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Smokers in the general population have lower thyrotropin (TSH) and higher free triiodothyronine (fT3) and free thyroxine (fT4) concentrations, but the results in pregnant population vary from no effect to a decrease in TSH and fT4 concentrations and an increase in fT3 levels. Our objective was to further evaluate the question of whether there is an association between smoking, before and during pregnancy, with maternal thyroid function during pregnancy and with the risk for subsequent hypothyroidism.
Our study population was a prospective population-based cohort (N=9362), the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986, with extensive data throughout gestation. The mothers underwent serum sampling in early pregnancy. The samples were assayed for TSH, fT3, fT4, thyroid-peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab), and thyroglobulin antibodies (TG-Abs) (n=5805). Mothers with thyroid dysfunction diagnosed before or during pregnancy were excluded, leaving 4837 euthyroid mothers. The smoking status of mothers and fathers were requested by questionnaires during pregnancy. Subsequent maternal morbidity relating to hypothyroidism 20 years after the index pregnancy was evaluated using national registers.
Euthyroid mothers who smoked before, or continued smoking during first trimester of pregnancy, had higher serum fT3 (p<0.001) and lower fT4 (p=0.023) concentrations than nonsmokers. Smoking in the second trimester was associated with higher fT3 (p<0.001) concentrations, but no difference in fT4 concentrations compared with nonsmokers. TG-Abs were less common among smoking than nonsmoking mothers (2.5% vs. 4.7%, p<0.001), but the prevalence of TPO-Ab was similar. Paternal smoking had no independent effect on maternal early pregnancy thyroid hormone or antibody concentrations. The risk of subsequent maternal hypothyroidism after follow-up of 20 years was similar among prepregnancy smokers and nonsmokers.
In euthyroid women, smoking during pregnancy was associated with higher fT3 levels and lower fT4 levels; possibly reflecting smoking-induced changes in peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones. No differences were found in TSH concentrations between smokers and nonsmokers. Our results differ from those of the general population, which usually have shown smoking-induced thyroidal stimulation. This is possibly due to pregnancy-induced changes in thyroid function. Decreases in fT4 levels among smokers might predispose to hypothyroidism or hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy. Despite these changes in thyroid function, smoking did not increase the woman's risk of subsequent hypothyroidism.
One in five working-aged women smoke daily and up to 15% of women smoke during pregnancy (1) despite the well-known harmful effects of smoking on fetal growth and pregnancy outcomes (2). Smoking is also known to affect thyroid function, but the magnitude and direction of the effect varies greatly with different studies. Studies in nonpregnant populations have shown an increase in free triiodothyronine (fT3) and free thyroxine (fT4) concentrations (3–6) and a decrease in thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations among smokers (3–13). However, one study of nonpregnant female smokers with subclinical hypothyroidism showed higher TSH levels, and smokers with overt hypothyroidism had poorer metabolic health markers, indicating greater degree of hypothyroidism (14). A lower prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies, especially thyroglobulin antibodies (TG-Abs) has been found in nonpregnant populations of smokers (12,13,15), as well as an increase in the risk for developing thyroid peroxidase antibodies and/or thyroglobulin antibodies with smoking cessation (16).
Previous studies among pregnant women have shown that smokers have higher fT3 (17). The results regarding TSH and fT4 concentrations are more heterogenous, with some showing no association with TSH (18,19) or fT4 (17,20) and others having lower TSH (17,20) and fT4 levels among smokers (18,19). The possibility of an association of smoking with alterations in thyroid function among pregnant women is, however, of importance. Hypothyroidism and hypothyroxinemia affect up to 5% of pregnant women and have been associated with several adverse pregnancy and perinatal outcomes (21,22).
Smoking is known to increase the risk of Graves' disease (23) and it is also associated with goiters (3,6,9,23) in the general population, although iodine intake seems to affect this association (6). The results regarding hypothyroidism are less consistent, as some have shown an increase in the degree of hypothyroidism among nonpregnant female smokers (14), but others have shown that smokers have a lower prevalence of current hypothyroidism (8,12,24). The risk of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and postpartum thyroiditis is higher among smokers (23,25). Despite these risks, overt hypothyroidism has not been associated with smoking, although the studies have been heterogeneous (23). To our knowledge, there are no studies evaluating if there is an association between smoking and the development of hypothyroidism during long-term follow-up.
The aim of this study was to determine if there is an association between smoking and serum TSH, fT4, and fT3 as well as thyroid autoantibody concentrations in euthyroid pregnant Finnish women. In addition, the effect of smoking on subsequent morbidity relating to hypothyroidism was evaluated, with a follow-up period of over 20 years.
The prospectively collected Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC 1986) comprises 99% of all births with the calculated term between July 1, 1985 and June 30, 1986 drawn from the two northernmost provinces of Finland (N=9362 mothers, N=9479 children). In this study, only singleton pregnancies were included (n=9247). The cohort has been followed since the 12th week of gestation. Data were collected during routine visits to communal maternity welfare clinics (free-of-charge service for all pregnant women; participation rate 99.8%) as well as via questionnaires. The first questionnaire, on demographic, biologic, and socioeconomic characteristics of the mothers/families, covered the period up to week 24 of gestation, when the mothers were recruited to the study if still pregnant. The second questionnaire contained items about the mother's health during pregnancy. The nurses in the communal maternity clinics helped the mothers to fill in the questionnaire and ensured that all questions were answered. The third questionnaire, which contained items about the pregnancy, hospital care, delivery, and neonatal outcome, was completed in the maternity hospitals by the attending midwives. All births in this area during this time period took place in public hospitals (26,27).
Maternal smoking habits were also evaluated via questionnaires. The questionnaires included questions on maternal smoking before pregnancy and during pregnancy (in the first and second trimesters separately), duration of smoking (years), number of cigarettes smoked per day, change of smoking habit during pregnancy (quit, reduced, increased, and no change), number of cigarettes smoked after the change, and if the change occurred before serum sampling. Paternal smoking habits were asked about separately (smokes/does not smoke). Based on the reported duration of smoking and number of cigarettes smoked per day, the maternal smoking history was recorded as pack-years (one pack-year=20 cigarettes smoked per day for one year). Data concerning the other maternal background factors (age, body mass index [BMI], parity, obstetric history, and previous diseases) were obtained through the questionnaires. The Ethics Committees of the Northern Ostrobothnia Hospital District and the National Institute of Health and Welfare approved this study. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects.
The biochemical data were obtained via the Finnish Maternity Cohort, which is a biobank consisting of serum samples collected from all pregnant women in Finland and approved under the Finnish law. The law allows use of the samples in studies promoting public health. The samples were stored at −25°C and thawed for the first time for the analyses in this study in 2006. The effects of freezing, thawing, and frozen storage on thyroid laboratory parameters have been reported previously (28). Quantitative analyses of TSH, fT3, fT4, and autoantibodies associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (thyroid-peroxidase antibodies [TPO-Ab] and TG-Ab) were performed by way of chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassays, using an Architect i2000 automatic analyzer (Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, IL). The lower limits of detection, and intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were 0.0025mU/L, 1.7% and 5.3% for TSH; 5.1pmol/L, 3.6% and 7.8% for fT4; 1.53pmol/L, 2.3% and 5.0% for fT3; 1.0IU/mL, 2.5% and 9.8% for TPO-Ab; and 1.0IU/mL, 2.7% and 8.2% for TG-Ab. The number of serum samples analyzed was 5805 (61.2% of the whole cohort); only samples of a sufficient volume (≥1mL) were included in this study. The excluded population did not differ significantly from those included. The mean gestational age at sampling was 11.0 week (standard deviation 3.6) and only samples drawn before or at the 20th gestational week were accepted (98% of the samples). When the sample size was not sufficient for all analyses, thyroid hormone analyses were carried out primarily.
All mothers with known thyroid disease (n=86) before pregnancy were excluded from the analyses. Diagnoses of previous thyroid diseases were obtained via a questionnaire and confirmed in hospital records. All mothers with thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy, diagnosed by early pregnancy serum sampling, were excluded from the analyses (n=909). Thus, only euthyroid mothers (those with serum TSH concentrations of 0.1–3.0mU/L and serum fT4 concentrations of 11–22pmol/L) were included in the analyses. These cut-off levels are based on the reference intervals calculated previously for this population (29).
Mothers were deemed to be positive for TPO-Ab or TG-Ab if the antibody concentration was over the 95th percentile, that is, >167.7IU/mL for TPO-Ab and >47.7IU/mL for TG-Ab. There were 143 (3.0%) TPO-Ab-positive and 176 (3.6%) TG-Ab-positive mothers in the cohort. All data were analyzed with the antibody-positive mothers included and excluded.
Three register-based data sets were used in this study to evaluate the health of the mothers after their index pregnancy, the follow-up time being 23 years. First, data from the Social Insurance Institute of Finland comprises information on diagnosed diseases, with medication and reimbursement of medical expenses. Second, the national Finnish Hospital Discharge Register includes information on diagnoses at discharge from all hospital wards or outpatient clinics, using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). The register has an accuracy of 83–95%.
