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Dimming of the 17th Century Sun
Foukal, Peter; Schnerr, Roald
Reconstructions of total solar irradiance (TSI) rely mainly on linear relations between TSI variation and indices of facular area. When these are extrapolated to the prolonged 15th - 17th century Sp\\"orer and Maunder solar activity minima, the estimated solar dimming is insufficient to explain the mid- millennial climate cooling of the Little Ice Age. We draw attention here to evidence that the relation departs from linearity at the lowest activity levels. Imaging photometry and radiometry indicate an increased TSI contribution per unit area from small network faculae by a factor of 2-4 compared to larger faculae in and around active regions. Even partial removal of this more TSI - effective network at prolonged minima could enable climatically significant solar dimming, yet be consistent with the weakened but persistent 11- yr cycle observed in Be 10 during the Maunder Minimum. The mechanism we suggest would not alter previous findings that increased solar radiative forcing is insufficient to account for 20t...
Documenting North Netherlandish 17th Century Panel Makers' House Marks
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Wadum, Jørgen
The need for a quality control of Antwerp oak panels for painters in 1617 became structured with detailed regulations imposing the panel makers to issue each of their panels with the maker's personal house mark and upon approval by the dean of the panel makers' he with a hot iron would brand each...... accepted panel with the Coat of Arms of Antwerp. This poster shall for the first time present arguments and documentation of a comparable practice of issuing panels with a personal house mark on panels produced in the Northern Netherlands. Especially one panel maker's mark has been traced a sufficient...... present the different North Netherlandish house marks/brands, their design, size, and other characteristics, in chronological order as found on 17th century Netherlandish panels. This information will be presented in conjunction with frequently recorded saw-marks on the back of the panels in conjunction...
Nostalgia in the Army (17th-19th Centuries).
Battesti, Michèle
People died from nostalgia in the army in the 17th-19th centuries. The term 'nostalgia', created by the doctor Johannes Hofer (1669-1752), from Mulhouse, came from the Germanic Heimweh, or 'homesickness'. It affected the young people enrolled in the army, such as Swiss mercenaries. Longing for their native land, they were consumed by an ongoing desire to return home. If it was impossible to do so, they sank into 'a sadness accompanied with insomnia, anorexia and other unpleasant symptoms' that could lead to death. Nostalgia became classified as a disease during the last quarter of the 18th century and ravaged the French army during the Revolution and the Napoleonic wars. However, as soon as the wars ended, it ceased to exist in the army (except the colonial army). It was removed from the nosology in the first half of the 19th century. Rapidly explained as an example of a misdiagnosis or a confusion between 'connection and cause', nostalgia needs to be assessed in regard to the medical debate between 'alienists' and 'organicists'. Creating much concern, nostalgia needs to be considered in the historical context of a society destabilized by modernity, with some individuals uprooted by the sudden transition from civil society to military life. It raises questions about the role that the army played in the creation of the French national union. Nostalgia may have also covered psychic traumatisms later designated as combat fatigue, war neurosis, or post-traumatic stress disorder. PMID:27035922
17th century treatments of one-dimensional collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The issue of conservation in the collisions of bodies aroused considerable interest in the period of its initial investigation. Descartes asserted that the quantity of motion, the scalar product of the mass and speed, was the quantity that was conserved. Huygens, with the aid of his relativity of motion principle, recognized that it was not Descartes' scalar quantity that was conserved, but instead another scalar quality, the product of the mass and the square of the speed, whose total remained constant. Newton discovered that Descartes' quantity was conserved if considered a vector quantity, and thereby announced the principle of conservation of momentum. Leibniz recognized the conservation of Newton's momentum, and also the conservation of vis viva, the same scalar quantity that Huygens has earlier proposed. Although recognition of the immense importance of these principles had to await further developments in physics, the original formulation of these conservation principles, resulting from the analysis of one-dimensional collisions, was completed by the end of the 17th century. (U.K.)
Teaching physics during the 17th century: some examples from the works of Evangelista Torricelli
Sparavigna, Amelia Carolina
This paper is proposing some physics problems from a book, De Motu Gravium Naturaliter Descendentium, written by Evangelista Torricelli, with the aim of showing how physics was taught in a university, that of Pisa, in the 17th century.
Essays on the history of Brazilian dipterology: II. notices about Brazilian Diptera (17th century)
Nelson Papavero; Márcia Souto Couri
Essays on the history of Brazilian dipterology. II. Notices about Brazilian Diptera (17th century). Notices from the Brazilian Diptera from the 17th century come mainly from two foreign invasions occurred in Brazil, the first one by the French in Maranhão and the second by the Dutch in northeastern Brazil. This paper includes reports of Fathers Claude d'Abbeville and Yves d'Evreux and from Piso and Marcgrave, the last two presenting the first illustrations of Brazilian Diptera. The paper also...
Essays on the history of Brazilian dipterology: II. notices about Brazilian Diptera (17th century
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Nelson Papavero
Full Text Available Essays on the history of Brazilian dipterology. II. Notices about Brazilian Diptera (17th century. Notices from the Brazilian Diptera from the 17th century come mainly from two foreign invasions occurred in Brazil, the first one by the French in Maranhão and the second by the Dutch in northeastern Brazil. This paper includes reports of Fathers Claude d'Abbeville and Yves d'Evreux and from Piso and Marcgrave, the last two presenting the first illustrations of Brazilian Diptera. The paper also includes reports of Friar Laureano de la Cruz, Father João de Sotto Mayor and Maurício de Heriarte.
Portuguese tin-glazed earthenware from the 17th century. Part 1: Pigments and glazes characterization
Vieira Ferreira, L. F.; Casimiro, T. M.; Colomban, Ph.
Two sherds representative of the Portuguese faience production of the first and second halves of the 17th century were studied carefully with the use of non-invasive spectroscopies, namely: Ground State Diffuse Reflectance Absorption (GSDR), micro-Raman, Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Laser Induced Luminescence (LIL) and Proton Induced X-ray (PIXE). These results were compared with the ones obtained for a Chinese Ming porcelain, Wanli period (16th/beginning of the 17th centuries), which served as an influence for the initial Lisbon's faience production. By combining information of the different non-destructive spectroscopic techniques used in this work, it was possible to conclude that: Co3O4 (Co II and Co III) can be found in the silicate matrix and is the blue pigment in the "Especieiro" sample (1st half of the 17th C.). Cobalt olivine silicate (Co2SiO4, Co II only) was clearly identified as the blue pigment in "Aranhões" sample (2nd half of the17th C.) - 824 cm-1 band in the micro-Raman-spectrum. Cobalt aluminate (CoAl2O4, Co II only) is the blue pigment in the Wanli plate - 203 and 512 cm-1 bands in the micro-Raman spectrum. The blue pigment in the 1st half 17th century of Lisbon's production was obtained by addition of a cobalt ore in low concentrations, which gives no specific Raman signature, because of complete dissolution in the glass. However, in most cases of the 2nd half 17th century, the Raman signature was quite evident, from a cobalt silicate. These findings point to the use of higher temperature kilns in the second case.
My Experience with Alcohol, a 17th-Century Mathematician, and a Personal Decision
Eaton, Dennis R.; Rector, Sheila M.
This writing shares the first author's personal experience with alcohol, the negative consequences of his choices, and the ultimate answering of the question, "Am I an alcoholic and should I drink again?" The decision-making process and the eventual answer come from Blaise Pascal, a 17th-century mathematician. This process is explained and…
The search for longitude: Preliminary insights from a 17th Century Dutch perspective
de Grijs, Richard
In the 17th Century, the Dutch Republic played an important role in the scientific revolution. Much of the correspondence among contemporary scientists and their associates is now digitally available through the ePistolarium webtool, allowing current scientists and historians unfettered access to transcriptions of some 20,000 letters from the Dutch Golden Age. This wealth of information offers unprecedented insights in the involvement of 17th Century thinkers in the scientific issues of the day, including descriptions of their efforts in developing methods to accurately determine longitude at sea. Unsurprisingly, the body of correspondence referring to this latter aspect is largely dominated by letters involving Christiaan Huygens. However, in addition to the scientific achievements reported on, we also get an unparalleled and fascinating view of the personalities involved.
Food flora in 17th century northeast region of Brazil in Historia Naturalis Brasiliae
Medeiros, Maria Franco Trindade; Albuquerque, Ulysses Paulino
Background This article reports historical ethnobotany research conducted from a study of the work Historia Naturalis Brasiliae (Natural History of Brazil), authored by Piso and Marcgrave and published in 1648, with main focus on Caatinga of northeast region of Brazil. Methods Focusing the content analysis on the section dedicated to plant species with multiple uses, Marcgrave's contribution to the aforementioned work, this research had the following objectives: the retrieval of 17th century ...
Automatic transcription of 17th century English text in Contemporary English with NooJ: Method and Evaluation
Piton, Odile; Mesfar, Slim; Pignot, Hélène
Since 2006 we have undertaken to describe the differences between 17th century English and contemporary English thanks to NLP software. Studying a corpus spanning the whole century (tales of English travellers in the Ottoman Empire in the 17th century, Mary Astell's essay A Serious Proposal to the Ladies and other literary texts) has enabled us to highlight various lexical, morphological or grammatical singularities. Thanks to the NooJ linguistic platform, we created dictionaries indexing the...
Balkovaya, Valentina
The article deals with the information potential of customs books, which are accounting documents of the Russian customs houses of the 17th 18th centuries, for studying the Russian customs history of the period.
Geographical Names on 16th and 17th Century Maps of Croatia
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Josip Faričić
Full Text Available The paper deals with geographical names (toponyms on maps of Croatia published during the 16th and 17th century. Since this is a very complex problem area, only a few basic problems concerning the historical development of toponyms on old maps have been emphasized. As a result of the general development in cartography and "crystallization" of geographical knowledge about Croatia in the 16th century, these maps have become a valuable source of toponyms. Although Latin, Italian and German toponyms were still dominant, more and more Croatian toponyms can be found, especially on maps made by Croatian authors or the authors who were familiar with Croatian regions. Toponymy on old maps of Croatia considerably reflects the significance of Croatian regions in trading and geo-strategic system in Europe at the time.
[Pharmacies in Rzeszów (17th-19th centuries)].
Swieboda, J
This dissertation is available thanks to many years investigation into the development of education and the history of the church in Galicia and the surrounding region. On the basis of gathered record materials and works concerning medical care, the author presents a history of drug stores in Rzezów in 17th-19th centuries. First, he deals with a pharmacy run by the Pijar monks in the years 1670-1697. There is a unique polychromy in it showing the different way of treating sick patients in the years 1695-1697. Next, he depicts the development of pharmacies according to Austrian law, when southern Poland came under the rule of the Habsburg family between 1772-1918. The lot of all pharmacies, the role of their owners, illustrious pharmacists, Polish - Austrian marriages among pharmacists, their connections with doctors and their position in society during this period are also described. PMID:11770491
Images of the Other in the German Travel Accounts of the 16th and 17th Century
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Andreja Bole
Full Text Available This paper points out the image of the Russian in the selected German travel accounts of the 16th and 17th century, through the eyes of the West European well-educated legate seen as a savage, boorish Barbarian. The image of the Russian illustrates the importance of the relationship between the one's own, civilized (here German and the other, often barbaric (here Russian cultural reality. Key words: Images of the Other / Travel Account / Herberstein, Olearius / Russia of the 16th and 17th Century.
Jacob Lorhard's Ontology: A 17th Century Hypertext on the Reality and Temporality of the World of Intelligibles
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Øhrstrøm, Peter; Schärfe, Henrik; Uckelman, Sara
Jacob Lorhard published his ontology in 1606. In this work the term ontologia 'ontology' was used for the first time ever. In this paper, it is argued that Lorhard's ontology provides a useful key to the understanding of the early 17th-century world view in Protestant Europe. Among other things, ...
A calendar Quipu of the early 17th century and its relationship with the Inca astronomy
Laurencich-Minelli, Laura
The so-called Miccinelli documents are a set of documents which were written by Jesuit scholars in Peru within the first half of the 17th century. Among such documents, one contains the depiction of a Quipu, that is, a device made out of cords of different nature and colors which, with the help of nodes, were used by the Incas for storing data. This Quipu is claimed by the author, Blas Valera, to be a reproduction of the Inca calendar of the year of the Spanish conquest. We give here a complete analysis of the astronomical events occurred in Cusco in that year, showing that they actually correspond closely to the data reported in the Quipu, and compare the calendrical information - such as the names and the rituals of each month - with those given by other documents, especially the Nuova Coronica by G. Poma de Ayala. The possible relevance of the document for the knowledge of the original Inca lore of the sky is discussed in details.
The "Divine Design" argument in the English philosophy of nature in the 17th century
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Igor Koshelev
Full Text Available The article deals with the development of the teleological argument (the design argument as elaborated in the works of the English natural philosophers Robert Boyle and John Ray. The argument in question constitutes one of the most convincing proofs of the existence of the rational design and is primarily known from the "fifth way" of Thomas Aquinas and from the "Natural Theology" by W. Paley. However, the basis for the modern research in this field was created precisely by the above-mentioned natural philosophers in the context of scientific revolution of the 17th century and the mechanistic philosophy that this epoch gave rise to. Recognizing the irrevocability of the conceptualization of the "teleological argument" in Paley for the modern times, the author analyzes the early stages of its formation. The main part of the article is devoted to the analysis of "The Treatise of the Final Causes" by Boyle and "The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of the Creation" by Ray. Conclusions as to the signifi cance of these works for the consequent development of teleology are given in the final part of the article.
Automatic transcription of 17th century English text in Contemporary English with NooJ: Method and Evaluation
Piton, Odile; Pignot, Hélène
Since 2006 we have undertaken to describe the differences between 17th century English and contemporary English thanks to NLP software. Studying a corpus spanning the whole century (tales of English travellers in the Ottoman Empire in the 17th century, Mary Astell's essay A Serious Proposal to the Ladies and other literary texts) has enabled us to highlight various lexical, morphological or grammatical singularities. Thanks to the NooJ linguistic platform, we created dictionaries indexing the lexical variants and their transcription in CE. The latter is often the result of the validation of forms recognized dynamically by morphological graphs. We also built syntactical graphs aimed at transcribing certain archaic forms in contemporary English. Our previous research implied a succession of elementary steps alternating textual analysis and result validation. We managed to provide examples of transcriptions, but we have not created a global tool for automatic transcription. Therefore we need to focus on the resu...
Multi-analytical study of paint and varnish on a 17th century wooden polychrome antependium
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Aida Grga
Full Text Available The antependium of Saint Michael's altar from the church of Saint Catherine in Osič, Croatia, is a work of the 17th century artist Matej Otoni. As a part of her Master's thesis, Aida Grga carried out a complex analysis of the paint layer (binding medium and pigments and of the resinous varnish found on the object. Thin layer chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and micro-chemical analysis were used to identify the materials. The investigation was carried out in the Laboratory for Conservation Research at the Arts Academy of the University of Split, under the supervision of PhD Ivica Ljubenkov.L'antependium de Saint Michel provenant de l'église de Sainte Catherine à Osič, Croatie, est l'œuvre de l'artiste Matej Otoni (XVIIe siècle. Dans le cadre de sa thèse de maîtrise, Aida Grga a exécuté une analyse complexe de la couche picturale (liant et matières colorantes et du vernis trouvés sur l'objet. La chromatographie sur couche mince, la spectroscopie infrarouge (FT-IR et une analyse microchimique ont été utilisés pour identifier les matériaux. La recherche a été effectuée sous la supervision de Dr. Ivica Ljubenkov au Laboratoire de Recherche en Conservation auprès de l'Académie des Beaux Arts de l'Université de Split.
Plastic surgery in 17th century Europe. case study: Nicolae Milescu, the snub-nosed.
Dumbravă, Daniela; Luchian, Stefan
The rising and the existence of plastic and aesthetic surgery in early modern Europe did not have a specific pattern, but was completely different from one nation to another. Colleges of Physicians could only be found in some places in Europe; different Parliaments of Europe's nations did not always elevate being a surgeon to the dignity of a profession, and being a surgeon did not always come with corporate and municipal privileges, or with attractive stipends. Conversely, corporal punishments for treacherous surgeons were ubiquitous. Rhinoplasty falls into the category of what Ambroise Paré named "facial plastic surgery". The technique is a medical source from which many histories derive, one more fascinating than the other: the history of those whose nose was cut off (because of state betrayal, adultery, abjuration, or duelling with swords), the history of those who invented the surgery of nose reconstruction (e.g. SuSruta-samhita or Tagliacozzi?), the history of surgeries kept secret in early modern Europe (e.g. Tropea, Calabria, Leiden, Padua, Paris, Berlin), and so on. Where does the history of Nicolae Milescu the Snub-nosed fall in all of this? How much of this history do the Moldavian Chronicles record? Is there any "scholarly gossip" in the aristocratic and diplomatic environments at Constantinople? What exactly do the British ambassadors learn concerning Rhinoplasty when they meet Milescu? How do we "walk" within these histories, and why should we be interested at all? What is their stike for modernity? Such are the interrogations that this article seeks to provoke; its purpose is to question (and eventually, synchronise) histories, and not exclusively history, both in academic terms but also by reassessing the practical knowledge of the 17th century. PMID:24502038
[Semantics of learned quackery in the 17th and 18th centuries].
Füssel, Marian
In the 17th and 18th century republic of letters the problem of scientific fraud was met with a discourse of charlatanism. Departing from Johann Burchhard Menckes famous treatise on the Charlatanry of the learned the following essay traces how the accusations of academic and scientific misconduct put in terms of 'charlatanry' primarily helped to produce the new species of the erudite 'charlatan'. Facing a growing complexity of scientific culture this new frame of meaning, structured by numerous examples of scientific misconduct offered a new way of orientation in the world of learning. But besides its cognitive impacts the discourse of charlatanry allowed to create symbolic boundaries, which determined decisions upon the affiliation or non affiliation to the new forming scientific community by separating honourable from dishonourable scientific personae. Speaking of charlatanry therefore always implied a social distinction as much as a scientific. The discourses on charlatanry also mirror differentiations within the scientific field. At first dominated by a critique built on courteous or bourgeois values, the scientific field later on developed its own criteria of appraisal like authorship, originality, transparency etc. Attracting the attention of a further growing public sphere, the explicit verbalisation of claims not relating to the value system of a republic of letters primarily concerned with the production and distribution of knowledge finally led up to a more implicit moral economy of science. A change that at a large scale level can be described both as an internalisation of the values of scientific conduct and differentiation between justiciable and unjusticiable transgressions of the norms set up by the scientific community. PMID:15338535
Variation in common lime (Tilia x europaea L.) in Swedish gardens of the 17th and 18th centuries
Bengtsson, Rune
Trees of common lime (Tilia x europaea L.) have been planted in Swedish gardens and urban landscapes since at least the beginning of the 17th century. This is in accordance with the situation in most other European countries. The trees were initially imported from the Netherlands but later domestic production was started. The domestic material was collectively known as 'Dutch lime' even when propagated in Sweden. To understand the variation in common lime in Swedish gardens, the methods of pr...
Estuarine Evidence Of Postseismic Transients In 17th-century Hokkaido And 20th-century Chile
Sawai, Y.; Kamataki, T.; Nasu, H.; Satake, K.; Shishikura, M.
We studied postseismic transient of two giant interplate earthquakes; one is a 17th-century earthquake along the southern Kuril trench, eastern Hokkaido, and the other is the 1960 Chilean earthquake. The 17th-century earthquake along the southern Kuril trench induced postseismic uplift that probably lasted for decades, as judged from stratigraphy and paleoecology at two estuaries along the Pacific coast of eastern Hokkaido. The estuaries, at Mochirippu and Kiritappu, were invaded by an unusually large tsunami before their tidal flats emerged and became lowland forests. The tsunami is marked by a sand sheet mainly 2-5 cm thick. The sand is both underlain and overlain by tidal-flat mud. However, the mud above the sand grades upward into peat that contains volcanic ash layers from late in the 17th century. The upward sequence of mud, sand, mud, and peat implies that an earthquake (marked by the tsunami deposits) predates gradual coastal uplift (marked by the transition from mud to peat). We quantified the land-level history by means of fossil diatom assemblages in the mud and peat. The reconstructed land-levels show several decimeters of preseismic subsidence, no coseismic change, and at least 1 m of postseismic uplift. The volcanic ash layers, erupted from southwest Hokkaido and dated with the local historical records, show that the uplift started before 1667 and ended by 1694. Postseismic uplift of the 1960 Chilean earthquake provided stratigraphic and paleoecological evidence. The delta of the Rio Coihuin is in middle along the 1960 rupture zone and 10 km east of Puerto Montt, which was at the inland limit of the coseismic downwarp in 1960. The delta contains three terraces, each underlain by a different stratigraphic sequence. The_@highest terrace, now above all tides, is underlain by lahar-runout sand_@and silt derived from Mt. Calbuco, 20 km to the northeast. Inset into_@this terrace are at least lower ones that form tidal marshes. The marshes_@are underlain by
[Effects of the periodical spread of rinderpest on famine, epidemic, and tiger disasters in the late 17th Century].
Kim, Dong Jin; Yoo, Han Sang; Lee, Hang
This study clarifies the causes of the repetitive occurrences of such phenomena as rinderpest, epidemic, famine, and tiger disasters recorded in the Joseon Dynasty Chronicle and the Seungjeongwon Journals in the period of great catastrophe, the late 17th century in which the great Gyeongsin famine (1670~1671) and the great Eulbyeong famine (1695~1696) occurred, from the perspective that they were biological exchanges caused by the new arrival of rinderpest in the early 17th century. It is an objection to the achievements by existing studies which suggest that the great catastrophes occurring in the late 17th century are evidence of phenomena in a little ice age. First of all, rinderpest has had influence on East Asia as it had been spread from certain areas in Machuria in May 1636 through Joseon, where it raged throughout the nation, and then to the west part of Japan. The new arrival of rinderpest was indigenized in Joseon, where it was localized and spread periodically while it was adjusted to changes in the population of cattle with immunity in accordance with their life spans and reproduction rates. As the new rinderpest, which showed high pathogenicity in the early 17th century, was indigenized with its high mortality and continued until the late 17th century, it broke out periodically in general. Contrastively, epidemics like smallpox and measles that were indigenized as routine ones had occurred constantly from far past times. As a result, the rinderpest, which tried a new indigenization, and the human epidemics, which had been already indigenized long ago, were unexpectedly overlapped in their breakout, and hence great changes were noticed in the aspects of the human casualty due to epidemics. The outbreak of rinderpest resulted in famine due to lack of farming cattle, and the famine caused epidemics among people. The casualty of the human population due to the epidemics in turn led to negligence of farming cattle, which constituted factors that triggered
Ta Mok Shwe-gu-gyi Temple: Local Art in Upper Myanmar 11-17th century AD
Moore, Elizabeth Howard; Win Maung, (Tampawaddy); Htwe Htwe, Win
The article explores the relationship of a local tradition of nine Shwe-gu or "golden caves" and the 11 khayaing of Kyaukse, the rice fields that supplied Bagan. Drawing on survey and ongoing work at the Ta Mok khayaing Shwe-gu-gyi, we profile a local specificity essential to and yet far from the courts of 11th–17th century Bagan, Pinya and Inwa. In its multiple encasements of images and architecture, the Ta Mok Shwe-gu-gyi records a transition from the visual complexity of Bagan period gu to...
Modern Ratio: The Ultimate Arbiter in 17th Century Native Dreams.
Pomedli, Michael
Seventeenth century Jesuit analysis of Indian attitudes toward dreams was largely negative. While Indians looked on their dreams as ordinances and oracles, the Jesuits criticized reliance on such irrational messages. Jesuit critiques fell into three categories: the dream as a sign of diabolical possession, the dream as illusion purporting to be…
"Mind your p's and q's": or the peregrinations of an apostrophe in 17th Century English
Piton, Odile
If the use of the apostrophe in contemporary English often marks the Saxon genitive, it may also indicate the omission of one or more let-ters. Some writers (wrongly?) use it to mark the plural in symbols or abbreviations, visual-ised thanks to the isolation of the morpheme "s". This punctuation mark was imported from the Continent in the 16th century. During the 19th century its use was standardised. However the rules of its usage still seem problematic to many, including literate speakers of English. "All too often, the apostrophe is misplaced", or "errant apostrophes are springing up every-where" is a complaint that Internet users fre-quently come across when visiting grammar websites. Many of them detail its various uses and misuses, and attempt to correct the most common mistakes about it, especially its mis-use in the plural, called greengrocers' apostro-phes and humorously misspelled "greengro-cers apostrophe's". While studying English travel accounts published in the seventeenth century, we noticed th...
Buckley Sgraffito: a study of a 17th century pottery industry in North Wales, its production techniques and design influences
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Christine Longworth
Full Text Available The area around Buckley in north Wales has been associated with the production of pottery since the 13th or 14th centuries. Nineteen different pottery sites have been identified, producing a wide range of ceramic wares in the six-hundred year period up to the mid-20th century. In the 17th and 18th centuries, many of the wares produced were of high quality, on a par with Staffordshire wares of the same date. In the early 17th century, the technique of sgraffito decoration spread to north Devon and Somerset from mainland Europe. Buckley is the only known site to produce early sgraffito wares in northern Britain. This article aims to establish the date of the production and range of early sgraffito wares at Buckley and to examine the derivation of the designs and illustrations on the vessels. An illustrated catalogue has been produced and a comparative study made of sgraffito wares elsewhere to place Buckley into a national and international context. The results show that early sgraffito production at Brookhill pottery, Buckley, was between 1640-1720. Of the excavated pieces, 62% were made between 1640-1680, and the number of sherds by vessel number is also greater within that date range. All the vessels are dishes. The form and designs on the remainder of the sherds, dated up to 1720, are no different from those dated to 1640-1680, which suggests a continuous period of production. The most common themes on the pots – tulips, leaves, mottoes, animals and birds – relate very closely to the designs featured on other objects made in the same period such as textiles, wallpaper, furniture and manuscripts. Some of the designs were available in pattern books for particular groups of objects, for example needlework and pastry decoration. There is an interesting sub-group of pieces with animal and bird motifs and mottoes on the rims. It is possible that the influence for these came from a resurgence of interest in the medieval bestiary texts and
Family Assets and Financial Misfortunes of the Castellví Family during the 17th Century
Felipo Orts, Amparo
The valencian branch of the Castellví family, which was started in the early five hundreds by the Lord of Puchol, took part in a significant asset accumulation process during the seventeenth century. At the root of it lie the acquisitions carried out by the successive heads of the household. However, the marital strategy of the lineage holders, the reduced number of descendants and the reversion to the main bloodline of the bequests from those members of the family who did not get married or ...
Landscape paintings of the 17th and 19th century as a tool for coastal zone management
Jungerius, P. D.; van den Ancker, J.
For more than fifty years many Dutch landscapes suffered severe damage. For their management, it is valuable to know what they looked like in the past. Historic maps give inadequate information, and landscape and aerial photographs are scarcely available until the 1940s. Before then landscapes have been documented chiefly by landscape painters. Interpreted with care, Dutch landscape paintings of the 17th and 19th century are an invaluable geoheritage archive and also hold information that is relevant for present-day landscape management. We present paintings of the Dutch coastal zone as an example. The coastal zone of the Netherlands is geomorphologically well developed, with beaches, foredunes, medieval 'Young dunes', and 5000 year old beach ridges with several anthropic modifications. Each of these terrains attracted landscape painters. Representative paintings can be found in museums and art galleries. We evaluated hundreds of paintings of the collection of Simonis & Buunk, an art gallery in Ede specialised in 19th and early 20th century landscape paintings, for the geoheritage information they contain. The collection, which is the largest on the subject on¬line available in Europe, can be freely consulted (www.simonis--buunk.com). The freedom taken by the painters to adjust reality for compositional or stylistic reasons is still subject of discussion. The paintings became more realistic in the middle of the 19th century when paints became available in tubes and the painters could leave their studio to work in the field. We selected paintings that are sufficiently realistic to be translated in real landscape features, including geomorphological processes and elements. Some insights: • Because of the overriding control of marine and eolian processes, the appearance of the beaches has not changed since the 16th century. • The difference between the flat beaches of the Netherlands and the steeper beaches is accurately registered by the painters. • On a coast
Reading the Qur,ān in the 17th-Century Sephardi Community of Amsterdam
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den Boer, Harm
Full Text Available This article presents an unknown Spanish translation of the Qur'ān, extant at the Ets Haim/Livraria Montezinos Library of the Portuguese Jewish Community of Amsterdam. The manuscript dates from the seventeenth century and was the work of a Spanish or Portuguese Jew living in Amsterdam or another community of the Sephardi diaspora. In the present contribution, a detailed material description of the manuscript and its contents, as well as of its Italian and Spanish sources, is offered. While the translator claimed that the work was translated "word for word from Arabic," he actually used the Italian version of the Qur'ān by Giovanni Battista Castrodardo, published by Andrea Arrivabene in Venice in 1547. The short appendix on the life of Muḥammad, on the other hand was based on a Spanish polemical work addressed to the minority of the moriscos: the Confutación del Al corán y secta mahometana by Lope de Obregón, published in Granada in 1555. This translation represents a unique case-study of the re-contextualization of the Qur'ān in early modern Europe and of the History of Reading across European and Mediterranean confessions.Este trabajo presenta una traducción del Corán al castellano, desconocida hasta ahora, conservada en la Ets Haim/Biblioteca Montezinos de la comunidad judío-portuguesa de Amsterdam. El manuscrito data del siglo XVII y fue la obra de un judío español o portugués que vivía en Amsterdam o en otra comunidad de la diaspora Sefardí. En este estudio se ofrece una descripción material detallada del manuscrito y de su contenido, así como un análisis de sus fuentes italianas y españolas. Aunque el traductor dice haber traducido la obra «palabra por palabra del árabe», en realidad, parece haber utilizado la versión italiana del Corán realizada por Giovanni Battista Castrodardo y publicada por Andrea Arrivabene en Venecia (1547. Un corto apéndice sobre la vida de Mahoma, por otro lado, se basa en una
The historical archaeology of the 17th- and 18th-century Jewish community of Nevis, British West Indies
Terrell, Michelle M.
This is an historical archaeological examination of a 17th- and 18th-century Jewish community on the island of Nevis in the British West Indies. Unlike earlier archaeological studies of the Jewish Caribbean Diaspora that focused on single sites, this investigation used a community-wide approach to elucidate the daily experience of Sephardic Jews within the colonial Caribbean. This project included an archaeological excavation at the purported location of the community's synagogue, an electrical resistivity survey of the surviving cemetery, the construction of a map of property ownership in 18th-century Charlestown, and archival research. This study was carded out within a multiscalar and contextual framework that emphasized the importance of understanding the diaspora that brought the Jews to the West Indies, the development of the colonial Caribbean, and the surrounding environs of the port city of Charlestown, Nevis. The archaeological analysis of the supposed site of the synagogue proved that it was in fact that of a late 18th-century townhouse, but the associated land record research revealed the actual location of the community's former synagogue. Furthermore, the reconstruction of the physical layout of colonial-period Charlestown from the land records indicated the presence of a distinct Jewish quarter in the undesirable southern portion of the town. Evidence from the public records of Nevis and the social history of the members of the Jewish population unveiled external social and political pressures placed upon the Sephardim as well as internal religious and ethnic ties dig bound the community together. It is argued in closing that the archival evidence, in conjunction with the continued presence of a clustered settlement pattern like that of European Jewish communities during the medieval period, indicates that the Jews of the Caribbean were not fully integrated socially or politically into British colonial society. This examination of the Nevis community
Hydrometeorological extremes reconstructed from documentary evidence for the Jihlava region in the 17th-19th centuries
Dolak, Lukas; Brazdil, Rudolf; Chroma, Katerina; Valasek, Hubert; Belinova, Monika; Reznickova, Ladislava
Different documentary evidence (taxation records, chronicles, insurance reports etc.) is used for reconstruction of hydrometeorological extremes (HMEs) in the Jihlava region (central part of the recent Czech Republic) in the 17th-19th centuries. The aim of the study is description of the system of tax alleviation in Moravia, presentation of utilization of early fire and hail damage insurance claims and application of the new methodological approaches for the analysis of HMEs impacts. During the period studied more than 400 HMEs were analysed for the 16 estates (past basic economic units). Late frost on 16 May 1662 on the Nove Mesto na Morave estate, which destroyed whole cereals and caused damage in the forests, is the first recorded extreme event. Downpours causing flash floods and hailstorms are the most frequently recorded natural disasters. Moreover, floods, droughts, windstorms, blizzards, late frosts and lightning strikes starting fires caused enormous damage as well. The impacts of HMEs are classified into three categories: impacts on agricultural production, material property and the socio-economic impacts. Natural disasters became the reasons of losses of human lives, property, supplies and farming equipment. HMEs caused damage to fields and meadows, depletion of livestock and triggered the secondary consequences as lack of seeds and finance, high prices, indebtedness, poverty and deterioration in field fertility. The results are discussed with respect to uncertainties associated with documentary evidences and their spatiotemporal distribution. Archival records, preserved in the Moravian Land Archives in Brno and other district archives, create a unique source of data contributing to the better understanding of extreme events and their impacts.
The ``System of Chymists'' and the ``Newtonian dream'' in Greek-speaking Communities in the 17th-18th Centuries
Bokaris, Efthymios P.; Koutalis, Vangelis
The acceptance of new chemical ideas, before the Chemical Revolution of Lavoisier, in Greek-speaking communities in the 17th and 18th centuries did not create a discourse of chemical philosophy, as it did in Europe, but rather a "philosophy" of chemistry as it was formed through the evolution of didactic traditions of Chemistry. This "philosophical" chemistry was not based on the existence of any academic institutions, it was focused on the ontology of principles and forces governing the analysis/synthesis of matter and formulated two didactic traditions. The one, named "the system of chymists", close to the Boylean/Cartesian tradition, accepted, contrary to Aristotelianism, the five "chymical" principles and also the analytical ideal, but the "chymical" principles were not under a conceptual and experimental investigation, as they were in Europe. Also, a crucial issue for this tradition remained the "mechanical" principles which were under the influence of the metaphysical nature of the Aristotelian principles. The other, close to the Boylean/Newtonian tradition, was the integrated presentation of the Newtonian "dream", which maintained a discursive attitude with reference to the "chemical attractions"-"chemical affinities" and actualised the mathematical atomism of Boscovich, according to which the elementary texture of matter could be causally explained within this complex architecture of mathematical " punkta". In this tradition also coexisted, in a discursive synthesis, the "chemical element" of Lavoisier and the arguments of the new theory and its opposition to the phlogiston theory, but the "chemical affinities" were under the realm of the "physical element" as "metaphysical point".
Quantifying early 17th century changes in Chesapeake Bay estuarine carbon dynamics from James River, VA oyster geochemistry
Grimm, B. L.; Spero, H. J.; Harding, J. M.
same shells provide seasonal signals and also show an offset from modern that is consistent with drought conditions during the early 17th century. These high fidelity records allow for a direct, high-resolution comparison of the residence time of carbon in the environment immediately prior to European colonization and during the first century of land use change in mid-Atlantic North America.
The glass furnace of the 17th Century of Sa Gerreria (Palma, Mallorca): Historical context and preliminary analysis of the materials
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
In this paper the materials of the glass furnace of Sa Gerreria (Palma) dated in the second half of the 17th Century A.D. are analysed. On the one hand, we discuss the available information regarding this glass workshop as well as the raw material management strategies made during the studied period. On the other hand, we focus on the materials produced by this workshop and we carry out a preliminary archaeometrical analysis of the glass lumps, frits and slags recovered as well as some glass pieces by means of scanning electron microscope and X-ray dispersive energy. The final aim is to characterise the chemical composition and the properties of the raw materials used in this workshop as well as to approach some of the technical processes put in practice by the glass makers who inhabited Mallorca during the 17th Century. (Author)
Variations on a religious theme : Jews and Muslims from the Eastern Mediterranean converting to Christianity, 17th and 18th Centuries
LAPPA, Daphne
Defence date: 24 April 2015 Examining Board: Emeritus Professor Anthony Molho, European University Institute; Professor Luca Molà, European University Institute; Professor Nikolaos Karapidakis, Ionian University; Associate Professor Eric Dursteler, Brigham Young University. This study explores the religious conversion of Jews and Muslims to Christianity from the mid-17th to the 18th centuries in the international city of Venice and the port-city of Corfu. It does not focu...
«Zemsky Sobors» of the late 16th – early 17th century in Russia: historiographical stereotypes in the reflection of historical sources
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Dmitry Vladímirovich LISÉYTSEV
Full Text Available In the works on the history of the Russian Zemsky Sobors, there is a tradition to draw a parallel between the Sobors and representative bodies of European countries in the 16th –17th centuries (the English Parliament, the French States General, the Spanish Cortes. It is believed that the end of the 16th – early 17th century, especially the Time of Troubles, was the heyday of Zemsky Sobors (when a weak Central government, in the conditions of the civil war, had to look for support in the organs of estate representation. Meanwhile, the analysis of historical sources does not allow to assume that during this period the Zemsky Sobors played a greater role than they did previously. Even the most studied Zemsky Sobors – the elective Sobors of 1598 and 1613 – were held with serious violations of election procedures, and the provinces were not represented to the extent it was described in the official documents. The question of the place of the Zemsky Sobors in the political system of Muscovite state at the beginning of the 17th century requires further analysis.
Sine Labe. Immaculatism in 15th to 17th-Century Spain: The Social Projection of a Religious Imaginary
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Ruiz-Gálvez Priego, Estrella
Full Text Available Immaculatism, the devotion to the Virgin Mary, is an area of research of especial relevance for the history of social and religious mentalities. In Spain, it became a Matter of State from the 15th to the 17th centuries. The author aims to unravel how it was that such an abstruse and seemingly foreign-to-everyday-concerns theological subject turned into a social issue. Rooted in the theological discourse concerning human nature as "stained", the concept of "original sin" began in the 13th century to be understood in terms of "infidelity". In 1215, the 4th Lateran Council established a system of signs as markers for "infidels", the first step toward an assimilation of the notions of fidelity/infidelity into those of trustworthiness/unloyalty which would later mean the association of the concept of original sin with that of the sin of the converts. In addition, the jural notions of Pactum and Fides, basis of the Feudal Contract, would inform the relationships between Man and God. Worshiping the Precious Blood of Jesus would impinge upon the so-called statutes for "Cleanliness" and "Nobility" of blood. This statutory definition of one's blood would pass to one's descendants, its formulation in terms of purity/impurity determining one's social integration or exclusion.El inmaculismo, devoción a la Virgen, constituye un campo de investigación particularmente interesante para la historia de las mentalidades sociales y religiosas, llegando a ser asunto de Estado en la España de los siglos XV al XVIII. Nuestro propósito es elucidar cómo pudo llegar a convertirse en cuestión social un asunto de teología tan árduo y aparentemente tan alejado de lo cotidiano. Partiendo del discurso sobre la naturaleza humana "manchada" de los teólogos, llegamos al momento (siglo XIII en que la "mácula original" empieza a traducirse en términos de "infidelidad". Las marcas decretadas por el IV Concilio de Letrán (1215
The demarcation between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Una region from the 17th to the 20th century according to original cartographic material
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Mithad Kozličić
Full Text Available The article presents the latest scientific research results regarding the presentation of what are nowadays Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina territories on geographic maps from the 17th to the 20th century. The focus is set on twenty maps that point to the most important tendencies. Particular attention is paid to wars and international treaties which regulated the demarcation of Una watercourse up to its confluence to the Sava as a centuries-old border between the Habsburg and the Ottoman empires.
[The beginnings of the nursing profession : the complementary relationship between secular caregivers and hospital nuns in France in the 17th and 18th centuries].
Diebolt, Evelyne
The words used for designating the caregivers are ambiguous. Little by little, the word "nurse" becomes widely used, mainly in the feminine form due to the need of specialized staff. Health care structures are developing in the 17th and 18 centuries, the remains of which you can find in today hospitals (Salpêtrière hospital, Hôtel-Dieu hospital in Paris). The government of Louis XIV cares for the poor sick people, the vagabonds and the beggars. It opens new general hospitals as it will be the case later in all Europe. In the 17th century, the staff of the general hospital in Paris is entirely secular. The Paris general hospital is headed by the magistrates of Paris Parliament. The healthcare institutions employ both secular and religious staff for example the Hotel Dieu in Paris and the one in Marseilles. In the 17th century, there are 2000 secular caregivers in France. The order of the "Filles de la Charité" (grey sisters) is not submitted to the rule of enclosure. They renew their vows every year. For their founders Vincent de Paul and Louise de Marcillac, their monastery should be the cells of the sick, their cloister should be the rooms of the hospitals or the streets of the town. The secular or religious caregivers are excellent in the apothecary and they open a network of small dispensaries. It improves the health of the French population and allows fighting against the epidemics. This activity allowed some women to have a rewarding activity and a social status of which they were apparently satisfied. PMID:23923734
Portuguese tin-glazed earthenware from the 17th century. Part 2: A spectroscopic characterization of pigments, glazes and pastes of the three main production centers.
Vieira Ferreira, L F; Ferreira, D P; Conceição, D S; Santos, L F; Pereira, M F C; Casimiro, T M; Ferreira Machado, I
Sherds representative of the three Portuguese faience production centers of the 17th century - Lisbon, Coimbra and Vila Nova were studied with the use of mostly non-invasive spectroscopies, namely: ground state diffuse reflectance absorption (GSDR), micro-Raman, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and proton induced X-ray (PIXE) or X-ray fluorescence emission (XRF). X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments were also performed. The obtained results evidence a clear similarity in the pastes of the pottery produced Vila Nova and some of the ceramic pastes from Lisbon, in accordance with documental sources that described the use of Lisbon clays by Vila Nova potters, at least since mid 17th century. Quartz and Gehlenite are the main components of the Lisbon's pastes, but differences between the ceramic pastes were detected pointing out to the use of several clay sources. The spectroscopic trend exhibited Coimbra's pottery is remarkably different, Quartz and Diopside being the major components of these pastes, enabling one to well define a pattern for these ceramic bodies. The blue pigment from the Lisbon samples is a cobalt oxide that exists in the silicate glassy matrix, which enables the formation of detectable cobalt silicate microcrystals in most productions of the second half of the 17th century. No micro-Raman cobalt blue signature could be detected in the Vila Nova and Coimbra blue glazes. This is in accordance with the lower kiln temperatures in these two production centers and with Co(2+) ions dispersed in the silicate matrix. In all cases the white glaze is obtained with the use of tin oxide. Hausmannite was detected as the manganese oxide mineral used to produce the purple glaze (wine color "vinoso") in Lisbon. PMID:25965511
Traces and echoes of De Architectura by Marcus Vitruvius Pollio in the work of Xu Guangqi in 17th century China
Cigola, Michela; Fang, Yibing
This study aims to investigate the role played by Xu Guangqi (1562-1633), minister of the Ming Dynasty, in the development of European scientific and technical knowledge in China between the 16th and 17th centuries by analyzing a book of Western technology that he wrote, namely, Taixi Shuifa ( On Western Hydraulics). Several Western books related to machine knowledge are searched to trace the source of the illustrations in Taixi Shuifa. We found that Archimedes' screw and Ctesibius' machine, which are included in Vitruvius' De Architectura volumes, also appear in the work of Xu Guangqi.
The Reception of Horace in the Courses of Poetics at the Kyiv Mohyla Academy: 17th-First Half of the 18th Century
Siedina, Giovanna
For the first time, the reception of the poetic legacy of the Latin poet Horace (65 B.C.-8 B.C.) in the poetics courses taught at the Kyiv Mohyla Academy (17th-first half of the 18th century) has become the subject of a wide-ranging research project presented in this dissertation. Quotations from Horace and references to his oeuvre have been divided according to the function they perform in the poetics manuals, the aim of which was to teach pupils how to compose Latin poetry. Three main aspec...
Saint Sisoes above the grave of Alexander the Great. A monastic theme of post-Byzantine art and its examples from the 17th century Serbian painting
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Živković Miloš
Full Text Available The depiction of St. Sisoes above the grave of Alexander the Great was formulated at the end of the 15th century. The image in question is a visual interpretation of a short song («I see you, grave», and it was often painted in the churches throughout the Balkans during the next two centuries. With references to the textual basis of this iconographic theme, as well as its meaning, the article is devoted to insufficiently studied Serbian examples of frescoes of St. Sisoes above Alexander's tomb, preserved on the walls of several churches painted in the first half of the 17th century. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 177032: Tradicija, inovacija i identitet u vizantijskom svetu
Visualizing the 17th century underpainting in Portrait of an Old Man by Rembrandt van Rijn using synchrotron-based scanning macro-XRF
Alfeld, Matthias; Siddons, D. Peter; Janssens, Koen; Dik, Joris; Woll, Arthur; Kirkham, Robin; van de Wetering, Ernst
In 17th century Old Master Paintings, the underpainting generally refers to the first sketch of a composition. The underpainting is applied to a prepared ground using a monochrome, brown oil paint to roughly indicate light, shade and contours. So far, methods to visualize the underpainting—other than in localized cross-sections—have been very limited. Neither infrared reflectography nor neutron induced autoradiography have proven to be practical, adequate visualization tools. Thus, although of fundamental interest in the understanding of a painting's genesis, the underpainting has virtually escaped all imaging efforts. In this contribution we will show that 17th century underpainting may consist of a highly heterogeneous mixture of pigments, including copper pigments. We suggest that this brown pigment mixture is actually the recycled left-over of a palette scraping. With copper as the heaviest exclusive elemental component, we will hence show in a case study on a Portrait of an Old Man attributed to Rembrandt van Rijn how scanning macro-XRF can be used to efficiently visualize the underpainting below the surface painting and how this information can contribute to the discussion of the painting's authenticity.
Visualizing the 17th century underpainting in Portrait of an Old Man by Rembrandt van Rijn using synchrotron-based scanning macro-XRF
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
In 17th century Old Master Paintings, the underpainting generally refers to the first sketch of a composition. The underpainting is applied to a prepared ground using a monochrome, brown oil paint to roughly indicate light, shade and contours. So far, methods to visualize the underpainting - other than in localized cross-sections - have been very limited. Neither infrared reflectography nor neutron induced autoradiography have proven to be practical, adequate visualization tools. Thus, although of fundamental interest in the understanding of a painting's genesis, the underpainting has virtually escaped all imaging efforts. In this contribution we will show that 17th century underpainting may consist of a highly heterogeneous mixture of pigments, including copper pigments. We suggest that this brown pigment mixture is actually the recycled left-over of a palette scraping. With copper as the heaviest exclusive elemental component, we will hence show in a case study on a Portrait of an Old Man attributed to Rembrandt van Rijn how scanning macro-XRF can be used to efficiently visualize the underpainting below the surface painting and how this information can contribute to the discussion of the painting's authenticity. (orig.)
[The end of a myth? The topic of charity care of indigent patients in deontologic texts especially in the 17th century].
