nickel. The antiinflammatory activity was studied on experimental models of carragheen and bentonite edema of the foot of white rats. Results indicate that derivatives of benzo-1,4-dioxane and dihydrobenzopyran of the type studied show promise as antiinflammatory agents.
Synthesis of five- and six-membered 2-trimethylsilyl-1,3,3-trimethylcycloalkenes: A novel preparation of alkyl/alkenyl/aryl-(1′,3′,3′-trimethylcyclopentenylketones
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Achanna Venkatesha M.
Full Text Available 2-Trimethylsilyl-1,3,3-trimethylcyclopentene and 2-trimethylsilyl-1,3,3-trimethylcyclohexene were prepared in good yields by the Wurtz-Fittig coupling reaction of the corresponding 2-iodo-1,3,3-trimethylcyclopentene and 2-chloro-1,3,3-trimethylcyclohexene with metallic sodium and chlorotrimethylsilane in anhydrous ether solvent. The Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction of 2-trimethylsilyl-1,3,3-trimethylcyclopentene with six different acid chlorides and the novel preparation of six alkyl/alkenyl/aryl-(1′,3′,3′-trimethylcyclopentenylketones is reported.
Thioglycoside hydrolysis catalyzed by β-glucosidase
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Sweet almond β-glucosidase (EC 184.108.40.206) has been shown to have significant thioglycohydrolase activity. While the Km values for the S- and O-glycosides are similar, the kcat values are about 1000-times lower for the S-glycosides. Remarkably, the pH-profile for kcat/Km for hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl thioglucoside (pNPSG) shows the identical dependence on a deprotonated carboxylate (pKa 4.5) and a protonated group (pKa 6.7) as does the pH-profile for hydrolysis of the corresponding O-glycoside. Not surprisingly, in spite of the requirement for the presence of this protonated group in catalytically active β-glucosidase, thioglucoside hydrolysis does not involve general acid catalysis. There is no solvent kinetic isotope effect on the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of pNPSG
碱/酸两步催化法制备耐候性SiO2增透膜的研究%Preparation and Characterization of Environment-Resistant Silica Antireflective Coating by Base/Acid Two-Step Catalyzed Sol-Gel Process
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
业海平; 张欣向; 肖波; 晏良宏; 江波
Antireflective (AR) coatings with high transmittance and abrasion-resistance were prepared by a two-step base/acid catalyzed sol-gel process using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as precursor. It was found that addition of 50% acid-catalyzed SiO2 in the sol afforded the AR coatings relatively high transmittance and enhanced abrasion-resistance. It provided the AR coating with highest transmittance while the mole ratio of nH2O/nHCl was 1∶0.001 0. The water contact angle of base/acid two-step catalyzed AR coating was 11.3°, in this work,hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDS) was further used to modify the hydrophobicity of AR coatings. After HMDS treatment, the hydroxyl groups of AR coating were replaced by -OSi (CH3)3, which greatly increases the hydrophobicity of the coating, affording HMDS modified AR coating excellent environment resistance.%以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为先驱体,采用碱/酸两步催化溶胶-凝胶法制备出一种兼具碱催化增透膜的高透过率和酸催化增透膜的良好耐摩擦性能的优点的SiO2增透膜.对酸碱催化SiO2相对比例及酸催化时水含量的系统研究表明,当酸催化SiO2的含量为50%时,增透膜综合性能最好,即具有高透过率和高耐摩擦性;当nH2o/nHCI=1∶0.0010时,增透膜的透过率最高.碱/酸两步催化法制备的增透膜与水的接触角仅为11.3°,本文进一步用六甲基二硅氧烷(HMDS)对增透膜表面进行了修饰,修饰后增透膜的接触角提高至52.5°,增透膜的疏水性及环境稳定性得到较大的提高.
Stereoselective Palladium Catalyzed Cyclizations of Enediyne Compounds
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Oh, Chang Ho; Rhim, Chul Yun; Jung, Hyung Hoon; Jung, Seung Hyun [Hanyang University, Seoul (Korea, Republic of)
Hydropalladium carboxylates, formed from {pi}-allylpalladium chloride dimer plus carboxylic acids, have been shown to catalyze cyclization of structurally diverse enediynes to form the corresponding six- or five-membered rings depending upon the reaction conditions. Some enediynes having an oxygen linker in an appropriate position under the similar condition yielded the corresponding cyclopropanation products in highly stereoselective manner. A study using deuterated formic acid has proven that the alkylpalladium intermediates formed in our conditions were reduced by the pendant formate ligand. The dienediyne 10 yielded only the tricyclic product 12 in 67% yield, although it was expected to form the cyclic product 11. All these cyclizations seemed to occur via the corresponding alkylpalladium intermediates I, which could proceed to the corresponding cyclic products depending on the reaction conditions and the substrates. The study using deuterated formic acid could provide an important information to understand the present cyclization mechanism. Overall the present study could play an important role in developing new synthetic methodologies for constructing complex polycyclic compounds
Lipase-catalyzed polyester synthesis – A green polymer chemistry
Kobayashi, Shiro
This article is a short comprehensive review describing in vitro polyester synthesis catalyzed by a hydrolysis enzyme of lipase, most of which has been developed for these two decades. Polyesters are prepared by repeated ester bond-formation reactions; they include two major modes, ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic monomers such as cyclic esters (lactones) and condensation polymerization via the reaction between a carboxylic acid or its ester group and an alcohol group. Polyester sy...
Iodine-catalyzed coal liquefaction
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Joseph, J.T.; Duffield, J.E.; Davidson, M.G. (Amoco Oil Company, Naperville, IL (USA). Research and Development Dept.)
Coals of two different ranks were liquefied in high yields using catalytic quantities of elemental iodine or iodine compounds. Iodine monochloride was found to be especially effective for enhancing both coal conversion and product quality. It appears that enhancement in coal conversion is due to the unique ability of iodine to catalyze radical-induced bond scission and hydrogen addition to the coal macromolecule or coal-derived free radicals. The starting iodine can be fully accounted for in the reaction products as both organic-bound and water-soluble forms. Unconverted coal and the heavy product fractions contain the majority of the organic-bound iodine. The results of iodine-catalyzed coal reactions emphasize the need for efficient hydrogen atom transfer along with bond scission to achieve high conversion and product quality. 22 refs., 12 tabs.
Efficient synthesis of spironaphthopyrano [2,3-d]pyrimidine-5,3'-indolines under solvent-free conditions catalyzed by SBA-Pr-SO3H as a nanoporous acid catalyst.
Ziarani, Ghodsi Mohammadi; Lashgari, Negar; Faramarzi, Sakineh; Badiei, Alireza
A green, simple one-pot synthesis of spironaphthopyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine-5,3'-indoline derivatives by a three-component reaction of isatins, 2-naphthol, and barbituric acids under solvent-free conditions in the presence of SBA-Pr-SO(3)H has been accomplished. Sulfonic acid functionalized SBA-15 (SBA-Pr-SO(3)H) as a heterogeneous nanoporous solid acid catalyst was found to be an efficient and recyclable acid catalyst in this synthesis. PMID:25286212
The mechanism of Fe (Ⅲ)-catalyzed ozonation of phenol
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
竹湘锋; 徐新华
Fe (Ⅲ)-catalyzed ozonation yielded better degradation rate and extent of COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) or oxalic acid as compared with oxidation by ozone alone. Two parameters with strong effects on the efficiency of ozonation are pH of the solution and the catalyst (Fe3+) dosage. The existence of a critical pH value determining the catalysis ofFe (Ⅲ) in acid conditions was observed in phenol and oxalic acid systems. The best efficiency of catalysis was obtained at a moderate concentration of the catalyst. A reasonable mechanism of Fe (Ⅲ)-catalyzed ozonation of phenol was obtained based on the results and literature.
Fatty acid biosynthesis in actinomycetes
Gago, Gabriela; Diacovich, Lautaro; Arabolaza, Ana; Tsai, Shiou-Chuan; Gramajo, Hugo
All organisms that produce fatty acids do so via a repeated cycle of reactions. In mammals and other animals, these reactions are catalyzed by a type I fatty acid synthase (FAS), a large multifunctional protein to which the growing chain is covalently attached. In contrast, most bacteria (and plants) contain a type II system in which each reaction is catalyzed by a discrete protein. The pathway of fatty acid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli is well established and has provided a foundation fo...
Discussion on Synthesis and Reaction Mechanism of Chalcone Catalyzed by Acidic Ionic Liquids[BPy]HSO4 and[BMMIm]HSO4%酸性离子液体[BPy]HSO4和[BMMIm]HSO4催化合成查尔酮反应机理探讨
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
杜玉英; 韩利民; 李永栋; 竺宁; 张桂峰
离子液体作为绿色的溶剂和催化剂具有很多独特的性质,特别是离子液体的可设计性,使其具有酸性可调的特点.分别以酸性离子液体[BPy] HSO4和[BMMIm] HSO4为催化剂,在无溶剂条件下考察了两种离子液体对Claisen-Schmidt缩合的不同催化效果,探讨了两种离子液体在查尔酮合成中可能的催化机理.%Ionic liquids (ILs) as green solvents and catalysts have unique properties such as a broad liquid range,good solvating ability,high thermal stability,and negligible vapor pressure,especially designability of ILs, which makes the acidity of ILs can be adjustable. [BPy]HSO4 and[BM-MIm]HSO4 acidic ILs catalyzing Claisen-Schmidt (CS) condensation of acetophenone with benzal-dehyde were investigated under solvent-free conditions. The plausible mechanism was elucidated for the synthesis of chalcone using the two ILs as Br0nsted acid catalysts.
An efficient synthesis of isocoumarins via a CuI catalyzed cascade reaction process
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
3-Alkyl isocoumarins are provided by CuI/amino acid-catalyzed Sonogashira coupling reaction of o-bromo benzoic acids and terminal alkynes and the subsequent additive cyclization. This cascade process allows synthesis of diverse isocoumarins by varying both coupling partners bearing a wide range of functional groups.
Preparation of biodiesel from waste cooking oil via two-step catalyzed process
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Wang Yong [Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huangpu Road, Guangzhou 510632 (China)]. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Liu Pengzhan; Ou Shiyi [Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huangpu Road, Guangzhou 510632 (China); Zhang Zhisen [Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huangpu Road, Guangzhou 510632 (China)
Waste cooking oils (WCO), which contain large amounts of free fatty acids produced in restaurants, are collected by the environmental protection agency in the main cities of China and should be disposed in a suitable way. In this research, a two step catalyzed process was adopted to prepare biodiesel from waste cooking oil whose acid value was 75.92 {+-} 0.036 mgKOH/g. The free fatty acids of WCO were esterified with methanol catalyzed by ferric sulfate in the first step, and the triglycerides (TGs) in WCO were transesterified with methanol catalyzed by potassium hydroxide in the second step. The results showed that ferric sulfate had high activity to catalyze the esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) with methanol, The conversion rate of FFA reached 97.22% when 2 wt% of ferric sulfate was added to the reaction system containing methanol to TG in10:1 (mole ratio) composition and reacted at 95 deg. C for 4 h. The methanol was vacuum evaporated, and transesterification of the remained triglycerides was performed at 65 deg. C for 1 h in a reaction system containing 1 wt% of potassium hydroxide and 6:1 mole ratio of methanol to TG. The final product with 97.02% of biodiesel, obtained after the two step catalyzed process, was analyzed by gas chromatography. This new process has many advantages compared with the old processes, such as no acidic waste water, high efficiency, low equipment cost and easy recovery of the catalyst.
Preparation of biodiesel from waste cooking oil via two-step catalyzed process
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Waste cooking oils (WCO), which contain large amounts of free fatty acids produced in restaurants, are collected by the environmental protection agency in the main cities of China and should be disposed in a suitable way. In this research, a two step catalyzed process was adopted to prepare biodiesel from waste cooking oil whose acid value was 75.92 ± 0.036 mgKOH/g. The free fatty acids of WCO were esterified with methanol catalyzed by ferric sulfate in the first step, and the triglycerides (TGs) in WCO were transesterified with methanol catalyzed by potassium hydroxide in the second step. The results showed that ferric sulfate had high activity to catalyze the esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) with methanol, The conversion rate of FFA reached 97.22% when 2 wt% of ferric sulfate was added to the reaction system containing methanol to TG in10:1 (mole ratio) composition and reacted at 95 deg. C for 4 h. The methanol was vacuum evaporated, and transesterification of the remained triglycerides was performed at 65 deg. C for 1 h in a reaction system containing 1 wt% of potassium hydroxide and 6:1 mole ratio of methanol to TG. The final product with 97.02% of biodiesel, obtained after the two step catalyzed process, was analyzed by gas chromatography. This new process has many advantages compared with the old processes, such as no acidic waste water, high efficiency, low equipment cost and easy recovery of the catalyst
The concise synthesis of chiral tfb ligands and their application to the rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric arylation of aldehydes
Nishimura, Takahiro; Kumamoto, Hana; Nagaosa, Makoto; Hayashi, Tamio
New C2-symmetric tetrafluorobenzobarrelene ligands were prepared and applied successfully to the rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric addition of arylboronic acids to aromatic aldehydes giving chiral diarylmethanols in high yield with high enantioselectivity.
The effects of zeolite and silica gel on synthesis of amylisobutyrate catalyzed by lipase from Candida rugosa
Stojaković Sanja B.; Bezbradica Dejan I.; Mijin Dušan Ž.; Knežević Zorica D.; Šiler-Marinković Slavica S.
Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of esters has been widely investigated due to numerous advantages in comparison with the conventional chemical process catalyzed with concentrated acids since use of chemical catalysts leads to several problems. The most important disadvantages are corrosion of equipment, hazards of handling of the corrosive acids that are not reused, loss of conversion, yield and selectivity. The activity of water in reaction mixture seems to be one of the crucial factors affecting...
A SABATH Methyltransferase from the moss Physcomitrella patens catalyzes
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Zhao, Nan [ORNL; Ferrer, Jean-Luc [Universite Joseph Fourier, France; Moon, Hong S [Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee; Kapteyn, Jeremy [Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University; Zhuang, Xiaofeng [Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee; Hasebe, Mitsuyasu [Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, National Institute for Biology, 38 Nishigounaka; Stewart, Neal C. [Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee; Gang, David R. [Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University; Chen, Feng [University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK)
Known SABATH methyltransferases, all of which were identified from seed plants, catalyze methylation of either the carboxyl group of a variety of low molecular weight metabolites or the nitrogen moiety of precursors of caffeine. In this study, the SABATH family from the bryophyte Physcomitrella patens was identified and characterized. Four SABATH-like sequences (PpSABATH1, PpSABATH2, PpSABATH3, and PpSABATH4) were identified from the P. patens genome. Only PpSABATH1 and PpSABATH2 showed expression in the leafy gametophyte of P. patens. Full-length cDNAs of PpSABATH1 and PpSABATH2 were cloned and expressed in soluble form in Escherichia coli. Recombinant PpSABATH1 and PpSABATH2 were tested for methyltransferase activity with a total of 75 compounds. While showing no activity with carboxylic acids or nitrogen-containing compounds, PpSABATH1 displayed methyltransferase activity with a number of thiols. PpSABATH2 did not show activity with any of the compounds tested. Among the thiols analyzed, PpSABATH1 showed the highest level of activity with thiobenzoic acid with an apparent Km value of 95.5 lM, which is comparable to those of known SABATHs. Using thiobenzoic acid as substrate, GC MS analysis indicated that the methylation catalyzed by PpSABATH1 is on the sulfur atom. The mechanism for S-methylation of thiols catalyzed by PpSABATH1 was partially revealed by homology-based structural modeling. The expression of PpSABATH1 was induced by the treatment of thiobenzoic acid. Further transgenic studies showed that tobacco plants overexpressing PpSABATH1 exhibited enhanced tolerance to thiobenzoic acid, suggesting that PpSABATH1 have a role in the detoxification of xenobiotic thiols.