During the follow-up period, three different ICD versions were used: ICD-8 through December 31, 1986; ICD-9 from January 1, 1987, through December 31, 1996; and ICD-10 from January 1, 1997, onward. Third, the Population Register and Register of Causes of Death contain information on causes of death, covering all deaths in Finland. Data from these registers were obtained for the period 1985–2008. Data from the national Hospital Discharge Register were complete from 2000 onward. The register-based data were combined with the NFBC 1986 data by using individual social security numbers, which are given to all Finns. This was carried out by personnel uninvolved in this study, and the researchers had no access to identifiable data concerning the participants.
Receiving reimbursement for medication to treat hypothyroidism or having discharge diagnoses of hypothyroidism (defined as ICD-8 codes 244.0–244.9 and 245, ICD-9 codes 244.9, 245.2, and 245.9, and ICD-10 codes E03.5, E03.80, E03.82, E03.89, E03.9, and E06) was considered to be verification of the disease.
Laboratory data were skewed and logarithmically transformed. Comparisons were carried out by using the Students t test for continuous variables and the Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. The linear regression analysis was used when evaluating the effect of smoking on total variation of variables. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the Dunnet's post hoc test was used to evaluate the effect of number of pack-years on TSH and thyroid hormones. The number of pack-years was divided into six categories for the analyses: 0, 0.1–1, 1.1–2, 2.1–5, 5.1–9.9, and 10 or more pack-years. The risk of subsequent hypothyroidism among smokers and nonsmokers was established by using Cox's regression analyses. Risks are presented as hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). The results were further adjusted for maternal age and parity. A p-value<0.05 was deemed significant. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 18.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics).
A total of 1335 (27.6%) euthyroid mothers (with/without TPO-Ab or TG-Ab positivity) and 1270 (27.8%) euthyroid antibody-negative mothers reported smoking before pregnancy. These mothers had a smoking history of a median of 3.5 pack-years (range 0.1–37.5). Of the smokers, 298 (8.3%) quit before the serum sampling and total of 607 mothers (12.5%) quit or reduced smoking during pregnancy.
Among the fathers, 1671 (34.5%) smoked. In 805 families, both parents smoked, in 822 families, only the father smoked, and in 428 families, only the mother smoked. Smoking mothers were significantly younger, more often nulliparous and had nonsignificantly lower BMI (Table 1).
Mothers who smoked before pregnancy had a lower prevalence of TG-Ab positivity, as only 2.3% (n=30/1332) vs. 4.2% (n=139/3303) of smokers versus nonsmokers were positive for TG-Abs (p=0.001). Smokers and nonsmokers had a similar rate of TPO-Ab positivity (39/1331 vs. 95/3300, 2.9% vs. 2.9%, p=0.923).
Euthyroid mothers who smoked before pregnancy had higher serum fT3 and lower fT4 concentrations during early pregnancy than nonsmokers. However, smoking before pregnancy explained only 1.28% and 0.12% of total variation in linear regression analyses regarding fT3 and fT4 concentrations, respectively.
We observed similar findings among those who smoked before pregnancy, but managed to completely quit smoking in early pregnancy (before serum sampling) when comparing these women with nonsmokers. Interestingly, these mothers also had higher TSH concentrations than those who had never smoked. No differences were seen between the concentrations of TSH or thyroid hormones when these mothers were compared with those who continued smoking during pregnancy.
Of the mothers, 806 (18.7%) continued smoking during the first trimester. Smoking in the first trimester was also associated with higher serum fT3 and lower serum fT4 concentrations. Only 108 (2.5%) mothers continued to smoke in the second trimester, and it was associated only with higher serum fT3 levels, and no difference was observed in the concentrations of fT4 between smokers versus nonsmokers. Paternal smoking had no individual effect on maternal early pregnancy thyroid hormone levels (Table 2).
All results remained similar when excluding those with TPO-Ab and/or TG-Ab positivity from the analyses or when excluding those who quit smoking before serum sampling (data not shown).
We observed no differences in TSH concentrations between the nonsmoking and smoking groups, even with a long-term smoking history defined by number of pack-years. There seemed to be a declining trend in fT4 concentrations with an extended smoking history (one-way ANOVA, test for linear trend, p=0.007) and an upward trend in fT3 concentrations (ANOVA, test for linear trend, p<0.001). These results are summarized in Figure 1.
Smokers and nonsmokers had a similar prevalence of subsequent hypothyroidism, 1.5% (n=20) and 1.3% (n=44), respectively (HR 1.1, 95% CI 0.7–1.9).
In the current study, we found that cigarette smoking in early pregnancy influenced serum thyroid hormone concentrations and prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies. Smokers had significantly lower fT4 and higher fT3 concentrations and were less often TG-Ab-positive than nonsmokers in the first trimester. Cessation of smoking during early pregnancy had no influence on maternal TSH or thyroid hormone levels compared with smokers.
Smoking has been thought to affect thyroid function via several mechanisms. Thiocyanate, a toxin in cigarette smoke, might interfere with iodide transport to the thyroid and cause intrathyroidal iodine depletion, at least in areas with iodine deficiency (30). This mechanism is also thought to have a protective effect against the development of thyroid autoantibodies. Another contributing factor might be the overall influence of smoking on the immune system as smoking has been found to increase the risk of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and Graves' disease (31). It has been speculated that smoking, through the effects of nicotine or other constituents, might have a mild effect on thyroid hormone secretion and influence the activity of deiodinase enzymes, especially that of type 2 deiodinase (which converts T4 to T3 in the tissues) (32).
We found that pregnant women who had smoked before or during pregnancy had higher serum fT3 and lower fT4 concentrations than nonsmokers. Studies in nonpregnant (3–6,14) and pregnant populations (17) have shown previously that smokers tend to have higher fT3 concentrations, which are in accordance with our results. Previous studies in nonpregnant populations have mostly shown higher fT4 levels among smokers (5,6). The previous results of pregnant women have been inconsistent, with some studies showing no association with fT4 concentrations and smoking (17,20) and some showing decreased fT4 concentrations among smokers (18,19). These disparities may reflect variation in populations, especially with iodine intake and exclusion criteria used in different studies. Our results show that in a strictly euthyroid pregnant population, smokers have higher fT3 and lower fT4 levels, suggesting that smoking may have an effect on the type 2 deiodinase enzyme activity. These changes in thyroid hormone concentrations are, however, very subtle and explain only a small proportion of total variation in the analyses. The implications of such changes on an individual level regarding pregnant women cannot be resolved with this study, but it has been established that normal maternal thyroid function is essential during pregnancy (22). On a population level, even these subtle changes inflicted by smoking may be important, especially among populations with iodine deficiency, which may be more prone to the effects of smoking (33,34). Our population was based on Finnish euthyroid women, who are known to have long-term iodine sufficiency (35), which might explain why the association was so subtle.
A new finding in this study was that an extended smoking history had an effect on thyroid hormone levels in early pregnancy, as those with more pack-years in their smoking history had a declining trend in fT4 and an upward trend in fT3 concentrations. One study has shown opposite results, with the length of smoking having no effect on fT4 concentrations (33), but that study was not based on a pregnant or euthyroid population, which might have skewed the results. Based on our results, the length of smoking in pack-years affects thyroid hormone metabolism in euthyroid pregnant women adversely.
Smokers in nonpregnant populations have been found to less often have elevated TSH levels (8,12,24) or have lower TSH concentrations than nonsmokers (3–13). Similarly, some studies based on pregnant populations have shown lower TSH levels among smokers (17,20), while others have not (18,19). We could not confirm an association between smoking and TSH in our euthyroid pregnant population. The discrepancy with other studies might be explained by including only those who were strictly euthyroid into the analyses.
We also found that those who smoked before pregnancy had a lower prevalence of TG-Abs, but no difference in levels of TPO-Abs. Previously, it has been shown in population-based studies that the prevalence of, both TPO-Ab and TG-Ab positivity are lower in smokers than nonsmokers (8,12,15,36). It has been suggested that smoking is associated with decreased iodide transport and organification, which protect individuals against the development of thyroid autoantibodies (30). Cessation of smoking has also been found to increase the risk of de novo occurrence of serum TPO-Abs and/or TG-Abs (16). We cannot explain why smoking has a different effect on the prevalence of TG-Abs and TPO-Abs, but a similar association has been observed previously in general population studies (8,12,15).
The rates of subsequent hypothyroidism during the follow-up time of 25 years did not differ among smokers and nonsmokers despite alterations in thyroid hormone concentrations and the prevalence of TG-Ab positivity found during early pregnancy. A meta-analysis suggested that smokers may have an increased risk of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and postpartum thyroid dysfunction, but not a statistically significant risk of hypothyroidism (23), a finding also found in our study with a long follow-up.
In our study, smoking was evaluated through a questionnaire without serum cotinine confirmation. Studies have shown a self-reported smoking habit being quite reliable among pregnant women, but it underestimates the real prevalence of smoking by 19–38%, depending on the definitions used (37,38). However, self-reported information correlates well with serum cotinine levels (39). Also, we had no data on the prevalence of smoking habits during the follow-up after delivery and could thus only evaluate the effect of cross-sectional data on the risk of hypothyroidism. The strength of this investigation is the large iodine-sufficient study population, which allowed us to exclude from the analyses all mothers with thyroid dysfunction [diagnosis established using gestational age-specific reference intervals (29)] during pregnancy. In addition, large, reliable Finnish registries have enabled follow-up of the cohort mothers and revealed diagnoses of thyroid diseases over a period of 20 years.