Elkeles, B
Deontological writings of the 17th and early 18th century frequently stress an obligation of physicians to provide free medical care to the poor. This obligation can be traced to medical writings of antiquity and to medieval civil and canon law. Medical authors of early modern times restricted this duty in many respects: they emphasized that a physician was obliged to treat without remuneration only if the patient was in mortal danger, if nobody else could be found to pay for the treatment, if no other physicians were available, or if the patient himself had called on him for help. In this context, a debate on the definition of poverty played a decisive role. Physicians employed by towns or by the state were obliged to provide free treatment to a well defined group of poor inhabitants. Still, the general right of physicians to their fees was strongly emphasized too. On the basis of the deontological sources of the 17th and 18th century it is not possible to determine to what degree physicians of the time did in fact offer free medical care to the poor. A moral obligation to offer treatment to all persons who could not afford the physicians' fees, did not exist. PMID:2151543
Visualizing the 17th century underpainting in Portrait of an Old Man by Rembrandt van Rijn using synchrotron-based scanning macro-XRF
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Alfeld, Matthias; Janssens, Koen [University of Antwerp, Department of Chemistry, Antwerpen (Belgium); Siddons, D.P. [Brookhaven National Laboratory, National Synchrotron Light Source, Upton, NY (United States); Dik, Joris [Delft University of Technology, Department of Materials Science, Delft (Netherlands); Woll, Arthur [Cornell University, Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source, Ithaca, NY (United States); Kirkham, Robin [CSIRO, Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton, VIC (Australia); Wetering, Ernst van de [Rembrandt Research Project, Amsterdam (Netherlands)
In 17th century Old Master Paintings, the underpainting generally refers to the first sketch of a composition. The underpainting is applied to a prepared ground using a monochrome, brown oil paint to roughly indicate light, shade and contours. So far, methods to visualize the underpainting - other than in localized cross-sections - have been very limited. Neither infrared reflectography nor neutron induced autoradiography have proven to be practical, adequate visualization tools. Thus, although of fundamental interest in the understanding of a painting's genesis, the underpainting has virtually escaped all imaging efforts. In this contribution we will show that 17th century underpainting may consist of a highly heterogeneous mixture of pigments, including copper pigments. We suggest that this brown pigment mixture is actually the recycled left-over of a palette scraping. With copper as the heaviest exclusive elemental component, we will hence show in a case study on a Portrait of an Old Man attributed to Rembrandt van Rijn how scanning macro-XRF can be used to efficiently visualize the underpainting below the surface painting and how this information can contribute to the discussion of the painting's authenticity. (orig.)
Historical and Metallurgical Characterization of a "Falchion" Sword Manufactured in Caino (Brescia, Italy) in the Early 17th Century A.D.
Tonelli, G.; Faccoli, M.; Gotti, R.; Roberti, R.; Cornacchia, G.
A historical and metallurgical characterization of a "falchion" sword manufactured in Caino (Brescia, northern Italy) and dating from the early 17th century was performed to understand the manufacture methods of a Renaissance sword. At first, a set of size measurements was carried out to look for the existence of constant and/or recurring macroscopic sizes, which would indicate a standardized production, or of any type of proportionality between different parts of a sword, which would prove an intentional design activity. Light optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, quantometer analyses, and Vickers microhardness tests were then employed to analyze the microstructure and obtain the mechanical properties. All the metallurgical work is supported by an accurate study on the chemical composition of both metal-matrix and nonmetallic inclusions, which allowed for rebuilding and evaluating the efficiency of the whole production process.
The Ballet-Pantomime Technique of Passions: Constructing Knowledge of Dance during the 17th and 18th Centuries
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Juan Ignacio VALLEJOS
Full Text Available This article examines the fundamentals of the pantomime-ballet dance technique, which was characteristic of the eighteenth century. In particular, it explores how knowledge developed with regard to the representation of passions and expressive gestures. Our hypothesis proposes the existence of a correlation between the regulation of the theatrical practice of dance in the seventeenth century, during the reign of Louis XIV, and the discourses on the dancing-body that accompanied the zenith of the pantomime-ballet project between 1760 and 1776. In this way, we show that the passage from baroque ballet to pantomimeballet represents a breakthrough in body encoding as well as a development of the aesthetic framework for the theatrical expression of the dancer.
The arts of 17th-century science. Representations of the Natural World in European and North American Culture
Jowitt, C; Watt, D.
Contemporary ideals of science representing disinterested and objective fields of investigation have their origins in the seventeenth century. However, 'new science' did not simply or uniformly replace earlier beliefs about the workings of the natural world, but entered into competition with them. It is this complex process of competition and negotiation concerning ways of seeing the natural world that is charted by the essays in this book. The collection traces the many overlaps between 'lit...
Herbal treatment of the urinary system diseases based on 16(th) and 17(th) century herbals in Poland.
Ostrowski, Janusz; Rutkowski, Boleslaw
The medicinal use of herbs is a principal achievement of human ingenuity. The most renowned doctors of antiquity: Hippocrates, Dioscorides, Theophrastus, Pliny the Elder and Galen mentioned herbs in their works. The first printed herbal was published in Mainz in 1485. Outstanding scientists e.g. Otto Brunfels, Hieronymus Bock, Leonard Fuchs and Andreo Mattiola published herbals in the 16th century. Polish doctors also contributed to the development of herbal treatment. The first work: Of Herbs and their Potency by Stefan Falimirz, published in 1534, triggered other publications in the 16th century, the age of herbals. In 1542, Hieronymus Spiczynski published a herbal: Of Local and Overseas Herbs and their Potency. Then, in 1568, Marcin Siennik published his: Herbal, which is the Description of Local and Overseas Herbs, their Potency and Application. In 1595, Marcin of Urzedow published: The Polish Herbal, the Books of Herbs. Completed in mid-16th century, it was only published 22 years after his death. The last work discussed is Herbal Known in Latin as published in 1613 by Simon Syrenius a graduate of Ingolstadt and Padua universities and lecturer at the Academy of Krakow. The work was Europes most complete elaboration on herbal treatment. The herbs described in the herbals worked as diuretics, demulcents, analgesics, relaxants and preventives of kidney stones. Published in Polish, they are still to be found in Poland. All the works presented herein are held by the Library of the Seminary of Wloclawek, and the Ossolinski National Institute in Wroclaw. PMID:26913886
Distinguished figures in descriptive geometry and its applications for mechanism science from the middle ages to the 17th century
This book consists of chapters that focus specifically on single figures that worked on Descriptive Geometry and also in Mechanisms Sciences and contain biographical notes, a survey of their work and their achievements, together with a modern interpretation of their legacy. Since Vitruvius in ancient times, and with Brunelleschi in the Renaissance, the two disciplines began to share a common direction which, over the centuries, took shape through less well-known figures until the more recent times in which Gaspard Monge worked. Over the years, a gap has been created between Descriptive Geometry and Mechanism Science, which now appear to belong to different worlds. In reality, however, there is a very close relationship between the two disciplines, with a link based on extremely solid foundations. Without the theoretical foundations of Geometry it would not be possible to draw and design mechanical parts such as gears, while in Kinematics it would be less easy to design and predict the reciprocal movements of ...
Trusteeship and Cooperation in the Flemish merchants community in Cadiz: The brotherhood of "San Andrés de los Flamencos" (17th-18th centuries
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Prof. Dr Ana Crespo Solana
Full Text Available This article presents information on the development, over the centuries, of a little known aspect of the communities of foreign Merchants who settled in Spanish cities during the Modern Age. Using previously unpublished documents, relating to the "Ilustre y Antigua Nación Flamenca" of Seville and Cádiz, the article aims to give a description of the charitable activities carried out by the colony of merchants in Seville and, especially, in Cádiz, who were natives of the Southern Low Countries and the Dutch Republic. This merchant community had assigned the administration of a "Patronato" to their brotherhood, which included the control of numerous items of furniture and properties of great value. The description of this religious and benevolent activity gives a no less interesting view, when compared with the purely economic one, of its importance on the integration of these communities into the Spanish society of the 17th and 18th centuries. This research has been made with historical documents from Spanish Archives (Cádiz, Madrid and Alcalá de Henares.
Trusteeship and Cooperation in the Flemish merchants community in Cadiz: The brotherhood of "San Andrés de los Flamencos" (17th-18th centuries
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Prof. Dr Ana Crespo Solana
Full Text Available This article presents information on the development, over the centuries, of a little known aspect of the communities of foreign Merchants who settled in Spanish cities during the Modern Age. Using previously unpublished documents, relating to the "Ilustre y Antigua Nación Flamenca" of Seville and Cádiz, the article aims to give a description of the charitable activities carried out by the colony of merchants in Seville and, especially, in Cádiz, who were natives of the Southern Low Countries and the Dutch Republic. This merchant community had assigned the administration of a "Patronato" to their brotherhood, which included the control of numerous items of furniture and properties of great value. The description of this religious and benevolent activity gives a no less interesting view, when compared with the purely economic one, of its importance on the integration of these communities into the Spanish society of the 17th and 18th centuries. This research has been made with historical documents from Spanish Archives (Cádiz, Madrid and Alcalá de Henares.
The Register of Slovenian-Language Manuscripts from the 17th and 18th Centuries: Repository, Digital Library and Research Environment
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Matija Ogrin
Full Text Available EXTENDED ABSTRACT:The paper gives a thorough examination of the Register of Slovenian-language manuscripts from the 17th and 18th centuries from different points of view: it is presented as a digital repository in humanities disciplines available for searching (digital library and as a methodological framework of further scholarly research and discoveries in the field. Manuscripts, especially the manuscripts of Slovenian literature, have not been sufficiently taken into consideration so far. They have always been given but a sketchy treatment serving merely to illustrate the general outlines of the nation's literary and cultural development. They have rarely been dealt with in specialised studies or scientific publications. This is the reason why they have not been registered and recorded in archival and library collections. Different guides to manuscripts offer only basic and limited information from which it is often impossible to identify the language, the content, and the history of a manuscript. With regard to the state-of-the- art of Slovenian manuscript research in the field of Slavic studies, archival studies and codicology, it was indispensable to thoroughly record and research the preserved manuscripts by the use of a uniform, rational and consistent method. In reference to these premises a new research project has been started resulting in accurate, thorough and rigorously structured descriptions of manuscripts. The idea of Slovenian manuscript register was developed comprising manuscript descriptions complemented by digital images or facsimiles thus visually presenting the manuscripts and facilitating further research in the field.The 3-year work resulted in the portal: Unknown Slovenian-language manuscripts from the 17th and 18 th centuries. The main project result was the register of Slovenian-language manuscripts from the 17th and 18th centuries. To date, it contains detailed descriptions of the first 100 manuscripts and over 7
A XANES study of cobalt speciation state in blue-and-white glazes from 16th to 17th century Chinese porcelains
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Figueiredo, M.O., E-mail: email@example.com [CENIMAT/I3N, Faculty Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica (Portugal); National Laboratory of Energy and Geology (LNEG), Apartado 7586, 2721-866 Alfragide (Portugal); Silva, T.P. [National Laboratory of Energy and Geology (LNEG), Apartado 7586, 2721-866 Alfragide (Portugal); CENIMAT/I3N, Faculty Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica (Portugal); Veiga, J.P. [CENIMAT/I3N, Faculty Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica (Portugal)
Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Speciation of cobalt in ancient Chinese porcelain glazes studied by X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Blue pigmenting role of tetrahedral Co{sup 2+} ions. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Uncertainties in deducing a formal valence state for cobalt ions from the edge energy. - Abstract: The composition of cobalt blue pigments used in ancient blue-and-white Chinese glazes is known to have changed between the 14th and the 17th century and ratios of some main chemical components plus trace elements are relevant guide-lines to establish the porcelain manufacture period. Once archaeological findings of Chinese porcelains can contribute to set up dating processes, a study of blue-and-white porcelain shards recovered during recent excavations in Lisbon Old-City was carried out by non-destructive laboratory X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for chemical characterization, combined with X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) using synchrotron radiation to ascertain the formal valence and coordination of pigmenting cobalt ions. Following a preliminary extended X-ray absorption fine-structure study that revealed a coordination of divalent cobalt ions slightly above four, a detailed analysis of the near-edge region of Co 1s X-ray absorption spectra (XANES) was carried out on the blue-and-white glazes from those archaeological Chinese porcelain fragments. Pre-edge features and edge details are discussed in comparison with XANES spectra obtained from model compounds with well known crystal structure - Co{sub 3}O{sub 4}, CoAl{sub 2}O{sub 4} and Co{sub 2}SiO{sub 4}, plus a cobalt-based blue pigment (cerulean). Present chemical data validate the manufacture period of studied Chinese porcelains advanced by Art Historians on the single basis of stylistic features (late 16th and medium 17th century). Spectroscopic results confirm a coordination environment of pigmenting Co{sup 2+} ions close to tetrahedral and
The features of choosing an institutional development trajectory in Eastern Europe in the 16th—17th centuries: Moscovy and the Polish — Lithuanian Commonwealth
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Vdovin M. S.
Full Text Available Recent decades have witnessed an increase in the number of works dedicated to the analysis of effects of historical events on the choice of institutions and further economic and social development of regions. This article employs the new institutional economic theory approach to consider the choices regarding title to land and serfdom in Moscovy and the Polish — Lithuanian Commonwealth (earlier the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th—17th centuries. The author emphasizes the factors, which affected the choice of institutional development trajectory, and considers the influence exerted by these institutes on the political and military development of these states. This article shows how the contingent property rights in Moscovy turned out to be competitive in the conditions of a considerable contribution of decentralization factors to defence capacity and, opposite to the situation in the Polish — Lithuanian Commonwealth, ensured the formation of large and efficient troops. This work contributes to the research on the property rights and Russian economic history.
Identification of resinous materials on 16th and 17th century reverse-glass objects by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Baumer, Ursula; Dietemann, Patrick; Koller, Johann
Objects of hinterglasmalerei, reverse-glass paintings, are painted on the back side of glass panels. Obviously, the paint layers are applied in reverse order, starting with the uppermost layer. The finished hinterglas painting is viewed through the glass, thus revealing an impressive gloss and depth of colour. The binding media of two precious objects of hinterglasmalerei from the 16th and 17th century have been identified as almost exclusively resinous. Identification was performed by a special optimised analysis procedure, which is discussed in this paper: solvent extracts are analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, both with and without derivatisation or hydrolysis. In an additional step, oxalic acid is added to the methanol extracts prior to injection. This attenuates the peaks of the non-acidic compounds, whereas the acids elute with good resolution. The non-acidic compounds are emphasised after injection of the underivatised extracts. This approach minimises compositional changes caused by the sample preparation and derivatisation steps. Chromatograms of aged samples with a very complex composition are simplified, which allows a more reliable and straightforward identification of significant markers for various materials. The binding media of the hinterglas objects were thus shown to consist of mixtures of different natural resins, larch turpentine, heat-treated Pinaceae resin or mastic. Typical compounds of dragon's blood, a natural red resin, were also detectable in red glazes by the applied analysis routine. Identification of the binding media provides valuable information that can be used in the development of an adequate conservation treatment.
Quantification of the early small-scale fishery in the north-eastern Baltic Sea in the late 17th century.
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Aare Verliin
Full Text Available Historical perspectives on fisheries and related human behaviour provide valuable information on fishery resources and their exploitation, helping to more appropriately set management targets and determine relevant reference levels. In this study we analyse historical fisheries and fish trade at the north-eastern Baltic Sea coast in the late 17th century. Local consumption and export together amounted to the annual removal of about 200 tonnes of fish from the nearby sea and freshwater bodies. The fishery was very diverse and exploited altogether one cyclostome and 17 fish species with over 90% of the catch being consumed locally. The exported fish consisted almost entirely of high-valued species with Stockholm (Sweden being the most important export destination. Due to rich political history and natural features of the region, we suggest that the documented evidence of this small-scale fishery should be considered as the first quantitative summary of exploitation of aquatic living resources in the region and can provide a background for future analyses.
[Louis XIV's Ginseng: Shaping of Knowledge on an Herbal Medicine in the Late 17th and the Early 18th Century France].
Lee, Hye-Min
This article aims to investigate the shaping of knowledge and discourse on ginseng, especially among physicians and botanists, since its introduction to France from the 17th century until the early 18th century. In France, knowledge on herbal medicine, including that of ginseng, was shaped under the influence of the modern state's policy and institution: mercantilism and the Académie royale des sciences. The knowledge of herbal medicine developed as an important part of the mercantilist policy supported systematically by the Académie. The East Asian ginseng, renowned as a panacea, was first introduced into France in the 17th century, initially in a roundabout way through transportation and English and Dutch publications of travel tales from various foreign countries. The publication activity was mainly conducted by Thévenot company with the intention to meet the needs of French mercantilism promoted by Colbert. It also implied interests on medicine in order to bolster the people's health. The Thévenot company's activity thus offered vital information on plants and herbs abroad, one of which was ginseng. Furthermore, with Louis XIV's dispatching of the Jesuit missionaries to East Asia, the Frenchmen were able to directly gather information on ginseng. These information became a basis for research of the Académie. In the Académie, founded in 1666 by Colbert, the king's physicians and botanists systematically and collectively studied on exotic plants and medical herbs including ginseng. They were also key figures of the Jardin du Roi. These institutions bore a striking contrast to the faculty of medicine at the University of Paris which has been a center of the traditional Galenic medicine. The research of the Académie on ginseng was greatly advanced, owing much to the reports and samples sent from China and Canada by Jartoux, Sarrazin, and Lapitau. From the early 18th century, the conservative attitude of the University of Paris, which was a stronghold of
[Spanish authors in the ideal library of G. Naudé (1627): a European view of the Spanish culture and science at the beginning of the 17th century].
Muñoz, Evaristo álvarez
This article aims to analyze a European view of the 17th century Spanish culture. Naudé's "Advis pour dresser une bibliothèque" (1627) - translated twice into English: "Instructions concerning erecting of a library" (1661) and "Advice on establishing a library" (1950) - represents a wide set of bibliographic recommendations that constitute, among many other things, an excellent observatory of the Spanish culture in such a delicate time. PMID:21189656
Anthropological research on the urban population inhabiting the city of Iaşi during the medieval period. The 17th century necropolis located on the eastern side of ''Curtea Domneasca''
Vasilica-Monica Groza
This article contains anthropological data regarding a series of 111 human skeletons (discovered in 60 inhumation tombs) unearthed from the medieval necropolis (17th century) located on the eastern side of ''Curtea Domnească'' of Iaşi. By analysing each skeleton according to the methodology used in paleoanthropological research, we distinguished a set of biometric and morphological features which signalized in the end the common anthropological features of the group inhumed in this medieval n...
Evolution of Tonal Organization in Music Optimizes Neural Mechanisms in Symbolic Encoding of Perceptual Reality. Part-2: Ancient to 17th century
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Aleksey eNikolsky
Full Text Available This paper reveals the way in which musical pitch works as a peculiar form of cognition that reflects upon the organization of the surrounding world as perceived by majority of music users within a socio-cultural formation.Part-1 of this paper described the origin of tonal organization from verbal speech, its progress from indefinite to definite pitch, and the emergence of two main harmonic orders: heptatonic and pentatonic, each characterized by its own method of handling tension at both domains, of tonal and social organization. Part-2, here, completes the line of historic development from Antiquity to 17th century. Vast archeological data is used to identify the perception of music structures that tells apart the temple/palace music of urban civilizations and the folk music of village cultures. The mega-pitch-set (MPS organization is found to constitute the principal contribution of a math-based music theory to a new diatonic order. All ramifications for psychology of music are discussed in detail. Non-octave hypermode is identified as a peculiar homogenous type of MPS, typical for plainchant.The origin of chromaticism is thoroughly examined as an earmark of art-music that opposes earlier forms of folk music. The role of aesthetic emotions in formation of chromatic alteration is defined. The development of chromatic system is traced throughout history, highlighting its modern implementation in hemiolic modes.The connection between tonal organization in music and spatial organization in pictorial art is established in the Baroque culture, and then tracked back to prehistoric times. Both are shown to present a form of abstraction of environmental topographic schemes, and music is proposed as the primary medium for its cultivation through the concept of pitch. The comparison of stages of tonal organization and typologies of musical texture is used to define the overall course of tonal evolution. Tonal organization of pitch reflects the culture
Paleoclimate Reconstruction during the 17th to 18th Century Using Fossil Coral Tsunami Boulders from Ishigaki Island, the Ryukyus, Japan
Tsuzuki, K.; Yokoyama, Y.; Seki, A.; Kawakubo, Y.; Araoka, D.; Suzuki, A.
Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) to reconstruct paleo SST during LIA (Kawakubo et al., 2014). LA-HR-ICPMS enables us to measure the long coral core rapidly. Our result shows SST variation in 17th-18th century in this area and SST declined in around 1700. This result reveals the response of Little Ice Age in the northwestern Pacific.
Magias de cozinha: escravas e feitiços em Portugal - Séculos XVII e XVIII Kitchen spells: female slaves and magic spells in Portugal - 17th and 18th Centuries
Daniela Buono Calainho
Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar algumas considerações acerca das manifestações mágico-religiosas da população feminina de origem africana em Portugal entre os séculos XVII e XVIII, relacionadas ao uso de ervas, alimentos e outros ingredientes que compunham os feitiços.With this work I intend to present some considerations on the religious-magical practices of African female populations in Portugal during the 17th and 18th centuries, related to the use of herbs, food and other ingred...
Magias de cozinha: escravas e feitiços em Portugal - Séculos XVII e XVIII Kitchen spells: female slaves and magic spells in Portugal - 17th and 18th Centuries
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Daniela Buono Calainho
Full Text Available Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar algumas considerações acerca das manifestações mágico-religiosas da população feminina de origem africana em Portugal entre os séculos XVII e XVIII, relacionadas ao uso de ervas, alimentos e outros ingredientes que compunham os feitiços.With this work I intend to present some considerations on the religious-magical practices of African female populations in Portugal during the 17th and 18th centuries, related to the use of herbs, food and other ingredients which were used in magic spells.
Archaeological remains accounting for the presence and exploitation of the North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis on the Portuguese Coast (Peniche, West Iberia, 16th to 17th Century.
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António Teixeira
Full Text Available The former occurrence of the North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis on the Portuguese coast may be inferred from the historical range of that species in Europe and in NW Africa. It is generally accepted that it was the main prey of coastal whaling in the Middle Ages and in the pre-modern period, but this assumption still needs firming up based on biological and archaeological evidence. We describe the skeletal remains of right whales excavated at Peniche in 2001-2002, in association with archaeological artefacts. The whale bones were covered by sandy sediments on the old seashore and they have been tentatively dated around the 16th to 17th centuries. This study contributes material evidence to the former occurrence of E. glacialis in Portugal (West Iberia. Some whale bones show unequivocal man-made scars. These are associated to wounds from instruments with a sharp-cutting blade. This evidence for past human interaction may suggest that whaling for that species was active at Peniche around the early 17th century.
The paintings in the chapels of the Camaldolese church in Bielany and its significance for the Krakow art in the 1st half of the 17th century (the Royal Chapel and St Romuald's Chapel
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Jerzy Żmudziński
Full Text Available The enormous significance of the Bielany hermitage in the history of Polish art of the transition period between Mannerism and Baroque has long been rightly acknowledged. However, such appreciation concerns primarily architecture and decorations (stuccoes, and to a lesser extent paintings. Studies on the Polish art of the 1st half of the 17th century have repeatedly mentioned the paintings in the Bielany chapels, albeit they were mostly limited to the statement that some decorations are the work of Venetian painter Tommaso Dolabella and his followers (paintings in the Royal and St Romuald's Chapels and illustrate, as it were, the artist's 'decline', who, having arrived in Poland in the late 17th century, in time abandoned the glorious tradition of the grand Venetian school of the Mannerism epoch, lowered the standard of his artistic output and in a way became "Sarmatised", catering to the taste and expectations of the locals. The authorship of the paintings in the two most prominent chapels of the Bielany church was attributed to Dolabella, his students and followers. The thesis of "Sarmatisation" and the lowering of standards in his work has recently been critically analysed, as the artist's authenticated works from the Royal Chapel have been referred to and "vindicated".
Archaeological remains accounting for the presence and exploitation of the North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis on the Portuguese Coast (Peniche, West Iberia), 16th to 17th Century.
Teixeira, António; Venâncio, Rui; Brito, Cristina
The former occurrence of the North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis on the Portuguese coast may be inferred from the historical range of that species in Europe and in NW Africa. It is generally accepted that it was the main prey of coastal whaling in the Middle Ages and in the pre-modern period, but this assumption still needs firming up based on biological and archaeological evidence. We describe the skeletal remains of right whales excavated at Peniche in 2001-2002, in association with archaeological artefacts. The whale bones were covered by sandy sediments on the old seashore and they have been tentatively dated around the 16th to 17th centuries. This study contributes material evidence to the former occurrence of E. glacialis in Portugal (West Iberia). Some whale bones show unequivocal man-made scars. These are associated to wounds from instruments with a sharp-cutting blade. This evidence for past human interaction may suggest that whaling for that species was active at Peniche around the early 17th century. PMID:24505251
Brazilian medicinal plants used by the Dr. João Ferreyra da Rosa according to his "Treatise on Pestilence in Pernambuco" at the end of the 17th century
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Érika Alves Tavares Marques
Full Text Available João Ferreyra da Rosa's "Treatise on Pestilence in Pernambuco", published in 1694 was the first document on yellow fever, its symptoms and treatment, and it described the phytomedicines used at the time. Rosa described a hundred medicinal plants used to treat the epidemic; most of them came already prepared from Europe, since the majority of Portuguese physicians rejected the indigenous therapeutic knowledge. However, later, due to the lenght and adverse conditions of maritime trevel, leading to losses in the effectiveness of the active ingredients of such phytotherapeutic products, doctors were obliged to employ native medicinal plants in their treatments. The Brazilian medicinal plants used in the treatment of the first epidemic of yellow fever in Brazil (17th century had been brought up to date from the taxonomic point of view, and were comparable with those used in popular medicine today. As part of the phytotherapeutic treatment of yellow fever at the end of the 17th century, Rose made use of the following medicinal plants: copaíba, macela, maracujá-mirim, red aroeira, angélico and almécega.
Saint Sisoes above the grave of Alexander the Great. A monastic theme of post-Byzantine art and its examples from the 17th century Serbian painting
Živković Miloš
The depiction of St. Sisoes above the grave of Alexander the Great was formulated at the end of the 15th century. The image in question is a visual interpretation of a short song («I see you, grave»), and it was often painted in the churches throughout the Balkans during the next two centuries. With references to the textual basis of this iconographic theme, as well as its meaning, the article is devoted to insufficiently studied Serbian examples of frescoe...
In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Murman coast trade and the Northern Dvina trade were two clearly distinct branches of Western European commerce. The Murman coast trade involved the commerce with the regional economy of the Kola Peninsula, and the Northern Dvina trade coincided with t
The rise of the country house in the Dutch Republic : Beyond Johan Huizinga's narrative of Dutch civilisation in the 17th century
Kuiper, Yme; Stobart, Jon; Hann, Andrew
Was the rise of the country house in the Golden Age of the Dutch Republic above all a 'bourgeois' phenomenon, as Johan Huizinga argued in his famous long essay on Dutch civilisation in the seventeenth century. The article shows that not only the merchants and regents of the city of Amsterdam but als
[The Protomedicato Tribunal and minorities in Castile at the end of the 17th century: the case of surgeon Roldán Solimán].
Arrizabalaga, J
This note aims to provide a small set of documents which report the vicissitudes of a North-African Muslim surgeon who tried to settle professionally during the late seventeenth century in the Kingdom of Castile. The four letters exchanged between the Royal Palace and the Castilian tribunal of the Protomedicato reveal that the Spanish king Charles II (1661-1700) resoluted supported the surgeon's aspirations, and the Protomedicato's concerted resistence to the royal will. These eloquent documents shed light on the history of the Castilian Protomedicato during the final years of the reign of the last Habsburg king in Spain by providing evidence about the role of this institution in the process of segregation/exclusion of ethnic minorities from the practice of health professions. PMID:11624992
INDIGENISMOS Y NIVELACION LÉXICA DEL ESPAÑOL AMERICANO EN LOS SIGLOS XVI Y XVII Indianisms and lexical leveling of the American Spanish in the 16th and 17th centuries
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Cristina Tabernero Sala
Full Text Available En este artículo se analizan los indigenismos empleados en ocho crónicas de Indias pertenecientes a los siglos XVI y XVII. El rastreo documental de estas voces y la búsqueda de su historia lexicográfica arrojan datos cuantitativos que permiten afirmar para las primeras centurias del español en América la existencia de elementos léxicos diferenciales respecto del español peninsular. Estas voces prueban además la diferente nivelación que se produjo en el proceso de criollización por el que se configuraron las variedades del nuevo continente.This article examines the Indianisms used in eight chronicles of Indies from the 16th and 17th centuries. The quantitative data have been obtained through documentary research and lexicographical history. These data allow us to acknowledge the existence of different words in Peninsular and American Spanish during the first centuries of this language in this new continent, which prove the leveling produced in the process of criollization of American varieties.
Introduction.Treasury and Economy in 17th century Castile Presentación. hacienda y economía en la castilla del siglo XVII
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José Ignacio ANDRÉS UCENDO
Full Text Available Tax system has been held accountable for the Castilian economic crisis in the seventeenth century. The tax burden probably was not greater than in other countries, but other factors like new taxes, the use and abuse of extraordinary receipts, and the changes in the ways of collections did not give incentives for commercial and urban activities, that was the base for the development of the markets. The articles included in this Dossier analyze some interesting questions about the consequences of the tax system upon the rural and urban economies, the donation of 1629, the public debt and the spend of local communities in infrastructures, that explain us how economy was upset by the Royal fiscal policy.La fiscalidad ha sido la gran culpable de la suerte que siguió la economía castellana en el siglo XVII. La presión fiscal no fue probablemente más acusada que en otros países, pero junto con la aparición de nuevas figuras fiscales, el uso y abuso de expedientes y los cambios en las formas de recaudación crearon poderosos desincentivos económicos que incidieron negativamente sobre las actividades comerciales y urbanas, de las que dependía el desarrollo de los mercados. Los trabajos incluidos en este Informe analizan algunas cuestiones de gran interés acerca de las repercusiones de la fiscalidad sobre las economías rurales y urbanas, el donativo de 1629, la deuda pública y el gasto en infraestructuras de las haciendas locales, que nos dan una idea de cómo la economía pudo verse afectada por la política fiscal de la Monarquía.
"[…] Non urbs, tamen urbibus ipsa major." The Image of The Hague in the Dutch Literature and Art of the 17th and 18th Century
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Polkowski Marcin
Full Text Available Although in the early-modern period The Hague was not officially a city, its identity was based on specifically urban features. During the 17th and 18th century, its ambiguous status was explored by the authors of verse urban encomia and prose descriptiones urbium. In this article, the presentation of The Hague will be first discussed on the example of Caspar Barlaeus' Latin poem "Haga", and Constantijn Huygens' Dutch encomium "'s Gravenhage" from the Dorpen [Villages] cycle of epigrams. Then, the image of The Hague will be examined in the context of an allegorical representation by Jan Caspar Philips in Jacob de Riemer's Beschryving van 's Graven-hage [Description of The Hague, 1730]. The concluding remarks address the question of how the transformation of the status of The Hague undertaken by these writers and artists may be understood in the context of the literary-historical geography of the Northern Renaissance which has been a special subject of research by Professor Andrzej Borowski.
Anthropological research on the urban population inhabiting the city of Iaşi during the medieval period. The 17th century necropolis located on the eastern side of ''Curtea Domneasca''
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Vasilica-Monica Groza
Full Text Available This article contains anthropological data regarding a series of 111 human skeletons (discovered in 60 inhumation tombs unearthed from the medieval necropolis (17th century located on the eastern side of ''Curtea Domnească'' of Iaşi. By analysing each skeleton according to the methodology used in paleoanthropological research, we distinguished a set of biometric and morphological features which signalized in the end the common anthropological features of the group inhumed in this medieval necropolis. We point out that the anthropological research conducted upon 96 adult skeletons (70 males and 26 females indicates, on average, a population of over-medium height in the case of males and tall in the case of females, with a wide, high and moderately long neurocranium, a brachycephalic cranial index, hypsicranic and metriocranic skullcap, oval metriometope forehead, with intermediate crests and medium-sized occipital bone. The faces are mesoprosope and mesene with mesoconch orbits and mesorrhine noses. The mandibular robustness is moderate in the case of males and reduced in the case of females, while the shaping of the cranial bone is more accentuated at the former. Analyzing the main biometric and morphological indicators, we established that the primary background for this population group can be defined as dinarico-mediteranido, with secondary Alpinoid, Nordoid and East-Europoid influences.
VOTOS A FAVOR DEL REGALISMO EN EL ALTO CLERO CHARQUEÑO (SIGLO XVII Votes in favour of the Regalism in the High Clergy of Charcas (17th Century
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Andrés Eichmann Oehrli
Full Text Available La reflexión sobre el mejor modo de gobernar y de armonizar las potestades civiles y eclesiásticas tuvo particular impulso en La Plata (hoy Sucre, Bolivia, a fines del siglo XVII. El escrito más importante de ese tiempo es un voluminoso tratado del sardo Pedro Frasso, fiscal de dicha Real Audiencia. Algunos de los más encumbrados personajes de la ciudad (entre ellos cinco eclesiásticos elogian a este jurista por medio de cartas que son publicadas en los preliminares de ambos volúmenes del tratado. Me interesa: 1 situar estos paratextos en relación con las controversias en torno al regalismo; 2 delinear el perfil de sus autores; 3 poner a la vista sus argumentos; 4 ensayar respuestas a la pregunta por las motivaciones de su adhesión, así, como por las del silencio de otros.In La Plata (nowadays Sucre, Bolivia, reflections on the best way of governing and harmonizing civil and ecclesiastical authority were of particular interest at the end of the 17Th century. The most important text of that time is a voluminous treatise written by the Sardinian Pedro Frasso, a public prosecutor of the Royal Audience mentioned above. Some of the highest personages of the city (among them five ecclesiastics eulogized this jurist by means of letters published within the preliminaries to the two volumes of the treatise. I would like 1 to situate these paratexts with regard to the controversies about the regalismo; 2 to outline the profile of the authors; 3 to make their argumentation visible; and 4 to explain the motivations of their adhesion while others remained silent.
The glass furnace of the 17th Century of Sa Gerreria (Palma, Mallorca): Historical context and preliminary analysis of the materials; El horno de vidrio del siglo XVII de Sa Gerreria (Palma, Mallorca): contextualizacion historica y analisis preliminar de los materiales
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Capella Galmes, M. A.; Albero Santacreu, D.
In this paper the materials of the glass furnace of Sa Gerreria (Palma) dated in the second half of the 17th Century A.D. are analysed. On the one hand, we discuss the available information regarding this glass workshop as well as the raw material management strategies made during the studied period. On the other hand, we focus on the materials produced by this workshop and we carry out a preliminary archaeometrical analysis of the glass lumps, frits and slags recovered as well as some glass pieces by means of scanning electron microscope and X-ray dispersive energy. The final aim is to characterise the chemical composition and the properties of the raw materials used in this workshop as well as to approach some of the technical processes put in practice by the glass makers who inhabited Mallorca during the 17th Century. (Author)
La elección del método contable: el caso del Cabildo Catedral de Sevilla, siglo XVI = Choosing an accounting method in the 17th century: the case of the Cathedral Council of Sevilla, Spain
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José Julián Hernández Borreguero
Full Text Available Gracias al avanzado estado de las investigaciones en Historia de la Contabilidad podemos situar en qué momento temporal aparecieron sucesivamente los distintos métodos contables que hoy conocemos. A pesar de ello, son pocos los estudios que analizan por qué los contadores elegían uno u otro para gestionar una determinada entidad económica. En nuestra opinión existen una serie de restricciones y condicionantes a la hora de la decisión sobre el método contable a implantar en un determinado negociado. En este trabajo centramos esta problemática en una entidad eclesiástica, concretamente el Cabildo Catedral de Sevilla. En el siglo XVII, cuando el uso de la partida doble estaba plenamente difundido en la ciudad y en el país, observamos cómo en la mayoría de los negociados del Cabildo no se utilizó este método, sino diversas variantes de la partida simple. A lo largo de esta comunicación analizamos los casos en los que se utilizan los distintos métodos; en nuestra opinión hay una buena correspondencia entre los métodos utilizados y la realidad económica que se gestionaba.Thanks to the advanced state of research about the history of accounting, we can exactly date the moment in which the present accounting methods were first used. However, there are few studies focusing on the reasons to choose a specific accounting method to manage an institution. This study reviews those reasons in an ecclesiastical institution, the Cathedral Council of Seville. In the 17th century, when double entry was widely used in town and throughout the country, we can see how the Cathedral Council used instead versions of the single entry method. This paper addresses the cases in which the different methods were used. We think that there is a good correspondence between the method chosen and the economic reality managed.
Albania by the end of the 17th century and relations with neighbouring nations according to archbishop Pjetër Bogdani´s work "The band of the prophets" (1685
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Ina Arapi
Full Text Available Albania by the end of the 17th century and relations with neighbouring nations according to archbishop Pjetër Bogdani´s work "The band of the prophets" (1685The old Albanian literature (mid-16th – mid-17th century, which includes the philosophical–theological treaty Cuneus prophetarum by Pjetër Bogdani (Padua, 1685, was born and developed as a literature mainly of religious content for the needs of the Catholic religion. Regardless of the topic, this literature was created in a certain historical, cultural and social environment, namely that of northern Albania and the Albanian population that lived there. Hence, the data provided in this book constitutes an invaluable source through which we have the possibility of learning more about the way of life and the functioning of this part of Albanian society of that time. Interesting data on the situation of the Albanian language of that time is to be found in the preface of this work. The author urges Albanians not to let their language and science degenerate, but just as other nations do, they should make efforts concerning its evolution and development. But the alarm for destructing the mother tongue is linked with author and his contemporaries' high conscious more than with the reality. In fact, Bogdani´s work itself proves that Albanian at that time had expressive possibilities equal to those of the Italian language. Not only the expressive and lexical richness, but the syntactic structure of phrases shows a high degree of development and elaboration in the Albanian language of that time.Examining the foreword of the book, we can learn that efforts were being made to unify the language and to develop one literary variant based on the dialect of the town of Shkodra. Bogdani also tried to adjust the language of his work according to this town's dialect.Relations with Italian and Croatian intellectuals are clearly demonstrated in dithyrambic poetry and in the dedications at the
17世纪日本2次重大台风事件的路径重建%Reconstruction of 2 signiifcant typhoon paths in the 17th century Japan
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
小林雄河; 潘威
Western North Paciifc (WNP), especially China and Japan included, is a typhoon-prone area. Change of typhoon tracks in this area would raise acute influence. There are almost no quantitative meteorological data existed in Japan before Meiji Restoration, typhoon events can only be rebuilt with historical documents. There are a limited number of historical documents in the 17th century in Japan, author also used typhoon records in the modern instrumental observation period at the same time of using historical documents and speculated the historical typhoon tracks and its size. In the context of global climate change, there is currently no consensus whether typhoon trajectory in the East Asia will be changes. Through the reconstruction of typhoon tracks on the history, we can have in-depth discussion of this issue. Author has estimated typhoon track inlfuenced on Japan on 11 Sep., AD 1650 and 15 to 17 Sep., AD 1674. The main disaster-causing factor of the typhoon inlfuenced on Japan on 11 Sep., AD 1650 was the tides;the worst-hit area was the northern coast of the Ariake-kai bay. The typhoon paths inlfuenced on Japan on 17—18 Sep., AD 1828, 25 Aug., AD 1914 and 27 Sep., AD 1991 similar to this typhoon, those typhoon also caused tidal disaster in the Ariake-kai. Typhoons inlfuenced on the Ariake-kai frequently from now Yamaguchi Prefecture into the sea, this typhoon also about 3~5 hours after landed into the Sea of Japan. The effect area of the typhoon inlfuenced on Japan on 15 to 17 Sep., AD 1674 was wide, much of the Western half of Japan and the Eastern half which of nearly the typhoon track had caused wind damage;some places of the Eastern half of Japan also had caused lfood damage. This is typical disaster situation of typhoon in Japan. This typhoon from the Northern Kyushu region to the Hokuriku region took about 1day. On the basis of reconstruction of the typhoon case study, author make clear that the existing compilation data were embodied incompletely and
Essays on the history of Brazilian dipterology: II. notices about Brazilian Diptera (17th century Ensaios sobre a história da Dipterologia brasileira: II. notícias sobre os dípteros brasileiros (século XVII
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Nelson Papavero
Full Text Available Essays on the history of Brazilian dipterology. II. Notices about Brazilian Diptera (17th century. Notices from the Brazilian Diptera from the 17th century come mainly from two foreign invasions occurred in Brazil, the first one by the French in Maranhão and the second by the Dutch in northeastern Brazil. This paper includes reports of Fathers Claude d'Abbeville and Yves d'Evreux and from Piso and Marcgrave, the last two presenting the first illustrations of Brazilian Diptera. The paper also includes reports of Friar Laureano de la Cruz, Father João de Sotto Mayor and Maurício de Heriarte.Ensaios sobre a história da Dipterologia brasileira. II. Notícias sobre os dípteros brasileiros (século XVII. Notícias dos dípteros brasileiros datadas do século XVII são provenientes principalmente de duas invasões estrangeiras ocorridas no Brasil, a primeira pelos franceses no Maranhão e a segunda pelos holandeses no nordeste do Brasil. Este artigo inclui uma súmula dos relatos dos padres Claude d'Abbeville, Yves d'Evreux e de Piso e Marcgrave, esses últimos consistindo nas primeiras ilustrações de dípteros brasileiros. Inclui ainda relatos de Frei Laureano de la Cruz, Padre João de Sotto Mayor e Maurício de Heriarte.
Abstract Invited Braumann 17th IWMS 2008
Braumann, Carlos A.
Invited conference of the scientific meeting 17th International Workshop on Matrices and Statistics (Tomar, Portugal, July 2008). The conference involved several applications of stochastic differential equations in population growth, harvesting and animal individual growth, including the issues of extinction, existence of stationary densities and the use of Itô or Stratonovich calculus.
A combined Raman microscopy, XRF and SEM-EDX study of three valuable objects - A large painted leather screen and two illuminated title pages in 17th century books of ordinances of the Worshipful Company of Barbers, London
Chaplin, Tracey D.; Clark, Robin J. H.; Martinón-Torres, Marcos
Raman microscopy has been used to identify the pigments decorating three valuable items owned by the Worshipful Company of Barbers (established in 1308 in London), one being a large leather screen dating to before 1712, the other two being illuminated title pages of books of ordinances of the Company dating to 1605 and 1658. Pigments which could not be fully characterised by this technique (particularly the green paints) have also been subject to XRF or SEM-EDX analysis. The combined analytical approach has shown that the pigments identified on all three items are typical of those in use as artists' pigments in the 17th C and include azurite, indigo, vermilion, red lead, pink and yellow lakes, verdigris, lead white, calcite (and chalk), gypsum, carbon-based black, and gold and silver leaf. However in the case of the screen alone, restoration in the 1980s has been carried out with different pigments - haematite, phthalocyanine green, rutile, and a mixture of azurite, malachite and barium sulfate. This work constitutes the first in-depth study of painted leatherwork and demonstrates that the palette used for this purpose is similar to that used on other works of art of the same date. It has also allowed the original colour schemes of the decorations to be determined where pigment degradation has occurred. The combined analysis has also provided a more complete understanding of the materials used for, or on, objects to which access is limited.
Fine particles and carbon monoxide from wood burning in 17th-19th century Danish kitchens: Measurements at two reconstructed farm houses at the Lejre Historical-Archaeological Experimental Center
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Ryhl-Svendsen, Morten; Clausen, Geo; Chowdhury, Z.;
Carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM2.5) were measured in two reconstructed Danish farmhouses (17-19th century) during two weeks of summer. During the first week intensive measurements were performed while test cooking fires were burned, during the second week the houses were monitored...
Alteraciones del paisaje ecológico araucano por la asimilación mapuche de la agroganadería hispano-mediterránea (siglos XVI y XVII Araucanian ecological landscape disturbances by the mapuche assimilation of the Hispanic-Mediterranean farming (16th and 17th centuries
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Full Text Available Las características biogeográficas de la América templada favorecieron la introducción y propagación de especies animales y vegetales que sustentaron al modelo agroganadero hispano-mediterráneo. Los efectos de este fenómeno generaron alteraciones ecológicas, especialmente en los territorios habitados por aborígenes carentes de actividades productivas intensivas, como fue el caso de la Araucanía. Mediante un análisis histórico documental, la presente investigación reconoció las principales características del proceso de alteración del paisaje ecológico araucano entre los siglos XVI y XVII: (i en el siglo XVI, la introducción de especies exóticas desarticuló el sistema económico mapuche, (ii tanto la relativa pristinidad de la Araucanía como el proceso bélico de los siglos XVI y XVII, favorecieron la introducción y propagación de las nuevas especies, (iii durante el siglo XVI coexistieron especies nativas e introducidas, sin embargo, durante el siglo XVII preponderaron las exóticas, y (iv este predominio habría generado la extinción local de especies animales y vegetales nativas, alterando definitivamente el paisaje ecológico araucanoThe bio-geographic characteristics of the temperate America favored the introduction and spreading of exotic plant and animal species that supported the Hispanic-Mediterranean farming model. The effects of this situation produced ecological alterations on the territories inhabited by Indians without intense productive systems; as the Araucanía case. Through a historical and documental analysis this paper reports the main characteristics of the Araucanian ecological landscape disruption process during the 16th and 17th centuries: (i during the 16th century, the introduction of exotic species dislocated the Mapuche economic system, (ii both the relative Araucanía pristine conditions and the warlike process, occurred between the 16th and 17th centuries, favored the introduction and
Transformaciones y formas de legitimación en la autoridad de los caciques coloniales de Jujuy: Siglo XVII Transformations and forms of legitimacy within colonial caciques authority: Province of Jujuy, 17th century
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Gabriela Sica
Full Text Available Este trabajo intenta analizar las transformaciones de la autoridad en los jefes étnicos en la jurisdicción de la ciudad de San Salvador de Jujuy (Gobernación del Tucumán durante el siglo XVII. Parte de estas transformaciones estaban condicionadas por la concesión de encomiendas y la creación de los pueblos de indios y nuevas instituciones, como los cabildos indígenas. Estas circunstancias limitaron el poder de las antiguas autoridades, sin embargo a lo largo del siglo XVII surgieron nuevos cargos como el de cacique gobernador y nuevas formas de legitimación que intentaban contrarrestar estos cambios.This paper attempts to analyze some changes within the ethnic leaders' authority in the jurisdiction of San Salvador de Jujuy city ( Gobernación del Tucumán during the seventeenth century. Some of these changes were influenced by the granting of encomiendas and the creation of Indians towns and new institutions such as Indian cabildos. These circumstances limited the power of ancient authorities, however during the seventeenth century new offices, such as the cacique de Gobernador, and new forms of legitimacy emerged in order to counterbalance the above-mentioned changes.
Heller, Gerd; Kreplin, Hans-Peter; Nitsche, Wolfgang; Peltzer, Inken
This volume contains the contributions to the 17th Symposium of STAB (German Aerospace Aerodynamics Association). STAB includes German scientists and engineers from universities, research establishments and industry doing research and project work in numerical and experimental fluid mechanics and aerodynamics, mainly for aerospace but also for other applications. Many of the contributions collected in this book present results from national and European Community sponsored projects. This volume gives a broad overview of the ongoing work in this field in Germany and spans a wide range of topics: airplane aerodynamics, multidisciplinary optimization and new configurations, hypersonic flows and aerothermodynamics, flow control (drag reduction and laminar flow control), rotorcraft aerodynamics, aeroelasticity and structural dynamics, numerical simulation, experimental simulation and test techniques, aeroacoustics as well as the new fields of biomedical flows, convective flows, aerodynamics and acoustics of high-s...
Propaganda e crítica social nas cronologias dos almanaques astrológicos durante a Guerra Civil inglesa no século XVII Propaganda and social criticism in the chronologies of the astrological almanacs during the English Civil War in 17 th century
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Juliana Mesquita Hidalgo Ferreira
Full Text Available Este artigo é parte de uma ampla investigação sobre a utilização dos almanaques astrológicos durante a Guerra Civil inglesa no século XVII como veículo de propaganda e crítica social. Durante esse conflito, havia astrólogos partidários das forças parlamentaristas, como John Booker, e outros partidários das forças realistas, como George Wharton. O presente trabalho analisa algumas dessas publicações, mostrando como o envolvimento político dos autores se manifestava de forma explícita (e, algumas vezes, não tão direta nos referidos almanaques.This article is part of an extensive investigation carried out concerning the use of astrological almanacs during the English Civil War in the 17th century as a medium for propaganda and social criticism. During that conflict there were astrologers who were partisans of the Parliament, such as John Booker, and other who supported the King, such as George Wharton. This work analyses some of those publications, showing that the political commitment of the authors was noticeable in an explicit form (and sometimes in an indirect way in those almanacs.
