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Integrated maps of patient 10, including data from stereoscopic fundus photography (black lines and red dots), the retinal leakage analyzer (RLA) (color-coded maps of blood-retinal barrier permeability indexes), and the retinal thickness analyzer (RTA) (white dot density maps of percentage increases in retinal thickness) obtained from visits at baseline (A), 6 months (B), and 12 months (C).
Integrated information for patient 10 for the 3 visits (at 0, 3, and 6 months). Each square represents data from a 300 × 300-µm area in the fundus. The 2 black dots show the location of 2 microaneurysms that were present at the 3 visits. An abnormal increase in thickness at the first visit is shown as shaded squares; at the second visit, as 45° lines (/); and at the third visit, as 135° lines (\). For an abnormal increase in leakage, only the central retinal leakage analyzer(RLA)–leaking sites are shown. The numbers inside the circles represent the percentage of increase over the reference map for the first visit. For the second and third visits, the value is shown inside squares (none for this patient) and inside diamonds, respectively. Note the location of the RLA-leaking sites and their fluctuation during the 1-year period. There are 3 leaking sites common to the first and third visits. All of them decreased to within normal values at the second visit and showed important increases at the third visit, thus clearly demonstrating fluctuation in the percentage of fluorescein sodium leakage at these leaking sites. The small circle in the center of each map denotes the location of the center of the fovea; the large circle, centered on the fovea, denotes a circle of 1500 µm in diameter; and the black curvy lines, retinal vessels.
Lobo CL, Bernardes RC, Faria de Abreu JR, Cunha-Vaz JG. One-Year Follow-up of Blood-Retinal Barrier and Retinal Thickness Alterations in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Mild Nonproliferative Retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119(10):1469-1474. doi:10.1001/archopht.119.10.1469
© 2017
To examine the 1-year alterations of the blood-retinal barrier and changes in retinal thickness occurring in the macular region in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and mild nonproliferative retinopathy.
We classified 12 eyes of 12 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and mild nonproliferative retinopathy by 7-field stereoscopic fundus photography, levels 20 and 35 of Wisconsin grading, and examined them 3 times, at 6-month intervals, by fluorescein angiography, retinal leakage analyzer (RLA) (modified confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope), and retinal thickness analyzer. The maps of retinal leakage and retinal thickness were aligned and integrated into one image. Data from the group of individuals with diabetes were compared with those from a healthy control population (n = 14; mean age, 48 years; age range, 42-55 years) to establish reference maps for the RLA and the retinal thickness analyzer.
Areas of abnormally increased fluorescein sodium leakage and increased thickness were detected in all eyes examined at baseline. The sites of increased fluorescein leakage reached values as high as 483% above normal, but in 10 of the total 36 examinations performed, fluorescein leakage returned to normal levels. A statistically significant correlation was found between changes in hemoglobin A1c values and variations in percentage of abnormal fluorescein leakage between the 6- and 12-month examinations (P<.001). When comparing the RLA-leaking sites among the 3 examinations, a good correlation was seen among the location of these sites of maximum leakage, but there was a clear fluctuation in the percentage of increases. A correlation was noted between the location of the RLA-leaking sites and the location of areas of increased retinal thickness in subsequent examinations, either 6 or 12 months later. Microaneurysms showed relatively little leakage and leaked progressively less in successive examinations.
The dominant alteration in the retina of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and mild nonproliferative retinopathy is the presence of RLA-leaking sites, indicating spotty retinal vascular damage characterized by alteration of the blood-retinal barrier. This damage appears to be reversible and directly associated with variations in glycemic metabolic control. Retinal edema appears to develop mainly as a result of retinal vascular leakage.
RETINOPATHY IS the most frequent microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus. It is estimated to be the most common cause of new cases of blindness among adults aged 20 to 74 years.1 The magnitude of the problem becomes apparent when one realizes the projected growth of the incidence of diabetes mellitus and the limitations of photocoagulation, the only tested form of therapy, which is performed when disease progress is already irreversible.2
To prevent and improve the treatment of diabetic retinopathy, it is fundamental to know the evolution of the earliest changes that occur in the diabetic retina and how they relate to the progression of the retinopathy.
The accepted methods to assess retinopathy are based on visual acuity changes and findings noted on fundus photography.3 Both provide information on late changes but are not useful for identifying initial alterations. The only features that are visible on fundus photography are microaneurysms, hemorrhages, cotton-wool spots, hard exudates, venous abnormalities, and neovascularization. Examination of the initial alterations in diabetic retinal disease must involve other methods, such as measuring alterations of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) and changes in retinal thickness. Methods of multimodal imaging of the ocular fundus have recently been developed by combining information obtained from different sources, such as fundus photography and fluorescein angiography, with measurements obtained with instrumentation, such as the retinal leakage analyzer (RLA) and the retinal thickness analyzer(RTA).4- 6 To our knowledge, we provide the results of the first 1-year follow-up study of changes occurring in the macular region of eyes from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and mild nonproliferative retinopathy.
Twelve eyes from 12 patients (4 men and 8 women), aged 44 to 63 years(mean ± SD, 55 ± 5 years), with type 2 diabetes mellitus and mild nonproliferative retinopathy characterized on 7-field stereoscopic fundus photography (SFP), levels 20 and 35 of Wisconsin grading,2 were examined 3 times by SFP, fluorescein angiography, RLA (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany), and RTA (Talia Technology, Ltd, Mevaseret Zion, Israel) at 6-month intervals during a 1-year period. All patients had a corrected visual acuity of 20/20. The study eye was chosen as the one fulfilling the inclusion criteria(levels 20 and 35 of Wisconsin grading). When both eyes met the inclusion criteria, the right eye was chosen.
The patients were followed up by the same diabetologist and remained within limits of acceptable good medical control. Their hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values ranged from 5.4% to 9.7% (given as the percentage of total hemoglobin), and their duration of diabetes ranged from 2 to 15 years (Table 1).
The tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki were followed, and approval of the institutional review board was obtained for this study. Informed consent was obtained from the patients before they were enrolled in the study.
Stereoscopic fundus photography was performed according to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) protocol.
Stereoscopic pairs of fields were obtained using a 30° fundus camera to classify levels 20 and 35 of Wisconsin grading, but only field 2 was used to examine and correlate with other data (leakage and thickness).
Fluorescein angiography was performed using a fundus camera with a 45° field after patients received an injection of fluorescein sodium, 14 mg/kg of body weight. Early- and late-phase (5 minutes) studies were analyzed.
The RLA is a new method that quantifies localized fluorescein leakage in humans from the retina into the vitreous across the BRB. The instrumentation and all the image processing have been previously described.4
The RLA obtains images of the fundus with real 3-dimensional information. Two types of information are obtained simultaneously, one for optical imaging and one representing fluorescence measurements being scanned. Axial graphics of the fluorescein measurements obtained from the vitreous representing a volume of 75 × 75 × 2550 µm were converted into retinal leakage maps. Multiple measurements of retinal leakage can be graphically assembled in a false-color retinal leakage map that represents the distribution of alterations in the BRB in any chosen area of the total area of the posterior pole under examination. Intravisit and intervisit reproducibility values of the method are ±10.2% and ±13%, respectively.4
The RTA is a quantitative and reproducible method for evaluating retinal thickness.6 The system acquires optical images of the retina in sections by projecting the laser into the retina at an angle, allowing the reflection or scattering of the laser light from the vitreoretinal and chorioretinal interfaces to be viewed. The separation between the reflections(and scatter) from these 2 interfaces is a measure of retinal thickness. The data are analyzed, and the retinal thickness is given as a numerical value and a color-coded map.
Data from the group of individuals with diabetes were compared with those from a healthy control population (N = 14; mean age, 48 years; age range, 42-55 years) to establish reference maps for the RLA and RTA.5
Because of the differences in resolution between the 2 instruments (RLA and RTA), a value of leakage is obtained for a 75 × 75-µm area, while a single value of thickness covers a 200 × 200-µm area. Therefore, the smallest area that can be constructed that contains an integer number of leakage and thickness values is 600 × 600 µm, that is, 8 × 8 values of leakage and 3 × 3 values of thickness.
To compare information from the RLA and RTA and to use the more detailed data from the leakage maps, we chose 300 × 300-µm areas. The maps are, therefore, composed of 63 (9 × 7) values, each representing a 300 × 300-µm area, for a total of 2700 × 2100 µm.
For each 300 × 300-µm area, the value of leakage is the mean and SD of 16 (4 × 4) values.
To obtain a value of thickness for an equivalent 300 × 300-µm area, we performed a 2-step procedure. First, values of thickness were computed as the mean and SD of 9 (3 × 3) values, corresponding to a 600 × 600-µm area. Afterward, this area was split into 4 adjacent 300 × 300-µm areas, and the mean and SD values obtained for the 600 × 600-µm area were given to each of these 4 adjacent areas.
In the healthy control population, the mean values of the 63 mean values of leakage and thickness are 21.29 × 10− 7 cm/s and 168.13 µm, respectively; for the SD, the mean values are 6.19 × 10− 7 cm/s and 22.56 µm, respectively. The relatively large SD for leakage, registered after averaging 14 normal retinal leakage maps, is expected considering the high resolution of the system associated with regional variations in vascular distribution.
By comparing values from the patients with those from the controls, we can compute maps of increased leakage or increased thickness as percentages.
All of the increases are computed considering the reference mean plus 2 SDs of the healthy control population.
An extended description of the data analysis methods is available elsewhere.4,5
Correlations between percentages of increases in RLA and RTA values occurring between examinations and HbA1cvalues and systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements were performed using the χ2 test to compare proportions.
The fundus lesions are first characterized by grading each eye based on images from 7-field SFP and using ETDRS protocols.
Only eyes showing levels 20 and 35 of Wisconsin grading were included in this study. Combined information is obtained only from field 2, using color SFP; FFA, early and late phases; scanning laser ophthalmoscope angiography; RLA; and RTA.
The alterations registered in field 2 with the different methods used were as follows.
Red dots and yellowish white deposits.