In conclusion, maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with higher fT3 levels and lower fT4 levels in euthyroid pregnant women. No differences were found in TSH concentrations between smokers and nonsmokers. Previously, in general population studies, it has been suggested that smoking might slightly stimulate thyroid function as previous studies have mostly shown lower TSH with higher fT4 and fT3 among smokers (3–13). Our results would rather indicate changes in the thyroid hormone metabolism induced by smoking. We also cannot resolve the possible implications of these changes in thyroid hormones for the well-being of the fetus. Lower fT4 concentrations among smokers might, however, predispose to hypothyroxinemia during early pregnancy.
Smoking had no effect on the risk of developing subsequent clinical hypothyroidism during a follow-up of 20 years.
We thank Ms. Sarianna Vaara, Ms. Tuula Ylitalo, and all other personnel from the National Institute for Health and Welfare for their valuable work regarding the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986. We also thank Mr. Jouni Sallinen and Mr. Frank Quinn (Abbott Laboratories) for providing laboratory reagents. This work was supported in part by grants from the Alma and K.A. Snellman Foundation (Oulu, Finland), the Jalmari and Rauha Ahokas Foundation (Finland), the Oulu University Scholarship Foundation (Oulu, Finland), the Finnish Medical Association of Clinical Chemistry, the Foundation of the Northern Ostrobothnia Hospital District (Finland), the Finnish Medical Foundation (Finland), and the Academy of Finland.
The authors have nothing to declare.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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The world of edgy, contemporary rock can be a dour place. Don't pretend you don't know what I mean: a 26-year-old guitarist, sitting in his dreary Prospect Heights, Brooklyn apartment wearing black jeans and a Minor Threat t-shirt, reading a John Barth novel while also contemplating the direction for his post-punk, no-wave, math-rock band. He broods. His band has no groupies. And, really, who wants to dance to that stuff?
In a quandary, our hero seeks solace, distraction, even entertainment. Where does he turn? His video-gaming system, of course. And there, ZAM!, is the answer to his question. If you want to make your nerdily cold math-rock bounce to life the answer is: Nintendo!
The Advantage
(5 Rue Christine)
US: 24 Jan 2006
UK: 23 Jan 2006
The answer is The Advantage, though they do not hail from Brooklyn. (No word on whether they wear Minor Threat t-shirts. Sorry.) An instrumental quartet from the Golden State, The Advantage are named after a particularly snappy Nintendo video game controller from the vintage days of gaming. And their music follows: they play only tunes written for old games from the NES era—those unmistakable little ditties and fugues and head-boppers that would play in endless loops of 8-bit sound as you tried to defeat a boss in the dungeon of World Six of Mario-land, let's say. They play them, and they rock them.
And the beauty is this: you don't have to be gamer with a nostalgic streak to love The Advantage. On their second outing, the boys add some keyboards to their twin-guitar/bass/drums line-up, but the results are the same: absurdly precise, melodic, and rocking music that elevates its source material in surprising and pleasing ways. If you know these tunes from games like Metroid, Bomberman II, and Contra, then you're going to be in heaven—The Advantage takes these catchy little gems and puts hair on their chests. But if you don't, it hardly matters.
Take, say, the dashing theme from "Duck Tales—Moon". The Advantage starts it with just the two guitars, sounding almost like it sounded on the game—two voices alone playing intertwined themes. Then the drums and bass kick in for a repeat of the A theme, followed by harmonically astute bridge. Repeat just once and you're out. Other songs are more authentically funky. "Double Dragon II—Mission 5; Forest of Death" is driven by a grooved bass line and a unison theme between guitar and organ, but it is suddenly cut off so the band can dive into a noisy and stuttered section of atonality that remains precisely choreographed—but as if by downtown jazz disruptionist John Zorn. This leads directly into a muscular theme from "Castlevania III" that is so good that is sounds like it is from the best James Bond score ever composed: all muscle and blue guitar harmony and bashed drums, until the lilting waltz theme kicks in! This is music so inventive and dramatic that it's a wonder that the Japanese composers aren't known by name.
Taken completely on its own, this music has the virtuosity and detail of prog-rock without any of that genre's typical excess or off-putting polish. The Advantage play with a combination of detail and power that translates as pure exuberant fun. While you may be dazzled by the guitar harmonies or the precision-power of drummer Spencer Seim (the guitarist from Hella), there is also a punk aesthetic at work: no improvisatory noodling, just charging forward energy. At the same time, this music rewards repeated listening. Each tune has orchestral logic, and with the band tearing through them quickly, your ears hunger for a second shot of pleasure.
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Japanese Art in Collie
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ERIC Number: ED046359
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1970-Mar
Pages: 10
Abstractor: N/A
Reference Count: 0
Academic Change and Counter-Change.
Ness, Frederick W.
There exists today a wider gulf than ever before between higher education and the public it is designed to serve and this gulf is widening. Public support for higher education is decreasing at a time when the cry for universal higher education has been taken up by the public and university community alike. One of the major causes for this widening rift is that for too long some basic premises of higher education have remained unexamined. These include the premise: (1) that voluntary accreditation is necessary and that it should be controlled by the institutions being accredited; (2) that this country needs a dual-track system of higher education; (3) that the university has no accountability to the public as to its efficiency and effectiveness; and (4) that there are certain educational verities such as the value of liberal arts, boundless academic freedom, and ever increasing needs for more space and more buildings. A new political synthesis is needed, a social contract in which university and college goals are defined through a process of political accommodation to the conflicting wishes of their varied constituencies. (AF)
Publication Type: N/A
Education Level: N/A
Audience: N/A
Language: N/A
Sponsor: N/A
Authoring Institution: Western Coll. Association, Oakland, CA.
Note: Address delivered at the annual meeting of the Western College Association, Palo Alto, California, March 5-6, 1970


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No matter how financially prepared you are, there will be times when you will need additional money. Perhaps your son needs to pay his tuition? Or you have other pressing financial needs that have to be immediately addressed? Maybe your salary has not yet been given? Or you probably have some repairs in the house that could not wait until your salary comes in? This is where you should consider getting personal loans Singapore.
Personal loans are a great way to help you get through those difficult times when you have no one to turn to for financial assistance. Some people are too afraid to apply for a loan because they fear that they are not qualified to get one. Others have the wrong notion that they have to submit a lot of documents or that they have to wait for a long time in order to get the money that they need.
OT Credit, a licensed moneylender in Singapore, is ready to offer help in the quickest time possible. Personal loans Singapore does not have to be an additional burden for you. Apply today and you get your money within 24 hours upon submission of income documents. You don't have to wait for weeks before you get financial help.
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When you apply for SME Business loans Singapore with OT Credit, there is no need to wait for weeks to get the money for your business. You can get it in as fast as 24 hours up to 72 hours upon submission of the required documents. Our payments terms are fixed and you can choose whether to pay weekly, bi-weekly, or monthly via GIRO or bank transfer. We will customise it based on your cash flow. We won't force you to pay within months because we understand that you need to stabilise your business.
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Fanmats NCAA Auburn Tigers Grilling Fan Brand 2-Pack
$26.39 Original Price $32.99
Savings: $6.60 (20%)
War Eagle! Grill in spirited style and root for your Tigers at the same time. Designed with the iconic AU logo, this two-pack is perfect for branding your steak, chicken and more at your next tailgate for Auburn game day.
- Set of 2
- 2-in. x 2-in.
- Alloy
- Dishwasher safe
- Made In the USA
Shipping & Returns
Shipping your purchase is easy on belk.com. Depending on the destination of your package, you can expect it to arrive within 4-7 business days. Shipping Information
Returns are easy on belk.com. Easy returns
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KALKAJI NEW DELHI New Delhi 110019
DELHI JAIPUR HIGHWAY RANGPURI NEW DELHI New Delhi 110037
53/19 Old Rajinder Nagar NEW DELHI New Delhi 110 060
KHANPUR NEW DELHI New Delhi 110062
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Trustee: Main Street Arkansas
Little Rock, AR
- Why are you interested in becoming a Trustee?
- To help small businesses located in Main Street Arkansas cities obtain funding to grow local economies.
- What is the mission of your organization?
- The mission of Main Street Arkansas is to be the leading resource for communities seeking to revitalize their historic downtown commercial districts and to provide technical assistance and expertise to designated Main Street Arkansas communities through the implementation of the National Trust's Main Street Center's comprehensive Four-Point Approach™. Main Street Arkansas is a preservation-based economic development program housed in the Arkansas Historic Preservation Program, an agency of the Department of Arkansas Heritage.
Borrower Due Diligence
- How will you decide who to endorse as a borrower? What due diligence will you conduct?
- Only borrowers who are willing to work with all three members of our comprehensive consulting team will be considered. Borrowers will be assessed in the following areas: character & personality, business model, financial considerations, business considerations and loan purpose/impact.