Athanasius Kircher: The 17th Century Science at the Crossroads
Buonanno, R.
Athanasius Kircher, who entered the Society of Jesus in 1628, is a peculiar scientist who is in love with everything he sees and with everything he thinks he sees. He is a non-Galilean scientist whose general attitude is not obscurantism but rather a defense of established faith. He arrives in Rome in the fall of 1633 when he is in his thirties. Even if at the epoch Kircher has already written some of his many books, it is amazing that Galileo does not even quote him in the letters he will wrote in the rest of his life. In spite of having stridden along a minor scientific path, opposite of that shown by Galileo, it is nonetheless surprising to find out that Athanasius Kircher was gifted with remarkable intuition, and was in some cases even decades in advance with respect to the age he lived in.
Grammatical studies of Konkani language: Portuguese works (17th century)
Fonseca, Maria do Céu
Many Portuguese, having lived or not in India, wrote about its linguistic reality. However, we will not focus our attention on this category of writers here. Instead, we are interested in a group of Portuguese and foreign authors who, having lived in India, were influenced by the Oriental way of thinking, assimilated their languages and, using the Portuguese language as a metalanguage of linguistic description, developed their studies on catechism, grammars, dictionaries, and dialogues. Th...
Deafness in the 17th Century: Into Empiricism.
Conrad, R; Weiskrantz, Barbara C.
Recounts the history of deaf education in Britain and of studies into the abilities of those born deaf, beginning with the influence of Kenelm Digby's "Treatise on the Nature of Bodies" published in 1644 to about 100 years later when Henry Baker became the first professional teacher of the deaf in Britain. (SED)
Application of matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time of flight mass spectrometry to the study of the proteinaceous binders in paint: blue paint composition in the series "The Life of Virgin" by Alonso Cano (17th century) as a case study.
Romero-Pastor, Julia; Natalia Navas, Natalia Navas; Rodríguez-Simón, Luís; Lario-Simón, Antonio; Kuckova, Stepanka; Manzano, Eloísa
The identification of proteinaceous materials in paint constituents provides very valuable information regarding the techniques used by the painter and the most suitable procedures for conserving and restoring their works. Although the analysis of proteinaceous materials is nowadays a common task when dealing with works of art, the reliable detection and identification of protein traces is still complicated, particularly when very small samples can be taken that may contain a mixture of different organic materials (oils, waxes, resins, gums etc.). We therefore proposed a proteomic approach to investigate protein materials in paintings at trace levels in order to obtain a better understanding of the painter's technique. After trypsin digestion of the paint samples, mass spectra were obtained by matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and they were compared with the Mascot database and with theoretical digested proteins. This study contributes to the knowledge about the technique used by Alonso Cano (Granada, Spain, 1601-1667), one of the most original and brilliant artists from the Spanish Golden Age (17th century), in the series called the Life of the Virgin (six paintings), part of the iconographic program about the life of the Virgin Mary, nowadays seen in the main chapel of Granada Cathedral. The objective of the present study was to test the use of proteinaceous material, mainly egg yolk, in the paint used by Cano, as suggested in previous research, although this would have been unusual at that time when most artists used oil paints. Based on the results of the analysis here presented, the use of protein in the binding media can most likely be excluded. PMID:25906031
17th IEEE NPSS Real Time Conference – RT-2010
Carlos Varandas
Congress Centre of "Instituto Superior Técnico", Lisboa, Portugal, 24-28 May, 2010 ABSTRACT SUBMISSION OPEN Abstract Submission Deadline: March 1st, 2010 Dear Sir/Madam, We are pleased to announce that abstract submission for the 17th IEEE NPSS Real Time Conference is now open on our web site. The deadline for submitting an abstract is 1st March 2010. Full conference details General Chairman
Proceedings 17th International Workshop on Expressiveness in Concurrency
Fröschle, Sibylle; 10.4204/EPTCS.41
This volume contains the proceedings of the 17th International Workshop on Expressiveness in Concurrency (EXPRESS'10), which took place on 30th August 2010 in Paris, co-located with CONCUR'10. The EXPRESS workshop series aim at bringing together researchers who are interested in the expressiveness and comparison of formal models that broadly relate to concurrency. In particular, this also includes emergent fields such as logic and interaction, game-theoretic models, and service-oriented computing.
17th National Conference on Sensors and Microsystems
Ferrari, Vittorio; Ponzoni, Andrea; Sberveglieri, Giorgio; Ferrari, Marco
This book contains a selection of papers presented at the 17th AISEM ("Associazione Italiana Sensori e Microsistemi") National Conference on Sensors and Microsystems, held in Brescia, 5-7 February, 2013. The conference highlighted state-of-the-art results from both theoretical and applied research in the field of sensors and related technologies. This book presents material in an interdisciplinary approach, covering many aspects of the disciplines related to sensors, including physics, chemistry, materials science, biology and applications. · Provides a selection of the best papers from the 17th National Conference on Sensors and Microsystems; · Covers a broad range of topics relating to sensors and microsystems, including physics, chemistry, materials science, biology and applications; · Offers interdisciplinary coverage, aimed at defining a common ground for sensors beyond the specific differences among the different particular implementation of senso...
Biological Warfare Plan in the 17th Century—the Siege of Candia, 1648–1669.
Thalassinou, Eleni; Tsiamis, Costas; Poulakou-Rebelakou, Effie; Hatzakis, Angelos
A little-known effort to conduct biological warfare occurred during the 17th century. The incident transpired during the Venetian–Ottoman War, when the city of Candia (now Heraklion, Greece) was under siege by the Ottomans (1648–1669). The data we describe, obtained from the Archives of the Venetian State, are related to an operation organized by the Venetian Intelligence Services, which aimed at lifting the siege by infecting the Ottoman soldiers with plague by attacking them with a liquid made from the spleens and buboes of plague victims. Although the plan was perfectly organized, and the deadly mixture was ready to use, the attack was ultimately never carried out. The conception and the detailed cynical planning of the attack on Candia illustrate a dangerous way of thinking about the use of biological weapons and the absence of reservations when potential users, within their religious framework, cast their enemies as undeserving of humanitarian consideration. PMID:26894254
17th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology Conference
Jenkins, Phillip (Compiler)
The 17th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology (SPRAT XVII) Conference was held September 11-13, 2001, at the Ohio Aerospace Institute (OAI) in Cleveland, Ohio. The SPRAT conference, hosted by the Photovoltaic and Space Environments Branch of the NASA Glenn Research Center, brought together representatives of the space photovoltaic community from around the world to share the latest advances in space solar technology. This year's conference continued to build on many of the trends shown in SPRAT XVI; the use of new high-efficiency cells for commercial use and the development of novel array concepts such as Boeing's Solar Tile concept. In addition, new information was presented on space environmental interactions with solar arrays.
17th European Conference on Mathematics for Industry
Günther, Michael; Marheineke, Nicole
This book contains the proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Mathematics for Industry, ECMI2012, held in Lund, Sweden, July 2012, at which ECMI celebrated its 25th anniversary. It covers mathematics in a wide range of applications and methods, from circuit and electromagnetic devices, environment, fibers, flow, medicine, robotics and automotive industry, further applications to methods and education. The book includes contributions from leading figures in business, science and academia who promote the application of mathematics to industry and emphasize industrial sectors that offer the most exciting opportunities. The contributions reinforce the role of mathematics as being a catalyst for innovation as well as an overarching resource for industry and business. The book features an accessible presentation of real-world problems in industry and finance, provides insight and tools for engineers and scientists which will help them to solve similar problems, and offers modeling and simulation techniques ...
A Mediterranean derecho: Catalonia (Spain), 17th August 2003
López, J. Manuel
At approximately 6:10 UTC in the morning of 17th August 2003, a squall line developed over south Catalonia (the northeast region of Spain). During the next 9 h, the squall moved rapidly northeast and crossed Catalonia and the French regions of Languedoc-Roussillon and Province, damaging and uprooting hundreds of trees and blocking trains in the region. Wind gusts reached were recoded up to 52 m/s with evidence of F2 intensity damage. This case study shows the characteristics of a derecho (widespread convectively induced windstorm). Radar observations of the evolving squall line show signatures often correlated with damaging surface winds, including: Bow echoes, Rear inflow notches, Rear inflow jets, Medium altitude radial convergence, Narrow gradient of very marked reflectivity, Development of isolated cells ahead of the convective line, A band of convection off the northern end of the line known as a "warm advection wing". When examining the different surface observations, satellite, radar imagery and cloud-to-ground lightning data, this case shows many similarities to those investigated in the United States. The derecho is a hybrid case, but has many characteristics of warm season derechoes. This emanates from a mesoscale convective complex (MCC) moving along a quasi-stationary, low-level thermal boundary in an environment characterized by high potential instability and relatively strong mid-tropospheric winds.
[The cultural, economic and social context of Ramazzini's Diatriba in the second half of the 17th century--in memory of Pericle Di Pietro on occasion of the third centenary of the publication of the final edition of the Diatriba (Padua, 1713)].
Franco, G
The paper aims at analyzing the development of Ramazzini's train of thought in Diatriba within the cultural, economic and social context of the Duchy of Modena in the second half of the seventeenth century. The period was characterized by a deep recession affecting every aspect of life in the territory: culture was mostly at the service of the court's image, the economy, mainly based on agriculture, was in crisis and many crafts depended on the demands of the nobility. The culture of the Este court had, however, little influence on Ramazzini's ideas, whereas social and economic aspects were the stimulus to his experimentalism via observation. In this context, Ramazzini was an illuminated nonconformist, who analysed the vulnerability of the population with an anthropological approach that embraced individuals, environment, social and economic status. PMID:23879061
The public works in 17thCastile: an onerous and unknown tax
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Francisco Javier VELA SANTAMARÍA
Full Text Available Normal 0 21 false false false ES X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} The studies of the public works in Golden Age Spain were focused on its technical and artistic aspects, but not on its economic consequences. But the urban infrastructure maintenance and the building of bridges, what required frequently the contribution of thousand of places, were expensive. Its financing, what needed the authorization of Council of Castile, increased the oppressive taxation of the 17th century, and its management had its same nature of privatization, lack of control and fraud.
Sericulture in Boka Kotorska Bay (17th-20th)
Crnić-Pejović Marija
In the 19th century Boka Kotorska, sericulture - silk-worm breeding and processing -was highly developed. Based on unpublished arhivalia from the Montenegro National Archives, - Records Department of Herceg Novi - and on published materials from the Historic Archives of Kotor and the Historic Archives of Zadar, along with the related literature, the paper deals with the silk-worm breeding, scope of silk production, operation of spinner mills, planting and cultivation of mulberry trees, whose ...
L'athéisme au prisme des psaumes : étude comparée de quatre sermons réformés sur le psaume XIV au XVIIe siècle Atheism in the prism of psalms : comparative study on Psalm XIV in the 17th century
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Inès Kirschleger
Full Text Available L'article propose une étude comparée de quatre sermons protestants sur l'athéisme prenant appui sur ce verset du psaume XIV, « L'insensé a dit en son cœur : il n'y a point de Dieu ». Bien qu'appartenant à des générations différentes, les auteurs de ces sermons, Amyraut, Gaches, Morus et Superville, font le choix d'un traitement similaire du thème de l'athéisme ; de fait, le verset d'appui du sermon, qui n'a rien d'original en la matière, montre bien que nous sommes devant un sujet d'école avec ses passages obligés, et sans prise réelle sur l'actualité politique et théologique du siècle. Il n'est donc pas étonnant de retrouver globalement les mêmes types d'arguments dans chacun de ces sermons. En revanche, au-delà des particularités d'écriture propres à chacun des auteurs, on mesure l'incroyable modernité de la prédication d'Amyraut, sa richesse et sa densité, à travers deux éléments de démonstration dont la postérité fera si grand cas après Pascal et Voltaire : l'idée d'un pari sur l'existence de Dieu et la conception du Dieu-horloger.This article presents a comparative study of four sermons against atheism written by seventeenth-century Protestant ministers on Psalm 14.1: "The fool hath said in his heart, There is no God". Though belonging to different generations, the authors, Amyraut, Gaches, Morus and Superville, deal with the refutation of atheism in the same way: the choice of Psalm 14.1 to preach against atheism is by no means original, the arguments proving the existence of God are repeated from one text to another and the sermons do not broach any of the century's political and theological issues. It is noteworthy, however, that Amyraut's sermon introduces two arguments which were to have an important posterity after Pascal and Voltaire: the idea that one should wager that God exists and the conception of God as a clockmaker.
EDITORIAL The 17th Central European Workshop on Quantum Optics
Man'ko, Margarita A.
Although the origin of quantum optics can be traced back to the beginning of the 20th century, when the fundamental ideas about the quantum nature of the interaction between light and matter were put forward, the splendid blossoming of this part of physics began half a century later, after the invention of masers and lasers. It is remarkable that after another half a century the tree of quantum optics is not only very strong and spreading, but all its branches continue to grow, showing new beautiful blossoms and giving very useful fruits. A reflection of this progress has been the origin and development of the series of annual events called the Central European Workshops on Quantum Optics (CEWQO). They started at the beginning of the 1990s as rather small meetings of physicists from a few countries in central-eastern Europe, but in less than two decades they have transformed into important events, gathering 100 to 200 participants from practically all European countries. Moreover, many specialists from other continents like to attend these meetings, since they provide an excellent chance to hear about the latest results and new directions of research. Regarding this, it seems worth mentioning at least some of the most interesting and important areas of quantum optics that have attracted the attention of researchers for the past two decades. One of these areas is quantum information, which over the course of time has become an almost independent area of quantum physics. But it still maintains very close ties with quantum optics. The specific parts of this area are, in particular, quantum computing, quantum communication and quantum cryptography, and the problem of quantitative description of such genuine quantum phenomena as entanglement is one of the central items in the current stream of publications. Theory and experiment related to quantum tomography have also become important to contemporary quantum optics. They are closely related to the subject of so
Sericulture in Boka Kotorska Bay (17th-20th
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Crnić-Pejović Marija
Full Text Available In the 19th century Boka Kotorska, sericulture - silk-worm breeding and processing -was highly developed. Based on unpublished arhivalia from the Montenegro National Archives, - Records Department of Herceg Novi - and on published materials from the Historic Archives of Kotor and the Historic Archives of Zadar, along with the related literature, the paper deals with the silk-worm breeding, scope of silk production, operation of spinner mills, planting and cultivation of mulberry trees, whose leaves were used for silk-worm feeding. The Austrian authorities, ranging from the Zadar Regency and the Kotor County Hall, with local councils, through the Silk-Worm Breeding Society and the Bay of Kotor Economy Association, were actively engaged in developing the silk production and enhancing the quality of this economic activity. According to what has been said, it appears that silk-worm breeding was practiced in both rural and urban settlements of the entire Boka Kotorska Bay. The silk-worm breeding entailed the planting of mulberry trees which survived even after the silk-worm breeding had ceased to exist, as mulberry fruit was used to feed pigs and poultry, to make brandy, and because the wood - mulberry lumber - was highly valued in ship building. Mulberry trees were grown in urban settlements as they provided a reliable shade. The silk-worm breeding was discontinued towards and during World War One, whereas the mulberry tree planting persisted until World War Two.
Giacomo Tencalla and ceiling painting in 17th century Bohemia and Moravia
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Mádl, Martin
Roč. 56, č. 1 (2008), s. 38-64. ISSN 0049-5123 R&D Projects: GA ČR GA408/05/0753 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z80330511 Keywords : baroque * fine arts * ceiling painting * architecture Subject RIV: AL - Art, Architecture, Cultural Heritage http://www.umeni-art.cz/cz/soubory/madl2.pdf
Giuseppe Bragalli and Bolognese ceiling painting in the Czech Lands in the 17th century
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Mádl, Martin
Roč. 59, č. 5 (2011), s. 350-379. ISSN 0049-5123 R&D Projects: GA ČR GA408/08/0745 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z80330511 Keywords : baroque art * painting * ceiling painting * architecture Subject RIV: AL - Art, Architecture, Cultural Heritage
The Lecture as Experiential Education: The Cucumber in 17th-Century Flemish Art
Blenkinsop, Sean; Nolan, Carrie; Hunt, Jasper; Stonehouse, Paul; Telford, John
This article uses an unconventional format to problematize a common dichotomy found in the theory and practice of experiential education. The article comprises the contributions of five authors and begins with one author's description of a potential real-life scenario that provokes the question of whether an art history lecture might be understood…
Fäderneslandets antikviteter. The export of islandica in the 17th century
Jucknies, Regina
Árni Magnússon's huge job as a systematic collector of Icelandic manuscripts is well known. But how did he come to do this? Who were his precedessors? For he did not just get the idea to do this work all by himself. It has to be identified as the climax of some kind of tradition in collecting literary material in and on Iceland and in transporting it to continental Scandinavia. How did these activities start? Who were those outside Iceland who were interested in Old Icelandic texts? It was hi...
The impact of the Little Ice Age on Danish warfare in the 17th century
Nielsen, Caspar le Fevre
The goal of this thesis is to analyze in what way the Little Ice Age, a colder climatic period between around 1300-1850, affected the development of the modern Danish state. This is though too large a scope for a single thesis and the wars between 1550-1750 have been chosen as an area of focus. These wars changed the geopolitical position of Denmark in the Nordic area, from a strong nation to a minor player. The worst outcome came, as Denmark lost all processions east of the Sound Strait to i...
Morozov, N.
Being based on the self-experience of teaching Russian literature and leading the affairs of scientificresearching group Font, the article author emphasizes the importance of spiritual base in the research of secular culture, in secular education.
Share and Strife - The Strait of Melaka and the Portuguese (16th and 17th centuries)
Pinto, Paulo Jorge de Sousa
The Strait of Melaka is the longest strait in the world, stretching for about 800 km from the northern tip of Sumatra to Singapore. It exhibits a dual character like no other, being simultaneously a privileged linking passage of two seas and two knots of human civilization – India and China – and a »bottleneck« that constrains the maritime connections between them. Today, the latter aspect is globally dominant. The strait is considered and analysed mostly as an obstacle rath...
17th century arguments for the impossibility of the indefinite and the definite circle quadrature
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Lützen, Jesper
statements related to the quadrature of the circle. In this paper the impossibility arguments put forward by Wallis, Gregory, Leibniz and Newton are analyzed and the controversies they gave rise to are discussed. They all deal with the impossibility of finding an algebraic expression of the area of a sector...... of a circle in terms of its radius and cord, or of the area of the entire circle. It is argued that the controversies were partly due to a lack of precision in the formulation of the results. The impossibility results were all part of a constructive problem solving mathematical enterprise. They were...
Genome-wide ancestry of 17th-century enslaved Africans from the Caribbean
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Schroeder, Hannes; Avila-Arcos, Maria C.; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo;
enslaved Africans whose remains were recovered on the Caribbean island of Saint Martin. We trace their origins to distinct subcontinental source populations within Africa, including Bantu-speaking groups from northern Cameroon and non-Bantu speakers living in present-day Nigeria and Ghana. To our knowledge...
John Twysden and John Palmer: 17th-century Northamptonshire astronomers
Frost, M. A.
John Twysden (1607-1688) and John Palmer (1612-1679) were two astronomers in the circle of Samuel Foster (circa 1600-1652), the subject of a recent paper in this journal. John Twysden qualified in law and medicine and led a peripatetic life around England and Europe. John Palmer was Rector of Ecton, Northamptonshire and later Archdeacon of Northampton. The two astronomers catalogued observations made from Northamptonshire from the 1640s to the 1670s. In their later years Twysden and Palmer published works on a variety of topics, often astronomical. Palmer engaged in correspondence with Henry Oldenburg, the first secretary of the Royal Society, on topics in astronomy and mathematics.
6th Congress of Croatian and Hungarian and 17th Congress of Hungarian Geomathematicians
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Željka Tutek
Full Text Available The theme of this year's 6th Congress of Croatian and Hungarian and 17th Congress of Hungarian Geomathematicians was Geomathematics – from theory to practice and its key topics were • Applied geomathematics (geosciences, environmental science • Geomathematics in reservoir characterization and modelling • Hydrological and hydrogeological modelling • Theoretical geomathematics (geostatistics, neural networks, statistics • Geoinformatics (including GIS.
6th Congress of Croatian and Hungarian and 17th Congress of Hungarian Geomathematicians
Željka Tutek
The theme of this year's 6th Congress of Croatian and Hungarian and 17th Congress of Hungarian Geomathematicians was Geomathematics – from theory to practice and its key topics were • Applied geomathematics (geosciences, environmental science) • Geomathematics in reservoir characterization and modelling • Hydrological and hydrogeological modelling • Theoretical geomathematics (geostatistics, neural networks, statistics) • Geoinformatics (including GIS).
17th Edition of TOP500 List of World's Fastest SupercomputersReseased
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Strohmaier, Erich; Meuer, Hans W.; Dongarra, Jack J.; Simon,Horst D.
17th Edition of TOP500 List of World's Fastest Supercomputers Released MANNHEIM, GERMANY; KNOXVILLE, TENN.; BERKELEY, CALIF. In what has become a much-anticipated event in the world of high-performance computing, the 17th edition of the TOP500 list of the world's fastest supercomputers was released today (June 21). The latest edition of the twice-yearly ranking finds IBM as the leader in the field, with 40 percent in terms of installed systems and 43 percent in terms of total performance of all the installed systems. In second place in terms of installed systems is Sun Microsystems with 16 percent, while Cray Inc. retained second place in terms of performance (13 percent). SGI Inc. was third both with respect to systems with 63 (12.6 percent) and performance (10.2 percent).
17th Workshop on Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells and Modules: Materials and Processes; Workshop Proceedings
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Sopori, B. L.
The National Center for Photovoltaics sponsored the 17th Workshop on Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells & Modules: Materials and Processes, held in Vail, CO, August 5-8, 2007. This meeting provided a forum for an informal exchange of technical and scientific information between international researchers in the photovoltaic and relevant non-photovoltaic fields. The theme of this year's meeting was 'Expanding Technology for a Future Powered by Si Photovoltaics.'
Assessing Health System Responsiveness: A Household Survey in 17th District of Tehran
Rashidian, A; Kavosi, Z; R Majdzadeh; A Pourreza; F Pourmalek; M. Arab; Mohammad, K
Background Responsiveness is an indicator by WHO to evaluate the performance of health systems on nonmedical expectations of consumers. This study measures the health system responsiveness and the factors affecting responsiveness in Iran health system. Methods World Health Survey (WHS) questionnaire was used to collect data on a two-stage cluster sampling in 17th District of Tehran in 2003. Of a sample of 773, 677 and 299 individuals who respectively had outpatient or inpatient services utili...
Os jardins de Friburgo em Recife/PE, Brasil, seu traçado e significado: as experimentações de uma corte europeia nos tropicos no século XVII / The Park of Friburgo in Recife, Brazil: plan and meaning of a european court in a tropical setting in the 17th centuryVII /Los Jardines de Friburgo en Recife, Brasil: su trazado y significado, la experiencia de una corte europea en en el trópico en el siglo XVII.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sandra Augusta Leão Barros
Full Text Available O Palácio de Friburgo e seu jardim foi desde sempre uma experiência única na história da América portuguesa – o translado de uma corte inteira européia para os trópicos no século XVII, estabelecendo-se ali durante vários anos, implantando um plano urbanístico que incluía entre outros elementos, dois palácios reais – Friburgo e Boa Vista, sendo o primeiro emoldurado por um belo jardim.Feito muito comentado e conhecido, mas pouco estudado com profundidade e amadurecimento, e de escassa bibliografia gráfica (com imagens a respeito. Aproveito a oportunidade de um trabalho de conclusão do Curso de Especialização em Reabilitação de Jardins Históricos para reabrir mais uma vez a discussão sobre o Jardim de Friburgo e trazer exemplos de jardins de palácios e castelos europeus desta época, que tivessem semelhanças com este jardim, ou que pudessem ter servido de inspiração, no todo ou em alguns de seus elementos. Jardim cujo traçado e espécies trazia, por um lado, um vocabulário reconhecido e utilizado na época – a transposição e adaptação de modelos de jardins reais para os trópicos; e por outro lado, misturava ingredientes do exótico, do fantasioso e pouco conhecido até então Novo Mundo./The Park of Friburgo and its garden is a very special experience in the american history, a translation of an European court (from Netherlands to the tropics in the 17th century, standing there for many years, implanting an urbanistic plan, including two palaces –Friburgo and Boa Vista- among other urban elements. The well known garden, hasn't been studied in depth, and no graphic bibliography is available. This paper shows the conclusions from a specialization course in Restoration of Historical Gardens. This study brings study cases of european royal gardens of colonial time, which could had been inspiration to the project.
ASDEX contributions to the 17th European conference on controlled fusion and plasma heating
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The 'ASDEX contributions to the 17th European conference on controlled fusion and plasma heating' (Amsterdam, June 25-29, 1990) hold one invited paper (Physics of enhanced confinement with peaked and board density profiles) and 12 chapters containing 44 contributed papers dealing with the following topics: Lower hybrid current drive and heating; Ion cyclotron heating; General confinement studies; Fluctuation studies; Direct measurement of transport coefficients; H-mode studies; Pellet studies; Divertor and SOL-studies; Impurity and impurity transport studies; Density limit studies; MHD studies; Diagnostic development. (orig./AH)
Dominação, resistencia e autonomia no extremo sul do Vice-reinado do Peru (Séculos XVI e XVII - 10.4025/dialogos.v13i2.410 Dominación, resistencia y autonomía en el extremo sur del Virreinato del Perú (siglos XVI y XVII Domination, resistance and autonomy in the far southern Viceroyalty of Peru (16th and 17th centuries - doi: 10.4025/dialogos.v13i2.410
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Beatriz Bixio
dealing with their respective positions within the system. With that objective, the practices of indigenous resistance are analyzed, as well as the changes in them between the late 16th and late 17th centuries. Special attention is given to micro-actions or "weakness tactics", understood as small operations undertaken from the place of the other and scarcely planned. These tactics were not articulated nor were inserted in a global resistance project, but were nevertheless able to shake the pillars of power.
Forming, transfer and globalization of medical-pharmaceutical knowledge in South East Asian missions (17th to 18th c.) - historical dimensions and modern perspectives.
Anagnostou, Sabine
From the 17th to the 18th centuries, missionaries in Southeast Asia dedicated themselves to providing and establishing a professional medical-pharmaceutical supply for the local population and therefore explored the genuine Materia medica for easily available and affordable remedies, especially medicinal plants. In characteristic medical-pharmaceutical compendia, which can be classified as missionary pharmacopoeias, they laid down their knowledge to advise others and to guarantee a professional health care. As their knowledge often resulted from an exchange with indigenous communities, these compendia provide essential information about traditional plant uses of Southeast Asian people. Individual missionaries such as the Jesuit Georg Joseph Kamel (1661-1706) not only strove to explore medicinal plants but performed botanical studies and even composed comprehensive herbals. The Jesuit missionaries in particular played roles in both the order's own global network of transfer of medicinal drugs and knowledge about the application, and within the contemporary local and European scientific networks which included, for example, the famous Royal Society of London. The results of their studies were distributed all over the world, were introduced into the practical Materia medica of other regions, and contributed significantly to the academization of knowledge. In our article we will explain the different intentions and methods of exploring, the resulting works and the consequences for the forming of the pharmaceutical and scientific knowledge. Finally, we will show the options which the works of the missionaries can offer for the saving of traditional ethnopharmacological knowledge and for the development of modern phytotherapeutics and pharmaceutical supply. The publication is based on a comprehensive study on the phenomenon of missionary pharmacy which has been published as a book in 2011 (Anagnostou, 2011a) and shows now the potential of historical medical
17th Online World Conference on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications
Krömer, Pavel; Köppen, Mario; Schaefer, Gerald
This volume of Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing contains accepted papers presented at WSC17, the 17th Online World Conference on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications, held from December 2012 to January 2013 on the Internet. WSC17 continues a successful series of scientific events started over a decade ago by the World Federation of Soft Computing. It brought together researchers from over the world interested in the ever advancing state of the art in the field. Continuous technological improvements make this online forum a viable gathering format for a world class conference. The aim of WSC17 was to disseminate excellent research results and contribute to building a global network of scientists interested in both theoretical foundations and practical applications of soft computing. The 2012 edition of the Online World Conference on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications consisted of general track and special session on Continuous Features Discretization for Anomaly Intrusion Detectors...
Potash - a key raw material of glass batch for Bohemian glasses from 14th-17th centuries?
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Cílová, Z.; Woitsch, Jiří
Roč. 39, č. 2 (2012), s. 371-380. ISSN 0305-4403 R&D Projects: GA AV ČR KJB900580701 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z90580513 Keywords : Wood ash * Potash * Medieval glass * Chemical composition * Glass batch * archaeological experiment * Reconstruction of technology Subject RIV: AC - Archeology, Anthropology, Ethnology Impact factor: 1.889, year: 2012 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440311003505
Aspects of 17th century Binding Medium: inclusions in Rembrandt's Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Noble, Petria; Wadum, Jørgen; Groen, Karin; Heeren, Ron M.A.; van den Berg, Klaas-Jan
During the recent restoration of Rembrandt's Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp minuscule crater-like holes, which cover the surface of the painting, were studied. Whitish material within the holes was identified as lead chloride hydroxide and a variety of lead soaps. These inclusions, which in ...
The power of laughter: humor, violence and consensus in New Spain. 17th and 18th centuries
Sonya Lipsett-Rivera
Joking and teasing permeated all aspects of life in New Spain. Using court records from Mexico City and its surrounding communities, this article explores the ways that laughter was deployed within New Spain's culture of masculinity. Humor was both a means for to relate to each other but also to mark differences. It was a normal part of the day to day interactions of men in New Spain between friends who joked and teased but it could also fall flat when one person did not have the right tone. ...
The power of laughter: humor, violence and consensus in New Spain. 17th and 18th centuries
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sonya Lipsett-Rivera
Full Text Available Joking and teasing permeated all aspects of life in New Spain. Using court records from Mexico City and its surrounding communities, this article explores the ways that laughter was deployed within New Spain's culture of masculinity. Humor was both a means for to relate to each other but also to mark differences. It was a normal part of the day to day interactions of men in New Spain between friends who joked and teased but it could also fall flat when one person did not have the right tone. Yet the border between joking and insulting comments was imprecise and thus often led to conflicts. Laughter brought people together when they were of the same social class but when it was used in an offensive manner, it was transformed into a weapon to assert social distance. Such humor was also part of seductions and similarly had political overtones when it was used in satirical songs. Humor brought people together and created groups of insiders and outsiders. Laughter was a powerful tool within social interactions and provides an alternate way to understand the culture of masculinity in colonial Mexico.
An Overview of Surveys of Paris Meridian Arc Section Lengths in the 17th and 18th Century
Miljenko Solarić; Nikola Solarić
A brief introduction is followed by description of the spread of the Paris meridian in France. Following is description of the survey of Paris meridian arc section lengths and production of contemporary maps of France: by Jean Picard, Philippe de la Hire, Jean-Dominique Cassini (Cassini I), Cassini II, Cassini III and Cassini IV.
An Overview of Surveys of Paris Meridian Arc Section Lengths in the 17th and 18th Century
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Miljenko Solarić
Full Text Available A brief introduction is followed by description of the spread of the Paris meridian in France. Following is description of the survey of Paris meridian arc section lengths and production of contemporary maps of France: by Jean Picard, Philippe de la Hire, Jean-Dominique Cassini (Cassini I, Cassini II, Cassini III and Cassini IV.
Spatial-temporal analysis on climate variation in early Qing dynasty (17th -18th century) using China's chronological records
Lin, Kuan-Hui Elaine; Wang, Pao-Kuan; Fan, I.-Chun; Liao, Yi-Chun; Liao, Hsiung-Ming; Pai, Pi-Ling
Global climate change in the form of extreme, variation, and short- or mid-term fluctuation is now widely conceived to challenge the survival of the human beings and the societies. Meanwhile, improving present and future climate modeling needs a comprehensive understanding of the past climate patterns. Although historical climate modeling has gained substantive progress in recent years based on the new findings from dynamical meteorology, phenology, or paleobiology, less known are the mid- to short-term variations or lower-frequency variabilities at different temporal scale and their regional expressions. Enabling accurate historical climate modeling would heavily rely on the robustness of the dataset that could carry specific time, location, and meteorological information in the continuous temporal and spatial chains. This study thus presents an important methodological innovation to reconstruct historical climate modeling at multiple temporal and spatial scales through building a historical climate dataset, based on the Chinese chronicles compiled in a Zhang (2004) edited Compendium of Chinese Meteorological Records of the Last 3,000 Years since Zhou Dynasty (1100BC). The dataset reserves the most delicate meteorological data with accurate time, location, meteorological event, duration, and other phonological, social and economic impact information, and is carefully digitalized, coded, and geo-referenced on the Geographical Information System based maps according to Tan's (1982) historical atlas in China. The research project, beginning in January 2015, is a collaborative work among scholars across meteorology, geography, and historical linguistics disciplines. The present research findings derived from the early 100+ years of the Qing dynasty include the following. First, the analysis is based on the sampling size, denoted as cities/counties, n=1398 across the Mainland China in the observation period. Second, the frequencies of precipitation, cold-warm temperature, flood and drought with an index of social unrest are counted in an interval of a year, five years, ten years, and twenty years to gain their running mean(s) for every cites/counties to depict their temporal variations. Third, the cities and counties are divided into seven zones based on their meteorological and geographical characteristics, in order to interpret the regional expressions of the climate variations. Finally, the Ordinary Least Square regression model is used to estimate the coefficients among precipitation, temperature, flood and drought. Significantly, it is found that in general all these indices fluctuated in past 100+ years. However, the occurrence of drought and flood all have significant correlation with lower (colder) temperature (P=0.00) and also with precipitation (P<0.05). This implies that cold temperature tends to have higher meteorological extremes, and both flood and drought can occur approximately in the same year with abundant precipitation at different time. Among seven geographical zones, North China is found more vulnerable to the temperature changes considering these extreme weathers. Temperature change in Central and South China however are less significant. Central China on the other hand is more sensitive to the precipitation that are both correlated with drought and flood.
Popular beliefs and superstitions in 17th and 18th century Bohemia: common religious practice as reflected in material culture
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Blažková, Gabriela; Omelka, M.; Řebounová, O.
Istanbul: Archaeology & Art Publications, 2014 - (Yilmaz, Ö.). s. 461 ISBN 978-605-396-287-8. [Annual Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists /20./. 10.09.2014-14.09.2014, Istanbul] Institutional support: RVO:67985912 Keywords : burial * Post-medieval * Czech Republic * Prague Subject RIV: AC - Archeology, Anthropology, Ethnology https://www.eaa2014istanbul.org/assets/indirilecekler/2014%20EAA%20abstracts.pdf
The distribution of silver specimens from the Kongsberg Silver Mines, Norway, 17th and 18th centuries
Berg, B.I.; Nordrum, F.S.
Specimens of native silver from the Kongsberg mines in Norway are world famous and have been distributed through sales and gifts during the whole period of mining from 1623 to 1958. Names of customers, the number of sold specimens and their silver content are documented in accounts which are preserv
17th-Century Author Celebrated in Latin America Begins to Win the Attention of U.S. Scholars.
Paul, Angus
Increasing attention to women writers and to Latin American literature has helped focus attention on Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz, a nun who produced some of the most important poetry and prose of the 1600s. Her greatness is seen in the abundance, variety, and excellence of her writing. (Author/MSE)
Imperial shipyard (tersane-i amire) in the ottoman empire in 17th century: management and accounting.
TORAMAN, Cengiz; Güvemli, Batuhan; Bayramoglu, Fatih
Las instituciones del Imperio Otomano se encontraban bajo control estatal. El astillero Imperial (Tersane-i Amire) estaba entre ellas. El astillero Imperial se estableció a finales del siglo 15 en el Cuerno de Oro (Halic), Estambul, y todavía hoy sigue funcionando. Este estudio examina la gestión y la infraestructura contable de los astilleros con el fin de comprender las razones de la interacción mutua entre la dirección y las prácticas contables del Imperio Otomano. Así, este estudio propor...
Hebrew typography at non-Jewish Bohemian printing houses during the 16th and 17th centuries
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Veselá, Lenka
Praha : Academia, 2012 - (Sixtová, O.), s. 165-175 ISBN 978-80-200-2220-2 Institutional support: RVO:67985971 Keywords : Hebrew printing * Bohemia * Moravia Subject RIV: AB - History http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=direct&doc_number=002429538&local_base=NKC
Tracing a middle class: an inquiry on the Ottoman city of Kayseri 17th and 18th centuries
Ceylan, Pinar
The objective of this study is to develop a definition of an early modern ''Ottoman middle class'' in the context of Kayseri through an examination of the changing consumption patterns. Whether the ''middling sort'' constituted a distinctive social group in regards to their consumption habits and material well-being, and whether class boundaries can be defined in the basis of the amount of personal consumption goods possessed, are the main questions dealt with. The data examined in this study...
Report of the 17th international workshop on nuclear safety and simulation technology (IWNSST17)
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The 17th International Workshop on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology (IWNSST17) was held in January 21, 2014 at Kyoto University, in Kyoto, Japan. This one-day workshop was motivated to exploit advanced safety researches for nuclear power plant (NPP) , by a unique synergetic collaboration of basically two different disciplines: material science and systems sciences. There were ten invited presentations at the ISSNP2013, and the subject of the presentations ranges from (1) material corrosion issue of NPP components, (2) application of augmented reality technology for NPP decommission, (3) functional modeling method for plant control system, (4) intrinsic understanding of Fukushima Daiichi accident phenomena based on simple physical model, (5) system reliability evaluation method for PWR safety system, (6) automatic control system design for small modular reactor, and (7) validation of computerized human-machine interface and digital I and C for PWR plant. This article provides the overview of the IWNSST17 with giving condensed summaries of all invited presentations given by international experts. (author)
The 17th Annual Magnet Technology Conference Hosted By CERN Is Proving That Opposites Attract...
Hundreds were drawn together by the 17th Magnet Technology Conference, the largest conference devoted to magnets in the world. Thirty-six years ago about 50 physicists and engineers came together at SLAC, Stanford, to have a symposium on magnet technology. Simple as it seemed at the moment, it was the first time that anyone seriously considered building superconducting magnets and was the birth of the Magnet Technology (MT) conference. The conference has occurred every two years since that time and had its most recent incarnation, MT-17, hosted by CERN just last week at the International Conference Centre here in Geneva. With so much innovative work being done with magnets in the LHC and its experiments (ATLAS, CMS, Alice and LHCb), having an MT conference hosted by CERN in Geneva was expected. However, what was not expected was the level of interest with which MT-17 was met. 'We are victims of our own success', says Romeo Perin who was one of the 50 physicists/engineers who attended the Stanford symposium a...
PREFACE: 17th International Conference on Recent Progress in Many-Body Theories (MBT17)
Reinholz, Heidi; Boronat, Jordi
These are the proceedings of the XVII International Conference on Recent Progress in Many-Body Theories, which was held from 8-13 September 2013 in Rostock, Germany. The conference continued the triennial series initiated in Trieste in 1978 and was devoted to new developments in the field of many-body theories. The conference series encourages the exchange of ideas between physicists working in such diverse areas as nuclear physics, quantum chemistry, lattice Hamiltonians or quantum uids. Many-body theories are an integral part in different fields of theoretical physics such as condensed matter, nuclear matter and field theory. Phase transitions and macroscopic quantum effects such as magnetism, Bose-Einstein condensation, super uidity or superconductivity have been investigated within ultra-cold gases, finite systems or various nanomaterials. The conference series on Recent Progress in Many-Body Theories is devoted to foster the interaction and to cross-fertilize between different fields and to discuss future lines of research. The topics of the 17th meeting were Cluster Physics Cold Gases High Energy Density Matter and Intense Lasers Magnetism New Developments in Many-Body Techniques Nuclear Many-Body and Relativistic Theories Quantum Fluids and Solids Quantum Phase Transitions Topological Insulators and Low Dimensional Systems. 109 participants from 20 countries participated. 44 talks and 61 posters werde presented. As a particular highlight of the conference, The Eugene Feenberg Memorial Medal for outstanding results in the field of many-body theory and The Hermann Kümmel Early Achievement Award in Many-Body Physics for young scientists in that field were awarded. The Feenberg Medal went jointly to Patrick Lee (MIT, USA) for his fundamental contributions to condensed-matter theory, especially in regard to the quantum Hall effect, to universal conductance uctuations, and to the Kondo effect in quantum dots, and Douglas Scalapino (UC Santa Barbara, USA) for his
PREFACE: 17th International Conference on Microscopy of Semiconducting Materials 2011
Walther, T.; Midgley, P. A.
This volume contains invited and contributed papers from the 17th international conference on 'Microscopy of Semiconducting Materials' held at Churchill College, University of Cambridge, on 4-7 April 2011. The meeting was organised under the auspices of the Institute of Physics and supported by the Royal Microscopical Society as well as the Materials Research Society of the USA. This conference series deals with recent advances in semiconductor studies carried out by all forms of microscopy, with an emphasis on electron microscopy and related techniques with high spatial resolution. This time the meeting was attended by 131 delegates from 25 countries world-wide, a record in terms of internationality. As semiconductor devices shrink further new routes of device processing and characterisation need to be developed, and, for the latter, methods that offer sub-nanometre spatial resolution are particularly valuable. The various forms of imaging, diffraction and spectroscopy available in modern microscopes are powerful tools for studying the microstructure, the electronic structure, the chemistry and also electric fields in semiconducting materials. Recent advances in instrumentation, from lens aberration correction in both TEM and STEM instruments, to the development of a wide range of scanning probe techniques, as well as new methods of signal quantification have been presented at this conference. Two examples of topics at this meeting that have attracted a number of interesting studies were: the correlation of microstructural, optical and chemical information at atomic resolution with nanometre-scale resolved maps of the local electrical fields in (In,Al)GaN based semiconductors and tomographic approaches to characterise ensembles of nanowires and stacks of processed layers in devices Figure 1 Figure 1. Opening lecture by Professor Sir Colin J Humphreys. Each manuscript submitted for publication in this proceedings volume has been independently reviewed and revised
PREFACE: 17th International Conference on the Physics of Highly Charged Ions
The 17th edition of the International Conference on the Physics of Highly Charged Ions (HCI 2014) was held in San Carlos de Bariloche, in the southern region of Argentina known as Patagonia, from August 31 to September 5, 2014. This meeting corresponds to a series of HCI conferences, which has been held every other year since 1982 in cities in Europe, USA, Japan and China. This was the first time that the conference took place in Latin America. This edition was organized by a Local Committee made up of physicists mainly from the cities of Bariloche and Rosario and also from Buenos Aires and Bahía Blanca, all sites where research on Atomic Collisions is developed. The conference was attended by delegates coming from 18 countries, more that 23% of whom were women. The field of highly charged ions has seen in recent years a promising evolution originating from bold progress in theory and significant advances in experimental techniques. The HCI conferences aim at bringing together experimentalists and theoreticians from as wide a range of fields as, for instance, Fundamental Aspects, Structure and Spectroscopy, Collisions with Electrons, Ions, Atoms and Molecules, Interaction with Clusters, Surfaces and Solids, Interactions with Photons and Plasmas, Strong Field Processes, and Production, Experimental Developments and Applications. The Scientific Programme, selected by an International Advisory Board, included 5 Review Lectures, 11 Progress Reports, 1 Local Report and 24 Special Reports. In addition, the results of 132 contributed works were presented as poster communications and a Public Lecture on 'The wonders of the Southern Skies' was delivered by an Argentinean expert. Thus, a wide range of subjects comprising a balanced mix of topics was covered throughout the course of the conference. The HCI 2014 was a resounding success for the international and local communities, from both the scientific and social aspects, considering that the attendees and accompanying
PREFACE: 17th International Conference on Textures of Materials (ICOTOM 17)
Skrotzki, Werner; Oertel, Carl-Georg
The 17th International Conference on Textures of Materials (ICOTOM 17) took place in Dresden, Germany, August 24-29, 2014. It belongs to the "triennial" series of ICOTOM meetings with a long tradition, starting in 1969 - Clausthal, 1971 - Cracow, 1973 - Pont-à-Mousson, 1975 - Cambridge, 1978 - Aachen, 1981 - Tokyo, 1984 - Noordwijkerhout, 1987 - Santa Fe, 1990 - Avignon, 1993 - Clausthal, 1996 - Xian, 1999 - Montreal, 2002 - Seoul, 2005 - Leuven, 2008 - Pittsburgh, 2011 - Mumbai, 2014 - Dresden. ICOTOM 17 was hosted by the Dresden University of Technology, Institute of Structural Physics. Following the tradition of the ICOTOM conferences, the main focus of ICOTOM-17 was to promote and strengthen the fundamental understanding of the basic processes that govern the formation of texture and its relation to the properties of polycrystalline materials. Nonetheless, it was the aim to forge links between basic research on model materials and applied research on engineering materials of technical importance. Thus, ICOTOM 17 provided a forum for the presentation and discussion of recent progress in research of texture and related anisotropy of mechanical and functional properties of all kinds of polycrystalline materials including natural materials like rocks. Particular attention was paid to recent advances in texture measurement and analysis as well as modeling of texture development for all kinds of processes like solidification, plastic deformation, recrystallization and grain growth, phase transformations, thin film deposition, etc. Hence, ICOTOM 17 was of great interest to materials scientists, engineers from many different areas and geoscientists. The topics covered by ICOTOM 17 were: 1. Mathematical, numerical and statistical methods of texture analysis 2. Deformation textures 3. Crystallization, recrystallization and growth textures 4. Transformation textures 5. Textures in functional materials 6. Textures in advanced materials 7. Textures in rocks 8. Texture
New Height in A New Stage Interpretation of the 17th China International Man-Made Fiber Conference
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Zhao Fei
The 17th China International Man-Made Fiber Conference (Wujiang) held on Sep. 1st, 2011 discussed in depth the world chemical fiber changes and the predictable development of China's chemical fiber industry during the "12th Five-Year Program" period. In order to help readers fully understand China's chemical fiber industry's development priorities during that period, the article will give an interpretation on the two themes of the conference "Innovation-Driven" and "Green & Low Carbon"
Fleury, François; Duprat, Bernard
Military culture has occupied a central place in the constitution of constructive knowledge amongst the French intellectual elite since the beginning of the 17th century. The royal engineers , whose trade is rapidly institutionalized and developing in the 17th and 18th centuries, are important agents and vectors of this complex of practical knowledge backed by geometry, mathematics and the new physics. Despite the recent scientific advances in structural mechanics and strength of materials, i...
17th IEEE/ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing
This edited book presents scientific results of the 17th IEEE/ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing (SNPD 2016) which was held on May 30 - June 1, 2016 in Shanghai, China. The aim of this conference was to bring together researchers and scientists, businessmen and entrepreneurs, teachers, engineers, computer users, and students to discuss the numerous fields of computer science and to share their experiences and exchange new ideas and information in a meaningful way. Research results about all aspects (theory, applications and tools) of computer and information science, and to discuss the practical challenges encountered along the way and the solutions adopted to solve them.
International Society for Aerosols in Medicine, 17th congress, 10-14 May 2009, Monterey, California, USA.
