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Which Joe gave his name to 'sloppy joes'? We look at five interesting sandwiches and their lexical origins.
Definition of trellis in English:
A framework of light wooden or metal bars, chiefly used as a support for fruit trees or climbing plants.
lattice, framework, open framework, espalierView synonyms
- 'If trellising just isn't in the picture for your garden, I would recommend growing a semi-leafless pea variety like Novella II.'
- 'Three raised-bed gardens are built for each participant, complete with soil, trellis, seeds, fertilizer, and instructions.'
- 'Hidden behind trellises that enclose the outdoor growing area are lush green cabbages, green beans, exotic lettuces, peppers, tomatoes, spinach and a number of herbs, mostly in containers.'
- 'Grow climbing plants such as pole beans and cucumbers on trellising at the back of the bed.'
- 'It would benefit from the addition of some trees, hedging or trellising in order to create more privacy.'
- 'Outside, the back yard has been painted blue and features trellising, plants and flowers.'
- 'I pick a hefty amount of Malabar spinach, which vines up trellises throughout the gardens.'
- 'Create privacy screens by planting fast-growing annual vines up trellises around your patio.'
- 'Climbing roses need support in the form of an arbor, trellis, fence or wall.'
- 'A stake, trellis, or cage keeps fruits and foliage off the soil and allows air to circulate around the plants, reducing the likelihood of foliage blights.'
- 'Modern facade greening, however, favors the use of climbers supported by steel cables or trellis, holding the plants away from the building surface.'
- 'Environments are the fertilizer, trellis, and sunlight: variation in the seeds that we supply is insignificant.'
- 'A striking feature of the garden is the large willow screens which have been mounted on two walls and will act as trellis for the climbing plants.'
- 'The best idea is to support vines or taller plants on a wire, pole or trellis so that you can move the plant or transfer it into a bigger pot when necessary.'
- 'Once this stage is reached, there is no turning back and the clematis quickly covers trellis and wall, pulling itself into shrubs and trees along its way.'
- 'The simplest method of using the mesh is for straight fencing and trellising to support tomatoes, beans and other vining plants, such as cucumbers and even melons.'
- 'This area is partially enclosed by more trellis with honeysuckle and climbing roses growing up it.'
- ''Decorate concrete walls with trellising and a few climbing plants,' said Gallagher.'
- 'The back garden measures 38 feet by 18 feet and again is mainly in lawn with flowerbeds and trellising.'
- 'Specially created foliage, flowers and trellising will recreate a classic English country garden with added sound effects such as church bells, buzzing bees and bird song.'
verb[WITH OBJECT]usually as adjective trellised
1Provide with or enclose in a trellis.'a trellised archway'
- 'A glazed wall on the south heats the interior in the winter, while trellised sun shades keep it cool in the summer.'
- 'The salad garden grows colorful lettuce, basil, tarragon and trellised peas.'
- 'The project includes elements of courtyards from various regions of the country, such as wells, trellised vines, stonewalls, and flowerbeds, forming a generalised image of a Bulgarian courtyard.'
- 'Ben, Olivia and the registrar were standing beneath a trellised archway, white climbing roses twisting around its wooden frame, while the rest of the guests stood to the rear, sipping champagne and watching the proceedings.'
- 'The mixture of Provencal and Normandine exterior was punctuated with trellised ivy.'
- 'Where space is at a premium, I'd recommend growing roses vertically, climbing or rambling varieties planted to run riot up a wall or up a free-standing trellised arch, leaving the pots and beds for other plants.'
- 'A trellised gateway rises from low garden walls and is partly covered by wisteria and clematis.'
- 'Roses trailed across trellised arcades, the trellis in the courtyard inspiring Morris's earliest wallpaper design.'
- 'A porch extended from the kitchen to a trellised walk dripping wisteria in the spring.'
- 'One of the most remarkable examples of realism in classical art must be the mosaic of the Labours of the Fields from Cherchel in Algeria, with men hoeing between trellised vines.'
- 'Cottages sit in gardens dripping with trellised roses beside shores lapped by frothy waves.'
- 'Its Spanish colonial architecture consists of arched facades, muted plaster exteriors and trellised courtyards.'
- 'The most common arch form is constructed of steel uprights supported in concrete-filled oil drums, with a trellised head spanning the road.'
- 'Miss Rodman stuck her head around the trellised entrance.'
- 'A trellised barricade was constructed some distance from the front of the poop, which effectually prevented any communication between the single women and the crew or male passengers.'
- 'A some clusters of ripe black grapes hanging from a trellised vine.'
- 'In the summer and fall, they run a popular fruit stand, housed in an old converted picker's cabin with picnic tables, trellised apple trees, and a breath-taking view of Mt. Hood.'
- 'A whimsical high arched pavilion with a trellised canopy rises on spindle columns, which are fine twisted supports, from a fragile stepped garden bridge with a pierced fretwork balustrade echoing that of the head of the bed.'
- 'They bought the property nine years ago so they'd have more room for their own garden, which includes a fruit orchard, a maze made of trellised raspberry bushes, and enough vegetables to supply a small army.'
- 'Two have elegant trellised porches and verandas in the fashionable Regency style.'
- 1.1 Support (a climbing plant) with a trellis.
- 'Choose pole beans over bush beans, and trellis them along the back of a container.'
- 'Organic managers adhere to the same basic principles when it comes to selecting a site for a new orchard, choosing rootstocks, pruning, and staking or trellising trees.'
- 'And if you grow them, I recommend that you trellis them.'
- 'Summer and autumn raspberries are trellised between rhubarb, which is forced in terracotta pots to promote sweetness.'
- 'In my travels to gardens and farms around the world, I've seen a variety of inventive ways to trellis tomato plants.'
Late Middle English (denoting any latticed screen): from Old French trelis, from Latin trilix 'three-ply', from tri- 'three' + licium 'warp thread'. Current senses date from the early 16th century.