About Main Street Arkansas
Trustee type: State Agency
Tier: Second
Location: Little Rock, AR
Time on Kiva: February 28, 2013 (48 months)
Total loans: $8,000
Repaid in full: Not enough data
Defaulted: Not enough data
Repayment rate: Not enough data
- Website:
- mainstreetarkansas.org
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text: Experience more than a museum, at The Works: Ohio Center for History, Art, and Technology, central-Ohio's only destination where you can experience history, art, technology, and glass blowing – all under one roof. Come face-to-face with an Ohio mastodon (and learn his fate!) in The Works' history exhibits; discover the beautiful work of local artists in The Works' art gallery; build and race your own race car, or see what's printing on their 3-D printer, in the interactive science labs; and create your own blown glass with help from a professional glass artist in The Works' hot glass studio. It's like visiting four museums for the price of one. Guests can also visit The Works' restored Ohio-Erie Canal lock, Interurban street car, and refresh in the beautiful courtyard. Visiting The Works is a great family day trip and unique venue for your private party.New exhibit opening June 18, 2016. Ohio's Own Jerrie Mock: 1st Woman to Fly Solo around the World!


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Key to business success in 2013
Coming together is a beginning. Keeping together is progress. Working together is a success. - Henry FordWith these words, Henry Ford captured the essence of success. For 2013, this saying will ring truer than ever, for we will be facing a challenging year ahead of us. And, in difficult times, it's even more vital to work together. If successful, each individual employee will end up becoming more efficient and innovative. Coming together releases the powerful force of...engagement, the emotional commitment the employee has towards its organisation and goals.Engagement is the magic formula for success for 2013, where collaboration and empowered individuals represent essential ingredients.
Language: English Author: Matilda Jernevad
Matilda Jernevad, Nordic Marketing Manager at OpenText. Majored in International Business and Strategy, and holds a Master of Science in Business Administration.
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Jul 2, 2012
Cemex has unveiled the terms of an offer to creditors to extend the maturity of $7bn in debt to 2017 from 2014, it says. The Mexican cement maker is offering lenders an exchange of their current exposure into one or more of new 9.5% 2018 bonds, new loans paying Libor+525bp, new USD private placement notes paying 9.66%, or new yen-denominated private placement notes...
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February 23, 2017 | Mexico City, Mexico
From rising public deficits to stalled growth, Mexico's economy is facing critical ... more
April 1, 2017 | Asunción, Paraguay
The 14th annual breakfast discussion will feature the most active and important sovereign borrowers ... more
May 11, 2017 | Buenos Aires, Argentina
Argentine corporate and provincial issuers are rapidly re-capitalizing as they gear ... more
May 18, 2017 | Miami, USA
Latin American banks and companies are increasingly turning to the structured ... more
May 24, 2017 | São Paulo, Brazil
Latin America's largest economy continues to navigate a deep recession and the loss ... more
June 8, 2017 | Cartagena, Colombia
LatinFinance returns to Colombia to host the region's most important capital markets and investment forum ... more
June 29, 2017 | Tokyo, Japan
The commercial relationship between Latin America and Japan runs deep ... more
Which area will be most profitable for investment banks in LatAm in 2016?
All material is subject to strictly enforced copyright terms & conditions and cannot be repurposed or reproduced. © 2016 Latin American Financial Publications Inc.


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Red 'oktai' Lined Curtains Eyelet Heading
Guide price: £38
Last updated on 21st Oct 2012
Red 'oktai' Lined Curtains Eyelet Heading
A simple and versatile designwith contrasting top border.Suitable for any interior.
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Home Security Calgary-Providing Peace Of Mind
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Checking online reviews is the best way to find out the top companies offering security systems for your home.


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Barrington Brewery & Restaurant
420 Stockbridge Road, Great Barrington, MA 01230
7 people saved this
Recommended by Zagats, AAA, Frommers. Recipes in Bon Appetit 50th Anniversary Edition. Inexpensive kids menu, hand crafted beer, outside dining.
Of Note:
- Alcohol: Full Bar
- Meals Served: Lunch, Dinner
- Amenities: Accessible Facilities
New England Patriots, For the Win!
The debate is over - Thomas Edward Patrick Brady Jr. is the greatest NFL quarterback...
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Engraved Mummy And Baby Sterling Silver Necklace
Guide price: £60
Last updated on 14th Sep 2015
Engraved Mummy And Baby Sterling Silver Necklace
Our beautiful?Engraved Mummy and Baby Sterling Silver Necklace?will make a lovely gift for her on a special occasion - or just to show how much you care.Handmade in sterling silver, this wonderful gift can be personalised with two names of your choice and is then attached to a silver trace chain.Made in the UKPlease note:?Any numerical dates that are entered will automatically have full stops included between day, month and year.
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buy silver bars online
Bullion Trading LLC is among the top bullion dealerships in New York City. We acquire market and trade both silver and gold. Our company has actually been around for over ten years and also has more than thirty years encounter in business. We provide fair prices and also quick, easy deals. Whether you are looking to purchase in little or huge amounts, Bullion Trading LLC is happy to accommodate you. Bullion Trading LLC 20 W 47th St, New York, NY 10036, United States (212) 997-2520 https://www.bulliontradingllc.com
Bullion Trading LLC
In business for over 25 years, Bullion Trading LLC has become New York City's premier destination for precious metals and also the top bullion dealership chosen by the public!


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Cute Dogs
By Laan Labs
Open iTunes to buy and download apps.
OMG cute dogs galore. No ROFLCOPTERS or LOLLERSKATERS here, just cute dogs! Have a new cute dog delivered to your phone everyday!
Do you spend countless hours at school or work visiting websites like: icanhascheezburger, cuteoverload, dailypuppy, and dailykitten? Do you find yourself tossing in turning at night unable to sleep because images of cute animals keep appearing on your eyelids? Have you ever received a coffee mug with an image of your pet printed on it as a gift? We love dogs and we love pictures of dogs even more. Lolcats lookout! Cute animals turn anyone's frown upside-down, and this iPhone application will deliver a brand new cute dog picture straight to your phone every single day! Don't let the recession keep you down, wake up to a new smiling face every single day!!!
iPhone Screenshots
- Free
- Category: Entertainment
- Released: 23 April 2009
- Version: 1
- Size: 0.4 MB
- Language: English
- Developer: Laan Consulting Corp
- © i365
Compatibility: Requires iOS 2.0 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, iPod touch (2nd generation), iPod touch (3rd generation), iPod touch (4th generation), iPod touch (5th generation) and iPod touch (6th generation).


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The process of buying a new Chrysler car or truck can seem overwhelming if you don't know where to begin. Edmunds.com can get you started on the right track with a convenient directory of Chrysler car dealerships in and around Semmes, Alabama. Compare online price quotes on the new or used car, truck, SUV, minivan, or wagon of your choice to locate the best deals. Edmunds.com makes it easy to find trusted Chrysler car dealers in Semmes, saving car buyers time and money on what will be an important purchase.
Non Display Review Name "was the best buying experience I have ever had. Andre gave the best award winning service that I sent to of my coworkers and they bought cars also. Th"... Read more Review by: BridgetWilson1


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Hotfrog Philippines provides information regarding Network System Engineering Services in San Jose Del Monte Bulacan. Network System Engineering Services is located at 37 Lot 12 Dela Costa Homes 4 Graceville Subdivision, San Jose Del Monte Bulacan 3023 and provides Home Improvement services. Contact them on (044) 468 1815.
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text: News Police investigate 3rd possible 'knockout' attack over past week in East New York Residents say they're shocked after another possible "knockout" attack yesterday afternoon in East New York. Police say a 76-year-old woman was walking along Wortman Avenue You need the latest version of the Adobe Flash Player to view the video related to this article. Download Now. Police are looking for a suspect who allegedly struck a 76-year-old woman in East New York. (11/30/13) Like Tweet Share Pin Email 0 Comments Updated November 30, 2013 2:42 PM EAST NEW YORK - Residents say they're shocked after another possible "knockout" attack yesterday afternoon in East New York. Police say a 76-year-old woman was walking along Wortman Avenue around 12 p.m. Friday when she was struck in the head and fell to the ground. She was taken to the hospital, where she was treated and released. The suspect immediately fled after the attack. This assault is the third potential "knockout" reported in East New York in the past week. All of the attacks happened within blocks of each other, but police have yet to confirm if the attacks are connected. Since early October, seven other suspected "knockout" attacks have been reported in Crown Heights, Midwood and Borough Park. Anyone with information is asked to call Crime Stoppers at 1-800-577-TIPS. Share on Facebook Tweet on Twitter More on this topic Elderly woman assaulted in possible 'knockout' attackPolice are looking for one suspect who was seen on surveillance video. Councilman Barron speaks out against 'knockout' violenceCouncilman Barron speaks out against 'knockout' violence News conference on 'knockout' gameNews conference on 'knockout' game advertisement | advertise on News 12 Trending Video 3:43 1 Brooklyn Sportscast, Feb. 16 0:58 2 The Buzz: Attack in Brownsville 1:13 3 Man, woman shot in Hendrix Street apartment building 1:07 4 Man critical after large street fight stabbing in Brownsville 3:20 5 Brooklyn Sportscast, Feb. 22 advertisement | advertise on News 12


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it is really a cellar of the old hotel some interesting bits in there, if you have a thing about the 2nd world war then it will be right up your street.
I suppose they need to put the cars somewhere; but the sweep of the view from the tower is ruined by the cars in front between the ancient sea wall and the battlement.
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Hotfrog NewZealand provides information regarding Downey Survey Consultants in Tauranga Bay of Plenty. Downey Survey Consultants is located at 13 Brinkley Road, Tauranga Bay of Plenty 3110 and provides Real Estate services. Contact them on 07-576 3681.