Research progress of lipase-catalyzed synthesis of L-ascorbyl organic acid ester%脂肪酶催化合成L-抗坏血酸有机酸酯的研究进展
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
蒋相军; 胡燚; 刘维明; 黄和
To broaden the applications of L-ascorbic acid, it is an economical and feasible way to convert L-aseorbic acid into L-ascorbyl organic acid ester. The recent research progress of enzymatic synthesis of L-ascorbyl organic acid ester is summarized, by focusing on enzymatic synthesis of L-ascorbyl saturated fatty acid ester, unsaturated fatty acid ester and mixed fatty acid ester in organic solvents. The types of lipase, organic solvents and methods of separation and purification in the synthesis are discussed. Furthermore, the prospect of enzymatic synthesis of L-ascorbyl organic acid ester is also presented.%为了拓宽L-抗坏血酸酯在维护人体健康中的应用,将L-抗坏血酸转化成L-抗坏血酸酯是经济可行的手段。综述了近年来酶催化L-抗坏血酸有机酸酯的研究进展,重点介绍了有机相中L-抗坏血酸饱和脂肪酸酯、不饱和脂肪酸酯、脂肪酸混合酯的酶促合成,对于酶的种类、有机溶剂的选择及分离纯化方法进行了探讨,并对酶催化L-抗坏血酸有机酸酯合成前景进行了展望。
Regiospecific O-Methylation of Naphthoic Acids Catalyzed by NcsB1, an O-Methyltransferase Involved in the Biosynthesis of the Enediyne Antitumor Antibiotic Neocarzinostatin*S⃞
Luo, Yinggang; Lin, Shuangjun; Zhang, Jian; Cooke, Heather A.; Bruner, Steven D.; Shen, Ben
Neocarzinostatin, a clinical anticancer drug, is the archetypal member of the chromoprotein family of enediyne antitumor antibiotics that are composed of a nonprotein chromophore and an apoprotein. The neocarzinostatin chromophore consists of a nine-membered enediyne core, a deoxyaminosugar, and a naphthoic acid moiety. We have previously cloned and sequenced the neocarzinostatin biosynthetic gene cluster and proposed that the biosynthesis of the naphthoic acid moiety and its incorporation in...
PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE-METHANESULFONIC ACID CATALYZED EFFICIENT SYNTHESIS OF 5-SUBSTITUTED 1H-TETRAZOLE DERIVATIVES Phosphorpentoxid-Methansulfonsäure KATALYSIERTEN EFFICIENT Synthese von 5-substituierten 1H-Tetrazolderivate
Amulrao U. Borse,Mahesh N. Patil, Nilesh L. Patil, and Sandesh R. Tetgure
The mixture of phosphorus pentoxide-methanesulfonic acid (Eaton's reagent) is prove to be an efficient protocol for the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between sodium azide and organic nitriles to give the corresponding 5-substituted 1H-tetrazole derivatives in good to excellent yields. The in situ formation of hydrazoic acid helps for the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction providing 5- substituted 1H-tetrazole with short reaction time.
PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE-METHANESULFONIC ACID CATALYZED EFFICIENT SYNTHESIS OF 5-SUBSTITUTED 1H-TETRAZOLE DERIVATIVES Phosphorpentoxid-Methansulfonsäure KATALYSIERTEN EFFICIENT Synthese von 5-substituierten 1H-Tetrazolderivate
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Amulrao U. Borse,Mahesh N. Patil, Nilesh L. Patil, and Sandesh R. Tetgure
Full Text Available The mixture of phosphorus pentoxide-methanesulfonic acid (Eaton's reagent is prove to be an efficient protocol for the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between sodium azide and organic nitriles to give the corresponding 5-substituted 1H-tetrazole derivatives in good to excellent yields. The in situ formation of hydrazoic acid helps for the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction providing 5- substituted 1H-tetrazole with short reaction time.
Route to Renewable PET: Reaction Pathways and Energetics of Diels–Alder and Dehydrative Aromatization Reactions Between Ethylene and Biomass-Derived Furans Catalyzed by Lewis Acid Molecular Sieves
Pacheco, Joshua J.; Labinger, Jay A.; Alex L Sessions; Davis, Mark E.
Silica molecular sieves that have the zeolite beta topology and contain framework Lewis acid centers (e.g., Zr-β, Sn-β) are useful catalysts in the Diels–Alder and dehydrative aromatization reactions between ethylene and various renewable furans for the production of biobased terephthalic acid precursors. Here, the main side products in the synthesis of methyl 4-(methoxymethyl)benzene carboxylate that are obtained by reacting ethylene with methyl 5-(methoxymethyl)-furan-2-carboxylate are iden...
Hamaguchi, K.; Hatsuda, T.(Theoretical Research Division, Nishina Center, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan); Yanagida, T. T.
We point out that the stau may play a role of a catalyst for nuclear fusions if the stau is a long-lived particle as in the scenario of gravitino dark matter. In this letter, we consider d d fusion under the influence of stau where the fusion is enhanced because of a short distance between the two deuterons. We find that one chain of the d d fusion may release an energy of O(10) GeV per stau. We discuss problems of making the stau-catalyzed nuclear fusion of practical use with the present tec...
Gold-catalyzed naphthalene functionalization
Iván Rivilla; M. Mar Díaz-Requejo; Pedro J. Pérez
The complexes IPrMCl (IPr = 1,3-bis(diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene, M = Cu, 1a; M = Au, 1b), in the presence of one equiv of NaBAr'4 (Ar' = 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl), catalyze the transfer of carbene groups: C(R)CO2Et (R = H, Me) from N2C(R)CO2Et to afford products that depend on the nature of the metal center. The copper-based catalyst yields exclusively a cycloheptatriene derivative from the Buchner reaction, whereas the gold analog affords a mixture of products derived either f...
Thermodynamics of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions Database
SRD 74 Thermodynamics of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions Database (Web, free access) The Thermodynamics of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions Database contains thermodynamic data on enzyme-catalyzed reactions that have been recently published in the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data (JPCRD). For each reaction the following information is provided: the reference for the data, the reaction studied, the name of the enzyme used and its Enzyme Commission number, the method of measurement, the data and an evaluation thereof.
Spectroscopic and QM/MM investigations of Chloroperoxidase catalyzed degradation of orange G.
Zhang, Rui; He, Qinghao; Huang, Yi; Wang, Xiaotang
Chloroperoxidase (CPO), a heme-thiolate protein, from Caldariomyces fumago catalyzes a plethora of reactions including halogenation, dismutation, epoxidation, and oxidation. Although all CPO-catalyzed reactions go through a common intermediate, compound I, different mechanisms are followed in subsequent transformations. To understand the mechanism of CPO-catalyzed halide-dependent degradation of orange G, the role of halide and pH was systematically investigated. It is revealed that formation and protonation of compound X, a long-sought after hypochlorite heme adduct intermediate existed during CPO-catalyzed halide-dependent reactions, significantly lowers the reaction barrier and increases the efficiency of CPO-catalyzed orange G degradation. The extremely acidic optimal reaction pH suggests the protonation of a residue, presumably, Glu 183 in CPO catalysis. Halide dependent studies showed that Kcat is higher in the presence of Br(-) than in the presence of Cl(-). The degradation products of orange G indicate the cleavage at a single position of orange G, demonstrating a high regioselectivity of CPO-catalyzed degradation. Based on our kinetic, NMR and QM/MM studies, the mechanism of CPO-catalyzed orange G degradation was proposed. PMID:26926259
Insights into the unexpected chemoselectivity in Brønsted acid catalyzed cyclization of isatins with enaminones: convenient synthesis of pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinolin-1-ones and spirooxindoles.
Xu, Hui; Zhou, Bei; Zhou, Pan; Zhou, Jie; Shen, Yuehai; Yu, Fu-Chao; Lu, Ling-Ling
Divergent cascade syntheses constitute a highly attractive and challenging area in synthetic chemistry, and can exhibit unexpected chemoselectivity. Herein, a Brønsted acid-controlled protocol is described for the efficient catalysis of two different reactions, namely acylation cascade- and [1+2+3]-type cyclization of enaminones and isatins for the concise synthesis of highly functionalized pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinolin-1-ones and spirooxindoles in the presence of carboxylic acids and KHSO4, respectively. The observed chemoselectivity was reasonably explained by trapping the intermediate α,β-unsaturated 2-oxindoles, and the source of the hydroxyl group, carbocation intermediate, and amination reaction were also evaluated. PMID:27264102
AN EFFICIENT SYNTHESIS OF 1,3-DIOXANE-4,6-DIONES CATALYZED BY BORIC ACID. Eine effiziente Synthese von 1,3-Dioxan-4 ,6-dione BY BORSÄURE katalysierten
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Zhao hui XU*,Chun hua Lin ,Jian hui Xia
Full Text Available Several kinds of 1,3-dioxane-4,6-diones have been synthesized from malonic acid and ketones using boric acid as catalyst, acetic anhydride as condensing regent at room temperature. The present method does not involve any hazardous organic solvents, it gives some notable advantages such as mild reaction conditions, short reaction time,less catalyst dosage and high yields.Further study showed that H3BO3 was reused for four times without any noticeable decrease in the catalytic activity.
Suppression of superoxide anion generation catalyzed by xanthine oxidase with alkyl caffeates and the scavenging activity.
Masuoka, Noriyoshi; Kubo, Isao
Alkyl caffeates are strong antioxidants and inhibitors of xanthine oxidase. However, it is unclear about the effect of caffeic acid and alkyl caffeates on superoxide anion (O2(-)) generation catalyzed by xanthine oxidase. Effects of caffeic acid and alkyl caffeates on the uric acid formation and O2(-) generation catalyzed by xanthine oxidase were analyzed. The scavenging activities of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and O2(-) generated with phenazine methosulfate (PMS) and NADH were examined. Caffeic acid derivatives equally suppressed O2(-) generation, and the suppression is stronger than inhibition of xanthine oxidase. Scavenging activity of O2(-) is low compared to the suppression of O2(-) generation. Suppression of O2(-) generation catalyzed by xanthine oxidase with caffeic acid derivatives was not due to enzyme inhibition or O2(-) scavenging but due to the reduction of xanthine oxidase molecules. Alkyl caffeates are effective inhibitors of uric acid and O2(-) catalyzed by xanthine oxidase as well as antioxidants for edible oil. PMID:26940252
Microwave-assisted solvent-free synthesis of 14-aryl/alkyl-14H-dibenzo[a,j]xanthenes and tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthen-11-ones catalyzed by nano silica phosphoric acid
Abdolhamid Bamoniri; Bi Bi Fatemeh Mirjalili; Sedigeh Nazemian
Nano silica phosphoric acid (nano SPA) was applied as a catalyst for synthesis of 14-aryl/alkyl-14H-dibenzo[a,j]xanthenes and tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthen-11-ones in microwave oven under solvent free conditions. High efficiency, easy availability and reusability are some advantages of this catalyst.
Unprecedentedly mild direct Pd-catalyzed arylation of oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridine
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Zhuravlev, Fedor
Pd-catalyzed C-2 arylation of oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridine proceeds efficiently at 30 degrees C and tolerates a variety of aryl halides, including derivatized amino acids for which no racemization was observed during the reaction. Experimental evidence for facile deprotonation of oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridine......Pd-catalyzed C-2 arylation of oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridine proceeds efficiently at 30 degrees C and tolerates a variety of aryl halides, including derivatized amino acids for which no racemization was observed during the reaction. Experimental evidence for facile deprotonation of oxazolo[4,5-b...
Cp2TiCl2-Catalyzed Regioselective Hydrocarboxylation of Alkenes with CO2.
Shao, Peng; Wang, Sheng; Chen, Chao; Xi, Chanjuan
Cp2TiCl2-catalyzed regioselective hydrocarboxylation of alkenes with CO2 to give carboxylic acids in high yields has been developed in the presence of (i)PrMgCl. The reaction proceeds with a wide range of alkenes under mild conditions. Styrene and its derivatives can transform to α-aryl carboxylic acids, and aliphatic alkenes can transform to form alkanoic acids. PMID:27097225
Gold-catalyzed formation of pyrrolo- and indolo-oxazin-1-one derivatives: The key structure of some marine natural products
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sultan Taskaya
Full Text Available Various N-propargylpyrrole and indolecarboxylic acids were efficiently converted into 3,4-dihydropyrrolo- and indolo-oxazin-1-one derivatives by a gold(III-catalyzed cyclization reaction. Some of the products underwent TFA-catalyzed double bond isomerization and some did not. Cyclization reactions in the presence of alcohol catalyzed by Au(I resulted in the formation of hemiacetals after cascade reactions.
Gold-catalyzed formation of pyrrolo- and indolo-oxazin-1-one derivatives: The key structure of some marine natural products
Sultan Taskaya; Nurettin Menges; Metin Balci
Various N-propargylpyrrole and indolecarboxylic acids were efficiently converted into 3,4-dihydropyrrolo- and indolo-oxazin-1-one derivatives by a gold(III)-catalyzed cyclization reaction. Some of the products underwent TFA-catalyzed double bond isomerization and some did not. Cyclization reactions in the presence of alcohol catalyzed by Au(I) resulted in the formation of hemiacetals after cascade reactions.
Can laccases catalyze bond cleavage in lignin?
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Munk, Line; Sitarz, Anna Katarzyna; Kalyani, Dayanand;
these enzymes may help degrading lignin, using oxygen as the oxidant. Laccases can catalyze polymerization of lignin, but the question is whether and how laccases can directly catalyze modification of lignin via catalytic bond cleavage. Via a thorough review of the available literature and detailed...
Catalyzed electrolytic plutonium oxide dissolution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Catalyzed electrolytic plutonium oxide dissolution (CEPOD) was first demonstrated at Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) in early 1974 in work funded by the Exxon Corporation. The work, aimed at dissolution of Pu-containing residues remaining after the dissolution of spent mixed-oxide reactor fuels, was first publicly disclosed in 1981. The process dissolves PuO2 in an anolyte containing small (catalytic) amounts of elements that form kinetically fast, strongly oxidizing ions. These are continuously regenerated at the anode. Catalysts used, in their oxidized form, include Ag2+, Ce4+, Co3+, and AmO22+. This paper reviews the chemistry involved in CEPOD and the results of its application to the dissolution of the Pu content of a variety of PuO2-containing materials such as off-standard oxide, fuels dissolution residues, incinerator ash, contaminated soils, and other scraps or wastes. Results are presented for both laboratory-scale and plant-scale dissolves
Gold-catalyzed naphthalene functionalization
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Iván Rivilla
Full Text Available The complexes IPrMCl (IPr = 1,3-bis(diisopropylphenylimidazol-2-ylidene, M = Cu, 1a; M = Au, 1b, in the presence of one equiv of NaBAr'4 (Ar' = 3,5-bis(trifluoromethylphenyl, catalyze the transfer of carbene groups: C(RCO2Et (R = H, Me from N2C(RCO2Et to afford products that depend on the nature of the metal center. The copper-based catalyst yields exclusively a cycloheptatriene derivative from the Buchner reaction, whereas the gold analog affords a mixture of products derived either from the formal insertion of the carbene unit into the aromatic C–H bond or from its addition to a double bond. In addition, no byproducts derived from carbene coupling were observed.