Newman, Steve
The 17th biennial congress of the International Society for Aerosols in Medicine (ISAM) was held in Monterey, California, between 10 and 14 May 2009. The congress was attended by approximately 300 delegates from 18 countries. Podium presentations were focused on advances in pulmonary drug delivery, but clearance of materials from the lungs by a variety of processes and the potential harmful effects of inhaled particles were also covered. There were > 100 proffered posters, and a commercial exhibition in which 20 companies displayed their products. There were excellent networking opportunities, and the inauguration of more formal networking groups will allow dialogue to continue. Abstracts of podium and poster presentations were provided in the Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery, and it is likely that some of the podium presentations will appear as full papers in that journal in due course. The next conference in this series takes place in Rotterdam, The Netherlands, in June 2011. PMID:19637975
Tritium Packages and 17th RH Canister Categories of Transuranic Waste Stored Below Ground within Area G
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Hargis, Kenneth Marshall [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
A large wildfire called the Las Conchas Fire burned large areas near Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) in 2011 and heightened public concern and news media attention over transuranic (TRU) waste stored at LANL's Technical Area 54 (TA-54) Area G waste management facility. The removal of TRU waste from Area G had been placed at a lower priority in budget decisions for environmental cleanup at LANL because TRU waste removal is not included in the March 2005 Compliance Order on Consent (Reference 1) that is the primary regulatory driver for environmental cleanup at LANL. The Consent Order is a settlement agreement between LANL and the New Mexico Environment Department (NMED) that contains specific requirements and schedules for cleaning up historical contamination at the LANL site. After the Las Conchas Fire, discussions were held by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) with the NMED on accelerating TRU waste removal from LANL and disposing it at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP). This report summarizes available information on the origin, configuration, and composition of the waste containers within the Tritium Packages and 17th RH Canister categories; their physical and radiological characteristics; the results of the radioassays; and potential issues in retrieval and processing of the waste containers.
Through Travelogues in the Holy Land (XVI-XIX centuries)
François Laplanche
The ternary division of this article is both chronological and thematic: in the Middle Ages, a pilgrimage was an act of penitence associated with the doctrine of indulgences, and devout motivation dominates travels in the Holy Land up to and including the 17th century. Curiosity was kindled along with humanism and the return to the Scriptures, but it did not really expand until the end of the seventeenth century, in a political context characterized by the stagnation and decline of the Ottoma...
The relativistic solar particle event of May 17th, 2012 observed on board the International Space Station
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Berrilli Francesco
Full Text Available High-energy charged particles represent a severe radiation risk for astronauts and spacecrafts and could damage ground critical infrastructures related to space services. Different natural sources are the origin of these particles, among them galactic cosmic rays, solar energetic particles and particles trapped in radiation belts. Solar particle events (SPE consist in the emission of high-energy protons, alpha-particles, electrons and heavier particles from solar flares or shocks driven by solar plasma propagating through the corona and interplanetary space. Ground-level enhancements (GLE are rare solar events in which particles are accelerated to near relativistic energies and affect space and ground-based infrastructures. During the current solar cycle 24 a single GLE event was recorded on May 17th, 2012 associated with an M5.1-class solar flare. The investigation of such a special class of solar events permits us to measure conditions in space critical to both scientific and operational research. This event, classified as GLE71, was detected on board the International Space Station (ISS by the active particle detectors of the ALTEA (Anomalous Long Term Effects in Astronauts experiment. The collected data permit us to study the radiation environment inside the ISS. In this work we present the first results of the analysis of data acquired by ALTEA detectors during GLE71 associated with an M5.1-class solar flare. We estimate the energy loss spectrum of the solar particles and evaluate the contribution to the total exposure of ISS astronauts to solar high-energy charged particles.
No evidence for an early seventeenth-century Indian sighting of Keplers supernova (SN1604)
van Gent, Robert H
In a recent paper Sule et al. (Astronomical Notes, vol. 332 (2011), 655) argued that an early 17th-century Indian mural of the constellation Sagittarius with a dragon-headed tail indicated that the bright supernova of 1604 was also sighted by Indian astronomers. In this paper it will be shown that this identification is based on a misunderstanding of traditional Islamic astrological iconography and that the claim that the mural represents an early 17th-century Indian sighting of the supernova of 1604 has to be rejected.
Analysis the flash floods occurred in the South Tyne river watershed (United Kingdom) on the 17th of July 2007
Bain, V.; Milan, D.; Preciso, E.; Gaume, E.
On the 17th, 19th and 23rd of July 2007, a series of local thunderstorms induced flash floods in the upper part of the South Tyne river in Northumberland, a rural area located near the border between England and Scotland. These events led to moderate damages in the villages and losses of livestock in local farms. They were shadowed in comparison to the widespread lowland floods that occurred throughout the UK during the same period but were nevertheless extreme events for the region. One of the affected streams, the Thinhope Burn, has been surveyed by the University of Gloucestershire during recent years. It is an active river from a geomorphological point of view. A survey conducted after the 2007 flood revealed that many of the boulders along the banks of the river, which had been deposited 50 to 100 years before, had been displaced, indicating a high return period for the flood (see EGU abstract EGU2008-A-04713). A complementary survey was conducted in July 2008 with the objective of gathering information on the discharges, the rainfall amounts and the active runoff processes. 14 cross-sections were surveyed, pictures were collected enabling a validation of peak discharge estimates, 5 witnesses were interviewed and additional rainfall data and geomorphological evidence were collected. This survey revealed that the peak discharges exceeded 5 m3/s/km2 in the most affected areas. Unfortunately, no rainfall measurements are available that would enable further analysis, including the computation of runoff rates. Nevertheless, witness accounts and field observations give a good insight into the hydrological processes indicating a significant initial storage capacity of the peat layer covering the affected watersheds. Concerning the boulders, the field observations suggest surprising and unexplained transport processes. Blocks of up to one meter diameter were displaced over short distances and deposited on the river banks without any sign of established debris flow, as
The School of Praque or Old German Masters. Rudolfine Painting in the Literary and Visual Discourse of the 17th and 18th Centuries
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Vácha, Štěpán
Roč. 77, č. 3 (2014), s. 361-384. ISSN 0044-2992 R&D Projects: GA ČR GA13-13174S Institutional support: RVO:68378033 Keywords : Rudolfine painting * receptive aesthetic * collecting Subject RIV: AL - Art, Architecture, Cultural Heritage
Mariological paintings in the Chapel of Our Lady's Tomb in the Kalwaria Zebrzydowska compound. From studies on the reception of graphics in Polish 17th century painting
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Janina Dzik
Full Text Available The Chapel of Our Lady's Tomb in Brody, complete with valuable interior furnishing, in terms of history and territory belongs to the architectural landscape concept of the Marian- and Passion-themed compound in Kalwaria Zebrzydowska. In the fields of the late-Renaissance choir parapet and the galleries of the chapel there are a series of paintings showing hitherto unspecified Marian themes. The items have never been referred to in literature on Kalwaria or mentioned in guidebooks or maintenance records. The article analyses, in a broad context, the symbolism of 37 Marian scenes presenting Mary and symbolic objects (e.g. a heart, a building, a garden.
Conversions and Confessional Memory of Ruthenian Representatives of Political Elites of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th and 17th Centuries
Liedke, Marzena
XVI a. antroji pusė ir XVII a. pirmoji pusė – tai intensyvių religinių pokyčių laikotarpis Abiejų Tautų Respublikoje, ypatingai tada, kai kalbame apie Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės rusėnus magnatus ir bajorus. Iš pradžių kalvinizmo ir antitrinitarizmo populiarumas, sekęs kartu su Katalikų bažnyčios puolimu, buvo tikėjimo keitimo priežastis. Kartais konfesinė priklausomybė būdavo keičiama net kelis kartus per gyvenimą. LDK rusėnų pozicija tikėjimo klausimais priklausė ir nuo jų teisinės ...
Known Symptoms and Diseases of a Number of Classical European Composers during 17th and 20th Century in Relation with their Artistic Musical Expressions
Pucarin-Cvetković, Jasna; Žuškin, Eugenija; Mustajbegović, Jadranka; Janev-Holcer, Nataša; Rudan, Pavao; Milošević, Milan
Medical history and relationship to the medical conditions as well as to the music creativity and productivity of some of the classical European composers have been described. In this review article we analyzed their illnesses as well as association between physical or mental diseases and their creativity and adaptability to disease. Some classical composers suffered from organic diseases, while others complained of mental disturbances. However, in spite of their disorders, the in...
Known symptoms and diseases of a number of classical European composers during 17th and 20th century in relation with their artistic musical expressions.
Pucarin-Cvetković, Jasna; Zuskin, Eugenija; Mustajbegović, Jadranka; Janev-Holcer, Natasa; Rudan, Pavao; Milosević, Milan
Medical history and relationship to the medical conditions as well as to the music creativity and productivity of some of the classical European composers have been described. In this review article we analyzed their illnesses as well as association between physical or mental diseases and their creativity and adaptability to disease. Some classical composers suffered from organic diseases, while others complained of mental disturbances. However, in spite of their disorders, the intensity of their creativity mostly remained unchanged. PMID:22397283
The Concept of Virtue in Ukrainian Neo-Latin Еncomiastic Literature (End of the 17th-Beginning of the 18th century
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Giovanna Siedina
Full Text Available The present article illustrates the ways in which Latin literature is used to express the concept of virtue in Ukrainian Neo-Latin eulogistic poetry and prose devoted, respectively, to a representative of military-political power (hetman I. Mazepa and of religious-ecclesiastical authority ( J. Krokovs'kyj. From the textual analysis, it emerges that moral virtues are given preeminence over military power and its victories. The texts analysed also stress the need for moral virtues (among which wisdom, sincere religious feeling, prudence, magnanimity for all achievements, in the fields of religion, education and culture, as well as for conquering and exercising power. The author stresses quotations from Latin and Neo-Latin authors that poets and orators adduce to demonstrate the above-mentioned thesis. She also throws light on how literary reminiscences are used, on the one hand, to 'validate' what is being asserted, on the other, to demonstrate that the 'truths' expressed by the Classical authors cited have found living 'incarnation', as it were, in one's own time and one's own culture. Although the issue requires further in-depth analysis, the concept of virtue that emerges from the texts analysed seems to reflect a marked consonance, on the one hand, with that tendency of Renaissance philosophy that associated speculative wisdom with moral virtue and civic action, on the other with the Erasmian definition of virtue as virtus cum eruditione liberali coniuncta, which Rice defines as the "one idea of wisdom peculiarly characteristic of the Renaissance".
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Eliane Cristina Deckmann Fleck
Full Text Available This article intends to evince and analyze the impact of the Christian conceptions of sickness and death on the Guarani indian sensibility and its translation in terms of representations and social practices in the Jesuitical reductions. The analysis of the records made by the missionaries, especially the Cartas Ânuas of the Jesuitical Province of Paraguay regarding the period from 1609 to 1675, revealed that, on the one hand, the Guarani kept traditional practices of their religious sensibility – as is evinced in the resignification of the "copious crying" and the funereal laments –, and, on the other hand, that the missionaries, besides incorporating the native pharmacopoeia and many of the indian healing practices, skillfully manipulated the cures and the "bien morir", a strategy that was fundamental to the success of the civilization-conversion project of the Companhia de Jesus alongside the Guarani.
NGVs: Driving to the 21st Century. 17th National Natural Gas Vehicle Conference and Exhibition, October 3-5, 1999 [conference organizational literature and agenda
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By attending the conference, participants learn about new and planned OEM vehicle and engine technologies; studies comparing Diesel and gasoline emissions to natural gas; new state and federal legislation; and innovative marketing programs they can use to help sell their products and services.
Differentiation between anonymous paintings of the 17th and the early 18th century by composition of clay-based grounds
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Hradil, David; Hradilová, J.; Bezdička, Petr; Švarcová, Silvie
Roč. 118, DEC (2015), s. 8-20. ISSN 0169-1317 R&D Projects: GA ČR GA14-22984S Institutional support: RVO:61388980 Keywords : paintings * clay-based grounds * X-ray powder micro-diffraction * historical technology Subject RIV: CA - Inorganic Chemistry Impact factor: 2.467, year: 2014
An Example for the Ideological Contents of the Hungarian National Idea in the 17th Century Was the Kuruc Movement and Its Military Force
Çapraz, Hüseyin Şevket Çağatay
In case of the Hungarians and other nations which lived under the rules of the Ottoman Empire, the attainment of the national idea and its common responsibility came into existence in different ways and in different period. The elements determined the destiny of the Hungarian nation, such as the dependence upon the Habsburg and the Ottoman Empire, the absolutism, the feudalism, the political independence and the vassalism caused the crisises and changes which are the much-debated questions of...
Guilherme Galhegos Felippe
In light of the objectives imposed by the missionary enterprise and the needs of the evangelical labor - amongst which, the registry by correspondence of the day-to-day in the reductions -, the Jesuits have placed in the baptism a great importance, not only as a rite of passage on the conversion to Christianity, but also as an instrument of discourse to confirm the conversion of the natives and, thus, to prove to their superiors the adequate progress of the reductions. However, by analyzing t...
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Guilherme Galhegos Felippe
Full Text Available In light of the objectives imposed by the missionary enterprise and the needs of the evangelical labor - amongst which, the registry by correspondence of the day-to-day in the reductions -, the Jesuits have placed in the baptism a great importance, not only as a rite of passage on the conversion to Christianity, but also as an instrument of discourse to confirm the conversion of the natives and, thus, to prove to their superiors the adequate progress of the reductions. However, by analyzing the Ignatian discourse, a great incidence of stories that highlight the incidence of the baptism can be perceived, without there being the same proportion of stories proving these recently baptized Indians. There is, therefore, a disproportion in the Jesuitical registry of the proportion between baptized Indians and converts.
Influence of mercury ore roasting sites from 16th and 17th century on the mercury dispersion in surroundings of Idrija
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Mateja Gosar
Full Text Available In the first decade of mercury mining in Idrija the ore was roasted in piles. After that the ore was roasted for 150 years, until 1652, in earthen vessels at various sites in the woods around Idrija. Up to present 21 localities of ancient roasting sites were established.From the roasting areas Frbej'ene trate, lying on a wide dolomitic terrace on the left side of the road from Idrija to ^ekovnik, 3 soil profiles are discussed. In all three profiles in the upper, organic matter rich soil horizon very high mercury contents (from 3 to 4,000mg/kg were found. In two profiles the contents rapidly decrease with depth, to about 10- times lower values already at 0.5 m. Below that, the mercury contents decrease slowly, to reach at the 1.3 m depth a few mg/kg metal. In the third profile the upper humic layer is followed downward by an additional humic layer containing very abundant pottery fragments. In this layer the maximum mercury contents were determined, 7.474 mg/kg Hg. The underlying loamy soil contains between 1000 and 2000 mg/kg mercury. Pšenk is one of the larger localities of roasting vessels fragments. It is located at Lačna voda brook below Hlev{e, above its confluence with the Padar ravine. The most abundant pottery remains are found in the upper western margin of the area, just below the way to Hleviše. The considered geochemical profile P{enk contains at the top a 45 cm thick humic layer with 4,000 to 5,000 mg/kg mercury. Deeper the contents fall to around 100 mg/kg mercury. The alculations result in an estimated amount of 1.4 t mercury still present at the P{enk locality, and in about 40 t of mercury on all roasting sites described up to present.The determined mercury contents in soils at old roasting sites are very high, and they surpass all hitherto described localities at Idrija and in the surroundings.
Furniture and paintings in the houses of the marqueses de Santa Cruz de Marcenado (Asturias between the 17th and 18th centuries
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Laca Menéndez de Luarca, Luis Ramón
Full Text Available Using unpublished archival documents, the author studies and analyses in detail the collections of furniture and paintings left at the time of their deaths by Sebastián Vigil de Quiñones y la Rúa and his daughter Jacinta in their houses in the town of Pola de Siero and the capital, Oviedo (Asturias. Both furniture and paintings were destroyed —or perhaps dispersed— during the Napoleonic Wars, when la Rúa's house in Oviedo was repeatedly sacked. Nevertheless, the inventories here transcribed perfectly demonstrate the wealth displayed by the Asturian nobility of the period, which can be verified by comparing these inventories with those of other families related to the Vigil de Quiñones, for example the Miranda, marqueses de Valdecarzana.
A través de documentos inéditos de archivo, se analizan y estudian en detalle los conjuntos de muebles y la colección de pintura que quedaron a la muerte de don Sebastián Vigil de Quiñones y la Rúa y de su hija Jacinta, en sus casas de la villa de Pola de Siero y Oviedo (Asturias. Tanto los muebles como los cuadros se destruyeron o quizá dispersaron durante la Guerra de Independencia, cuando la Casa de la Rúa de Oviedo fue saqueada en reiteradas ocasiones. No obstante, los inventarios transcritos en este artículo ilustran perfectamente la riqueza de la que hacía gala en Asturias la nobleza de la época, como se comprueba comparando los inventarios estudiados con los de otras familias emparentadas con los Vigil de Quiñones, por ejemplo los Miranda, marqueses de Valdecarzana.
Cosmic ray composition between 10 to the 15th power - 10 to the 17th power eV obtained by air shower experiments
Muraki, Y.
Based on the air shower data, the chemical composition of the primary cosmic rays in the energy range 10 to the 15th power - 10 to the 17th power eV was obtained. The method is based on a well known N sub e-N sub mu and N sub e-N sub gamma. The simulation is calibrated by the CERN SPS pp collider results.
"Treatises on Earthquakes" in late Renaissance (16th-17th cent), at the roots of historical seismology
Albini, P.
It was soon after the damaging November 1570 earthquake at Ferrara, Northern Italy, that the academic Stefano Breventano from Pavia, a small town in Northern Italy as well, started to compose his "Treatise on the earthquake". Completed by September 1576, this 250-page manuscript was to remain unpublished for centuries. The critical edition recently appeared (Albini, 2007) was a due tribute to the remarkable amount of information put together by Breventano, an otherwise "obscure" literate who, before getting involved with earthquakes, had published a history of the antiquities and remarkable events at his hometown Pavia (1570). Indeed, he was not the first Renaissance author to pursue the goal of checking into the historical sources of the previous centuries in search of earthquakes and other natural phenomena. What is outstanding in his "Treatise" is that he suceeded in retrieving information on more than two hundred earthquakes, along two thousand years, between 504 B.C. and 1575 A.D., covering the whole Euro-Mediterranean region, and the West Indies in early 16th century. Breventano's essay is here presented, together with a comparison between his style and amount of information with those included in the work by the contemporary British author Stephen Batman, "The Doome warning all men to the Judgement" (1581). A later treatise is presented also, the work by Marcello Bonito (1690) "Terra Tremante [Trembling Earth]", which could easily be defined as a worldwide list of earthquakes. In structure and content, Bonito's work goes along the same lines of Breventano, and could be considered a precursor of today descriptive catalogues, because of his outstandingly modern approach that paved the way to modern historical seismology.
Elevated frequencies of circulating Th22 cell in addition to Th17 cell and Th17/Th1 cell in patients with acute coronary syndrome.
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Lei Zhang
Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease mediated by immune cells. Th22 cells are CD4(+ T cells that secret IL-22 but not IL-17 or IFN-γ and are implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disease. The roles of Th22 cells in the pathophysiologic procedures of acute coronary syndrome (ACS remain unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the profile of Th22, Th17 and Th17/Th1 cells in ACS patients, including unstable angina (UA and acute myocardial infarction (AMI patients. DESIGN AND METHODS: In this study, 26 AMI patients, 16 UA patients, 16 stable angina (SA patients and 16 healthy controls were included. The frequencies of Th22, Th17 and Th17/Th1 cells in AMI, UA, SA patients and healthy controls were examined by flow cytometry. Plasma levels of IL-22, IL-17 and IFN-γ were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA. RESULTS: Th22, Th17 and Th17/Th1 cells were significantly increased in AMI and UA patients compared with SA patients and healthy controls. Moreover, plasma IL-22 level was significantly elevated in AMI and UA patients. In addition, Th22 cells correlated positively with IL-22 as well as Th17 cells in AMI and UA patients. CONCLUSION: Our findings showed increased frequencies of both Th22 and Th17 cells in ACS patients, which suggest that Th22 and Th17 cells may play a potential role in plaque destabilization and the development of ACS.
17th May 2011 - Minister of Natural Resources of the Kingdom of Lesotho M. Moleleki signing the guest book with Head of International Relations F. Pauss and in the ATLAS visitor centre with Deputy Collaboration Spokesperson A. Lankford.
Maximilien Brice
17th May 2011 - Minister of Natural Resources of the Kingdom of Lesotho M. Moleleki signing the guest book with Head of International Relations F. Pauss and in the ATLAS visitor centre with Deputy Collaboration Spokesperson A. Lankford.
Seventeenth-century telescope optics of Torricelli, Divini, and Campani
Miniati, Mara; van Helden, Albert; Greco, Vincenzo; Molesini, Giuseppe
Optics of telescope makers Torricelli, Divini, and Campani dating back to the 17th century have been tested interferometrically. It was found that the optical polishing technology had progressed to thorough control over the surface figure and finish, while the nearly paraxial conditions of the aperture remained constant. The instruments that were examined exemplify the knowledge of optics of that time, particularly with respect to the early use of erector units in terrestrial telescopes.
The Catalonia of the 10th to 12th centuries and the historiographic definition of feudalism
Flocel Sabaté
The historiographic evolution of the concept of feudalism, from its formulation in the 17th century until today, has affected Catalonia differently. In the last quarter of the 20th century, it reached a prominent position as a paradigm of the mutationist model. The numerous sources still conserved, coupled with the enrichment of interpretative perspectives, facilitate a revision. However, it should be undertaken cautiously in light of the pitfalls of the documentation itself and the hermeneut...
History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Volume 1. The Joint Committee on Eastern Europe Publications Series. No. 12.
Jelavich, Barbara
Designed as an introductory history, this book covers developments in the Balkan Peninsula from the 17th through the 19th centuries. Emphasis is placed on the process by which separate nationalities broke away from imperial rule, established independent states, and embarked on economic and social modernization. To establish perspective on the role…
17th International AEIPRO Congress
Blanco, José; Capuz-Rizo, Salvador
Project Management and Engineering is an emergent area. Every day more projects have bigger size, more stakeholders involved, more environmental, organizational and technological complexity, and a better degree of fulfilment requirements. The foregoing causes greater demands on the effectiveness of Project Engineering and the efficiency of Project Management. This volume puts together a collection of recent works of researchers and professionals in the Project Management and Engineering fields of Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Energy Efficiency, Rural Development, Production and Process Engineering, Industrial Design and Information Technology and Communication.
The handling of the proposal to conserve the name Acacia at the 17th International Botanical Congress—an attempt at minority rule
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G. Moore
Full Text Available The handling of controversial Proposal 1584 to conserve the name Acacia with a conserved type for the Australian acacias during the Nomenclature Section meeting at the 17th International Botanical Congress (Vienna in 2005 is reviewed. Through a simple majority vote, this Section adopted rules requiring a 60% majority of votes to approve any proposal to modify the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature and a simple majority to approve all other motions; motions not receiving the required majority were to be rejected. However, for the motion addressing Proposal 1584, 45.1% voted to conserve the type of the name Acacia for Australian acacias, and 54.9% voted to retain the current African type for the name Acacia. Even though this motion failed to get a 60% majority either way as required by the Section's own rules, Section officials have concluded that the name Acacia is to be conserved for Australian acacias. Treating a motion as approved, even though it received only minority support, also violates the fundamental principle of standard parliamentary procedure—the right of the majority to approve proposals. For Acacia to be formally conserved, the Nomenclature Section needed to approve a motion addressing Proposal 1584 with a majority vote, and this never happened in Vienna. Recommendations are made on how this process might be improved.
The Teaching of Russian Language and Literature in Europe = L'enseignement de la langue et de la litterature russes en Europe = Prepodavanie russkogo yaeyka i literatury v Europe. Proceedings of the AIMAV Seminar (17th, Brussels, Belgium, 1986).
Blankoff, Jean, Ed.; And Others
Papers from the Proceedings of the 17th meeting of the AIMAV (Association internationale pour le developpement de la communication interculturelle) are collected in this volume. Conference papers appear either in English, in French, or in Russian. For purposes of this abstract, all titles below have been translated into English. The…
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Mehmet Nuri PARMAKSIZ
Full Text Available Classical Turkish poetry and classical Turkish music have been inseparable art branches for centuries. The best examples of music and poems created in the same periods have been the most prominent proof of this. One of these periods without doubt have been 17th century. It has been observed that composers demand divan poetry of 17thand 18thcentury greatly. Mystical poems constitute most of the poems composed in these centuries. Almost all of the poems in the divans of some mystic divan poets have been composed. In this study, the poets in the mentioned century have been determined and then the poems in the new and previous repertoires of these poets have been tried to reveal with screening and comparasion methods .
[History of the Halle Ars medica Judaica. V. Scientific achievements and medical publications of 2 centuries].
Kaiser, W; Völker, A
A medico-scientific journalism of Jewish origin which became increasedly recognizable on the German territory in the second half of the 17th century was at first based on the activities of Spanish-Portuguese exiles. Beginning with the 18th century at first the inaugural papers, but then also the publications of renowned Jewish physicians determined the profile of this literary group. The access to academic teaching professions becoming possible in the 19th century developed concentration points of research engagement, which in this place shall be indicated at the instance of the Medical Faculty of Halle University. PMID:2662660
Social differences in oral health: Dental status of individuals buried in and around Trakai Church in Lithuania (16th-17th c.c.).
Miliauskienė, Žydrūnė; Jankauskas, Rimantas
The evaluation of social differences in dental health is based on the assumption that individuals belonging to a higher social class consumed a different diet than a common people. The aim of our study was to analyse and compare dental health of 16(th) - 17(th) c. individuals, buried inside and around the Roman Catholic Church in Trakai (Lithuania). All material (189 adult individuals) was divided in two samples of a presumably different social status: the Churchyard (ordinary townsmen) and the Presbytery (elite). Dental status analysis included that of tooth loss, tooth wear, caries, abscesses and calculus. Results revealed higher prevalence of dental disease in the Churchyard sample compared to the Presbytery. Individuals buried around the church had statistically higher prevalence of caries, antemortem tooth loss and abscesses compared to those who were buried inside the church. The Churchyard sample was also characterised by a higher increase in severity of caries with age, and a more rapid tooth wear. Differences in dental health between the samples the most probably reflect different dietary habits of people from different social groups: poor quality carbohydrate based diet of laymen buried in the churchyard and more varied diet with proteins and of a better quality of local elite, buried inside the church. Substantial sex differences in dental health were found only in the Churchyard sample: males had statistically higher prevalence of abscesses and calculus, while females had higher prevalence of caries and AMTL (antemortem tooth loss). Females were also characterised by a higher increase in the number of dental decay and tooth loss with age and had higher prevalence of gross caries, which indicates a more rapid progression of the disease. Worse dental health of females could be a result of culturally based dietary differences between females (more carbohydrates) and males (more proteins) and different physiological demands (hormonal fluctuations and
PREFACE: 17th International School on Condensed Matter Physics (ISCMP): Open Problems in Condensed Matter Physics, Biomedical Physics and their Applications
Dimova-Malinovska, Doriana; Nesheva, Diana; Pecheva, Emilia; Petrov, Alexander G.; Primatarowa, Marina T.
We are pleased to introduce the Proceedings of the 17th International School on Condensed Matter Physics: Open Problems in Condensed Matter Physics, Biomedical Physics and their Applications, organized by the Institute of Solid State Physics of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. The Chairman of the School was Professor Alexander G Petrov. Like prior events, the School took place in the beautiful Black Sea resort of Saints Constantine and Helena near Varna, going back to the refurbished facilities of the Panorama hotel. Participants from 17 different countries delivered 31 invited lecturers and 78 posters, contributing through three sessions of poster presentations. Papers submitted to the Proceedings were refereed according to the high standards of the Journal of Physics: Conference Series and the accepted papers illustrate the diversity and the high level of the contributions. Not least significant factor for the success of the 17 ISCMP was the social program, both the organized events (Welcome and Farewell Parties) and the variety of pleasant local restaurants and beaches. Visits to the Archaeological Museum (rich in valuable gold treasures of the ancient Thracian culture) and to the famous rock monastery Aladja were organized for the participants from the Varna Municipality. These Proceedings are published for the second time by the Journal of Physics: Conference Series. We are grateful to the Journal's staff for supporting this idea. The Committee decided that the next event will take place again in Saints Constantine and Helena, 1-5 September 2014. It will be entitled: Challenges of the Nanoscale Science: Theory, Materials and Applications. Doriana Dimova-Malinovska, Diana Nesheva, Emilia Pecheva, Alexander G Petrov and Marina T Primatarowa Editors
Asientos and Military Contractors in the Seventeenth Century: The Example of the Bread and the Gunpowder
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Antonio José RODRÍGUEZ HERNÁNDEZ
Full Text Available This text approaches the importance of the Asientos inside the expense of the armies that fought in Spain during the 17th century. For it we analyze the management of the supply of bread whose quantity was the most outstanding expense of any army, which was always in private hands. We also analyze the production of gunpowder in Spain, and their transformation in a monopoly in private hands in the form of Asientos Generales.
The Environmental History of Cetaceans in Portugal: Ten Centuries of Whale and Dolphin Records
Brito, Cristina; Sousa, Andreia
The history between cetaceans and humans is documented throughout time not only in reports, descriptions, and tales but also in legal documents, laws and regulations, and tithes. This wealth of information comes from the easy spotting and identification of individuals due to their large size, surface breathing, and conspicuous above water behaviour. This work is based on historical sources and accounts accounting for cetacean presence for the period between the 12th and 17th centuries, as wel...
Significance of the balance between regulatory T (Treg and T helper 17 (Th17 cells during hepatitis B virus related liver fibrosis.
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Jing Li
Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus-related liver fibrosis (HBV-LF always progresses from inflammation to fibrosis. However, the relationship between these two pathological conditions is not fully understood. Here, it is postulated that the balance between regulatory T (Treg cells and T helper 17 (Th17 cells as an indicator of inflammation may predict fibrosis progression of HBV-LF. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The frequencies and phenotypes of peripheral Treg and Th17 cells of seventy-seven HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB patients who underwent liver biopsies and thirty healthy controls were determined by flow cytometry. In the periphery of CHB patients, both Treg and Th17 frequencies were significantly increased and correlated, and a lower Treg/Th17 ratio always indicated more liver injury and fibrosis progression. To investigate exact effects of Treg and Th17 cells during HBV-LF, a series of in vitro experiments were performed using purified CD4(+, CD4(+CD25(+, or CD4(+CD25(- cells from the periphery, primary human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs isolated from healthy liver specimens, human recombinant interleukin (IL-17 cytokine, anti-IL-17 antibody and HBcAg. In response to HBcAg, CD4(+CD25(+ cells significantly inhibited cell proliferation and cytokine production (especially IL-17 and IL-22 by CD4(+CD25(- cells in cell-contact and dose-dependent manners. In addition, CD4(+ cells from CHB patients, compared to those from HC subjects, dramatically promoted proliferation and activation of human HSCs. Moreover, in a dramatically dose-dependent manner, CD4(+CD25(+ cells from CHB patients inhibited, whereas recombinant IL-17 response promoted the proliferation and activation of HSCs. Finally, in vivo evidence about effects of Treg/Th17 balance during liver fibrosis was obtained in concanavalin A-induced mouse fibrosis models via depletion of CD25(+ or IL-17(+ cells, and it's observed that CD25 depletion promoted, whereas IL-17 depletion
Correctness of model-based software composition (CMC). Proceedings. ECOOP 2003 Workshop #11 in association with the 17th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, Darmstadt, Germany, July 22, 2003.
Straeten, Ragnhild; Speck, Andreas; Pulvermueller, Elke; Clauss, Matthias; Pleuss, Andreas; [Hrsg.
This proceedings contains the contributions to the Workshop on Correctness of Model-based Software Composition, held in conjunction with the 17th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP), Darmstadt, Germany on July 22, 2003. While most events concentrate on realisations of composition on the technological level this workshop aims at closing the gap of ensuring the intended composition result supported by the usage of models. Two important problems in...
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Hyperfine Interactions and 17th International Symposium on Nuclear Quadrupole Interactions (HFI/NQI 2004) Bonn, Germany, 22–27 August 2004
Maier, K; HFI/NQI 2004
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Hyperfine Interactions and 17th International Symposium on Nuclear Quadrupole Interactions, HFI/NQI 2004, held in Bonn, Germany, 22-27 August, 2004 Researchers and graduate students interested in the Mössbauer Effect and its applications will find this volume indispensable. The volume presents the most recent developments in the methodology of Mössbauer spectroscopy. Reprinted from Hyperfine Interactions (HYPE) Volume 158/159.
Joint conference of 17th international Toki conference on physics of flows and turbulence in plasmas and 16th international stellarator/heliotron workshop 2007. Proceedings (1)
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The Joint Conference of 16th International Stellarator/Heliotron Workshop (ISHW) and 17th International Toki Conference (ITC) was held in Toki (Japan) October 15-19 2007 and organized by the National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS). More than 200 experts in stellarator/heliotron research from Australia, Austria, Belgium, Germany, Japan, Russia, Serbia, Spain, Ukraine and the United States of America gathered at the conference. The International Advisory committee chaired by O. Motojima, the International Program Committee (IPC) chaired by C. Hidalgo and the Local Organizing Committee (LOC) chaired by H. Yamada have played the leading role in the elaboration of the scientific programme of the joint conference. This series of Stellarator Workshops is organized biennially in the framework of the International Energy Agency (IEA) Implementing Agreement on the Stellarator Concept. NIFS has organized the ITC as an annual meeting for fusion related sciences since its establishment in 1989. The IPC arranged 2 plenary talks, 1 review talk, 2 tutorial talks, 23 invited talks in addition to 201 contributed presentations. The driving force behind magnetically confined fusion research is the design of magnetic traps to confine high temperature plasmas of deuterium and tritium in reactor relevant conditions (i.e. to produce self-sustaining fusion reactions to release useful energy). Although next step magnetic confinement devices, such as ITER, will be based on the tokamak idea, it is not clear that a unique magnetic configuration will be the answer to the various possible applications of fusion energy and hence other magnetic confinement concepts should be explored. The stellarator is an alternative magnetic confinement concept, with the specific advantages of an intrinsically steady state magnetic field an disruption free operation. The 3D magnetic field geometry in stellarators needs an elaborate optimization to guarantee confinement properties which meet the basic
Studies on elephant tusks and hippopotamus teeth collected from the early 17th century Portuguese shipwreck off Goa, West coast of India: Evidence of maritime trade between Goa, Portugal and African countries
Digital Repository Service at National Institute of Oceanography (India)
Tripati, S.; Godfrey, I.
,12 indicates that this mineral is best represented by the for- mula Ca10(PO4)6(CO3)H2O. Small amounts of calcium carbonate and calcium fluoride comprise the bulk of the remainder. Chemistry and deterioration of ivory The physical, chemical and biological....), The 9th International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Symposium, Institution of Chemical Engineers, Rugby, UK, 1995, pp. 66?71. 16. Sillen, A., Diagenesis of the inorganic phase of cortical bone. In The Chemistry of Prehistoric Human Bone (ed...
Elizabeth Gaskell's and George Eliot's Common Interest in Two Literary Women of 17th-Century France: Madame de Sablé and Madame de Sévigné
Jumeau, Alain
En 1854, Elizabeth Gaskell était déjà une romancière célèbre, mais George Eliot n'avait pas encore mis à l'épreuve ses talents de romancière. Elle n'en était qu'aux débuts de sa carrière littéraire. Marian Evans (comme elle s'appelait, avant d'adopter le nom de plume de George Eliot) était encore rédactrice de la Westminster Review. Par une coïncidence intéressante, les deux grandes romancières victoriennes rédigèrent toutes les deux, cette année-là, des articles sur Madame de Sablé, parlant ...
Bibliotecas y libros en la cultura universitaria de Córdoba durante los siglos XVII y XVIII Libraries and Books in the University Culture of Córdoba during the 17th and 18th Centuries
Silvano G. A. Benito Moya
Se estudia el proceso de conformación del sistema de bibliotecas universitario colonial en Córdoba (Argentina), aproximadamente entre 1609 fecha en que se estableció el Colegio Máximo jesuita y la primera década revolucionaria de 1810. Dos etapas quedan bien definidas, el período de administración jesuítica (1609-1767), caracterizado por el lento proceso de construcción de las bibliotecas y, luego de la expulsión, el período franciscano (1767-1807) en que las mismas quedaron bajo la administr...
Alimentación, ocio y cultura en el pazo de Goiáns en el siglo XVIII = Feeding, leisure time and culture in the pazo of Goians (17th and 19th centuries)
Vázquez Lijó, José María
En esta comunicación se analizan algunos aspectos del micro cosmos cultural de un pazo gallego, el de Goiáns, cuya excepcional ubicación a orillas de la ría de Arousa dota de alto valor añadido a este solar con espacios singulares como pesquera y embarcadero. Los inventarios de bienes de la casa informan de varios indicadores culturales de las elites (libros, juegos, obras artísticas, instrumentos musicales) y otros, como la alimentación, pueden estudiarse gracias a la documentación contable....
Bibliotecas y libros en la cultura universitaria de Córdoba durante los siglos XVII y XVIII Libraries and Books in the University Culture of Córdoba during the 17th and 18th Centuries
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Silvano G. A. Benito Moya
Full Text Available Se estudia el proceso de conformación del sistema de bibliotecas universitario colonial en Córdoba (Argentina, aproximadamente entre 1609 fecha en que se estableció el Colegio Máximo jesuita y la primera década revolucionaria de 1810. Dos etapas quedan bien definidas, el período de administración jesuítica (1609-1767, caracterizado por el lento proceso de construcción de las bibliotecas y, luego de la expulsión, el período franciscano (1767-1807 en que las mismas quedaron bajo la administración de la Junta de Temporalidades. La organización física; la concepción mental de clasificar el conocimiento; los servicios que prestaban; y el rol de los bibliotecarios, son algunos de las temáticas relacionadas que se abordan.This is a study of the process of the development of library systems in colonial Córdoba (Argentina from around 1609, the date in which the Jesuit Collegium Maximum was founded, to 1810 (the first decade of the Revolutionary period. Two stages of development are clearly defined, the period of Jesuit administration (1609-1767 characterized by the slow process of constructing the libraries, and later the expulsion, the Franciscan period (1797-1807 in which these orders came under the administration of the Junta de Temporalidades. The physical organization; the mental conception of the categorization of knowledge, the services that they provided and the role of librarians are some of the topics that are addressed.
Reform and Plight: Anti- dueling Campaigns in the 17th Century England%革新与困境:17世纪英国的反决斗运动
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La elección del método contable: el caso del Cabildo Catedral de Sevilla, siglo XVI = Choosing an accounting method in the 17th century: the case of the Cathedral Council of Sevilla, Spain
José Julián Hernández Borreguero
Gracias al avanzado estado de las investigaciones en Historia de la Contabilidad podemos situar en qué momento temporal aparecieron sucesivamente los distintos métodos contables que hoy conocemos. A pesar de ello, son pocos los estudios que analizan por qué los contadores elegían uno u otro para gestionar una determinada entidad económica. En nuestra opinión existen una serie de restricciones y condicionantes a la hora de la decisión sobre el método contable a implantar en un determinado nego...
Social y culturalmente ambiguos: criollos-mestizos de Tucumán, siglo XVII Socially and culturally ambiguous: criollo-mestizo population of Tucumán (Argentina, 17th century
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Estela Noli
Full Text Available Este artículo analiza la influencia de las sociedades indígenas sobre los descendientes de conquistadores españoles, los criollos. Se estudiará el caso de Juan Jordán de Trejo y los impedimentos presentados por una facción del cabildo de San Miguel de Tucumán a su admisión como teniente de gobernador. Este individuo descendía de una familia encomendera de Tafí, llamada Melián de Leguizamo y Guevara, pero pertenecía a una rama no favorecida del linaje y se desempeñaba como administrador de ese pueblo. Se indagará sobre las características de su mestizaje en el que destaca, a modo de espejo -de la españolización u occidentalización de los indios-, el manejo fluido de la lengua indígena, el conocimiento de las sociedades prehispánicas y sus territorios y el analfabetismo. Se analizará su rol como mediador interétnico (passeur culturel y las ventajas y obstáculos de este perfil en distintas coyunturas para el desempeño social y político en el grupo dominante.This article analyzes the influence of indigenous societies on the descendants of Spanish conquistadors, known as criollos. The subject is approached through a case study which shows how a faction of San Miguel de Tucumán town council (cabildo tried to prevent the admission of Juan Jordán de Trejo as deputy governor (teniente de gobernador. He belonged to the Melián de Leguizamo y Guevara family, owners of encomiendas in Tafí, but his lower lineage made him served as the town's administrator. Specific characteristics of his intercultural persona resembling a mirror image -referred to as Spanishization or Westernization of the Indians- will be studied, including his fluency in the indigenous language, his knowledge of pre-Hispanic societies and their territories and his illiteracy. His role as interethnic mediator (passeur culturel, and the advantages and drawbacks such a profile presents at different junctures, for social and political participation in the dominant group, will also be analyzed.
The Earliest Returned Students in the 17th Century:Shen Fuzong and Zheng Manuo%沈福宗、郑玛诺:17世纪去欧洲的最早留学生
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It was said that Rong Hong was the first returned student in the Qing Dynasty.In fact,Shen Fuzong and Zheng Manuo were the pioneers during the Kangxi period.Shen Fuzong came from middle class,went to Europe.He studied re-ligion in Rome,and was a Catholic not Christian.He translated"The Analects of Confucius"in Latin,which was given to the library of Oxford University as a present.His communication with academic circle and scientists drew attention from scholars and kings of France and England,raised their interest in Chinese language and promoted their understanding of Chinese medicine and Chinese characters.Shen Fuzong died in 1692.Zheng Manuo went to Europe in 1645,thirty-six years earlier than Shen Furong.After five years traveling full of frustrations,he arrived at Rome and studied in a divinity school.Afterwards he became a priest and was the second Chinese Roman Catholic priest,and the first Chinese Roman Catholic priest in the Society of Jesus.He made an important contributions to spreading religion in China.%关于清代留学生,一般学者以容闳为第一人,其实,康熙年间的沈福宗、郑玛诺两人当为先行者。沈福宗出身于中等阶层,1681年启程赴欧,但不是17世纪第一个踏上欧洲大陆的中国人。他在罗马学习宗教,是天主教徒而非耶稣教徒,他负责翻译并校对拉丁文译本的《论语》,被赠送给了英国牛津图书馆;与学者和科学家的交流,引起了法国、英国国王和学者界的关注和西方对中国语言的兴趣,促进了西方对中国医药、汉字的了解。沈福宗卒于1692年而非史景迁所说之1691年。郑玛诺1645年出国赴欧,比沈福宗出国留学早36年,历尽坎坷,5年后才到达罗马,进入神学院学习,在欧洲成为神父,是天主教第二位中国籍司铎,还是耶苏会中第一位中国籍司铎,对宗教在中国的传播有重要贡献。
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Jeremy Laurance; 贾庆文
Albert Einstein began working at the patent office in Bern, Switzerland, a little more than a century ago. He had flunked the entrance exam for the Swiss Federal Insitute of Technology and took the job evaluating inventions because it paid a regular salary.
On the Way from Prague to Wrocław: Sacred Music by Early 18th-Century Prague Composers in Silesia
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Kapsa, Václav
Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2013 - (Gancarczyk, P.; Hlávková-Mráčková, L.; Pośpiech, R.), s. 267-287. (Eastern European Studies in Musicology. Volume 1). ISBN 978-3-631-63414-1 Institutional support: RVO:68378076 Keywords : sacred music * Prague composers * musical sources * 17th and 18th century music * Prague cathedral * Breslau cathedral Subject RIV: AL - Art, Architecture, Cultural Heritage
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Full Text Available This paper discusses how and why the Quakers dealt with human rights issues in the United States before 20th century, ranging from the mid 17th century to the mid 19th century. It applies Nash Smith's interdisciplinary theory as a theoretical approach. The Quakers, as a Christian religious group, had got several features or identities since George Fox declared its existence in England in the mid of 17th century. They lived in simplicity, adopted the principle of pacifism, rejected paying tith and tax, rejected taking off hat, used archaic words, and so forth. However, the Quakers in the United States had shown a new feature or identity; namely, the enforcement of human rights in the eras before the 20th century. The human rights enforcement was motivated by their piety and loyality to the Quakerism. In other words, it was an expression of their belief in Quakerism. This theology empowered their thoughts and actions in responding issues pertaining to human rights of the minorities i.e. the Indians or Native Americans, the African-Americans, and women along the span of time. Their goal was to let the minorities enjoy their unalienable rights as what most of white men had enjoyed.
Breakthrough cancer medicine and its impact on novel drug development in China:report of the US Chinese Anti-Cancer Association (USCACA) and Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) Joint Session at the 17th CSCO Annual Meeting
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Feng Roger Luo; Ge Zhang; Li Xu; Pascal Qian; Li Yan; Jian Ding; Helen X. Chen; Hao Liu; Man-Cheong Fung; Maria Koehler; Jean Pierre Armand; Lei Jiang; Xiao Xu
The US Chinese Anti-Cancer Association (USCACA) teamed up with Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) to host a joint session at the17th CSCO Annual Meeting on September 20th, 2014 in Xiamen, China. With a focus on breakthrough cancer medicines, the session featured innovative approaches to evaluate breakthrough agents and established a platform to interactively share successful experiences from case studies of 6 novel agents from both the United States and China. The goal of the session is to inspire scientific and practical considerations for clinical trial design and strategy to expedite cancer drug development in China. A panel discussion further provided in-depth advice on advancing both early and ful development of novel cancer medicines in China.
Tick-borne encephalitis as a notifiable disease--Status quo and the way forward. Report of the 17th annual meeting of the International Scientific Working Group on Tick-Borne Encephalitis (ISW-TBE).
Kunze, Ursula
The 17th meeting of the International Scientific Working Group on Tick-Borne Encephalitis (ISW-TBE), a group of neurologists, general practicioners, clinicians, travel physicians, virologists, pediatricians, and epidemiologists, was held under the title "Tick-borne encephalitis as a notifiable disease--status quo and the way forward". The conference agenda was divided into three parts on the first day: "Epidemiology & Risk areas", "Poster Walk: Epidemiological Update in Europe", and "News in TBE Research". On the second day, a World Café Working Session took place where the participants could choose three tables out of six to join for discussion. Key topics on current epidemiological developments and investigations, risk areas, cases, travel and mobility, TBE in children, vaccination rates, and latest news on vaccination were presented and extensively discussed. PMID:26025269
The rotten, the disembowelled woman, the skinned man - Body images from eighteenth Century Florentine wax modelling
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De Ceglia Francesco
Full Text Available Florence's Museum of La Specola stirs up strong emotions. Amongst its collections, the valuable anatomical wax models created between the 17th and 18th century stand out due to the marvellous and provocative nature of its pieces. The aim of this essay is to analyse the communication models epitomised by some of these works by means of historic semiotics. This is in order to nourish the shared, but often underestimated assumption that science and the means used to spread it have always been influenced by intellectual suppositions and fused with culture.
[Medical books printed in the 16th century in Dalmatian libraries].