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41 Whiore Ave Tauriko Tauranga Bay of Plenty 3110
39 Bell Street Tauranga Bay of Plenty 3110
16 Mission Street Tauranga Bay of Plenty 3116
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Brookhaven PA Real Estate & Homes for Sale
70 Properties Found
The median home value in Brookhaven, PA is $148,000.
This is
lower than
the county median home value of $180,700.
The national median home value is $177,414.
The average price of homes sold in Brookhaven, PA is $148,000.
Approximately 80.97% of Brookhaven homes are owned,
compared to 14.91% rented, while
4.11% are vacant.
Brookhaven real estate listings include condos, townhomes, and single family homes for sale.
Commercial properties are also available.
If you see a property you're interested in, contact a Brookhaven real estate agent to arrange a tour today!
Sort Results:
1 - 25 of 70 Properties Displayed
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28 W Chelton Road Brookhaven, PA 19015
Courtesy: Keller Williams Philly
View additional info
Welcome to 28 W Chelton Road in beautiful Brookhaven! Located on a quiet street in the Parkside neighborhood, enter and discover tons of new upgrades and updates, including updated plumbing and electrical. The home features a large living room with an open dining room showcasing any furniture arrangement to suit your taste. Continue into the kitchen, complete with granite counters, stainless steel appliances, tiled backsplash and access to the rear deck and fenced in back yard - perfect for lounging on sunny days! The second-floor features three light filled bedrooms and a full bath with vanity and stand up shower. Still not enough room for you? Check out the full basement with washer/dryer for your convenience. Close to major retail development on Edgmont Ave. 8 minutes to the Elwyn/Media SEPTA station. 13 minutes to beautiful downtown Media. 7 minutes to Widener University. Don't wait ? schedule your showing today!
4035 Gideon Road Brookhaven, PA 19015
Courtesy: Ross Real Estate
View additional info
Brick Toby Farms 20 foot end unit. Three bedrooms 2.5 baths, hardwood floors, updated kitchen, partially finished basement and new heater and hot water heater. Needs cosmetics. A great value. FHA case #441-854147. Property is FHA insured with escrow, FHA 203k, conventional or cash. Buyer is responsible for all closing costs, certifications, certificate of occupancy requirements and transfer taxes etc. Sold As-Is without any guarantee or warranty by seller. 45 day transaction close for financed transactions. 30 days for cash purchases, 60 days for FHA203K. Buyer's agent must be present for all showings and inspections. The utilities are off. Written pre approval for financing, as is lender. Proof of funds for cash sale. Deposits in certified funds payable to buyers title Company. Equal housing opportunity. How to buy a HUD home. Informative classes starting this winter and spring. Successfully selling HUD homes for agents. Quarterly sales training classes for your office or groups of agents. Call to request a class.
3408 Victor Avenue Brookhaven, PA 19015
Courtesy: Simple Choice Realty, INC
View additional info
This beautiful, new construction two story single family home is located in a desirable neighborhood in Brookhaven PA. It has three bedrooms, two and a half baths, a front porch and a back deck. This home has two zone heating and central air conditioning. Hot water is generated with a tank-less, gas fired hot water heater. Large driveway provides off street parking. A spacious crawlspace is easily accessible from in the home. Construction is expected to be completed by mid-April. Come see this fantastic home!
6923 Hilltop Drive UNIT 161 Brookhaven, PA 19015
Courtesy: Ross Real Estate
View additional info
Third floor Hilltop Summit one bedroom condo with balcony. Good location in Summit. Parking in front of unit. Located on side court. Gas heat a plus. Make your appointment today.
402 Cambridge Road Brookhaven, PA 19015
Courtesy: Scott Realty Group
View additional info
Excellent opportunity to own this beautiful Brookhaven Colonial! Limited edition - Only 5 of these spectacular, large 4 Bedroom, 2 1/2 Bath Colonials were built in 1988 in Brookhaven's Cambridge Estates ! A welcoming, colonial entry foyer guides you through the first floor Living room, formal dining room, large family room with gas fireplace, perfect for living and entertaining. Spacious eat in kitchen with granite counters and stainless steel appliances. Relaxing screened in porch and large open deck (reinforced for possible future hot tub) over look your large, open, well manicured back yard. Full, dry basement and floored, attic for more storage. Four, generously sized bedrooms in a desirable lay out on the upper floor. Hall bath can also be accessed through the 2nd largest bedroom. Master suite boasts private master bath and walk in closet. This home is a must see and must have. Nestled in the borough's quiet Cambridge estates and conveniently located to all the communities amenities, shopping, dining and much more !
250 E Avon Road Brookhaven, PA 19015
Courtesy: Century 21 Advantage Gold-South Philadelphia
View additional info
Welcome Home!!!!!! Very spacious twin located in the Penn-Delco school district. Property has been well maintained, and ready for its new owner(s). Unit has great lighting, closet and storage space. Hardwood floors, a finished basement that can be used as an additional bedroom, and central cooling and heating. Cozy for social gatherings or enjoy a nice quiet night outside on the deck.
3428 Mount Vernon Avenue Brookhaven, PA 19015
Courtesy: RE/MAX Town & Country
View additional info
Well maintained Cape Cod single in excellent condition.First floor features spacious living room,modern eatin kitchen with gas stove,combination laundry room & utility room,outside exit, large main bedroom and second bedroom and full hallway bathroom.Second floor features two nice size bedrooms with ample closet space.The rear entry has a handicap ramp and the backyard has a storage shed and backs to the park with tennis courts and baseball field.Great location convenient to Route 352 and the Route 1 bypass,schools and shopping.There is a one year home warranty to the buyer at settlement.Inspect and make a serious offer!
4945 James Place Brookhaven, PA 19015
Courtesy: Long & Foster-Media
View additional info
Welcome to this beautiful and immaculate brick home on a cul de sac street located in desirable Dutton Mill Estates in Brookhaven Borough, voted "One Of The Best Places To Live In PA"! Upgrades and Amenities: new roof, doors, zoned heat, kitchen with a commercial range, wood flooring, crown molding, chair rail, recessed lighting, bow window. The home has lovely curb appeal and landscaping. Entry hall with wood flooring, nice powder room with tile flooring, clean and freshly painted mud/laundry room. The spacious and sunny living room offers crown molding and a large bow window, the Dining room offers hardwood floors, a nice chair rail, slider to the rear yard and a half wall opening the dining room to the kitchen that was recently updated, complimented by a commercial stainless steel range, wood cabinetry, a deep sink, recessed , and wood floor. The large family room is next to the kitchen with a gas fireplace to warm up the room on any chilly evening! The upper level offers a main bedroom with hardwood floors, and crown molding, 2nd bedroom has hardwood floors, the 3rd bedroom has been freshly painted with carpet, you will enjoy the lovely new bathroom with new tile, new sink, new light and faucet and recessed lighting. Attic access from the hallway closet. one car garage offering full attic storage. Brookhaven is a walkable community with sidewalks and street lights. Walking distance to the revitalized business district offering a Star Bucks and Smashburgers! Award winning Penn Delco schools, New state of the art Coebourn elementary school, a "National Blue Ribbon Awarded School", Northley Middle School awarded "A School To Watch For Rising Scores", Penn Delco "Music community Award"! Close to train, Phila Airport, I-95, Penn State Brandywine and Neuman U.
5200 Hilltop Drive UNIT RA3 Brookhaven, PA 19015
Courtesy: Long & Foster-Media
View additional info
One of the best locations in Hilltop on a cul de sac with plenty of parking when you have guests visit! This unit has been updated and nicely maintained by the present owners. You will enjoy viewing this lovely updated unit, freshly painted and tastefully decorated. Enter into the spacious living room offering a large front window, the dining room has a oversized window with a deep window sill allowing lots of sunlight to enter, the new kitchen has ample cabinets with a pantry, dishwasher and a newer range. The main level powder room is updated and offers a main level laundry. The upper level offers a spacious main bedroom with on oversized window and two closets, one being a walk in closet, 2nd bedroom also with an oversized window and walk in closet. The family room offers an additional entertaining space to enjoy. Walk to the pool and play area. The exterior maintenance and snow plowing is done by the assn. Enjoy a relaxed and healthy life style being in a walkable community and borough. You can walk to the newly revitalized business district Star Bucks, Smashburgers, Lowes and more! Award winning Penn Delco schools! The new state of the art Coebourn elementary school is a National Blue Ribbon Awarded School and has been awarded A School Of Character! Brookhaven has been voted One Of the Best Places To Live in PA, 2016. Close to Philly airport, R3 train, NJ and DE state lines.
413 Sir Galahad Drive Brookhaven, PA 19015
Courtesy: Keller Williams Real Estate-Media
View additional info
Amazing opportunity to own this well kept 3 bed, 1.1 bath split. Nestled in a great neighborhood within the Award Winning Penn-Delco School District. This property has had only ONE owner who has meticulously cared for their home and now this home is ready for you to start making memories. This property does need some updating, but has been very well cared for.Harwood flooring throughout main and upper level. Brookhaven has been voted one of PA's best places to live in 2016! This homes great location is within short walking distance to shopping, entertainment and Coeburn Elementary a National Blue Ribbon School and is a very close drive to Philadelphia, Wilmington and the Airport. Brookhaven has had new business revitalization, including Lowes, Starbucks, LA Fitness, Giant and so much more. Come make this home your own! ONE YEAR HOME WARRANTY INCLUDED.