Hydrogen evolution catalyzed by cobaloximes.
Dempsey, Jillian L; Brunschwig, Bruce S; Winkler, Jay R; Gray, Harry B
Natural photosynthesis uses sunlight to drive the conversion of energy-poor molecules (H(2)O, CO(2)) to energy-rich ones (O(2), (CH(2)O)(n)). Scientists are working hard to develop efficient artificial photosynthetic systems toward the "Holy Grail" of solar-driven water splitting. High on the list of challenges is the discovery of molecules that efficiently catalyze the reduction of protons to H(2). In this Account, we report on one promising class of molecules: cobalt complexes with diglyoxime ligands (cobaloximes). Chemical, electrochemical, and photochemical methods all have been utilized to explore proton reduction catalysis by cobaloxime complexes. Reduction of a Co(II)-diglyoxime generates a Co(I) species that reacts with a proton source to produce a Co(III)-hydride. Then, in a homolytic pathway, two Co(III)-hydrides react in a bimolecular step to eliminate H(2). Alternatively, in a heterolytic pathway, protonation of the Co(III)-hydride produces H(2) and Co(III). A thermodynamic analysis of H(2) evolution pathways sheds new light on the barriers and driving forces of the elementary reaction steps involved in proton reduction by Co(I)-diglyoximes. In combination with experimental results, this analysis shows that the barriers to H(2) evolution along the heterolytic pathway are, in most cases, substantially greater than those of the homolytic route. In particular, a formidable barrier is associated with Co(III)-diglyoxime formation along the heterolytic pathway. Our investigations of cobaloxime-catalyzed H(2) evolution, coupled with the thermodynamic preference for a homolytic route, suggest that the rate-limiting step is associated with formation of the hydride. An efficient water splitting device may require the tethering of catalysts to an electrode surface in a fashion that does not inhibit association of Co(III)-hydrides. PMID:19928840
Decomposition Studies of Triphenylboron, Diphenylborinic Acid and Phenylboric Acid in Aqueous Alkaline Solutions Containing Copper
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Crawford, C.L. [Westinghouse Savannah River Company, AIKEN, SC (United States); Peterson, R. A.
This report documents the copper-catalyzed chemical kinetics of triphenylboron, diphenylborinic acid and phenylboric acid (3PB, 2PB and PBA) in aqueous alkaline solution contained in carbon-steel vessels between 40 and 70 degrees C.
Enzyme-catalyzed oxidation facilitates the return of fluorescence for single-walled carbon nanotubes.
Chiu, Cheuk Fai; Barth, Brian A; Kotchey, Gregg P; Zhao, Yong; Gogick, Kristy A; Saidi, Wissam A; Petoud, Stéphane; Star, Alexander
In this work, we studied enzyme-catalyzed oxidation of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) produced by the high-pressure carbon monoxide (HiPco) method. While oxidation via strong acids introduced defect sites on SWCNTs and suppressed their near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence, our results indicated that the fluorescence of SWCNTs was restored upon enzymatic oxidation, providing new evidence that the reaction catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the presence of H2O2 is mainly a defect-consuming step. These results were further supported by both UV-vis-NIR and Raman spectroscopy. Therefore, when acid oxidation followed by HRP-catalyzed enzyme oxidation was employed, shortened (applications in cellular NIR imaging and drug delivery systems. PMID:23672715
Scope and Mechanistic Investigations on the Solvent-Controlled Regio- and Stereoselective Formation of Enol Esters from the Ruthenium-Catalyzed Coupling Reaction of Terminal Alkynes and Carboxylic Acids
Yi, Chae S.; Gao, Ruili
The ruthenium-hydride complex (PCy3)2(CO)RuHCl was found to be a highly effective catalyst for the alkyne-to-carboxylic acid coupling reaction to give synthetically useful enol ester products. Strong solvent effect was observed for the ruthenium catalyst in modulating the activity and selectivity; the coupling reaction in CH2Cl2 led to the regioselective formation of gem-enol ester products, while the stereoselective formation of (Z)-enol esters was obtained in THF. The coupling reaction was ...
Deoxyribonucleoside kinases: two enzyme families catalyze the same reaction
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Sandrini, Michael; Piskur, Jure
Mammals have four deoxyribonucleoside kinases, the cytoplasmic (TK1) and mitochondrial (TK2) thymidine kinases, and the deoxycytidine (dCK) and deoxyguanosine (dGK) kinases, which salvage the precursors for nucleic acids synthesis. In addition to the native deoxyribonucleoside substrates, the kin...... kinases can phosphorylate and thereby activate a variety of anti-cancer and antiviral prodrugs. Recently, the crystal structure of human TK1 has been solved and has revealed that enzymes with fundamentally different origins and folds catalyze similar, crucial cellular reactions....
Enzyme catalyzed oxidative gelation of sugar beet pectin: Kinetics and rheology
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Abang Zaidel, Dayang Norulfairuz; Chronakis, Ioannis S.; Meyer, Anne S.
Sugar beet pectin (SBP) is a marginally utilized co-processing product from sugar production from sugar beets. In this study, the kinetics of oxidative gelation of SBP, taking place via enzyme catalyzed cross-linking of ferulic acid moieties (FA), was studied using small angle oscillatory measure...
Ruthenium-catalyzed C-H/N-O bond functionalization: green isoquinolone syntheses in water.
Ackermann, Lutz; Fenner, Sabine
Ruthenium-catalyzed isoquinolone syntheses with ample scope were accomplished through carboxylate assistance in environmentally benign water as a reaction medium. The high chemoselectivity of the ruthenium(II) carboxylate complex also set the stage for the direct use of free hydroxamic acids for annulations of alkynes.
Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylation of Aryl Bromides with N-Substituted Cyanamides
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Lian, Zhong; Friis, Stig D.; Lindhardt, Anders T.;
The palladium(0)-catalyzed three-component coupling reaction of aryl bromides, carbon monoxide, and N-alkyl cyanamides has been developed employing a two-chamber system with ex situ generation of carbon monoxide from a silacarboxylic acid. The reactions proceeded well and were complete with a...
Conversion of Chlorella oil to biodiesel catalyzed by bronsted acid ionic liquid%离子液体酸催化小球藻油脂转化生物柴油
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
尹春华; 徐佩; 何欢聚; 贾璇; 王海鸥; 姜泽毅; 王戈; 张欣欣; 闫海
Suitable conditions for biodiesel synthesis by the transesterification of lipid were studied by using microalgal oil extracted from Chlorella USTB-01 cells as feedstock and bronsted acid ionic liquid([C4MIm]HSO4) as a catalyst.Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) was used to determine fatty acids in the microalgal oil and its derived biodiesel.The results indicate that breaking the algae cell wall by grinding can significantly improve the extraction yield of algal lipid using Soxhlet extraction method;among the solvents tested,petroleum ether is the best solvent for the extraction.The major components of Chlorella USTB-01 oil are fatty acids containing C16 and C18.The optimum conditions for synthesizing the microalgae biodiesel are as follows: the molar ratio of methanol to the microalgae oil is 9∶1,the dosage of the catalyst accounts for 8% of the mass of the microalgae oil,the reaction temperature is 150 ℃ and the reaction time is 6 h.Under this condition,the yield of biodiesel can reach 64%.GC-MS analysis shows that biodiesel from Chlorella USTB-01 oil is mainly composed of methyl esters of saturated fatty acid(C16:0) and unsaturated fatty acid(C18:2).The product is feasible to supplement fossil diesel fuel.%以提取得到的小球藻(USTB-01)油脂为原料,采用离子液体酸([C4MIm]HSO4)为催化剂,研究了通过酯交换反应制备生物柴油的适宜条件,并采用气相色谱--质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对小球藻油脂及所制备的生物柴油的脂肪酸组成进行了分析测定.结果表明,研磨破碎藻细胞壁能显著提高索氏法提取藻脂的提取率,石油醚是最适宜的提取溶剂.提取得到的小球藻脂富含C16和C18脂肪酸.藻脂转化生物柴油的适宜条件是:醇油摩尔比为9∶1,催化剂用量占藻脂质量的8%,反应时间为6 h,反应温度为150℃.在此条件下,生物柴油的产率为64%.气质联用仪(GC-MS)分析表明该生物柴油�
Muon catalyzed fusion under compressive conditions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The viability of a symbiotic combination of Muon Catalyzed Fusion (μCF) and high density generation processes has been investigated. The muon catalyzed fusion reaction rates are formulated in the temperature and density range found under moderate compressive conditions. Simplified energy gain and power balance calculations indicate that significant energy gain occurs only if standard type deuterium-tritium (dt) fusion is ignited. A computer simulation of the hydrodynamics and fusion kinetics of a spherical deuterium-tritium pellet implosion including muons is performed. Using the muon catalyzed fusion reaction rates formulated and under ideal conditions, the pellet ignites (and thus has a significant energy gain) only if the initial muon concentration is approximately 1017 cm-3. The muons need to be delivered to the pellet within a very short-time (≅ 1 ns). The muon pulse required in order to make the high density and temperature muon catalyzed fusion scheme viable is beyond the present technology for muon production. (orig.)
酸性功能化双核离子液体催化合成酯的研究%Study of Catalyzed Synthesis of Ester by Acid Functionalized Dacational Ionic Liqiud
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
石月丹; 刘春光; 王楠; 徐凛然; 梅楚鹤; 郭珊珊
In this issue,bis-(3-methyl-1-imidazole)butylidene double bisulfate(MTEIMHS) was used as a catalyst to synthetize isoamyl isobutyrate and Isoamyl butyrate. The yield of esterification rate under the influ-ence of the reaction conditions was measured. The results showed that under the optimized conditions of isoamyl isobutyrate :n(isoamylol) ∶ n(isobutyric acid)=1. 2 ∶ 1,catalyst used dosage 2. 0g and 3. 5h,the yield of isoamyl isobutyrate reached 95 . 4%. The results showed that under the optimized conditions of Isoamyl buty-rate:n(isoamylol) ∶ n(butyric acid)=1. 6 ∶ 1,catalyst used dosage 2. 0g and 3h,the yield of isoamyl isobu-tyrate reached 97 . 9%. The reaction mixture was immiscible with MTEIMHS and could be speparated simply by separatory funnel after reaction. The ionic liquid catalyst could be reused for 6 times without noticeable lowering of activity.%以自制的双-(3-甲基-1-咪唑)亚丁基二硫酸氢盐离子液体为催化合成了异丁酸异戊酯和丁酸异戊酯,考察了反应条件对酯化率的影响。结果表明,异丁酸异戊酯最佳的合成条件为:醇酸摩尔量比1.2∶1,催化剂用量为2.0 g,反应时间3.5 h,酯化率达到95.4%。丁酸异戊酯最佳的合成条件为:醇酸摩尔量比1.6∶1,催化剂用量为2.0 g,反应时间3.5 h,酯化率达到97.9%。反应结束后反应混合物与催化剂自动分层,采用分液的方式即可分离出催化剂,简化了分离过程。离子液体重复使用6次,催化效果无明显降低。
Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylation and Arylation Reactions
Sävmarker, Jonas
Palladium-catalyzed reactions have found widespread use in contemporary organic chemistry due to their impressive range of functional group tolerance and high chemo- and regioselectivity. The pioneering contributions to the development of the Pd-catalyzed C-C bond forming cross-coupling reaction were rewarded with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2010. Today, this is a rapidly growing field, and the development of novel methods, as well as the theoretical understanding of the various processes...
Dimethyl carbonate-mediated lipid extraction and lipase-catalyzed in situ transesterification for simultaneous preparation of fatty acid methyl esters and glycerol carbonate from Chlorella sp. KR-1 biomass.
Jo, Yoon Ju; Lee, Ok Kyung; Lee, Eun Yeol
Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and glycerol carbonate were simultaneously prepared from Chlorella sp. KR-1 containing 40.9% (w/w) lipid using a reactive extraction method with dimethyl carbonate (DMC). DMC was used as lipid extraction agent, acyl acceptor for transesterification of the extracted triglycerides, substrate for glycerol carbonate synthesis from glycerol, and reaction medium for the solvent-free reaction system. For 1g of biomass, 367.31 mg of FAMEs and 16.73 mg of glycerol carbonate were obtained under the optimized conditions: DMC to biomass ratio of 10:1 (v/w), water content of 0.5% (v/v), and Novozyme 435 to biomass ratio of 20% (w/w) at 70°C for 24h. The amount of residual glycerol was only in the range of 1-2.5mg. Compared to conventional method, the cost of FAME production with the proposed technique could be reduced by combining lipid extraction with transesterification and omitting the extraction solvent recovery process. PMID:24583221
Papain-Catalyzed Synthesis of Polyglutamate Containing a Nylon Monomer Unit
Kenjiro Yazawa; Keiji Numata
Peptides have the potential to serve as an alternative for petroleum-based polymers to support a sustainable society. However, they lack thermoplasticity, owing to their strong intermolecular interactions. In contrast, nylon is famous for its thermoplasticity and chemical resistance. Here, we synthesized peptides containing a nylon unit to modify their thermal properties by using papain-catalyzed chemoenzymatic polymerization. We used l-glutamic acid alkyl ester as the amino acid monomer and ...
An Alternative Approach to Aldol Reactions: Gold-Catalyzed Formation of Boron Enolates from Alkynes
Korner, C; Starkov, P.; Sheppard, T. D.
A new method for enolate generation via the gold-catalyzed addition of boronic acids to alkynes is reported. The formation of boron enolates from readily accessible ortho-alkynylbenzeneboronic acids proceeds rapidly with 2 mol % PPh3AuNTf2 at ambient temperature. The enolates undergo aldol reaction with an aldehyde present in the reaction mixture to give cyclic boronate esters, which can be subsequently transformed into phenols, biaryls, or dihydrobenzofurans via oxidation, Suzuki-Miyaura, or...
Preparation of biodiesel from waste cooking oil via two-step catalyzed process
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Wang, Yong; Pengzhan, Liu; Shiyi, Ou; Zhang, Zhisen [Jinan University, Guangzhou (China). Department of Food Science and Engineering
Waste cooking oils (WCO), which contain large amounts of free fatty acids produced in restaurants, are collected by the environmental protection agency in the main cities of China and should be disposed in a suitable way. In this research, a two step catalyzed process was adopted to prepare biodiesel from waste cooking oil whose acid value was 75.92+/-0.036mgKOH/g. The free fatty acids of WCO were esterified with methanol catalyzed by ferric sulfate in the first step, and the triglycerides (TGs) in WCO were transesterified with methanol catalyzed by potassium hydroxide in the second step. The results showed that ferric sulfate had high activity to catalyze the esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) with methanol. The conversion rate of FFA reached 97.22% when 2wt% of ferric sulfate was added to the reaction system containing methanol to TG in 10:1 (mole ratio) composition and reacted at 95{sup o}C for 4h. The methanol was vacuum evaporated, and transesterification of the remained triglycerides was performed at 65{sup o}C for 1h in a reaction system containing 1wt% of potassium hydroxide and 6:1mole ratio of methanol to TG. The final product with 97.02% of biodiesel, obtained after the two step catalyzed process, was analyzed by gas chromatography. This new process has many advantages compared with the old processes, such as no acidic waste water, high efficiency, low equipment cost and easy recovery of the catalyst. (author)
Zeolite Catalyzed Aldol Condensation Reactions
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Adedayo I. Inegbenebor
Full Text Available The review is based on the description of zeolite structure, uses, synthesis, and catalytic aldol reaction in aldol condensation. An internal aldolcondensation reaction has been achieved over ZSM-5 zeolite with high silica-alumina ratio at 350oC. It therefore follows that zeolite canfunction as a catalyst in aldol type condensation reactions and that weak acid sites as well as a small number of active sites favor the aldolcondensation reaction of carbonyl compounds. However, the mixed condensation product was found to be favored at temperatures above 300oCand the self-condensation of ethanal to crotonaldehyde was favored at temperatures below 300oC. It has also been suggested that both Brønstedand Lewis acids are involved in aldol reactions with Lewis acid sites the most probable catalytic sites. The zeolite group of minerals has founduse in many chemical and allied industries.