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Evaluation of Fractures in Calves due to Forced Extraction during Dystocia: 27 Cases ( ) [1]
- Egbert Miller
- 1 years ago
- Views:
1 Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 15 (3): , 2009 RESEARCH ARTICLE Evaluation of Fractures in Calves due to Forced Extraction during Dystocia: 27 Cases ( ) [1] Özgür AKSOY * İsa ÖZAYDIN * Engin KILIÇ * Savaş ÖZTÜRK * Emine GÜNGÖR * Başak KURT * Hasan ORAL** [1] A part of this study was previously presented in XIst National Congress of Veterinary Surgery (25-28 July 2008, Kuşadası - Aydın, TURKEY) * Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kafkas, Kars - TURKEY ** Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kafkas, Kars - TURKEY Makale Kodu (Article Code): 2008/100-A Summary This was a retrospective study evaluating fractures occurred in calves within a 6 year period ( ) where dam had dystocia intervened by attending person. A total of 27 calves with fracture due to intervened dystocia were referred to the clinics within this period. The treated Fractures by using PVC bandage were located in corpus mandible in 10 cases, in metacarpus in 7 cases, in radiusulna in 3 cases, in metatarsus in 2 cases, in tibia in 1 case and, in humerus in 1 case. Bilateral corpus mandible fractures in 8 cases were fixed by transfixation pinning and casting and these cases completely recovered. Two cases of metatarsus fracture were treated by intramedullar pinning. Three cases with metacarpus fracture, one unilateral and one bilateral open fracture cases were treated by transfixation pinning and casting with PMMA. The first case recovered but later case did not recover due to a severe infection. Two of radius-ulna fracture of three cases were subjected to PVC bandage. Recovery was obtained in femur fracture after intramedullar pinning. Supra- and inter-condyler fracture in humerus was treated by internal fixation but this case did not recover. The remaining cases (n=8) were either not eligible for treatment or data were not complete for evaluation. In conclusion, the healing based on the treatment techniques was successfully obtained in terms of the localizations, type, and open or closed condition of fracture. Keywords: Calf, Dystocia, Fracture Buzağılarda Güç Doğum Sırasında Hatalı Uygulamalar Sonucu Şekillenen Kırık Olgularının Değerlendirilmesi: 27 Olgu ( ) Özet Bu retrospektiv çalışmada, 6 yıllık periyotta ( ) buzağılarda güç doğum sırasındaki hatalı ve/veya aşırı zorlamalar nedeniyle şekillenen kırık olguları değerlendirildi. Bu süre içerisinde kliniğimize getirilen 27 buzağıda güç doğuma bağlı kırık saptandı. Kırıklar, 10 olguda corpus mandibula, 7 olguda metacarpus, 3 olguda radius-ulna, 3 olguda femur, 2 olguda metatarsus, 1 olguda tibia ve 1 olguda humerusta lokalizeydi. Bilateral corpus mandibula kırığı olan olguların 8 inde transfixation pinning ve casting ile fiksasyon yapıldı ve tümü problemsiz iyileşti. Metatarsus kırık olgularının 2 sinde de intramedullar pin uygulamasıyla sağaltım gerçekleştirildi. Metacarpusta kırık şekillenen olguların 3 ünde sadece PVC li bandaj ile iyileşme sağlanırken, tek taraflı açık kırık şekillenen 1 olgu ile bilateral açık kırık saptanan bir olguda transfixation pinning ve PMMA ile casting uygulandı. İlkinden olumlu sonuç alınırken diğerinde yaygın enfeksiyon nedeniyle olumlu sonuç alınamadı. Radius-ulna kırığı bulunan 3 olgunun 2 sinde PVC li bandaj uygulamasıyla tedavi edildi. Femur kırığı bulunan olguların 1 inde intramedullar pinning uygulanarak iyileşme elde edildi. Humerusta supra ve intercondyler kırık bulunan olguda internal fixation ile sağaltım uygulandı ancak iyileşme sağlanamadı. Diğer olgularda tedavi ve sonuçları için yeterli veri oluşturulamadı veya herhangi bir sağaltım uygulanmadı. Sonuç olarak, kırığın şekillendiği bölge, kırık tipi ve açık-kapalı oluşuna göre uygulanan sağaltım teknikleriyle yüksek oranlarda iyileşme sağlanmıştır. Anahtar sözcükler: Buzağı, Güç doğum, Kırık İletişim (Correspondence) /1277
2 340 Evaluation of Fractures in Calves... INTRODUCTION The current studies of genetic improvement for high meat and milk production in cattle has apotential to cause a relative discordancy between dam and foetus, and this leads to increase the dystocia problems. Generally, inappropriate manipulation or manual and mechanical forces by owners and sometimes veterinarians to help parturation cause traumatic disorders in muscle, bone and joint, and nerve and other soft tissues which may often lead to dying of foetus during parturation or postnatal period. In same cases, dam also could be damaged in various grades. It has been reported that the incidence of dystocia varies due to some factors such as age of mother, bred of animal, sex of fetus, nutrition, environmental and climate conditions, and the presentation or position of foetus 1 During excessive and forced traction process, the trauma cased by using material during distocia and/or inappropriate forced extraction lead to fractures and dislocations with various soft tissue lesions (the destroying of muscle, nerve and vessel) 1 in firstly metacarpus/metatarsus 2,3, mandible 4-6, femur 3,7, tibia 2,3, radius-ulna 2,3,8, humerus 3 and ribs 9,10. In order to define treatment choice, it should be considered the type, localization and condition of fracture (open or closed), the economical value of animal, cost of treatment and required care conditions in healing period 3. In farm animals, the bandaging technique supported with some materials such as Polyvinylchloride (PVC) and aluminum and the splinting such as Thomas Splint alone or combined with bandage have been frequently used as a treatment choice for external reduction of closed fractures 2,3, The transfixation pinning and casting methods are also used especially in the reduction and fixation of fractures of metacarpus/metatarsus, tibia and radius 2,8,12,13,16 ulna. The internal fixation techniques applied by using some materials such as intramedullar pinning, cerclage wiring, screw, dynamic compression plate (DCP), interlocking pin are recommended particularly in reduction of the dislocated, fragmented and complicated fractures (with pieces) or in the fractures established in bones not suitable for bandaging or splinting 2,13,17,18. This retrospective study evaluated the types, localizations and treatment techniques of fractures in calves occurred by the inappropriate forced extraction during distocia in six-year period ( ). MATERIAL and METHODS Twenty seven calves with fractures occurred during the inappropriate manipulations of dystocia were used in the study. These calves with various bred, age and sex were received to Kafkas University, Veterinary Faculty Surgery Clinics in the period of The information based on the anamnesis obtained from the owners about the manipulations during distocia was recorded. The types and localizations of the fractures were determined by physical and radiographic examination. Seventeen cases of fractures encountered in extremities were treated by using the methods of the closed reduction with PVC bandage in five cases, the internal fixation (with intramedullar pin, screw, cerclage wire) in four cases, and the transfixation pinning and casting in two cases. Eight cases of bilateral mandible fracture were treated by transfixation pinning and fiberglass casting. The other fractures (six cases with extremities and two cases with mandible) were not evaluated because of unsuitability for treatment and /or obtaining insufficient data about the cases. While bandage applications were realized under sedation, the surgery for fractures of mandible and forelimbs were carried out under general anesthesia and the surgery in the hindlimbs were applied under general or spinal anesthesia. The closed reduction with PVC bandage and internal fixations (using by cerclage wire, pin and screw) were applied by routine techniques in extremities. For transfixation pinning, two pins were replaced to both proximal and distal fragment of the fractured bone transversally and the pins were fixed by polymethyl metacrylate (PMMA). In the fracture of corpus mandible, three pins were replaced transversally into oral (two pins) and aboral (one pin) parts of fracture fragments and the reduction and stabilization were obtained by fiberglass casting. The post-treatment period was followed by receiving the patents to the clinic, calling the owners to get the feedbacks, or visiting to patients based on the stage of cases. In the cases treated by tranfixation pinning, the pins were removed at the 5th-6th weeks after surgery based on the radiological findings.