232 E Roland Road Brookhaven, PA 19015
Courtesy: Owners.com
View additional info
Listing Broker & Seller assume no responsibility & make no guarantees, representations, warranties (express, implied or otherwise) as to the availability or accuracy of information contained herein. Occupied property NO SHOWINGS
1305 Powell Road Brookhaven, PA 19015
Courtesy: Long and Foster-Media
View additional info
3 bedroom, 1.5 bath row home. Newer roof and hot water heater. Spacious master bedroom. Finished basement with laundry room and garage. Come view this property for yourself.
138 Bradbury Road Brookhaven, PA 19015
Courtesy: BHHS Fox & Roach-Bryn Mawr
View additional info
Lovely & meticulously maintained home in Cambridge Square. This 2 bedroom, 1.5 bath has so much to offer for such a great price!Open floor plan with great flow and a conveniently located 1st floor powder room. Large, eat-in kitchen with breakfast bar and sliding glass door boasting bright, natural light. Sliding doors lead out to an almost brand new deck, ideal for your morning cup of coffee and and Summer BBQ's. 2 great sized bedrooms with ample closet space. A very large, shared Jack & Jill bathroom. HUGE basement that could easily be finished for some major expanded living space and still plenty of room for lots of storage. This home is move-in ready and a must see! This development sits in an ideal location for any city or suburb commute. Walking distance to the brand new Shoppes at Brookhaven! This town home really has it all!
3604 N Clearwater Lane Brookhaven, PA 19015
Courtesy: BHHS Fox & Roach-Devon
View additional info
BEAUTIFULLY RENOVATED from top to bottom. Come and see this light and airy 3 bedroom, 2 full bath gem. Gleaming refinished hardwood floors throughout entire first floor. The living room has a large bay window which allows for great light and curb appeal. The kitchen boasts new cabinets, granite countertops and brand new appliances. Just off the kitchen is a large open living or dining room with a wood burning fireplace with sliders to the 4 season sunroom. The open layout makes for easy entertaining. Also on the main level are 3 bedrooms and a renovated full bathroom. The basement is partially finished with a large living room, brand new carpeting and another full bathroom. There is ample storage in the unfinished portion of the basement. The newly fenced back yard offers a great place for outdoor entertaining with plenty of privacy. New 200 AMP electric service, new electrical and plumbing fixtures throughout. Walk to the elementary school and enjoy close proximity to new shopping center and restaurants. Easy commute to Philadelphia and Wilmington. Everything has been done. Move right in and enjoy this fabulous home.
823 Creekside Drive Brookhaven, PA 19015
Courtesy: Simple Choice Realty, INC
View additional info
Freshly painted 2 bedroom 2 bath unit in Traditions at Ridley Creek 55 and over condominium. This second floor elevator served unit is in move in condition and features numerous original construction upgrades, including extra large kitchen cabinets and granite counter tops. The unit is exceptionally livable with a large master bedroom with ceiling fan and full bath, den with custom built in storage, 9' ceilings, crown molding, and an open floor plan. This prestigious gated community offers an on-site clubhouse with fitness center, gathering room with full kitchen, game room and veranda. The Condo Association is adequately capitalized to hold assessments stable for future years.
605 Patton Avenue Brookhaven, PA 19015
Courtesy: Long & Foster-Havertown
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Make this spacious, multi-level home YOURS! This home sits on almost a quarter-acre of ground, is very convenient to shopping and transportation (easy access to major roads and many points of interest) and is located in a quiet section of the desirable Borough of Brookhaven. There are 5 levels separated by very few steps! The interior offers a convenient layout with plenty of space and privacy. The main level offers a large Living Room with a bay window and double closet, a Kitchen/ Dining Room with a built-in dishwasher, built-in microwave and sliders to the large rear Deck. One level down is a large Family Room with access to the built-in garage (door opener) and a Laundry Room with a convenient Powder Room and a rear entrance. The lowest level has a finished room that could be a great Office space (privacy!), a closet and an unfinished area with the newer gas burner, gas water heater, circuit breaker panel and ample room for storage. The level above the main offers three Bedrooms (all have double closets), a linen closet and a full Bath. One level up is another Bedroom which has a walk-in closet and access to the floored/ insulated Attic storage. The exterior is maintenance-FREE (the energy-efficient (insulated double)/ tilt-in (easy to clean) windows are capped) and there is ample yard to enjoy the outdoors with a Deck, off-street parking and a large Shed (with electricity and a newer roof (2015)). Updates include: Central Air (2014); heater (2013); main roof (2005); security system. Bring your decorating touches and you can make this your very own Dream House! All it REALLY needs is YOU!
1335 Rainer Road Brookhaven, PA 19015
Courtesy: Keystone Funding & Realty Group
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This well maintained 3 bedroom home has a master bedroom with a master bathroom, along with central air and an eat-in kitchen. It would make a great starter home for a first time home owner or a great rental property for an investor to add to their portfolio. This property has tons of potential!
3464 Victor Avenue Brookhaven, PA 19015
Courtesy: Ross Real Estate
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Single cape cod with 4 bedrooms, vinyl siding, long driveway and garage. Nice back yard. First floor bedroom could also be a family room or dining room. Updated kitchen, hardwood floors on 1st floor and enclosed back porch. FHA case #441-944537. Property is FHA insured with escrow, FHA 203k, conventional or cash. Buyer is responsible for all closing costs, certifications, certificate of occupancy requirements and transfer taxes etc. Sold As-Is without any guarantee or warranty by seller. 45 day transaction close for financed transactions. 30 days for cash purchases, 60 days for FHA203K. Buyer's agent must be present for all showings and inspections. The utilities are off. Written pre approval for financing, as is lender. Proof of funds for cash sale. Deposits in certified funds payable to buyers title Company. Equal housing opportunity. How to buy a HUD home. Informative classes starting this winter and spring. Successfully selling HUD homes for agents. Quarterly sales training classes for your office or groups of agents. Call to request a class.
212 10TH Street Brookhaven, PA 19015
Courtesy: Ross Real Estate
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Roomy single with front porch and nice yard. Living room has gas fireplace. Nice wood work, high ceilings and replacement windows. Maintained house. Just needs cosmetics. FHA case #441-937665. Property is FHA insured insured with escrow, FHA 203k, conventional or cash. Buyer is responsible for all closing costs, certifications, certificate of occupancy requirements and transfer taxes etc. Sold As-Is without any guarantee or warranty by seller. 45 day transaction close for financed transactions. 30 days for cash purchases, 60 days for FHA203K. Buyer's agent must be present for all showings and inspections. The utilities are off. Written pre approval for financing, as is lender. Proof of funds for cash sale. Deposits in certified funds payable to buyers title Company. Equal housing opportunity. How to buy a HUD home. Informative classes starting this winter and spring. Successfully selling HUD homes for agents. Quarterly sales training classes for your office or groups of agents. Call to request a class.
204 Aucott Road Brookhaven, PA 19015
Courtesy: RE/MAX Main Line-West Chester
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Welcome to 204 Aucott Road, a townhome located within the Cambridge Square community of sought after Brookhaven. This home features an eat in kitchen with sliders to the back deck that offer beautiful views. A powder room on the first floor and a large living room complete the main level. The upper level offers 2 large bedrooms and a full bath. Basement is a walk-out and can be easily finished to provide additional living space. Cambridge Square is conveniently located only 15 minutes from the Philadelphia Airport, and is in close proximity to downtown Media, center city Philadelphia, Wilmington Delaware, as well as Chester & Montgomery County, which offer plenty of shopping and dining options! Cambridge Square's very affordable monthly association fee includes trash & snow removal, as well as lawn cutting, seasonal maintenance, and beautiful landscaping throughout the community. Home is being sold As is condition.
280 Bridgewater Road UNIT E19 Brookhaven, PA 19015
Courtesy: RE/MAX Hometown Realtors
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RARE 2 story end unit townhome w/ adjacent parking, 2 Bedrooms, 1.5 Baths, Front Patio, New C/A in 2016, replacement windows, updated Circuit Panel & more. MAIN LEVEL: Entry, spacious Living Room w/ sliders to Patio, Dining Area, Kitchen w/ breakfast bar, dishwasher, electric range, Pantry Closet. UPPER LEVEL: Master Bedroom w/ double closet, Full Bath w/ tub/shower combo, Laundry Closet, Bedroom 2 w/ double closet, Powder Room. Trimble Run community has pool, playground and other amenities, it is pet friendly, HOA fee includes Heat, Water, Sewer, Trash, Pool, Exterior Maint, snow removal, etc. Easy Living and A Great Value !!
233 Beechwood Road Brookhaven, PA 19015
Courtesy: Long and Foster-Media
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Well maintained solid brick twin in Penn-Delco School District. First floor featuring living room,dining room, eat in kitchen, powder room, and full basement. Heater and central air are 5 years . Second floor has three bedrooms with full bath. Yard is extra large fenced yard. Great for first time home buyer-will sell furnished, if required. Move-in condition. Handicap accessible. Buyer is responsible for any repairs and for use and occupancy. Penn-Delco has 1% wage tax.