Synthesis of ethoxy dibenzooxaphosphorin oxides through palladium-catalyzed C(sp2–H activation/C–O formation
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Seohyun Shin
Full Text Available We report an efficient Pd-catalyzed C(sp2–H activation/C–O bond formation for the synthesis of ethoxy dibenzooxaphosphorin oxides from 2-(arylarylphosphonic acid monoethyl esters under aerobic conditions.
Radiochemical methods for studying lipase-catalyzed interesterification of lipids
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Reactions involving lipase-catalyzed interesterification of lipids, which are of commendable interest in biotechnology, have been monitored and assayed by radiochemical methods using 14C-labeled substrates. Medium chain (C12 plus C14) triacylglycerols were reacted in the presence of an immobilized lipase from Mucor miehei and hexane at 450C with methyl [1-14C]oleate, [1-14C]oleic acid, [carboxyl-14C]trioleoylglycerol, [1-14C]octadecenyl alcohol, and [U-14C]glycerol, each of known specific activity. The reactions were monitored and the rate of interesterification determined by radio thin layer chromatography from the incorporation of radioactivity into acyl moieties of triacylglycerols (from methyl oleate, oleic acid, and trioleoylglycerol), alkyl moieties of wax esters (from octadecenyl alcohol), and into glycerol backbone of monoacylglycerols and diacylglycerols (from glycerol). (orig.)
Kinetic and reactor modelling of lipases catalyzed (R,S)-1-phenylethanol resolution
Chua Lee-Suana; Cheng Kian-Kaib; Lee Chew-Tinb; Mohamad-Roji Sarmidic; Ramlan Abdul-Azizc; Tang Boon-Sengd
This study was focused on the development of a kinetic model and a reactor model for the enzymatic resolution of (R,S)-1-phenylethanol. The reaction progress curves catalyzed by immobilized lipases, ChiroCLEC-PC in batch stirred tank reactor were used to develop the kinetic model. The resolution followed Ping-Pong Bi-Bi mechanism with the inhibition of lauric acid, (R,S)-1-phenylethanol and water. The validity of the model was verified by fitting it to another experimental data catalyzed by i...
二氧化硅负载高氯酸催化合成香兰素缩1,2-丙二醇%Synthesis of Vanillin 1,2-propylene glycol acetal catalyzed by silica supported perchloric acid
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
以二氧化硅负载高氯酸(HClO4/SiO2)为催化剂,香兰素和1,2-丙二醇经缩合反应合成香兰素缩1,2-丙二醇.考察了醛醇物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间对产品收率的影响.实验表明,较佳反应条件为:当香兰素的用量为0.1 mol,1,2-丙二醇的用量为0.16 mol,即n(香兰素)∶n(1,2-丙二醇)=1∶1.6,催化剂用量1.5g,反应温度80℃,反应时间45 min,香兰素缩1,2-丙二醇的收率达87.1%以上.HClO4/SiO2是一种热稳定性好、简单易制、可循环使用的高效非均相催化剂.%Vanillin 1, 2-propylene glycol acetal was synthesized through the condensation of Vanillin with 1, 2-propylene glycol using silica supported perchloric acid (HClO4/SiO2) as a catalyst. The effects of the molar ratio of reactant, the amount of catalyst, reaction temperature and reaction time on the yield of product were discussed. The results showed that the optimized reaction conditions are as follows; the molar ratio of Vanillin (0.1 mol) to 1, 2-propylene glycol (0.16 mol) is 1:1.6; the amount of catalyst is 1.5 g, reaction temperature is 80 ℃ and the reaction time is 45 min. Under the optimum conditions mentioned above, the yield of Vanillin 1, 2-propylene glycol acetal reached more than 87.1%. HClO4/SiO2 as a heterogeneous catalyst has many advantages of high thermal stability, ease of preparation and reusability.
Palladium Catalyzed Reduction of Nitrobenzene.
Mangravite, John A.
Compares two palladium (Pd/C) reducing systems to iron/tin-hydrochloric acid (Fe/HCl and Sn/HCl) reductions and suggests an efficient, clean, and inexpensive procedures for the conversion of nitrobenzene to aniline. Includes laboratory procedures used and discussion of typical results obtained. (JN)
Improvement in biodiesel production from soapstock oil by one-stage lipase catalyzed methanolysis
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Highlights: • Soapstock is a less expensive feedstock reservoir for biodiesel production. • Addition of tert-alcohol can enhance the yield of fatty acid methyl ester significantly. • One-stage lipase catalyzed methanolysis of soapstock oil was successfully developed. • FAME yield of 95.2% was obtained with low lipase loading in a shorter reaction time. - Abstract: A major obstacle in the commercialization of biodiesel is its cost of manufacturing, primarily the raw material cost. In order to decrease the cost of biodiesel, soapstock oil was investigated as the feedstock for biodiesel production. Because the soapstock oil containing large amounts of free fatty acids (FFAs) cannot be effectively converted to biodiesel, complicated two-stage process (esterification followed by transesterification) was generally adopted. In this study, simple one-stage lipase catalyzed methanolysis of soapstock oil was developed via one-pot esterification and transesterification. Water produced by lipase catalyzed esterification of FFAs affected the lipase catalyzed transesterification of glycerides in the soapstock oil severely. Addition of tert-alcohol could overcome this problem and enhance the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield from 42.8% to 76.4%. The FAME yield was further elevated to 95.2% by optimizing the methanol/oil molar ratio, lipase amount, and water absorbent. The developed process enables the simple, efficient, and green production of biodiesel from soapstock oil, providing with a potential industrial application
Rhodium-catalyzed acyloxy migration of propargylic esters in cycloadditions, inspiration from the recent "gold rush".
Shu, Xing-Zhong; Shu, Dongxu; Schienebeck, Casi M; Tang, Weiping
Transition metal-catalyzed acyloxy migration of propargylic esters offers versatile entries to allene and vinyl carbene intermediates for various fascinating subsequent transformations. Most π-acidic metals (e.g. gold and platinum) are capable of facilitating these acyloxy migration events. However, very few of these processes involve redox chemistry, which are well-known for most other transition metals such as rhodium. The coupling of acyloxy migration of propargylic esters with oxidative addition, migratory insertion, and reductive elimination may lead to ample new opportunities for the design of new reactions. This tutorial review summarizes recent developments in Rh-catalyzed 1,3- and 1,2-acyloxy migration of propargylic esters in a number of cycloaddition reactions. Related Au- and Pt-catalyzed cycloadditions involving acyloxy migration are also discussed. PMID:22895533
Production of chemoenzymatic catalyzed monoepoxide biolubricant: optimization and physicochemical characteristics.
Salimon, Jumat; Salih, Nadia; Abdullah, Bashar Mudhaffar
Linoleic acid (LA) is converted to per-carboxylic acid catalyzed by an immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica (Novozym 435). This per-carboxylic acid is only intermediate and epoxidized itself in good yields and almost without consecutive reactions. Monoepoxide linoleic acid 9(12)-10(13)-monoepoxy 12(9)-octadecanoic acid (MEOA) was optimized using D-optimal design. At optimum conditions, higher yield% (82.14) and medium oxirane oxygen content (OOC) (4.91%) of MEOA were predicted at 15 μL of H(2)O(2), 120 mg of Novozym 435, and 7 h of reaction time. In order to develop better-quality biolubricants, pour point (PP), flash point (FP), viscosity index (VI), and oxidative stability (OT) were determined for LA and MEOA. The results showed that MEOA exhibited good low-temperature behavior with PP of -41(°)C. FP of MEOA increased to 128(°)C comparing with 115(°)C of LA. In a similar fashion, VI for LA was 224 generally several hundred centistokes (cSt) more viscous than MEOA 130.8. The ability of a substance to resist oxidative degradation is another important property for biolubricants. Therefore, LA and MEOA were screened to measure their OT which was observed at 189 and 168(°)C, respectively. PMID:22346338
Production of Chemoenzymatic Catalyzed Monoepoxide Biolubricant: Optimization and Physicochemical Characteristics
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jumat Salimon
Full Text Available Linoleic acid (LA is converted to per-carboxylic acid catalyzed by an immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica (Novozym 435. This per-carboxylic acid is only intermediate and epoxidized itself in good yields and almost without consecutive reactions. Monoepoxide linoleic acid 9(12-10(13-monoepoxy 12(9-octadecanoic acid (MEOA was optimized using D-optimal design. At optimum conditions, higher yield% (82.14 and medium oxirane oxygen content (OOC (4.91% of MEOA were predicted at 15 μL of H2O2, 120 mg of Novozym 435, and 7 h of reaction time. In order to develop better-quality biolubricants, pour point (PP, flash point (FP, viscosity index (VI, and oxidative stability (OT were determined for LA and MEOA. The results showed that MEOA exhibited good low-temperature behavior with PP of −41°C. FP of MEOA increased to 128°C comparing with 115°C of LA. In a similar fashion, VI for LA was 224 generally several hundred centistokes (cSt more viscous than MEOA 130.8. The ability of a substance to resist oxidative degradation is another important property for biolubricants. Therefore, LA and MEOA were screened to measure their OT which was observed at 189 and 168°C, respectively.
Zeolite Catalyzed Aldol Condensation Reactions
Adedayo I. Inegbenebor; Raphael C. Mordi; Oluwakayode M. Ogunwole
The review is based on the description of zeolite structure, uses, synthesis, and catalytic aldol reaction in aldol condensation. An internal aldolcondensation reaction has been achieved over ZSM-5 zeolite with high silica-alumina ratio at 350oC. It therefore follows that zeolite canfunction as a catalyst in aldol type condensation reactions and that weak acid sites as well as a small number of active sites favor the aldolcondensation reaction of carbonyl compounds. However, the mixed condens...
Dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride by the catalyzed Fe-Cu process
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
XU Wen-ying; GAO Ting-yao
The electrochemical reduction characteristics of carbon tetrachloride (CT) were investigated using cyclic voltammetry in this study. In addition, the difference in reduction mechanisms of CT between Master Builders' iron and the catalyzed Fe-Cu process was discussed. The results showed that CT was reduced directly on the surface of copper rather than by atomic hydrogen produced at the cathode in the catalyzed Fe-Cu process. The reduction was realized largely by atomic hydrogen in Master Builders' iron. The entire CT in 350 ml aqueous solution with 320 mg/L was reduced to trichloromethane and dichloromethane in 2.25 h when 100 g of scrap iron with Fe/Cu ratio of 10:1 (w/w) were used. Moreover, the reduction rate slowed with time. CT could be reduced at acidic, neutral and alkaline pH from solution by Fe-Cu bimetallic media, but the mechanisms were different. The degradation rate was not significantly influenced by pH in the catalyzed Fe-Cu process; in Master Builders' iron it clearly increased with decreasing pH. The kinetics of the reductions followed pseudo-first order in both cases. Furthermore, the reductions under acidic conditions proceeded faster than that under the neutral and alkaline conditions. The catalyzed Fe-Cu process was superior to Master Builders' iron in treating CT-containing water and this advantage was particularly noticeable under alkaline conditions. The reduction was investigated in the cathode (Cu) and anode (Fe) compartments respectively, the results showed that the direct reduction pathway played an important role in the reduction by the catalyzed Fe-Cu process. The catalyzed Fe-Cu process is of practical value.
Optimization of lipase-catalyzed synthesis of diglycerol monooleate by response surface methodology
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The optimization of the lipase-catalyzed esterification of pure diglycerol (3-(2,3-dihydroxypropoxy)propane-1,2-diol) with pure oleic acid to produce pure diglycerol monooleate (E475) which is a non-ionic surfactants, was performed. Six immobilized lipases were tested and the best oleic acid conversion was attained with Novozym 435 from Candida antarctica which was selected to optimize the reaction conditions by response surface methodology (RSM). Well-fitting quadratic polynomial regression model for acid conversion was established with regard to temperature (65 °C–75 °C) and catalyst concentration (mass fraction of 1–5%). The two factors investigated positively affected acid conversion, with catalyst concentration having the greatest effect. The regression equation obtained by central composite design of RSM predicted optimal reaction conditions of 77 °C and 5.8%. Under these optimal conditions the model obtained in this work has been tested in scale-up experiment, and the resulting acid conversion was 93.9% with an accuracy of 97.4%. Within the experimental range studied the results model give good agreement with the experimental data. - Highlights: • Lipase-catalyzed esterification of pure diglycerol with oleic in solvent-free system. • The modeling and optimization of lipase-catalyzed esterification process was successfully performed. • Under optimal conditions, the esterification process was scaled up using a stirred tank reactor
Attractor Explosions and Catalyzed Vacuum Decay
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Green, Daniel; Silverstein, Eva; Starr, David
We present a mechanism for catalyzed vacuum bubble production obtained by combining moduli stabilization with a generalized attractor phenomenon in which moduli are sourced by compact objects. This leads straightforwardly to a class of examples in which the Hawking decay process for black holes unveils a bubble of a different vacuum from the ambient one, generalizing the new endpoint for Hawking evaporation discovered recently by Horowitz. Catalyzed vacuum bubble production can occur for both charged and uncharged bodies, including Schwarzschild black holes for which massive particles produced in the Hawking process can trigger vacuum decay. We briefly discuss applications of this process to the population and stability of metastable vacua.
Palladium-Catalyzed Amination of Bromoanthancene
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
YU Ming-Xin; CHEN Xiao-Hang; CHENG Chien-Hong
@@ Triarylamines are an important class of compounds, because they have been used as the hole-transport layer in electroluminescent devices. [1] New palladium catalyzed methods to form arylamines have emerged recently from Hartwing and Bucchwald . [2,3] Our group have investigated unusual diboration of allenes catalyzed by palladium complex and organic iodides. [4] Here we will report that arylamines react with bromoanthrancene (or dibromoanthancene) to afford triarylamines in the presence of Ligand-palladium complex. The structures of products were de termined by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 13C (DEPT), IR and MS (HREI and EI) spectra.
Ionic Liquid Catalyzed Electrolyte for Electrochemical Polyaniline Supercapacitors
Inamdar, A. I.; Im, Hyunsik; Jung, Woong; Kim, Hyungsang; Kim, Byungchul; Yu, Kook-Hyun; Kim, Jin-Sang; Hwang, Sung-Min
The effect of different wt.% of ionic liquid "1,6-bis (trimethylammonium-1-yl) hexane tetrafluoroborate" in 0.5 M LiClO4+PC electrolyte on the supercapacitor properties of polyaniline (PANI) thin film are investigated. The PANI film is synthesized using electropolymerization of aniline in the presence of sulfuric acid. The electrochemical properties of the PANI thin film are studied by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The optimum amount of the ionic liquid is found to be 2 wt.% which provides better ionic conductivity of the electrolyte. The highest specific capacitance of 259 F/g is obtained using the 2 wt.% electrolyte. This capacitance remains at up to 208 F/g (80% capacity retention) after 1000 charge-discharge cycles at a current density of 0.5 mA/g. The PANI film in the 2 wt.% ionic liquid catalyzed 0.5 M LiClO4+PC electrolyte shows small electrochemical resistance, better rate performance and higher cyclability. The increased ionic conductivity of the 2 wt.% ionic liquid catalyzed electrolyte causes a reduction in resistance at the electrode/electrolyte interface, which can be useful in electrochemically-preferred power devices for better applicability.