3 341 AKSOY, ÖZAYDIN, KILIÇ ÖZTÜRK, GÜNGÖR, KURT, ORAL Table 1. Animals and localization and type of fractures Tablo 1. Olgular ve bunlarda saptanan kırıkların tip ve lokalizasyonu Animal Case No Breed Sex Age (Day) Localization and Type of Fracture Simmental Female 1 Corpus mandible, bilateral, oblique, open Simmental Male 7 Metacarpus, distal diaphyseal, oblique, open Swiss Brown Female 1 Metatarsus, distal diaphyseal, oblique, closed Swiss Brown Male 4 Metatcarpus, distal diaphyseal, oblique, closed Local Female 1 Corpus mandible, bilateral, oblique, open Mixed Female 1 Corpus mandible, bilateral, oblique, open Simmental Male 1 Metatarsus, distal diaphyseal, oblique, closed Swiss Brown Male 20 Corpus mandible, bilateral, oblique, open Simmental Male 1 Metacarpus, distal diaphyseal, oblique, open bilateral Swiss Brown Male 20 Corpus mandible, bilateral, oblique, open Simmental Male 1 Metatcarpus, distal diaphyseal, oblique, closed Simmental Male 1 Metatcarpus, distal diaphyseal, oblique, closed Swiss Brown Female 30 Metatcarpus, distal diaphyseal, oblique, closed Simmental Male 3 Metatcarpus, distal diaphyseal, oblique, closed Simmental Male 3 Radius-ulna, distal diaphyseal, oblique, closed Local Male 1 Femur, middle diaphyseal, fragmented, closed Swiss Brown Female 1 Corpus mandible, bilateral, oblique, open Swiss Brown Male 12 Tibia, proximal diaphyseal, closed Simmental Male 5 Radius-ulna, distal diaphyseal, oblique, closed Simmental Male 2 Corpus mandible, bilateral, oblique, open Swiss Brown Male 10 Radius-ulna, distal diaphyseal, ulna-transversal, radius-oblik, closed Simmental Male 3 Humerus, inter- and supra-condyler, closed Swiss Brown Male 3 Corpus mandible, bilateral, oblique, open Simmental Female 2 Corpus mandible, bilateral, oblique, open Simmental Male 21 Corpus mandible, bilateral, oblique, open Simmental Male 2 Femur, distal diaphyseal, transversal, closed Simmental Female 10 Femur, distal diaphyseal, oblique, closed RESULTS Among 511 calves brought the clinic during the study period, 45 (%8.8) of fractures were observed by various reasons and 27 out of these 45 cases (60%) with fractures of different types and localizations were caused by inappropriate manipulations for dystocia. These 27 cases correspond to 5.4% of total calves received to the surgery clinic. The ages of calves were varied in 1-30 days; however, the majority of them were 1-3 day-old. The distribution of bred, sex and age of the calves are shown in Table 1. Based on the anamnesis obtained from owners, the fractures were formed depending on the position and presentation of foetus after the owners forced the foetus by tying on metacarpal/metatarsal region with a rope or chain by extraction with hand, other animal forces, or tractor. It was also recognized that all of the mandible fractures were formed during the forced extraction by veterinarians during replacing a chain to margo interalveolaris of foetus. All of the mandible fractures (n=10) localized in margo interalveolaris were formed in bilateral as an oblique open fracture. One of these was not treated since it was brought to the clinic after three weeks of parturition and the necrosis was seen in mandible (Figure 1). Another case was not evaluated in terms of treatment and results. The remained 8 cases were Fig 1. Bilateral open fracture in the corpus mandibula (necrosis) Şekil 1. Corpus mandibulada bilateral açık kırık (nekroz)
4 342 Evaluation of Fractures in Calves... Fig 2. The fracture in the corpus mandibula. Clinical view (A), Radiographic image before surgery (B), Post-operative clinical view (C), Postoperative radiographic image (D) Şekil 2. Corpus mandibula kırığı A- Klinik görünüm, B- Operasyon öncesi radyografik görünüm, C- Postoperatif klinik görünüm, D- Postoperatif radyografik görünüm Fig 3. The fracture in the corpus mandibule. Radiographic images before (A) and after (B) the surgery Şekil 3. Corpus mandibula kırığı A- Operasyon öncesi radyografik görünüm, B- Postoperatif radyografik görünüm recovered by transfixation pinning and fiberglass casting techniques (Figures 2 and 3) without any complication. It was observed that all of these patients started sucking their mothers within 8-12 hours and taking their food without a help. Six and one of metacarpus fractures formed as unilaterally and bilaterally in distal diaphyseal region of the bone, respectively. Five and two of them were oblique and transversal fracture, respectively. One bilateral and one unilateral open fractures observed in two cases were operated by transfixation pinning and PMMA casting methods. The unilateral fracture was recovered; however, the other animal was sent to slaughterhouse because of a severe infection. While three cases of closed fracture were recovered by PVC bandage, the other two cases was not considered. While two cases of metatarsus fracture formed in distal diaphyseal oblique fracture and one cases of femur with middle diaphyseal fragmented fracture were recovered by using intramedullary pinning, one of cases with supra- and inter-condylar humerus fracture was treated by intramedullar pin and screw fixation; however, it was not recovered due to early screw loosening and pin migration. One case with proximal diaphyseal tibia fracture was not evaluated based on the treatment and results.