Dujmovic, Dubravka
The purpose of this text is to search for medical books in monasteries, museums and university libraries in Split, Omi's, Zaostrog, Ciovo (near Trogir) and Sinj. Medical books from the 17th century were rare. When we compare this research with previous ones, one can conclude that very little of such sort of literature in Dalmatian libraries is still existing. Among preserved literary works we found works by Galenus, Oribasius, Valverde and others. The explanation for the little number of medical books is to be seeked in hard historical and educational conditions, destruction and damage to library stock in the past. PMID:17152192
Cook, Benjamin I.; Smerdon, Jason E.; Seager, Richard; Coats, Sloan
Global warming is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of droughts in the twenty-first century, but the relative contributions from changes in moisture supply (precipitation) versus evaporative demand (potential evapotranspiration; PET) have not been comprehensively assessed. Using output from a suite of general circulation model (GCM) simulations from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, projected twenty-first century drying and wetting trends are investigated using two offline indices of surface moisture balance: the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). PDSI and SPEI projections using precipitation and Penman-Monteith based PET changes from the GCMs generally agree, showing robust cross-model drying in western North America, Central America, the Mediterranean, southern Africa, and the Amazon and robust wetting occurring in the Northern Hemisphere high latitudes and east Africa (PDSI only). The SPEI is more sensitive to PET changes than the PDSI, especially in arid regions such as the Sahara and Middle East. Regional drying and wetting patterns largely mirror the spatially heterogeneous response of precipitation in the models, although drying in the PDSI and SPEI calculations extends beyond the regions of reduced precipitation. This expansion of drying areas is attributed to globally widespread increases in PET, caused by increases in surface net radiation and the vapor pressure deficit. Increased PET not only intensifies drying in areas where precipitation is already reduced, it also drives areas into drought that would otherwise experience little drying or even wetting from precipitation trends alone. This PET amplification effect is largest in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes, and is especially pronounced in western North America, Europe, and southeast China. Compared to PDSI projections using precipitation changes only, the projections incorporating both
The Catalonia of the 10th to 12th centuries and the historiographic definition of feudalism
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Flocel Sabaté
Full Text Available The historiographic evolution of the concept of feudalism, from its formulation in the 17th century until today, has affected Catalonia differently. In the last quarter of the 20th century, it reached a prominent position as a paradigm of the mutationist model. The numerous sources still conserved, coupled with the enrichment of interpretative perspectives, facilitate a revision. However, it should be undertaken cautiously in light of the pitfalls of the documentation itself and the hermeneutic difficulties. Nonetheless, revision is a challenge that cannot be neglected given that the events that took place in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula between the 10th and 12th centuries heavily conditioned the subsequent history.
John Milton: Puritan Tradition and Political Languages in XVIIth Century
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Laura MITAROTONDO
Full Text Available It is not simple to place John Milton in a specific political current of the English historical context of 17th century. In detail, we want to study Milton's prose works to extract the topics of the English civic and political tradition in the First Revolution age. In these terms, we'll analyze the Commonplace Book, a collection of commentaries about texts and authors, and about various subjects: the interpretations of Machiavelli in the Old English tradition of the Modern age, the idea of man's freedom and his relationship with natural law and political authority, according to the general perspective of the Puritan religion, which characterizes Milton's political language.
The 21st Century as Whose Century?
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David Scott
Full Text Available Macro-analysis and East-West encounter are shown through consideration of objective yet subjective constructed concepts for the international system and international economy in the 21st century. Three paradigms are considered, namely the 21st century as the Pacific Century, as Chinas Century and as the Asian Century. Overlaps are shown between these three paradigms, as also developments in time, and gradually shift in geographical location. The Pacific Century, and its associated Rimspeak, was the paradigm emerging in the late 1970s, knitting together Americas West Coast and the Japanese economy. By the late 1980s this was already shifting to talk of the 21st century likely to be an Asian Century model, mark-1, based on the Pacific Asia dynamism shown by the Asian Tigers and Japan. However, the Asian financial crash of 1997-8, and the economic downturn in Japan, meant that such an Asian Century seemed premature as the 21st century arrived. Instead, it was Chinas economic growth that seemed most evident, and with it the concept of the 21st century as Chinas Century. However, in turn that has already been modified during the first decade of the century by Indias arrival as a rapidly growing economy. Consequently the 21st century as Chinas Century and as Indias Century has been combined into talk of an Asian Century, mark-2.
Sixteenth to eightteenth century depictions of cole crops (Brassica oleracea L.), turnip (B. rapa L. cultivar group Vegetable turnip) and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) in Flandres and the present-day Netherlands.
Zeven, A.C.
Cole and neep crops are old crops in the Low Countries. The first archival records date from the 14th century. The crops have been described in herbals of the 16th and 17th century. During the 16th to 18th century they have also been depicted on paintings. In a herbal of 1554 by Dodonaeus white, red and Savoy cabbages, cauliflower and kale have been described. Except for kale these cole crops have been observed in paintings. Some red cabbages are truly red, whereas most are purplish. Some hav...
Duplantier, Bertrand; Raimond, Jean-Michel; Rivasseau, Vincent
This fourteenth volume in the Poincaré Seminar Series is devoted to Niels Bohr, his foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory and their continuing importance today. This book contains the following chapters: - Tomas Bohr, Keeping Things Open; - Olivier Darrigol, Bohr's Trilogy of 1913; -John Heilbron, The Mind that Created the Bohr Atom; - Serge Haroche & Jean-Michel Raimond, Bohr's Legacy in Cavity QED; - Alain Aspect, From Einstein, Bohr, Schrödinger to Bell and Feynman: a New Quantum Revolution?; - Antoine Browaeys, Interacting Cold Rydberg Atoms: A Toy Many-Body System; - Michel Bitbol & Stefano Osnaghi, Bohr´s Complementarity and Kant´s Epistemology. Dating from their origin in lectures to a broad scientific audience these seven chapters are of high educational value. This volume is of general interest to physicists, mathematicians and historians.
17th International Microgravity Measurements Group Meeting
DeLombard, Richard
The Seventeenth International Microgravity Measurements Group (MGMG) meeting was held 24-26 March 1998 at the Ohio Aerospace Institute (OAI) in Brook Park, Ohio. This meeting focused on the transition of microgravity science research from the Shuttle, Mir, and free flyers to the International Space Station. The MGMG series of meetings are conducted by the Principal Investigator Microgravity Services project of the Microgravity Science Division at the NASA Lewis Research Center. The MGMG meetings provide a forum for the exchange of information and ideas about the microgravity environment and microgravity acceleration research in the Microgravity Research Program. The meeting had participation from investigators in all areas of microgravity research. The attendees included representatives from: NASA centers; National Space Development Agency of Japan; European Space Agency; Daimler Benz Aerospace AG; Deutsches Zentrum fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt; Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales; Canadian Space Agency, national research institutions; Universities in U.S., Italy, Germany, and Russia; and commercial companies in the U.S. and Russia. Several agencies presented summaries of the measurement, analysis, and characterization of the microgravity environment of the Shuttle, Mir, and sounding rockets over the past fifteen years. This extensive effort has laid a foundation for pursuing a similar course during future microgravity science experiment operations on the ISS. Future activities of microgravity environment characterization were discussed by several agencies who plan to operate on the ISS.
17th session of the Baltic Assembly
Balti Assamblee 17. istungjärgu dokumendid. Lõppdokument. Avaldus NATO-ga liitumise kohta. Pöördumine Balti Ministrite Nõukogu poole raudteetranspordi arendamise asjus. Resolutsioon noorte turismi arendamise kohta. Resolutsioon muuseumite pedagoogilise ja haridusliku rolli tõhustamisest. Balti Assamblee sekratariaadi korraldused. Otsus Balti Assamblee 2001. a. eelarve kohta. Pöördumine Vene Föderatsiooni poole
17th International Conference on RF Superconductivity
RF superconductivity is the key technology of accelerators for particle physics, nuclear physics and light sources. SRF 2015 covered the latest advances in the science, technology, and applications of superconducting RF. There was also an industrial exhibit during the conference with the key vendors in the community available to discuss their capabilities and products.
第17届仁川亚运会中国男篮实力之分析%Strength Analysis of Chinese Men's Basketball Team in the 17th Incheon Asian Games
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
张威; 邵俭; 刘大年; 刘宁宁
本文采用文献资料、录像解析与统计、数据库构建等综合性研究方法,对中国男篮在第17届仁川亚运会以及参赛队伍在比赛中获得的客观指标进行数据处理与比较,分析中国男篮在比赛中的表现,论证中国男篮与亚洲强队之间的差距,为中国男篮提供一定的数据基础。%With comprehensive research methods of literature,video analysis and statistics and database building, the paper conducts data processing and comparison of the objective index of Chinese Men's Basketball team and other participating teams in the 17th Incheon Asian Games in competitions.By analyzing the performance of Chinese Men's Basketball,the paper demonstrates the gap between Chinese Men's Basketball team and Asian powerful teams to provide certain data base for Chinese Men's Basketball team.
17th September 2010 - Signature of a joint declaration by CERN represented by Director-General R. Heuer and the Brazilian Centre for Physics Research (CBPF) represented by R. Shellard, witnessed by the Ambassador to the United Nations Office M. N. Farani Azevêdo, signing the guest book.
Maximilien Brice
17th September 2010 - Signature of a joint declaration by CERN represented by Director-General R. Heuer and the Brazilian Centre for Physics Research (CBPF) represented by R. Shellard, witnessed by the Ambassador to the United Nations Office M. N. Farani Azevêdo, signing the guest book.
South-Eastern Policy of Russia in the Middle of the 18th Century in the Light of Orientalist Discourse
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Aznabaev B. A.
Full Text Available The correctness of application of orientalist discourse of E. Said to the colonial policy of the Russian Empire is analyzed in the article on the example of P. I. Rychkov research. By studying integration of Bashkirs in the structure of the Russian state, the author came to the conclusion that Russia's policy in the East was based on the experience of the management of non-Russian peoples, which was developed in the 16-17th centuries. The establishment of "cultural distance" is typical only for a small group of educated administrators of past-Petrine era. Most of the officials of the region, as in the preceding period, and during the time of Rychkov and Tatishchev preferred to rely on traditional methods of Bashkir management, which was developed in the period of their voluntary accession. Managerial stereotypes of 16-17th centuries, had significant influence on policy towards South-Eastern peoples of Russia even in the 19th century. The Russian administration inherent in the desire to integrate the non-Russian peoples in the General class structure of the state on the basis of analogies or correspondences, the objective of which was social and cultural rapprochement of the two societies.
Simultaneous analysis of T helper subsets (Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, Tfh, Tr1 and Tregs markers expression in periapical lesions reveals multiple cytokine clusters accountable for lesions activity and inactivity status
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Ana Claudia ARAUJO-PIRES
Full Text Available Previous studies demonstrate that the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators determines the stable or progressive nature of periapical granulomas by modulating the balance of the osteoclastogenic factor RANKL and its antagonist OPG. However, the cytokine networks operating in the development of periapical lesions are quite more complex than what the simple pro- versus anti-inflammatory mediators' paradigm suggests. Here we simultaneously investigated the patterns of Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, Thf, Tr1 and Tregs cytokines/markers expression in human periapical granulomas. Methods: The expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL23, IL21, IL-33, IL-10, IL-4, IL-9, IL-22, FOXp3 markers (via RealTimePCR array was accessed in active/progressive (N=40 versus inactive/stable (N=70 periapical granulomas (as determined by RANKL/OPG expression ratio, and also to compare these samples with a panel of control specimens (N=26. A cluster analysis of 13 cytokine levels was performed to examine possible clustering between the cytokines in a total of 110 granulomas. Results: The expression of all target cytokines was higher in the granulomas than in control samples. TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17A and IL-21 mRNA levels were significantly higher in active granulomas, while in inactive lesions the expression levels of IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, IL-22 and FOXp3 were higher than in active granulomas. Five clusters were identified in inactive lesion groups, being the variance in the expression levels of IL-17, IL-10, FOXp3, IFN-γ, IL-9, IL-33 and IL-4 statistically significant (KW p<0.05. Three clusters were identified in active lesions, being the variance in the expression levels of IL-22, IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-33, FOXp3, IL-21 and RANKL statistically significant (KW p<0.05. Conclusion: There is a clear dichotomy in the profile of cytokine expression in inactive and active periapical lesions. While the widespread cytokine expression seems to be a feature of chronic
The environmental history of cetaceans in Portugal: ten centuries of whale and dolphin records.
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Cristina Brito
Full Text Available The history between cetaceans and humans is documented throughout time not only in reports, descriptions, and tales but also in legal documents, laws and regulations, and tithes. This wealth of information comes from the easy spotting and identification of individuals due to their large size, surface breathing, and conspicuous above water behaviour. This work is based on historical sources and accounts accounting for cetacean presence for the period between the 12th and 17th centuries, as well as scientific articles, newspapers, illustrations, maps, non-published scientific reports, and other grey literature from the 18th century onwards. Information on whale use in Portugal's mainland has been found since as early as the 12th century and has continued to be created throughout time. No certainty can be given for medieval and earlier events, but both scavenging of stranded whales or use of captured ones may have happened. There is an increasing number of accounts of sighted, stranded, used, or captured cetaceans throughout centuries which is clearly associated with a growing effort towards the study of these animals. Scientific Latin species denominations only started to be registered from the 18th century onwards, as a consequence of the evolution of natural sciences in Portugal and increasing interest from zoologists. After the 19th century, a larger number of observations were recorded, and from the 20th century to the present day, regular scientific records have been collected. Research on the environmental history of cetaceans in Portugal shows a several-centuries-old exploitation of whales and dolphins, as resources mainly for human consumption, followed in later centuries by descriptions of natural history documenting strandings and at sea encounters. Most cetaceans species currently thought to be present in Portuguese mainland waters were at some point historically recorded.
Rolling-element bearings in China: From ancient times to the 20th century
Sun, Lie; Li, Ang
The development of rolling-element bearings in China has spanned a long period. Based on several typical and important cases, the present article reconstructs the history of rolling-element bearings in China by dividing it into four stages according to the various characteristics of the bearings. The first stage represents the origin of rolling bearings in China, which remains controversial because of several suspected races and cages that were likely the components of bearings more than a millennium ago. At the second stage, a type of simple roller bearing was used for astronomical instruments not later than the 13th century based on clear philological and physical evidence. A similar bearing was also applied to an abridged armillary in the 17th century. Another type of spherical thrust bearings with rolling elements, which is a key component of a traditional Chinese windmill, could support a rotating shaft that moves rotationally and at an angle. At the third stage, the Chinese began studying and using the so-called Europeanstyle bearing since the 17th century. Moreover, over the last 100 years, the modern rolling bearing industry was gradually established in China, particularly because of the technology transfer from the Soviet Union in the 1950s. At the fourth stage, the Chinese government initiated the relatively rapid development of bearing technology. The government launched the "bearing movement" from the 1950s to the 1960s to establish the modern bearing industry and to promote rolling bearings as replacement for traditional sliding bearings. Furthermore, a number of large professional factories and institutions in China have continually introduced advanced technology and equipment. At present, these companies and institutions play a significant role in the international bearing industry.
Visual learning in the 21st Century: Cape Breton step dance on the small screen and as a learning tool in the dance class
Melin, Mats H.
non-peer-reviewed clips of Cape Breton step dancing of old is difficult. As a dance genre it was passed on informally at home or at house ceilidhs for generations since the arrival of Europeans to Cape Breton in the late 17th Century. Transmission was visual, aural and kinaesthetic. "You just picked it up" or if you were lucky you could access a dancing master who would teach you, but generally you learnt initially from a family member and by watching others dance. By the 1970s dance class...
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Fabricius, Anne
The article reviews the book "Nineteenth-Century English: Stability and Change," by Merja Kytö, Mats Rydèn and Erik Smitterberg......The article reviews the book "Nineteenth-Century English: Stability and Change," by Merja Kytö, Mats Rydèn and Erik Smitterberg...
Arterial Stiffening in Perspective: Advances in Physical and Physiological Science Over Centuries.
O'Rourke, Michael F; O'Brien, Caroline; Edelman, Elazer R
Arterial stiffening is not a new issue in medicine or research but was the prime concern of Richard Bright in the early 19th century and of the prominent London physicians and pathologists who tried to unscramble the relationship between kidney, heart, and cerebrovascular disease and hardness of the pulse in the late 19th century. It was of major concern to medical educators including Osler and Mackenzie who were still active in practice 100 years ago. It is all too easy (when dependent on the Internet) to consider arterial stiffness to be a new issue. The terms arterial stiffness, aortic stiffness, or wave reflection do not appear as categories for articles such as this in respectable journals, nor in categories for meetings of specialized physicians. Yet as described in this article, the subject was of interest to clinicians, to investigators such as Harvey in the 17th century, and to physicists who developed laws and principles of elasticity from the study of biological materials including ligaments and arteries. This paper provides a perspective on arterial stiffness from the time of William Harvey and Isaac Newton to the present, with a glance into the future. PMID:27001969
Occupational medicine in the Idria mercury mine in the 18th century.
Slavec, Z Z
Of all medical sciences in Slovenia, occupational medicine has the longest tradition. It is not a mere coincidence that it had developed already at the beginning of 18th century in Idria. The Mercury mine in Idria, is the second largest European mine of its kind, next to the Spanish Almaden, and has been owned by the Habsburg dynasty for four centuries. To attain higher production, the miners in Idria received medical and social care much earlier than anywhere else; chronic intoxication caused by mercury fumes greatly hindered their working ability. The first and, at the same time, one of the most prominent doctors in Idria, J.A. Scopoli (1723-1788) perfectly described the symptoms of chronic intoxication with mercury in his work De Hydrargyro Idriensi Tentamina Physico-Chymico-Medica (Venice, 1761) and thus ranked himself among the early medical writers of occupational medicine, medical hygiene and toxicology. His predecessors were Ellenbog, Paracelsus, Mattioli and some others. The article describes the situation in the mine of Idria in the 17th and 18th century and focusses on Scopoli's mineralogical and medical discussion on mercury miners and mercurialism. PMID:11623564
21st Century Ergonomic Education, From Little e to Big E
Barsky, Constance K
Despite intense efforts, contemporary educational systems are not enabling individuals to function optimally in modern society. The main reason is that reformers are trying to improve systems that are not designed to take advantage of the centuries of history of the development of today's societies. Nor do they recognize the implications of the millions of years of history of life on earth in which humans are the latest edition of learning organisms. The contemporary educational paradigm of "education for all" is based on a 17th century model of "printing minds" for passing on static knowledge. This characterizes most of K-12 education. In contrast, 21st Century education demands a new paradigm, which we call Ergonomic Education. This is an education system that is designed to fit the students of any age instead of forcing the students to fit the education system. It takes into account in a fundamental way what students want to learn -- the concept "wanting to learn" refers to the innate ability and desire to...
A Century of Acoustic Metrology
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Rasmussen, Knud
The development in acoustic measurement technique over the last century is reviewed with special emphasis on the metrological aspect.......The development in acoustic measurement technique over the last century is reviewed with special emphasis on the metrological aspect....
Statisticians of the centuries
Seneta, E; Crépel, P; Fienberg, S; Gani, J
Statisticians of the Centuries aims to demonstrate the achievements of statistics to a broad audience, and to commemorate the work of celebrated statisticians. This is done through short biographies that put the statistical work in its historical and sociological context, emphasizing contributions to science and society in the broadest terms rather than narrow technical achievement. The discipline is treated from its earliest times and only individuals born prior to the 20th Century are included. The volume arose through the initiative of the International Statistical Institute (ISI), the principal representative association for international statistics (founded in 1885). Extensive consultations within the statistical community, and with prominent members of ISI in particular, led to the names of the 104 individuals who are included in the volume. The biographies were contributed by 73 authors from across the world. The editors are the well-known statisticians Chris Heyde and Eugene Seneta. Chris Heyde is Pro...
Lovreček, Dijana; Tomić, Siniša
Because it primarily affects the poor in undeveloped parts of the world where medical care is often inadequate and insufficient, envenomation is considered a neglected public health issue, despite the existence of antivenom therapy for more than a century. This article provides an overview of the epidemiological situation for important venomous animals, together with achievements in the production, control, technological progress and safety of antivenoms since their discovery.
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
IN an excavated pit at the side of an expressway in Shandong's Linzi are visible 2,000-year-old remains of horses and wooden carriages. The horse skeletons are on their side, in an attitude of motion. The pit was discovered in the late 20th century, when the expressway was being built. These early ancestors of modern transport, no longer "road-worthy," are now protected historic artifacts.
The Scientific Revolution--The Kidney and Nephrology in and about the Seventeenth Century (Part 1).
Eknoyan, Garabed
In the history of the evolution of the medical sciences, it is in the 17th century that the conscious, deliberate, and systematic study of the workings of the human body began. It was a product of the radical changing attitudes of this insurgent century when mathematical reasoning and mechanistic philosophy replaced the teleological outlook of earlier times. It was then that meticulous observation, reproducible quantification, experimental validation, and mathematical exactitude in the quest for truths launched the Scientific Revolution. The effect on medicine was a transformative change from a descriptive to an explanatory body of knowledge during the course of which rigorous anatomical dissections were used for the mechanical explanation of organ function, when morbid changes observed at postmortem began to be related to clinical features of disease, and when the secretive analytical methods of alchemy began to be refined for the study of chemical changes in living matter. Essentially what began with meticulous observations of anatomical features begat physiology and laid the foundations of pathology and chemistry. As a result, studies of organ structure, function, and changes in disease in general, and of the kidney in particular, were clarified and progressed at a rate never achieved theretofore. PMID:25560324
Identifying 21st Century Capabilities
Stevens, Robert
What are the capabilities necessary to meet 21st century challenges? Much of the literature on 21st century skills focuses on skills necessary to meet those challenges associated with future work in a globalised world. The result is a limited characterisation of those capabilities necessary to address 21st century social, health and particularly…
Étrange ou ennemi ? Typologie de l'étranger, construction identitaire et circonvolutions du discours dans l'Angleterre des XVIe et XVIIe siècles Monster or Enemy? Types of Strangers, Construction of National Identity, and the Meanderings of Discourse in 16th and 17th century England
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Michèle Vignaux
Full Text Available Taking Bacon's and Coke's definitions of strangers in the Case of the Post-Nati (1605 as a starting point, this article examines the implications of defining English citizens as subjects owing allegiance to the King of England by looking at the various types of allegiance (which may be implicit or explicit, geographically or temporally limited or unlimited. It concludes that the one unbridgeable chasm was with perpetual enemies, that is with infidels, rather than with strangers as such. Ironically, the monstrosities of Mandevillian lore resurfaced with the discovery of the "fourth continent" when in the face of economic "necessity" Christian discourse was trapped into labelling as monstrous, and denying humanity to, those strangers who were to be used as slaves.
L'athéisme au prisme des psaumes : étude comparée de quatre sermons réformés sur le psaume XIV au XVIIe siècle Atheism in the prism of psalms : comparative study on Psalm XIV in the 17th century
Inès Kirschleger
L'article propose une étude comparée de quatre sermons protestants sur l'athéisme prenant appui sur ce verset du psaume XIV, « L'insensé a dit en son cœur : il n'y a point de Dieu ». Bien qu'appartenant à des générations différentes, les auteurs de ces sermons, Amyraut, Gaches, Morus et Superville, font le choix d'un traitement similaire du thème de l'athéisme ; de fait, le verset d'appui du sermon, qui n'a rien d'original en la matière, montre bien que nous sommes devant un sujet d'école ave...
Word and image in 17th century preaching: a sermon of Antonio Vieira / A palavra e a imagem na pregação do século XVII: um sermão de Antônio Vieira
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Vilmar Douglas de Souza Pimenta
Full Text Available The research analyzes the use of metaphors, allegories, comparisons and examples, rhetoric resources addressed to the senses, passions and imagination of listeners, in Vieira's sermons "As Cinco Pedras da Funda de Davi". The figures compel the incitation of the listener's psychic dynamism. It was found that the images used are coherent with the Lenten liturgy and the sacramental hermeneutic reading of reality oriented by teleology. It was also verified that the use is based on Aristotelian-Thomistic rhetoric and philosophic-psychology, a knowledge of understanding man as totality, and that the power of word, figuratively, provides the elaboration of experience and behavioral change.
Sobre feitiços e ritos: enfermidade e cura nas reduções jesuítico-guaranis (século 17) On spells and rites: illness and cures in the Jesuitic-Guarani mission settlements (17th century)
Eliane Cristina Deckmann Fleck
Este artigo tem como objetivo principal apresentar as altera- ções nas práticas mágico-terapêuticas empregadas pelos Guarani, em decorrência do projeto jesuítico de civilização e de conversão que previa a concentração dos indígenas em reduções e a normatização de suas manifestações rituais e religiosas.This article has the main objective to introduce the alterations in the Guarani.s magic- therapeutic practices, resulting of Jesuit.s converting and civilization project, which demanded the con...
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Luis I de Lasa
Full Text Available La cartografía jesuítica constituye una fuente privilegiada para acceder a las formas de producción y uso del conocimiento geográfico y cartográfico referido a las fronteras australes del imperio español. Considerando que los mapas elaborados por los misioneros de la Compañía de Jesús son los primeros en integrar explícitamente el conocimiento espacial de los habitantes del territorio, indagamos sobre las condiciones de obtención de la información, las estrategias de apropiación y organización de los saberes indígenas y la compatibilización de distintas concepciones y representaciones del espacio en la elaboración del mapa. Atendiendo al uso de la producción de los jesuitas, identificamos los principales beneficiarios de este saber calificado. En este estudio examinamos los mapas generales de Patagonia de Alonso de Ovalle (1646, José Cardiel (1746-1747, 1749 y 1751 y Thomas Falkner (1772.Jesuit cartography serves as an exceptional sourcefor gaining access to the ways of production and use of the geographical and cartographic knowledge related to the southern borders of the Spanish empire. Taking into account that the maps produced by the missionaries from the Society ofJesus were the first to explicitly incorporate the spatial knowledge of the local inhabitants, we examined the conditions for collecting information, the strategiesfor appropriation and organization ofindigenous lore and the reconciliation ofdifferent spatial conceptions and representations upon producing the map. Considering the use made of the Jesuit production, we have identified the main beneficiaries from this intimate knowledge. At the present study we examine the general maps ofPatagonia produced by Alonso de Ovalle (1646, José Cardiel (1746-1747, 1749y 1751 and Thomas Falkner (1772.
Shaping of the Yunnan-Burma Frontier by Secret Societies since the End of the 17th Century Comment les sociétés secrètes ont façonné la frontière birmano-yunnanaise
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Ma Jianxiong
Full Text Available After the 1680s, Big Vehicle Religion gradually developed on the Yunnan-Burma frontier. It was banned by the Qing government and became a sect of Chinese secret societies. The founders of this religion combined various Buddhist and Taoist elements together and claimed this to be the route to their salvation. They also trained many students to be monks. After the Sino-Burma wars these monks established a Five Buddha Districts system among the Lahu and some Wa villages in western Mekong River, until the system was destroyed by the Qing government in the 1880s. The monks became leaders of the Luohei/Lahu through millenarianism and many Han immigrants also became involved in the movements to become the Lahu or the Wa. The monks performed critical roles as social activists in Lahu cultural reconstruction. As a shaping power, their human agency was deeply integrated into secret societies and they formulated regional political centers as well as a network mechanism for the floating indigenous populations. Secret societies clearly shaped a historical framework for local politics and economic flux in the Yunnan-Burma frontier and became a cross-border mechanism for contemporary life after the border between Yunnan, Burma and Thailand was decided. However, it used to be a networking dynamic linked with silver and copper minefields, Sino-Burma wars, and anti-Qing millenarianism. Local people could also use this frontier space for their negotiations with different states before the coming of European colonialism.Après les années 1680, le bouddhisme du grand véhicule se développa sur la frontière birmano-yunnanaise. Le gouvernement des Qing l'interdit mais il devint une secte diffusée par des sociétés secrètes. Les fondateurs de cette religion combinèrent des éléments bouddhistes et taoïstes et prétendirent que c'était la voie du salut. Ils formèrent également des élèves pour en faire des moines. Après les guerres sino-birmanes, ces moines établirent un système de cinq districts du Bouddha parmi les Lahu et certains villages Wa de l'ouest du Mékong, jusqu'à ce que ce système soit détruit par le gouvernement des Qing dans les années 1880. Ces moines devinrent des leaders des Luohei/lahu dans des mouvements millénaristes et de nombreux immigrants Han participèrent à ces mouvements pour devenir des Lahu ou des Wa. Ces moines tinrent des rôles critiques comme activistes sociaux dans la reconstruction culturelle lahu. En tant que pouvoir actif, leur action humaine fut profondément liée à des sociétés secrètes et ils instituèrent des centres politiques régionaux ainsi qu'un mécanisme de réseau pour des populations indigènes fluctuantes. À l'évidence, des sociétés secrètes donnèrent forme à un cadre historique pour la politique locale et les flux économiques à la frontière birmano-yunnanaise et devinrent un mécanisme transfrontalier pour la vie quotidienne après l'établissement de frontières entre le Yunnan, la Birmanie et la Thaïlande. Il s'agissait de fait d'un réseau dynamique lié aux mines d'argent et de cuivre, aux guerres sino-birmanes, ainsi qu'à un millénarisme anti-Qing. Les populations locales pouvaient également utiliser cet espace frontalier pour négocier avec les divers États avant l'établissement du colonialisme européen.
A modern conceptualization of phobia in al-Balkhi's 9th century treatise: Sustenance of the Body and Soul.
Awaad, Rania; Ali, Sara
Morbid fears and phobias have been mentioned in religious, philosophical and medical manuscripts since ancient times. Despite early insights by the Greeks, phobias did not appear as a separate clinical phenomenon in Western medicine until the 17th century and has evolved substantially since. However, robust investigations attempting to decipher the clinical nature of phobias emerged in pre-modern times during the oft-overlooked Islamic Golden Era (9th-12th centuries); which overlapped with Europe's medieval period. An innovative attempt was made by the 9th century Muslim scholar, Abu Zayd al-Balkhi, in his medical manuscript "Sustenance of the Body and Soul," to define phobias as a separate diagnostic entity. Al-Balkhi was one of the earliest to cluster psychological and physical symptoms of phobias under one category, "al-Fazaá", and outline a specific management plan. We analyze al-Balkhi's description of phobias, according to the modern understanding of psychiatric classifications and symptomatology as described in the DSM-5. PMID:26741063
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Physicists often complain that the phrase quantum leap'' is used erroneously, if harmlessly, by people to describe a large jump or change. Yet this month the physics community is celebrating the 100th anniversary of what must count as the beginning of the biggest quantum leap in the history of science, whichever way you define the phrase. On 14 December 1900 Max Planck presented a paper on the radiation emitted by a black body at a meeting of the German Physical Society in Berlin. This event is generally taken to mark the start of the quantum century, though few people realized it at the time - not even Planck himself. (U.K.)
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
@@ Nuclear weapons changed the world of the 20th century. Their powerful force rewrote history. Nuclear bombs dropped on Japan by the United States accelerated the collapse of Japanese militarism and hastened the end of World War Ⅱ. The West led by the United States and the East bloc led by the Soviet Union started a bitter nuclear arms race that mutually assured destruction. The balance of terror between the two blocs stabilized in the Cold War and prevented the world from actual armed conflict, thus maintaining a long-term but occasionally uneasy peace in Europe and the world.
Birgir Hrannar Stefánsson 1982
Iceland and China are two nations situated almost at the opposite side of the globe. In this thesis, I am taking two examples of media coverage on China; the writings of Ólafur Ólafsson are compared with the discussion in Akureyri Vikublað regarding Huang Nubo. Ólafur Ólafsson was a pioneer of intercultural communication between Iceland and China in the early 20th century. Working as a missionary in China he sent home letters published through the magazine Ljósberinn and later on these wr...
Bromley, D Allan
In this amazing tour d'horizon, D. Allan Bromley uses the occasion of the centenary of the American Physical Society to reflect upon the growth of physics over the past 100 years, its fragmentation into numerous subdisciplines, the impact physics has had upon modern technology, and the re-emergence of the fundamental unity of the discipline in recent years. Hundreds of historical illustrations accompany the text. Bromley conveys much of the excitement and wonder that research in physics generated in the 20th century and asks what new things are in store in the next century. He covers such topics as relativity and quantum mechanics, the Manhattan project, superconductivity, transistors and the revolution brought about by solid-state electronics, protein folding, the uses of nuclear and atomic physics in biology and medicine, plate tectonics, the expansion of the universe and the Big Bang, and gravitational radiation. Bromley, the Sterling Professor of the Sciences and Dean of Yale University, served as Assista...
Kiechel, Walter
In 1886, addressing the nascent American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Henry R. Towne proposed that "the management of works" be considered a modern art--thereby heralding the Management Century, when management as we know it came into being and shaped the world in which we work. Kiechel, a past editorial director of Harvard Business Publishing, elucidates the three eras that punctuate this period: the years leading up to World War II, during which scientific exactitude gave wings to a new managerial elite; the early postwar decades, managerialism's apogee of self-confidence and a time when wartime principles of strategy were adapted, sometimes ruthlessly, to the running of companies; and the 1980s to the present, years that saw fast-moving changes, disequilibrium, and a servitude to market forces but also ushered in globalism, unprecedented innovation, and heightened expectations about how workers are to be treated. Along the way he examines the contributions of thinkers such as Frederick Taylor, Elton Mayo, Peter Drucker, and Michael Porter. What lies ahead? Perhaps the biggest challenge facing the 21st-century company, Kiechel posits, is to truly free the spark of human imagination from the organization's tidal pull toward the status quo. There's almost always a better way, he concludes--and management will continue to seek it. PMID:23155998
17th DOE nuclear air cleaning conference: proceedings. Volume 1
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Volume 1 contains papers presented at the following sessions: fuel reprocessing; radioidine; waste processing;filtration and filter testing; and contamination control and personnel protection. Twenty-three individual papers were indexed for inclusion in the Energy Data Base. Nine papers were entered into the data base previously
17th DOE nuclear air cleaning conference: proceedings. Volume 2
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
First, M.W. (ed.)
Volume 2 contains papers presented at the following sessions: adsorption; noble gas treatment; personnel education and training; filtration and filter testing; measurement and instrumentation; air cleaning equipment response to accident related stress; containment venting air cleaning; and an open end session. Twenty-eight papers were indexed separately for inclusion in the Energy Data Base. Ten papers had been entered earlier.
17th DOE nuclear air cleaning conference: proceedings. Volume 2
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Volume 2 contains papers presented at the following sessions: adsorption; noble gas treatment; personnel education and training; filtration and filter testing; measurement and instrumentation; air cleaning equipment response to accident related stress; containment venting air cleaning; and an open end session. Twenty-eight papers were indexed separately for inclusion in the Energy Data Base. Ten papers had been entered earlier
ISEA2011: The 17th Symposium on Electronic Art
Aceti, Lanfranco; Sahin, Ozden
About ISEA: Founded in the Netherlands in 1990, ISEA International (formerly Inter-Society for the Electronic Arts) is an international nonprofit organization fostering interdisciplinary academic discourse and exchange among culturally diverse organizations and individuals working with art, science and technology. The main activity of ISEA International is the annual International Symposium on Electronic Art. Selection of ISEA symposia is made by the ISEA International Foundation Board.
17th edition IEE wiring regulations inspection, testing and certification
Scaddan, Brian
This popular guide clarifies the requirements for inspection and testing, explaining in clear language those parts of the Regs that most need simplifying. In addition to the usual descriptive and diagrammatic test methods that are required, explanations of the theory and reasoning behind test procedures are given, together with useful tables for test results comparison. The book also provides essential information on the completion of electrical installation certificates, with a step-by-step guide on the entries that need to be made and where to source data.It i
ATA 2012: 17th Annual International Meeting & Tradeshow
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Benjamin Forstag
Full Text Available The ATA Annual Meeting is the largest telehealth event of the year, with over 450 peer reviewed presentations and the world's largest tradeshow focusing exclusively on telemedicine, telehealth and mHealth technologies.Join 4,000 telemedicine professionals and discover the technologies that are revolutionizing healthcare.The 2012 meeting focuses on the business of telemedicine, model programs and best practices, innovative technological applications and the latest scientific research findings. For full program information, visit http://www.ata2012.com.
Final Report: 17th international Symposium on Plant Lipids
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Christoph Benning
This meeting covered several emerging areas in the plant lipid field such as the biosynthesis of cuticle components, interorganelle lipid trafficking, the regulation of lipid homeostasis, and the utilization of algal models. Stimulating new insights were provided not only based on research reports based on plant models, but also due to several excellent talks by experts from the yeast field.
Report by a participant in Colorado Conference. 23rd International Energy Conference and the 17th International Area Conference (ICEED-sponsored); Beikoku Colorado kaigi sanka hokoku. Dai 23 kai kokusai energy kaigi oyobi dai 17 kai kokusai chiiki kaigi (ICEED shusai)
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Fujii, H. [The Institute of Energy Economics, Tokyo (Japan)
The general theme of the 23rd International Energy Conference was `Anticipating Change in the Global Energy Sector: Government and Industry Response.` The sessions respectively dealt with `Supply, demand, and markets of oil, natural gas, and power,` `Current situation and prospects of North American/European electricity deregulation and market competition,` `Structural adjustment in energy industry and outlook of investment in oil refining facilities,` `Outlook of reducing CO2 emission and the impact of environmental regulation on oil markets in Europe,` `Future trends in the Gabonese oil industry,` `Energy outlook, Mexico and Canada,` `The energy watchers,` and `Financial situation and outlook of investment environment in Gulf countries.` The general theme of the 17th International Area Conference which followed was `Middle East Oil and Gas Supply and Asia-Pacific Demand: Fixed Equation to 2020`. The sessions respectively discussed `Geopolitics and energy supply,` `The diseconomies of long-haul LNG trading,` and `Asian gas markets: boom or bust?` 11 refs., 12 figs., 1 tab.
Partnership for 21st Century Skills, 2011
The Partnership for 21st Century Skills (P21) has forged alliances with key national organizations representing the core academic subjects, including Social Studies, English, Math, Science, Geography, World Languages and the Arts. These collaborations have resulted in the development of 21st Century Skills Maps that illustrate the essential…
A century of antenna development
Olver, A. D.
The paper describes a century of antenna development as part of a century of radio communications. This historical review examines, chronologically, the pre-Hertz period, Hertz antennas, the microwave optics period, the Marconi era, short waves, theoretical design before and after computers, and radar. Consideration is also given to mobile antennas, microwave comunications, radio astronomy, and satellite comunications.
Effects of gamma rays on a restored painting from the XVIIth century
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The subject of this study is a Peruvian painting from the 17th century, which has been recently restored and then contaminated by mould. It received different unsuccessful treatments. Therefore, radiation process was suggested as an alternative once it is an effective technology for decontamination and conservation purposes. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of irradiation process on the original painting and on the products used in the restoration process. These products were irradiated with 60Co gamma rays applying doses in the range of 6-25 kGy. The polymeric materials were characterized by thermal analysis techniques before and after irradiation. The colour of the pigments irradiated and non-irradiated were compared by spectrophotometric analysis. Small samples removed of the original painting were also irradiated and investigated. The results obtained until now allowed concluding that the irradiation with the appropriated dose of 6.0 kGy, according to the literature, will not damage the restored painting
Gamma rays irradiation process on a restored painting from the XVII century
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Rizzo, Marcia M. [MRIZZO Laboratorio de Conservacao e Restauracao de Bens Culturais Ltda., Sao Paulo, SP (Brazil)], e-mail: email@example.com; Machado, Luci D.B.; Rela, Paulo R.; Kodama, Yasko [Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN/SP), Sao Paulo, SP (Brazil)], e-mail: email@example.com, e-mail: email@example.com, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
The aim of this work is to emphasize the importance of a previous study of the materials composition and behavior of any art work which will be treated by gamma radiation, as well as to use complementary procedures to prevent recontamination after the treatment, since this is a non residual method. As an example the object of study is a Peruvian painting from the 17th century, which has been restored, contaminated by mould, treated by gamma rays, put in a hermetic acrylic box and showed microorganisms growth after six years. A new treatment was performed using the same process and a complementary method using cloistering with anoxia atmosphere to prevent recontamination. Before the first irradiation the influence of irradiation process on the original painting and on the materials used in the restoration process were investigated. These data were extremely important in the decision of the use gamma irradiation again on the same art work. The results obtained allowed concluding that the irradiation with the recommended dose of 6.0 kGy (at the first time) was not sufficient to kill all the fungi specimens in the art work. On the other hand the irradiation with the dose of 6.0 kGy (at the first time) and 9.0 kGy (at the second time), according to the literature, would not damage the restored painting. (author)
Effects of gamma rays on a restored painting from the XVIIth century
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Rizzo, M.M. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Machado, L.D.B.; Borrely, S.I.; Sampa, M.H.O.; Rela, P.R.; Farah, J.P.S.; Schumacher, R.I
The subject of this study is a Peruvian painting from the 17th century, which has been recently restored and then contaminated by mould. It received different unsuccessful treatments. Therefore, radiation process was suggested as an alternative once it is an effective technology for decontamination and conservation purposes. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of irradiation process on the original painting and on the products used in the restoration process. These products were irradiated with {sup 60}Co gamma rays applying doses in the range of 6-25 kGy. The polymeric materials were characterized by thermal analysis techniques before and after irradiation. The colour of the pigments irradiated and non-irradiated were compared by spectrophotometric analysis. Small samples removed of the original painting were also irradiated and investigated. The results obtained until now allowed concluding that the irradiation with the appropriated dose of 6.0 kGy, according to the literature, will not damage the restored painting.
Gamma rays irradiation process on a restored painting from the XVII century
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The aim of this work is to emphasize the importance of a previous study of the materials composition and behavior of any art work which will be treated by gamma radiation, as well as to use complementary procedures to prevent recontamination after the treatment, since this is a non residual method. As an example the object of study is a Peruvian painting from the 17th century, which has been restored, contaminated by mould, treated by gamma rays, put in a hermetic acrylic box and showed microorganisms growth after six years. A new treatment was performed using the same process and a complementary method using cloistering with anoxia atmosphere to prevent recontamination. Before the first irradiation the influence of irradiation process on the original painting and on the materials used in the restoration process were investigated. These data were extremely important in the decision of the use gamma irradiation again on the same art work. The results obtained allowed concluding that the irradiation with the recommended dose of 6.0 kGy (at the first time) was not sufficient to kill all the fungi specimens in the art work. On the other hand the irradiation with the dose of 6.0 kGy (at the first time) and 9.0 kGy (at the second time), according to the literature, would not damage the restored painting. (author)
On Behalf of Children. The Struggle for Breastfeeding in Seventeenth-Century England
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Antonella Cagnolati
Full Text Available In the 17th century England a discussion on breastfeeding began. All sources emphasized the sacredness of procreation, affirming that the duties of a mother were not limited only to give birth to the child, but to concentrate on its welfare, and on its physical and spiritual healthy growth. Consequently, among the imperatives that a good mother should respect were primarily breastfeeding, attention to cleanliness and hygiene of the baby, watchful concern for weaning and diseases. However, the habits were really different: rich families, without distinction of any kind or class, merchants, lawyers, doctors, aristocrats, always hired a wet nurse. Traditional habits demanded that the baby stayed at the wet nurse's house, often several miles away from the child's home. To allow the baby to pass through the first months of life in a healthier environment, well in advance of the expected date of delivery, the father hired a healthy and well fed woman. In fact, the physical conditions of the wet nurse and the environment in which she lived were often far from idyllic: the result was a very high infant mortality rate. Some began to oppose this system with valid reasons.
Image , Ritual and Urban Form: Porto in the 16th Century
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
José Ferrão Afonso
Full Text Available In the early 17th Century, the Spanish painter Francisco Pacheco railed against his apprentices, telling them that the image should stand out of the picture. The topic was the one most debated in the art of the Counter-Reformation, whose main directives, outlined in the Council of Trent, would be put in motion simultaneously with urban "Christianisation". They presupposed a social contract, established between producer and receiver, implying maximum clarity of the message, which involved an ambiguous grey area that would be reserved for the outside of the focus. In painting, which sacrificed everything that was incidental or extraneous to the story, showing the essential and neglecting the accessory, the binary radicalism of the concept became more explicit, through the Caravaggian illumination or in the case above, the Spanish tenebrism of Velásquez, to whom Pacheco's admonition was addressed. In our Doctoral Thesis presented at the School of Architecture in Barcelona2 , we sought to demonstrate that the Plastic Arts were not the only field for the application of Luminist principles. In this article we aim to summarise this thesis by exposing the important relationships between image, ritual and urban form in 16th Century Porto, after a time, therefore, the late Middle Ages, which Huizinga classified as deeply iconophile , in which image and ritual were put at the service of the reformulation of a State becoming increasingly centralised and interventionist, whose action extended to the sphere of the Church: with King João II, and especially King Manuel I, the Crown was an active sponsor of religious reform that was pursued with redoubled energy and systematisation, from the reign of "the Pious", then already within the political system of close bilateral cooperation that was designated the Confessional State. We therefore believe that this type of approach to anthropological and symbolic components, which seeks to take into account the
New archeointensity data from French Early Medieval pottery production (6th-10th century AD). Tracing 1500 years of geomagnetic field intensity variations in Western Europe
Genevey, Agnès; Gallet, Yves; Jesset, Sébastien; Thébault, Erwan; Bouillon, Jérôme; Lefèvre, Annie; Le Goff, Maxime
Nineteen new archeointensity results were obtained from the analysis of groups of French pottery fragments dated to the Early Middle Ages (6th to 10th centuries AD). They are from several medieval ceramic production sites, excavated mainly in Saran (Central France), and their precise dating was established based on typo-chronological characteristics. Intensity measurements were performed using the Triaxe protocol, which takes into account the effects on the intensity determinations of both thermoremanent magnetization anisotropy and cooling rate. Intensity analyses were also carried out on modern pottery produced at Saran during an experimental firing. The results show very good agreement with the geomagnetic field intensity directly measured inside and around the kiln, thus reasserting the reliability of the Triaxe protocol and the relevance of the quality criteria used. They further demonstrate the potential of the Saran pottery production for archeomagnetism. The new archeointensity results allow a precise and coherent description of the geomagnetic field intensity variations in Western Europe during the Early Medieval period, which was until now poorly documented. They show a significant increase in intensity during the 6th century AD, high intensity values from the 7th to the 9th century, with a minimum of small amplitude at the transition between the 7th and the 8th centuries and finally an important decrease until the beginning of the 11th century. Together with published intensity results available within a radius of 700 km around Paris, the new data were used to compute a master curve of the Western European geomagnetic intensity variations over the past 1500 years. This curve clearly exhibits five intensity maxima: at the transition between the 6th and 7th century AD, at the middle of the 9th century, during the 12th century, in the second part of the 14th century and at the very beginning of the 17th century AD. Some of these peaks are smoothed, or
第17届世界女排锦标赛美国、巴西与中国竞技实力比较研究%Study on the Competitive Strength of Chinese, American and Brazilian Volleyball Teams in the 17th Women's World Championship
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
运用录像观察法、文献法和数据统计法,对第17届世界女排锦标赛总决赛6强阶段相关数据进行分析,结果显示:巴、美女排技战术既沿用美洲高大化风格,又融合亚洲快攻打法,强调四号位和一号位的强攻和网上控制力,采用快速多变的打法;具有攻守平衡、技术动作细腻、战术目的明确等特征。相比较而言,中国女排技战术攻强拦弱,攻守不平衡,拦网及防守反击环节的效果较差。因此,中国女排面对此类风格的球队,应采用针对性拦网与防守区域相结合,提高防守反击成功率,坚持"高"、"全"、"快"、"变"的进攻原则,增加进攻点,丰富进攻结构。%By using video observation, literature and statistics, the competition data of Chinese Women' s Volleyball team and A-merican and Brazilian teams' skills of serve and attack, block and counter-attack in the finals of 17th Women's World Champi-onship (2014) are analyzed. It shows that American and Brazilian teams have adopted American high style and Asian quick at-tack, emphasizing position No. 2 and No. 4 and control of the net. They are featured with all-round skills, fine skilled move-ments, clear aims, quick and changeable. Competing with such teams, Chinese team is easy? to be? overwhelmed. Chinese team is poor in defense block and counterattack. To be top team in the world, the Chinese women' s team should be strong in block and counterattack, accentuate its strengths rather than manage its? weaknesses, increase attack spots and enrich the attack construction.