Early phase: outline of the foveal avascular zone, hyperfluorescent(bright) spots, and hypofluorescent (dark) spots; and late phase: leaking spots (spots surrounded by diffuse hyperfluorescence).
Leaking spots.
Areas of increased fluorescein leakage (300 × 300 µm) are areas where fluorescein leakage is more than a reference made equal to the mean plus 2 SDs of a healthy control population. The increase is expressed as a percentage over the reference. Retinal leakage analyzer–leaking sites are identified as the central sites (300 × 300 µm) of maximum percentage of increased leakage occurring in each area. In many cases, there is continuity between areas of increased fluorescein leakage. Still, it is possible to determine these RLA-leaking sites, checking for the first- and second-order derivatives of the leakage map.
Localized measurements of retinal thickness are obtained from a 200 × 200-µm area. The findings on fundus photographs and fluorescein angiograms were registered by 3 different observers (C.L.L., J.R.F.A., and J.G.C.-V.) in an independent manner. Disagreements were resolved after joint examination. Definitions for the lesions used in the text followed ETDRS definitions.
Only eyes that showed no capillary closure during the early phase of the fluorescein angiogram were included in the study analysis. Absence of capillary closure was accepted when a smooth and symmetrical outline of the foveal avascular zone was observed, with defects no larger than 10% of the entire outline.
To interpret the data, the following definitions, coinciding largely with ETDRS definitions, were used: microaneurysms, isolated red dots in SFP images that coincide with hyperfluorescent spots in the early FFA; hemorrhages, round or linear red spots in SFP images that do not fluoresce on FFA or that appear as dark spots in FFA images; drusen, deeply located yellowish white deposits in the SFP image that became hyperfluorescent in early FFA; and hard exudates, white or yellow-white deposits that do not fluoresce or that appear as dark spots in FFA images.
The results are summarized in Table 1. Areas of abnormally increased fluorescein leakage were detected in all eyes examined at baseline.
Retinal leakage analyzer–leaking sites, that is, sites of maximal fluorescein leakage for each area of abnormally increased leakage, reached values as high as 483% above normal, but in 10 of the 36 examinations performed, the fluorescein leakage returned to normal levels. This finding occurred in 5 eyes 6 months after inclusion in the study and in another 3 eyes at the 12-month examination.
Of the 12 patients included in the study, 8 improved in metabolic control during the second period of follow-up, that is, between the 6- and 12-month examinations, and the correlation between changes in HbA1c values and decreases or increases in percentage of abnormal fluorescein leakage was statistically significant (P<.001). A direct correlation between these 2 variables was present in 10 of the 12 eyes. No correlations were found between systolic or diastolic blood pressure values and changes in percentage of abnormal fluorescein leakage, either between baseline and the 6- and 12-month examinations or between the 6- and 12-month examinations.
When comparing the RLA-leaking sites among the 3 examinations, there was good correlation between the location of these sites of maximum leakage but a clear fluctuation in the percentage increases (Figure 1 and Figure 2). In total, the eyes examined showed 51 different RLA-leaking sites unrelated to microaneurysms or other apparently identifiable vascular abnormalities. These RLA-leaking sites showed the larger percentage increases in fluorescein leakage. Of 51 RLA-leaking sites, 34 were identified in the same location in the retina in subsequent examinations. Clear fluctuation in the percentages of abnormal fluorescein leakage between the subsequent examinations was observed in 8 of the 12 eyes examined. The other 4 eyes showed a progressive decrease in fluorescein leakage in the subsequent examinations.
There were also 29 microaneurysms in field 2 of the 12 eyes examined. They remained in the same location during the 1-year follow-up period. Although associated with some degree of abnormal fluorescein leakage, the percentage increases in fluorescein leakage were relatively low (Figure 1 and Figure 2). Furthermore, they were found to leak progressively less in successive examinations. Only 5 of the 29 microaneurysms showed some increase in fluorescein leakage at the 12-month examination.
Increases in retinal thickness were also detected in all eyes examined at 1 of the 3 examinations performed in each eye. The sites of maximum percentage thickness were generally lower than 30% above normal values, with the sole exception of the last examination of patient 10.
Changes were found between the location of sites of maximum percentage increase in retinal thickness when comparing examinations performed in the same eye in 7 of the 12 eyes. The 5 eyes that had a more stable abnormal increase in retinal thickness also showed involvement of the fovea and had higher maximum percentage increases in retinal thickness. The changes in retinal thickness showed no statistical correlation with changes in HbA1c values or with systolic or diastolic blood pressure values. Finally, a correlation was observed between the location of the RLA-leaking sites represented by sites of maximum percentage of increased fluorescein leakage at one examination and the location of sites of maximum percentage increase in retinal thickness in subsequent examinations, either 6 or 12 months later (Figure 1 and Figure 2).
The coincidence between the location of sites of increased thickness and RLA-leaking sites in previous examinations was 61% for the 6-month examination and 71% for the 12-month examination.
Our method of multimodal imaging of the ocular fundus allows correlations to be established between fundus lesions, localized alterations of the BRB identified by mapping fluorescein leakage into the vitreous, and changes in retinal thickness. Previous studies5,7 have shown in the macular region of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and nonproliferative retinopathy, in most eyes examined, that localized sites of increased fluorescein leakage did not show good correlation with the zones of increased retinal thickness. To explain this apparent lack of correlation between sites of alteration of the BRB and zones of retinal edema in the diabetic macula, the presence of 2 types of edema, vasogenic and cytotoxic, was put forward.5,7 There is a need for studies of the natural history of these alterations occurring in the early stages of diabetic retinal disease using these new methods and performed in a prospective fashion.
In the present study, a 1-year follow-up of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and mild nonproliferative retinopathy, we performed 3 examinations, at baseline and 6 and 12 months later.
The most frequent alterations observed were, in decreasing order of frequency, RLA-leaking sites, areas of increased retinal thickness, microaneurysms, and drusen. Hemorrhages and hard exudates were relatively rare in the macular region (photographic field 2 of the ETDRS) in these eyes with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (levels 20 and 35 of Wisconsin grading).
Retinal leakage analyzer–leaking sites reached permeability indexes of the BRB as high as 483% above normal. These sites of alteration of the BRB, well identified in the RLA maps, varied little in their location on successive examinations at 6-month intervals, but their BRB permeability indexes fluctuated greatly when comparing subsequent examinations. In 10 of the 36 examinations, RLA maps returned to normal levels. Most of the RLA-leaking sites were not associated with any visible morphologic alteration of the retina, such as microaneurysms, hemorrhages, or other vascular abnormalities.
The intensity of fluorescein leakage, represented by the BRB permeability indexes in these RLA-leaking sites, correlated well with the changes in HbA1c levels, when comparing the 6- and 12-month examinations. Decreases in HbA1c levels, indicating improved metabolic control, were associated with decreasing fluorescein leakage, and increases in HbA1c levels with increasing fluorescein leakage. No correlation was found, however, between variations in fluorescein leakage and blood pressure changes, either systolic or diastolic, but this may be because of the small number of patients involved and the fact that the blood pressure levels remained relatively stable during the study, in each patient. These findings confirmed and expanded previous reports using slitlamp vitreous fluorometry8 and vitreous fluorometry,9 showing that an increase in permeability of the BRB to fluorescein is an early finding in patients with diabetic retinal disease.10,11 The RLA, based on scanning laser ophthalmoscope methods, goes a step further by identifying the actual sites of increased fluorescein leakage.
A particularly interesting observation in this study is the widespread presence of increased retinal thickness, ie, retinal edema. Our findings offer some insight into the mechanisms of development of retinal edema in the initial stages of diabetic retinopathy. The location of RLA-leaking sites appears to be predictive of the later development in the same location of areas of increased retinal thickness. An alteration of the BRB appears, therefore, to be associated with the development of diabetic retinal edema, at least in this stage of retinopathy.
Another interesting observation was the variation found between subsequent examinations in the location and extent of the areas of increased retinal thickness. These variations give support to the view that the retinal edema observed in these eyes is extracellular and not intracellular. We have, therefore, retinal edema that fulfills the criteria for being classified as vasogenic edema, that is, it is associated with an alteration of the BRB and appears to be predominantly extracellular. This follow-up study, allowing comparisons to be made between 3 subsequent examinations, performed at 6-month intervals, indicates that vasogenic edema is the predominant type of retinal edema occurring in these initial stages of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy.
The extent and percentage increases in retinal thickness did not show any clear correlation with HbA1c levels or blood pressure variations. They appeared, however, to be a late result of an alteration of the BRB identified in previous examinations.
Longer follow-up studies are, therefore, needed to examine relationships between the occurrence of retinal edema and changes in metabolic control or blood pressure levels.
During the 1-year follow-up period, microaneuryms leaked progressively less at successive examinations. This observation suggests that these vascular lesions are in the process of progressive occlusion and gives support to the view that they are sites of localized thrombosis.12
In conclusion, our observations suggest that the dominant alteration in the retina of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and mild nonproliferative retinopathy is the presence of RLA-leaking sites, indicating spotty retinal vascular damage characterized by alteration of the BRB. This spotty retinal vascular damage appears to be reversible and directly associated with variations in metabolic glycemic control. These findings offer particularly exciting perspectives for medical therapy of diabetic retinopathy.
The methods of examination we used could not show, however, if these leaking sites are associated with or preceded by dynamic changes in the retinal vasculature, such as localized vasodilation or vasoconstriction.
Retinal edema, also a frequent finding, appears to develop as a result of retinal vascular leakage.
Longer follow-up studies, using new methods of examination, such as the RLA and the RTA, ideally combined with blood flow studies at the capillary level, integrated in multimodal imaging of the ocular fundus, are expected to clarify many of the remaining questions.
Accepted for publication February 23, 2001.
Corresponding author and reprints: Conceição L. Lobo, MD, MSc, Center of Ophthalmology, University Hospital and Institute of Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal (e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com).