262 W Roland Road Brookhaven, PA 19015
Courtesy: Keller Williams Real Estate-Media
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Welcome home to this completely renovated, single family home in the Penn-Delco School District! Refinished hardwood flooring greets you as you enter the home, with the open living room and large bay window in front, bathing the room in natural light. Flowing through the living room will bring you to the dining area, with sliding doors leading out to the rear deck and spacious back yard. The renovated kitchen is complete with stainless steel appliances, tiled backsplash and dark cabinets that create a cozy but practical kitchen space. A half bath completes the first floor. Upstairs the refreshed hardwood flooring continues, with 3 good sized bedrooms and a full, updated hall bath. Not one to skip! Contact us for a showing!
210 W Forestview Road Brookhaven, PA 19015
Open House:
Sunday, 3/5 1:00-3:00PM
Courtesy: Long and Foster-Media
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Up dated Brick & Vinyl ranch home on a deep lot at the end of the street. Open floor plan with Fam rm/den, living room flowing into the dining room perfect floor plan for entertaining, D/R w/H/W & crown molding open to the Gorgeous updated Kit, w/white cabinetry, brushed nickel pulls, under counter sink, new electric range, overhead lighting crown molding, large serving counter, perfect for entertaining & OE to rear yard. MBR offers a hallway w/2 dble closets leading to spacious bath w/vanity, lighting, tile flooring & shower stall, 3 addittional B/R's, Full hall bath w/tile flooring, tile tub surround. First floor laundry mud room, Patio in rear, shed storage, basement storage. Extra long driveway affords parking for 6+ cars. Newer heat pump, c/a, windows, roof & extra insulation for energy efficiency. This home was beautifully updated. One floor living space at it's best!
5200 Hilltop Drive UNIT S-11 Brookhaven, PA 19015
Courtesy: Premier Property Sales & Rentals
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Must see Hilltop Townhome. First floor consists of living room, chair-railed dining area, modern kitchen with dishwasher, powder room and laundry. The 2nd floor houses the main bedroom with 2 large closets, a ceiling fan, and cable hook-up. The second bedroom is a nice size with ample closet space. There is also a linen closet and a full bath with designer tile. The lower level features the family room with porcelain tile floor and a utility/workshop/storage area. Glass in all windows has been replaced with clear glass, no grids, to give the unit a fresher more modern look. Reasonable condo fees cover water, sewer, rubbish, lawn care, snow removal, exterior maintenance including roof, and community pool. Perfect for those who prefer low maintenance living. This community prides itself on having more than ample parking for guests. Hilltop is convenient to Elwyn train station, downtown Media, I-95, Philadelphia, Delaware, Riddle & Crozer Hospitals, and all the new shopping centers along 352 in Brookhaven. Pride of ownership shows in this well kept community. Come see this home, you won't be disappointed. Agent is related to Seller.
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The eurozone crisis isn't all bad news, according to Andreas Krüger. Germany's red-hot economy is luring skilled young immigrants from struggling periphery countries such as Spain, Greece and Portugal and that is good news for companies that are recruiting — including his.
"In Spain there is 21 per cent unemployment, so they are coming here," the bespectacled, Berlin-based manager of the architecture and design materials centre Planet Modulor says, standing outside newly opened premises in the capital's Kreuzberg district. "There are a lot of vacant jobs. This whole country is a zone of opportunity."
Such assertions meet with a guarded reaction


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In fact, I've been going to San Francisco for JPM Week for almost a decade. I think 2017 marks the ninth year in a row I'll make the trip across the country. I cannot recall the last time I sat in on a presentation at either JPM or BTS. Instead, I make the trip to do one-on-one meetings. Almost all the management teams in town next week will meet with investors for one-on-one meetings. This is where you can really get to know the company, ask questions, and learn valuable information. Take my advice, if you really want to get the most out of your trip to San Fran next week, skip the Powerpoint presentations and schedule one-on-one meetings!
My schedule is pretty full. I'm meeting with over a dozen management teams. Below is a primer for ten names I plan to see, with a look at what I'm looking to ask and get updates on while I'm in town.
Matinas Biopharma (MTNB): Matinas is one of my best ideas for 2017. Matinas focuses on the treatment of chronic and acute infection. The company's two lead products are MAT2203, an oral formulation of the antifungal agent amphotericin B for invasive fungal infections (IFI), and MAT2501, an oral formulation of the antibiotic, amikacin. Central to the Matinas story is the company's proprietary cochleate technology. Cochleates are stable, crystalline phospholipid-cation delivery vehicles that are composed of soybean phosphatidylserine (PS) and calcium.
Calcium is used to create a calcium-phospholipid anhydrous crystal structure that traps the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) inside the nano-crystalline structure. Cochleate drugs can be taken orally because the high calcium concentration inside the digestive tract keeps the cochleate structure in crystalline form. This protects the API even though the outer layers of a cochleate crystal may be exposed to harsh environmental conditions or enzymes found in the digestive tract. Once ingested, macrophages readily engulf cochleate through phagocytosis. The vesicles form endosomes, which merge into lysosomes inside the macrophage (see cartoon graphic).
Once inside the macrophage, the nano-cochleate structure unrolls due to the low calcium concentration of the cytoplasm. This releases the active pharmaceutical drug inside the macrophage. The macrophage then travels to the site of the infection, slowly releasing the active anti-infectant where it is needed most.
MAT2203 is an oral formulation of the broad-spectrum antifungal agent amphotericin B. In November 2016, Matinas initiated a Phase 2 study examining MAT2203 in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). It's a randomized, multicenter, evaluator-blinded study of oral MAT2203 compared to oral fluconazole in adult female patients. The Phase 2 VVC study is designed to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of MAT2203 in this otherwise healthy population. The results will provide Matinas with excellent balance / juxtaposition to a second (going) Phase 2 study being conducted by the NIH for the treatment of mucocutaneous candidiasis in immunocompromised patients who are refractory or intolerant to standard non-intravenous therapies. These are patients with advanced cancer, organ transplant, or viral infection that no longer respond to oral azole treatment.
A third Phase 2 study is expected to begin shortly. In this study, Matinas will analyze the multiple dose safety, tolerability, and PK study in patients with mucocutaneous candidiasis undergoing treatment for hematologic malignancies such as leukemia. This study will include patients being treated with the chemotherapy regimen that typically induces neutropenia, causing suppression of the immune system and subsequently puts patients at risk for developing an IFI. My review of MAT2203 is a helpful starting place for investors interested in learning more about MAT2203. I think this is a potential blockbuster product.
A third Phase 2 study is expected to begin shortly. In this study, Matinas will analyze the multiple dose safety, tolerability, and PK study in patients with mucocutaneous candidiasis undergoing treatment for hematologic malignancies such as leukemia. This study will include patients being treated with the chemotherapy regimen that typically induces neutropenia, causing suppression of the immune system and subsequently puts patients at risk for developing an IFI. My review of MAT2203 is a helpful starting place for investors interested in learning more about MAT2203. I think this is a potential blockbuster product.
MAT2501, an oral formulation of amikacin, is equally as exciting. Amikacin is a powerful antibiotic with limited resistance. Unfortunately, tolerability is poor and adverse events, including severe nephrotoxicity, is common. This greatly limits uptake of the drug and relegates use to last-resort indications. Additionally, Amikacin must be delivered via intramuscular or intravenous injection. MAT2501 has a novel approach and solves a big problem for infectious disease doctors in the U.S.
The reasons why I'm bullish on Matinas are numerous. It checks all of the boxes on my "Five C's" rule for biopharma investing. The first half of 2017 is loaded with catalysts, including data readouts on all three MAT2203 trials and the recently initiated Phase 1 MAT2501 program. That's four meaningful catalysts over the next 6-9 months. Plus, the company just announced a warrant tender that should bring in over $15 million in cash and dramatically clean up the capital structure. With cash, catalysts, and a clean capital structure, I'm expecting an uplist to a national exchange in 2017 as well. I plan to meet with Matinas next week to get an update on all four clinical trials as well as the status of the warrant tender.
The reasons why I'm bullish on Matinas are numerous. It checks all of the boxes on my "Five C's" rule for biopharma investing. The first half of 2017 is loaded with catalysts, including data readouts on all three MAT2203 trials and the recently initiated Phase 1 MAT2501 program. That's four meaningful catalysts over the next 6-9 months. Plus, the company just announced a warrant tender that should bring in over $15 million in cash and dramatically clean up the capital structure. With cash, catalysts, and a clean capital structure, I'm expecting an uplist to a national exchange in 2017 as well. I plan to meet with Matinas next week to get an update on all four clinical trials as well as the status of the warrant tender.
VistaGen Therapeutics (VTGN): VistaGen is another name I'm very excited about for 2017. The company is developing AV-101, a novel glycine B (GlyB) receptor antagonist that negatively modulates the NMDA receptor. AV-101 is an oral prodrug candidate that has demonstrated impressive antidepressant effects and safety in preclinical and Phase 1 studies and is currently in a Phase 2a study under the principal investigation of Dr. Carlos A. Zarate, MD, one of the nation's foremost experts in the field of depression, for the treatment of major depressive disorder.
