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Your Body Is Talking Are You Listening?
By (author) Arthur Martin Art Martin
Format: Paperback / softback
Normal Price: $30.35
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Your Body Is Talking Are You Listening? by Arthur Martin
Book DescriptionMost people live within the limittations of the prison in their mind with thie blinders on. We perceive a restricted vision which cause us to accept a limited life style, yet we could live without limitations. Our minds programming dictates how we will run our life since we are a Mainframe computer with thousands of network computer stations which are described as the cellular structure of our body. Our body/mind talks to us all the time. The question is; can we listen to the messages, Most people can not ubderstand the messages from pain, illness and other diabilities are trying to knock us down.. Since our computer is on 24/7 it records all sensory input from our activities and stores it in our data base for later use, Quite often these programs will be used against us to sabotage our life. What causes us to live in boxes and traps that do not allow is to experience peace, happiness, harmony, joy, unconditional love, acceptance and abundance in our life 100% of the time? The enemy is the programmin our own mind. Programs, beliefs and habits begin to sabotage us unless we know how to clear the causes and limitations we create. Illness, disease, malfunctioning disabilities such as allergies, phobias, asthma, diabetes and all other breakdown in our life are real because we make them real. They are caused by the programs in our mind. The only way to change these malfunctions is to remove the limitation and failure scripts and rewrite the programs and install new health and success programming. This books explains how we end up living in boxes with limitations experiencing a life that not fullfilling with happiness and joy we desire. It provides the direction to get out of the box and start living life without limitations and blocks to happiness and joy. There are two kinds of people in this world; people from disfunctonal families which 9%% of the people come from and those from functional families. There are two kinds of people who suceed in life; People with drive, intention, commitment and self discipline without limitations, Wealth can not buy health. programs in our mind create perfect health.
Buy Your Body Is Talking Are You Listening? book by Arthur Martin from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9781891962011
(231mm x 156mm x 24mm)
Pages: 364
Imprint: Personal Transformation Press
Publisher: Personal Transformation Press
Publish Date: 15-Mar-2006
Country of Publication: United States
Books By Author Arthur Martin
37 Decorative Allover Patterns from Historic Tile Work and Textiles, Paperback (August 1990)» View all books by Arthur Martin
Magnificent, rare collection based on faithful reproductions of patterns dating from Middle Ages, Renaissance, late European and Islamic cultures. Florals, animals, birds, geometrics.
» Have you read this book? We'd like to know what you think about it - write a review about Your Body Is Talking Are You Listening? book by Arthur Martin and you'll earn 50c in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars (you must be a member - it's free to sign up!)
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text: When my kids are silent, I get nervous. If they are running the house and playing loudly, then seemingly disappear and it gets still, my nature is to be suspicious. So when God is silent, my old human nature gets nervous and suspicious, too. My health has been a challenge and all my prayers bounce back like heaven is made of brass. Is He powerful enough to hear my cry? Is He faithful enough to keep His promise? Is He willing enough to hear my plea and help me? Of course, tho He slay me, I will trust Him. But when He's silent, it is tough.

subset: commoncrawl


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Status: Open
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Looking for fun, food, and shopping? This historic Phoenix landmark is a must! MacAlpine's Diner & Soda Fountain is located on 7th St between McDowell and Thomas, in central Phoenix. Enjoy lunch and dinner entrées including mouthwatering burgers, sandwiches, and blue-plate specials. Don't miss the award-winning Reuben or Clubhouse. Save room for dessert-MacAlpine's pies, made from Amish...
Old fashioned Malts and Sundaes - Homemade Soups Est. 1929 - Winner of a Phoenix New Times "Best Old School Soda Shop" 2006... Take the whole gang to MacAlpine's Soda Fountain for quality, fresh, home-cooked meals at great prices. Our local restaurant, antiques and treasures shop, located in Phoenix Arizona, has all the old-fashioned shakes, malts, fountain sodas, phosphates and egg creams....
Phoenix's Favorite Local Restaurant & Antique Shop. Old fashioned Malts, Sundaes & Homemade Soups. Open 7 Days a week for dining & shopping. Daily Specials.
Be the first YellowBot user to add photos or videos of Mac Alpines Soda Fountain
Love this classic soda shop! Pickle Juice soda was insane.
Who doesn't love an old-fashioned soda fountain? The cool thing about MacAlpine's is that it's the real thing. You can tell this place has been around for decades (it's a little frayed around the edges), but that's part of the charm. I love taking my nephew here for hamburgers and ice cream sundaes. It's a lot of fun watching your malt and sundae being made. They have 99 different kinds of...
MacAlpines Soda Fountain and Restaurant can be found at N 7th St 2303. The following is offered: Restaurants. The entry is present with us since Sep 8, 2010 and was last updated on Nov 14, 2013. In Phoenix there are 526 other Restaurants. An overview can be found here.
Phoenix's Favorite Local Restaurant and Antique Shop
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Hampton Inn, Seattle WA, Seattle Airport, Seatac, WA. We are the closest Hampton Inn to the Seattle/ Tacoma Airport. Like our page for deals update.
Renovation Update: So we're on day number 2 and almost completed putting up our privacy walls to give a little extra protection from the noise. Expanding our lobby/breakfast area, creating a new conference room, and in general updating floors, wallpaper, carpet, furniture... etc... It will be a whole new lobby when it's completed.
With renovations under way here is a sneak peak of what the new lobby is set to look like.
It's time for a new look! Our lobby has officially started going through renovation.
If you are setting sail to Alaska this season, be sure to book your pre and post stays with US!! Complimentary shuttle service to and from Seattle Tacoma International Airport, inexpensive transportation to Cruise Terminals!!! Don't forget a free full breakfast buffet!!!! What more do you need?
Are you planning a cruise to Alaska? Make sure to book your pre and post cruise stays with us!!! Inexpensive transportation to the cruise terminal and complimentary shuttle to and from the SeaTac Airport!!! Call for details.
Annual 2014 Thanksgiving Turkey Givaway!! Am I the only one still eating Turkey??
Helping our guests celebrate Seattle through art, music and craft beer. #seattledoesn'tseattle Facebook Fans get 15% off. Clicky, clicky: http://ow.ly/jnjM
Hotel Nexus Seattle is a retro fun hotel in North Seattle where convenience meets value. Experience delicious free breakfast, fast free internet.
"Like" Seattle's boutique Kimpton Hotel Monaco Seattle page for exclusive access to deals and discounts. www.monaco-seattle.com
"Like" Seattle's wine-themed Kimpton Hotel Vintage Seattle page for exclusive access to deals and discounts. Cheers! www.hotelvintage-seattle.com
Welcome to the BEST WESTERN Airport Executel, where guests will discover the highest standard of customer service and accommodations for an affordable rate
A charming, European-style, elegant hotel with excellent service and well-appointed rooms that make you feel at home.
As Seattle's premier luxury hotel, The Olympic raises the bar on how a hotel should cater to guests. Locals and tourists alike - stop by and see what unrivaled service is all about. www.fairmont.com/seattle
Seattle Oasis Vacation Rentals, Why stay at a hotel when you can have the conveniences of home and views like this?
The historic, independently owned Mayflower Park Hotel is ideally located in thriving downtown Seattle and is connected to Westlake Center and its 80 boutique shops. Built in 1927, the classic hotel has been lovingly restored. www.mayflowerpark.com
Downtown Seattle historic hotel
Stylish. Urban. Sophisticated.


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Is Just Perfect Body Brush & Beauty Care incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
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Is Just Perfect Body Brush & Beauty Care in No. 60, Jalan Pingai, Taman Pelangi, Johor Bahru Johor 80400 your business? Claim your listing and attract more leads by adding more content, photos and other business details.
We have more personal care services in Johor Bahru Johor available on Hotfrog MALAYSIA. You can update your search for Johor Bahru personal care by location, keyword or service options.
No. 8, Jalan Dedap 4, Taman Johor Jaya, Johor Bahru Johor 81100
No. 42A, Ground Floor, Merlin Tower, Jalan Meldrun, Johor Bahru Johor 81000
50, Jalan Yahya Aldatar, Johor Bahru Johor 80300
No. 9, Jalan Molek 2/1, Taman Molek, Johor Bahru Johor 81100
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The Daily Movie Quote: Animal House
"Cut the horseshit, son. I've got their disciplinary files right here. Who dropped a whole truckload of fizzies into the swim meet? Who delivered the medical school cadavers to the alumni dinner? Every Halloween, the trees are filled with underwear. Every spring, the toilets explode. " - Dean Vernon Wormer
Universao Pictures, Rated R, 109 minutes
Directed By: John Landis
Tom Hulce - Larry Kroger
Stephen Furst - Kent Dorfman
John Belushi - John Blutarsky
Karen Allen - Katy
Tim Mattheson - Eric Stratton
Kevin Bacon - Chip Diller
Domestic Box Office Gross: $141,600,000
Synopsis: Delta house is the most unruly and undisciplined fraternity on campus. The parties are outrageous as is their grade point average, outrageously low, and Dean Wormer has had enough. Dean Wormer enlists another fraternity to help declare war on Delta house and have them removed from the campus for good.