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Sunday, December 6, 2015
Let's establish disease-free zones
8 comments:
- AnonymousDecember 6, 2015 at 8:17 AM
One point you missed in your WND column:ReplyDelete
Just make guns illegal, it worked for drugs, didn't it?
Oh, I guess not.
A gun is like a parachute.
If you need one, and don't have one,
you'll never need one again.
- AnonymousDecember 6, 2015 at 8:31 AM
On Black Friday, Americans underwent more background checks than there are Marines in the Marine Corps, a new record.ReplyDelete
If .gov wants to protect the populace, they have a backwards way of going about it.ReplyDelete
I liked you comment about how the progressives FeeeeeL! About 4 years my wife said something like that and I swear I could see the light bulb over my head light up. They NEVER have an answer except it feels right. Poverty, disease, gun control, self esteem, and whatever their feeeeel good message of the week is. But you know what it never works. I am like you just leave me alone! Congrats on the new stove by the way.ReplyDelete
I would like to please requestReplyDelete
Idiot-Free Zones
in my area!!!
Your articles make whole sense of every topic.bed bugs picturesReplyDelete
- AnonymousDecember 9, 2015 at 9:47 AM
How about Government-Free Zones, starting with Washington DC?ReplyDelete
Montana Guy

subset: commoncrawl


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Click here to print the obituary below
James Alexander "Jim" Murray passed away on Friday, July 5, 2013 at the age of 93. He was born in Salt Lake City, Utah on March 24, 1920 and was raised in Long Beach, California.
Jim joined the Navy in 1939 at age 19 and on December 7, 1941, standing with his fellow sailors raising the flag in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, he looked overhead and bore witness to the unfolding on WWII.
He longed to fly and got his wish, becoming a crew member on one of the Navy's PBY Catalinas. During his 20-year Navy career, Jim visited many places including, back to Pearl Harbor twice; Perth, Australia; Guam and other South Pacific Islands. He was one of a handful of the last known Pearl Harbor survivors living in Skagit and Island Counties.
Jim was active in the PBY Association and a member of the Pearl Harbor Survivors' Association North Cascades Chapter 5. He was a great story teller with a dry sense of humor and a quick chuckle.
After he retired from the Navy, he went to work for the U.S. Post Office settling in Mount Vernon where he met and married his wife, Ruth in March of 1959. They would have celebrated 50 years of marriage in 2009 however, his beloved Ruth passed away in November 2007.
Jim was preceded in death by his wife, Ruth; daughter-in-law, Jeannette Beam; and daughter-in-law, Lynn Murray.
Surviving family members include his sons, Jim Murray, Bob and daughter-in-law Pam Murray; daughter, Michelle and son-in-law Charles Beam; grandchildren, Alex and Jessica Murray and their three children, Tatum, Tucker, and Boden; Ron and Kelly Clark; Shelley Chase and her daughter, Rianne Chase and her two children, Aly and Gabe; and Michelle's daughter Yasha. He is also survived by his sister, Carol Guerre and her six children.
In Jim's later years, he was active with the Burlington Senior Center crowd enjoying lunch and playing cards for many hours with his friend, Jean.
Jim and his wife, Ruth, were interred at Tahoma National Cemetery on Tuesday, July 16, 2013. You are invited to share your memories of Jim, and sign his online guest register at
Arrangements are under the care of Kern Funeral Home.
Funeral Home
Kern Funeral Home
1122 South 3rd Street
Mount Vernon, WA 98273
(360) 336-2153