从十七届女排世锦赛中国队与世界强队技战术比较分析%From the 17th Women's World Championship to Examine the Competitive Condition of The New Chinese Women's Volleyball Team
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
杨管; 黄浩耿
Using the method of video observation, mathematical statistics, literature, and comparative analysis to compare the technical indicators with non-technical indicators of Chinese women's volleyball team and its opponents in the 17th women's volleyball world championship, to reflect the assets and defects about China and rivals from the connectional data, then analyzing the deficiencies of the Chinese in games, and to discuss its competitive condition currently comparing the Chinese with its opponents, in addition to get the conclusions;simultaneously, offering the rational advices based on conclusions, in order to improve the level of technical and tactic of the Chinese making some explicit measures content with its development, and to supply some conducive references for the Chinese to the World Cup in Japan and the Olympic games of Rio in Brazil .%运用文献资料法、录像观察法、数理统计法和比较分析法,对第17届女排世锦赛中国女排及其对手的各项技术指标及非技术指标进行对比分析,以便从相关数据上反映出中国女排与对手之间存在的优势和差距,进而剖析中国女排在比赛中的不足之处,并进一步探讨中国女排与世界强队相比,其目前所处的竞技状况,从而得出结论;同时,根据结论提出合理化建议,以便为提高中国女排的技战术水平制定出适合其发展的具体措施,并为2015年日本世界杯赛和2016年里约奥运会排球赛提供有益借鉴。
第17届仁川亚运会中国男篮主要技术指标分析%On the Key Technical Indices of the Chinese Men's Basketball Team at the 17 th ASIAN GAMES INCHEON 20 1 4
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
运用录像观察法、录像统计法等,对第17届亚运会中国男篮各场比赛进行技术统计分析。结果显示:这届亚运会中国男篮在2分球得分、篮板球能力、助攻能力上与对手相比处于优势;但在罚球能力、抢断能力上与对手相比处于劣势;在具体的比赛中,缺乏经验,缺乏磨合,对比赛的反应调整能力不足。为此认为中国男篮应加大罚球练习力度,减少犯规与失误,探索出适合中国男篮运动员身体素质和技术特点的篮板球技战术,中国篮协在男篮主教练选聘上谨慎行事,选择好主教练,促进中国的篮球运动更好的发展。%Video observational Method,video statistics method were adopted in conducting a technical analysis of the Chinese Men's Basketball in the 17th Asian Games,Incheon 2014.The results showed that the Chinese Men's basketball team excels in the 2 pointer,rebounds,assistances;while they are weak in free throw shot,steals;in the games,the Chinese play-ers were found to be rather inexperienced,weak in their teamwork and adj ustment capability.Therefore some suggestions are put forth:the strengthening of free throw practice;the reduction of fouls and turnovers;the exploration of strategies and tac-tics for improving the basketball rebounds which fit the Chinese players'physique and skill features;More prudence in the choice of coaches;so as to prompt the development of basketball.
Krastev, Ivan
The twentieth century was "the American century." championing democracy and capitalism, the United States won the cold War and emerged as the only global superpower— not only in military, but also in economic, technological, and even cultural terms. The widening currency of the English language and the continued desire of millions around the world to emigrate to the united States underlined the reality of U.S. predominance. The future, it was said, looked like a country, and that country was ...
Four Centuries of Return Predictability
Benjamin Golez; Peter Koudijs
We analyze four centuries of stock prices and dividends in the Dutch, English, and U.S. market. With the exception of the post-1945 period, the dividend-to-price ratio is stationary and predicts returns throughout all four centuries. "Excess volatility" is thus a pervasive feature of financial markets. The dividend-to-price ratio also predicts dividend growth rates in all but the most recent period. Cash-flows were therefore much more important for price movements before 1945, and the dominan...
A Century of Environmental Legislation
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Kaiser, Brooks; Cain, Louis
We examine federal intervention in natural resource use by analyzing roll-call votes over the past century. These votes involved decisions regarding public land that reallocated the returns to users by changing the asset's physical character or its usage rights. We suggest that long term conseque......We examine federal intervention in natural resource use by analyzing roll-call votes over the past century. These votes involved decisions regarding public land that reallocated the returns to users by changing the asset's physical character or its usage rights. We suggest that long term...
'When Going to Saint James': An Old Russian Graffito from the 12th Century in Aquitania
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Alexander M. Gordin
Full Text Available In 2015 in Pons, in the former province of Saintonge, an Old Russian pilgrim graffito was found on the wall of the parish church of St. Vivien, a monument of the mid-12th century. It is the second graffito found in France after the one discovered at St. Gilles Abbey. The town of Pons is located on the westernmost route of Santiago de Compostela (via Turonensis and is noteworthy because of the preserved pilgrim almshouse of the latter half of the 12th century. On the walls of its long archway are horseshoe drawings made by medieval pilgrims, the latest of which, dating from the 16th–17th centuries, bends around a name that is also apparently written in Cyrillic script. The earlier inscription, which appears at the base of the northern end wall of the original façade of the St. Vivien church, is made in the name of one Ivan Zavidovich: "Ivano ps[а]lo Zavi|doviche ida ko | svętomu Ię|kovu" (= 'Ivan Zavidovich wrote this when going to Saint James'. The most probable palaeographic dating is in the 1160s–1180s. As suggested by birch bark manuscripts, the name of Ivan's father, Zavid, was popular among Novgorod boyars. Novgorod is also the place with the greatest indirect evidence of the occurrence in Old Russia of the western cult of St. James. This well preserved inscription is an important epigraphic discovery, but its main value lies in the direct evidence of pilgrimages by Russians to the shrine of St. James in Galicia.
Avaliação da assistência farmacêutica básica nos municípios de abrangência da 17ª Coordenadoria Regional de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul Evaluation of pharmaceutical assistance in cities of the 17th Regional Health Department/Rio Grande do Sul
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Carmen L. B. De Bernardi
objective of this study is to evaluate the basic pharmaceutical assistance, using indicators, in the twenty cities that are part of the 17th CRS/RS. METHODS: cross-sectional study using indicators of the pharmaceutical assistance, proposed by the Health Department of the "Rio Grande do Sul" State (SES/RS, in each Local Health Department of the twenty cities that are part of the 17thCRS/RS from the city of Ijuí. In each city a person in charge of the pharmacy was interviewed. RESULTS: Only five cities had a pharmaceutical in charge of the pharmacy. Only 25% of the health workers have already participated in any sort of capacity building or training courses. Only 15% of the cities had a basic list of medicines fixed in a visible place. The control of stored medicines was done in 90% of the cities. Concerning the medicines used as indicators, 78% were available. The average of medicines by prescription is 2,0. Considering only the prescribed medicines, 76% belonged to the basic list of medicines, and 64% were prescribed according to the Brazilian Common Denomination or the International Common Denomination. Effectively, 88% of the prescribed medicines were distributed. CONCLUSIONS: The Basic Pharmaceutical Assistance in the cities requires a larger investment in human, physical and material resources. The absence of pharmaceuticals in the health team of the cities is one of the main reasons of the pharmaceutical low efficiency of health actions in this scope.
A Century of Environmental Legislation
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Kaiser, Brooks; Cain, Louis P.
natural resource use by analyzing roll call votes over the past century with a Random Utility Model (Manski, 1977) and conclude that economics mattered. So did ideology, but not uniformly. After World War II, the pro-environment vote which had been conservative shifted to being liberal. All these votes...
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The paper speech of the events and decisions that marked the history of the petroleum in Colombia and of Ecopetrol, from the adventure undertaken by some visionary at the beginning of the century X X, until the changes introduced in 1999
第17届排球世锦赛中外女排进攻效果对比研究%A comparative study on the attack effects of China and foreign countries'woman volleyball teams in the 17th World Volleyball Championship
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
潘文刚; 杨管
By using the methods of documents, video observation and statistics, this paper comparatively analyzes the techniques and tactics of China and foreign countries'woman volleyball teams'smashes in the 17th World Volleyball Championship, and gets the results that the attacking plays of China mainly depend on two sides combined with the diversified and changeable plays of height and speed. The total effects of China are excellent, the successful rate beyond opponents and the error rate being low, and the advantages are very apparent. The back-row attack shows the powerful competition in games but there are still some spaces compared with the powerful teams such as Brazil and United States in terms of power and quick attack. The research deems that the China should intensely the drill of the ability to power attack especially enrich the competition experiences for the young players in order to assure the ability of techniques;facing he powerful teams the China should improve the service reception and strengthen the cooperation in response to get better performance used in various attacking plays and effectively avoid the simplification of attacking manners in games.%运用录像观察、数理统计和对比分析等方法,对中外女排在第17届世锦赛中扣球技战术运用情况进行研究。结果表明:中国女排是以两边拉开进攻为主并结合高度与速度等快变战术为一体的技战术打法;进攻战术的总体运用效果十分理想,与其他各国相比扣死率较高且失误率低;后排攻在比赛中展现出了强大的实力,但在强攻和快攻方面与巴西、美国等欧美强队相比还存在一定差距。建议中国女排应进一步加强对强攻能力的训练,尤其要努力丰富年轻队员的大赛阅历以保证其技术发挥的稳定性;在面对欧美强队时应努力提高一传到位率,并加强进攻队员之间的掩护配合,使各种快变战术能够在比赛中得到有效�
Research on Jurisdiction of Court of Arbitration for Sport Ad Hoc Division-Taking the 17 th Asian Games in Incheon as Example%国际体育仲裁院特别仲裁机构管辖范围探讨--以2014年仁川亚运会体育仲裁实践为例
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
国际体育仲裁理事会(ICAS )为2014年仁川亚运会设立的CAS特别仲裁机构,对待管辖权问题的态度比以往大型国际赛事的特别仲裁机构更为严苛:仅受理有正式参赛资格的运动员、发生于亚运会举办期间和举办国的争议。这种做法可能侵犯运动员的诉权,同时,可能违背特别仲裁机构设立的初衷。通过比较奥运会、英联邦运动会和世界杯的特别仲裁规则与仲裁实践,认为特别仲裁机构的管辖范围不应过于狭窄,仲裁规则在制定和适用中应保障运动员的诉权,对存在有效仲裁协议的主体不应当进行限制,对争议产生时间应当采取客观标准,排除对商事争议和体育技术性争议的管辖,维护最广大运动员的基本权益。我国应尽快在全运会等大型赛事中设立特别仲裁机制,吸取亚运会等国际赛事的经验教训,特别仲裁管辖范围不应过于严苛,以求更好地解决与赛事相关的体育争议。%International Council of Arbitration for Sport (ICAS )established Court of Arbitration for Sport(CAS)Ad Hoc Division for 17th Asian Games in Incheon of Korea ,which has a more strict attitude towards jurisdiction by comparison with other international sports events CAS Ad hoc Division .The Incheon Asian Games CAS Ad Hoc Division only accepts participating athletes' disputes arising in the host country between 15 September 2014 and 4 October 2014 .Those rules may violate the athletes' right of action and run counter to the purpose of the Ad Hoc Division .Comparing with other international sports events Ad hoc Divisions ,it can get the conclusion that the jurisdiction of CAS Ad Hoc Division should not be too strict ;Rules of arbitration should respect the principle of protecting the athletes' right of action ;The limi‐tation of actions should use the objective standard ;The panel should deny its jurisdiction to commercial and pure technical
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Dr. Ömer DÜZBAKAR
Full Text Available The primary function of artisans' and commercial guilds was toperform and maintain daily activities of economic life in harmony andsocial consolidation with minimal conflict. Thus, the state would get ridof the heavy burden of bureaucratic procedures on the one hand, and yetwould also have the guilds yield to a standard of production as well aseliminate unfair competition through their autonomous internal workingson the other. Through such an auto-control mechanism the guilds wouldsolve their own problems with minimum resort to administrative andjudicial institutions. This article sheds light on the origins of Ottomanguild system, workings of trade guilds of Bursa and the supervisoryfunctions of their managers as well as on the various roles and activitiesplayed by the guilds in imperial public life. It also examines the conflictsof interest, unruly acts and forms of resolution taking place within andacross the guilds, with or without having recourse to judicial and otherimperial authorities. The study is based on a set of original historical documents surveyed from the Shari'a Court records of Bursa in the 16thand 17th centuries.
Unruly Plebeians and the Forzado System: Convict Transportation between New Spain and the Philippines during the Seventeenth Century
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Mawson, Stephanie
Full Text Available This article examines the phenomenon of convict transportation between Mexico and the Philippines during the 17th century. Utilising sources located within the Archivo General de la Nación (México and the Archivo General de Indias (Sevilla, I argue that was this convict transportation both helped the Spanish extend their power within the Pacific and functioned as a criminal justice measure in response to the emergence of an unruly and disobedient plebeian underclass in the cities and along the highways of New Spain.Este artículo examina el fenómeno del transporte de soldados forzados entre México y las Filipinas durante el siglo XVII. Utilizando fuentes del Archivo General de la Nación (México y del Archivo General de Indias (Sevilla, sostengo que este tipo de transporte forzado ayudó a los españoles a ampliar su poder en el Pacífico. Así mismo, actuó como una medida de justicia penal en respuesta a la aparición de plebeyos rebeldes y desobedientes dentro las ciudades y en las carreteras de la Nueva España.
Estimation on the response of glaciers in China to the global warming in the 21st century
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Glaciers in China can be categorized into 3 types, i.e. the maritime (temperate) type, sub-continental (sub-polar) type and extreme continental (polar) type, which take 22%, 46% and 32% of the total existing glacier area (59 406 km2) respectively. Researches indicate that glaciers of the three types show different response patterns to the global warming. Since the Maxima of the Little Ice Age (the 17th century), air temperature has risen at a magnitude of 1.3°C on average and the glacier area decreased corresponds to 20% of the present total glacier area in western China. It is estimated that air temperature rise in the 2030s, 2070s and 2100s will be of the order of 0.4-1.2, 1.2-2.7 and 2.1-4.0 K in western China. With these scenarios, glaciers in China will suffer from further shrinkage by 12%, 28% and 45% by the 2030s, 2070s and 2100s. The uncertainties may account for 30%-67% in 2100 in China.
mpact of ice conditions to the navigation in the Novaya Zemlya and Spitsbergen region in XVI–XVII centuries
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
V. L. Derzhavin
Full Text Available In the 16th–17th centuries, West European navigators made numerous but mostly unsuccessful efforts to open a new way, i.e. the North-East Passage, to China and India. Among three possible routes of that time the basic one ran through straits of the Vaigach Island but it was almost impassable due to heavy ice situation. At the same time Russian merchants regularly went on their ships from Pomorie to Siberian river mouths, and in the opposite direction, though they did also meet complicated ice situations. Russian navigator and geographer F.P. Litke (1797–1882 noticed that the ice situation in one or another region of the Barents Sea seriously changed from year to year. Russian navigation started in the Russian Pomorie (littoral region of the Russian Arctic not earlier than at end of June – beginning of July but Europeans knew nothing about this. Because of this, their ships came to the Vaigach region either earlier or later of the time when it was possible to go through the straits. Most often, they came here in the first half- and mid-August. Thus, western sailors could not get this quite narrow navigation «window» of pomors (Russian navigators. And if sometimes (rather rarely they could catch the right time and go through the strait Yugorski Shar they met extremely heavy ice situation in the Kara Sea. Perhaps for this reason, almost all European expeditions of that time failed.
Seventeenth-century indivisibles revisited
The tremendous success of indivisibles methods in geometry in the seventeenth century, responds to a vast project: installation of infinity in mathematics. The pathways by the authors are very diverse, as are the characterizations of indivisibles, but there are significant factors of unity between the various doctrines of indivisible; the permanence of the language used by all authors is the strongest sign. These efforts do not lead to the stabilization of a mathematical theory (with principles or axioms, theorems respecting these first statements, followed by applications to a set of geometric situations), one must nevertheless admire the magnitude of the results obtained by these methods and highlights the rich relationships between them and integral calculus. The present book aims to be exhaustive since it analyzes the works of all major inventors of methods of indivisibles during the seventeenth century, from Kepler to Leibniz. It takes into account the rich existing literature usually devoted to a singl...
Tixier-Boichard, M.; Leenstra, F.R.; Flock, D.; Hocking, A D; Weigend, S
The 20th Century saw an astonishing advance in our understanding of genetics and the scientific basis of the genetic improvement of farm animals. The application of genetic principles to chickens in the 1950s and 1960s led to a rapid change in the productivity and efficiency of laying hens and broiler chickens, turkeys and ducks. Subsequently, the application of increasingly powerful computers and sophisticated mathematical algorithms has increased the range of traits that could be successful...
Manuel Tamayo y Baus's Un Drama Nuevo (1867 and the Reception of Hamlet in 19th-Century Spain
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Rocío G. Sumillera
Full Text Available The present article discusses how Tamayo y Baus appropriates and refashions in Un drama nuevo (1867 the figures of Shakespeare and Yorick, as well as different elements of a number of tragedies by Shakespeare (Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, in order to render homage to Shakespearean drama by means of a play that, even if set at the beginning of 17th-century England, particularly addresses the tastes and concerns of 19th-century Spanish audiences. Additionally, this article considers the extent to which the contemporary audience of Tamayo y Baus was acquainted with Shakespeare and Hamlet, taking into account both the translations into Spanish of the play and its performances in Spain up until 1867. The purpose of such an analysis is to speculate on the reception and interpretation of Un drama nuevo at the time of its release, and on the role it had in raising or renewing interest in Hamlet within the Spanish-speaking world.
Plague history: Yersin's discovery of the causative bacterium in 1894 enabled, in the subsequent century, scientific progress in understanding the disease and the development of treatments and vaccines.
Butler, T
The causative bacterium of plague was described and cultured by Alexandre Yersin in Hong Kong in 1894, after which transmission of bacteria from rodents by flea bites was discovered by Jean-Paul Simond in 1898. Effective treatment with antiserum was initiated in 1896, but this therapy was supplanted by sulphonamides in the 1930s and by streptomycin starting in 1947. India suffered an estimated 6 million deaths in 1900-1909, and Vietnam, during its war in 1965-1975, accounted for approximately 80% of the world's cases; since then, African countries have dominated, with >90% of the world's cases in the 1990s and early 21st century. Serological diagnosis with fraction 1 antigen to detect anti-plague antibodies was developed in the 1950s. Vaccine development started in 1897 with killed whole bacterial cells, and this was followed by a live attenuated bacterial vaccine, leading to millions of persons receiving injections, but the benefits of these vaccines remain clouded by controversy. Plasmid-mediated virulence was established in 1981, and this was followed by specific DNA methods that have allowed detection of plague genes in skeletal specimens from European graves of the sixth to 17th centuries. PMID:24438235
The 21st Century Skills Movement
Johnson, Paige
Since 2002, the Partnership for 21st Century Skills has been the leading advocacy organization in the United States focused on infusing 21st century skills into education. Its "Framework for 21st Century Learning," the result of a consensus among hundreds of stakeholders, describes the skills, knowledge, and expertise students need to succeed in…
Critique of War Reason. A Perspective on Self-referential Systems, 11th-21st Centuries
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Gorm Harste
Full Text Available This paper is a summary of my 700-page very academic thesis, in Danish, to be published by Aarhus University Press (AUP. A shorter booklet based on it was published by AUP too (November 2014, 250 pages and so were a number of shorter articles in English, French and German. In Luhmann's systems theory and in sociology at large there is a missing link consisting in the lack of a sociology of war. A number of German systems theoreticians use Luhmann's theory to fill that gap. Yet Luhmann (born 1927, who was a soldier and a prisoner of war from age 15-17, would not write a "Der Krieg der Gesellschaft". The attempt to narrow this lacuna is indeed a heavy burden and a difficult task, in which it is decisive firstly to get the basic distinctions right about a second order observation of war as a conflict system – to be distinct from a military organisational system. This, I do by beginning with a reconceptualization of Carl von Clausewitz' form analysis and self-description of war from Vom Kriege (1832. The central point is to observe the self-reference of war, or how war became war about war. Conflict is basically a problem of essentially contested communication. Once this historical self-reference established around the 17th century was in place, war became delimited by its structural couplings to religion, mass media (propaganda, finance, welfare for victims and veterans, law, politics and other functional systems. The costs of war increased, reconstituted and transformed modern society in a way that has formed a range of risks and – of course – neglected blind spots.
Nineteenth-century aether theories
Schaffner, Kenneth F
Nineteenth-Century Aether Theories focuses on aether theories. The selection first offers information on the development of aether theories by taking into consideration the positions of Christiaan Huygens, Thomas Young, and Augustin Fresnel. The text then examines the elastic solid aether. Concerns include Green's aether theory, MacCullagh's aether theory, and Kelvin's aether theory. The text also reviews Lorentz' aether and electron theory. The development of Lorentz' ideas of the stagnant aether and electrons; Lorentz' theorem of corresponding states and its development; and Lorentz' respons
Elizabeth Gaskell's and George Eliot's Common Interest in Two Literary Women of 17th-Century France: Madame de Sablé and Madame de Sévigné L'intérêt d'Elizabeth Gaskell et de George Eliot pour deux femmes de lettres françaises du XVIIe siècle : Mme de Sablé et Mme de Sévigné
Alain Jumeau
En 1854, Elizabeth Gaskell était déjà une romancière célèbre, mais George Eliot n'avait pas encore mis à l'épreuve ses talents de romancière. Elle n'en était qu'aux débuts de sa carrière littéraire. Marian Evans (comme elle s'appelait, avant d'adopter le nom de plume de George Eliot) était encore rédactrice de la Westminster Review. Par une coïncidence intéressante, les deux grandes romancières victoriennes rédigèrent toutes les deux, cette année-là, des articles sur Madame de Sablé, parlant ...
Elizabeth Gaskell's and George Eliot's Common Interest in Two Literary Women of 17th-Century France: Madame de Sablé and Madame de Sévigné L'intérêt d'Elizabeth Gaskell et de George Eliot pour deux femmes de lettres françaises du XVIIe siècle : Mme de Sablé et Mme de Sévigné
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Alain Jumeau
Full Text Available En 1854, Elizabeth Gaskell était déjà une romancière célèbre, mais George Eliot n'avait pas encore mis à l'épreuve ses talents de romancière. Elle n'en était qu'aux débuts de sa carrière littéraire. Marian Evans (comme elle s'appelait, avant d'adopter le nom de plume de George Eliot était encore rédactrice de la Westminster Review. Par une coïncidence intéressante, les deux grandes romancières victoriennes rédigèrent toutes les deux, cette année-là, des articles sur Madame de Sablé, parlant aussi de Madame de Sévigné, deux femmes de lettres remarquables de la France du XVIIe siècle. L'article de Gaskell, « Company Manners », fut publié dans le magazine de Dickens, Household Words ; et celui d'Eliot, « Woman in France : Madame de Sablé », dans la Westminster Review. Le présent article tente d'expliquer l'intérêt de ces deux romancières anglaises pour ces femmes de lettres françaises, qui ont vécu deux siècles avant elles.
Un manual español de administración y contabilidad señorial de principios de siglo XVII: el compendio en materia de acrecentar Estado y hazienda, tocante al oficio de contador, de Gabriel Pérez del Barrio Angulo. (A Spanish guide book on administration and accounting of the early 17th Century: the compendium for the increase of the state and treasury, with regards to the post of accountant, by Gabriel Pérez del Barrio Angulo)
González Ferrando, José Mª
Frente a lo ocurrido en Inglaterra, donde cuentan con manuscritos sobre administración y contabilidad señorial desde el siglo XIII, en España sólo se conocen hasta ahora cuatro textos de los siglos XV al XVII en que sus autores se ocupan con mayor o menor detalle de este asunto, pero de los que sólo uno, publicado inicialmente en 1613, puede equipararse en cierto modo a los ingleses: el 'Compendio en razón de acrecentar Estado y Hacienda y Oficio de Contador' de Gabriel Pérez del Barrio. (Aga...
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Allan Bell
Full Text Available This paper traces the development of news discourse across the 20th century ihrough a case study ofthe coverage of three expeditions to the South Pole: Captain Scott in 1912, Sir Edmund Hillary in 1958, and Peter Hillary in 1999. The way the news about the three expeditions reached New Zealand media serves as a framework and an illustration to examine three related issues: how technology has changed the time and place dimensions of news delivery; the consequent and concomitant shifts in news presentation; and associated changes in how humans have understood time and place. News values remain the same at a broad level across the century, but different in detail. Nationalism is obtrusive, but its focus shifts. In news practice, the deadline and the scoop drive the news in al1 three periods, but the scooping medium shifts from press to radio to television. The lapse between an event and its reporting shrinks exponentially from months to hours to minutes. The design of newspaper front pages changes radically, and news language compresses. There are social impacts, with newsworthy figures receiving closer exposure and the audience being cast in a more voyeuristic role.
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Uday Chandra
Full Text Available Review of: Arupjyoti Saikia. 2013. A Century of Protests: Peasant Politics in Assam Since 1900. New Delhi and Abingdon: Routledge. Notwithstanding its somewhat misleading subtitle, A Century of Protests is a painstaking reconstruction of the checkered agrarian history of the Brahmaputra Valley between the passage of the Assam Land Revenue Regulation of 1886 and the repeal of the Assam Tenancy Act of 1971 in 1986. The state of Assam in India today, bordering what is now Bangladesh, lies beneath the watchful eyes of the Eastern Himalayas, through which the mighty Brahmaputra gushes and breathes life into the valley. The landscape of the Brahmaputra Valley, historically speaking, has been as much a patchwork of field and forest as of different ethnolinguistic and religious groups, ever fluid and shifting in response to human and non-human vectors of change. The contested relations of power that yoke together owners and cultivators of this complex, variegated landscape in the late colonial and early postcolonial eras is the subject of the book under review.
Lewin, W H G
A quarter century ago, Jan van Paradijs and I started on a scientific journey, our lives became entwined, and a friendship evolved that shaped both our lives scientifically and in personal matters. To tell our story was very difficult for me. I went through 24 years of notes in my calendars and re-lived more than 8000 days of my own and Jan's life, 20 years of slides, 15 years of e-mail. There were times that I had to stop and leave it alone for a week or more as it became too emotional. Few people know (perhaps only two) what we meant for each other. When Jan died, part of me died.
Countering 21st Century Threats
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Scharling Pedersen, Peter; Pillai, Chad M.; Hun, Lee Jae
The United States and its Allies confront an increasingly volatile world where threats range from traditional state-on-state challenges to non-state transnational networks. To successfully combat these 21st Century problems, in an era of resource and geo-political power constraints, the U.S. and......), Counter-Terrorism (CT), and Security and Stability Operations (SSO). • Establishing a construct that allows a strategic Whole-of-Government capacity for operations coordinated by joint interagency task forces. • Continue to developing the Global SOF network. • Increased intelligence sharing in areas of...... shared interests pre-crisis. • Establish political agreements and/or intentions with partners to address potential threats. • Establishing mutual trust through Building Partnership Capacity with capable SOF and intelligence organizations....
21st Century Skills Map: Science
Partnership for 21st Century Skills, 2008
This 21st Century Skills Map is the result of hundreds of hours of research, development and feedback from educators and business leaders across the nation. The Partnership for 21st Century Skills has issued this map for the core subject of Science.
21st Century Skills Map: Geography
Partnership for 21st Century Skills, 2009
This 21st Century Skills Map is the result of hundreds of hours of research, development and feedback from educators and business leaders across the nation. The Partnership for 21st Century Skills has issued this map for the core subject of Geography.
21st Century Skills Map: The Arts
Dean, Colleen; Ebert, Christie M. Lynch; McGreevy-Nichols, Susan; Quinn, Betsy; Sabol, F. Robert; Schmid, Dale; Shauck, R. Barry; Shuler, Scott C.
This 21st Century Skills Map is the result of hundreds of hours of research, development and feedback from educators and business leaders across the nation. The Partnership for 21st Century Skills has issued this map for the core subject of the Arts.
21st Century Skills Map: Social Studies
Partnership for 21st Century Skills, 2007
This 21st Century Skills Map is the result of hundreds of hours of research, development and feedback from educators and business leaders across the nation. The Partnership for 21st Century Skills has issued this map for the core subject of Social Studies.
Pedagogical Implementation of 21st Century Skills
Jacobson-Lundeberg, Vera
This paper examines students' perceptions of how intentionally taught 21st century skills have transformed their lives. Personal development education (PDE) encompasses interpersonal and interaction skills that are required for students to function and succeed in global-oriented 21st century colleges and careers. The Common Core State Standards…
21st Century Skills Map: World Languages
Partnership for 21st Century Skills, 2011
This 21st Century Skills Map is the result of hundreds of hours of research, development and feedback from educators and business leaders across the nation. The Partnership for 21st Century Skills has issued this map for the core subject of World Languages. [Funding for this paper was provided by EF Education.
21st Century Skills Map: English
Partnership for 21st Century Skills, 2008
This 21st Century Skills Map is the result of hundreds of hours of research, development and feedback from educators and business leaders across the nation. The Partnership for 21st Century Skills has issued this map for the core subject of English.
Capital in the Twenty-First Century
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hansen, Per H.
Review essay on: Capital in the Twenty-First Century. By Thomas Piketty . Translated by Arthur Goldhammer . Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014. viii + 685 pp......Review essay on: Capital in the Twenty-First Century. By Thomas Piketty . Translated by Arthur Goldhammer . Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014. viii + 685 pp...
Phonetics of English in the nineteenth century
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Work on speech sound and the sound systems of languages can be traced back in the British Isles at least as far as the sixteenth century. It was, however, only in the nineteenth century that the word 'phonetics' was actually coined, and it was also at this time that a wider interest in the subjec...
An Unfashionable Rhetoric in the Fifteenth Century.
Woods, Marjorie Curry
Reveals the continued importance of medieval rhetorical pedagogy throughout the high Middle Ages and early Renaissance by exploring the fifteenth-century popularity, uses of, and references to Geoffrey of Vinsauf's "Poetria nova" (a thirteenth-century verse treatise on the composition of poetry according to rhetorical principles). (SR)
Drought periods during XXth century
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The drought problem always exists somewhere in the world so that the economy of some nation or nations is always being adversely influenced by this factor. Although drought is a natural component of the climate in arid and semi-arid areas, it can occur in areas, which normally receive adequate precipitation. Available hydro meteorological data indicate droughts have occurred through the last century in Bulgaria and they a part of the climatic cycle on the Balkan Peninsula. The precipitation distribution is one of the basic characteristics of the drought occurrence in a given region. However, the distributions of additional meteorological elements should be also taken into account in order to describe the degree of the climate dryness. For example, the distribution of air temperature is an especially important characteristic for drought classifications. The last years in Bulgaria were drier and warmer than the normals for the period of so-called 'current climate' (1961-1990). Precipitation was approximately 80-85 % less than the normals. Statistical methods were used in order to analyze the long-term variations of precipitation, air temperature. The long-term series of data were smoothed by averages and they were also approximated by means of a polynomial. These methods eliminate the random and short periodical fluctuations of the time series. The Spearman coefficient (r) and the Kendall coefficient (rl) were used in order to investigate the existence of eventual trends. Some quantitative criteria were also used for a comparison of the drought frequency and intensity between different regions and years. As a result of the conducted analysis, the investigated period can be divided to separate sub-periods with duration of 10-15 years. These years are characterized with different moisture conditions. Three periods can be determined during the 20 th century, which are characterized by longer and severe droughts, namely 1902-1913, 1942-1953 and 1982-1994. The drought
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
An ancient Chinese theme of "Shen Nong tasted hundred herbs and confronted seventy toxicities a day" means generally that medicine was created by the ancient labor people, although there's no trace of the real Shen Nong. Accordingly some animals would take certain herbs for stopping traumatic bleeding just as our ancestors done. Medicine iniated a long time ago but the development of modern medicine is really a little bit more than hundred years, Pasteur discovered bacteria and reported in 1857, not yet 150 years from now. Virchow discovered cell cleavage and thus founded modern basic cellular pathology somewhat a year later than the former. Mendels bean test opened a new era for genetic research and concluded in 1863. Roentgen discovered X-ray in 1895 and We've celebrated the 100th anniversary of the X-ray discovery several years ago. The earliest application of penicillin was in 1940, not yet 60 years ago. The medicine possesses a jumping development during the recent half century in association with the advancement of synthetic chemistry, electronic and bioscientific technolgy.
The influence of the final cause doctrine on anatomists of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries concerning selected anatomical structures of the head and neck.
Lydiatt, Daniel D; Bucher, Gregory S
The Doctrine of Final Cause, taken from Aristotle's "causes" and modified by Claudius (Aelius) Galen (of Pergamon) stated that for an anatomical part to exist it must have a "cause," not an end point, but a purpose or goal, natural or divine. This affected the renaissance anatomist's thinking. We explore this doctrine's relationship with human head and neck anatomy from antiquity's Aristotle and Galen, and the leading renaissance anatomists from the 16th and 17th centuries. Their relevant writings were influenced by religious and political beliefs and varied from humanistic to reactionary. Tracing anatomical controversies through these works reveal the humanism of Vesalius and others as paralleling the humanists of art and literature. These controversies illustrate how the body was used to demonstrate function, uses, and causes from higher sources. Humanists advanced the social, philosophical, intellectual, literary, and medical/anatomical thoughts of this period. They stood between the Christian church of the Middle Ages and modern science. Like religion, medicine and anatomy had its own revealed sources of knowledge and had sacred texts like Galen's. Vesalius' the Fabrica and the woodcuts established suddenly the beginning of modern observational science and art as the direct and faithful representation of natural phenomena. They displayed anatomy such that others could understand, including errors of Galen, bringing Vesalius into ecclesiastical conflict. Evolutionary scientists today see mutations as favorable or unfavorable depending on the environment. Mutations are random or directed by divine plan, according to perspectives of this ancient debate. PMID:22806933
Compassionate Play in The Ludic Century
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James Dyer
Full Text Available In 2013 game designer Eric Zimmerman wrote a provocative manifesto entitled 'Manifesto for a Ludic Century' (2013a, in which Zimmerman declares the 21st Century's dominant cultural form to be games. Consequently, Zimmerman proposes that the individual occupant of the century is therefore in a continuous state of game engagement. As such, this re-contextualisation of game space and play, indefinitely articulates the individual as a constant player and character, and thusly challenges the notions of selfhood. Importantly it should be noted, the state of a ludic century is explicitly assumed as a truth, however superficial it may appear. Accordingly, this paper is then afforded to be an extended hypothesis of the proposed ludic century, rather than a critical dissection and response to Zimmerman's manifesto. This enables a hermeneutic framing of the questions: 'What does it mean to live in a ludic century?'and 'in what capacity may the self exist in the ludic century?' These questions will attempt to distinguish play as an inherent cultural logic that extends beyond the limitations of explicit 'gamification' or instrumental play (Stenros et al., 2009; Zichermann, 2010. Concluding, it is claimed that the ludic century elicits a sustained delusion of self, as the player is confined to the designed game structure, which inhibits authentic engagement and interaction with environment and self. It is proposed that this evokes a form of suffering, the compassionate play within the ludic century.
Nuclear computational science a century in review
Azmy, Yousry
Nuclear engineering has undergone extensive progress over the years. In the past century, colossal developments have been made and with specific reference to the mathematical theory and computational science underlying this discipline, advances in areas such as high-order discretization methods, Krylov Methods and Iteration Acceleration have steadily grown. Nuclear Computational Science: A Century in Review addresses these topics and many more; topics which hold special ties to the first half of the century, and topics focused around the unique combination of nuclear engineering, computational
Revolution, Romanticism and the Long Nineteenth Century
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Adriana Craciun
Full Text Available In order to consider the future of Victorian literary studies within the long nineteenth century, we must go back to that earlier "period" of the nineteenth century, and the French Revolution of 1789. Drawing on the aesthetic and political innovations of 1790s women's writings, this essay argues that we need to reconceive of nineteenth-century literary studies beyond the period boundaries of Romantic and Victorian. The sexualization of revolutionary Terror, and particularly of Robespierre, in Romantic-era writings by women like Helen Maria Williams, Mary Robinson and Fanny Burney, offers surprising precedents for the feminization of Terror associated with the retrospectives of Victorian writers like Carlyle and Dickens. In this respect, and given many other aesthetic continuities (for example, the crossgender and cross-period appeal of the "poetess" figure, the "Victorian period" appears increasingly unsatisfactory when compared to the merits of a long nineteenth-century model for literary studies.
The Ninth-Century Renaissance in Astronomy.
Farrell, Charlotte
Discusses the events in the ninth century that moved astronomy away from the pursuit of mystical hermetic sciences and astrology back toward observation and measurement. Describes the achievements of astronomers and the instruments and calculations used during that period. (JRH)
The century of the Petroleum in Colombia
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A recount of the big changes is made with hydrocarbons in Colombia during the X X century. The X X century it meant everything for Colombia in oil matter. In this century it took off and it consolidated their industry of the hydrocarbons and with her great part of the industrialization process and development of the country. It is undeniable that the petroleum was one of the big main characters of the century X X and Colombia has not been unaware to the sways of a highly changing industry. The creation of the OPEC, the warlike conflicts, the times of high and low prices, the technological advances, the processes of energy integration and the mega coalitions are hardly some of the ingredients that seasoned the Oil Industry in the years 1900
Fire Disasters in the Twentieth Century
Cavallini, M.; Papagni, M.F.; F.W. Baruffaldi Preis
In the field of natural and man-made disasters, fire has played a predominant role. A report is presented of fire disasters in the twentieth century, with a chronological analysis of different worldwide typologies.
St. Augustine in Twentieth-Century Music
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Petersen, Nils Holger
A discussion - in a cultural historical perspective - of primarily two important twentieth-century musical works setting texts by St Augustine: Klaus Huber's Soliloquia Sancti Aurelii Augustini and Michael Tippett's The Vision of Saint Augustine.......A discussion - in a cultural historical perspective - of primarily two important twentieth-century musical works setting texts by St Augustine: Klaus Huber's Soliloquia Sancti Aurelii Augustini and Michael Tippett's The Vision of Saint Augustine....
The Nineteenth-Century Revolution in Astronomy
Batten, Alan Henry
The term "revolution" in scientific contexts usually refers either to the beginnings of modern western science in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, or to the two great revolutions of early twentieth century physics. Comparison of what was known at the beginning of the nineteenth century with what was known at the end, however, shows that century to have been one of transformation in astronomy, and in the other sciences, that amounts to "revolution". Astronomers in 1800 knew neither the nature of the Sun nor the distances of the stars. Developments in instrumentation enabled the first determinations of stellar parallax in the 1830s, and later enabled the solar prominences to be studied outside the brief momemnts of total eclipses. The development of photography and of spectroscopy led to the birth of observational astrophysics, while the greater understanding of the nature of heat and the rise of thermodynamics made possible the first attempts to investigate the theory of stellar structure. Nothing was known in 1800 of extra-galactic objects apart from some tentative identifcations by William Herschel but, by the end of the century, the discovery of the spiral structure of some nebulae had led some to believe that these were the "island universes" about which Kant had speculated. Of course, astrophysics and cosmology would be much further developed in the twentieth century and those of us whose careers spanned the second half of that century look back on it as a "golden age" for astronomy; but the nineteenth century was undoubtedly a time of rapid transformation and can be reasonably described as as one of the periods of revolution in astronomy.
The Problem of Longitude in the 18th Century: Jorge Juan, Antonio de Ulloa and the Expedition of the Paris Academy of Sciences to the Kingdom of Peru
Gutiérrez, Manuel Pérez
Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa, naval officers of the Spanish Navy in the Midshipmen's Royal Academy were appointed to take part in one of the most important scientific expeditions of the 18th century. The question of the shape of the Earth, of vital importance for navigation, was solved by the Paris Academy of Sciences by request of Louis XV of France in 1735. The aim was to determine the form of the ellipsoid that Newton had described in the 17th century for any spherical and homogeneous body in rotation about an axis. Two expeditions were prepared for the geodetic measures of meridian arc both in high latitudes (Lapland, Finland) and in the equatorial zone (the Kingdom of Peru); Pierre Louis Maupertuis took charge of the northern expedition whereas the second one was charged to La Condamine, along with Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa. The results obtained by the Spaniards were gathered in a publication: Observaciones astronómicas y físicas hechas en los Reinos del Perú. In it, they dedicate a chapter to the determination of astronomic longitude with the only technology that was providing certain precision at the moment: the simultaneous observation of the same astronomic phenomenon in two different places. Specifically, they explain in detail in Book III: Las Observaciones de la Inmersiones y Emersiones de los satélites de Júpiter, como asimismo de los eclipses de Luna; de las cuales de deduce la Longitud de los Lugares, incluyendo las correcciones a efectuar por la variación de la declinación diaria del Sol.
Correctly Grasping the Fundamental Relations in the Construction of Socialist Culture to Advance the Flourishing Development of Socialist Cultural Undertakings——Studying the Spirit of the Sixth Plenary Session of the 17th CPC Central Committee%正确把握社会主义文化建设中的基本关系,繁荣发展社会主义文化事业——学习党的十七届六中全会精神
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
党的十七届六中全会强调,要进一步推动社会主义文化大发展大繁荣,进一步兴起社会主义文化建设新高潮,这是基于我国文化改革发展的丰富实践和宝贵经验提出的重大文化发展战略。文化事业大发展是国家"十二五"纲要的重要组成部分。在进一步加强社会主义文化建设过程中,从理论、历史、现实等诸多角度对文化建设问题进行多角度分析,明确广义文化与狭义文化的关系、文化继承与文化创新的关系、文化交流与文化自觉的关系等,是推进文化建设的前提,是社会主义文化繁荣与发展的需要。%The 6th Plenary Session of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party lays store by the strategic move of promoting the great development and prosperity of socialist culture so as to usher in a new upsurge in socialist cultural construction.This is an important cultural development strategy advanced on the basis of the rich practice and valuable experience accumulated in China's cultural reform and development,and it has also been incorporated into the 12th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development.In the process of further strengthening the construction of socialist culture,it is not only a precondition for furthering China's cultural construction but also a necessity of prospering and developing China's socialist culture to analyze issues concerning socialist cultural construction and to nail down the relationships between broad-sense culture and narrow-sense culture,between cultural succession and cultural innovation,between cultural exchange and cultural self-knowledge,from multiple perspectives,theoretically,historically and factually.
A saúde bucal em pauta: análise de registros dos Conselhos Municipais de Saúde de municípios pertencentes à 17ª Regional de Saúde do Estado do Paraná, Brasil Oral health on the public agenda: an analysis of Municipal Health Council records in cities from the 17th Regional Health Division in the State of Paraná, Brazil
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Rosani Aparecida Alves-Souza
Full Text Available O presente estudo teve como objetivo a análise das intervenções em saúde bucal, registradas em atas de reuniões, de 15 Conselhos Municipais de Saúde, próprios de municípios pertencentes à 17ª Regional de Saúde do Estado do Paraná. A análise documental deu-se a partir da identificação das temáticas em saúde, com ênfase na categorização por assunto das intervenções em saúde bucal. Os resultados evidenciaram os registros relativos à programação e organização da prestação de serviços, seguida pelo orçamento em saúde, como sendo os mais freqüentes do conjunto de temáticas analisadas. Pôde-se identificar, em 90 atas das 591 estudadas, o total de 134 registros de intervenções em saúde bucal. Por meio da análise desses últimos, percebeu-se que as intervenções em saúde bucal eram relatos de ações já concretizadas, desprovidas de características propositivas quando analisadas sob a dimensão do planejamento em saúde. Sinaliza-se para a necessidade da categoria odontológica de adquirir um maior padrão de representatividade nesses espaços, de forma a possibilitar vínculos importantes no processo de planejamento e de fortalecimento da saúde bucal enquanto direito de cidadania.The present study analyzes interventions pertaining to oral health recorded in the minutes of meetings held by 15 Municipal Health Councils in cities from the 17th Regional Health Division of the State of Paraná, Brazil. Document analysis was performed by identifying health themes, emphasizing categorization of issues related to interventions in oral health. The most frequently analyzed themes were records concerning the programming and organization of oral health services, followed by health budget issues. In 90 of the 591 minutes studied, 134 records pertaining to oral health interventions were identified. An analysis of the latter showed that oral health interventions involve reports of actions already implemented and lack the
Geodetic Imaging: Expanding the Boundaries of Geodesy in the 21st Century
Fernandez Diaz, J. C.; Carter, W. E.; Shrestha, R. L.; Glennie, C. L.
High resolution (sub-meter) geodetic images covering tens to thousands of square kilometers have extended the boundaries of geodesy into related areas of the earth sciences, such as geomorphology and geodynamics, during the past decade, to archaeological exploration and site mapping during the past few years, and are now poised to transform studies of flora and fauna in the more remote regions of the world. Geodetic images produced from airborne laser scanning (ALS), a.k.a. airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) have proven transformative to the modern practice of geomorphology where researchers have used decimeter resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) to determine the spatial frequencies of evenly spaced features in terrain, and developed models and mathematical equations to explain how the terrain evolved to its present state and how it is expected to change in the future (Perron et al., 2009). In geodynamics researchers have used ';before' and ';after' geodetic images of the terrain near earthquakes, such as the 2010 El Mayor-Cucapah Earthquake, to quantify surface displacements and suggest models to explain the observed deformations (Oskin et. al., 2012). In archaeology, the ability of ALS to produce ';bare earth' DEMs of terrain covered with dense vegetation, including even tropical rain forests, has revolutionized the study of archaeology in highly forested areas, finding ancient structures and human modifications of landscapes not discovered by archaeologists working at sites for decades (Chase et al., 2011 & Evans et al., 2013), and finding previously unknown ruins in areas that ground exploration has not been able to penetrate since the arrival of the conquistadors in the new world in the 17th century (Carter et al., 2012). The improved spatial resolution and ability of the third generation ALS units to obtain high resolution bare earth DEMs and canopy models in areas covered in dense forests, brush, and even shallow water (steams, lakes, and
Life Sciences in the 21 st Century
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Zou Chenglu (C. L. Tsou)
This article presents a retrospective of the achievements of life sciences in the 20th century and a prospective in the 21 st century.primarily,because of the emergence of molecular biology in the 20th cetury,life sciences have grown up from a descriptive discipline to an exact science.Biology in the 21st century features a unification between analysis and integration,i.e.the unification of analysis and func-tional research.More and more interdisciplinary integration will be based on works of penetrating analyses.Secondly.the deeper understanding of all living phenomena will lead to a unified connition of the essence of life so that general biology in the genuine sese of the term will come into being.finally,basic research on the life sciences will produce an unprecedented influence on all aspects of human life.
Climate: Into the 21st Century
Burroughs, William
Toward the end of the twentieth century, it became evident to professionals working within the meterological arena that the world's climate system was showing signs of change that could not be adequately explained in terms of natural variation. Since that time there has been an increasing recognition that the climate system is changing as a result of human industries and lifestyles, and that the outcomes may prove catastrophic to the world's escalating population. Compiled by an international team formed under the auspices of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Climate: Into the 21st Century features an unrivalled collection of essays by the world's leading meteorological experts. These fully integrated contributions provide a perspective of the global climate system across the twentieth century, and describe some of the most arresting and extreme climatic events and their effects that have occurred during that time. In addition, the book traces the development of our capabilities to observe and monitor the climate system, and outlines our understanding of the predictability of climate on time-scales of months and longer. It concludes with a summary of the prospects for applying the twentieth century climate experience in order to benefit society in the twenty-first century. Lavishly illustrated in color, Climate is an accessible acccount of the challenges that climate poses at the start of the twenty-first century. Filled with fascinating facts and diagrams, it is written for a wide audience and will captivate the general reader interested in climate issues, and will be a valuable teaching resource. William Burroughs is a successful science author of books on climate, including Weather (Time Life, 2000), and Climate Change: A Multidisciplinary Approach (2001), Does the Weather Really Matter? (1997) and The Climate Revealed (1999), all published by Cambridge University Press.
Fanchi, John R
Energy may be the most important factor that will influence the shape of society in the 21st century. The cost and availability of energy significantly impacts our quality of life, the health of national economies, the relationships between nations, and the stability of our environment. What kind of energy do we want to use in our future? Will there be enough? What will be the consequences of our decisions? Everyone has a stake in the answers to these questions and the decisions that are being made to provide energy. ""Energy in the 21st Century"", in its second edition, examines the energy so
Nursing theory: the 21st century.