Fact: Toga parties we're, for the most part, non-existent until Animal House glamorized them.
Trivia: This was Kevin Bacon's first film.
Movie Mistake: The price signs change when Otter and Mrs. Wormer are talking in the grocery store.
My Take: What can I say about Animal House that hasn't been said? It's a classic, funny as hell and timeless. So on that I'll leave you with two alternate quotes to get you in the spirit of the film "Thank you sir may I have another?" and "Food fight!".
Yesterday's Daily Movie Quote: Oceans Thirteen
More by this Author
- 11
Are you, or someone you know a douchebag? Have you ever wondered how you could stop repelling people around you and losing friends? Than this is the article for you. Read this and start reintegrating your self into...
- 6
Everyone likes to go out and socialize, but if your at a local watering hole you may want to avoid these topics lest you ruin the fun for everyone.
Comments 2 comments
"Toga, Toga" as Bluto would say.
My favourite quote is the cucumber discussion between Otter and Mrs. Wormer but then Animal House is just full of brilliant lines and scenes. Still the best college comedy ever made.


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Creative Business Strategies
Reputation Management, Reputation Marketing
Do you know what your customers, clients or patients think of you and your company or practice? Did you know that this can affect your income and future sales?
What specifically motivated them to buy from you in the first place? Would they do so again? Why or why not? We also find out what causes you to lose customers if you do, and how to correct this.
And we will find out for you how to get your customers referring your business to others. This is information that can increase your sales and income dramatically.
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We discover the existing structure and redesign the organization as necessary, getting agreement on new organizational patterns, posting it and training staff and executives in its use.
When times are tough, like today's economy, it's important to make every action count.
Utilizing surveys will help you to become known as the provider who gives people what they want.
Market research is vital in order to ensure that what you offer is what will sell.
Over the last third of a century we have worked with many approaches to improving small to mid-size businesses.
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Category:Rothesay, Bute
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rothesay, Bute.
This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total.
- ► People from Rothesay, Bute (29 P)
- ► Dukes of Rothesay (22 P)
Pages in category "Rothesay, Bute"
The following 8 pages are in this category, out of 8 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).


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- Home >
- All Brands >
- Green Filter
Green Filter
Green Filter Overview
Green High Performance Air Filters are used exclusively by some of the world's most formidable on and off-road racing teams including, Le Mans GT and World Rally Championship holders. Winning teams know that when you need to get the most out of your engine, you've got to go Green! The experience we have gained from providing these winning teams with winning air filters, quickly promoted the company to becoming Europe's largest performance air filter manufacturer. Since 2000, the prestigious EAQF Manufacturing standard was awarded to Green Filter USA for our consistent high quality manufacturing processes. Our production technology is always improving with the most cutting edge processes and equipment. Also being commited to serving you, our product line is ever expanding to cover all of your needs. We stand by our guarantee of providing customers with what we think is the best filtering technology available.
Your query had no direct matches in our catalog. The products below are from a similar category which we think might interest you. Feel free to customize and update these results using the filters at left, or do another search to find more great products for your vehicle.


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ACE Fit Share
Browse through a variety of lower and upper chest exercises designed by today's leaders in the health fitness industry. We have strength training exercises for beginner, intermediate and advanced users. These exercises will help you increase the strength and definition of your chest area. If you want more information on chest exercises or strength training of any kind, be sure to check out our Fit Facts section and Ask the Expert column. These chest exercises are also featured in full workout routines in our Workouts section.
Fit Life Articles
It's the middle of winter and all you can think about is golf, but your home course is covered snow. Here are five steps you can take this winter to improve your summer golf game, even if freezing temps and inclement weather keep you from hitting the links.
About one-third of all Americans take multivitamin/mineral supplements, but not all supplements are created equal. Here are 10 tips for managing your multivitamin/mineral supplement use.
It's important to have a strong core, and not just to look fit and healthy. Our core helps us move throughout life with grace and ease. Integrate these six ab exercises into your routine and you'll notice yourself moving more mindfully both in your workouts and in everyday...


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Is Perfect Dynasty Singapore incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
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Hotfrog Singapore provides information regarding Perfect Dynasty Singapore in Singapore. Perfect Dynasty Singapore is located at 629 Aljunied Rd #05-01 Cititech Industrial Building, Singapore 389838 and provides Manufacturing services. Contact them on 6744 7525 or by visiting them on their website http://www.perfectdynasty.com.sg.
Is Perfect Dynasty Singapore in 629 Aljunied Rd #05-01 Cititech Industrial Building, Singapore 389838 your business? Claim your listing and attract more leads by adding more content, photos and other business details.
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The greatest threat of our time and no one wants to talk about it
October 25, 2016
A Thought Leader Series Piece
by Leon Billings & Thomas Jorling
Note: As the two senior staff members who led the Senate environment subcommittee during the 1970s, Leon Billings and Thomas Jorling are widely regarded as pioneers of the "Golden Age" in environmental policy when Congress developed some of the most influential and enduring legislation – still in effect today.
While electronic media, political commentators and candidates wallow in irrelevancy, our planet's future hangs in the balance. Actions man has taken over the last century and a half have contaminated the thin patina of atmosphere that we call air.
No, this isn't conventional air pollution that we have sought to reduce through efficiency and technology. This is climate pollution caused by a group of pollutants called greenhouse gasses, byproducts of man's use of natural resources to improve the human condition.


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From the Publisher
In September 2001, Europeans might have felt comfortable in thinking that Al-Qaeda was only a scourge to the United States; some presumably indulged in the unkind speculation that the United States had only itself to blame. That innocence is now gone. Europeans have faced their own terror: the bombings in Madrid and London, the suitcase bomb in Germany and the Sauerland trial, the riots in France, the anti-Danish violence, and repeated threats against politicians and intellectuals who dared speak out. Europe, however, has discovered its homegrown problem and is working to find a response to terrorism. But the European response has been by no means monolithic, instead being complex, varying from country to country and across the political spectrum. In Freedom or Terror, Russell A. Berman looks at the varying European responses to Islamist terrorism. In individual chapters he examines the responses of England, France, Germany, Bosnia, and the smaller nations: Belgium, Holland, and Denmark. Each country addresses the issues in light of its particular institutions and national history. Yet, the author reveals, the erosion of established religious faith in the large secularist swaths of Europe, combined with the spread of a consumer culture, has weakened traditional value structures. The submersion of individual nations into the bureaucracy of the European Union, and the larger slide into globalization, has further weakened national cultures. The result is a postmodern culture of relativism, with few shared values and diminished symbols of national community, replaced by an ethos of multiculturalism and a reluctance to make "value judgments." The key question that remains: Can a Europe tied up by so many hesitations find the strength of will to face a determined enemy? The war against Islamism in Europe is a war for free societies everywhere. Some Europeans are waging that war with dedication and seriousness. It is important that they win that war, despite the resistance they may face from other Europeans, distracted by other ideological commitments. The United States should support Europeans in their confrontation with violent Islamism, learn both from their errors and their accomplishments, and recognize their battle as our own. Russell A. Berman, the Walter A. Haas Professor in the Humanities at Stanford University, is a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution.


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Paw Trails
Pet Care Services, Dog Walking, Dog Walker
Whether you're at work/away for the day and find it difficult to fit in time to exercise your beloved pooch, or you have a very high energy doggy and you cannot cope with its demanding walking schedule, Paw Trails is here to provide your dog with the exercise it needs so that you have a happy and healthy hound! We can take your dog for 30 or 60 minute walks, on a regular or casual basis. Not only will they be gaining exercise and mental stimulation from their walkies with us, but they will also get lots of cuddles and will have lots of fun!
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An alternative to animal boarding. Keep your pet happy and surrounded by their home comforts.
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Located within a modern housing estate on the borders of the jewellery quarter, we have a FANTASTIC semi detached three story home available.