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Archive for January 2013
Day of the Living Ales tickets now on sale
Day of the Living Ales, the annual celebration of cask and gravity-fed beers, is now selling tickets for the 2013 edition. The event, sponsored by the Chicago Beer Society, will be held Saturday, March 2, at Goose Island-Wrigleyville, 3535 N. Clark St., Chicago.Tickets can be purchased online through Brown Paper Tickets. The CBS website proclaims:... Read more »
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Reviewed By Tracy H (PARKER, SD) Reviewed for a 2002 GMC Suburban —4/19/2016 4:56 AM
Fit was great,tips would not tighten down was the only downfall
Reviewed By gary S (GRANBURY, TX) Reviewed for a 2016 Ford Mustang —2/4/2017 8:52 AM
I had the cat back system professionally installed. I have done my own install previously but this would have been tough in the driveway. The supports were not wielded the same distance on both pipes so one had to be moved so the tips were equal distance on each side... and the rear most hangers were too long to fit.. so they had to be trimmed... LOVE the sound, bit louder than expected but really nice low tone for an EB mustang. minimal drone on the hwy and the car seems a bit peppier!!
Reviewed By Brian D (Los Angeles, CA) Reviewed for a 2005 Jeep Grand Cherokee —1/24/2017 6:01 AM
Sounds good I have CAI now this..next thing I want is a tuner so I can mess with the Rev limiter but when you get on it it's pretty load notice minimal power gains sounds good but at idle didn't notice any change in sound but the beast comes alive at full throttle
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I'm sad to hear about your son's health issues.
But it might also be a signal that your business is growing a bit "out of control" and that you need to invest extra in man-power and maybe a website/marketing guy on part time to take care of the front end-ish.
Just some tips.
Frank offered me to send the cables via Express delivery, free of charge, but I've decided to get a refund (even though I waited 4 months) and take it as a sign from god that I need to start doing my own cables.
It's the devil that's persuaded you to get a refund, god would have told you to wait for one of Franks cables


text:
The Which Punctuation Mark Are You Test
All possible test results
You enclose and envelope life, as well as things that aren't vital to the main topic. You are something of a loner and take pleasure in the simple things in life. You are uncomplicated for the most p... Read more
There's no denying that you have a certain flair. You don't mind being around others, especially your little brother, the hyphen, but you rarely emerge except when needed. You respond well to those ... Read more
Congratulations! You are the semicolon! You are the highest expression of punctuation; no one has more of a right to be proud. In the hands of a master, you will purr, sneering at commas, dismissin... Read more
It doesn't bother you when people make anatomical jokes about you, because you're laughing right along with them. True, you cannot be called gregarious, but within your domain you're secure for a ver... Read more
You are comfortable around others. While you don't have to go out every night, yet you take pride in being easy to get along with. This should not, however, be misconstrued as believing (as many do)... Read more
Your life can be difficult because of your insecurities, but you should know that it isn't your fault. YOU didn't ask to be thrown in around thirty times per page in every bodice-ripper on the shelf!... Read more
Question mark
You are the soul of the inquiring mind--you are the glory of the scientist and the bane of the pseudo-scientist. But, more than that, you, more than any other, can indicate changes in pitch in dialog... Read more
Exclamation point
Yes, you are fine around others. Fine. But you wish you could have just a *little* more alone time. Okay, well, a lot more alone time. In fact, you'd be happier if you didn't have to go out nearly... Read more
quotation marks
There is a lot more to you than meets the eye. You certainly get plenty of "action," but you'd be happier if those who lusted after you were more selective. You hate being used as a general intensif... Read more
Yes, you're the period. You are the end. If there is going to be a beginning, it means you will be there, eventually. Without you, we'd all run out of breath. You love hanging around with simple, ... Read more
You are happy around most people, and take pleasure in breaking large groups up into smaller, more managable units. This makes you something of a manager, though your subtlety makes it easy for othe... Read more
You move so fast, and appear in so many places, that it is very easy for your friends--and you have a lot of friends--to overlook your subtleties. It's a little sad, in fact, how unappreciated you ar... Read more
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FARIA Euro Series Trim Gauge
FARIA Euro Series Trim Gauge
Your item has been added, do you want to go to your shopping cart now?Go to cart
Perimeter - lighted black dial with bold white graphics, black aluminum bezel, contoured white pointer and flat glass lens.
Trim Gauges:
706182: Mercury/Mariner O.B./Mercruiser/ Volvo D Yamaha Est, Yam. 2001 O.B. & Volvo Str. Dr. 1996 Thru
706180: OMC Outboards Johnson/Evinrude
List of part numbers that are compatible with the Kimpex number :
Supplier number :12828
Kimpex catalog number :706183
List of additional OEM numbers :


text:
- Artist: Vitamin String Quartet
- Release Date: 04/29/2003
Best Buy is dedicated to always offering the best value to our customers. We will match the price, at the time of purchase, on a Price Match Guarantee product if you find the same item at a lower price at a Designated Major Online Retailer or at a local retail competitor's store.Here's how:
- If you find a qualifying lower price online, call 1-888-BEST BUY and direct a customer service agent to the web site with the lower price, or when visiting a Best Buy store, one of our employees will assist you.
- On qualifying products, Best Buy will then verify the current price to complete the price match.
Exclusions apply including, but not limited to, Competitors' service prices, special daily or hourly sales, and items for sale Thanksgiving Day through the Monday after Thanksgiving. See the list of Designated Major Online Retailers and full details.
- Antichrist Superstar
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- Lunchbox
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- The Dope Show
- The Speed of Pain
- A Place in the Dirt
- Armageddon for Our Time


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With Instructables you can share what you make with the world, and tap into an ever-growing community of creative experts.
Tell us about yourself!
superb idea.. thanks a lot.. it helped me in my 12 science project
Ultra-Portable Smartphone Charger!!!
Join 2 million + to receive instant DIY inspiration in your inbox.
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Key Stage 1 Arithmetic Full Tests
Is there a spreadsheet for analysis available yet?
Hi c_leat,
Thanks for getting in touch! We're just looking into this for you and we'll get back to you as soon as we can! :)
Hi there c_leat,
Our lovely teacher and design teams have completed this for you and emailed the new resource, I hope you find it useful! It will also be available for download on the website within 48 hours, and you can find it either as a main resource, or under 'Alternative versions' above.
Hi there c_leat,
This has been completed now and we have emailed the new resource to you! It will also be available on the website within 48 hours, and you can find it either as a main resource, or under 'Alternative versions' above. I hope you find it useful!
Could we have a spreadsheet with linked objectives for these tests please?
Thank you
Hi lhastie,
Thank you for your resource suggestion on the Twinkl website.
If we're able to make this for you we'll be in touch shortly to let you know.
I hope you have a lovely day! : )
downloaded this but it wont open?
Hi Cavendish16,
Thank you for commenting! I've had a look at this resource and it seems to be opening without any problems. Please check out our useful help page: http://www.twinkl.co.uk/help/common-problems/i-cant-download-a-resource. I hope this helps but let us know if you have further problems :)
Key Stage 1 Arithmetic Full Tests - A set of six practice tests that introduce children to the format of the 2016 Key Stage 1 Sample Arithmetic Test, using content appropriate for Year 2. One for each half term.
This zip file contains:
- Test 6 [PDF]
- Test 1 [PDF]
- Test 2 [PDF]
- Test 3 [PDF]
- Test 4 [PDF]
- Test 5 [PDF]
This resource is available in Standard and 4 Per Page.
- Twinkl added 4 Per Page Version on Feb 17th


text:
£84,995 Offers over
KnightBain are delighted to offer to the market this spacious ground floor villa in Uphall. Close to local amenities. No chain.
Accommodation comprises -
Entrance Hall, Lounge, Kitchen, Three double Bedrooms and Bathroom. Garden and on street parking.
EPC Rating = D
Entrance is to the front of the property into a Vestibule. Side facing window. Cupboard.
Provides access to all accommodation. Cupboard with hanging rail and electric fuse box.
Lounge 15'3 x 11'8
Large window to the front with vertical blinds. Gas fire. Shelved alcove area.
Kitchen 11'7 x 6'4
Good range of base and wall mounted units. Space for cooker, fridge freezer and washing machine. Front facing window. Cupboard housing water tank.
Master Bedroom 12'9 x 11'3
Rear facing window. Cupboard with shelves.
Bedroom Two 11'6 x 10'5
Rear facing window. Bare floor boards.
Bedroom Three 11'2 x 9'10
Front facing window. A further double bedroom.
Three piece suite. Rear facing window.
Front Garden
South facing Front Garden lid to lawn.
Rear Garden
Drying area with lawn beyond.
This house description is based upon information supplied by the owner, or on behalf of the owner. These property particulars are produced in good faith and do not constitute or form part of any contract. s1homes do not take any responsibility for the accuracy of the information contained in this document.
If a property value displays '0', don't worry it just means no properties have been sold in that area during that time.
Sold house price data is supplied to us by the Registers of Scotland, a government department responsible for compiling and maintaining property registers, every month. There can be a delay of up to 3 months from when a property is sold to being recorded with Registers of Scotland. We provide house price data for your information only, we do not accept any liability for any errors. If you have noticed any incorrect information, please contact Registers of Scotland.