Randell, B P
On September 21, 1990, at the University of California, Los Angeles, Neuropsychiatric Institute and Hospital, six nurse theorists participated in a panel discussion on theory development for the 21st century. The theorists included Dorothy Johnson, Betty Neuman, Dorothea E. Orem, Rosemarie Rizzo Parse, Martha E. Rogers and Callista Roy. The panel provided the participants the opportunity to speculate on the course for future development of nursing knowledge. Three questions were posed to the panel relating to the development of their models, the direction nursing theory will take in the 21st century, and current research emerging from the extant theories. The panel also addressed questions from the audience. PMID:1454278
Fanchi, John R
Many events that affect global energy production and consumption have occurred since the second edition of Energy in the 21st Century appeared in 2011. For example, an earthquake and tsunami in Japan led to the disruption of the Fukushima nuclear facility and a global re-examination of the safety of the nuclear industry. Oil and natural gas prices continue to be volatile, and the demand for energy has been affected by the global economy. The third edition updates data and the discussion of recent events.Energy in the 21st Century has been used as the text for an introductory energy course for
Women in Eighteenth-century Scotland
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
the honourable exception of Flora McDonald, remained unwritten. Over the last decade however, research on women and gender in Scotland has flourished and we have an increasingly full picture of women's lives at all social levels across the century. As a result, this is an appropriate moment to reflect...
Malta and the Nineteenth Century Grain Trade
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Sharp, Paul Richard
It is often assumed that Britain's colonies followed the British doctrine of free trade in the second half of the nineteenth century. Malta, which became a British colony in 1814, did indeed become an early free trader. However, she failed to liberalize the grain trade, even when the mother country...
Lexicography in the 21st Century
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
This is a state-of-the-art volume on lexicography at the beginning of the 21st century. It also offers proposals for future theoretical and practical work. The contributions, inspired by the ground-breaking work of Henning Bergenholtz, address topics such as dictionary functions; dictionary users...
21st Century Learning Environment Models
State Educational Technology Directors Association, 2011
This report provides short descriptions of systemic approaches for American Recovery and Reinvestment Act funding including: (1) 21st Century Classroom; (2) Comprehensive Professional Development; (3) Statewide Longitudinal Data Systems; (4) Formative Assessment; (5) Digital Content; (6) Virtual Learning; and (7) Learning Management Systems.
Refining Industry: Orientation for the New Century
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Wang Mingji
@@ Challenges facing the Domestic Industry Demand for light oils to keep increasing at relatively higher rates The world crude supply would be sufficient at least for the firs 20 years of the 21st century. With an annual rate of increase averaging 2.1% over 1996 -2005, the total world demand for gasoline is foreseen to reach 962.1 Mt by 2005.
Lifelong Learning for the 21st Century.
Goodnight, Ron
The Lifelong Learning Center for the 21st Century was proposed to provide personal renewal and technical training for employees at a major United States automotive manufacturing company when it implemented a new, computer-based Computer Numerical Controlled (CNC) machining, robotics, and high technology facility. The employees needed training for…
Surviving 1000 centuries can we do it?
Bonnet, Roger-Maurice
This full color book provides a quantitative view of our civilization over the next 100,000 years. The authors present the dangers and stress the importance of taking decisions in the 21st century to ensure the long-term survival of people on Earth.
The "Casa dei Bambini": A Century Concept.
Hall, Elizabeth
Reviews the early history of Montessori education from the Italian State Orthophrenic School to the opening of the original Casa dei Bambini in San Lorenzo, Italy on January 6, 1907. Includes a synopsis of Maria Montessori's progressive revelations of the child's developing self over the past century. (JPB)
Psychological Science in the 21st Century
Cacioppo, John T.
Science is constantly changing. If one hopes to keep pace with advances in science, one cannot simply repeat what one has done in the past, whether deciding how to invest limited research funds, searching to replace a retiring colleague, or teaching introductory psychology. Psychological science in the 21st century is more central and integrated…
Vietnam 2010 : Entering the 21st Century
World Bank; Asian Development Bank; United Nations Development Program
The study outlines the socioeconomic development strategy for Vietnam, during the first decade of the twenty first century, envisaging sustainable economic development, to rapidly adjust to social stability, while maintaining cultural, and traditional ties. The aim is to become a socialist market economy, fully integrated into the global economy, internationally competitive, with character...
A Century of Plays by American Women.
France, Rachel, Ed.
Chosen for their literary quality and because they reflect the historical periods in which they were written, the 23 one-act dramas in this anthology represent the work of American female playwrights. The plays range from the realistic dramas produced in the "Little Theatres" of New York City at the turn of the century to current off-Broadway…
Managing Reliability in the 21st Century
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Dellin, T.A.
The rapid pace of change at Ike end of the 20th Century should continue unabated well into the 21st Century. The driver will be the marketplace imperative of "faster, better, cheaper." This imperative has already stimulated a revolution-in-engineering in design and manufacturing. In contrast, to date, reliability engineering has not undergone a similar level of change. It is critical that we implement a corresponding revolution-in-reliability-engineering as we enter the new millennium. If we are still using 20th Century reliability approaches in the 21st Century, then reliability issues will be the limiting factor in faster, better, and cheaper. At the heart of this reliability revolution will be a science-based approach to reliability engineering. Science-based reliability will enable building-in reliability, application-specific products, virtual qualification, and predictive maintenance. The purpose of this paper is to stimulate a dialogue on the future of reliability engineering. We will try to gaze into the crystal ball and predict some key issues that will drive reliability programs in the new millennium. In the 21st Century, we will demand more of our reliability programs. We will need the ability to make accurate reliability predictions that will enable optimizing cost, performance and time-to-market to meet the needs of every market segment. We will require that all of these new capabilities be in place prior to the stint of a product development cycle. The management of reliability programs will be driven by quantifiable metrics of value added to the organization business objectives.
Living oil: petroleum culture in the American century
Straß, Hanna
Reseña de libro: Stephanie LeMenager, Living Oil: Petroleum Culture in the American Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), xi+263pp. Living oil: petroleum culture in the American century [Reseña de libro
Oblivion Deferred: Altichiero in the Fifteenth Century
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Richards, John
Full Text Available Altichiero was the dominant north Italian painter of the later Trecento. In Padua, in the 1370s and early 1380s, he worked for patrons close to Petrarch and his circle and perhaps in direct contact with the poet himself. By the time of the second edition of Vasari's Vite (1568 the memory of Altichiero's work had suffered significant occlusion, and Vasari's account of him is little more than an appendix to his life of Carpaccio. Only since the later nineteenth century, and particularly in the last fifty or so years, has Altichiero's reputation been restored. It is the purpose of this paper to examine aspects of that reputation throughout the century or so after the painter's death (by April 1393.
Cosmic Dust in the 21st Century
Greenberg, J M; Shen, Chuanjian
The past century of interstellar dust has brought us from first ignoring it to finding that it plays an important role in the evolution of galaxies. Current observational results in our galaxy provide a complex physical and chemical evolutionary picture of interstellar dust starting with the formation of small refractory particles in stellar atmospheres to their modification in diffuse and molecular clouds and ultimately to their contribution to star forming regions. Observations of the properties of dust in very young galaxies will be an important probe of the rates of star formation in terms of the production and destruction of dust grains. Future observations of dust at high spectral and spatial resolution will provide detailed information on processes in collapsing clouds up to star formation. Space missions to comets in the next century will first study them in situ but ultimately will bring back pristine nucleus material which will contain the end product of the collapsing protosolar molecular cloud at ...
Detergents of the 21st century
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ho Tan Tai Louis
Full Text Available Detergents of the 21st century will depend on evolutions in household appliances, in substrates and in consumer needs. In addition, the environmental constraints, which become more and more stringent, will also play an important role, particularly in the formulations. Surfactants, which constitute one of the main raw materials in detergents, will have to be more environmentally friendly with increasing criteria of biodegradability and renewable materials. Builders (phosphates or zeolithes, heavy metal complexants (EDTA and bleaching agents (combination perborate/TAED are also expected to be replaced by biodegradable compounds, with better performances and lower costs. The real raw materials of the detergents of the 21st century will probably be enzymes (oxidase, hydrolase, peroxidase which present several advantages. At the same time, efforts will be made on biodegradable packaging through the use of micro-organisms able to degrade polymers. Finally, in terms of product forms, the concept of concentration might come back through the use of tablets.
Snake oil for the 21st century.
Bigby, M
Dermatology has been associated with quackery for at least a century. The dictionary defines a quack as "a pretender to medical knowledge or skill; ignorantly or falsely pretending to cure." The term quack is derived from quacksalver, or one who quacks like a duck in promoting his salves. Quacksalvers hacked many potions, including snake oil, with claims that it cured everything from dermatitis to rheumatism. With the current promulgation of skin "products" and their promotion and even sale by dermatologists, and the use of treatments of no proven efficacy, this association between dermatology and quackery is set to continue well into the 21st century. The list of offending treatments includes silicone gel sheets and onion extract cream (Mederma) for keloids, alpha-hydroxy acid creams and peels, topical ascorbic acid and phytonadione, "laser resurfacing," and cimetidine for warts, to name only a few. PMID:9875187
Mixed marriages in Ireland: A century ago
Fernihough, Alan; Ó Gráda, Cormac; Walsh, Brendan M.
This paper explores the characteristics associated with marriages between Roman Catholics and members of other religious denominations ('mixed marriages') in 1911 Ireland. Using the recently-digitized returns of the 1911 census of population, we find that such marriages were relatively rare, varying from two to three percent of all mar- riages in Dublin to less than half a percent in Connacht. However, at the turn of the century in the Dublin area mixed marriages represented 12 per cent or mo...
The 21st century chemistry journal
Steven M. Bachrach
Internet publication will radically alter how chemists will publish their research in the next century. In this article, we describe two fundamental changes: enhanced chemical publication which allows chemists to publish materials that cannot be published on paper and end-user customization which allows readers to read articles prepared to meet their specifications. These concepts have been implemented within the Internet Journal of Chemistry, a new journal designed to employ the latest techn...
Project for the new American Century?
Fahnøe, Sanne; Grip, Sune; Helqvist, Iben; Holton, Christina; Zidan, Sarah
Our concern is based on how the neoconservative think-tank "The Project for the New American Century" has combined their ideology from the two International Relations theories liberalism and realism. Our problem in the project is therefore on how they have combined these two theories, which we find troublesome. Their mission is democracy, which is liberalistic terminology, but their means to achieve this is realistic, by military interventions. In our project we are therefore questioning PNA...
Reza TAHMASEBI; Seyyed Mohammad Mahdi MUSAVI
The issue of politics-administration dichotomy as one of the five great issues in the field of public administration has had a strange history. For more than a century it has been one of the most disreputable notions in the field of public administration. At the heart of the public administration is the relationship between administrators, on one hand, and politicians and the public on the other hand. The nature of that relationship and the proper role of political leaders and administrators ...
Intelligence in the Twenty-First Century
Shebarshin, Leonid V.
The author concludes that the world will most probably remain rife with conflict even in the twenty first century and that the traditional role of intelligence will not only continue but will increase in importance. He characterizes the international situation as being "more of the same historically"; that is, the existence of several different centers of power and mutual conflicts based solely on national interests. In order to protect and promote one's national interests, sovereign states w...
21st Century South African Science Fiction
The paper analyses some aspects of South African science fiction, starting with its beginnings in the 1920s and focusing on some 21st century writings. Thus Lauren Beukes' novels Moxyland (2008) and Zoo City (2010) are taken into consideration in order to present new trends in South African literature and the way science fiction has been marked by Apartheid. The second South African science fiction writer whose writings are examined is Henrietta Rose-Innes (with her novel Nineveh, published i...
The Century Ahead: Searching for Sustainability
Richard A. Rosen; Christi Electris; Raskin, Paul D.
The global future lies before us as a highly uncertain and contested landscape with numerous perils along the way. This study explores possible pathways to sustainability by considering in quantitative detail four contrasting scenarios for the twenty-first century. The analysis reveals vividly the risks of conventional development approaches and the real danger of socio-ecological descent. Nonetheless, the paper underscores that a Great Transition scenario—turning toward a civilization of e...
Home Biases, 19th Century Style
Marc Flandreau
This paper discusses the existence of 'home' biases in the 19th century global capital market, whereby colonies appear to have received a 'disproportionate' amount of capital from their metropolis. Starting from a discussion of the Bulow Rogoff (1989) problem, we argue that imperial links provided a natural institutional framework to make pre-commitment credible by ensuring an adequate degree of willingness to pay. This was not because imperial rule provided coercion or punishment, but rather...
Flexibility in 21st Century Power Systems
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Cochran, J.; Miller, M.; Zinaman, O.; Milligan, M.; Arent, D.; Palmintier, B.; O' Malley, M.; Mueller, S.; Lannoye, E.; Tuohy, A.; Kujala, B.; Sommer, M.; Holttinen, H.; Kiviluoma, J.; Soonee, S. K.
Flexibility of operation--the ability of a power system to respond to change in demand and supply--is a characteristic of all power systems. Flexibility is especially prized in twenty-first century power systems, with higher levels of grid-connected variable renewable energy (primarily, wind and solar). This paper summarizes the analytic frameworks that have emerged to measure this characteristic and distills key principles of flexibility for policy makers.
A typology of nineteenth-century police
Emsley, Clive
Taking as its starting points the Bobby in Victorian England and some of the general conclusions of David H. Bayley's comparative work, this essay suggests that three basic types of police developed in nineteenth-century Europe. Focussing primarily on England, France, Italy and Prussia it argues that, in terms of accountability, control and form, state civilian, state military, and civilian municipal police can be delineated as Weberian ideal types. Individual states did not necessarily devel...
Cosmic Dust in the 21st Century
Greenberg, J. Mayo; Shen, Chuanjian
The past century of interstellar dust has brought us from first ignoring it to finding that it plays an important role in the evolution of galaxies. Current observational results in our galaxy provide a complex physical and chemical evolutionary picture of interstellar dust starting with the formation of small refractory particles in stellar atmospheres to their modification in diffuse and molecular clouds and ultimately to their contribution to star forming regions. Observations of the prope...
Cooperative learning in 21st century
Johnson, David W.; JOHNSON, Roger T.
The 21st century brings four important challenges in which cooperation plays a central role: (1) a rapidly increasing global interdependence that will result in increasing local diversity as well as more frequent and intense conflicts, (2) the increasing number of democracies throughout the world, (3) the need for creative entrepreneurs, and (4) the growing importance of interpersonal relationships that affect the development of personal identity. The tools for meeting these challenges includ...
Twentieth century monetary regimes in Canadian perspective
Harley, C. Knick
Three monetary regimes - the gold standard, a regime of 'socialism in many countries' and the post-Bretton Woods regime - and difficult transitions between them have shaped the economic history of the twentieth century. The regimes consisted of coherent sets of government policies and equally importantly, the publics expectations about policy and each made different decisions about which of the trilemma of policy goals - fixed exchange rates, domestic policy independence and integrated capita...
Metropolitan Taxation in the 21st Century
Brunori, David
As we enter the 21st Century, local governments will face challenges to how they raise revenue. Existing local tax systems are ill equipped to meet future basic revenue needs. Moreover, economic and technological changes will inevitably and profoundly alter tax systems of all governments. The problems with existing tax systems and future economic challenges will likely lead to an environment in which local taxation will be limited to an extent unseen in American history. The limitations will ...
Exotic Animals in Eighteenth-Century Britain
Plumb, Christopher Jonathan Stephen
Exotic animals are conspicuously absent in economic histories and discussions of material culture in eighteenth-century Britain, even though they were highly sought-after luxury goods. As a response, this cultural history is a step towards a fuller understanding of the broad yet related meanings that a range of exotic animals held in Georgian Britain. A study is structured around four themes of meaning. The significance of exotic animals is explored, in turn, through their function as commodi...
Mammalian Developmental Genetics in the Twentieth Century
Artzt, Karen
This Perspectives is a review of the breathtaking history of mammalian genetics in the past century and, in particular, of the ways in which genetic thinking has illuminated aspects of mouse development. To illustrate the power of that thinking, selected hypothesis-driven experiments and technical advances are discussed. Also included in this account are the beginnings of mouse genetics at the Bussey Institute, Columbia University, and The Jackson Laboratory and a retrospective discussion of ...
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
The Federal government plays a key role in supporting the country's science infrastructure, a national treasure, and scientific research, an investment in our future. Scientific discoveries transform the way we think about our universe and ourselves, from the vastness of space to molecular-level biology. In innovations such as drugs derived through biotechnology and new communications technologies we see constant evidence of the power of science to improve lives and address national challenges. We had not yet learned to fly at the dawn of the 20th century, and could not have imagined the amazing 20th century inventions that we now take for granted. As we move into the 21st century, we eagerly anticipate new insights, discoveries, and technologies that will inspire and enrich us for many decades to come. This report presents the critical responsibilities of our Federal science enterprise and the actions taken by the Federal research agencies, through the National Science and Technology Council, to align our programs with scientific opportunity and with national needs. The many examples show how our science enterprise has responded to the President's priorities for homeland and national security, economic growth, health research, and the environment. In addition, we show how the science agencies work together to set priorities; coordinate related research programs; leverage investments to promote discovery, translate science into national benefits, and sustain the national research enterprise; and promote excellence in math and science education and work force development.
The physiognomist's kidney in the fifteenth century.
Ziegler, Joseph
Physiognomy, the art of deciphering a person's character and potential behavior by his or her external appearance, is an ancient body of knowledge which was gradually revived in the Latin West in the twelfth and particularly in the thirteenth century. This is a philological study of the scientific discourse about the physiognomy of the kidney in physiognomic sources from Pseudo-Aristotle's Physiognomonics (third century B.C.) through Pietro d'Abano's Liber compilationis phisonomie (ca 1295) to Rolandus Scriptoris's Reductorium phisonomie (ca 1430). Fifteenth-century learned physiognomists devoted specific chapters to the kidney. The physiognomists analyzed the fleshiness of the body-surface outside the kidneys (i.e. the loins and their vicinity). Firm loins denoted boldness, agility, and good fighting capacity and vice versa. The pre-modern kidney was of interest not only to physicians and surgeons wishing to treat kidney conditions and other pathologies arising from the urinary system. There were learned physicians who examined the body not to diagnose diseases, but to decipher their patient's personality. When engaged in this activity the kidneys, that is, the loins or the external area of the kidneys, were one of the body parts that could provide vital physiognomic information. PMID:15372426
Ionizing radiation in 21st century
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The paper begins with the author's personal experience in Poland on the occasion of Chernobyl nuclear accident followed by main lessons that the author could deduce from the accident. After the discovery of ionizing radiation at the end of 19th century, social perception has altered between acceptance and rejection stemming from recognition of the basic aspects: usefulness for medical applications and for technical and scientific aims, beneficial effects of their low levels, and harmful effects of high levels. The author explains how linear no-threshold (LNT) assumption according to which even the lowest, near zero doses of radiation may cause cancer genetic harm has become established. Comparing the natural radioactivity of the earth's crust with the activity of much shorter-lived radioactive wastes from the nuclear power cycle, it is concluded that none of the man-made component of the radioactive wastes has higher-toxicity than the natural Th 232. The paper concludes by stating that one century has not been long enough to adapt mentally to ionizing radiation and radioactivity and perhaps 21st century will suffice for this adaptation. (S. Ohno)
Famous Funerals in 19th Century Cracow
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Bernadeta Wilk
Full Text Available Cracow, the old capital of Polish Kingdom, has always performed a particular role in the Polish history and culture. In the nineteenth century, particulary in the period of galician autonomy 1860-1914, Cracow became the spiritual capital of Poland for generations of Poles who lived in the partitioned country, which was ruled by the three foreign powers together. About this phenomenon decided not only the autonomy but also the old tradition and the symbolism of this town. In the 19 th century and before the First World War, Cracow was the most influential centre of the Polish national life. In this time Crakow's citizens decided to continue the old tradition of the royal burial. Since there were no longer any Polish monarchs, they resolved that the remains of the greatest national heroes, of writers and artists be buried on the Wawel Cathedral in the cemetery Rakowice and later in the Church of Paulinites fathers "on the rock". Famous funerals in 19 th century Cracow, of which the best known were those of prince Joseph Poniatowski in 1817, general Thaddeus Kosciusko in 1818, king Casmir the Great in 1869 and of poet Adam Mickiewicz in 1890 alluded to royal ceremonies from the time of Polish independence. These funerals have been one of the main elements in patriotic and religious ceremonies and important part of the nation's patriotic educations.
PREFACE: 17th Russian Youth Conference on Physics and Astronomy (PhysicA.SPb/2014)
Averkiev, Nikita S.; Poniaev, Sergey A.; Sokolovskii, Grigorii S.
The seventeenth Russian Youth Conference on Physics and Astronomy (PhysicA.SPb) was held from 28-30 October 2014 in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The Conference continues the tradition of Saint Petersburg Seminars on Physics and Astronomy originating from the mid-1990s. Since then PhysicA.SPb maintains both the scientific and educational quality of contributions delivered to the young audience. This is the main feature of the Conference that makes it possible to combine the whole spectrum of modern Physics and Astronomy within one event. PhysicA.SPb/2014 has brought together more than 200 students, young scientists and their professor colleagues from many universities and research institutes across the whole of Russia as well as from Belarus, Ukraine, Finland, the Netherlands, France and Germany. Oral and poster presentations were combined into the well-defined sections of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Optics and spectroscopy, Physics of ferroics, Nanostructured and thin-film materials, Mathematical physics and numerical methods, Biophysics, Plasma physics, hydro- and aero-dynamics, and Physics of quantum structures. This volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series presents the extended contributions from participants of PhysicA.SPb/2014 that were peer-reviewed by expert referees through processes administered by the Presiders of the Organising and Programme Committees to the best professional and scientific standards.
Proceedings of the 17th conference of the Nuclear Societies of Israel
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The conference presentations discuss various aspects of operating a nuclear reactor. The main aspects are: reactor physics, operation control and safety. Isotope applications and instrumentations were also discussed
Aging of Asphalt Symposium, September 17th 2014, Delft, the Netherlands
Erkens, S.M.J.G.; Scarpas, A.; Blab, R.; Glaser, R.; Glover, C.; Oeser, M.; Porot, L.; Soenen, H.
Technical specifications for the asphalt concrete properties are developed to be able to specify mixtures that will perform well in pavement applications. Being able to identify and determine properties related to pavement performance in practice is crucial for both road authorities and contractors,
17th International Workshop on Neutrino Factories and Future Neutrino Facilities Search
NuFact15 is the seventeenth in a series that started in 1999 as an important yearly workshop with emphasis on future neutrino projects. This will be the first edition in Latin America, showing the scientific growth of this field. The main goals of the workshop are to review the progress on studies of future facilities able to improve on measurements of the properties of neutrinos and charged lepton flavor violation as well as new phenomena searches beyond the capabilities of presently planned experiments. Since such progress in the neutrino sector could require innovation in neutrino beams, the role of a neutrino factory within future HEP initiatives will be addressed. The workshops are not only international but also interdisciplinary in that experimenters, theorists and accelerator physicists from the Asian, American and European regions share expertise with the common goal of designing the next generation of experiments.
Hilbert 17th problem in real closed valued fields - Ganzstellensatz analogues and generalizations
Lavi, Noa
The purpose of this thesis is to study an analog of Hilbert's seventeenth problem for real closed valued fields, that is, characterizing functions over a valued field which are integral definite on definable sets from a certain kind in real closed valued fields. Towards the end we start by refining the standard notion of integrality. Next, we establish the model theoretic framework, relaying on the fact that the theory of real closed valued fields is model complete. Finally, by using the framework, we provide a ring-theoretic characterization of the set of rational functions which are integral on the open sets, as in Artin's nichtnegativestellensatz, and its relative versions. This paper also contains some partial results of positivity, in which we hope to go further in a future work.
17th East European Conference on Advances in Databases and Information Systems and Associated Satellite Events
Cerquitelli, Tania; Chiusano, Silvia; Guerrini, Giovanna; Kämpf, Mirko; Kemper, Alfons; Novikov, Boris; Palpanas, Themis; Pokorný, Jaroslav; Vakali, Athena
This book reports on state-of-art research and applications in the field of databases and information systems. It includes both fourteen selected short contributions, presented at the East-European Conference on Advances in Databases and Information Systems (ADBIS 2013, September 1-4, Genova, Italy), and twenty-six papers from ADBIS 2013 satellite events. The short contributions from the main conference are collected in the first part of the book, which covers a wide range of topics, like data management, similarity searches, spatio-temporal and social network data, data mining, data warehousing, and data management on novel architectures, such as graphics processing units, parallel database management systems, cloud and MapReduce environments. In contrast, the contributions from the satellite events are organized in five different parts, according to their respective ADBIS satellite event: BiDaTA 2013 - Special Session on Big Data: New Trends and Applications); GID 2013 – The Second International Workshop ...
17th General Conference of the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth
Those familiar with input-output analysis know well that compilation of input-output tables is a difficult statistical work. The very first input-output tables (e.g. such as those for the United States economy in 1919 and 1929 or for the Federal Republic of Germany in the fifties) were the results of applied economic research. But soon after, official statistical bodies, who understood that input-output tables consistent with national accounts can very much improve the quality of economic statistics, started systematic work in this field. It was also obvious that international exchange of experience can be useful. The two main internatio nal fora in which discussion of input-output compilation took place were the international input-out put conferences and United Nations bodies. Already at the First International Conference on Input-Output Techniques (Driebergen 1950) several authors analysed the relations between input-output tables and national accounts. The topic was also on the programme of the Second...
A practical guide to the 17th edition of the wiring regulations
Kitcher, Christopher
This book covers all the basics of inspection and testing and clearly explains all the legal requirements. It not only tells you what tests are needed but also describes all of them step-by-step with the help of colour photos. Sample forms show how to verify recorded test results and how to certify and fill in the required documentation. The book is also packed with handy advice on how to avoid and solve common problems encountered on the job.With its focus on the practical side of the actual inspection and testing rather than just the requirements of the regula
Proceedings of 17th Forum: Energy Day in Croatia: Europe, Region and Croatia in 2030
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The international community is faced with a big test of determining the marginal requirements of environmental impact aimed at preventing the climate change potentially endangering the survival of the civilisation as we know it. This phrase actually reflects the course of developments to be expected if we do not change our attitude towards the protection of the environment. This is a huge challenge for the energy sector and technological development: how to meet the growing needs for energy and, at the same time, significantly diminish the ecological burden. In the past 2 years the EU has put forward very ambitious plans. The question is are the designed mechanisms sufficient to facilitate the implementation of these plans and if the awareness of all actors participating in the process is high enough to enable this implementation.This Forum wants to open the decision about the future of the future in energy development in Europe, Region and Croatia. It is important that we all become aware that the changes in the energy sector will be dramatic if the obligations to reduce greenhouse gases emissions, mostly CO2, are accepted in order to start working in that direction as soon as today
The 17th Annual Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition: intelligent robots built by intelligent students
Theisen, Bernard L.
The Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition (IGVC) is one of four unmanned systems student competitions that were founded by the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI). The IGVC is a multidisciplinary exercise in product realization that challenges college engineering student teams to integrate advanced control theory, machine vision, vehicular electronics and mobile platform fundamentals to design and build an unmanned ground vehicle. Teams from around the world focus on developing a suite of dual-use technologies to equip their system of the future with intelligent driving capabilities. Over the past 17 years, the competition has challenged undergraduate, graduate and Ph.D. students with real world applications in intelligent transportation systems, the military and manufacturing automation. To date, teams from over 70 universities and colleges have participated. This paper describes some of the applications of the technologies required by this competition and discusses the educational benefits. The primary goal of the IGVC is to advance engineering education in intelligent vehicles and related technologies. The employment and professional networking opportunities created for students and industrial sponsors through a series of technical events over the four-day competition are highlighted. Finally, an assessment of the competition based on participation is presented.
17th European photovoltaic solar energy conference and exhibition, Munich 22.-26.10.2001
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
This report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) summarises the photovoltaics (PV) conference and exhibition held in Munich in October 2001 from the Swiss point of view. The contributions made by representatives of Swiss institutions and companies are presented including papers on the progress being made in third generation crystalline and multi-crystalline silicon technology, amorphous and micro-crystalline silicon solar cells, thin film solar cells based on compound semiconductors and thermo-photovoltaics. Further papers deal with PV modules on the market, building-integrated solar power systems and new developments in PV systems technology. The exhibition that accompanied the conference, including the 12 Swiss exhibitors who were present, is reviewed as are international market developments. Contributions concerning the application of photovoltaics in developing countries are also reviewed
Viral immune surveillance: Toward a TH17/TH9 gate to the central nervous system
Barkhordarian, Andre; Thames, April D.; Du, Angela M; Jan, Allison L; Nahcivan, Melissa; Nguyen, Mia T; Sama, Nateli; Chiappelli, Francesco
Viral cellular immune surveillance is a dynamic and fluid system that is driven by finely regulated cellular processes including cytokines and other factors locally in the microenvironment and systemically throughout the body. It is questionable as to what extent the central nervous system (CNS) is an immune-privileged organ protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Recent evidence suggests converging pathways through which viral infection, and its associated immune surveillance processes, ...
Proceedings of the 17th international conference on structural mechanics in reactor technology
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The conference was divided into the following divisions and subdivisions: DIVISION A: Plenary lectures and panel; DIVISION B: Computational mechanics (Structural and thermal analysis; High-non linear analysis, material behaviour; Vibration and fluid dynamics analysis); DIVISION C: Fuel and core structures (Fuel vibration and fretting; Fuel design and constitutive modelling; Fuel failure under operation and accident conditions; Fuel failure under operation and accident conditions; Components and material behaviour under irradiation; Integrity of fuel systems under transient conditions); DIVISION D: Aging, Life Extension and Licence Renewal (International Regulatory and Economic Perspectives; Utility perspectives, WWER technology; Fatigue, corrosion and crack issues; Component integrity; Aging assessment and monitoring; Containment and other structures); DIVISION F: Design methods and rules for components (International codes and standards; Tube, piping codes and standards; Analyses; Fatigue and life assessment; Creep; Bolted connections and gaskets); DIVISION G: Fracture mechanics (Reactor pressure vessel integrity; Dynamic loading; Fracture considerations for various applications; Failure assessment of Zr alloy; Pipe integrity; Integrity of welds; Failure of non-metallic materials; Leak before break (LBB); Corrosion aspects); DIVISION H: Concrete Containment and Other Structures (Concrete materials and performance; Tests of scale prestressed concrete containment vessel; Shear wall test and analysis; Structural analysis and containment design; Structural integrity and analysis); DIVISION J: Analysis and design for dynamic and extreme load (Vibration of shells and plates; Impact analysis; Piping vibration; Structural dynamics; Experimental and other topics); DIVISION K: Seismic analysis, design and qualification (General seismic issues; Ground motion and sitting; Soil-structure interaction; Seismic response of structures; Seismic re-evaluation; Seismic response and qualification of equipment; Seismic base isolation; Seismic testing; seismic vibration control; seismic fluid - structure interaction and tanks; Seismic response of piping and pipe supports; Specific issues of seismic analysis; External events and malevolent action in relation to nuclear power plants and other nuclear facilities); DIVISION M: Structural Reliability and Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) (Probabilistic analysis in dynamic and impact mechanics; PSA for seismic and other external events; Reliability analysis of pressure vessels and piping; Reliability analysis of concrete structures and other components); DIVISION O: Operation, inspection and maintenance (Material monitoring, maintenance and repair; Steam generators and piping; Monitoring and operating experience; Management and safety assessment); DIVISION P: Severe accident management and structural evaluation (Reactor pressure vessel and containment integrity; Severe accident management strategies, achievements and research needs); DIVISION S: Reactor design (Advanced reactor design); DIVISION W: Decommissioning of nuclear facilities and waste management (Decommissioning). A total of 419 contributions were presented. (P.A.)
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
Socialism With Chinese Characteristics Socialism with Chinese Characteristics refers to building a socialist system under the leadership of the Communist Party of China(CPC) and in light of China's basic condition.It contains five basic components:a peo- ple-oriented approach,a market econo- my,common prosperity,Chinese culture and socialist democracy.
A Possible Scenario of Energy Transport in the 17th May 2002 Flare
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Kotrč, Pavel; Kashapova, L. K.; Frolova, A.S.; Kupryjakov, Ju. A.
Roč. 33, č. 1 (2009), s. 207-215. ISSN 1845-8319 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z10030501 Keywords : solar flare * accelerated particles * chromosphere and corona Subject RIV: BN - Astronomy, Celestial Mechanics, Astrophysics
EDITORIAL: 17th International Summer School on Vacuum, Electron, and Ion Technologies (VEIT 2011)
van de Sanden, M. C. M.; Dimitrova, Miglena; Ghelev, Chavdar
The International Summer School on Vacuum, Electron and Ion Technologies (VEIT) has been organized biennially since 1977, when the VEIT Summer School series was launched by the Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. The aim was to act as a forum for the exchange and dissemination of knowledge and ideas on the latest developments in electron-, ion- and plasma-assisted technologies. The organizers of the 2011 edition of the event were the Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria and the Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Whilst the school initially provided a meeting place for researchers mainly from Eastern and Central European countries, its importance has grown issue by issue. The school is now a major scientific event and a meeting place for young scientists from Eastern and Western Europe involved in research and development associated with high-tech industries. Many former school participants have gone on to become leading scientists in research establishments and companies throughout the world. Leading international companies, such as High Voltage Engineering, Balzers, Varian, and Hauzer have used the VEIT forum to present their products through oral presentations, poster contributions and exhibits. The School Proceedings have been published in special issues of the international journals Vacuum, Plasma Processes and Polymers and Journal of Physics: Conference Series. The Seventeenth edition of VEIT was held in the Black Sea resort of Sunny Beach, Bulgaria on 19-23 September 2011. It was attended by 96 participants from 18 countries: Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, The Netherlands, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, UK and USA. Following the tradition of publishing the VEIT Proceedings, a selection of papers presented at the event is published in this special issue of Journal of Physics: Conference Series, under the originality and quality criteria of acceptance by the journal, including peer reviewing. The school comprised thirteen plenary and three poster sessions. At the plenary sessions, 21 invited talks of general interest were presented by highly-renowned international experts in the field, as well as thirteen progress reports by young scientists. In total, 60 contributed papers were presented during the poster sessions. There were several scientific highlights, covering the fundamentals of interaction of fast particles with solids, and challenging practical applications. These ranged from novel techniques for creating hard coatings, optical/protective layers and biocompatible materials, to nanosized structures produced by evaporation, sputtering or external irradiation. The latest results were presented on ion-beam synthesis and modification in both low-energy (deposition and film growth) and high-energy (sputtering, implantation) regimes, the processing of solid materials aimed at surface patterning, and the creation of nanophase systems for electronic or tribological/wear resistant applications. Despite the busy scientific program, the atmosphere was relaxed and informal. The early afternoons of most conference days were free to stimulate both scientific and social interaction between participants, which often took place on the beach. The social program included a welcome party, an official dinner, and an outing to historical landmarks in the vicinity of Nessebar. VEIT 2011 owes its success to many people. The International Advisory Committee shaped the scientific program and ensured high-quality plenary presentations by their careful selection of the invited speakers. The Local Committee bore the brunt of the organization, both at the conference site and in dealing with correspondence, abstracts, and manuscripts for these proceedings. We are grateful to our sponsor, the Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, for its generosity that enabled us to support the attendance of
Proceedings: 17th Asilomar conference on fire and blast effects of nuclear weapons
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Hickman, R.G.; Meier, C.A. (eds.)
The objective of the 1983 conference was to provide for the technical exchange of ideas relating to the science and technology of the immediate effects of nuclear weapon explosions. Separate abstracts were prepared for 39 of the papers.
EDITORIAL: 17th International Summer School on Vacuum, Electron, and Ion Technologies (VEIT 2011)
van de Sanden, M. C. M.; Dimitrova, Miglena; Ghelev, Chavdar
The International Summer School on Vacuum, Electron and Ion Technologies (VEIT) has been organized biennially since 1977, when the VEIT Summer School series was launched by the Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. The aim was to act as a forum for the exchange and dissemination of knowledge and ideas on the latest developments in electron-, ion- and plasma-assisted technologies. The organizers of the 2011 edition of the event were the Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria and the Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Whilst the school initially provided a meeting place for researchers mainly from Eastern and Central European countries, its importance has grown issue by issue. The school is now a major scientific event and a meeting place for young scientists from Eastern and Western Europe involved in research and development associated with high-tech industries. Many former school participants have gone on to become leading scientists in research establishments and companies throughout the world. Leading international companies, such as High Voltage Engineering, Balzers, Varian, and Hauzer have used the VEIT forum to present their products through oral presentations, poster contributions and exhibits. The School Proceedings have been published in special issues of the international journals Vacuum, Plasma Processes and Polymers and Journal of Physics: Conference Series. The Seventeenth edition of VEIT was held in the Black Sea resort of Sunny Beach, Bulgaria on 19-23 September 2011. It was attended by 96 participants from 18 countries: Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, The Netherlands, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, UK and USA. Following the tradition of publishing the VEIT Proceedings, a selection of papers presented at the event is published in this special issue of Journal of Physics: Conference Series, under the originality and quality criteria of acceptance by the journal, including peer reviewing. The school comprised thirteen plenary and three poster sessions. At the plenary sessions, 21 invited talks of general interest were presented by highly-renowned international experts in the field, as well as thirteen progress reports by young scientists. In total, 60 contributed papers were presented during the poster sessions. There were several scientific highlights, covering the fundamentals of interaction of fast particles with solids, and challenging practical applications. These ranged from novel techniques for creating hard coatings, optical/protective layers and biocompatible materials, to nanosized structures produced by evaporation, sputtering or external irradiation. The latest results were presented on ion-beam synthesis and modification in both low-energy (deposition and film growth) and high-energy (sputtering, implantation) regimes, the processing of solid materials aimed at surface patterning, and the creation of nanophase systems for electronic or tribological/wear resistant applications. Despite the busy scientific program, the atmosphere was relaxed and informal. The early afternoons of most conference days were free to stimulate both scientific and social interaction between participants, which often took place on the beach. The social program included a welcome party, an official dinner, and an outing to historical landmarks in the vicinity of Nessebar. VEIT 2011 owes its success to many people. The International Advisory Committee shaped the scientific program and ensured high-quality plenary presentations by their careful selection of the invited speakers. The Local Committee bore the brunt of the organization, both at the conference site and in dealing with correspondence, abstracts, and manuscripts for these proceedings. We are grateful to our sponsor, the Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, for its generosity that enabled us to support the attendance of students, and provided support dealing with mailing, printing, renting the conference site, etc. We are also grateful to the members of the International Advisory Committee: G Dinescu, A Ehiasarian, N Guerassimov, D Mataras, W Möller, I Petrov, Z Petrovic, B Rauschenbach, M C M (Richard) van de Sanden and M Ürgen, for their continuous concern for the high scientific level and the future of the event, and for their contribution to the development of a new generation of scientists and experts in the field. And, last but not least, we would also like to thank all authors for their valuable contributions to these proceedings and to the school, and all reviewers for their hard and tedious, but very important, work. The next conference in the series will be held in September 2013. M C M van de Sanden, Miglena Dimitrova and Chavdar Ghelev Guest Editors
17th Workshop on MHD Stability Control: addressing the disruption challenge for ITER
Buttery, Richard
This annual workshop on magnetohydrodynamic stability control was held on 5-7 November 2012 at Columbia University in the city of New York, in the aftermath of a violent hydrodynamic instability event termed 'Hurricane Sandy'. Despite these challenging circumstances, Columbia University managed an excellent meeting, enabling the full participation of the community. This Workshop has been held since 1996 to help in the development of understanding and control of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities for future fusion reactors. It covers a wide range of stability topics—from disruptions, to tearing modes, error fields, edge-localized modes (ELMs), resistive wall modes (RWMs) and ideal MHD—spanning many device types (tokamaks, stellarators and reversed field pinches) to identify commonalities in the physics and a means of control. The theme for 2012 was 'addressing the disruption challenge for ITER', and thus the first day had a heavy focus on both the avoidance and mitigation of disruptions in ITER. Key elements included understanding how to apply 3D fields to maintain stability, as well as managing the disruption process itself through mitigating loads in the thermal quench and handling so called 'runaway electrons'. This culminated in a panel discussion on the disruption mitigation strategy for ITER, which noted that heat load asymmetries during the thermal quench appear to be an artifact of MHD processes, and that runaway electron generation may be inevitable, suggesting research should focus on control and dissipation of the runaway beam. The workshop was combined this year with the annual US-Japan MHD Workshop, with a special section looking more deeply at 'Fundamentals of 3D Perturbed Equilibrium Control', with interesting sessions on 3D equilibrium reconstruction, RWM physics, novel control concepts such as non-magnetic sensing, adaptive control, q role played by energetic particles in stability, ideas of active stability sensing and ways to progress 3D reconstruction. In this special section of Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion , we present several of the invited and contributed papers from the 2012 workshop, which have been subject to the normal refereeing procedures of the journal. These give a sense of the exceptional quality of the presentations at this workshop, which may be found at: http://fusion.gat.com/conferences/mhd12/. The Program Committee deeply appreciates the participation and support our community continues to show in this workshop, which provides an unparalleled opportunity for in-depth discussion of MHD issues. We would also like to thank our hosts Columbia University, and in particular Professor Gerald Navratil, for outstanding support and facilities in the face of Hurricane Sandy's adversity. The meeting thanked outgoing Program Chair, Dr Richard Buttery from General Atomics, and welcomed next year's Program Chair, Professor David Maurer from Auburn University. The next meeting will be held in Santa Fe 18-20 November 2013.
Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols 17th International Conference, Galway, Ireland, 2007
O'Dowd, Colin D
Atmospheric particles are ubiquitous in the atmosphere: they form the seeds for cloud droplets and they form haze layers, blocking out incoming radiation and contributing to a partial cooling of our climate. They also contribute to poor air quality and health impacts. A large fraction of aerosols are formed from nucleation processes – that is a phase transition from vapour to liquid or solid particles. Examples are the formation of stable clusters about 1 nm in size from molecular collisions and these in turn can grow into larger (100 nm or more) haze particles via condensation to the formation of ice crystals in mixed phase or cold clouds. This book brings together the leading experts from the nucleation and atmospheric aerosols research communities to present the current state-of-the-art knowledge in these related fields. Topics covered are: Nucleation Experiment & Theory, Binary, Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Nucleation, Ion & Cluster Properties During Nucleation, Aerosol Characterisation & P...
Frequency ratios of optical lattice clocks at the 17th decimal place
Katori, Hidetoshi
Optical lattice clocks benefit from a low quantum-projection noise by simultaneously interrogating a large number of atoms, which are trapped in an optical lattice tuned to the ``magic wavelength'' to largely cancel out light shift perturbation in the clock transition. About a thousand atoms enable the clocks to achieve 10-18 instability in a few hours of operation, allowing intensive investigation and control of systematic uncertainties. As optical lattice clocks have reached inaccuracies approaching 10-18, it is now the uncertainty of the SI second (~ 10-16) itself that restricts the measurement of the absolute frequencies of such optical clocks. Direct comparisons of optical clocks are, therefore, the only way to investigate and utilize their superb performance beyond the SI second. In this presentation, we report on frequency comparisons of optical lattice clocks with neutral strontium (87 Sr), ytterbium (171 Yb) and mercury (199 Hg) atoms. By referencing cryogenic Sr clocks, we determine frequency ratios, νYb/νSr and νHg/νSr, of a cryogenic Yb clock and a Hg clock with uncertainty at the mid 10-17 level. Such ratios provide an access to search for temporal variation of the fundamental constants. We also present remote comparisons between cryogenic Sr clocks located at RIKEN and the University of Tokyo over a 30-km-long phase-stabilized fiber link. The gravitational red shift Δν /ν0 ~ 1.1× 10-18 Δh cm-1 reads out the height difference of Δh ~ 15 m between the two clocks with uncertainty of 5 cm, which demonstrates a step towards relativistic geodesy. ERATO, JST.
17th edition of the Forum on specification and Design Languages Conference
Pasaje, Julio
This book brings together a selection of the best papers from the seventeenth edition of the Forum on specification and Design Languages Conference (FDL), which took place on October 14-16, 2014, in Munich, Germany. FDL is a well-established international forum devoted to dissemination of research results, practical experiences and new ideas in the application of specification, design and verification languages to the design, modeling and verification of integrated circuits, complex hardware/software embedded systems, and mixed-technology systems. •Covers Assertion Based Design, Verification & Debug; •Includes language-based modeling and design techniques for embedded systems; •Covers design, modeling and verification of mixed physical domain and mixed signal systems; •Includes formal and semi-formal system level design methods for complex embedded systems based on the Unified Modelling Language (UML) and Model Driven Engineering (MDE); •Covers parallel architectures – both as platforms f...
TH17, TH22 and Treg cells are enriched in the healthy human cecum.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Martin J Wolff
Full Text Available There is increasing evidence that dysregulation of CD4(+ T cell populations leads to intestinal inflammation, but the regional distribution of these populations throughout the intestinal tract in healthy individuals remains unclear. Here, we show that T(H17, T(H22 and T(Reg cells are enriched in the healthy human cecum compared to the terminal ileum and sigmoid colon, whereas T(H1 and T(H2 cells do not significantly vary by location. Transcriptional profiling analysis of paired pinch biopsies from different regions of the intestine identified significant differences in the metabolic state of the terminal ileum, cecum, and sigmoid colon. An increased proportion of T(H17 cells was positively associated with expression of resistin (RETN and negatively associated with expression of trefoil factor 1 (TFF1. These results suggest that CD4(+ T helper cells that are important in maintaining mucosal barrier function may be enriched in the cecum as a result of metabolic differences of the surrounding microenvironment.
Contributions to 4th European fusion theory conference (Aspenaes, Sweden, 17th-19th June 1991)
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Papers contributed by the JET team are presented. Studies on ion cyclotron-resonance heating in the JET tokamak are included. Other topics covered are the destruction of drift surfaces in tokamak devices, the neoclassical impurity flux in the presence of anomalous transport, and nonlinear regimes in plasmas. (UK)
17th Radiochemical conference: RadChem 2014 Marianske Lazne, 11-16th May 2014
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
John, J.; Kučera, Jan; Vobecký, Miloslav; Mizera, Jiří; Špendlíková, I.
Roč. 304, č. 1 (2015), s. 1-6. ISSN 0236-5731 Institutional support: RVO:68081715 ; RVO:61389005 Keywords : DNC FNSPE CTU * NRC * DNRC EuCheMS * IUPAC Subject RIV: CH - Nuclear ; Quantum Chemistry; CB - Analytical Chemistry, Separation (UIACH-O) Impact factor: 1.034, year: 2014
Particle reduction strategies - PAREST. Evaluation of emission reduction scenarios using chemical transport calculations. PM10- and NO{sub 2}-immission contributions in Germany. Wood combustion in small combustion systems; installations of the 13th and 17th BImSchV (Federal Immission Control Act). Sub-report.; Strategien zur Verminderung der Feinstaubbelastung - PAREST. Bewertung von Emissionsminderungsszenarien mit Hilfe chemischer Transportberechnungen. PM10- und NO{sub 2}-Immissionsbeitraege in Deutschland. Holzverbrennung in Kleinfeuerungsanlagen, Anlagen der 13. und 17. BImSchV. Teilbericht
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Stern, Rainer [Freie Univ. Berlin (Germany). Inst. fuer Meteorologie, Troposphaerische Umweltforschung
This report was prepared within the research project ''Particle reduction strategies - PAREST.'' In this paper with the chemical transport model REM CALGRID following questions were investigated: 1 What is the contribution of the wood-fired small combustion plants in Germany to the PM10- and NO {sub 2}-concentrations? 2 What is the contribution of the 13th and 17th BlmSchV covered installations to the PM10 and NO{sub 2} concentrations in Germany? [German] Der vorliegende Bericht wurde im Rahmen des Forschungs- und Entwicklungsvorhabens ''Strategien zur Verminderung der Feinstaubbelastung'' erstellt. In dem Beitrag werden mit dem chemischen Transportmodell REM-CALGRID folgende Fragestellungen untersucht: 1. Wie hoch ist der Beitrag der mit Holz beheizten Kleinfeuerungsanlagen in Deutschland zu den PM10- und den NO{sub 2}-Konzentrationen? 2. Wie hoch ist der Beitrag der von der 13. und 17. BImSchV erfassten Anlagen zu den PM10-und NO-2-Konzentrationen in Deutschland?.