Tetrahydropyrans are integral moieties in innumerable natural products and have inspired the development of a variety of different methodologies. A Prins-type cyclization involving the coupling of a homoallylic alcohol and an aldehyde in the presence of catalytic scandium triflat...
Horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed polymerization of cardanol in the presence of redox mediators.
Won, Keehoon; Kim, Yong Hwan; An, Eun Suk; Lee, Yeon Soo; Song, Bong Keun
Horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed polymerization of cardanol in aqueous organic solvent was investigated in the presence of a redox mediator. Cardanol is a phenol derivative from a renewable resource mainly having a C15 unsaturated hydrocarbon chain with mostly 1-3 double bonds at a meta position. Unlike soybean peroxidase (SBP), it has been shown that horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is not able to perform oxidative polymerization of phenol derivatives having a bulky meta substituent such as cardanol. For the first time, redox mediators have been applied to enable horseradish peroxidase to polymerize cardanol. Veratryl alcohol, N-ethyl phenothiazine, and phenothiazine-10-propionic acid were tested as a mediator. It is surprising that the horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed polymerization of cardanol took place in the presence of N-ethyl phenothiazine or phenothiazine-10-propionic acid. However, veratryl alcohol showed no effect. FT-IR and GPC analysis of the product revealed that the structure and properties of polycardanol formed by HRP with a mediator were similar to those by SBP. This is the first work to apply a redox mediator to enzyme-catalyzed oxidative polymerization. Our new finding that oxidative polymerization of a poor substrate, which the enzyme is not active with, can take place in the presence of an appropriate mediator will present more opportunities for the application of enzyme-catalyzed polymerization. PMID:14715000
Condensation reaction of formaldehyde and methyl formate catalyzed by a composite catalyst system
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
The condensation reaction of formaldehyde and methyl formate to form methyl glycolate and methyl methoxy acetate catalyzed by p-toluenesulfonic acid and different Lewis acid compounds has been investigated. The composite catalytic system consisting of p-toluenesulfonic acid and NiX2 (X = Cl, Br, I), especially NiI2, exhibited a high catalytic performance for the condensation reaction, the total yield of MG and MMAc was up to 72.37%.(C) 2007 Gong Ying Wang. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.
Continuous-Flow Processes in Heterogeneously Catalyzed Transformations of Biomass Derivatives into Fuels and Chemicals
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Antonio A. Romero
Full Text Available Continuous flow chemical processes offer several advantages as compared to batch chemistries. These are particularly relevant in the case of heterogeneously catalyzed transformations of biomass-derived platform molecules into valuable chemicals and fuels. This work is aimed to provide an overview of key continuous flow processes developed to date dealing with a series of transformations of platform chemicals including alcohols, furanics, organic acids and polyols using a wide range of heterogeneous catalysts based on supported metals, solid acids and bifunctional (metal + acidic materials.
Interfacial Behavior of Fatty-Acylated Sericin Prepared by Lipase-Catalyzed Solid-Phase Synthesis
Ogino, Masato; Tanaka, Rie; 服部, 誠; Yoshida, Tadashi; 横手, よし子; 高橋, 幸資
Fatty-acylated sericin {1:0.7 molar ratio of sericin (Mr 18,700) to oleic acid} was prepared by lipase-catalyzed solid-phase synthesis in n-hexane containing oleic acid to endow sericin with interfacial properties. Acylation with oleic acid was confirmed by 1H-NMR. The fatty-acylated sericin exhibited superior emulsifying activity index and emulsion stability in the presence of 0?0.5 M NaCl, in a temperature range of 30?80 °C and pH range of 2?7, as compared with the control sericin. The fatt...
Enyne Metathesis Catalyzed by Ruthenium Carbene Complexes
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Poulsen, Carina Storm; Madsen, Robert
Enyne metathesis combines an alkene and an alkyne into a 1,3-diene. The first enyne metathesis reaction catalyzed by a ruthenium carbene complex was reported in 1994. This review covers the advances in this transformation during the last eight years with particular emphasis on methodology...
Pinacol Coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Active Zinc
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Hui ZHAO; Wei DENG; Qing Xiang GUO
Pinacol coupling reactions catalyzed by active zinc revealed high activity and extensive suitability. The efficiency of the reaction was improved apparently owing to decreasing reductive potential of zinc. In addition, the results indicated that the zinc activity has a direct relation to the coupling reactivity compared to untreated zinc or other general active zinc.
Palladium Catalyzed Allylic C-H Alkylation
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Engelin, Casper Junker; Fristrup, Peter
The atom-efficiency of one of the most widely used catalytic reactions for forging C-C bonds, the Tsuji-Trost reaction, is limited by the need of preoxidized reagents. This limitation can be overcome by utilization of the recently discovered palladium-catalyzed C-H activation, the allylic C...
Sulfilimimines in metal-catalyzed redox reactions
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Voltrová, Svatava; Šrogl, Jiří
Praha : -, 2009. s. 593-593. ISBN 978-80-02-02160-5. [ESOC 2009. European Symposium on Organic Chemistry /16./. 12.07.2009-16.07.2009, Praha] Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z40550506 Keywords : sulfilimines * metal catalyzed oxidations * benzoisothiazolone Subject RIV: CC - Organic Chemistry
Biodiesel production by enzyme-catalyzed transesterification
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Stamenković Olivera S.
Full Text Available The principles and kinetics of biodiesel production from vegetable oils using lipase-catalyzed transesterification are reviewed. The most important operating factors affecting the reaction and the yield of alkyl esters, such as: the type and form of lipase, the type of alcohol, the presence of organic solvents, the content of water in the oil, temperature and the presence of glycerol are discussed. In order to estimate the prospects of lipase-catalyzed transesterification for industrial application, the factors which influence the kinetics of chemically-catalysed transesterification are also considered. The advantages of lipase-catalyzed transesterification compared to the chemically-catalysed reaction, are pointed out. The cost of down-processing and ecological problems are significantly reduced by applying lipases. It was also emphasized that lipase-catalysed transesterification should be greatly improved in order to make it commercially applicable. The further optimization of lipase-catalyzed transesterification should include studies on the development of new reactor systems with immobilized biocatalysts and the addition of alcohol in several portions, and the use of extra cellular lipases tolerant to organic solvents, intracellular lipases (i.e. whole microbial cells and genetically-modified microorganisms ("intelligent" yeasts.
Palladium catalyzed hydrogenation of bio-oils and organic compounds
Elliott, Douglas C.; Hu, Jianli; Hart, Todd R.; Neuenschwander, Gary G.
The invention provides palladium-catalyzed hydrogenations of bio-oils and certain organic compounds. Experimental results have shown unexpected and superior results for palladium-catalyzed hydrogenations of organic compounds typically found in bio-oils.
Kinetics of aggregation growth with competition between catalyzed birth and catalyzed death
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
An aggregation growth model of three species A, B and C with the competition between catalyzed birth and catalyzed death is proposed. Irreversible aggregation occurs between any two aggregates of the like species with the constant rate kernels In(n = 1,2,3). Meanwhile, a monomer birth of an A species aggregate of size k occurs under the catalysis of a B species aggregate of size j with the catalyzed birth rate kernel K(k,j) = Kkjv and a monomer death of an A species aggregate of size k occurs under the catalysis of a C species aggregate of size j with the catalyzed death rate kernel L(k,j)=Lkjv, where v is a parameter reflecting the dependence of the catalysis reaction rates of birth and death on the size of catalyst aggregate. The kinetic evolution behaviours of the three species are investigated by the rate equation approach based on the mean-field theory. The form of the aggregate size distribution of A species ak(t) is found to be dependent crucially on the competition between the catalyzed birth and death of A species, as well as the irreversible aggregation processes of the three species: (1) In the v k(t) satisfies the conventional scaling form; (2) In the v ≥ 0 case, the competition between the catalyzed birth and death dominates the process. When the catalyzed birth controls the process, ak(t) takes the conventional or generalized scaling form. While the catalyzed death controls the process, the scaling description of the aggregate size distribution breaks down completely
The Esterification of Salicylic Acid Catalyzed by Solid Super Acid SO4^2--La2O3-TiO2%SO4^2--La2O3-TiO2固体超强酸催化水杨酸的酯化反应
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
首次以SO4^2--La2O3-TiO2为非均相催化剂,以水杨酸为原料,合成了水杨酸甲酯和乙酰水杨酸。考察了影响反应的条件,获得优化实验条件:n水杨酸:n甲醇为1:12,催化剂用量40g/mol酸,反应5h时,水杨酸甲酯的收率可达86%;n水杨酸:n乙酸酐为1:4,催化剂用量6g/mol酸时,乙酰水杨酸的收率可达87%,同时催化剂回收再生容易,重复使用4次催化活性无明显降低,是一种环境友好的催化剂。%Solid super acid SO4^2--La2O3-TiO2 is first applied to esteriflcation of Salicylic Acid with methyl alcohol and acetic anbyolride. Reaction eanditions are studied. The optimum condition is in the following: molar ratio of Salicylic Acid to methyl alcohol being 1:12 ,the quantity of catalyst being 40g/mol acid, and the reaction time being 5h, the yield of Methyl Salicylate reaching over 86% ; molar ratio of Salicylic Acid to acetic anbyolride being 1:4, the quantity of catalyst being 6g/mol acid, the yield of Aacetyl Salicylic Acid could reaching over 86%. The catalyst could be easily re - cycled at least four times without the obvious loss of catalytic activity. It is an envionmentally friendly catalyst.
Biofuel-Promoted Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxin/furan Formation in an Iron-Catalyzed Diesel Particle Filter.
Heeb, Norbert V; Rey, Maria Dolores; Zennegg, Markus; Haag, Regula; Wichser, Adrian; Schmid, Peter; Seiler, Cornelia; Honegger, Peter; Zeyer, Kerstin; Mohn, Joachim; Bürki, Samuel; Zimmerli, Yan; Czerwinski, Jan; Mayer, Andreas
Iron-catalyzed diesel particle filters (DPFs) are widely used for particle abatement. Active catalyst particles, so-called fuel-borne catalysts (FBCs), are formed in situ, in the engine, when combusting precursors, which were premixed with the fuel. The obtained iron oxide particles catalyze soot oxidation in filters. Iron-catalyzed DPFs are considered as safe with respect to their potential to form polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs). We reported that a bimetallic potassium/iron FBC supported an intense PCDD/F formation in a DPF. Here, we discuss the impact of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) biofuel on PCDD/F emissions. The iron-catalyzed DPF indeed supported a PCDD/F formation with biofuel but remained inactive with petroleum-derived diesel fuel. PCDD/F emissions (I-TEQ) increased 23-fold when comparing biofuel and diesel data. Emissions of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, the most toxic congener [toxicity equivalence factor (TEF) = 1.0], increased 90-fold, and those of 2,3,7,8-TCDF (TEF = 0.1) increased 170-fold. Congener patterns also changed, indicating a preferential formation of tetra- and penta-chlorodibenzofurans. Thus, an inactive iron-catalyzed DPF becomes active, supporting a PCDD/F formation, when operated with biofuel containing impurities of potassium. Alkali metals are inherent constituents of biofuels. According to the current European Union (EU) legislation, levels of 5 μg/g are accepted. We conclude that risks for a secondary PCDD/F formation in iron-catalyzed DPFs increase when combusting potassium-containing biofuels. PMID:26176879
全氟辛基磺酰亚胺稀土(Ⅲ)催化氟两相Friedel-Crafts烷基化反应%Recyclable Rare Earth Metal(Ⅲ) Bis(perfluorooctanesulfonyl)imide Complex for Catalytic Friedel-Crafts Alkylation Reaction in Fluorous Biphase System
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
洪梅; 沈明贵; 蔡春
Kinetics of non-catalyzed hydrolysis of tannin in high temperature liquid water
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Li-li LU; Xiu-yang LU; Nan MA
High temperature liquid water (HTLW) has drawn increasing attention as an environmentally benign medium for organic chemical reactions,especially acid-/base-catalyzed reactions.Non-catalyzed hydrolyses of gallotannin and tara tannin in HTLW for the simultaneous preparation of gallic acid (GA) and pyrogallol (PY) are under investigation in our laboratory.In this study,the hydrolysis kinetics of gallotannin and tara tannin were determined.The reaction is indicated to be a typical consecutive first-order one in which GA has formed as a main intermediate and PY as the final product.Selective decomposition of tannin in HTLW was proved to be possible by adjusting reaction temperature and time.The present results provide an important basic data and reference for the green preparation of GA and PY.
Interesterification of rapeseed oil catalyzed by tin octoate
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The interesterification of rapeseed oil was performed for the first time by using tin octoate as Lewis acid homogeneous catalysts and methyl or ethyl acetate as acyl acceptors in a batch reactor, within the temperature range 393–483 K. The yields in fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) and triacetin (TA) after 20 h of reaction time increased from 8% and 2%–to 61% and 22%, respectively, when the reaction temperature increased from 423 to 483 K. An optimum value of 40 for the acyl acceptor to oil molar ratio was found to be necessary to match good fatty acid alkyl ester yields with high enough reaction rate. The rate of generation of esters was significantly higher when methyl acetate was used as acyl acceptor instead of its ethyl homologue. The collected results suggest that tin octoate can be used as effective catalyst for the interesterification of rapeseed oil with methyl or ethyl acetate being highly soluble in the reaction system, less expensive than enzymes and allowing the operator to work under milder conditions than supercritical interesterification processes. - Highlights: • We study the interesterification of rapeseed oil catalyzed by tin(II) octoate. • Tin(II) octoate is an effective homogeneous catalyst at 483 K. • The acyl acceptor to oil molar ratio must be optimized. • Higher rate of reaction is obtained with methyl acetate as acyl acceptor
Chemical surface modification of poly(p-xylylene) thin films.
Herrera-Alonso, Margarita; McCarthy, Thomas J
Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions were studied at poly(p-xylylene) (PPX) film surface-reaction medium interfaces. The extent of the reactions (depth of penetration and degree of substitution) was determined by the interaction of the polymer with the reaction solution. Reaction with chlorosulfonic acid to produce sulfonyl chloride and sulfone functionalities occurred readily in the bulk of PPX, and yields were sensitive to time and temperature. Confinement of this reaction to the PPX surface was achieved by controlling the concentration of the acid. Functionalization of PPX with N-methylol-2-chloroacetamide in sulfuric acid to produce the chloroamidomethylated derivative occurred in high yield and was confined to the surface region of PPX. Hydrolysis of the amide to generate aminomethylated PPX was assessed by XPS and a derivatization reaction. Friedel-Crafts type chemistry (acylation and alkylation reactions) also produced functionalized surfaces, but with lower degrees of substitution than the other two reactions and was strictly surface-confined. PMID:15461504
Peroxidase catalyzed conjugation of peptides, proteins and polysaccharides via endogenous and exogenous phenols.