text: Mr Bush, whilst talking about the foiled plot to blow up airliners said; "America is now safer than it was pre 9/11". Is he talking out of his backside? Although not liked before (Kenyan embassy bombings, Bali, then 9/11 etc), surely afghanistan and iraq has helped fuel hatred of America (and the uk?)?


text:
Parking in Istanbul
8.8 - 642 votos
Parking in Istanbul Solución
Parking in Istanbul is a well-designed 3d driving game. You can play it on CrazyGames directly in your browser. This highly addictive driving game uses WebGL technology to work smoothly in most browsers. Parking in Istanbul has been played 21253 times and has been rated 9.1 out of 10 with 317 votes. If you enjoy Parking in Istanbul, make sure to also play our other 3d driving games like Russian Car Driver HD and Russian Extreme Offroad. More »
Inicio | Sobre | Términos de Uso | Privacidad | Contacto
© Copyright 2013 - 2017 1001Juegos.com
© Copyright 2013 - 2017 1001Juegos.com
1001Juegos.com es un sitio web de Maxflow BVBA, Lei 33, 3000 Leuven, Bélgica (IVA: BE 0550.758.377)


text:
Page Hits...
Snow Machine Club Membership Form
The 2017 winter schedule is posted Click here to see the events planned this winter. Please email me if you have an event you would like posted on the web site.
Click here for the January 2017 Running With Pack News Letter.
We have a Facebook page! Interact with us there. Friend the LLSMC on Facebook. Share pictures and your upcoming events there.
Click here for weather cam.
Current Conditions below.
was formed in 1994 by founding member, Tree Farmer, as a way to streamline the area's grooming efforts. The Club's first duties were directed at helping the Copper Basin 300 Sled Dog Race with the Lake Louise portion of their race trails. Our responsibilities grew over the years as more volunteers and members helped the Club grow into a non-profit organization responsible for almost 200 miles of winter trails in the Lake Louise and Copper River area.
We have 8 1/2" X 11" laminated trail maps available for $5.00. They are available at the bar in Lake Louise Lodge and Tolsona Lodge.
Check out the weather on the Web Cam!!
Special thanks to LL Lodge for hosting the web cam.
The LLSMC is a non-profit organization that relies on its members for fund raising. Do you like groomed trails? We need your support! Click here to see the list updated February 21, 2017. If your are not marked as current for 2017 you owe dues!. If you find an error please email me and I'll do what I can to fix it. If you haven't paid your dues you can do so easily online. Click here to pay your dues or to give a donation.
During the Christmas/New Years Holidays several people went out and marked all of the trails. The intersection map signs will go out over the next week. Special Thanks to all who helped, Harry Holt, Barry & Wendy Simpson, John Hicks, Pete Probasco, Eric Olson, Jim Davis & his friend Elliot, and Bill Fair.
If you couldn't help you can still support the club by making a donation on our donation page.
If we can get the vehicles to quit driving down our trails we will start grooming the lake trails!!
2017 Membership reminder click here for the mailer we sent out.
Shawn Holdridge


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Compare Litigation attorneys near you. Read reviews, see Avvo Ratings, and contact them directly.
5.0 stars 2 reviews
Avvo Rating: 10
20 years litigation experience President of Benton Franklin Counties Bar Association (2012-13) successfully handled cases in 19 Washington counties Named "Rising Star" lawyer by Washington Law & Politics magazine (2005) Experienced in busine...
Practice areas & skills: Litigation, Personal Injury, Medical Malpractice, Car Accidents
5.0 stars 21 reviews
Avvo Rating: 9.6
I've begun mediating cases in areas of civil litigation and family law and can mediate with parties only and/or with parties and their attorneys here at my office where I have several conference rooms. In 20 years of practicing law, I have secur...
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Avvo Rating: 8.1
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Avvo Rating: 8.8
Litigation For Trademark and Patent Infringement andIinventions. Call For a Free Consultation.
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Hello. My practice focuses on commercial and personal Bankruptcies and workouts.I have represented debtors and creditors in chapter 7, 11, 12, and 13 bankruptcies. The commercial workouts and bankruptcies invove business and real estate transactio...
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Avvo Rating: 8.4
Review: "I've used Mr. Miller's services 3 times, and I've been satisfied each time. Mr. Miller helped me with 3 small real estate matters. He gets right into the practical, business issues. He even provided some creat...
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Scott Boyce enjoys helping people when they feel they are running out of options. Whether your legal issues are with the IRS or the Department of Veterans' Affairs, Mr. Boyce will investigate your options and work with you to resolve the legal is...
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If you have issues with someone and want to sue, you will need a litigation lawyer. Litigation lawyers handle the litigation process and understand all of the ins and outs of the courtroom. A litigation lawyer can also help you decide whether your case is appropriate for a lawsuit, or if it might be better handled through the mediation or arbitration process. The litigation lawyer will research the facts that caused the dispute, and analyze them to identify the appropriate law and how it applies. After this preliminary review, the litigation lawyer gives you an analysis of your rights and an estimate of your ability to be successful in court. The litigation lawyer will know the information you need to present in court as well as the process, procedures, and deadlines you must meet to keep your lawsuit on track.


text:
Sacred River
By (author) Peter Ackroyd
Format: Hardback
Normal Price: $59.99
Your Price: $53.99 AUD, inc. GST
Shipping: $7.95 per order
You Save: $6.00! (10% off normal price)
Plus...earn $2.70 in Boomerang Bucks
Availability: Available to Backorder, No Due Date for Supply
Thames by Peter Ackroyd
Book Description"Thames: Sacred River" is about the river from source to sea. It covers history from prehistoric times to the present, the flora and fauna of the river, paintings and photographs inspired by the Thames, its geology, smells and colours, its literature, laws and landscape, its magic and myths, its architecture, trade and weather. The reader learns about the fishes that swim in the river and the boats that ply on its surface; about floods and tides; hauntings and suicides; miasmas and sewers; locks, weirs and embankments. 'My fair lady' of London Bridge is Falling Down is identified as Eleanor, Queen of Henry lll; Mapledurham House near Henley as Toad Hall of Wind in the Willows.In AD 54, the river was 14 feet shallower than it is now, flowing sluggishly at low tide through sandbanks and swamps: thus Caesar and his legions could cross the Thames and defeat the British tribes. 1700 years later, malaria in the marshes of the estuary was so terrible that some men had 'from 5 to 6, to 14 or 15 wives' consequence, as Ackroyd writes drily, of mortality not profligacy. Here is Shelley floating on the river under poetical beech trees, Hogarth getting roaring drunk on a boatrip to Gravesend, William Morris wondering whether the same Thames water flowed past his windows in Hammersmith as flowed past his house at Kelmscott 100 miles upriver.Did you know that Pepys (in 1661) was the first to mention a dock on the Thames? That 'toe-rag' (meaning despised individual) derives from sacking worn over the boots of workers in the grain and corn warehouses of Milwall Docks? That hangings continued at Execution Dock until 1834? Peter Ackroyd has a genius for digging out the most surprising and entertaining details, and for writing about them in magisterial prose.
Buy Thames book by Peter Ackroyd from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9780701172848
(240mm x 162mm x 46mm)
Pages: 512
Imprint: Chatto & Windus
Publisher: Vintage Publishing
Publish Date: 6-Sep-2007
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
Other Editions...
Books By Author Peter Ackroyd
Queer City, Hardback (May 2017)View all books by Peter Ackroyd
Looks at London in a whole new way - through the history and experiences of its gay population. In this book, the author takes us right into the hidden history of the city; from the notorious Normans to the frenzy of executions for sodomy in the early nineteenth. It also tells us the hidden story of how it got there, celebrating its diversity.
» Have you read this book? We'd like to know what you think about it - write a review about Thames book by Peter Ackroyd and you'll earn 50c in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars (you must be a member - it's free to sign up!)
Book Review: Thames by Peter Ackroyd - Reviewed by Boomert (13 Jan 2010)
PUBLISHER: Random House (October 2007) ISBN: 978 070 1172848 490 pages
Reviewed by Ann Skea (email@example.com). ************************************************
Peter Ackroyd's Thames: Sacred River runs from source to sea, like the river itself. Like the river, too, it sometimes flows swiftly through landscapes of great interest and beauty, and at other times it meanders, becomes turgid, or has stony passages where the going gets harder. The journey, however, is well worth taking and, as a companion book to Ackroyd's London: The Biography, it must rank as one of the most detailed, informative and enjoyable surveys of London and its river since 1598, when John Stow wrote A Survey of London, a book to which Ackroyd often refers.
Thames is a book for dipping into rather than for prolonged immersion. There are fascinating and curious facts and anecdotes, history, geography, geology, myth, legend, art. There are chapters on the working river,...
Author Biography - Peter Ackroyd
Peter Ackroyd is an award-winning historian, biographer, novelist, poet and broadcaster. He is the author of the acclaimed non-fiction bestsellers London: The Biography, Thames: Sacred River and London Under; biographies of figures including Charles Dickens, William Blake, Charlie Chaplin and Alfred Hitchcock; and a multi-volume history of England. He has won the Whitbread Biography Award, the Royal Society of Literature's William Heinemann Award, the James Tait Black Memorial Prize, the Guardian Fiction Prize, the Somerset Maugham Award and the South Bank Prize for Literature. He holds a CBE for services to literature.
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text:
We love our Dads. They know we do, even if we don't say it enough and sometimes it may seem like we take them for granted. Father's Day is a time to make him feel all your appreciation and love.
When was the last time Dad got a present that genuinely surprised him?
This Father's Day, rather than just making him breakfast in bed and giving him a new necktie, you wake him up early.
"Dad, come with me."
"Where are we going?"
"You'll see."
You lead him outside to where he entertains and cooks for the people he cares about, his friends, his family. There, glinting in the early morning sun, is his Father's Day gift from you.
"What is that?" He's smiling, there's a glint in his eye. "Is that for me?"
"It's a SolSource solar grill Dad, I saw it on Top Chef, José Andrés said that it's going to change the future. I know how much you love outdoor cooking and how proud you are of our backyard, and it…"
"Looks incredible."
He's walking around it, he looks amazed and curious, like a child opening an unexpected Christmas present.
"Thank you, this is wonderful, I don't know what to say."
He gives you a big hug and doesn't let go.
"You didn't have to do something like this, it means a lot."
"Hey, you're my Dad. Happy Father's Day. "
This Father's Day, don't just get Dad something he needs – show how much he means to you and give him a gift that's all about him, something to remind him how important he is to you, and your whole family.
We'll make sure it's in his backyard for Father's Day Morning (if you order before June 15).