AVAILABLE IN APRIL Beautifully renovated three bedroom semi detached property in Erdington. Comprising of a large extension throughout, loft conversion, secure gated entrance with large driveway, large rear garden, modern fixtures & fittings throughout, luxury kitchen,
Move quickly to reserve this stunning three story town house !
ixons are proud to present a beautiful three bedroom former show home located in a high demand area, with City Hospital and Bearwood high street all within easy reach. This charming home is approached via a small front garden. Inside briefly comprises of entrance...
VIEWINGS RECOMMENDED Deceivingly spacious three bed house This end terraced house benefits from a corner position comprising of three double bedrooms and three good size reception rooms. The property boasts walking distance for the Stratford Road including shops...
Three bedroom link detached home on a desirable road.
Three bedroom semi-detached house Well maintained rear garden Offered part - furnished Pets accepted by negotiation with a higher deposit of £950.00 Utility room
Located on a high demand road with shops and schools and the City Hospirtal all in walking distance. This property will attract a lot of attention
Modern two bedroom semi detached house on residential developmentAvailable 14th February 2017Unfurnished
This three bedroom mid terraced property is close to Selly Oak Hospital, QE Hospital and the university. Click through for further information...
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FashionTap - Fashion Social Network
By Fashion Tap, Inc
Open iTunes to buy and download apps.
FashionTap is the social network for the fashion world that lets you make money from sharing and tagging the brands and products that you already love.
- Be an inspiration
You can share your looks with the built-in camera, apply filters, and tag the brands you're wearing directly from the FashionTap app.
- Be Inspired
You can find and follow top ranked fashion bloggers, models, designers, photographers, brands, etc., from all over the world to keep up with the latest style and fashion trends.
- Tag what you're wearing
Wonder no more. Tag all your photos and support the brands you love.
- Find out what's trending this season
Search looks by hashtags, brands, products, and specific users.
- Find the top ranked fashion bloggers and models in your city
Whether you're based in New York, Paris, Tokyo, London, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Sydney, Seoul, etc., FashionTap ranks all users by popularity and geographical location (i.e. every city in the world).
- Make money while having fun
Everyone can make money by tagging products with links directly to their stores or by using affiliate programs (FashionTap does not take a cut of your commission so you receive 100% commissions). You're incentivized to share not only who makes that cool dress, shoes, bracelet, etc., but also where to buy it. You will be able to support the brands and influencers you love not just by your likes and follows but when you purchase products from their photos.
Note: FashionTap is one word not two (e.g. Fashion Tap).
What's New in Version 1.12
- Payment info improvement
- UI/UX improvement
- Bug fixing
iPhone Screenshots
Customer Reviews
Shark tank
I saw you on shark tank and this app is really cool!
Not that great
I was expecting more out of this I guess. All of the products I was actually interested in weren't even tagged. Most of the products are overly priced too.
It's fun
Customers Also Bought
- Free
- Category: Shopping
- Updated: Apr 27, 2016
- Version: 1.12
- Size: 36.8 MB
- Language: English
- Seller: Fashion Tap, Inc
- © 2015 FashionTap
Compatibility: Requires iOS 8.1 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.


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The Canon imageFORMULA DR-6030C departmental scanner blends high speeds and reliable document handling with versatility and convenience. The DR-6030C scanner provides comprehensive functionality in a desktop design that effectively delivers document capture benefits in any business application.
The DR-6030C scanner is ideal for distributed scanning of high volumes of documents. At the front desk or in the back office, this scanner is well-suited for use at the departmental level. Government, financial services, healthcare, education and other industries can benefit from its convenient design and its flexible, reliable document handling.
|7.5" x 15.6" x 12.3" / 19 x 40 x 31 cm
|Document Feeding:
|Automatic or Manual
|Document Size Length:
|2.8" - 17" / 7 - 43 cm
|Document Size Width:
|2.1" - 11.8" / 5.3 - 30 cm
|Drop Out Color:
|Red, Green, Blue, Custom
|Environment In Mind:
|Meets Energy Star Guidelines; Complies with RoHS and WEEE directives; Part of the Canon Generation Green program
|Feeder Capacity:
|100 Sheets
|High Speed:
|Scan up to 80 pages per minute or 160 images per minute; 100-sheet Automatic Document Feeder (ADF) for high volume batch scanning
|Hi-Speed USB 2.0, SCSI-III
|Light Source:
|Long Doc. Mode:
|Up to 118" / 300 cm
|Operating Modes:
|Simplex, Duplex, Color, Grayscale, Black and White, Text Enhancement (three types), Error Diffusion
|Optical Resolution:
|600 dpi
|Output Resolution:
|100/150/200/240/300/400/600 dpi
|Power Consumption:
|46.5W or Less (Energy Saving Mode: 3.7W or less)
|Scanner Drivers:
|ISIS/TWAIN for Windows/XP/Windows Vista/Windows 7 (32 bit/64 bit)
|Scanning Element:
|Three-Line Contact Image Sensor (CMOS)
|Scanning Speeds: Black And White:
|Simplex: Up to 80 ppm Duplex: Up to 160 ipm
|Scanning Speeds: Color 24 Bit:
|Simplex: Up to 80 ppm Duplex: Up to 160 ipm
|Scanning Speeds: Gray scale:
|Simplex: Up to 80 ppm Duplex: Up to 160 ipm
|Thickness Automatic Feeding:
|(U-Turn Path): 14 - 32 lb. Bond
|Thickness Manual Feeding:
|(U-Turn Path): 11 - 40 lb. Bond
|23 lbs / 10.4 kg
|Canon imageFORMULA DR-G1100 Production Document Scanner Up to 100 ppm/200 ipm Scan Speed 600 dpi Optical Resolution Hi-Speed USB 2.0


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"REEPERBAHN" St. Pauli and Reeperbahn Tip by chancay
St. Pauli and Reeperbahn, Hamburg: 40 reviews and 39 photos
At daytime it is just a busy street here, part of the city center, but at night it changes to one of the famoust party miles of the world, a mixture of red light district and a lot of old tradiotional harbour pubs and several newer bistros and pubs and as well several discos.
Address: Reeperbahn
Directions: U3: St. Pauli, S1, S2, S3: Reeperbahn
Theme: Adult Spot
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Welcome, Guest!
Wooden bun feet with an elegant design available in maple and solid wood paint grade versions. The bun feet are 4" tall and 3-1/2" in diameter. These furniture bun feet will add beauty stability to your next furniture project.
This item is an ORMD product for shipping purposes "Other Regulated Materials-Domestic" and cannot be shipped via any "Air" service.
This product is "Oversized" for purposes of shipping. An additional $12 charge will be incurred at checkout. An additional charge will be added to expedited shipments. $30 for 3 Day Select, $40 for 2nd Day Air PM, $50 for Next Day Air PM. Call for possible savings on your expedited shipping charge for oversized products: 1-800-383-0130 M-F 7 am – 5 pm Central Standard Time.
Note: If you order a quantity greater than one of this item, you will only be charged $12 once but if other "oversized" products are ordered they will also incur and additional $12 charge.


text:
Coaching Science
By (author) Dan A. Gordon
Format: Paperback
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Coaching Science by Dan A. Gordon
Book DescriptionCoaching is an increasingly important area of sports science courses, and this text provides accessible and up-to-date coverage of this key topic. Modern coaches need to be applied scientists who keep abreast of research and are able to apply a multidisciplinary understanding to their practice. The book therefore examines coaching in terms of biomechanics, physiology and psychology, as well as perennial issues such as athlete motivation, nutrition, design of training programmes, talent identification, monitoring and ethics. Written by an author who combines academic expertise with high-level practical experience, the book successfully links theory with case studies.
Buy Coaching Science book by Dan A. Gordon from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Book DetailsISBN: 9781844451654
(246mm x 171mm x 15mm)
Pages: 264
Imprint: Learning Matters Ltd
Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd
Publish Date: 17-Apr-2009
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
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Author Biography - Dan A. Gordon
Dan Gordon is Programme Leader for Sport and Exercise Sciences and principle lecturer in Exercise Physiology at Anglia Ruskin Univerity. He has vast experience of supporting athletes and coaches in a variety of sports, including track and field, swimming, cycling, and team sports. Over the past 15 years Dan has represented Great Britain in three sports. As a cyclist he is a world record-holder. As a sport scientist he has published numerous peer-reviewed research papers.