Oudgenoeg, G.
The research was directed towards peroxidase mediated cross-linking of proteins and polysaccharides. Two approaches were explored, cross-linking by use of ferulic acid (FA)oand cross-linking by use of catechol. Within each approach, first model studies were performed with small peptides, of which the findings were applied in subsequent studies with proteins. First, a kinetically controlled incubation that leads to covalently coupled adducts of the tripeptide Gly-Tyr-Gly (GYG) and FA, catalyze...
Copper-Catalyzed Amino Lactonization and Amino Oxygenation of Alkenes Using O-Benzoylhydroxylamines.
Hemric, Brett N; Shen, Kun; Wang, Qiu
A copper-catalyzed amino lactonization of unsaturated carboxylic acids has been achieved as well as the analogous intermolecular three-component amino oxygenation of olefins. The transformation features mild conditions and a remarkably broad substrate scope, offering a novel and efficient approach to construct a wide range of amino lactones as well as 1,2-amino alcohol derivatives. Mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction proceeds via a distinctive O-benzoylhydroxylamine-promoted electrophilic amination of alkenes. PMID:27114046
Lipase-catalyzed highly enantioselective kinetic resolution of boron-containing chiral alcohols.
Andrade, Leandro H; Barcellos, Thiago
The first application of enzymes as catalysts to obtain optically pure boron compounds is described. The kinetic resolution of boron-containing chiral alcohols via enantioselective transesterification catalyzed by lipases was studied. Aromatic, allylic, and aliphatic secondary alcohols containing a boronate ester or boronic acid group were resolved by lipase from Candida antartica (CALB), and excellent E values (E > 200) and high enantiomeric excesses (up to >99%) of both remaining substrates and acetylated product were obtained. PMID:19552446
Regiochemical Control in the Metal-Catalyzed Transposition of Allylic Silyl Ethers
Hansen, Eric C.; Lee, Daesung
A novel mode of regiochemical control over the allylic [1,3]-transposition of silyloxy groups catalyzed by Re2O7 has been developed. This strategy relies on a cis-oriented vinyl boronate, generated from the Alder ene reaction of homoallylic silyl ethers and alkynyl boronates, to trap out the allylic hydroxyl group. The resulting cyclic boronic acids are excellent partners for cross coupling reactions. High chirality transfer is observed for the rearrangement of enantioenriched allylic silyl e...
A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed transesterification
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Leung, Dennis Y.C.; Wu, Xuan; Leung, M.K.H. [Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong (China)
Biodiesel is a low-emissions diesel substitute fuel made from renewable resources and waste lipid. The most common way to produce biodiesel is through transesterification, especially alkali-catalyzed transesterification. When the raw materials (oils or fats) have a high percentage of free fatty acids or water, the alkali catalyst will react with the free fatty acids to form soaps. The water can hydrolyze the triglycerides into diglycerides and form more free fatty acids. Both of the above reactions are undesirable and reduce the yield of the biodiesel product. In this situation, the acidic materials should be pre-treated to inhibit the saponification reaction. This paper reviews the different approaches of reducing free fatty acids in the raw oil and refinement of crude biodiesel that are adopted in the industry. The main factors affecting the yield of biodiesel, i.e. alcohol quantity, reaction time, reaction temperature and catalyst concentration, are discussed. This paper also described other new processes of biodiesel production. For instance, the Biox co-solvent process converts triglycerides to esters through the selection of inert co-solvents that generates a one-phase oil-rich system. The non-catalytic supercritical methanol process is advantageous in terms of shorter reaction time and lesser purification steps but requires high temperature and pressure. For the in situ biodiesel process, the oilseeds are treated directly with methanol in which the catalyst has been preciously dissolved at ambient temperatures and pressure to perform the transesterification of oils in the oilseeds. This process, however, cannot handle waste cooking oils and animal fats. (author)
Biorefining: heterogeneously catalyzed reactions of carbohydrates for the production of furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural.
Karinen, Reetta; Vilonen, Kati; Niemelä, Marita
Furfurals are important intermediates in the chemical industry. They are typically produced by homogeneous catalysis in aqueous solutions. However, heterogeneously catalyzed processes would be beneficial in view of the principles of green chemistry: the elimination of homogeneous mineral acids makes the reaction mixtures less corrosive, produces less waste, and facilitates easy separation and recovery of the catalyst. Finding an active and stable water-tolerant solid acid catalyst still poses a challenge for the production of furfural (furan-2-carbaldehyde) and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde (HMF). Furfural is produced in the dehydration of xylose, and HMF is formed from glucose and fructose in the presence of an acidic catalyst. Bases are not active in dehydration reaction but do catalyze the isomerization of monosaccharides, which is favorable when using glucose as a raw material. In addition to the desired dehydration of monosaccharides, many undesired side reactions take place, reducing the selectivity and deactivating the catalyst. In addition, the catalyst properties play an important role in the selectivity. In this Review, catalytic conversion approaches are summarized, focusing on the heterogeneously catalyzed formation of furfural. The attractiveness of catalytic concepts is evaluated, keeping in mind productivity, sustainability, and environmental footprint. PMID:21728248
Parameters critical to muon-catalyzed fusion
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
We have demonstrated that muon catalysis cycling rates increase rapidly with increasing deuterium-tritium gas temperatures and densities. Furthermore, muon-capture losses are significantly smaller than predicted before the experiments. There remains a significant gap between observation and theoretical expectation for the muon-alpha sticking probability in dense d-t mixtures. We have been able to achieve muon-catalyzed yields of 150 fusion/muon (average). While the fusion energy thereby released significantly exceeds expectations, enhancements by nearly a factor of twenty would be needed to realize energy applications for a pure (non-hybrid) muon-catalyzed fusion reactor. The process could be useful in tritium-breeding schemes. We have also explored a new form of cold nuclear fusion which occurs when hydrogen isotopes are loaded into metals. 22 refs., 10 figs
Cold fusion catalyzed by muons and electrons
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Two alternative methods have been suggested to produce fusion power at low temperature. The first, muon catalyzed fusion or MCF, uses muons to spontaneously catalyze fusion through the muon mesomolecule formation. Unfortunately, this method fails to generate enough fusion energy to supply the muons, by a factor of about ten. The physics of MCF is discussed, and a possible approach to increasing the number of MCF fusions generated by each muon is mentioned. The second method, which has become known as ''Cold Fusion,'' involves catalysis by electrons in electrolytic cells. The physics of this process, if it exists, is more mysterious than MCF. However, it now appears to be an artifact, the claims for its reality resting largely on experimental errors occurring in rather delicate experiments. However, a very low level of such fusion claimed by Jones may be real. Experiments in cold fusion will also be discussed
Palladium-Catalyzed Environmentally Benign Acylation.
Suchand, Basuli; Satyanarayana, Gedu
Recent trends in research have gained an orientation toward developing efficient strategies using innocuous reagents. The earlier reported transition-metal-catalyzed carbonylations involved either toxic carbon monoxide (CO) gas as carbonylating agent or functional-group-assisted ortho sp(2) C-H activation (i.e., ortho acylation) or carbonylation by activation of the carbonyl group (i.e., via the formation of enamines). Contradicting these methods, here we describe an environmentally benign process, [Pd]-catalyzed direct carbonylation starting from simple and commercially available iodo arenes and aldehydes, for the synthesis of a wide variety of ketones. Moreover, this method comprises direct coupling of iodoarenes with aldehydes without activation of the carbonyl and also without directing group assistance. Significantly, the strategy was successfully applied to the synthesis n-butylphthalide and pitofenone. PMID:27377566
Initial Stages in the Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed C-H Bond Activation of Primary Alcohols in Aqueous Solution
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Eriksen, J.; Monsted, L.; Monsted, O.;
,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) cation. The hydride complex is stable for extended periods of time in acidic solution in the absence of oxidants. In basic solutions a series of base-catalyzed reactions take place to yield ultimately the same mixture of [Rh(cycb)(OH)(2)](+) isomers as produced by base hydrolysis of the trans...
A copper-catalyzed coupling reaction of vinyl halides and carbazates: application in the assembly of polysubstituted pyrroles.
Zhou, Chengang; Ma, Dawei
CuI-catalyzed coupling of vinyl halides with carbazates gives N-protected N-alkenylhydrazines, which are condensed with ketones under acidic conditions to give polysubstituted pyrroles. The pyrrole synthesis may go through a similar mechanism with Fischer indole synthesis, which involves a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement and other reactions. PMID:24514455
Formylation of Alcohol with Formic Acid under Solvent-Free and Neutral Conditions Catalyzed by Free I2 or I2 Generated in Situ from Fe(NO3)3·9H2O/NaI%无溶剂中性条件下分子I2或Fe(NO3)3·9H2O/NaI原位生成的I2催化醇与甲酸甲酰化反应
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Rostami AMIN; Khazaei ARDESHIR; Alavi-Nik HEIDAR ALI; Toodeh-Roosta ZAHRA
Different alcohols were formylated by formic acid under solvent-free conditions in the presence of iodine as the catalyst with good-to-high yields at room temperature.I2 generated in situ from Fe(NO3)3·9H2O/NaI also catalyzed the formylation of the alcohols under solvent-free conditions.This gives a green and efficient reaction at room temperature,in which the use of toxic and corrosive molecular I2 is avoided.
[Total synthesis of nordihydroguaiaretic acid].
Wu, A X; Zhao, Y R; Chen, N; Pan, X F
beta-Keto ester(5) was obtained from vanilin through etherification, oxidation and condensation with acetoacetic ester, (5) on oxidative coupling reaction by NaOEt/I2 produced dimer (6) in high yield. Acid catalyzed cyclodehydration of (6) gave the furan derivative(7), and by a series of selective hydrogenation nordihydroguaiaretic acid, furoguaiacin dimethyl ether and dihydroguaiaretic acid dimethyl ether were synthesized. PMID:11499030
Copper Catalyzed Oceanic Methyl Halide Production
Robin Kim, Jae Yun; Rhew, Robert
Methyl halides are found in all of Earth's biomes, produced naturally or through manmade means. Their presence in the atmosphere is problematic, as they catalyze depletion of stratospheric ozone. To understand the full environmental impact of these compounds, it is important to identify their chemical cycling processes. Iron increases methyl halide production in soils and oceans, yet copper's influence remains unknown despite its similar chemical oxidation properties to iron. I experimentally...
Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions
Lindh, Jonas
Sustainable chemical processes are becoming increasingly important in all fields of synthetic chemistry. Catalysis can play an important role in developing environmentally benign chemical processes, and transition metals have an important role to play in the area of green chemistry. In particular, palladium(II) catalysis includes many key features for successful green chemistry methods, as demonstrated by a number of eco-friendly oxidation reactions catalyzed by palladium(II). The aim of the ...
Palladium-catalyzed oxidative carbonylation reactions.
Wu, Xiao-Feng; Neumann, Helfried; Beller, Matthias
Palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions have become a powerful tool for advanced organic synthesis. This type of reaction is of significant value for the preparation of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, as well as advanced materials. Both, academic as well as industrial laboratories continuously investigate new applications of the different methodologies. Clearly, this area constitutes one of the major topics in homogeneous catalysis and organic synthesis. Among the different palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions, several carbonylations have been developed and widely used in organic syntheses and are even applied in the pharmaceutical industry on ton-scale. Furthermore, methodologies such as the carbonylative Suzuki and Sonogashira reactions allow for the preparation of interesting building blocks, which can be easily refined further on. Although carbonylative coupling reactions of aryl halides have been well established, palladium-catalyzed oxidative carbonylation reactions are also interesting. Compared with the reactions of aryl halides, oxidative carbonylation reactions offer an interesting pathway. The oxidative addition step could be potentially avoided in oxidative reactions, but only few reviews exist in this area. In this Minireview, we summarize the recent development in the oxidative carbonylation reactions. PMID:23307763
Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions of Perfluoro Organic Compounds
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Masato Ohashi
Full Text Available In this review, we summarize our recent development of palladium(0-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of perfluoro organic compounds with organometallic reagents. The oxidative addition of a C–F bond of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE to palladium(0 was promoted by the addition of lithium iodide, affording a trifluorovinyl palladium(II iodide. Based on this finding, the first palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of TFE with diarylzinc was developed in the presence of lithium iodide, affording α,β,β-trifluorostyrene derivatives in excellent yield. This coupling reaction was expanded to the novel Pd(0/PR3-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of TFE with arylboronates. In this reaction, the trifluorovinyl palladium(II fluoride was a key reaction intermediate that required neither an extraneous base to enhance the reactivity of organoboronates nor a Lewis acid additive to promote the oxidative addition of a C–F bond. In addition, our strategy utilizing the synergetic effect of Pd(0 and lithium iodide could be applied to the C–F bond cleavage of unreactive hexafluorobenzene (C6F6, leading to the first Pd(0-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of C6F6 with diarylzinc compounds.
Key factor affecting the structural and textural properties of ZSM-5/MCM-41 composite
Boukoussa, Bouhadjar; Aouad, Nafissa; Hamacha, Rachida; Bengueddach, Abdelkader
ZSM-5/MCM-41 micro/mesoporous composite materials were synthesized by the hydrothermal technique with alkali-treated ZSM-5 zeolite as source of silica and aluminum and characterized by various physico-chemical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen sorption at 77 K, transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), FTIR spectroscopy and NH3 temperature programmed desorption (TPD) techniques. The effect of concentration of CTAB in the synthesis of these solids has been investigated, the mesopore volume, surface area and surface acidity decrease with increasing the concentration of CTAB. Increasing the CTAB concentration causes the recrystallization of zeolite ZSM-5 and it disadvantage the formation of mesoporous materials MCM-41. The catalytic activity of ZSM-5/MCM-41 materials has been evaluated in the Friedel-Crafts acylation of anisole with benzoyl chloride as alkylating agent. The results revealed the reaction to be influenced by surface area, pore volume and surface acidity.
Gold-catalyzed tandem reactions of methylenecyclopropanes and vinylidenecyclopropanes.
Zhang, Di-Han; Tang, Xiang-Ying; Shi, Min
Gold catalysis is often the key step in the synthesis of natural products, and is a powerful tool for tandem or domino reaction processes. Both gold salts and complexes are among the most powerful soft Lewis acids for electrophilic activation of carbon-carbon multiple bonds toward a variety of nucleophiles. The core of these reactions relies on the interaction between gold catalysts and π-bonds of alkenes, alkynes, and allenes. Activation of functional groups by gold complexes provides a useful and important method for facilitating many different organic transformations with high atom efficiency. Although they are highly strained, methylenecyclopropanes (MCPs) and vinylidenecyclopropanes (VDCPs) are readily accessible molecules that have served as useful building blocks in organic synthesis. Because of their unique structural and electronic properties, significant developments have been made in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as nickel, rhodium, palladium, and ruthenium during the past decades. However, less attention has been paid to the gold-catalyzed chemistry of MCPs and VDCPs. In this Account, we describe gold-catalyzed chemical transformations of MCPs and VDCPs developed both in our laboratory and by other researchers. Chemists have demonstrated that MCPs and VDCPs have amphiphilic properties. When MCPs or VDCPs are activated by a gold catalyst, subsequent nucleophilic attack by other reagents or ring-opening (ring-expansion) of the cyclopropane moiety will occur. However, the C-C double bonds of MCPs and VDCPs can also serve as nucleophilic reagents while more electrophilic reagents are present and activated by gold catalyst, and then further cascade reactions take place as triggered by the release of ring strain of cyclopropane. Based on this strategy, both our group and others have found some interesting gold-catalyzed transformations in recent years. These transformations of MCPs and VDCPs can produce a variety of polycyclic and
A free-standing condensation enzyme catalyzing ester bond formation in C-1027 biosynthesis.