text:
Yahoo News Digest
By Yahoo
Open iTunes to buy and download apps.
** App Store Best of 2014 **
** Apple Design Award 2014 Winner **
Get in the know in no time.
Yahoo News Digest provides a definitive summary of all the important, need-to-know news. Digests are delivered twice a day - once in the morning and once in the evening. All the top stories are summarized and presented with the key information that you need to stay on top of what's happening.
Each story is created from multiple sources to present the essential bits and pieces of information, known as "Atoms". Atoms are key quotes, images, videos, stock tickers, maps, infographs, and Wikipedia excerpts among others. These atomic units provide a unique context to the news. Our stories are both algorithmically and hand curated to ensure high quality, and come with a textual summary.
In addition, we have extended this paradigm for the Apple Watch to deliver top-of-the-hour news bulletins. These bulletins are designed with the Yahoo News Digest's minimalist and modernists attitude. A bulletin begins with a beautiful, geometric poster which signifies the hour using Roman numeral accents, color and diagonal accents. The view is simple with just a graphic and concise headline. The bulletin itself is composed three simple but important screens. We offer the user a two sentence microsummary, a visual piece of information we call an "atom" eg map/stock ticker/stat, and then the ability for the user to speed read further information.
Yahoo News Digest makes your reading experience comprehensive, effortless, and complete, and is customized for both iPhone, iPad and Apple Watch. If you get your News Digest on an iPad, you'll also enjoy a weekly Katie Couric video show, the ability to customize when you receive your news and, in the US edition, extra news categories called Sections which include atomized stories on a whole range of topics.
We are committed to building the best mobile experience and are interested in your feedback.
Let us know your thoughts here: https://yahoo.uservoice.com/forums/236000
What's New in Version 1.7.4
- Temporarily removing the Apple Watch experience while we work on some under-the-hood improvements
- bug fixes and performance improvement
Customer Reviews
Has been more stable lately
Convenient and fast relevant news
Overall Great App, But...
I enjoy the format of the app and the wide scope of articles, but I was also very disappointed by the obvious slant during the election coverage. It's starting to become difficult to trust the media to simply report accurate news without bias...
Probably the Best News App Out There
Not snooty. A very good general aggregator that seems to be passive/agnostic, politically speaking. Easy to read and brief, with lots of links, if you want to go down any rabbit holes, trying to get to the bottom of any story. (Truth be known, to do this consistently, conveniently and entertaining-ly, you need to listen to, and support the No Agenda podcast. TBPITU. ITM.)
- Free
- Category: News
- Updated: Oct 31, 2016
- Version: 1.7.4
- Size: 42.5 MB
- Language: English
- Seller: Yahoo! Inc.
- © 2015 Yahoo Inc.
Compatibility: Requires iOS 9.0 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.


text: My wife and I randomly stopped at Flaherty's for lunch while we were in Carmel. We sat at the bar since the place was packed. Overall, it was a great lunch experience. They had a nice selection of beers on tap but their bartender is really good at mixing drinks. I thoroughly enjoyed my Seafood Cobb salad (crab, shrimp, bacon,... More


text:
If you don't have a green thumb but still like having plants around, this one's for you! 5 (Nearly) Kill-Proof House Plants provides need-to-know info on hardy, attractive, and easy-to-grow species.
Empava Luxury Bathroom Acr... $989.50
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A big party of bareback fucking and swimming in a pool
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Sunrise 20081012
- Posted Oct. 12, 2008 by Tony Duque Viewed 1323 times
- This is a migrated legacy post. Image resolution is low. Info
The clouds are moving out, but were present in abundance during today's Raleigh area sunrise event. This shot (better large on black [bighugelabs.com]) was taken just before sunrise proper and caught the little color offered… which was a lot more than the past few days.
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The Damning Storm
The Damning Storm
By Tony DeLorger © 2014
The tempest roars with vengeful fervour,
in the darkened hearts of lost souls,
ever provoking acts of malice,
in redemption for their own sufferance.
Yet there is no redemption, no reprieve,
from the incessant primordial blood letting,
that releases these poor souls, if only for a moment,
from the gnawing anger of loss and pain.
There is no healing for many, no solace,
lost within their own intolerant will and self-centred fixation,
spitting at a world too harsh to forgive, too relentless to accept,
and exacting ill-intent to all nourished by life's grace.
This storm within is a stain upon a soul,
a dark and malicious voice that prays upon a mind in confusion,
a mind cornered by self-doubt and inadequacy,
a consciousness unable to see light in the darkness.
And so this vengeful struggle ensues,
without love, without conscience, pity or empathy,
simply a squirming, writhing soul, immersed in its own hell on earth,
and dangerous, not bound by morality or parameters of will and action.
These damaged souls wander the earth in guises,
upholding the veil of an average soul, in many aspects of life,
but beneath a seething and heartless spectre of a being,
desperately trying to find any kind of peace from their internal contention.
Life, in all its glory and opportunity,
can be harsh and cold, and many people do not survive,
do not heal and find forgiveness in their heart,
and I am saddened by their circumstance.
The past is no more, and its shadow should not follow us into the future. We must always learn to forgive and let go, otherwise we will never live in the present.
More by this Author
- 4
A poem about contention and the clashing of wills through being stubborn.
- 2
A poem about the pleasures of the flesh.
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Prose poetry about decisions and how we make them, accepting the consequences without choice. It expresses how we can decide for our own growth and understanding, and regardless of difficulty accept the needs of...
2 comments
A sad plight skilfully portrayed in beautiful poetry. The storm within can rage forever. Lord, have mercy!