5 343 AKSOY, ÖZAYDIN, KILIÇ ÖZTÜRK, GÜNGÖR, KURT, ORAL All of the radius-ulna fractures (n=3) were localized in distal diaphysis. While the oblique fractures were observed in both bones of two cases, the oblique and transversal fractures were observed in radius and ulna in the other case, respectively. Two cases of these were treated by PVC bandaging and the remaining case was not evaluated. DISCUSSION In Turkey as well as many other countries, the meat and milk consuming has been obtained from small and large ruminants. Various improvement studies and genetic advances have been performed in order to get more productivity and yield by a lesser of management expenses and work. As a result of this condition, a remarkable increase of pure and crossbred cattle population compared with local breeds has been recently observed in Northeastern Anatolia especially within last years. Consequently, this has caused to increase the incidence in losses (foetal death, traumatic conditions due to dystocia, predisposition to infections of calves and cows in postnatal and postpartal periods, etc.). The incidence of dystocia is observed related with fetus and dam with higher frequency in beef cattle than that of in milk cattle. There are many reasons of dystocia such as inertial uterus, torsio uteri, relative narrowness of pelvic structure, insufficient widening in soft and hard structures of birth canal and disorders of presentation - position of foetus. In addition, the difference of breed between dam and foetus, nutrition, management conditions, climate conditions, the condition score of dam, sex of foetus (male foetus are more prone than females), twiness, the disorders of presentation and position of foetus also potentially cause dystocia 1. The most of calves brought to our clinics were male and Simmental breed. As described above, this may be related to the combination of predisposition and causative factors (the predisposition of sex and breed, nourishment, nutrition and climate conditions etc.). Görgül et al. 3 reported that the incidence of the disorders of extremites in surgical disorders were 13.8% and 80.6% were caused by inappropriate manipulations during helping for birth in calves brought to the Surgery Clinics of Uludağ University, Veterinary Faculty, within a period of 8 years ( ). In the present study of the calves brought to our clinics within a period of 6 years ( ), the rate of fractures cases in surgical disease was 8.8% and 60% of these (5.4% of all the calves) were caused by similar inappropriate manipulations during helping for birth in dystocia. It may be suggested that these data are not enough to reflect the current rates of the Kars Province because the most of calves in our clinics were brought from surrounding villages only. If the number cases of died calves during birth or after birth and the calves treated or non-treated by veterinarians are added to these rates, it can be concluded that the mentioned problems are significant problem of this region. The rope or chain tied to extremities for traction of fotetus causes to open or close fractures associated with soft tissues damages depending on presentation or position of foetus 2,3,8. In some cases, more proximal bones may also be affected during this force. In addition, the excessive tractions also lead to the thoracal trauma in case of difficulties/impossibilities during the passing of fetus in birth canal 9,10. As the material using for traction of foetus usually replaces on the metacarpal/metatarsal region, most of fractures during birth can be formed especially in these regions. Similarly, it has been reported that most of fractures (n=9) were observed in these regions in the present study. In addition, it was observed that open or closed fractures with accompanied with various soft tissue damage in the cases of the metacarpal/metatarsal fractures. It is importantly noticed that all of these cases had distal diaphyseal fractures and these findings agrees with the other references which explain that the fractures are caused by trauma occurred with the rope or chain to the region during traction of foetus 2,3. It may be concluded that the other fractures were formed due to inappropriate biomechanical tractions (the application of traction in unsuitable angles). It has been shown that the mandible fractures are rarely seen and especially presented as a case report 5,6. In contrast, the rate of bilateral corpus mandibula fractures in our present report were 10 of 27 cases. Unfortunately, it was seen that some veterinarinas had applied for mandibular traction in foetus for birth aid. Various techniques for treatment of extremity fractures are recommended by surgeons as depending on some factors such as type and localisation of fracture, type and severe of trauma, choice of treatment, genetical value of animal, cost of treatment and the conditions of management. It was reported that highly successful results have been obtained in the calves treated with techniques of bandage and splint 2,3,11-15, transfixation
6 344 Evaluation of Fractures in Calves... pinning and PMMA cast 2,8,12,13,16, internal fixation 2,13,17,18. In the present study, following the 10 of 17 cases with extremity fracture were appropriately treated by a suitable techniques mentioned above, all the patients were recovered except for two patients. Also, the 8 of 10 cases with mandible fracture were successfully treated by transfixation pinning and fiberglass cast. In conclusion, it is understood that one of the most critical problems among surgical disorders in calves are fractures associated with other traumatic disorders formed during obstetrical processes. The etiology of these is contained by empirical methods by the owners and inappropriate manipulations of veterinarians without caring of biomechanical criteria during extraction force. It is suggested that the veterinarians should use appropriate techniques and avoid the owners of animal interfere unless necessary and not try to treat of fractures by empirical methods to reduce the economical losses. The caring attention to important criteria for helping of birth by veterinarians and owners of animal will contribute to decrease of economical losses. It should be remarkably noticed that the maintenance of profitability of an animal husbandry and management depend on the obtaining one calve per dam and continuation of regular profit for every year. Additionally, the appropriate applications and false treatments give very strong damage to foetus beside dam, cause predispositions