Lin, Shuangjun; Van Lanen, Steven G; Shen, Ben
Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) catalyze the biosynthesis of many biologically active peptides and typically are modular, with each extension module minimally consisting of a condensation, an adenylation, and a peptidyl carrier protein domain responsible for incorporation of an amino acid into the growing peptide chain. C-1027 is a chromoprotein antitumor antibiotic whose enediyne chromophore consists of an enediyne core, a deoxy aminosugar, a benzoxazolinate, and a beta-amino acid moiety. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that the activation and incorporation of the beta-amino acid moiety into C-1027 follows an NRPS mechanism whereby biosynthetic intermediates are tethered to the peptidyl carrier protein SgcC2. Here, we report the biochemical characterization of SgcC5, an NRPS condensation enzyme that catalyzes ester bond formation between the SgcC2-tethered (S)-3-chloro-5-hydroxy-beta-tyrosine and (R)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol, a mimic of the enediyne core. SgcC5 uses (S)-3-chloro-5-hydroxy-beta-tyrosyl-SgcC2 as the donor substrate and exhibits regiospecificity for the C-2 hydroxyl group of the enediyne core mimic as the acceptor substrate. Remarkably, SgcC5 is also capable of catalyzing amide bond formation, albeit with significantly reduced efficiency, between (S)-3-chloro-5-hydroxy-beta-tyrosyl-(S)-SgcC2 and (R)-2-amino-1-phenyl-1-ethanol, an alternative enediyne core mimic bearing an amine at its C-2 position. Thus, SgcC5 is capable of catalyzing both ester and amide bond formation, providing an evolutionary link between amide- and ester-forming condensation enzymes. PMID:19246381
Lipase-catalyzed modification of lard to produce human milk fat substitutes
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Yang, Tiankui; Xu, Xuebing; He, C.;
The objective of the present work was to modify lard into human milk fat substitutes (HMFS) by Lipozyme RM IM-catalyzed acidolysis. Lard and soybean fatty acids were esterified in a solvent-free system. The reaction substrates for HMFS production were specially chosen to mimic human milk fats. Fa.......7%, and time 1.0 h), were similar to the fat in Chinese mothers' milk. The results showed that it was possible to produce human milk fat substitutes from lard through enzymatic acidolysis with soybean fatty acids....
Lipase-catalyzed modification of lard to produce human milk fat substitutes
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Yang, Tiankui; Xu, Xuebing; He, C.; Li, L.T.
The objective of the present work was to modify lard into human milk fat substitutes (HMFS) by Lipozyme RM IM-catalyzed acidolysis. Lard and soybean fatty acids were esterified in a solvent-free system. The reaction substrates for HMFS production were specially chosen to mimic human milk fats....... Factors such as temperature, time, water content, enzyme load, substrate ratio, and enzyme reusability were investigated. The relationships between initial incorporation rate (Inc/h) and temperature (T, K) were set up, based on the Arrhenius law for both linoleic and for linolenic acids. Scale-up trials...
Ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of sugar alcohols by dichloroisocyanuric acid—A kinetic study
Lakshman Kumar, Y.; Venkata Nadh, R.; Radhakrishnamurti, P. S.
Kinetics of ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of biologically important sugar alcohols (myo-inositol, D-sorbitol, and D-mannitol) by dichloroisocyanuric acid was carried out in aqueous acetic acid—perchloric medium. The reactions were found to be first order in case of oxidant and ruthenium(III). Zero order was observed with the concentrations of sorbitol and mannitol whereas, a positive fractional order was found in the case of inositol concentration. An inverse fractional order was observed with perchloric acid in oxidation of three substrates. Arrhenius parameters were calculated and a plausible mechanism was proposed.
Gold-catalyzed direct alkynylation of tryptophan in peptides using TIPS-EBX
Tolnai, Gergely L; Brand, Jonathan P
Summary The selective functionalization of peptides containing only natural amino acids is important for the modification of biomolecules. In particular, the installation of an alkyne as a useful handle for bioconjugation is highly attractive, but the use of a carbon linker is usually required. Herein, we report the gold-catalyzed direct alkynylation of tryptophan in peptides using the hypervalent iodine reagent TIPS-EBX (1-[(triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl]-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one). The reaction proceeded in 50–78% yield under mild conditions and could be applied to peptides containing other nucleophilic and aromatic amino acids, such as serine, phenylalanine or tyrosine. PMID:27340466
Temperature dependence of turnover in a Sc(OTf)3-catalyzed intramolecular Schmidt reaction
Fehl, Charlie; Hirt, Erin E.; Li, Sze-Wan; Aubé, Jeffrey
The intramolecular Schmidt reaction of ketones and tethered azides is an efficient method for the generation of amides and lactams. This reaction is catalyzed by Lewis acids, which tightly bind the strongly basic amide product and result in product inhibition. We report herein conditions to achieve a catalytic Schmidt reaction using substoichiometric amounts of the heat-stable Lewis acid Sc(OTf)3. This species was shown to effectively release products of the Schmidt reaction in a temperature-dependent fashion. Thus, heat was able to promote catalyst turnover. A brief substrate scope was conducted using these conditions. PMID:26085693
Kinetics of the Esterification Reaction Catalyzed by Lipase in W/O Microemulsions of Alkyl Polyglucoside
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Jin Ling CHAI; Shou Qing WANG; Gan Zuo LI; Qing XU; Yan Hong GAO
A novel kinetic mechanism of esterification reaction of 1-hexanoic acid with 1-butanol, catalyzed by lipase, was studied in water-in-oil microemulsions. The microemulsions were formed by alkyl polyglucoside C10G1.54 /1-butanol / cyclohexane/phosphate buffer solution. The result shows that when the ratio of mol concentration of 1-butanol to 1-hexanoic acid is about 3.0, the initial rate V0 get the maximum values. This phenomenon was explained by the modified fishlike phase diagrams.
Mechanism of maltal hydration catalyzed by β-amylase: Role of protein structure in controlling the steric outcome of reactions catalyzed by a glycosylase
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Crystalline (monomeric) soybean and (tetrameric) sweet potato β-amylase were shown to catalyze the cis hydration of maltal (α-D-glucopyranosyl-2-deoxy-D-arabino-hex-1-enitol) to form β-2-deoxymaltose. As reported earlier with the sweet potato enzyme, maltal hydration in D2O by soybean β-amylase was found to exhibit an unusually large solvent deuterium kinetic isotope effect (VH/VD=6.5), a reaction rate linearly dependent on the mole fraction of deuterium, and 2-deoxy-[2(a)-2H]maltose as product. These results indicate (for each β-amylase) that protonation is the rate-limiting step in a reaction involving a nearly symmetric one-proton transition state and that maltal is specifically protonated from above the double bond. That maltal undergoes cis hydration provides evidence in support of a general-acid-catalyzed, carbonium ion mediated reaction. Of fundamental significance is that β-amylase protonates maltal from a direction opposite that assumed for protonating strach, yet creates products of the same anomeric configuration from both. Such stereochemical dichotomy argues for the overriding role of protein structures is dictating the steric outcome of reactions catalyzed by a glycosylase, by limiting the approach and orientation of water or other acceptors to the reaction center
Papain-Catalyzed Synthesis of Polyglutamate Containing a Nylon Monomer Unit
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Kenjiro Yazawa
Full Text Available Peptides have the potential to serve as an alternative for petroleum-based polymers to support a sustainable society. However, they lack thermoplasticity, owing to their strong intermolecular interactions. In contrast, nylon is famous for its thermoplasticity and chemical resistance. Here, we synthesized peptides containing a nylon unit to modify their thermal properties by using papain-catalyzed chemoenzymatic polymerization. We used l-glutamic acid alkyl ester as the amino acid monomer and nylon 1, 3, 4, and 6 alkyl esters as the nylon unit. Papain catalyzed the copolymerization of glutamic acid with nylon 3, 4, and 6 alkyl esters, whereas the nylon 1 unit could not be copolymerized. Other proteases used in this study, namely, bromelain, proteinase K, and Candida antarctica lipase (CALB, were not able to copolymerize with any nylon units. The broad substrate specificity of papain enabled the copolymerization of l-glutamic acid with a nylon unit. The peptides with nylon units demonstrated different thermal profiles from that of oligo(l-glutamic acid. Therefore, the resultant peptides with various nylon units are expected to form fewer intermolecular hydrogen bonds, thus altering their thermal properties. This finding is expected to broaden the applications of peptide materials and chemoenzymatic polymerization.
Dissection of an antibody-catalyzed reaction.
Stewart, J D; Krebs, J F; Siuzdak, G; Berdis, A J; Smithrud, D B; Benkovic, S J
Antibody 43C9 accelerates the hydrolysis of a p-nitroanilide by a factor of 2.5 x 10(5) over the background rate in addition to catalyzing the hydrolysis of a series of aromatic esters. Since this represents one of the largest rate accelerations achieved with an antibody, we have undertaken a series of studies aimed at uncovering the catalytic mechanism of 43C9. The immunogen, a phosphonamidate, was designed to mimic the geometric and electronic characteristics of the tetrahedral intermediate...
Ligand Intermediates in Metal-Catalyzed Reactions
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Gladysz, John A.
The longest-running goal of this project has been the synthesis, isolation, and physical chemical characterization of homogeneous transition metal complexes containing ligand types believed to be intermediates in the metal-catalyzed conversion of CO/H{sub 2}, CO{sub 2}, CH{sub 4}, and similar raw materials to organic fuels, feedstocks, etc. In the current project period, complexes that contain unusual new types of C{sub x}(carbide) and C{sub x}O{sub y} (carbon oxide) ligands have been emphasized. A new program in homogeneous fluorous phase catalysis has been launched as described in the final report.
Highly efficient palladium-catalyzed hydrostannation of ethyl ethynyl ether
Andrews, Ian P.; Kwon, Ohyun
The palladium-catalyzed hydrostannation of acetylenes is widely exploited in organic synthesis as a means of forming vinyl stannanes for use in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Application of this methodology to ethyl ethynyl ether results in an enol ether that is challenging to isolate from the crude reaction mixture because of incompatibility with typical silica gel chromatography. Reported here is a highly efficient procedure for the palladium-catalyzed hydrostannation of ethy...
Metal-ion catalyzed polymerization in the eutectic phase in water-ice
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Monnard, Pierre-Alain; Szostak, Jack W.
The emergence of an RNA world requires among other processes the non-enzymatic, template-directed replication of genetic polymers such as RNA or related nucleic acids, possibly catalyzed by metal ions. The absence of uridilate derivative polymerization on adenine containing templates has been the...... main issue preventing an efficient template-directed RNA polymerization. We report here the investigation of template-directed RNA polymerization in the eutectic phase in water-ice. In particular, it was found that activated Uridilate monomers in the presence of metal-ion catalysts could efficiently......-pairing opportunities. These results suggest that a template-directed RNA polymerization catalyzed by metal-ions could be carried out under eutectic phase in water-ice conditions....
Hydroxamic acids in asymmetric synthesis.
Li, Zhi; Yamamoto, Hisashi
Metal-catalyzed stereoselective reactions are a central theme in organic chemistry research. In these reactions, the stereoselection is achieved predominantly by introducing chiral ligands at the metal catalyst's center. For decades, researchers have sought better chiral ligands for asymmetric catalysis and have made great progress. Nevertheless, to achieve optimal stereoselectivity and to catalyze new reactions, new chiral ligands are needed. Because of their high metal affinity, hydroxamic acids play major roles across a broad spectrum of fields from biochemistry to metal extraction. Dr. K. Barry Sharpless first revealed their potential as chiral ligands for asymmetric synthesis in 1977: He published the chiral vanadium-hydroxamic-acid-catalyzed, enantioselective epoxidation of allylic alcohols before his discovery of Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation, which uses the titanium-tartrate complex as the chiral reagent. However, researchers have reported few highly enantioselective reactions using metal-hydroxamic acid as catalysts since then. This Account summarizes our research on metal-catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation using hydroxamic acids as chiral ligands. We designed and synthesized a series of new hydroxamic acids, most notably the C2-symmetric bis-hydroxamic acid (BHA) family. V-BHA-catalyzed epoxidation of allylic and homoallylic alcohols achieved higher activity and stereoselectivity than Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation in many cases. Changing the metal species led to a series of unprecedented asymmetric epoxidation reactions, such as (i) single olefins and sulfides with Mo-BHA, (ii) homoallylic and bishomoallylic alcohols with Zr- and Hf-BHA, and (iii) N-alkenyl sulfonamides and N-sulfonyl imines with Hf-BHA. These reactions produce uniquely functionalized chiral epoxides with good yields and enantioselectivities. PMID:23157425
Biginelli reaction catalyzed by copper nanoparticles.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Manika Dewan
Full Text Available We recently reported a novel synthesis of copper nanoparticles from copper sulphate utilizing the charge-compensatory effect of ionic liquid [bmim]BF(4 and ethylene glycol. The nanoparticles were characterized and found to be stable for one year. Here we hypothesize that the stabilized nanoparticles should be able to catalyze one-pot multicomponent organic reactions. We show that the nanoparticles catalyzed Biginelli reaction at room temperature to give the product 3,4-dihydopyrimidinone (>90% yield in ~15 minutes from aldehydes, β-diketoester (ethylacetoacetate and urea (or thiourea. . Remarkably, such high yields and rapid kinetics was found to be independent of the electronic density on the reactant aryl-aldehyde. This was probably because even the surface-active particles reacted faster in the presence of ionic liquid as compared to conventional methods. The heterocyclic dihydropyrimidinones (DHPMs and their derivatives are widely used in natural and synthetic organic chemistry due to their wide spectrum of biological and therapeutic properties (resulting from their antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities. Our method has an easy work-up procedure and the nanoparticles could be recycled with minimal loss of efficiency.
Palladium-Catalyzed Arylation of Fluoroalkylamines
Brusoe, Andrew T.; Hartwig, John F.
We report the synthesis of fluorinated anilines by palladium-catalyzed coupling of fluoroalkylamines with aryl bromides and aryl chlorides. The products of these reactions are valuable because anilines typically require the presence of an electron-withdrawing substituent on nitrogen to suppress aerobic or metabolic oxidation, and the fluoroalkyl groups have steric properties and polarity distinct from those of more common electron-withdrawing amide and sulfonamide units. The fluoroalkylaniline products are unstable under typical conditions for C–N coupling reactions (heat and strong base). However, the reactions conducted with the weaker base KOPh, which has rarely been used in cross-coupling to form C–N bonds, occurred in high yield in the presence of a catalyst derived from commercially available AdBippyPhos and [Pd(allyl)Cl]2. Under these conditions, the reactions occur with low catalyst loadings (<0.50 mol % for most substrates) and tolerate the presence of various functional groups that react with the strong bases that are typically used in Pd-catalyzed C–N cross-coupling reactions of aryl halides. The resting state of the catalyst is the phenoxide complex, (BippyPhosPd(Ar)OPh); due to the electron-withdrawing property of the fluoroalkyl substituent, the turnover-limiting step of the reaction is reductive elimination to form the C–N bond. PMID:26065341
Lactic Acid Production from Pretreated Hydrolysates of Corn Stover by a Newly Developed Bacillus coagulans Strain
Ting Jiang; Hui Qiao; Zhaojuan Zheng; Qiulu Chu; Xin Li; Qiang Yong; Jia Ouyang
An inhibitor-tolerance strain, Bacillus coagulans GKN316, was developed through atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) mutation and evolution experiment in condensed dilute-acid hydrolysate (CDH) of corn stover. The fermentabilities of other hydrolysates with B. coagulans GKN316 and the parental strain B. coagulans NL01 were assessed. When using condensed acid-catalyzed steam-exploded hydrolysate (CASEH), condensed acid-catalyzed liquid hot water hydrolysate (CALH) and condensed acid-...