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Tongue Twisters
By (author) Joseph Rosenbloom Mike Artell
Format: Paperback
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Tongue Twisters by Joseph Rosenbloom
Book DescriptionThis crazy A-Z collection contains plenty of funny phrases, ridiculous rhymes, and silly sentences. Challenge your mouth muscles as you attempt to say these tongue twisters quickly, correctly, and more than once! Think your tongue can take it? Try these: "Bennie bought a bright brown blouse for Bonnie, but Bonnie believed Bennie bought a better bright blue blouse for Betty"; and, "Mr. Spinks thinks the sphinx stinks". With plenty of zany illustrations to add to the fun, this little giant collection of jumbo speech jumblers will keep you and your friends cracking up for hours.
Buy Tongue Twisters book by Joseph Rosenbloom from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9781402749742
(134mm x 107mm x 23mm)
Pages: 352
Imprint: Sterling Juvenile
Publisher: Sterling Juvenile
Publish Date: 4-Oct-2007
Country of Publication: United States
Other Editions...
Books By Author Joseph Rosenbloom
Jokes, Paperback (October 2007)
Presents a collection of jokes about teachers, parents, brothers and sisters, doctors and patients, Martians and earthlings. This book also contains tongue twisters, shaggy dogs, first dates, and Waiter, There's a Fly in My Soup jokes.
Riddles, Paperback (October 2007)View all books by Joseph Rosenbloom
Includes 1,750 riddles and cartoons organised into 20 categories.
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It has been a busy few months for investors at Vringo, Inc (NASDAQ:VRNG). The company announced a settlement from its long-time litigation with ZTE, and the company has substantially expanded its product portfolio. Vringo is helping to expand its focus from being a company solely focused on monetizing its Intellectual Property to helping make sure that it has a diverse product portfolio. Vringo appears to still be worth an investment with the continued strength of its IP portfolio and its ability to expand its product portfolio.
IP Portfolio
Vringo has been involved in much high profile litigation over the last few years. One of its main pieces of litigation did not work out so well for the company when it sued Google (NASDAQ:GOOG) (NASDAQ:GOOGL) over its AdWords system. While Vringo won at the district court level that judgment was overturned at the appeals court level and the Supreme Court refused to take the case. However, a recent development has helped to rebuild confidence within Vringo's investment portfolio. That is the company's litigation vs. ZTE inc, which resulted in a $21.5 million lump sum settlement to settle worldwide litigation. For a full view on the agreement, I recommend this article by a fellow Seeking Alpha author. That article goes much more in depth into the agreement between Vringo and ZTE.
The agreement with ZTE is important because it suggests that the company will have a much easier time being able to bring other defendants to the table. In the legal world one victory sometime helps to create a snowball effect into other victories. I would expect that since Vringo has now successfully forced a company to license its patent portfolio, we will see Vringo be able to force other companies to the table. This also will be important due to the fact that it could lower the litigation costs as courts have already shown a willingness to uphold the patents and enforce injunctions based upon them. I would expect for Vringo to announce additional litigation based upon the patent portfolio that it acquired from Nokia.
We don't need to simply speculate about upcoming litigation. We do know that Vringo is already engaged in other litigation vs. large corporate opponents. I also would expect for Vringo to continue to look at other opportunities to be able to in-license potentially valuable patents which could help create other opportunities for litigation.
Fli Charge
Vringo recently announced an agreement to acquire all of Fli Charge, which is a company that is attempting to develop systems for the wireless charging of cellphones and other devices. This is potentially a very promising area for the company to be expanding into and should help allow Vringo create a product portfolio that will hopefully develop a needed revenue stream. The acquisition of Fli Charge also could help give Vringo a new patent portfolio that it should be able to monetize. The patent portfolio at Fli Charge also appears to be robust which should help to provide the needed patent protection surrounding its products.
Fli Charge has had some promising recent developments which suggests that the company could be very promising for Vringo. One of the major developments was that Fli Charge partnered with MITO corporation to commercialize aftermarket automotive power and charging solutions. This agreement will help the companies try to develop a solution for helping to charge devices inside of the car. Fli charge also is focused on consumer electronic devices, which presents an important commercialization opportunity for Vringo. For more information regarding all of Fli Charge's product offerings please look at this document. The addition of additional products will be promising for Fli Charge, but the real value will come once the company is able to take this promising technology and convert it into constant revenue streams for Vringo.
Fli Charge also is very important for another reason, however, in that it helps to move Vringo out of the "patent troll" category. One of the primary threats facing any company that monetizes its IP is legislation that will help to limit the ability of patent trolls to litigate within the United States. However, having actually technology surrounding its patents should help to make sure that Vringo will not be subject to such legislation.
Group Mobile
Finally, another interesting subsidiary at Vringo is Group Mobile. Group Mobile is a distributor of only rugged laptops and rugged mobile devices. These devices are primarily designed to be able to be used within the field primarily by government officials. Group Mobile is focused on trying to obtain contracts for government officials and for the needs of various governmental agencies. This line of products is expected to continue to grow in demand, which should increase the value of Group Mobile. This is an area that is potentially a high growth area for rugged mobile devices and laptops. The market is not limited to just the government and could include corporations with employees who need the devices for use within the field. Group Mobile should be an interesting subsidiary to watch for Vringo and could help drive substantial growth going forward.
Financial Situation
One of the main concerns when looking at a company like Vringo is the financial situation. While Vringo is not currently operating at a consistent profit, it does have a substantial cash runway of $27 million which should help the compan fund its operations for four years at the current cash burn rate. Having this much cash on hand also should make any potential investor confident that the company will not need to dilute shareholders in the immediate future. Why is this important? As an investor you don't want to invest in a company only to see your investment further diluted which also hurts the share price of the company.
The financial situation also is promising because it helps provide Vringo with the cash that it will need should the company decide to pursue any additional opportunities. With its proven ability to monetize its intellectual property, it would not be surprising to see Vringo consider obtaining additional IP assets.
Vringo is poised to have an exciting 2016. After being able to finally wrap up its litigation vs. its longtime nemesis ZTE and closing the acquisition of Fli Charge, the company is finally poised for growth. Vringo's ability to monetize its IP portfolio should help lead the way for more IP settlements and more opportunities to acquire additional IP assets. With a large cash runway, investors do not need to be afraid of dilution while at the same time Vringo will have the cash assets that it needs in order to be able to jump on any opportunity that comes its way. Vringo is a stock to watch in 2016.
Disclosure: I/we have no positions in any stocks mentioned, and no plans to initiate any positions within the next 72 hours.
I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.
Editor's Note: This article covers one or more stocks trading at less than $1 per share and/or with less than a $100 million market cap. Please be aware of the risks associated with these stocks.