for obstetrical and gynecological problems, and sometimes lead to complete infertility. The treatment of calves with fracture should be considered as a valuable profit to tolerate the economical waste in the calves having a value of high genetics. Because every untreated and lost calve create an additional costing to farm for another year. It must be considered that if an opportunity intercepts to treat in accurate time, the treatment methods can be more successful. Furthermore, under the light of results of this study, it is necessary that the informing and education of farmers regularly and continuously by faculties, civilian associations, ministry and field veterinarians. REFERENCES 1. Noakes DE: Dystocia and Other Disorders Associated with Parturation. In, Noakes DE, Parkinson TJ, England GCW (Eds): Arthur s Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics. 8th ed. WB Saunders Co, Philadelphia, pp , Steiner A: Management of metacarpal, metatarsal, radial and tibial fractures in calves. Nineth Annual ESVOT Congress, April, Munich - Germany, Görgül OS, Seyrek-İntaş D, Çelimli N, Çeçen G, Salcm H, Akmn İ: Buzağllarda klrlk olgularlnln değerlendirilmesi: 31 Olgu ( ). Veteriner Cerrahi Dergisi, 10 (3-4): 16-20, Trent AM, Ferguson JG: Bovine mandibular fractures. Can Vet J, 26, , Singh KB: Surgical repair of bilateral mandibular fracture in a buffalo calf. Indian Vet J, 74, 63-64, Yadav GU, Markandeya NM, Bhikane AU, Kale SB: Management of mandibular fracture in a new born calf- A case report. Indian Vet J, 80, 1287, Ferguson JG, Dehghani, Petrali EH: Fractures of the femur in newborn calves. Can Vet J, 31, , St-Jean G, Debowes RM: Transfixation pinning and casting of radial-ulnar fractures in calves: A review of three cases. Can Vet J, 33, , Schuh JoAnn CL: A retrospective study of dystocia-related vertebral fractures in neonatal calves. Can Vet J, 29, , Çeçen G, Görgül OS: Holstein lrkl buzağlda bilateral kosta klrlğl ve akciğer yaralanmasl. Veteriner Cerrahi Dergisi, 12 (1,2,34): , Görgül OS, Yanmk K: Koaptasyon ve destek materyali olarak Polivinylidyn chloride (PVC) atellerin kullanlml üzerine klinik çallşmalar. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 29 (3-4): , St-Jean G, Debowes RM: Transfixation pinning and casting of tibial fractures in calves: Five cases ( ). JAVMA, 198 (1): , Newman KD, Anderson DE: Fracture management in llamas and alpacas. Small Rum Res, 61, , Latrach R, Segard E, Frikha MR: Cas clinique: Traitement d une fracture du tibia chez un veau par un pansement Robert-jones associe a des atelles. Revue Med Vet, 158 (7): , Gangl M, Grulke S, Serteyn D, Touati K: Retrospective study of 99 cases of bone fractures in cattle treated by external coaptation or confinement. Vet Rec, 158, , Anderson DE, St-Jean G: Repair of fractures of the radius and ulna in an ewe using positive profile transfixation pins and casting. Can Vet J, 34, , Aslanbey D, Sağlam M, Kaya A, Bilgili H: Bir buzağlda distal diafizer parçall metacarpus klrlğlnln DCP plak kullanllarak sağaltlml. Veteriner Cerrahi Dergisi, 3 (1): 40-43, Thilagar S, Ganesh TN, George RS, Kumaresan A: Management of comminuted fracture of metatarsus using dynamic compression plate and position screw in a calf. Indian Vet J, 82, , 2005.
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Ati hd 6370m driver xp
Havefor those who havewhen you havein case you have recently upgraded your operating systemoperating-systemosmain systemWhen the drivers are updated with new files, the oldthat oldthe existingthe previous ones ati hd 6370m driver xp obsoleteIf you haveyouveyouve gotyou might have speakers, make sure tocertain toguaranteed tolikely to make Speakers your default device. Driver San Francisco also gets areceives aturns into a single-player.
But at EMC, your talents and potential will getcan getare. Certain to getis certain to get the right break and E20-390 is the perfectis the bestis the ideal means to thisThe biggest problem for everyfor eachfor each and everyfor every single app developer is how to maketo createto produceto generate their app could bemight becould possibly bemay be easily found inpresent inseen inwithin app storeThis 2-door, 2 seats coupe with ahaving ausing awhich has a mid-mounted engine follows the traditionalthe standardthe originalthe regular design successfully applied by Lamborghini for more thanin excess offor aati ati hd 6370m driver xp over three decades.
Every day more and moreincreasingly morea growing number ofa lot more young. Drivers hit the streets and highways of Metro AtlantaMake drvier that thethehow thethat this driver program, you areyoureyou might beyou drivr to be downloading is compatible with the operating ati hd 6370m driver xp system to avoid incompatibility issues2) Some courts are biased toward the debtor when theonce theif thein the event the debtor lodges some complaint at thein theon thewith the court, asserting they need tothey have tothey shouldthey must drive for theirfor his or herforbecause of their job, or toin order tooras well as to take their mother to schoolto collegeuniversityto varsity, etc.


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To the Editor In the Clinical Crossroads article on cesarean delivery on maternal request (CDMR), Dr Ecker1 enumerated short- and long-term risks to maternal health, risks for future pregnancies, and short-term health risks to the infant. However, his review did not cover long-term health risks to the infant.
This is an important omission. Increasing evidence suggests that cesarean delivery jeopardizes infant, child, and even adult health. Rigorous, large-scale cohort studies and meta-analyses have consistently linked cesarean delivery to cardiometabolic disease (overweight and obesity, type 1 diabetes), autoimmune and inflammatory disorders (allergic rhinitis, food allergy and atopy, asthma, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease), and autism.2 The magnitudes of risk for elective cesarean delivery have been found to be greater than those for emergency cesarean delivery in some of these diseases, including celiac disease, Crohn disease, and autism. One cohort study3 showed that CDMR is associated with an increased risk of childhood overweight.
Li H, Liu J, Blustein J. Cesarean Delivery on Maternal Request. JAMA. 2013;310(9):977-978. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.194750
© 2017


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Need Service Now? We answer calls 24/7.
We'll make it right or refund your money--guaranteed.