This Phase 2a study is taking place at the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health Clinical Center in Bethesda, MD. Data are expected in the second quarter of 2017. Although designed as a small monotherapy study with emphasis on biomarkers and other exploratory endpoints, I believe positive signals will trigger a major valuation inflection in the shares of VistaGen, even before results from the much larger, potentially pivotal AV-101 Phase 2b adjunctive treatment study, as the release of similar, early-stage positive Phase 2 depression data from Minerva Neurosciences in May 2016 and Sage Therapeutics in July 2016 added several hundred million in market value to those companies. I've stated in the past that VistaGen's orally available AV-101 looks like a superior candidate to Allergan's Phase 3 IV-administered rapastinel, an asset that Allergan acquired along with a backup candidate for $571 million upfront in 2015, with over $1 billion in potential backend economics.
My primary focus for meeting with VistaGen is to get an update on the two Phase 2 programs with AV-101. As noted above, the results of the Phase 2a NIMH study has the potential to spark a major valuation inflection in the shares, so I want to try to nail down when and how VistaGen plans to make that data available. The trial is being conducted at the NIMH and academic-types like Dr. Zarate tend to like to present and publish these important findings. That takes time and make us investor-types wait longer than we like! I also want to try to get a sense of when the company plans to initiate the Phase 2b program. Management believes this trial could count as a pivotal program.
I've written in the past that AV-101 has tremendous potential for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), so I want to try to understand the size and scope of this all-important Phase 2b study. I'm also very interested in the recent sublicense of the company's proprietary human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) technology platform to BlueRock Therapeutics, a newly formed joint venture between Bayer AG and Versant Ventures seeded with $225 million in new capital. The sublicensed technologies relate to the production of cardiac stem cells for the treatment of heart disease. VistaGen received $1.25 million upfront and is eligible for significant development and commercialization milestones. I want to try to better understand both the upside opportunity from BlueRock and the potential for VistaGen to enter into additional sublicense agreements for this platform.
CanFite Biopharma (CANF): CanFite is planning a big year ahead. The company has two clinical-stage candidates in piclidenoson (CF101) and namodenoson (CF102). With piclidenoson, two separate Phase 3 programs should begin this year. The first will study piclidenoson as a first-line agent for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in patients that are naive to methotrexate (MTX). MTX is the standard first-line disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) for treating newly diagnosed patients with RA.
My research finds that 80% of patients will start on MTX, but only two-thirds will still be on the drug after the first year and less than one-third are still on the drug two years after that. Tolerability to MTX is decent, but the efficacy simply does not compare to the anti-TNF biologic drugs or JAK inhibitors. CanFite is hoping that for newly diagnosed RA patients with high expression of a specific biomarker, A3AR, initiating therapy with piclidenoson will result in remission rates similar to the vastly more expensive and dangerous biologic drugs. A Phase 3 program is expected to initiate in Europe around the middle of the year.
Piclidenson also works for psoriasis. CanFite is planning a second Phase 3 program to begin in 2017 that will pit the drug head-to-head against Celgene's incredibly successful Otezla®. Piclidenoson has a slower onset of action than Otezla, but Phase 2 data suggests patients can achieve a higher clearance of plaque psoriasis if they stay on the drug for a longer period of time. For investors in CanFite, the initiation of the two Phase 3 programs is certainly encouraging from a development standpoint, but I think the real event to watch for with respect to piclidenoson in 2017 is a potential partnership. Piclidenoson is a drug that should be of high interest to specialty pharma companies in the U.S. and Europe, and the initiation of the two Phase 3 programs should be the final gating factor to striking a deal.
CanFite's second clinical candidate is namodenoson (CF102). Namodenoson is currently in a Phase 2 program for the treatment of refractory hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and about to start a second Phase 2 program for NAFLD/NASH. The Phase 2 HCC trial is an important catalyst for the company. Previous data with namodenoson in patients with Child-Pugh B cirrhosis showed an improvement in overall survival compared to what was previously demonstrated with Nevavar®. Data from this trial is expected around the middle of the year.
However, the initiation of the Phase 2 program in NAFLD/NASH is perhaps the most exciting program for CanFite investors. NASH is a hot area for biopharma investing and the company has been generating some very encouraging preclinical data with namodenoson in NASH models. Several large-cap names like Allergan, Gilead, and Sanofi are investing heavily in this space and with Phase 2 proof-of-concept data in hand for namodenoson, CanFite immediately becomes a take-out candidate.
I'm excited to meet with the company to get an update on all these programs, as well as discuss the company's business development strategy, which seems to present an opportunity for multiple deals with piclidenoson and/or namodenoson in 2017.
Valeritas Holdings (VLRX): Valeritas Holdings, Inc. is a commercial-stage medical technology company focused on developing innovative technologies to improve the health and quality of life of people with Type-2 diabetes. The company's first FDA-approved product is V-Go Disposable Insulin Delivery Device ("V-Go"). V-Go is designed for patients with Type-2 diabetes who require daily insulin to achieve and maintain their target blood glucose goals. It is the first and only FDA-approved single-use, fully-disposable insulin delivery device with basal (background) and bolus (mealtime) capabilities on the market in the U.S.
V-Go solves many of the challenges with conventional insulin therapy. V-Go is small and discreet. The tiny device can be worn on the upper arm or along the waist underneath a shirt. Type-2 diabetics can dose insulin prior to a meal without having to carry around needles, pens, injectors, sterilizing wipes, or bottles of insulin. Users of the product report they can dose in public without anyone knowing. V-Go is also easy to use. Once applied to the skin, each device delivers a steady flow of insulin over a 24 hour period. Additionally, V-Go is convenient. The product is available at pharmacies across the U.S., similar to other prescription medications, including insulin pens and injectors. And finally, V-Go is cost effective. The device costs roughly the same as traditional insulin pens and applicators to both patients and payors. My summary of the benefits of V-Go is outlined in my previous work.
In November 2016, Valeritas reported financial results for the third quarter. Revenue growth was only 3% in the quarter, but investors need to understand that this growth came despite an over 50% cut to the size of the sales force from last year. Valeritas is working on improving operating efficiencies and profitability. My analysis of the financials and business prospects can be found in my update from November. I believe the company is making progress on all fronts and the improvement in the gross margin along with the decrease in operating expenses is clearly encouraging.
I'm looking forward to meeting with the company to discuss update business metrics, including gross margin and units sold for the fourth quarter. V-Go targets a tremendous market opportunity and the product is a lifesaver, literally, for many insulin-dependent diabetics. It's rare to see a company with an approved medical device like V-Go selling for such a low valuation compared to peers. I'm thinking that 2017 will be a pivotal year for Valeritas.
Vitality Biopharma (VBIO): If you wanted to invest in a theme for 2017, you can surely play CRISPR, gene therapy, or maybe CAR-T will come back in vogue after a rough 2016; however, my call for the best biopharma sub-sector place to stick your money for 2017 is in cannabis stocks. Yep, cannabis, an industry I told investors to avoid like the plague many years ago has finally come full circle. From boom to bust, to now potentially back to boom, I think cannabis biotech is here to stay. The recently passed 21st Century Cures Act is a major win for the industry and I think you will start to see serious institutional investors start making cannabis bets in 2017.
There are already several established players, like GW Pharmaceuticals Plc (GWPH) and Insys Therapeutics Inc. (INSY), but one under-the-radar name I like is Vitality Biopharma. The reason I like Vitality is because the company has real R&D operations and a real pipeline of cannabinoid prodrugs to treat unmet medical needs. I've stated in the past, I'm not a huge fan of the growers or the cannabis med-tech names. I think the future of cannabis is in pharmaceutical applications of cannabinoids, not medical marijuana. As such, I do not think you will see acres upon acres of marijuana being grown for pharmaceutical use. Instead, pharmaceutical-grade cannabinoid products will be manufactured, and Vitality's prodrug technology creates patent-protected, new chemical entities.
Vitality Bio is currently conducting preclinical studies in anticipation of filing IND applications in 2017 for glycosylated cannabinoid products called cannabosides. The most advanced candidate is VB100, a cannaboside prodrug under development for the acute management of inflammatory bowel disease. A second candidate, VB210, is under development for chronic conditions that affect both the GI and CNS. I'm particularly intrigued by the use of VB100 for the treatment of narcotic bowel syndrome (NBS), a severe form of opiate-induced abdominal pain. NBS is a rapidly growing problem in the U.S. due to the nation's serious opioid epidemic and there is a wealth of independent data supporting the use of CBD for the treatment of both severe opioid-refractory pain and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). VB100 is an astutely designed molecule that has the potential to help upwards of 200,000 people in the U.S. with NBS.
Vitality's stock was on fire in December, tripling in value at one point. To learn more about the story, investors can read my introductory article. The stock looks very inexpensive given the potentially large market and proprietary technology. Management received some good news in late December from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) and the State of California Research Advisory Panel granting the company approval to scale-up activities at its facilities used for the development of novel cannabinoid pharmaceutical prodrugs (read the company's press release). I'm excited to meet with management next week to get a better handle on the timelines for initiating clinical trials with both VB100 and VB210, as well as learn more about how the recent DEA approval opens the door to forming research collaborations and potential partnerships in 2017.
Two see another five names, read Part-2 >> HERE
Please see important information about BioNap, Inc. and our relationship with company's mentioned in this article in our Disclaimer.
BioNap is long shares of MTNB and VTGN and owns stock options in shares of CANF.
BioNap is long shares of MTNB and VTGN and owns stock options in shares of CANF.
We hold no position in shares of VBIO or VLRX as of this article, but reserve the right to establish a position in either name in the future.