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1.7 An Introduction to Functions GOAL 1 Identify a function and make an input-output table for a function. GOAL 2 Write an equation for a real-life function, such as the relationship between water pressure and depth. What you should learn
Functions A relationship where one thing depends upon another is called a function. A function is a rule that establishes a relationship between two quantities called the input and output. In a function each input has exactly one output. More than one input can have the same output
Vocabulary Domain: collection of all input values. Range: collection of all output values. Again: Cannot have the same input (domain) more than once or it is NOT a function. Input n Output Input n Output NOYES
Identifying Functions The key to identifying functions is the rule that each input has exactly one output. If an input has more than one output…then the data is not a function Often times you will be given a table or a list of ordered pairs be asked to identify if the data is a function. Let's look at some examples…
Identifying Functions Look at the table to the right…notice that each input has exactly one output… Therefore, this set of data is considered a function InputOutput
Identifying Functions Look at the table to the right…notice that the input of 9 has two different outputs (5 and 4 respectively) Therefore, this set of data is not considered to be a function InputOutput
Identifying Functions Look at the table to the right…notice that the input of 1 and 2 have the same output of 3 In this instance this is considered a function because each input has exactly one output…it's ok to have different inputs with the same output InputOutput
Your Turn – Identifying a Function Does the table represent a function? Explain InputOutput InputOutput InputOutput InputOutput
Example 1 Input Output For the input 1, what is the output? For the input 3, what is the output? What is the domain of the function? What is the range of the function?
Vertical Line Test Function
Extra Example 1 The profit on the school play is $4 per ticket minus $280, the expense to build the set. There are 300 seats in the theater. The profit for n tickets sold is p = 4n – 280 for 70 ≤ n ≤ 300. a.Make an input-output table. b. Is this a function? c. Describe the domain and range. EXAMPLE 2 n …300 p n …300 p04812…920 Yes; none of the inputs are repeated. Domain: 70, 71, 72, 73,…, 300 Range: 0, 4, 8, 12,…,920
You bicycle 4 mi and decide to ride for 2.5 more hours at 6 mi/hr. The distance you have traveled d after t hours is given by d = 4 + 6t, where 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.5. a.Make an input-output table. Calculate d for each half-hour (t = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5). b. Draw a line graph. Example 2 t d t d
Example 2 (cont.) t d
Input-Output Table Description in Words Equation Graph 4 WAYS TO DESCRIBE A FUNCTION
Checkpoint A plane is at 2000 ft. It climbs at a rate of 1000 ft/min for 4 min. The altitude h for t minutes is given by h = t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 4. 1.Make a table (use 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 minutes). 2.Draw a line graph. 3.Describe the domain and range.
Checkpoint (cont.) t01234 d
Checkpoint (cont.) Domain: all numbers between and including 0 and 4 Range: all numbers between and including 2000 and 6000 t01234 d All numbers are included because time is continuous. This is what is shown by connecting the data points with a line. Even numbers such as 1.73 minutes or ft are included as the plane climbs.
GOAL 2 WRITING EQUATIONS FOR FUNCTIONS 1.7 An Introduction to Functions Use the problem solving strategy to: Write a verbal model Assign labels Write an algebraic model EXAMPLE 3
Example 3 An internet service provider charges $9.00 for the first 10 hours and $0.95 per hour for any hours above 10 hours. Represent the cost c as a function of the number of hours (over 10) h. a.Write an equation. b.Create an input-output table for hours c.Make a line graph.
Example 3 (cont.) VERBAL MODEL LABELS ALGEBRAIC MODEL Cost Number of hours = Connection fee + Rate per hour c$9$0.95h c = $9 + $0.95h h c h c
Example 3 (cont.) h c
Checkpoint The temperature at 6:00 a.m. was 62°F and rose 3°F every hour until 9:00 a.m. Represent the temperature T as a function of the number of hours h after 6:00 a.m. 1.Write an equation. 2.Make an input-output table, using a one-half hour interval. 3.Make a line graph.
Checkpoint (cont.) a. T = h b. h T c.
Homework Pg Numbers 1-8, 14, 18, 22, 25
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4114 Central avenue , Sea Isle City, This vacation rental property sleeps 4 with 2 bedrooms and 1 and one half baths. Great condo building, one of only 3 in Sea Isle City to feature a pool! Close to all your favorite spots in town → Read More
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Hotfrog Singapore provides information regarding Allstar Travel & Tours in Singapore. Allstar Travel & Tours is located at 14 Scotts Rd #05-49 Far East Plaza, Singapore 228213 and provides Travel services. Contact them on 6736 0390.
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Use My Spy to Track Text and SMS Messages on Any Mobile Phone
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Track wife's mobile SMS and calls?
I need to track my wife's SMS and calls. I am not comfortable with her doing?. I have tried: Trying to download the tracking program. I think it was caused by: I don't know
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Is Alphaone Technologies incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
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Hotfrog Canada provides information regarding Alphaone Technologies in Scarborough ON. Alphaone Technologies is located at 67 Torrance Rd, Scarborough ON M1J 2J6 and provides Computers services. Contact them on (416) 439-4016 or by visiting them on their website http://www.alphaonetech.com/.
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We Look Forward To Meeting With You Suite 204 101 Placer Court M2h 3h Suite 204101 Placer Court SCARBOROUGH ONTARIO M2H 3H9
Inc Po Box 17561 SCARBOROUGH ONTARIO M1V 5M5
335 Midwest Rd SCARBOROUGH ONTARIO M1P 3A6
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Warm shell Office Space Available on lease in Naman Midtown.
Meticulously planned flexible office spaces with chargeable areas ranging from 719 sq. ft. to 17,812 sq. ft. Food Court and Café on Ground floor Podium level.Grand Air-conditioned entrance Lobby with Hi-tech security systems Clear ceiling height of more than 12 ft. 8 passenger high speed elevators and 2 service elevators in A wing 3 passenger high speed elevators in B wing Bare Shell office spaces with 24*7 power back-up in common areas. Provision for business center and common area meeting rooms. Office spaces with Air-conditioning provisions through VRV system, 24*7 Wi-Fi internet connectivity.
You can understand below how far are you away from various conveniences like grocery shops, medical shops, bars, restaurants, clubs, malls, bus stops, railway stations, metro stations, schools and hospitals in Lower Parel, Mumbai. These are important factors in the relocation process when you either buy or lease a property in Mumbai. This information is also very useful while you are relocating to a new location in Mumbai on Lease or Rent or buying a Real Estate for the first time in Mumbai. The walk score is very useful while searching both Residential and Commercial Properties in Mumbai. The walk score gives a score to each location and even shows you how far are the conveniences from each property listed on www.realestatemumbai.com in Lower Parel, Mumbai.
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Betsy Dornbusch
Betsy Dornbusch is a writer and editor. Her short fiction has appeared in print and online venues such as Sinister Tales, Big Pulp, Story Portal, and Spinetingler, as well as the anthologies Tasty Little Tales and Deadly by the Dozen. She's been an editor with the ezine Electric Spec for six years and regularly speaks at fan conventions and writers' conferences. She's the sole proprietor of Sex Scenes at Starbucks where you can believe most of what she writes. In her free time, she snowboards, air jams at punk rock concerts, and has just started following Rockies baseball, of all things.
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A Comment on Nishimura, Nakajima, and Kiyota's Does the Natural Selection Mechanism Still Work in Severe Recessions? Examination of the Japanese Economy in the 1990s
Tae Okada
Osaka University - Graduate School of Economics
Charles Yuji Horioka
Asian Growth Research Institute; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER); Osaka University - Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
January 2007
Nishimura, Nakajima, and Kiyota (2005) analyze the entry/exit behavior patterns of Japanese firms during the 1990s and find that relatively efficient (high total factor productivity (TFP)) firms exited while relatively inefficient (low TFP) firms survived during the banking-crisis period of 1996-97. They conclude from this finding that the natural selection mechanism (NSM) apparently malfunctions during severe recessions, but we offer a much more plausible interpretation: the NSM continued to function effectively even during this period, but aberrant banking practices (in particular,forbearance lending(evergreening) and the forcible withdrawal of loans and/or the reluctance to lend) caused a shift in the type of natural selection from directional selection to disruptive selection, with the most efficient (highest TFP) firms as well as the least efficient (lowest TFP) firms being favored and firms of intermediate efficiency and TFP being selected against.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 5
Keywords: Total Factor Productivity, Entry and Exit, Natural Selection, Natural Selection Mechanism, Directional Selection, Disruptive Selection, Diversifying Selection, Evolution, Banking Crisis, Forbearance Lending, Forcible Withdrawal of Loans, Reluctance to Lend, Credit Crunch, Recession, Japanese Economy
JEL Classification: D21, D24, O47, L11
Date posted: January 22, 2007
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Hotfrog INDIA provides information regarding Paldesigns in Chennai Tamil Nadu. Paldesigns is located at Electrical Consultants , New No 20, Old no14 , Raghavan Colony, 3rd Street 1st Floor Jafferkhanpet, Chennai Tamil Nadu 600083 and provides Engineering Drawings services. Contact them on +91 44 4359 7752 or by visiting them on their website http://www.paldesigns.in.
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186/187 P H Road Alsa Towers chennai Tamil Nadu 600 010
RAJA ANNAMALAI BUILDING, 72 MARSHALLS ROAD, chennai Tamil Nadu 600008
R H ROAD ROYAPETTAH chennai Tamil Nadu 600014
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