Learn more
A water heater is something that is easy to ignore—until suddenly you're taking cold showers. And by then it's probably too late. That's why it's important to schedule regular water heater maintenance check-ups with your local ARS®/Rescue Rooter® plumber. It will work better, use less energy and last longer.
Water heaters often build up sediment that can damage the tank. To remove these sediments, it may be necessary to drain your tank. You will want an expert to help perform this task to avoid any potential issues.
If you spy metal or rust in your tank's water, call ARS®/Rescue Rooter® immediately. These particles may indicate the anode rod needs to be replaced. The anode rod attracts chemicals in the water and keeps them from rusting away the tank liner.
If the water heater liner corrodes, the unit can begin leaking. If the drain pan under the water heater is old or incorrectly installed, you may find your home experiences water damage to floors, ceilings or walls, depending on the water heater location.
Caution: Turn off the power at your circuit breaker or shut off the gas before making any kind of water heater inspection.
Repair or Replace?
How do you know whether to repair or replace a water heater? A good rule of thumb is to never spend on repair more than half the cost of replacing your hot water heater. In most cases, residential water heaters that are out of warranty should be replaced. The cost savings from a new water heater's efficiency far outweighs the repair cost and lack of performance of an old water heater.
Your local ARS®/Rescue Rooter® plumbers provide water heater repair and replacement services, including high-efficiency and tankless models.
If you believe you have a water heater leak, contact your local ARS®/Rescue Rooter® plumbing specialists by calling 866-399-2885 immediately. We offer 24/7 emergency service for water heater repair and replacement.
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Customer Comment from Tony V. from Orlando, FL
Brad & Jason did an outstanding job of installing a new HVAC system in our home. They were professional and courteous and had everything working in a short amount of time. Would recommend ARS of Orlando to anyone looking for a good, efficient HVAC system.
Brad & Jason did an outstanding job of installing a new HVAC system in our home. They were professional and courteous and had everything working in a short amount of time. Would recommend ARS of Orlando to anyone looking for a good, efficient HVAC system.
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Abilene, Taylor County officers to bike 300 miles in memory of fallen officers
ABILENE, Texas - Next week police officers from across the country will participate in a 300-mile bike ride in honor of officers killed in the line of duty.
The Police Unity Tour started in 1997 -- and each year officers from Abilene and Taylor County commit to make the trip to support their fallen brothers and sisters in law enforcement.
The Unity Tour starts May 9 and ends May 12. A candlelight vigil for fallen officers will be held at the national memorial May 13.
This year will be Abilene Police Detective Joshua Ward's second year riding from New Jersey to Washington D.C. He said each officer pays $1,750 to take part in the event. That money goes towards the national law enforcement officers memorial fund.
"We have our hero's names on that wall. Officer Rodney Holder and officer Jeff McCoy both died in the line of duty in the last 10 years as well as officers from the Big County that have been added to that wall," said ward.
"It's important to me, Officer Carye Adkins, Deputy Johnny Levario and Deputy Katherine Handy that those names aren't forgotten," he added.
It's a sacrifice we often take for granted. Everyday, officers put their lives on the line to protect the rest of us. The Police Unity Tour bike ride honors those who never made it home.
"This year I'll be riding for Officer Jaime De Luna-Padron from Austin, Texas who was shot and killed in the line of duty April 6, 2012. He left behind two daughters and a wife. I go home every night to my daughter; she gets to see her dad. His daughters no longer get to do that," Ward said.
Detective Ward said the ride isn't easy, but once he arrives at the National Law Enforcement Memorial it's worth every second.
"It's not something you can describe. Best way I can explain it is most officers are characterized as robotic, we're black and white, non-emotional, but the second you ride inside that circle of heroes and you see the names and the families lining the walls, there's not a dry eye on the bike. You're filled with emotion and honor for what we can do," said Ward.
So far this year there have been 38 officers who died on duty, including one from Texas.
Recent Headlines
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Hotfrog Singapore provides information regarding Royal Sporting House in Singapore. Royal Sporting House is located at 1 Harbour Front Walk #02-111/113 Vivocity, Singapore 098585 and provides Retail services. Contact them on 6376 8015 or by visiting them on their website http://www.rshlimited.com/.
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On December 20th...
links will open in a new
1522 Suleiman
the Magnificent accepted the surrender of the
surviving Knights of Rhodes.
1590 Ambroise Paré, the founder of
scientific surgery, died.
1606 Colonists
of the Virginia Company set sail from England.
1699 Peter the
Great ordered the Russian New Year changed from
September 1st to January 1st.
1790 The first
successful U.S. cotton mill to spin yarn began
operation in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.
France formally transferred the Louisiana Territory to the
United States.
1812 Grimm's
Fairy Tales by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm was
1860 South
Carolina became the first state to secede from
the Union.
Industrialist Harvey Firestone was born.
Thomas Edison privately
demonstrated his incandescent light bulb at Menlo
1880 New York
City's Broadway was lit by electricity.
Robert Gordon Menzies, two-time
Prime Minister of Australia, was born.
1917 Physicist
David Bohm was born.
1920 Bob Hope became an American
1922 Fourteen
republics formed the Union of Soviet Socialist
1932 Actor John
Hillerman was born.
1941 The first
battle of the American Volunteer Group, better
known as the "Flying Tigers," was
fought in Kunming, China.
1944 The Women's Airforce Service Pilots
(WASP) were disbanded.
1945 Drummer
Peter Kriss was born.
1946 "Spoon
bender" Uri Geller was born.
1948 Musician
Alan Parsons was born.
1956 Montgomery,
Alabama, removed race-based seat assignments on
its buses.
The Boeing 707 flew for the first
1968 Novelist
John Steinbeck died.
1971 Businessman
Roy Disney died.
1973 Singer
Bobby Darin died.
1976 Richard J.
Daley, long-time Mayor of Chicago, died.
1982 Pianist
Artur Rubinstein died.
1989 U.S. troops
invaded Panama.
1995 NATO began
peacekeeping operations in Bosnia.
1996 Astronomer
Carl Sagan died.
1999 Country
singer Hank Snow died.
2001 Comedian
Foster Brooks died.
2009 Actress
Brittany Murphy died.
2010 Actor Steve
Landesberg died.
Questions or comments about
this page?
This page was last updated on November 26, 2015.