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text:
31 Halloween Craft Projects
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Latest Comments
"I like this vintage style Santa graphic, but I read that the designer used a cutting machine to cut a red vinyl decal to afix to the cream painted wood board. I don't know what kind of cutting machine she is talking about and I wonder how pricey it is? I'd like an alternative to getting that Santa on there."
"This wall decor is very chic with any message you write on it! And it couldn't be easier. However, another option to using foam core board would be to actually buy an old thrift store bulletin board and spray paint it black. I think it would give the wall art a little bit more of a lived-in rustic look as the cork board adds texture and interest."
"This DIY holiday project is something that I would like to do at home myself. This craft is not for everyone's taste, but if you like a certain minimalist decorating approach and you've got a creative eye then this is for you! At first I did not even notice the picture frame in the background. It's used to attach the branch to it. Cute idea!"
Holiday Boo Buffet
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Set the tables and create your centerpieces with felt, ribbon, Tulip Glam-It-Up! Iron-On Fashion Designs, Iron-On Crystals and Tulip 3D Fashion Paint. Halloween has to be glammed up this pretty with this craft from I Love to Create.
- Tulip® 3D Fashion Paint
- 65049 Orange
- Aleene's® Original Tacky Glue®
- Tulip® Glam-It-Up!™ Iron-On Fashion Designs™
- Web
- Tulip® Glam-It-Up!™ Iron-On Crystals™
- 200 Pack
- Felt treat bags – black (purchased or sewn)
- Ribbon – various orange and black/Halloween themed
- Scissors – scallop-edged
- Hole punch – 1/16" and ¼"
- Sequins – orange – small and large
- Jump rings – ¼"
- Stiff felt – black, orange
- Iron
- Pressing cloth
- Glass candy jars
Treat Bags
- If making treat bags, use scallop-edged scissors to cut black felt into approximately 3" wide by 11" strips and fold in half. Sew sides together, leaving the top open. Lay bag onto hard ironing surface. Peel backing from Spider Web Iron-On Fashion Design™ and position onto front of bag, design side up. Set dry iron to wool setting.
- Cover design with thin cloth. Press and hold iron over design for 45-60 seconds. Let cool, then remove plastic.
- Cut Halloween themed ribbon and tie a bow around top of bag.
Candy Jar Tags
- Cut orange stiff felt 4" wide by 4½" high with scalloped scissors. Cut black stiff felt into a 3¼" square.
- Lay black felt onto hard ironing surface. Peel backing from Spider Web design and position in center of felt, design side up. Set dry iron to wool setting.
- Cover transfer with thin cloth. Press and hold iron over design for 45-60 seconds. Let cool then remove plastic.
- Glue black felt with Spider Web design on top the orange felt with Aleene's® Original Tacky Glue®, leaving a ¼" border on bottom and two sides and more space at the top. Let dry.
- Use the ¼" hole punch to punch holes into the top corners of the orange felt square.
- From the orange stiff felt, cut a 2" square with scalloped scissors. Cut a 1¾" square from black stiff felt.
- Glue small black square into the center of the slightly larger orange square with Aleene's® Original Tacky Glue®. Let dry.
- Glue a large sequin in the center of small black square for spider body and glue a small sequin above it for a head.
- Glue crystals to the centers of the sequins. Let dry.
- Use Orange Slick 3D Fashion Paint™ to draw legs extending from spider body. Refer to photo. Let dry.
- Punch a 1/16" hole in the corner of the small spider square and a 1/16" hole in the bottom edge of the larger spider web square.
- Attach the spider square to the spider web square with 3 jump rings.
- Cut and tie a 12" ribbon into the corner holes of the spider web square. Hang around a glass candy jar filled with Halloween-themed candy to complete your candy buffet!
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text:
Kessil Wide Angle LED Grow Light 150W Equivalent Red
Kessil Wide Angle LED Grow Light 150W Equivalent Red
- Equivalent to a 150W high intensity discharge light source
- Special wide angle reflector disperses light over a wider area, great for supplemental use
- Draws less than 40 Watts
- Red color has an emphasis on blooming and fruiting
- Compact size and easy to hang or attach
- Produces usable light for plants without the high temperatures, reflectors and ballasts
- Highly efficient light production that can last 10 times longer than HID bulbs or fluorescent bulbs
- Color coded lights are easy to mix and match for customizable grow lighting
- Advanced Thermal Design Innovating heat management system lets these bulbs run efficiently for long periods of time
- Densely packed high power LED array puts out far more light than competitors
The Kessil LED Grow Lights are designed with growing specifically in mind. They produce specific wavelengths of light that plants need during specific parts of their growing process.
The blue LED grow light acts as a vegetation enhancer that won't sacrifice yield. It works in conjunction with conventional or advanced LED lighting systems and helps to boost light that promotes stem growth while reducing internodal length. This grow light can be used at any time to keep plants growing healthy and strong.
The special red LED bulb is great for use alongside any grow light system as it boosts blooms and helps to increase yields. This light can be easily integrated into most indoor gardening environments and helps to increase photon intensity and balance the light spectrum to the desired region during blooming and fruiting.
|2.3 lbs.
|Package Dimensions:
|6.1L x 3.3W x 8.7H
|Rated Wattage:
|2 Year
|Rated Amperage:
Unit Ship Weight: 3 lbs


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 23, 1985
|Filing date
|Feb 14, 1983
|Priority date
|Feb 14, 1983
|Fee status
|Publication number
|R. Richard Bell
|Original Assignee
|International Jensen Incorporated
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (17), Classifications (15), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates in general to signal processing and dynamic range expansion apparatus for mobile electromagnetic signal receivers, and in particular to an improved antenna to receiver interface providing signal processing and dynamic range expanding functions for use in conjunction with standard automobile FM receiver apparatus to maintain an optimum input signal to the receiver apparatus under a variety of adverse reception conditions.
Advances in the field of solid state electronics have recently permitted spectacular improvements in the performance of consumer entertainment audio and video equipment. As a result, the consumer has appropriately come to expect ever higher levels of performance from mobile audio systems. Similarly, consumer tolerance for less than ideal performance is decreasing.
Although it has proved possible to increase the quality of mobile audio amplifiers, recorded media playback units, and output speakers, it has proved more difficult to overcome the difficulties inherent in mobile reception of RF signals, particularly frequency modulated signals, for various reasons. First, the advances in technology which have lead to the demand for improved reception have similarly resulted in a proliferation of RF signal sources. This includes not only numerous additional television and FM commercial stations, but also vastly increased use of the electromagnetic spectrum both above and below, for example, the FM broadcast range (88-108 MHz). As discussed in detail below, this has resulted in a crowding of the broadcast spectrum, particularly in metropolitan areas.
Second, because of inherent propagation restrictions, commercial television and FM broadcasts are somewhat limited in their ideal reception range. However, consumer intolerance for low quality reception, coupled with the long distance mobility of drivers, has lead to a demand for increased sensitivity in, for example, FM receivers to maximize the usable reception range. This is particularly true in regions where desired stations are few in number and spaced relatively large distances apart, such as in the central and southwest regions of the United States.
In order to provide increased sensitivity and improved reception of distant or weak signals, modern automobile FM receivers, for example, typically include an initial RF amplification stage connected to the automobile antenna to boost the signal prior to detection. In this manner, signals that would otherwise fall below the detection threshold are amplified sufficiently to be detected. Unlike the IF amplifier, however, this first stage must process the entire desired spectrum of FM frequencies, since the amplification occurs prior to mixing. Common base amplifier configurations are typically used to provide gain at the RF frequencies.
In a related fashion, external preamplifiers are known, and are used to similarly amplify the broadcast antenna signal. Switches are often provided so that the user may activate or deactivate such amplification as desired.
Difficulties arise when such systems are operated within the crowded and high energy spectrum present in metropolitan areas. Specifically for example, the front end RF amplifiers in FM receivers are limited in dynamic range. Signals which exceed this range saturate the amplifier and are "clipped." Although such clipping is desirable in the IF stage, which is limited to the single desired signal, it can lead to severe intermodulation distortion when multiple signals are present, as in the broadband amplifier. The resulting intermodulated signals may appear at beat frequencies within the audio range, and may cause "phantom" reception of undesired signals, obliterating weaker desired signals. In general, the overloading results in a loss of the desired signal and a highly objectionable high frequency audio distortion.
Clear reception of FM signals in powerful urban settings is further complicated by the rapid and large variations in overall broadcast signal strength that are encountered. For example, at certain locations the antenna may be subjected to very high signal strengths from many RF transmitters, as well as to reflected signal energy. In contrast, other areas lie largely within electromagnetic shadows, and the overall signal strength presented to the antenna may be quite low. In fact, it has been found that for commercial FM broadcasts, fluctuation of as much as 90 dB may exist between nearby locations. Further, a moving car may be exposed to rapid fluctuations of this magnitude. In fact, changes on the order of 60 db may occur within milliseconds as the car is operated normally in a city.