Manganese Catalyzed C-H Halogenation.
Liu, Wei; Groves, John T
The remarkable aliphatic C-H hydroxylations catalyzed by the heme-containing enzyme, cytochrome P450, have attracted sustained attention for more than four decades. The effectiveness of P450 enzymes as highly selective biocatalysts for a wide range of oxygenation reactions of complex substrates has driven chemists to develop synthetic metalloporphyrin model compounds that mimic P450 reactivity. Among various known metalloporphyrins, manganese derivatives have received considerable attention since they have been shown to be versatile and powerful mediators for alkane hydroxylation and olefin epoxidation. Mechanistic studies have shown that the key intermediates of the manganese porphyrin-catalyzed oxygenation reactions include oxo- and dioxomanganese(V) species that transfer an oxygen atom to the substrate through a hydrogen abstraction/oxygen recombination pathway known as the oxygen rebound mechanism. Application of manganese porphyrins has been largely restricted to catalysis of oxygenation reactions until recently, however, due to ultrafast oxygen transfer rates. In this Account, we discuss recently developed carbon-halogen bond formation, including fluorination reactions catalyzed by manganese porphyrins and related salen species. We found that biphasic sodium hypochlorite/manganese porphyrin systems can efficiently and selectively convert even unactivated aliphatic C-H bonds to C-Cl bonds. An understanding of this novel reactivity derived from results obtained for the oxidation of the mechanistically diagnostic substrate and radical clock, norcarane. Significantly, the oxygen rebound rate in Mn-mediated hydroxylation is highly correlated with the nature of the trans-axial ligands bound to the manganese center (L-Mn(V)═O). Based on the ability of fluoride ion to decelerate the oxygen rebound step, we envisaged that a relatively long-lived substrate radical could be trapped by a Mn-F fluorine source, effecting carbon-fluorine bond formation. Indeed, this idea
Common Inorganic Salts Catalyze the Transformations of Organic Compounds in Atmospheric Aerosols
Noziere, B.; Dziedzic, P.; Cordova, A.
This presentation reports the discovery that inorganic salts that are ubiquitous in atmospheric aerosols are efficient catalysts for the transformations of organic compounds in these aerosols, by reactions such as aldol condensation or acetal formation.1 For some of these salts, these catalytic properties were not even known in chemistry.2 Kinetic and product studies of these reactions will be presented for carbonyl compounds such as acetaldehyde, acetone, and glyoxal,1,3 and compared with previously known catalysts such as the recently discovered amino acids.4,5 These studies show that these salts make the reactions as fast in typical tropospheric aerosols as in concentrated sulfuric acid. These reactions produce secondary "fulvic" compounds that absorb light in the near UV and visible and would affect the optical properties of aerosols.1,5 They would also account for the depletion of glyoxal recently reported in Mexico city.3 Thus, while acid catalysis is several orders of magnitudes too slow to be significant in tropospheric aerosols, this work identifies new processes that should be ubiquitous in these aerosols and important for atmospheric chemistry. Refs. 1Noziere, B., Dziedzic, P., Cordova, A., Common inorganic ions catalyze chemical reactions of organic compounds in atmospheric aerosols, Submitted, 2008. 2 Noziere, B., Cordova, A., A novel catalyst for aldol condensation reaction, patent pending 02/10/2007. 3Noziere, B., Dziedzic, P., Cordova, A., Products and kinetics of the liquid-phase reaction of glyoxal catalyzed by inorganic ions, Submitted to J. Phys. Chem. A, 2008. 4Noziere, B., and Cordova, A., A Kinetic and Mechanistic Study of the Amino Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation of Acetaldehyde in Aqueous and Salt Solutions, J. Phys. Chem. A, 112, 2827, 2008. 5Noziere, B., Dziedzic, P., and Cordova, A., The Formation of Secondary Light-Absorbing "fulvic-like" Oligomers: A Common Process in Aqueous and Ionic Atmospheric Particles?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34
Highly Ligand-Controlled Regioselective Pd-Catalyzed Aminocarbonylation of Styrenes with Aminophenols.
Xu, Tongyu; Sha, Feng; Alper, Howard
Achieving chemo- and regioselectivity simultaneously is challenging in organic synthesis. Transition metal-catalyzed reactions are effective in addressing this problem by the diverse ligand effect on the catalyst center. Ligand-controlled regioselective Pd-catalyzed carbonylation of styrenes with aminophenols was realized, chemoselectively affording amides. Using a combination of boronic acid and 5-chlorosalicylic acid as the additives, linear amides were obtained in high yields and selectivity using tris(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphine (L3) in acetonitrile, while branched amides were obtained in high yields and selectivity in butanone by changing the ligand to 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-2,4,8-trioxa-6-phenyl-6-phosphaadamantane (L5). Further studies show that the nature of the ligand is key to the regioselectivity. Cone angle and Tolman electronic parameter (TEP) have been correlated to the reactivity and regioselectivity. Studies on the acid additives show that different acids act as the proton source and the corresponding counterion can help enhance the reactivity and selectivity. PMID:27159663
Lipase catalyzed ester synthesis for food processing industries
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Aravindan Rajendran
Full Text Available Lipases are one of the most important industrial biocatalyst which catalyzes the hydrolysis of lipids. It can also reverse the reaction at minimum water activity. Because of this pliable nature, it is widely exploited to catalyze the diverse bioconversion reactions, such as hydrolysis, esterification, interesterification, alcoholysis, acidolysis and aminolysis. The property to synthesize the esters from the fatty acids and glycerol promotes its use in various ester synthesis. The esters synthesized by lipase finds applications in numerous fields such as biodiesel production, resolution of the recemic drugs, fat and lipid modification, flavour synthesis, synthesis of enantiopure pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. It plays a crucial role in the food processing industries since the process is unaffected by the unwanted side products. Lipase modifications such as the surfactant coating, molecular imprinting to suit for the non-aqueous ester synthesis have also been reported. This review deals with lipase catalyzed ester synthesis, esterification strategies, optimum conditions and their applications in food processing industries.Lipases são catalizadores industriais dos mais importantes, os quais catalizam a hidrólise de lipídeos. Também podem reverter a reação a um mínimo de atividade de água. Devido sua natureza flexível, é amplamente explorada para catalizar uma diversidade de reações de bioconversão como hidrólise, esterificação, interesterificação, alcoólise, acidólise e aminólise. A propriedade de síntese de esteres a partir de ácidos graxos e glicerol promoveu seu uso em várias sínteses de esteres. Os esteres sintetizados por lipases encontram aplicação em numerosos campos como a produção de biodiesel, resolução de drogas racêmicas, modificação de gorduras e lipídios, sintese de aromas, síntese de produtos farmacêuticos enantiopuro e nutracêuticos. As lipases possuem um papel crucial nas indústrias de
Mammalian-like Purple Acid Phosphatases in Plants
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
@@ Introduction Purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) comprise of a family of binuclear metal-containing hydrolases, some members of which have been isolated and characterized from animal, plant and fungal sources[1]. PAPs not only catalyze the hydrolyses of a wide range of phosphate esters and anhydrides under acidic reaction conditions,but also catalyze the generation of hydroxyl radicals in a Fenton-like reaction, by virtue of the presence of a redox-active binuclear metal center.
Enhanced Acid/Base Catalysis in High Temperature Liquid Water
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Xiu Yang LU; Qi JING; Zhun LI; Lei YUAN; Fei GAO; Xin LIU
Two novel and environmentally benign solvent systems, organic acids-enriched high temperature liquid water (HTLW) and NH3-enriched HTLW, were developed, which can enhance the reaction rate of acid/base-catalyzed organic reactions in HTLW. We investigated the decomposition of fructose in organic acids-enriched HTLW, hydrolysis of cinnamaldehyde and aldol condensation of phenylaldehyde with acetaldehyde in NH3-enriched HTLW. The experimental results demonstrated that organic acids-enriched or NH3-enriched HTLW can greatly accelerate acid/base-catalyzed organic reactions in HTLW.
Synthetic applications of gold-catalyzed ring expansions
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Cristina Nevado
Full Text Available The development of new methodologies catalyzed by late transition metals involving cycloisomerizations of strained rings can open new venues for the synthesis of structurally complex molecules with interesting biological activities. Herein we summarize, from both a synthetic as well as a mechanistic point of view, the most recent developments in gold-catalyzed ring expansions.
Hydrolysis of toxic natural glucosides catalyzed by cyclodextrin dicyanohydrins
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Bjerre, J.; Nielsen, Erik Holm Toustrup; Bols, M.
The hydrolysis of toxic 7-hydroxycoumarin glucosides and other aryl and alkyl glucosides, catalyzed by modified a- and ß-cyclodextrin dicyanohydrins, was investigated using different UV, redox, or HPAEC detection assays. The catalyzed reactions all followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and an...
The renaissance of palladium(II)-catalyzed oxidation chemistry
Sigman, Matthew S.; Schultz, Mitchell J.
Palladium(II)-catalyzed oxidations constitute a paramount reaction class but have remained immature over the past few decades. Recently, this field has reappeared at the forefront of organometallic catalysis. This emerging area article outlines recent developments in palladium(II)-catalyzed oxidation chemistry with discussion of potential future growth.
Toward Efficient Palladium-Catalyzed Allylic C-H Alkylation
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Jensen, Thomas; Fristrup, Peter
Recent breakthroughs have proved that direct palladium (II)-catalyzed allylic C-H alkylation can be achieved. This new procedure shows that the inherent requirement for a leaving group in the Tsuji-Trost palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation can be lifted. These initial reports hold great promise...
Carbon Isotope Measurements of Experimentally-Derived Hydrothermal Mineral-Catalyzed Organic Products by Pyrolysis-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry
Socki, Richard A.; Fu, Qi; Niles, Paul B.
We report results of experiments to measure the C isotope composition of mineral catalyzed organic compounds derived from high temperature and high pressure synthesis. These experiments make use of an innovative pyrolysis technique designed to extract and measure C isotopes. To date, our experiments have focused on the pyrolysis and C isotope ratio measurements of low-molecular weight intermediary hydrocarbons (organic acids and alcohols) and serve as a proof of concept for making C and H isotope measurements on more complicated mixtures of solid-phase hydrocarbons and intermediary products produced during high temperature and high pressure synthesis on mineral-catalyzed surfaces. The impetus for this work stems from recently reported observations of methane detected within the Martian atmosphere [1-4], coupled with evidence showing extensive water-rock interaction during Martian history [5-7]. Methane production on Mars could be the result of synthesis by mineral surface-catalyzed reduction of CO2 and/or CO by Fischer-Tropsch Type (FTT) reactions during serpentization reactions [8,9]. Others have conducted experimental studies to show that FTT reactions are plausible mechanisms for low-molecular weight hydrocarbon formation in hydrothermal systems at mid-ocean ridges [10-12]. Further, recent experiments by Fu et al. [13] focus on examining detailed C isotope measurements of hydrocarbons produced by surface-catalyzed mineral reactions. Work described in this paper details the experimental techniques used to measure intermediary organic reaction products (alcohols and organic acids).
Catalyzed deuterium fueled tandem mirror reactor assessment
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
This study was part of a Department of Energy supported alternate fusion fuels program at Science Applications International Corp. The purpose of this portion of the study is to perform an assessment of a conceptual tandem mirror reactor (TMR) that is fueled by the catalyzed-deuterium (Cat-d) fuel cycle with respect to the physics, technology, safety, and cost. Achievable stable betas and magnet configurations are found to be comparable for the Cat-d and d-t fueled TMR. A comparison with respect to cost, reactor performance, and technology requirements for a Cat-d fueled reactor and a comparable d-t fueled reactor such as MARS is also made
Transition Metal Catalyzed Synthesis of Aryl Sulfides
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Chad C. Eichman
Full Text Available The presence of aryl sulfides in biologically active compounds has resulted in the development of new methods to form carbon-sulfur bonds. The synthesis of aryl sulfides via metal catalysis has significantly increased in recent years. Historically, thiolates and sulfides have been thought to plague catalyst activity in the presence of transition metals. Indeed, strong coordination of thiolates and thioethers to transition metals can often hinder catalytic activity; however, various catalysts are able to withstand catalyst deactivation and form aryl carbon-sulfur bonds in high-yielding transformations. This review discusses the metal-catalyzed arylation of thiols and the use of disulfides as metal-thiolate precursors for the formation of C-S bonds.
Theoretical survey of muon catalyzed fusion
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The main steps in the muon-catalyzed d-t fusion cycle are given in this report. Most of the stages are very fast, and therefore do not contribute significantly to the cycling time. Thus at liquid H2 densities (/phi/ = 1 in the standard convention) the time for stopping the negative muon, its subsequent capture and deexcitation to the ground state is estimated to be /approximately/ 10/sup/minus/11/ sec.1 The muon spends essentially all of its time in either the (dμ) ground state, waiting for transfer to a (tμ) ground state to occur, or in the (tμ) ground state, writing for molecular formation to occur. Following the formation of this ''mesomolecule'' (actually a muonic molecular ion), deexcitation and fusion are again fast. Then the muon is (usually) liberated to go around again. We will discuss these steps in some detail. 5 refs., 3 figs
Gallium-Catalyzed Silicon Oxide Nanowire Growth
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Zheng Wei Pan; Sheng Dai; Douglas H.Lowndes
Silicon oxide nanowires tend to assemble into various complex morphologies through a metalcatalyzed vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth process. This article summarizes our recent efforts in the controlled growth of silicon oxide nanowire assemblies by using molten gallium as the catalyst and silicon wafer,SiO powder, or silane (SiH4) as the silicon sources. Silicon oxide nanowire assemblies with morphologies of carrotlike, cometlike, gourdlike, spindlelike, badmintonlike, sandwichlike, etc. were obtained. Although the morphologies of the nanowire assemblies are temperature- and silicon source-dependent, they share similar structural and compositional features: all the assemblies contain a microscale spherical liquid Ga ball and a highly aligned, closely packed amorphous silicon oxide nanowire bunch. The Ga-catalyzed silicon oxide nanowire growth reveals several interesting new nanowire growth phenomena that expand our knowledge of the conventional VLS nanowire growth mechanism.
Direct conversion of muon catalyzed fusion energy
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
In this paper a method of direct conversion of muon catalyzed fusion (MCF) energy is proposed in order to reduce the cost of muon production. This MCF concept is based on a pellet composed of many thin solid deuterium-tritium (DT) rods encircled by a metallic circuit immersed in a magnetic field. The direct energy conversion is the result of the heating of the pellet by beam injection and fusion alphas. The expanding DT rods causes the change of magnetic flux linked by the circuit. Our calculation shows that the direct conversion method reduces the cost of one muon by a factor of approximately 2.5 over the previous methods. The present method is compatible with a reactor using the pellet concept, where the muon sticking is reduced by the ion cyclotron resonance heating and the confinement of the exploding pellet is handled by magnetic fields and the coronal plasma. 17 refs., 6 figs