This Site | Navigation Help | Sitemap | Terms of Use | Contact


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Cats Purr-Fectly Re-Create Famous 'Psycho' Shower Scene
Hey, you guys, are you ready for the most important video of all-time?
Hey, you guys, are you ready for the most important video of all-time?
The Golden State Warriors are one win away from an NBA championship after defeating the Cleveland Cavaliers, 104-91, last night. Despite losing their second straight game, LeBron James is not worried about his Cavs losing to the Warriors...
Take a quick walk back through Sunday's thrilling Game 5.
There's a corner of the internet occupied by the wonderful world of goat videos. But did you know goats do more than just entertain us?
I am an Air Force Brat and proud of it. Many of my greatest memories were seeing airshows, such as Wings Over Whiteman. When I lived in Ramstein and Whiteman Air Force Base, I had the chance to see so many great flying teams, The Thunderbirds, The Blue Angels, Canadian Snowbirds, The Tricoloris, A-10 Demonstration Teams just to name a few...
Tyler Farr is giving his fans a glimpse of the upcoming video for his current single, "Withdrawals," before it's released.
Nearly 20,000 country fans came, set up camp, drank and partied with Keith Urban, Eli Young Band, Colt Ford and more on Friday night (June 12). It was Day 1 of the Taste of Country Music Festival in Hunter, N.Y., and if you missed all or part of it, here it is in under 60 seconds.
Imagine this: you thought what you were doing for your wife or loved one is the best thing ever, then she sees it.
Every season, a few minor league baseball teams design special uniforms that catch the attention of the sports world. Last year, the El Paso Chihuahuas stole the show with their special "Bark in the Park" jerseys, that ESPN's Keith Olbermann wore on his television show...
As we get ready for Game 4 of the NBA Finals in Cleveland, Jimmy Kimmel gives us a hilarious but perhaps not-so-flattering closer look at Golden State Warriors fans.


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Description: I started this company about one yr ago but I have been in the business for yrs. I must have the job done right and no exceptions. All jobs are done a...more
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Phantasee Fancy Contact Lenses - Malaysiaprice: contact company for price
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Phantasee® 15mm Big Eyes effect lenses make your eyes look bigger with naturally blending colour tones. Our new light blending design ensures this series work well for both dark and light eyes. The Beautiful Blue is our top seller along with Lustrous...
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Call (888) 651-9785
January 2017
So much fun! The market had an amazing selection of fresh produce...everything Westerners know including Rainier cherries and kohlrabi and many things not usually seen here every seen a black chicken?. Very educational and colorful. We made dumplings apparently their website posts their schedule, however, Viator does not provide access to it which turned out to be a very intricate and challenging undertaking...who knew there was so much detail in how you crimp the dough? Will never take another dumpling for granted! Fun way to round out a visit to Beijing once you're exhausted from all the historic grandeur...
November 2016
I thouroughly enjoyed this experience. The trip to the market was great. Our teacher showed us all the different types of foods and explained to us how they were used in cooking etc. He taught us how to make three different types of noodle dishes. He was patient and friendly throughout. I learned so much and would do it again in a heartbeat
Kristen United States of ...
October 2016
Wonderful experience. The market visit was great and a lot of fun. Enjoyed cooking all the dishes and hanging out afterwards.
August 2016
Had a wonderful time learning the in and outs of the market, then heading back to create our own dumplings. We made everything from the dough, to the filling, to the sauce - and cooked them! Neat little apartment we were in - great cooking experience! Thank you!!
June 2016
This was one of the best things we did in Beijing! Highly recommend! The chef was a terrific teacher. We loved going to the market with him and seeing all the amazing foods there. The menu we prepared was absolutely delicious! Loved using the Chinese cleaver and the wok. The food he had us prepare was so good. We loved being in a hutong. This was the first morning after flying in and it was the perfect introduction to Beijing and to China!
May 2016
This was a great tour. We made chinese dumplings. We prepared 3 different fillings vegetarian, pork and beef and we prepared them 3 ways steamed, boiled and fried.. It started with a visit to the local market to purchase ingredients for the cooking class. Then we returned to the instructors house to prepare the dumplings. The class was fun, informative and the results were delicious.
May 2016
This class was a lot to f fun! The trip to the market was great because the chef took the time to walk through pointing out all the different items, their taste, origins, etc. the food was amazing and was fun to learn the techniques. Would definitely take more classes here if I had the opportunity!! Thank you for a great experience!!
April 2016
My teenage daughters, husband and I all cooked at this class and had a fantastic time. The market tour was very interesting too. I have to eat gluten free and they were very accommodating, substituting ingredients so I could have all the recipes. Everything was tasty and we had a relaxing time. I bought a handmade knife for my kitchen at home. Our only challenge was getting there during rush hour. Metro was our best bet.
April 2016
We loved this tour!! The market was so interesting to see, our guide was personable and knowledgeable, and the dumplings we made were amazing! We were so glad we took this class.
February 2016
After a very long flight from Chicago, we arrived in Beijing and got to our hotel pretty late at night. We woke quickly the next morning thanks to jet lag and excitement to take the Market Tour and Dumpling cooking class. It was the perfect first day for our 5 day trip to Beijing. The market tour was my wife, our chef, and myself and we had a great time venturing through the seasonal vegetables, noodle counters, and protein areas fish area, pork, beef, etc.. After we returned we prepared for the cooking portion and were joined by three women from Norway. The chef was personable, patient, funny, and make the entire experience something that I'd do again anytime I am in Beijing. Thanks again!
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Welcome to Naturally So Young, Luxury and Natural Skin and Body Care!
We hope you enjoy exploring our products and find all the benefits that our products offer as many of others do. Our products do not contain any chemicals that can cause harsh reactions on your skin, while successfully replenishing lost moisture and nourishment back to where it belongs. Our products are made with all natural and many organic ingredients as well. Please take a look at the site and feel free to leave a comment or email us for any questions or orders at email@example.com. Or Come and visit us at FACEBOOK where you can find more about our latest works. Be sure to LIKE us! Online store is now at ETSY! Come visit us as well!