In order to reduce the intermodulation distortion cause by front end overloading, the broadband RF amplifier may be made less prone to saturation. However, this typically reduces the sensitivity, compromising fringe area reception. Automatic gain control circuits are also employed to adjust the gain of the IF amplifier and/or RF amplifier in response to the signal levels within the IF stage. However, such AGC circuitry must be integral to the specific receiver design, and will not prevent intermodulation distortion resulting from the effect of multiple signals exceeding the limited dynamic range of the front end of the receiver.
Finally, certain commercially available automobile receivers incorporate fixed attenuators which are switch-selectible by the user. Commonly denominated as "local/distant" adjustment, the user selectible attenuator provides a predetermined attenuation of the input RF to minimize overloading. However, because of the very wide variations that are present, it is impossible to optimize the receiver to all conditions in this manner, for a preselected attenuation which is sufficiently low to provide the sensitivity required in relatively quiet areas of a city will be insufficient to prevent intermodulation distortion in the high signal areas.
A further drawback of existing systems is the requirement for user intervention. Present systems require that the user first observe the degraded performance of the receiver, then determine its probable cause and possible solution, and finally take the affirmative steps required to engage the appropriate corrective equipment. The driver is thus distracted from the driving function, and is necessarily subjected to temporarily degraded performance in the receiver equipment. Further, it is not possible to provide manual adjustment responsive to the very rapid fluctuations in signal strength present in urban settings.
In view of the foregoing, it becomes an object of the present invention to provide an interface for insertion between an antenna or other source of broadband RF signals and the associated RF receiver for processing the received RF signal to maintain an output signal that is within the optimum input dynamic range of the receiver regardless of the character of the input signal. A related object is to provide signal processing in an automated fashion that does not require user intervention.
A particular object is to provide such an automated signal processing interface for use in connection with mobile receivers, such as automotive FM radio or television receivers.
In this regard, a further object is to provide automatically variable attenuation of undesirably strong received signals so that the resulting output signal is optimally matched to the input requirement of, for example, a standard automobile FM radio, where said automatically variable attenuation is of sufficient range and resolution to maintain the resulting output signal within the desired input range of the automobile radio for substantially all levels of strong input signals.
Another object is to provide sufficiently rapid response of the variable attenuator to compensate for rapid signal strength fluctuations. It is also an object of the present invention to provide for the desirable attenuation in a fashion that prevents "gaps" or intermittent occasions of intermodulation distortion between various attenuator levels, and without introducing additional sources of potential distortion.
On the other hand, it is still a further object of the present invention to also provide for processing of undesirably weak signals when appropriate to improve the sensitivity of the resulting radio system. A related object is to provide for such amplification in an automated fashion that does not require user intervention, and does not interfere with or compromise the aforedescribed objects.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a system that renders the automobile FM receiver, for example, immune from the effects of extraneous signals outside of the desired FM broadcast band. A related object is to make the aforementioned signal processing interface apparatus substantially immune from extraneous operation as a result of signals outside of, for example, the desired FM band.
Another object is to provide an optimizing system as described that permits the user to defeat all or some of the improvement features in order to observe their effect and benefit by comparison to an unprocessed antenna signal.
An important object of the present invention is to provide for such an improved optimization system in a manner which can be utilized in conjunction with existing automotive or other mobile receiver apparatus, such as standard FM radio receivers or tuners, without modification. A related object is to provide such a system for after-market, add-on installation to existing systems, such that the unit operates independently of the particular radio receiver employed. Yet another object is to provide such an optimizing signal processing interface for FM signals, without degrading the performance of the AM receiver in standard AM/FM mobile radios.
A further object is to provide for such an improved optimization system at a minimum of cost and in a fashion amenable to ease of installation and operation by the untrained user.
These and other advantages, objects, and features of the present invention will become apparent in light of the present specification and accompanying drawings.
In order to achieve the aforementioned objects and to overcome the shortcomings and problems associated with the prior art, the present invention provides a signal processing interface for connection between an automobile antenna and the antenna signal input of the mobile receiver, such as a standard automobile FM receiver. The device is self-contained and sufficient, so as to be substantially independent of the standard receiver whose performance is optimized. In this manner, the apparatus may be utilized in connection with substantially all existing automotive broadcast radio equipment, either as OEM or as an after-market product.
The interface is designed to provide required processing of the input signal to optimize the resulting output signal. The input signal comprises a broadband RF signal received from, for example, a standard automobile antenna system. This unprocessed input signal includes not only the signals of interest within the desired frequency band, but also additional RF signals both above and below the desired band. The dynamic range of this signal may extend well above and also below the optimum input dynamic range of the automobile receiver.
Filters are provided to suppress these undesired signals above and/or below the reception band of the standard receiver. In addition, the present invention provides for automatic amplification of weak signals when desirable to improve fringe area reception by the receiver. The interface further provides for automatic attenuation of the input signal in the desired band when desirable, in order to maintain the output signal within the optimum dynamic range for reception by the receiver.
The selection of attenuation and/or amplification is under the control of a control means responsive to the overall signal strength of the entire desired frequency band. Adjustments in gain are made rapidly and automatically as necessary.
It is seen, therefore, that the present invention provides an interface that automatically compensates for undesirable signal conditions, and supplies the standard receiver with an optimum input signal, regardless of the non-ideal character of the actual signal as received by the antenna. In this manner, the receiver itself is substantially isolated from the non-ideal RF environment, and receives instead a near-ideal RF input comprising only the desired reception band frequency signals, which are maintained within the dynamic range of the receiver for distortion free tuning and detection. The user therefore may enjoy enhanced performance of the receiver apparatus, in a user-transparent manner requiring no manual intervention or control.
FIG. 1 llustrates a front elevational view of a representative embodiment of the present invention, illustrating its incorporation as an interface in a standard automobile radio system.
FIG. 2 is a basic functional block diagram of one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a circuit block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4A is a circuit diagram for one embodiment of the FM bandpass filter.
FIG. 4B represents the response curve of the circuit illustrated at FIG. 4A.
FIG. 5A is a circuit diagram of one embodiment of the AM lowpass filter.
FIG. 5B represents the response curve of the circuit illustrated at FIG. 5A.
FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram of a preferred embodiment of the FM detector stage, the preamplifier control and switching stages, and a typical attenuator control and switching stage.
FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram of a preferred embodiment of the preamplifier.
FIG. 8 is a circuit diagram of the preferred embodiment of the power supply and filter.
FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating graphically the response characteristics of the preferred embodiment, including hysteresis.
The remaining portion of this specification will describe preferred embodiments of the invention when read in conjunction with the attached drawings.
FIG. 1 illustrates a representative improved automobile radio system incorporating interface 100.
Interface 100 is shown enclosed within protective case 116, which is designed to be mounted in a car in a manner known in the art, such as by use of mounting means 117. In the embodiment illustrated, interface 100 further includes status indicators for informing the user of its instantaneous mode of operation. Specifically, preamplifier indicator 114 is illuminated when and only when the preamplification stage is active. Similarly, attenuator indicators 115 provide visual indication of the status of the associated attenuation stages.
Switch 112 may be provided in one embodiment to provide selectible insertion or removal of the active interface circuitry from the radio system, so that the user may compare the radio outputs corresponding to the processed and unprocessed inputs. On/off indicator 113 may correspondingly be provided.
In a typical automobile installation, interface 100 is interposed between antenna 103 and the automobile receiver apparatus 102. This may be accomplished by removing antenna lead 104 from the antenna input of receiver apparatus 102 as shown in phantom at 108, and attaching it to the input of interface 100. The output to the interface is then supplied by means of output conductor 106 to the input of receiver apparatus 102.
Interface 100 may be connected to the automobile electrical system in a manner known in the art. Specifically, ground lead 109 may be attached to any suitable ground point, while power lead 110 is attached to a source of appropriate voltage. In a preferred embodiment, power lead 110 may be connected to the switched ignition auxiliary power supply of the vehicle, so that interface 100 is electrically inactive when the automobile is not running.
Finally, in-line fuse 111 may be incorporated with power lead 10 in order to provide convenient user access to the protective fuse.