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We lend you more than an ear.Read More
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09Mar 2017
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11Aug 2016
What is it? A trade mission When is it? September 21-24, 2016 Where is it? Orlando, Florida What is the deadline date? August 12 (if you want to be considered for theRead More
16May 2016
The 2016 Annual Business Conference on May 12 and 13 was a success! Below is a roundup of some of our favourite social media posts during the event. If you'd like to view addiRead More


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The Chicago Bulls have made a move at the NBA trade deadline, sending Doug McDermott and Taj Gibson to the Oklahoma City Thunder.
New leads in the case of a woman who went missing in 1990 led authorities to a dig at a home in southwest suburban Joliet on Thursday.
The winning Powerball numbers have been drawn for the jackpot that's climbed above $400 million for the first time in nearly three months.
More than a month after performing at President Donald Trump's inauguration, singer Jackie Evancho says she and her transgender sister want to meet with him about transgender rights. The 16-year-old made the request in a tweet Wednesday night . Evancho appeared alongside her sister, Juliet, on ABC's "Good Morning America" on Thursday. Juliet Evancho says they hope to "enlighten" the president. The tweet followed the Trump administration's move Wednesday to end federal protection for transgender students that allowed them to use public school bathrooms and locker rooms matching their gender identities.
Prospective Democratic gubernatorial candidate J.B. Pritzker slammed President Donald Trump Thursday for stripping federal protections that allowed transgender students to use school bathrooms and locker rooms matching their gender identities, proposing a bizarre protest.
A pregnant woman was among two people fatally shot Wednesday night in the Chatham neighborhood on the South Side, according to Chicago Police.


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Keep all your kit together in this surprisingly roomy, padded tote bag. The zip lid sensibly opens on three sides for full access and the bag further benefits from an outer zip pocket, grab handles, adjustable, detachable shoulder strap and hardwearing feet.


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|Fashion & Beauty
From the pages of Allure, the world's leading beauty magazine, "ALLURE BACKSTAGE" guides you behind the scenes at the fashion shows in Milan, Paris, and New York. Host Linda Wells, Allure founder and Editor-in-Chief, brings you the top looks as well as interviews with designers, supermodels, and the world's leading beauty experts. "TOTAL MAKEOVER," one of Allure's most popular features, follows three women during a year long, non-surgical overhaul of their bodies, including advice, instruction, and encouragement from some of the leading nutritionists, personal trainers, psychologists, and other experts. Visit our website at www.allure.com.
August 25th, 2008
Episode 31 of 63 episodes
Some of the ponytails, buns and braids were slickened to the head, others to casual they looked like they'd been slept on. Executive Produced and Directed by Karen Morrison. A MODTV PRODUCTION.
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Welcome to the daily audio workout for your head.


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Understand and Verify the Customers Concern. The first part of this step is to obtain as much information as possible from the customer. Are there aftermarket accessories on the vehicle- When does the condition occur- Where does the condition occur- How long does the condition last- How often does the condition occur- In order to verify the concern, the technician should be familiar with the normal operation of the system.
The following preliminary inspections/tests must be performed:
- Ensure that the battery is fully charged.
- Ensure that the battery cables are clean and tight.
- Inspect for any open fuses.
- Ensure that the grounds are clean, tight, and in the correct location.
- Inspect for aftermarket devices that could affect the operation of the system.
- Search for applicable service bulletins.
- With the ignition OFF, remove the fuel pump relay to disable fuel supply.
- Crank the engine and test for a spark on each cylinder spark plug wire using a spark tester tool.
- Ground the companion cylinder spark plug wire of each cylinder when it is tested.
- If there is no spark on any of the cylinders, test the ignition voltage circuit of the ICM for an open/high resistance or short to ground, or test the ground circuit of the ICM for an open/high resistance, or a faulty ICM.
- The wire circuit resistance should measure less than 3 ohms.
- If spark is present on one or more of the cylinders, inspect and test the spark plug wires for arching, cuts, rubbing on other components, and proper resistance.
- Check ICM operation.


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IZOD Uniform Jeggings Pants Girls 7-16
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Wow, what a day, it's 1.40am and the energy that has persisted throughout the day has almost dissipated. Still, if I was Rory Sutherland, I'd probably still be wide awake and regaling audiences with some painfully witty insights into the human condition!
What a day, and one which I wish you could all experience. Thinking Digital does, unlike many conferences, gets you thinking about this wonderful new digital world in which we live.
This isn't your conventional crap about new age of consumer control and social networks, this is about a hugely diverse group of people who are helping shape our world with incredible vision, observations and above all, imagination. If you didn't make it this year, I compel you to get your tickets next week (or within the next few days anyway).


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Dear travelers,
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Developing multi-cellular tumor spheroid model (MCTS) in the chitosan/collagen/alginate (CCA) fibrous scaffold for anticancer drug screening
Wang J.-Z.,CAS Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics |
Wang J.-Z.,Tianguan Group Co. |
Zhu Y.-X.,CAS Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics |
Zhu Y.-X.,Tianguan Group Co. |
And 7 more authors.
Materials Science and Engineering C | Year: 2016
In this work, a 3D MCTS-CCA system was constructed by culturing multi-cellular tumor spheroid (MCTS) in the chitosan/collagen/alginate (CCA) fibrous scaffold for anticancer drug screening. The CCA scaffolds were fabricated by spray-spinning. The interactions between the components of the spray-spun fibers were evidenced by methods of Coomassie Blue stain, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Co-culture indicated that MCF-7 cells showed a spatial growth pattern of multi-cellular tumor spheroid (MCTS) in the CCA fibrous scaffold with increased proliferation rate and drug-resistance to MMC, ADM and 5-Aza comparing with the 2D culture cells. Significant increases of total viable cells were found in 3D MCTS groups after drug administration by method of apoptotic analysis. Glucose-lactate analysis indicated that the metabolism of MCTS in CCA scaffold was closer to the tumor issue in vivo than the monolayer cells. In addition, MCTS showed the characteristic of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) which is subverted by carcinoma cells to facilitate metastatic spread. These results demonstrated that MCTS in CCA scaffold possessed a more conservative phenotype of tumor than monolayer cells, and anticancer drug screening in 3D MCTS-CCA system might be superior to the 2D culture system. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. Source