From the foregoing, it is apparent that interface 100 may be easily adapted for use in connection with any standard automotive system. It is understood that alternative embodiments are possible. For example, switch 112 and/or indicators 113, 114, and 115 may be deleted. Further, alternative protective cases 116 may be utilized, including those designed for hidden mounting within or beneath the dash area. Incorporation within the protective case of the receiver apparatus itself is also possible.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating the basic operation of a preferred embodiment of the present invention for use in connection with standard mobile AM/FM radio receivers.
In operation, the broadband signal 220 derived from the radio antenna is applied to the interface. A first portion 221 of the FM signal is applied to controlled signal processor 250. Signal processor 250 provides appropriate levels of amplification or attenuation to signal 221, so that processed output signal 260 is optimized to remain within the nominal input dynamic range of standard FM receivers.
The appropriate type and magnitude of processing applied by signal processor 250 is determined by control means 210. Specifically, a second portion 222 of the received FM signal is applied to level detector 200, which generates a control voltage 201 representative of the overall signal strength of the desired received signal. Responsive to the instantaneous level of control voltage 201, control means 210 generates appropriate control signals 211,212. Specifically, preamplifier control signal 211 is supplied to the controllable preamplifier 240 of signal processor 250, such that preamplification is supplied to signal 221 when control signal 211 is at a first level, and is removed when control signal 211 is at a second level. Similarly, attenuator control signals 212 are supplied to controllable variable attenuator 230 of signal processor 250 to determine the level of resulting attenuation.
Finally, an output signal 260 comprising the processed FM signal 251 previously described, as well as AM signal 223 derived from the broadband signal 220, is supplied to the automobile radio receiver. This enables the present invention to be used as previously described to provide optimizing signal processing of FM signals for AM/FM mobile radios, without preventing operation of the AM receiver section as well.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating the configuration of a preferred embodiment for use in association with a standard automobile AM/FM radio receiver, for example. Antenna signal 220 is first applied to FM bandpass filter 300, which is designed to selectively pass only those signals within the FM spectrum, blocking all other possibly interfering signals. The resulting FM signal 301 is next divided by splitter 305 into a first FM signal 306 for processing and passage to the automobile radio, and a second sample signal 307 for use in controlling the signal processor itself.
A preferred embodiment of the signal processing section is shown comprising a multiplicity of individual stages connected in series interconnection. However, alternative parallel, or combination series/parallel configurations, are possible.
In the series configuration shown, signal 306 is first applied to processing element 360 for selective preamplification. Element 360 therefore includes preamplifier 336 to provide the desired gain. Selection of amplification or nonamplification by the preamplifier as shown is accomplished by switch 335, which selectively passes signal 306 to preamplifier 336 or to bypass 332, under the control of control signal 331, whose operation is discussed more fully below.
First stage output signal 338, which, as described, consists of either an amplified signal or of a bypassed and unprocessed signal, is next applied to the variable attenuator 350. Variable attenuator 350 is shown in a preferred embodiment comprising a multiplicity of series interconnected individual attenuator stages, exemplified by processor element 370.
Attenuator processor element 370 operates in a manner analogous to that of preamplifier element 360. Specifically, input signal 338 is applied to switch 345a, which selectively routes the input signal through first signal attenuator 346a or, alternatively, through bypass 342a. The resulting signal 348 is then passed to the next signal processing element.
A multiplicity of attenuating processing elements similar to element 370 are provided, which include a multiplicity of attenuators 346x. Because of the series connection of the preferred embodiment previously described, the total attenuation available is equal to the sum of the gains of the individual attenuators. Further, individual intermediate levels are attainable which are equal to any combinatorial sum of the individual attenuator gains.
By appropriate manipulation of the electrical or electronic switches 335 and 345x, a signal processing stage results which may in one instance pass the input signal 306 through in a substantially unaltered form to supply the automobile radio directly with the FM bandpass limited signal, while in other instances may further process the input signal to optimize it for use by the radio receiver. This processing may include amplification of weak signals, or may include attenuation of undesirably strong signals.
In the preferred embodiment shown, a single selectible preamplifier is incorporated, although a selectible multiplicity of individual stages of amplification, or variable amplification, are also possible. The preferred embodiment of the variable attenuator comprises three individual fixed attenuators which are selectively combined in additive fashion to provide a multiplicity of attenuation steps as desired. It should be noted that a greater or fewer number of individual attenuators, or other types of variable attenuators, may similarly be used.
In order to provide the desired automatic operation, an automatic control circuit is provided. Specifically, in the preferred embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3, a second portion 307 of the FM band limited signal 301 is supplied to an FM level detector 310, which is independent of the automobile radio itself. A rectified output signal 313, whose instantaneous voltage is substantially proportional to the total overall signal strength of all radio signals present in the FM band, is utilized to provide control intelligence to the individual processor element control stages previously discussed. A voltage divider 311 may optionally be included as shown to provide for sensitivity matching of the automatic control to standard radio receivers exhibiting greater or lesser degrees of input sensitivity, resulting in an optimized control voltage 320.
Control of the individual processing element is, in the preferred embodiment shown, accomplished by means of associated comparator circuits. For example, preamplifier comparator 330 is used to compare the control voltage 320 to a preselected preamplifier threshold voltage 316, which is in turn supplied by preamplifier threshold voltage network 315. The level of threshold voltage 316 is selected to be substantially equal to the level of control voltage 320 that corresponds to the signal strength of FM band limited signal 306 at which insertion or removal of preamplification is optimally desired. For signal levels less than this threshold, control voltage 320 will be less than (or greater than) threshold voltage 316, causing preamplifier comparator 330 to generate a first level of control output 331 activating switch 335 to insert preamplifier 336. Similarly, when the signal strength of FM signal 306 rises above this optimal level such that preamplification is no longer desired, control voltage 320 will be greater than (or less than) threshold voltage 316, causing comparator 330 to output a second control signal 331 activating switch 335 to remove the preamplifier 336 and to insert instead bypass 332.
Operation of the control circuitry associated with the individual attenuator stages is similar to that previously described in connection with the preamplifier. In a preferred embodiment, an individual attenuator comparator 340x is provided for each attenuator stage, as well as individually selected threshold voltages 318x supplied by control voltage generators 317x. The levels of these threshold voltages 318x are selected to progressively insert individual attenuators as the signal strength of FM signal 306 increases, in order to maintain output signal 260 within the desired optimum dynamic range.
Finally, because typical automobile radios include AM reception circuitry as well as FM receivers, it is desired to provide the AM information to output signal 260. In a preferred embodiment as shown, broadband input signal 220 is provided to an AM lowpass filter 390. The resulting signal 391 contains the desired AM signal, but none of the higher frequency FM signals. In this manner, undesirable interference by direct passage of possibly high level FM signals is prevented, as well as undesirable feedback of the processed FM signal to the circuitry previously described. As a result, use of AM/FM selector switch is avoided, in keeping with the desired automatic function of the present interface.
FIG. 4A illustrates a preferred embodiment of the FM bandpass filter for use, for example, in connection with the preferred embodiment described in connection with FIG. 3. This filter is designed to provide sharp cutoff at frequencies below 88 MHz, in order to prevent strong signals from television transmitters operating on VHF Channel 2-6 (54-88 MHz) from causing spurious operation of the control circuitry previously described, and to prevent such signals, particularly the Channel 6 audio carrier at 87.75 MHz, from distorting the FM reception of the automobile radio. In order to provide this sharp rolloff, the preferred embodiment incorporates a four pole, Chebychev bandpass filter as shown. The output characteristic 398 is illustrated in FIG. 4B.
The desired AM lowpass filtering described in connection with FIG. 3 is provided by lowpass filter 390 shown in FIG. 5a, and comprises, a three pole Chebychev lowpass filter designed for rolloff at 1.7 MHz. Input and output impedances are optimally set at 75 Ohms. A typical response curve 399 is shown in FIG. 5B.
It should be noted that bandpass filter 300 and lowpass filter 390 as previously described operate in conjunction as a diplexer, such that the terminal impedance presented to the automobile antenna is optimum only within the FM and AM frequency bands.
FIG. 6 illustrates the preferred embodiment of the detector stage 400, the preamplifier control and switching stage 500, and a representative attenuator and attenuator control and switching stage 600.
FM band limited signal 301 is applied to splitter 401, resulting in previously described FM signals 306 and 307. Signal 307 is applied to the FM detector 400 to generate DC control voltage 320.
In order to provide optimum operation, detector 400 must ideally be sufficiently sensitive to provide appropriate control for preamplifier 336, yet have adequate dynamic range to prevent strong signal overloading and the resulting distortion and failure of operation.
In a preferred embodiment, sensitivity is enhanced by providing broadband RF transformer 402 to increase the voltage of the received RF signal. Because the impedance of the transformer in operation is greater than the detector diodes 403,404, impedance matching transistor 405 is provided. Transistor 405 is biased by resistors 406 and 407 to provide sufficient linear dynamic range to prevent distortion for strong input signals. Blocking capacitors 410 and 411 prevent any DC components from affecting the detector diodes, while capacitor 412 operates as an RF collector bypass such that transistor 405 operates in the common collector mode with respect to the RF frequencies of interest.
Rectification is provided by detector diodes 403 and 404, which in the preferred embodiment may be hot carrier, Schottky barrier diodes. The resulting DC signal is smoothed by capacitor 420, and provided to a voltage divider comprising variable resistor 421 and resistor 422.
The voltage divider described is provided in the preferred embodiment to permit selection of the relative amplitude of control signal 320. This allows the operation of the control circuitry, described more fully in the following, to be adjusted to correspond to radio receivers having greater or lesser amounts of input sensitivity. It shall be seen that by appropriate adjustment of variable resistor 421, the relative voltage level of control signal 320 may be selected to be a greater or lesser percentage of the total rectified voltage appearing across capacitor 420. It should be understood, however, that the control voltage may alternatively be taken without use of a voltage divider, with use of a fixed voltage divider, or with use of a voltage divider having discrete selectible parameters.
Finally, capacitor 430 is provided to shunt any remaining RF from control signal 320.
FIG. 6 further illustrates the preferred embodiment of preamplification control and switching circuitry 500. The control voltage 320 is applied to the inverting input of comparator 501, which may be any standard integrated comparator, preferably designed for operation with a single 12-16 volt DC supply. Capacitor 502 is preferably connected to the power supply input of the comparators to filter any residual RF or transients in the DC comparator power supply described in connection with FIG. 8.
The threshold voltage 510 applied to the noninverting input of comparator 501 is derived from a resistor voltage divider comprising resistors 511 and 512. By appropriate selection of the respective values of resistors 511,512, threshold voltage 510 may be selected to be any desired voltage.
Hysteresis is provided in the operation of comparator 501 by means of feedback resistor 520 between the output of comparator 501 and its noninverting input. The value of hysteresis is selected to prevent undesirable oscillation due to noise impressed on the control signals, and to provide smooth and overlapping operation of the switching circuitry, as described more fully in connection with FIG. 9. In the preferred embodiment, capacitor 521 is further provided between the output of comparator 501 and the vehicle ground in to provide a rolloff in operation of the comparator at approximately 5 Hz. In this manner, comparator 501 has sufficient response speed, while spurious operation due to oscillation or residual AM on the control signals is eliminated.
The output of comparator 501 is supplied to switching transistor 530 by current limiting resistor 531. Transistor 530 is operated as an electronic switch between its cutoff and saturated states, with the emitter of the PNP transistor connected to the filtered battery supply voltage, Vb (840, described more fully in connection with FIG. 8), and with the collector connected to the coil of switching relay(s) 550. The second end of the relay coil(s) is connected to vehicle ground. Protection diode 551 is provided to prevent negative transients from damaging transistor 531 or comparator 501.
It should be noted that, although the preferred embodiment is shown as utilizing a single DPDT switching relay, alternative electrical or electronic switching configurations are possible. For example, a plurality of individual relays may alternatively be employed, with the respective coils connected in parallel to provide for simultaneous operation.
The comparator output is also provided to the power switching circuitry of the preamplifer 336, as described more fully in connection with FIG. 7.
It shall be seen that when the detector control voltage 320 is less than the threshold voltage 510, corresponding to an input signal strength that requires preamplification, the output of comparator 501 will be at a "high" state, approximately equal to the supply voltage, Vreg. Because the supply voltage is approximately equal to the filtered battery voltage 840, transistor 530 is in the cutoff region of operation, and no current is conducted through the coil of relay(s) 550.
The contacts of relay(s) 550 are shown as normally closed contacts. Therefore, for the circumstances previously described, the input signal 306 is applied to preamplifier 336 by contacts 555, while the amplified output is supplied to the remaining signal processing elements by contacts 556.
In a similar fashion, for control signal 320 greater than the threshold 510, the output of comparator 501 is "low," causing transistor 530 to operate in the saturation region with the collector current energizing the coil of relay(s) 550. Under these circumstances, contacts 555 and 556 are in the alternate positions such that preamplifier 336 is removed from the signal path, and replaced by bypass conductor 560, which conducts the input signal 306 directly to the next successive processor stage in substantially unaltered form.
It should be noted that equivalent configurations including, for example, reversal of the inputs to comparator 501, and/or use of alternative electronic and/or relay switching configurations, are possible.
FIG. 6 further illustrates a representative attenuator control, switching and attenuation stage 600. As previously discussed, the preferred embodiment includes a plurality of such stages, preferably three, interconnected as depicted in FIG. 3. However, due to the identical nature of each, it is sufficient to describe in detail a single representative stage.
The operation of the attenuator processor stages is in major portion identical to that previously described in connection with the preamplifier control and switching system. Specifically, the detector control voltage 320 and a selected threshold voltage 610 selected by the voltage divider comprising 611 and 612, are applied to the noninverting and inverting inputs, respectively, of comparator 601. The coil of attenuator relay(s) 650 is therefore activated when the control voltage 320 exceeds the set threshold voltage 610, representing a circumstance when the input signal is undesirably strong and requires attenuation.
In connection with attenuator stage 600, a visual status indicator is shown which corresponds to one of the indicators 115 depicted in FIG. 1. Specifically, light emitting diode 670 in series with current limiting resistor 671 is connected in parallel to the coil of relay(s) 650. In this manner, when the coil is energized, corresponding to insertion of the attenuator, a visible output signal is generated to inform the user that signal processing by attenuation is occurring.
As with the preamplifier stage, the preferred embodiment utilizes switching relay(s) as shown to provide for insertion or bypassing of the attenuator itself. Attenuation is provided by a simple "T" configuration resistive attenuator comprising resistors 280, 281 and 282, although alternative passive or active RF attenuators may alternatively be utilized. When attenuation is desired, contacts 655 and 656 are in the alternate position, such that the signal is made to pass through the voltage dividing attenuator. When no attenuation is desired, the signal is routed through the bypass conductor 660. In addition, the attenuator is disconnected from ground by means of SPST contacts 656 to prevent undesired shunting of the RF signal to ground by means of resistors 281,282. Alternative switching configurations are possible.
In the control circuits described, relays have been used to perform the switching function. This has been found to be desirable due to their superior performance at the high signal strengths present in worst-case environments. In addition, although electronic switching circuits are known, such as those utilizing PIN diodes, such circuits typically exhibit nonlinear characteristics at high power levels, which can introduce undesirable intermodulation distortion to the processed signal. Further, switching circuits utilizing such diodes require a multiplicity of diodes, and are accordingly complex and expensive.
The relays utilized may be of standard design, preferably for operation at 12 volts DC with minimum current drain. However, it is preferable that the switching time be minimized to prevent distortion caused by momentary removal of an input to the radio receiver, which may result in undesired operation of the receiver's automatic gain control maximizing gain of the IF amplifier in an attempt to compensate. It has been found that switching times on the order of 6 milliseconds provide adequate operation, since the normal delays designed into typical AGC circuitry are sufficient to prevent undesired extraneous operation of the receiver.
It should be understood in association with the foregoing description of the preferred embodiment that alternative configurations are possible. For example, splitter 401 may be designed to provide the combined splitting and voltage boosting function of splitter 401 and transformers 402. Alternative embodiments for the FM detector, for the control comparators, and for the specific switching circuitry described are also possible.
FIG. 7 illustrates a preferred embodiment for the FM preamplifier. The input signal 306 is supplied to the base of transistor 700 through blocking capacitor 701. Bias is determined by the voltage divider comprising resistors 702 and 703, as filtered by capacitor 704. This bias voltage is supplied to the base of transistor 700 through RF isolation inductor 705.
Because of the decreasing gain of transistor 700 with increasing input frequency, a series feedback circuit comprising resistor 712, capacitor 713, and inductor 714 is utilized. The resulting tuned feedback decreases with increasing frequency, compensating for the aforementioned decrease in gain and flattening the RF frequency response of transistor 700.
Collector tuning is provided by inductor 720 and capacitor 721. The quality factor of the resulting tuned circuit is set by resistor 722.
Emitter resistor 730 is paralleled by capacitor 731, which presents a low impedance ground for RF signals present.
Finally, capacitors 740 and 741 provide capacitive impedance transformation to the desired 75 Ohm output impedance.
Power to the preamplifier described is supplied through choke 750, which operates in conjunction with capacitors 751 and 752 to block and remove undesired transients and RF on the battery supply voltage. Current is selectively supplied by the electronic switching circuit comprising transistor 760 and 761, which receives as its input the control output of comparator 501 through current limiting resistor 762. Thus, the preamplifier is energized only when amplification is required.
Finally, an optical indicator corresponding to indicator 114 of FIG. 1 is provided, comprising light emitting diode 780 and current limiting resistor 781.
It should be understood that, although the foregoing details one preferred embodiment, other configurations are possible. For example, other forms of RF preamplification may be utilized. Further, although electronic power switching is shown, other methods of controllable switching may similarly be utilized, or the circuit may be left continuously on.
FIG. 8 illustrates a preferred embodiment for the power supply of the foregoing circuitry. Input 810 is attached to the automobile electrical system, preferably to the switched ignition circuit. Alternatively the power supply input 810 may be attached to other switched or unswitched power sources, such as the switched power antenna control lead of an automatic antenna system. Protection from excessive currents due to short circuits or other malfunctions is provided by fuse 811.
Choke 812 is provided in conjunction with capacitors 815 and 816 to block and filter undesired transients and alternating signals, including RF, from the supply. The resulting filtered battery voltage 840 (Vb) is supplied to the appropriate portions of the circuit as previously indicated.
Switch 820 is optionally provided to permit the user to activate or deactivate the interface circuitry. When deactivated, the input signal is band pass limited in the FM range, and thereafter passed substantially unaltered through the signal processor to the output. With the exception of the nominal insertion loss of the circuit described, typically 0.5 dB, the output signal is thus substantially identical to the input signal. When, however, the circuitry is activated, the full benefit of the automatic signal processing interface is present. In this manner, the switch permits the user to compare the processed and unprocessed signals, and thereby note the dramatic improvement present.
Because automotive electrical systems are subject to variations in voltage levels, threshold voltages derived simply from the battery supply voltage are subject to undesirable fluctuations in absolute level. Therefore, the preferred embodiment includes voltage regulator 840, which produces a stable output 850 (Vreg), preferably at 10 volts DC. Capacitors 851 and 852 provides additional filtering of the regulated output voltage 850, which is also supplied to the comparators to assure their stable operation and to prevent possible excessive battery voltages from damaging the components.
Finally, an optical On/Off status indicator, corresponding to indicator 113 of FIG. 1, is shown comprising light emitting diode 870 and current limiting resistor 871.
FIG. 9 depicts graphically the operation of the preferred embodiment of the signal optimizing interface described above. Specifically, the total gain of the interface, representative of the amplification or attenuation of the input FM signal, is depicted relative to a representative scale illustrating increasing values of the control voltage.
A base line of 0 dB is shown. However, the preferred embodiment exhibits a nominal insertion loss of approximately 0.5 dB resulting from the FM bandpass filter, the splitter, and the relay contact/bypass series configuration. This is depicted as nominal operating level 900.
Curve 910 depicts the operation of the preamplifier, including the preferred hysteresis of the control comparator. Specifically, for control voltages less than threshold 911, the preamplifier is engaged to provide the desired gain as shown. As signal strength increases and the resulting control voltage similarly increases, the preamplifier is turned off at threshold 911 and remains off for all greater voltages. However, the preamplifer is not re-energized when the voltage drops to threshold 911, but only when the lesser threshold 912 is reached. At this point the preamplifier will be turned on, and will remain on for all lesser voltages, and until the voltage again exceeds threshold 911.
Curves 920, 930 and 940 represent the respective responses of the three individual stages of attenuation in the preferred embodiment, including a diagrammatic representation of the preferred hysteresis characteristics. It should be noted that the hysteresis loops of the individual attenuators are preferably designed to overlap as shown, such that for both increasing and decreasing signals above the initial thresholds for requiring some form of attenuation, the higher order attenuators follow the lower order stages in turn on, and preceed them in turn off. This results in a smooth transition between the individual stages of attenuation and avoids introduction of undesirable noise or interference as the radio receiver AGC compensates for the changing input strengths that result.
The operation of the present invention may be best understood by analyzing FIG. 9 in conjunction with first an increasing, and then a decreasing signal.
For a given input signal which is initially weak, the control voltage will be below the preamplifier threshold, and the preamplifier will be engaged. As the signal strength increases, and the control voltage correspondingly increases, the preamplifier is removed at threshold 911. This threshold is selected to be at a point where the received signal is sufficient to provide optimum performance of a standard radio receiver, without additional amplification.
For all received signal strengths between threshold 911 and threshold 922, therefore, the received signal is passed substantially unaltered to the receiver, subject only to the nominal insertion loss of the interface. This range represents the optimum input dynamic range of a normal car receiver apparatus.
At threshold 922, the received signal strength is sufficiently strong to result in possible overloading and intermodulation distortion in the standard radio. Accordingly, a first stage of attenuation chosen to prevent such overloading, yet chosen to retain the processed signal at a sufficient strength to be within the receiver's optimum dynamic range, is activated.
As the signal increases still further, a threshold 932 is reached at which yet further attention is desirable. At this point the second stage of attenuation in the preferred embodiment is activated concurrent with the previously activated first stage of attenuation. The resulting total attenuation 970 is therefore presented to the bandpass limited signal.
Finally, the third and final stage of attenuation is activated at threshold 942 to prevent overloading of the receiver input due to very high level signals.
As the signal strength decreases, the sequence of events is substantially reversed. However, the third stage of attenuation is retained until turn off threshold 941, which is displaced below the turn on threshold 942 by an amount equal to the hysteresis of the third comparator. At threshold 941, the third stage of attenuation is removed, while stages one and two are retained. When the signal falls still further to threshold 931, the second attenuator is removed, while at threshold 921 no attenuation is required and the first stage is also removed. Finally, when the signal falls to threshold 912, amplification is once again required and the preamplifier is activated.
Table 1 sets forth below the specific threshold voltages and gain characteristics for each of the signal processing stages described in connection with the preferred embodiment. It should be noted that variations between successive levels of attenuation, both in connection with the individual attenuator gains and the corresponding threshold voltages, have been selected to provide optimum operations in light of the nonlinear relationships existing in connection with the signal strengths of received FM signals and the desired signal processing to be performed thereon. However, it is understood that other modes of operation are possible.
The foregoing description and drawings merely explain and illustrate the invention; the invention is not limited thereto, except insofar as the appended claims are so limited, for those skilled in the art who have the disclosure before them will be able to make modifications and variations therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
TABLE I______________________________________ NOMINAL VALUE______________________________________FM Band Insertion Loss/Gain (dB)______________________________________Pre-amplifier ON 10.0Pre-amplifier OFF -0.5First attenuator IN -30.0Second attenuator IN -50.0Third attenuator IN -70.0______________________________________FM Band Single Signal (98 MHz)Amplitude Trip Points (Increasing Level) (mV)______________________________________Pre-amplifier OFF 40.0First attenuator IN 130.0Second attenuator IN 175.0Third attenuator IN 500.0______________________________________FM Band Single Signal (98 MHz)Amplitude Trip Points (Decreasing Level) (mV)______________________________________Pre-amplifer ON 58.0First attenuator OUT 70.0Second attenuator OUT 95.0Third attenuator OUT 150.0______________________________________
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|U.S. Classification
|455/247.1, 455/143, 455/291, 455/250.1, 455/249.1, 455/235.1
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 14, 1983
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL JENSEN INCORPORATED, SCHILLER PARK,
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:BELL, R. RICHARD;REEL/FRAME:004095/0619
Effective date: 19830210
|Jun 25, 1987
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL JENSEN INCORPORATED
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:INTERNATIONAL JENSEN INCORPORATED (MERGED INTO) BCI INTERNATIONAL JENSEN INCORPORATED (CHANGED TO);REEL/FRAME:004745/0010
Effective date: 19870410
|Oct 5, 1988
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|Mar 20, 1989
Owner name: AMERICAN NATIONAL BANK AND TRUST COMPANY OF CHICAG
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:INTERNATIONAL JENSEN INCORPORATED, A DE CORP.;REEL/FRAME:005156/0610
Effective date: 19881103
|Jan 21, 1993
|Fee payment
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|Sep 19, 1996
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Year of fee payment: 12