Women in Chemistry: Their Changing Roles from Alchemical Times to the Mid-Twentieth Century (by Marelene Rayner-Canham and Geoffrey Rayner-Canham)
Caserio, Marjorie C.
Women who made significant contributions in the chemical sciences prior to the 20th century do not come readily to mind. Yet, as this book relates so engagingly, women have been influential in chemistry since the earliest period of recorded history. However, Women in Chemistry is more than a dated collection of biographical sketches of notable women scientists. The book highlights the main periods of history when it was possible for women to have some measure of success in the chemical sciences and focuses on their changing roles from alchemical times to the mid-20th century. By glimpsing into the life and work of individuals in the context of the time in which they lived, the authors impart a credible and moving image of the restraints imposed on aspiring women scientists and the obstacles that confronted them-making the extent of their contributions all the more remarkable. Each chapter has a theme into which are woven selected biographical sketches. Chapter 1 offers a whirlwind tour of the centuries from Babylonian times (1200 B.C.E.) through the Middle Ages and into the 17th century, giving perspective on how the various civilizations did (or did not) consider women capable of intellectual achievement or permit such of them. This short but powerful chapter invokes appreciation for the major contributions made by women in the face of enormous obstacles of prejudice, superstition (witchcraft), monastic reprisals, pseudoscience (alchemy), and denial of education. The women featured include Maria Hebraea (around 300 C.E.famed for the water bath, bain Marie), Hypatia (mathematician, 400 C.E.), Western alchemists (de Gourney and Meudrac), and Chinese alchemists. By the 18th century, science had progressed and alchemy was at an end. Though enlightened scientifically, western society still considered women's intellect inferior. But, as Chapter 2 relates, the literary salons of France nurtured intellectual discussion in society women, and it was in this context that
19th Century Ankara Through Historical Poems
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Özge Öztekin
Full Text Available A city is a place whose meaning is found in the poetry created there. In Kevin Lynch's words, a city presents the imagination with an unlimited potential for "readability". If we consider this unlimited readability through poetry, it can be said that attempts to find the zeitgeist of a city at a certain time through literary texts must evaluate the poetry, the city and the time. This is because poetry (or literature in general, just like a city, has an important memory which oscillates through ideas of its past and future. In this sense, divan poetry and one particular example of it—historical "manzume" poems—are memories which richly illustrate the 'continuity' and 'change' within a period. This work, on 19th century Ankara, aims to evaluate the traces reflected in historical manzume poems of the time they were written. Five historical manzume poems in three texts out of seventy 19th century divan collections scanned for this work were found to be about Ankara. Two of these manzumes are by Cazib, one by Ziver Pasha, and one by Mahmud Celaleddin Pasha. The first of these is on Ankara's dervish lodge; the second on a barracks being built in Ankara; the third on Vecihi Pasha's governorship of Ankara; the fourth on the the Mayoral Residence. In addition to these, a manzume on the construction of Hamidiye Caddesi by Mahmud Celaleddin Pasha is discovered with in scope of the work. The aim of this work is to provide a contribution to city history through a commentary on elements of 19th century poetry concerning Ankara.
Sites of Chemistry in the Nineteenth Century
García Belmar, Antonio
The three articles in this special issue of Ambix were among the twenty-one papers presented at the conference "Sites of Chemistry in the Nineteenth Century," held in Valencia at the Institute for the History of Medicine and Science 'López Piñero' in July 2012. This meeting was the second of the series of conferences organised as part of the project Sites of Chemistry, 1600–2000, the aim of which was to investigate the wide and diverse range of physical spaces and places where chemistry has b...
Urban Regeneration in the Twentieth Century
Mee, Alan
Directed urban regeneration in Ireland only began in the later part of the twentieth century, driven by a combination of public policy, tax incentives, and pressure to respond to inner-city decay. The term urban regeneration here is taken to mean the conscious project, a publicly directed, area-based initiative to revitalize parts of the city in social, physical and economic terms. Generally this regeneration had a city-wide impact, and key sites or areas came to represent wider changes in ho...
Kramer, Antje
While the current day and age marked by a booming globalization is ceaselessly calling for an expansion of the field of vision where the prefixes "post" and "trans" have pride of place, the moment has come for the art historian to size up the past century. If it is time to take stock, what could be more tangible than to start with the huge art production of a single country, in this instance, France? By delivering a very dense overview, Philippe Dagen revisits French art under the sign of dou...
The greenhouse effect century, myth or reality
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The different scenarios describing the human activities evolution in the next decades allow to assess the future climate system components; it is shown that, if we do not modify our development policy (deforestation and desertification), the earth system will be significantly perturbed during the 21st century; emissions of greenhouse gases such as CH4, N2O, CFC, ozone may represent in 2030 the CO2 amount produced by man since the industrial revolution. In that case, the air temperature increase will be comprised between 1.5 and 4.5 deg C in 2050
Which energy for the 21 century transports
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
With more than 95% of the energy consumption realized by the petroleum, the transportation sector represents 20% of the world energy consumption. How will be assure the energy need of this sector for the 21 century? How control the greenhouse gases emissions and in particular the CO2 by the control of the transportation sector? This paper aims to answer the first question taking into account the bond second one. It analyzes the today situation and scenario for 2020 and 2050, the possible substitution fuels, the hybrid vehicles, the hydrogen fuel and the electric power vehicles. (A.L.B.)
The development of science during this century
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
This is a slightly revised version of a talk delivered at the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, in Boston, on 14 February 1993, and at a CERN Colloquium, on 5 August 1993, entitled 'Science -yesterday, today and tomorrow'. It describes the tremendous growth of scientific knowledge and insights acquired since the beginning of this century. The changes in the character, sociology and support, of science are discussed, including the growing predominance of American science and the recent trend away from basic science towards applied research. (orig.)
Nuclear power engineering in the 21 century
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Analysis and main aspects of comprehending the role and structure of nuclear power (NP) in solution of crucial problems in power generation of the new century are presented briefly. The following problems are considered, in particular: requirements for future NP; optimal structure and major elements of future NP; solution of nuclear weapons nonproliferation problem; main tasks and anticipated results of the international project implemented for providing solutions to vital problems of NP, suggested by president of the RF; arrangement of collaboration in the framework of the international project
Renewable energy education for 21st century
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The major technological developments in equipment, designed to harness new and renewable sources of energy, have only taken place in the last four decades of the twentieth century, although the principles involved have been previously known for many centuries and were clearly formulated in many of the ancient civilizations. The term renewable energy (RE) itself is of relatively recent origin and only came into widespread use worldwide in the eighties, after the United Nations Conference on New and Renewable Sources of Energy, held in Nairobi, Kenya in 1981, Ref 1. Currently, the term renewable s is extensively used to describe the full range of direct and indirect uses of solar radiation incident on the earth's surface, and is often extended to include energy resources, such as tidal power or geothermal energy, neither of which is strictly renewable in the true sense of the word. Energy extracted from biomass is also generally included under this heading, although biomass is truly renewable only if continuous plantation development and replanting is carried out as the biomass is harvested. On a global scale, relatively extensive teaching about renewable energy started in the late seventies and early eighties, after the first impact of the OPEC oil price shock. Up till this time, there were only a few centres around the world where individual dedicated researchers and university teachers were involved in such activity. The next impetus to course and teaching material development came with national movements for energy independence and finally, in the latter years of this century, considerable stimulation has been given due to the increasing realisation of global environmental factors such as global warming, ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere, acid rain formation, and many other environmental degradation effects due to the increasing use of fossil fuel reserves. Considerable attention has been focused in the last twenty years through the many national and
Health Physics in the 21st Century
Bevelacqua, Joseph John
Adopting a proactive approach and focusing on emerging radiation-generating technologies, Health Physics in the 21st Century meets the growing need for a presentation of the relevant radiological characteristics and hazards. As such, this monograph discusses those technologies that will affect the health physics and radiation protection profession over the decades to come. After an introductory overview, the second part of this book looks at fission and fusion energy, followed by a section devoted to accelerators, while the final main section deals with radiation on manned space missions.
Haphazard Reality Half a Century of Science
Casimir, HBG
Casimir, himself a famous physician, studied and worked with three great physicists of the twentieth century: Niels Bohr, Wolfgang Pauli and Paul Ehrenfest. In his autobiography, the brilliant theoretician lets the reader witness the revolution that led to quantum physics, whose influence on modern society turned out to be many times larger than the first atomic physicists could have imagined. Through his involvement in the technical-scientific and the business aspects of physics, through management positions at Philips Research Laboratory and as a member of the Board of Directors of Philips,
21st Century South African Science Fiction
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Full Text Available The paper analyses some aspects of South African science fiction, starting with its beginnings in the 1920s and focusing on some 21st century writings. Thus Lauren Beukes' novels Moxyland (2008 and Zoo City (2010 are taken into consideration in order to present new trends in South African literature and the way science fiction has been marked by Apartheid. The second South African science fiction writer whose writings are examined is Henrietta Rose-Innes (with her novel Nineveh, published in 2011 as this consolidates women's presence in the SF world.
Twentieth century sea level: An enigma
Munk, Walter
Changes in sea level (relative to the moving crust) are associated with changes in ocean volume (mostly thermal expansion) and in ocean mass (melting and continental storage): ζ(t) = ζsteric(t) + ζeustatic(t). Recent compilations of global ocean temperatures by Levitus and coworkers are in accord with coupled ocean/atmosphere modeling of greenhouse warming; they yield an increase in 20th century ocean heat content by 2 × 1023 J (compared to 0.1 × 1023 J of atmospheric storage), which correspo...
Armenians and 20th century genocide - Debates
Maria Immacolata Macioti
During the 1800's – before the well-known genocide, planned in the twentieth century – there were massacres and persecution on Armenian villages. It is important to underline that many Christian Armenians lived in Ottoman Empire. At the beginning of 1800's they paid many taxes and felt themselves an important part of the Empire. Thus they would have liked to achieve more significant public roles, without losing their religion and cultural background. Howewer, the Turkish leaders and populatio...
History of twentieth-century physics
Kapitza, Sergei P
The meaning and message of the history of science will be discussed with relevance to XX century physics. This decisive period began in 1894-95 with the discoveries of the electron,X-rays and radioactivity,with the consequent development of relativity and quantumphysics. Connections of the development of science and society in XX century with culture and the influence on industry will be examined. Finally, the corruption of physics by the military will be considered. The influence of physics on chemistry and biology will be briefly treated and the impact of the approach and method of physics on modern thinking will be assessed. It should be kept in mind that the history of science is not a way of getting a simplified or adulterated presentation of the subject ,in this case of physics and so some understanding of general physics will be assumed. On the other hand, the broader generalisations of the history of ideas and events are illustrated (if not proven) by the facts (and myths) of science. Finally,as an e...
Federal laboratories for the 21st century
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Gover, J. [Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States); Huray, P.G. [Univ. of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (United States)
Federal laboratories have successfully filled many roles for the public; however, as the 21st Century nears it is time to rethink and reevaluate how Federal laboratories can better support the public and identify new roles for this class of publicly-owned institutions. The productivity of the Federal laboratory system can be increased by making use of public outcome metrics, by benchmarking laboratories, by deploying innovative new governance models, by partnerships of Federal laboratories with universities and companies, and by accelerating the transition of federal laboratories and the agencies that own them into learning organizations. The authors must learn how government-owned laboratories in other countries serve their public. Taiwan`s government laboratory, Industrial Technology Research Institute, has been particularly successful in promoting economic growth. It is time to stop operating Federal laboratories as monopoly institutions; therefore, competition between Federal laboratories must be promoted. Additionally, Federal laboratories capable of addressing emerging 21st century public problems must be identified and given the challenge of serving the public in innovative new ways. Increased investment in case studies of particular programs at Federal laboratories and research on the public utility of a system of Federal laboratories could lead to increased productivity of laboratories. Elimination of risk-averse Federal laboratory and agency bureaucracies would also have dramatic impact on the productivity of the Federal laboratory system. Appropriately used, the US Federal laboratory system offers the US an innovative advantage over other nations.
Exhibition: Linus Pauling and the Twentieth Century
On April 28 the exhibit Linus Pauling and the Twentieth Century organised by UNIDIR (United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research) and SGI (Soka Gakkai International) as well as with the contributions of CERN and the University of Geneva, opens at the United Nations Office of Geneva. Linus Pauling is the only person to date to have won two unshared Nobel Prizes: Chemistry in 1954 and Peace in 1962. The first was awarded for his landmark research on the nature of the chemical bond and its application in understanding the structure of complex substances. The second one acknowledged his courageous protest against atmospheric nuclear testing and his championship of international peace. The exhibit, for all ages' audiences, traces seven decades of Linus Pauling's life and influence on the 20th century. Before starting its European tour at the UNESCO headquarters in Paris, the exhibit opened in 1998 in San Francisco and then travelled within the United-States and to Japan with an attendance of more than one m...
Exhibition: Linus Pauling and the Twentieth Century
On April 28 the exhibit Linus Pauling and the Twentieth Century organised by UNIDIR (United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research) and SGI (Soka Gakkai International) as well as with the contributions of CERN and the University of Geneva, opened at the United Nations Office of Geneva. Linus Pauling is the only person to date to have won two unshared Nobel Prizes: Chemistry in 1954 and Peace in 1962. The first was awarded for his landmark research on the nature of the chemical bond and its application in understanding the structure of complex substances. The second one acknowledged his courageous protest against atmospheric nuclear testing and his championship of international peace. The exhibit, for audience of all ages, traces seven decades of Linus Pauling's life and influence on the 20th century. Before starting its European tour at the UNESCO headquarters in Paris, the exhibit opened in 1998 in San Francisco and then travelled within the United-States and to Japan with an attendance of more than one...
Nineteenth-Century Anglo-Irish Cervantine
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Asier Altuna-García de Salazar
Full Text Available To commemorate the fourth centenary of the publication of the first part of the Spanish masterpiece of all times Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes, this article approaches in an introductory manner some of the literary productions which sprang from Cervantes's original within the Irish context. In the case of Ireland the Cervantine inspiration, albeit minor and neglected, has also been present; and, it is most probably the nineteenth century which provides the most ample and varied response to Cervantes's masterpiece in many a different way. Our aim is to see briefly how the legacy of Don Quixote found distinct expression on the Emerald Isle. Indeed, all these Cervantine contributions from Ireland during the nineteenth century were also deeply imbued with the politics of literature and society in a country which experienced historical, social and cultural turmoil. The reference to Cervantes as a key writer in Spanish letters will not only be reduced to his masterpiece of all times; but, will also be tackled in critical pieces of importance in Ireland.
The twenty-first century in space
Evans, Ben
This final entry in the History of Human Space Exploration mini-series by Ben Evans continues with an in-depth look at the latter part of the 20th century and the start of the new millennium. Picking up where Partnership in Space left off, the story commemorating the evolution of manned space exploration unfolds in further detail. More than fifty years after Yuri Gagarin's pioneering journey into space, Evans extends his overview of how that momentous voyage continued through the decades which followed. The Twenty-first Century in Space, the sixth book in the series, explores how the fledgling partnership between the United States and Russia in the 1990s gradually bore fruit and laid the groundwork for today's International Space Station. The narrative follows the convergence of the Shuttle and Mir programs, together with standalone missions, including servicing the Hubble Space Telescope, many of whose technical and human lessons enabled the first efforts to build the ISS in orbit. The book also looks to...
Astrology in seventeenth-century Peru.
Brosseder, Claudia
This article discusses three aspects of the history of astrology in seventeenth-century Peru that are of larger interest for the history of science in Latin America: Creole concerns about indigenous idolatry, the impact of the Inquisition on natural philosophy, and communication between scholars within the Spanish colonies and the transatlantic world. Drawing mainly on the scholars Antonio de la Calancha, Juan de Figueroa, and Ruiz de Lozano, along with several Jesuits, the article analyzes how natural and medical astrology took shape in Peru and how they fostered astronomical investigations of the southern skies. While natural and medical astrology, showing New and Old World influences, oscillated between orthodoxy and heterodoxy, and between scholasticism and new science, judicial astrology remained undeveloped. Toward the end of the seventeenth century the discourse about astrology took an unexpected turn, reflecting a newly invigorated moral and Christian reading of the heavens that was in part a response to a deep-rooted dissatisfaction with the failure of the extirpation of idolatry campaigns. Inscribing divine and cardinal virtues, the Virgin Mary, Christian saints, and Greco-Roman allegories into the heavens was considered a way to finally solve the problem of idolatry and to convey Creole greatness. PMID:20513626
Challenges in 21st Century Physics
Wilson, Thomas L.
We are truly fortunate to live in one of the great epochs of human discovery, a time when science is providing new visions and understanding about ourselves and the world in which we live. At last, we are beginning to explore the Universe itself. One particularly exciting area of advancement is high-energy physics where several existing concepts will be put to the test. A brief survey will be given of accomplishments in 20th Century physics. These include relativity and quantum physics which have produced breakthroughs in cosmology, astrophysics, and high-energy particle physics. The current situation is then assessed, combining the last 100 years of progress with new 21st Century challenges about unification and where to go next. Finally, the future is upon us. The next frontier in experimental high-energy physics, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Geneva, is scheduled to begin coming online this year (2007). The potential for the LHC to address several of the significant problems in physics today will be discussed, as this great accelerator examines the predictions of the Standard Model of particle physics and even cosmology. New physics and new science will surely emerge and a better vision of the world will unfold.
A century of induced earthquakes in Oklahoma?
Hough, Susan E.; Page, Morgan T.
Seismicity rates have increased sharply since 2009 in the central and eastern United States, with especially high rates of activity in the state of Oklahoma. Growing evidence indicates that many of these events are induced, primarily by injection of wastewater in deep disposal wells. The upsurge in activity has raised two questions: What is the background rate of tectonic earthquakes in Oklahoma? How much has the rate varied throughout historical and early instrumental times? In this article, we show that (1) seismicity rates since 2009 surpass previously observed rates throughout the twentieth century; (2) several lines of evidence suggest that most of the significant earthquakes in Oklahoma during the twentieth century were likely induced by oil production activities, as they exhibit statistically significant temporal and spatial correspondence with disposal wells, and intensity measurements for the 1952 El Reno earthquake and possibly the 1956 Tulsa County earthquake follow the pattern observed in other induced earthquakes; and (3) there is evidence for a low level of tectonic seismicity in southeastern Oklahoma associated with the Ouachita structural belt. The 22 October 1882 Choctaw Nation earthquake, for which we estimate Mw 4.8, occurred in this zone.
Learning 21st-Century Skills Requires, 21st-Century Teaching
Saavedra, Anna Rosefsky; Opfer, V. Darleen
For students to learn 21st-century skills, we will have to teach them differently than we have in the past. The outdated, transmission model, through which teachers transmit factual knowledge to students via lectures and textbooks, remains the dominant approach to compulsory education in much of the world, yet it is not the most effective way to…
Nineteenth-Century Agrarian Populism and Twentieth-Century Communitarianism: Points of Contact and Contrast.
Johnson, Michael N.
Connects contemporary communitarian ideas to the agenda of the 19th-century populist movement. The populist educational agenda (the agrarian revolt and Farmers' Alliance) provides historical examples of the implementation of communitarian educational theory. The populist movement as an example of communitarianism highlights an instance of a…
Book of extremes why the 21st century isn't like the 20th century
Lewis, Ted G
What makes the 21st century different from the 20th century? This century is the century of extremes -- political, economic, social, and global black-swan events happening with increasing frequency and severity. Book of Extremes is a tour of the current reality as seen through the lens of complexity theory – the only theory capable of explaining why the Arab Spring happened and why it will happen again; why social networks in the virtual world behave like flashmobs in the physical world; why financial bubbles blow up in our faces and will grow and burst again; why the rich get richer and will continue to get richer regardless of governmental policies; why the future of economic wealth and national power lies in comparative advantage and global trade; why natural disasters will continue to get bigger and happen more frequently; and why the Internet – invented by the US -- is headed for a global monopoly controlled by a non-US corporation. It is also about the extreme innovations and heroic innovators yet t...
Imagining the Twentieth Century: Retrospective, Myth, and the Colonial Question
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David B MacDonald
Full Text Available Retrospectives on the twentieth century often portray it as the most atrocious century in human history, in terms of totalising ideologies, moral abandonment, technological horror, and mass death. The nineteenth and earlier centuries, by contrast, emerge as progressive and enlightened eras, characterised by morality, rationalism, and the absence of war. Creating a dramatic contrast between old and new centuries ignores the historical reality of colonialism and violence outside Europe's borders. This article problematises twentieth century retrospectives and their nostalgia for the past, comparing these with recent histories of colonialism and genocide. Rather than see the twentieth century as a decisive break from the past, there are important elements of continuity and evolution which should not be ignored.
Human impacts of hydrometeorological extremes in the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands derived from documentary sources in the 18th-19th centuries
Dolák, Lukáš; Brázdil, Rudolf; Valášek, Hubert
The extent of damage caused by hydrometeorological events or extremes (HME) has risen up in the entire world in the last few years. Especially the floods, flash floods, torrential rains and hailstorms are the most typical and one of the most frequent kind of natural disasters in the central Europe. Catastrophes are a part of human history and people were forced to cope with their consequences (e. g. material damage, economical losses, impacts on agriculture and society or losses of human lives). This paper analyses the human impacts of HME in the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands (central part of the Czech Republic) on the basis of documentary sources from the 18th-19th centuries. The paper presents various negative impacts of natural disasters on lives and property and subsequent inconveniences of Czech peasants. The preserved archival documents of estates or domains became the primary sources of data (e. g. taxation reliefs, damaged records, reports of afflicted farmers, administrative correspondence etc.). Particularly taxation reliefs relate to taxation system in the Czech lands during the 17th-19th centuries allowing to farmers to ask for tax alleviation when their crops were significantly damaged by any HME. These archival documents are a highly valuable source for the study of human impacts of natural disasters. Devastating consequences of these extremes affected individual farmers much more than the aristocracy. Floods caused inundations of farmer's fields, meadows, houses and farm buildings, washed away the arable land with crops, caused losses of cattle, clogged the land with gravel and mud and destroyed roads, bridges or agricultural equipment. Afflicted fields became worthless and it took them many years to become became fertile again. Crop was also damaged by hailstorms, droughts or late/early frosts. All these events led to lack of food and seeds in the following year and it meant the decrease of living standard, misery and poverty of farmers. Acquired
[Demography and society in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Cambodia].
Nepote, J
The author analyzes the demography of Cambodia in relation to social changes in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Three phases are examined: the opening of Cambodia to the outside world and the reversal of the demographic situation in the nineteenth century; modernization and accelerated population growth in the twentieth century up to 1970; and recent events, particularly political upheavals, and the new reversal of the demographic situation PMID:12279292
The Editor as Producer: Nineteenth-Century British Literary Editors
Bartels, Gretchen Christine
To more fully understand nineteenth-century literary production, literary scholars must consider periodical editing as more than biographical footnotes to the lives of famous Victorian authors or secondary details in a text's publishing history. In The Editor as Producer: Nineteenth-Century British Literary Editors, I seek to render more visible the work of the periodical editor, positing this figure as pivotal to the nineteenth-century literary scene. A single metanarrative of the ed...
Financial crises of XIX century in Ukraine
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S.Z. Moshenskyi
Full Text Available The article systematically examines the course of major financial crises of the late nineteenth century (the crises of 1848, 1857, 1873 in the financial centers of Ukraine at that time, namely Kуiv, Lviv, Odessa. The paper shows the specifics of these financial centers connected with the investments in profitable sugar industry of Kyiv; with the international trade and massive exports of grain in Odessa; with the beginning of Galician oil extraction and the creation of numerous oil companies in Lviv. After brief description of these crises in the world the author provides the numerous examples for each of the financial centers revealing their specificity inUkraine. The main emphasis is given on the impact of the crises on securities markets, particularly on the dynamics of stock prices.
Nuclear energy for the 21. century
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
This document gathers 5 introductory papers to this conference about nuclear energy for the 21. century: the French energy policy during the last 30 years (situation of France with respect to the energy supply and demand, main trends of the French energy policy, future of the French nuclear policy); presentation of IAEA (technology transfer, nuclear safety, non-proliferation policy, structure and financial resources, council of governors, general conference, secretariat); nuclear power and sustainable development; promoting safety at nuclear facilities (promoting safety, basics of safety, safety at the design stage, risk management, regulatory control and efficiency of the regulation organization, role of IAEA); nuclear energy today (contribution to sustainable development, safety, best solution for the management of radioactive wastes, future of nuclear energy). (J.S.)
Towards a nuclear-weapon-free century
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
In the last century, the rapid progress in science and technology enabled richer and more comfortable lives, but the other side of this double-edged sword is that science and technology have also been used to develop and improve high-tech weaponry. Due to this fact, deployed around the world are tens of thousands of nuclear weapons, and detonation of only a few of them would kill some hundreds of million of people and destroy out civilization. The human race stands at a crossroad. What should be done? It is a crucially important responsibility for the Japanese government to work for peace in which there will be no fear or threat of nuclear weapons
Indoor climate in the 21th century
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Field studies have shown that in many buildings there are people who are annoyed by poor indoor climate even if the buildings satisfy all standards and guidelines. This is because the present requirements are quite mild. A shift of paradigm is foreseen to take place in the 21th century - from a mediocre to an excellent indoor climate. The article proposes five principles as elements of a new philosophy about the optimum indoor climate: (1) Improved indoor air quality increases productivity and decreases sick building syndrome symptoms, (2) Unnecessary indoor pollution sources should be avoided, (3) The air should be served cool and dry to the occupants, (4) Personalized air, that is, a small amount of clean air, should be served gently, close to the breathing zone of each person, (5) Individual control of the thermal environment should be provided. The principles are compatible with energy efficiency and sustainability
Neutron Physics Entering the XXI Century
Aksenov, V L
The objectives of present-day neutron physics are neutron-aided investigations of fundamental interactions and symmetries, high excited states of nuclei, crystalline and magnetic structures, dynamic excitations in solids and liquids over a wide range of energies. The state-of-art and perspectives of the solution of most topical and principle problems of neutron physics are analyzed. The main conclusion is that neutron physics provides rich information for nuclear particle physics, physics of nucleus, condensed matter physics, chemistry, biology, materials science, and earth sciences. In the next century, however, new higher flux neutron sources must be created. By the year 2010 the number of nuclear reactors used for physical research will reduce to 10-15 reactors over the world. Trends in the development of neutron sources are analyzed. The possibilities of leading neutron research centers in the world are considered and most promising projects of neutron sources are discussed.
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
On the leading edge in ''high-tech'' medicine, radiology is experiencing several revolutions simultaneously that promise an exciting future. New imaging methods and digital technologies not only offer novel ways to view tissues but also provide opportunities for quantitative evaluation of function and even permit determination of metabolic status. New approaches to technology assessment are being explored that alter the ways in which equipment and procedures are introduced into clinical medicine. With the plethora of radiology services available, the radiologist must serve as a consultant in the triage of patients in radiology and the dissemination of information from radiology. For similar reasons, training in diagnostic radiology may eventually accommodate to the concept of specialization along organ-system lines. Without question, radiology is destined for an exciting period as it moves into the 21st century
Digital Humanities in the 21st Century
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Brügger, Niels
In this article it is argued that one of the major transformative factors of the humanities at the beginning of the 21st century is the shift from analogue to digital source material, and that this shift will affect the humanities in a variety of ways. But various kinds of digital material are not...... digital in the same way, which a distinction between digitized, born-digital, and reborn-digital may help us acknowledge, thereby helping us to understand how each of these types of digital material affects different phases of scholarly work in its own way. This is illustrated by a detailed comparison of...... the nature of digitized collections and web archives....
Engineering in the 21st century
Mccarthy, J. F., Jr.
Reasonable evolutionary trends in federal outlays for aerospace research and development predict a continuing decline in real resources (1970 dollars) until the mid eighties, and a growth thereafter to the 1970 level by 2000, still well below the 1966 peak. Employment levels will parallel this trend with no shortage of available personnel foreseen. These trends characterize a maturing industry. Shifts in outlook toward the economic use of resources, rather than minimum risk at any cost, and toward missions aligned with societal needs and broad national goals will accompany these trends. These shifts in outlook will arise in part in academia, and will, in turn, influence engineering education. By 2000, space technology will have achieved major advances in the management of information, in space transportation, in space structures, and in energy. The economics of space systems must be the primary consideration if the space program foreseen for the 21st century is to become an actuality.
IAEA safeguards for the 21st century
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The publication includes the lectures held during the seminar on IAEA safeguards for the 21st century. The topics covered are as follows: the nuclear non-proliferation regime; Legal instruments related to the application of safeguards; multilateral nuclear export controls; physical protection and its role in nuclear non-proliferation; the evolution of safeguards; basis for the strengthening of safeguards; information required from states, including 'small quantities protocol'; processing and evaluation of new information for strengthened safeguards; additional physical access and new technologies for strengthened safeguards; equipping the IAEA Inspectorate with new skills; achievements to date the strengthened safeguards; complement of regional non-proliferation arrangements in international nuclear verification; promotion of transparency through Korean experience; and the future prospects of safeguards
Effective Leadership in the 21st Century.
Jones, Jacqueline
Leaders know how to achieve goals and inspire people along the way. While the terms and definitions may change with the times, it is important to understand the skills and abilities needed to lead in the 21st century. Most effective leaders have one element in common, and that is they are able to keep their teams engaged. If team members are not engaged, they may very well leave the organization. With four generations in the workplace, leaders must adapt and modify their leadership style in order to maintain employee engagement. The ability to lead effectively is based on a number of skills, including communication, motivation, vision, modeling, demonstrating empathy, confidence, persistence, and integrity. PMID:26710571
A century of the edgewise appliance
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
James L Vaden
Full Text Available The edgewise appliance, born in the mind of Dr. Edward Angle and first introduced on June 2, 1925, has withstood the test of almost a century of time and usage. The 022 standard appliance that Angle described in a series of four articles in Dental Cosmos is being used by many orthodontic clinicians in fundamentally the same form as it was presented in 1928 and 1929 in Dental Cosmos. Yes, it has been modified in innumerable ways. However, to use one of the modifications, the clinician must understand and respect the fundamentals of its use. This treatise describes the appliance′s evolution from Angle to its use today. The force system of today is simpler and more refined than what Angle envisioned but the appliance is "intact." It is as modern as tomorrow and will continue to be used as long as the specialty exists. It was Angle′s greatest contribution.
Antiparasitic DNA vaccines in 21st century.
Wedrychowicz, Halina
Demands for effective vaccines to control parasitic diseases of humans and livestock have been recently exacerbated by the development of resistance of most pathogenic parasites to anti-parasitic drugs. Novel genomic and proteomic technologies have provided opportunities for the discovery and improvement of DNA vaccines which are relatively easy as well as cheap to fabricate and stable at room temperatures. However, their main limitation is rather poor immunogenicity, which makes it necessary to couple the antigens with adjuvant molecules. This paper review recent advances in the development of DNA vaccines to some pathogenic protozoa and helminths. Numerous studies were conducted over the past 14 years of 21st century, employing various administration techniques, adjuvants and new immunogenic antigens to increase efficacy of DNA vaccines. Unfortunately, the results have not been rewarding. Further research is necessary using more extensive combinations of antigens; alternate delivery systems and more efficient adjuvants based on knowledge of the immunomodulatory capacities of parasitic protozoa and helminths. PMID:26203983
Butterfly community shifts over two centuries.
Habel, Jan Christian; Segerer, Andreas; Ulrich, Werner; Torchyk, Olena; Weisser, Wolfgang W; Schmitt, Thomas
Environmental changes strongly impact the distribution of species and subsequently the composition of species assemblages. Although most community ecology studies represent temporal snap shots, long-term observations are rather rare. However, only such time series allow the identification of species composition shifts over several decades or even centuries. We analyzed changes in the species composition of a southeastern German butterfly and burnet moth community over nearly 2 centuries (1840-2013). We classified all species observed over this period according to their ecological tolerance, thereby assessing their degree of habitat specialisation. This classification was based on traits of the butterfly and burnet moth species and on their larval host plants. We collected data on temperature and precipitation for our study area over the same period. The number of species declined substantially from 1840 (117 species) to 2013 (71 species). The proportion of habitat specialists decreased, and most of these are currently endangered. In contrast, the proportion of habitat generalists increased. Species with restricted dispersal behavior and species in need of areas poor in soil nutrients had severe losses. Furthermore, our data indicated a decrease in species composition similarity between different decades over time. These data on species composition changes and the general trends of modifications may reflect effects from climate change and atmospheric nitrogen loads, as indicated by the ecological characteristics of host plant species and local changes in habitat configuration with increasing fragmentation. Our observation of major declines over time of currently threatened and protected species shows the importance of efficient conservation strategies. PMID:26743786
Revolutions in twentieth-century physics
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Relativity theory, quantum mechanics, elementary-particle physics, and cosmology are the four pillars of modern physics. The life in the 21th century is without them no more conceivable: The special relativity theory renewed our understanding of space and time, on the laws of quantum mechanics are based countless everyday objects like transistors, computer chips, and mobile telephones; in particle accelerators we study the components oof matter, and with telescopes we take an ever deeper look in the past of the universe. Taking reference books to these themes at hand, one is overwhelmed by the plethora and complexity of the mathematical formulas. This book of the renowned professor of physics David J. Griffiths id refreshingly different. By means of many illustrative examples and entertaining stories it introducts to the themes and helps the reader also without a large mathematical apparatus to a fundamental understanding of that, about which Einstein, Schroedinger, Heisenberg, and Hubble actually thought and spoke. In each chapter numerous, pedagogically selected examples are completely worked out, in order to fill the matter with life. Moreover the text contains a manifold of problems, which allow the reader to deepen his knowledge and apply immediately. Griffith's ''Revolution in Twentieth Century Physics'' appeals not only to pupils and future studyings of natural sciences, who want to get an appetite for what lies ahead, but also to interested readers, which have already heared in the media from quarks and quanta, the curved space-time, Albert Einstein, and the big bang and now want to understandably know what is at stake in all the excitement.
Acoustic emission: The first half century
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Drouillard, T.F.
The technology of acoustic emission (AE) is approaching the half century mark, having had its beginning in 1950 with the work of Joseph Kaiser. During the 1950s and 1960s researchers delved into the fundamentals of acoustic emission, developed instrumentation specifically for AE, and characterized the AE behavior of many materials. AE was starting to be recognized for its unique capabilities as an NDT method for monitoring dynamic processes. In the decade of the 1970s research activities became more coordinated and directed with the formation of the working groups, and its use as an NDT method continued to increase for industrial applications. In the 1980s the computer became a basic component for both instrumentation and data analysis, and today it has sparked a resurgence of opportunities for research and development. Today we are seeing a transition to waveform-based AE analysis and a shift in AE activities with more emphasis on applications than on research. From the beginning, we have been fortunate to have had so many dedicated savants with different fields of expertise contribute in a collective way to bring AE to a mature, fully developed technology and leave a legacy of knowledge recorded in its literature. AE literature has been a key indicator of the amount of activity, the proportion of research to application, the emphasis on what was of current interest, and the direction AE has taken. The following is a brief survey of the history of acoustic emission with emphasis on development of the infrastructure over the past half century.
Acoustic emission: The first half century
Drouillard, Thomas F.
The technology of acoustic emission (AE) is approaching the half century mark, having had its beginning in 1950 with the work of Joseph Kaiser. During the 1950s and 1960s researchers delved into the fundamentals of acoustic emission, developed instrumentation specifically for AE, and characterized the AE behavior of many materials. AE was starting to be recognized for its unique capabilities as an NDT method for monitoring dynamic processes. In the decade of the 1970s research activities became more coordinated and directed with the formation of the working groups, and its use as an NDT method continued to increase for industrial applications. In the 1980s the computer became a basic component for both instrumentation and data analysis, and today it has sparked a resurgence of opportunities for research and development. Today we are seeing a transition to waveform-based AE analysis and a shift in AE activities with more emphasis on applications than on research. From the beginning, we have been fortunate to have had so many dedicated savants with different fields of expertise contribute in a collective way to bring AE to a mature, fully developed technology and leave a legacy of knowledge recorded in its literature. AE literature has been a key indicator of the amount of activity, the proportion of research to application, the emphasis on what was of current interest, and the direction AE has taken. The following is a brief survey of the history of acoustic emission with emphasis on development of the infrastructure over the past half century.
Commerce and morality in eighteenth-century Italian political thought
K.H. Stapelbroek (Koen)
textabstractThis special issue presents a number of studies by young scholars in the history of eighteenth-century Italian political thought, a field that was put on the map in the second half of the twentieth century by the efforts of Franco Venturi. By taking up the theme of commerce and morality,
Rebuilding the LMS for the 21st Century
Demski, Jennifer
Finally--12 years into the 21st century--higher ed classrooms are turning into incubators for the kind of learning environment that curriculum and instructional technology experts have advocated for years. Yet a key question remains: Can legacy learning management systems (LMSs) be dragged into the 21st century as part of this new educational…
Software Engineering Technology for the 21st Century
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
In this paper we will discuss the software engineering technologyfor the 21 st century. First we review development over the last half-century, overview application re quirement and environment, accept a challenge. Then we outline following software engineering techniques: 1) Process;2) Analysis;3) Design;4) UML;5) Component;6) Java +XML;7) Integrated;8) Quality(ISO9000&CMM).
Rice production in China in the early 21st Century
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
@@ Rice is the staple food crop in China. In the second half of the 20th century, rice has played an important role in feeding a large number of people. In the 21st century, rice will still be a main food crop in China and make great contribution to Chinese people's life.
Women and Madness in Nineteenth-Century Ireland
Parry, Joanne
This thesis aims to examine the experience of women regarding mental disorder in nineteenth-century Ireland. The central argument of this thesis is based on two claims. First, that mental disorder was socially constructed in nineteenth-century Ireland, and second, that the social construction of mental disorder was permeated by gender and other social phenomena .
Nuclear Reactor Empowerment in The 21st Century
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Scenarios of global energy need in the 21st century are discussed. Nuclear reactors will have important roles in supplying energy need in the 21st century if its evolutionary and innovative developments are continued to achieve economical competitiveness, high safety, positive environmental impacts, and ensuring sustain ability of innovation in the future energy supply
Environmental issues in the 21st century
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Environmental issues in the 21st century D.B. Chambers SENES Consultants Limited, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada Abstract. This paper provides an overview of some of the environmental challenges facing the uranium production industry in the 21st century. For many years, the linear, non-threshold (LNT) model has been regarded as a prudent hypothesis for radiation protection purposes. This paradigm has been challenged at the same time for both underestimating and overestimating the risks from ionizing radiation. The reality is that the ability of conventional epidemiology to distinguish small risks will always be limited by statistical power at low doses. In the future, there will be increased emphasis on better understanding the effects of ionizing radiation at the cellular (and sub cellular) level. The concept of 'controllable dose' has been proposed as an alternative to the International Commission on Radiological Protection's (ICRP) current approach to dose limitation. The concept is that if the most exposed individual is protected, then society as a whole is protected. A hazard ranking scale based on comparisons to natural background levels of radiation has been proposed. Adoption of a concept such as 'controllable dose' would require a parallel re-evaluation of the concepts and application of collective dose and ALARA optimization. The protection of non-human biota is an issue of considerable interest in many countries. The science in this area is rapidly evolving, as are discussions of a more philosophical nature. For example, should the focus of environmental risk assessment be the sustainability of the population or should the focus be to limit effects on a single member of the population? The future of environmental risk assessment should be of great interest to the uranium production industry. A systematic approach to risk assessment addressing the full scope of potential hazards -- environmental, human health, engineering, financial and others -- will be
Global Warming and 21st Century Drying
Cook, Benjamin I.; Smerdun, Jason E.; Seager, Richard; Coats, Sloan
Global warming is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of droughts in the twenty-first century, but the relative contributions from changes in moisture supply (precipitation) versus evaporative demand (potential evapotranspiration; PET) have not been comprehensively assessed. Using output from a suite of general circulation model (GCM) simulations from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, projected twentyfirst century drying and wetting trends are investigated using two offline indices of surface moisture balance: the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). PDSI and SPEI projections using precipitation and Penman- Monteith based PET changes from the GCMs generally agree, showing robust cross-model drying in western North America, Central America, the Mediterranean, southern Africa, and the Amazon and robust wetting occurring in the Northern Hemisphere high latitudes and east Africa (PDSI only). The SPEI is more sensitive to PET changes than the PDSI, especially in arid regions such as the Sahara and Middle East. Regional drying and wetting patterns largely mirror the spatially heterogeneous response of precipitation in the models, although drying in the PDSI and SPEI calculations extends beyond the regions of reduced precipitation. This expansion of drying areas is attributed to globally widespread increases in PET, caused by increases in surface net radiation and the vapor pressure deficit. Increased PET not only intensifies drying in areas where precipitation is already reduced, it also drives areas into drought that would otherwise experience little drying or even wetting from precipitation trends alone. This PET amplification effect is largest in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes, and is especially pronounced in western North America, Europe, and southeast China. Compared to PDSI projections using precipitation changes only, the projections incorporating both
Neutron scattering in the 21st century
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Full text: The watchwords for neutron scattering in the 21st Century will be complementarity and computing. Despite the enormous impact that is coming in condensed matter science, chemistry and biology from synchrotron light sources, the essential complementarity between x-ray and neutron scattering is likely to be not only preserved but enhanced. This will be achieved by current and foreseen investments in new neutron sources of high intensity and by technique developments involving neutron polarisation, neutron optics and neutron detection. The complementary relationship between neutrons and x-rays - especially using isotopic and spin polarisation contrast will be illustrated along with some challenges which might well be met in the next ten to 15 years. In meeting these challenges it is inevitable that the enormous growth in power of computing systems will play a key part. Computing must be combined very intimately in the design and interpretation of scattering experiments as well as the retention and the retrieval of experimental data. International organisations such as the International Union of Crystallography will play a part in this
Cold fusion labeled fiasco of century
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The gamble of researchers B. Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann to go public with their announcement of excess power from nuclear fusion at room temperature before they had solid evidence of fusion products is the scientific fiasco of the century, charges John R. Huizenga of the University of Rochester. He describes the claims of Pons and Fleischmann as a delusion and as pathological science. It would require belief in miracle after miracle for one to accept their discovery, he charges. Huizenga criticizes the researchers on several counts: they failed to challenge their own findings with control experiments and presentations to colleagues; they rushed to publication with unchecked and inaccurate data; they chose an unconventional method, a public press conference, to release scientific findings; their claims were not easily reproduced by others; and they lobbied Congress for funds before their claims were confirmed by independent researchers. Cold fusion producing excess power is an example of bad science where the normal rules and procedures of the scientific process were violated, Huizenga says
Biofabrication: a 21st century manufacturing paradigm
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Mironov, V; Trusk, T; Markwald, R [Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 (United States); Kasyanov, V [Riga Stradins University, Riga (Latvia); Little, S [South Carolina EPSCoR/IDeA Program, Columbia, SC (United States); Swaja, R [South Carolina Bioengineering Alliance, Charleston, SC 29425 (United States)
Biofabrication can be defined as the production of complex living and non-living biological products from raw materials such as living cells, molecules, extracellular matrices, and biomaterials. Cell and developmental biology, biomaterials science, and mechanical engineering are the main disciplines contributing to the emergence of biofabrication technology. The industrial potential of biofabrication technology is far beyond the traditional medically oriented tissue engineering and organ printing and, in the short term, it is essential for developing potentially highly predictive human cell- and tissue-based technologies for drug discovery, drug toxicity, environmental toxicology assays, and complex in vitro models of human development and diseases. In the long term, biofabrication can also contribute to the development of novel biotechnologies for sustainable energy production in the future biofuel industry and dramatically transform traditional animal-based agriculture by inventing 'animal-free' food, leather, and fur products. Thus, the broad spectrum of potential applications and rapidly growing arsenal of biofabrication methods strongly suggests that biofabrication can become a dominant technological platform and new paradigm for 21st century manufacturing. The main objectives of this review are defining biofabrication, outlining the most essential disciplines critical for emergence of this field, analysis of the evolving arsenal of biofabrication technologies and their potential practical applications, as well as a discussion of the common challenges being faced by biofabrication technologies, and the necessary conditions for the development of a global biofabrication research community and commercially successful biofabrication industry. (topical review)
Global phytoplankton decline over the past century.
Boyce, Daniel G; Lewis, Marlon R; Worm, Boris
In the oceans, ubiquitous microscopic phototrophs (phytoplankton) account for approximately half the production of organic matter on Earth. Analyses of satellite-derived phytoplankton concentration (available since 1979) have suggested decadal-scale fluctuations linked to climate forcing, but the length of this record is insufficient to resolve longer-term trends. Here we combine available ocean transparency measurements and in situ chlorophyll observations to estimate the time dependence of phytoplankton biomass at local, regional and global scales since 1899. We observe declines in eight out of ten ocean regions, and estimate a global rate of decline of approximately 1% of the global median per year. Our analyses further reveal interannual to decadal phytoplankton fluctuations superimposed on long-term trends. These fluctuations are strongly correlated with basin-scale climate indices, whereas long-term declining trends are related to increasing sea surface temperatures. We conclude that global phytoplankton concentration has declined over the past century; this decline will need to be considered in future studies of marine ecosystems, geochemical cycling, ocean circulation and fisheries. PMID:20671703
Economic and Organisational Wisdom for Asian Century
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Arup BARMAN
Full Text Available The Asian Century is rich and already 14 years old. Today, Asia is in the middle of a historic transformation which has brought both challenges and opportunities. To meet these challenges, Asian leaders need to devise bold and innovative national policies for pursuing avenues for regional and global cooperation. In the similar way organisation and business in Asia will transform. This transformative whirlpool calls the Asian private sector and public sector organisations for absorption of new wisdom, values and principles in place of 20th century's management. Overall, the capacity to respond to the changing global economic landscape through flexibility and adaptivness will carry a high premium. This paper delve the issues how Asian Organisations have already been used the wisdom during the global chaos. Deriving from the examples of Asia in the midst of global chaos in many points of time, this present paper attempts to re-focus on organisational wisdom of commitment and ability for Asian organisation, modernization, governance and helping to retool institutions, for enhancing transparency, and finally to develop accountability for organisational resilience and survival.
[Physicians' households in the 16th century].
Walter, Tilmann
16th-century's medicine was marked by a wave of professionalization: besides scientific influences--evident by new ambitious texts on botany, anatomy, and chemiatry--functions of medical expertise for political purposes were an important factor. Based on findings made in my DFG-funded project "Arztliche Autorität in der Frühen Neuzeit" (medical authority in early modem times) is discussed how these influences altered the professional conditions for physicians. "Haushalt" (household) can be understood as a social community as well as a monetary budget in this context: physicians earned their money with a lot of different ventures beside medical practice, as commerce, farming, banking, or mining etc. Expenses for houses, gardens, interior etc. were based on needs of everyday life but could also be signs of luxury. Thus the physicians demonstrated the high social status they had acquired, and some of them thereby placed themselves at one social level with the nobility. Even scientific books can be estimated as a special case of such a conspicuous consumption for in most cases publishing made high investments without monetary benefit necessary. Thus scientific reputation was to some degree foreseeable: epoch-making books like above all Andreas Vesalius' "De humani Corporis fabrica libri septem" (Basel 1543) had to be financed out of the assets of the family (in Vesalius' case: a high-standing family in the emperor's services). Other sources show clearly that many doctors were not able to afford publishing comparable elaborated and expensive books. PMID:19830955
Organic Geochemistry: Challenges for The 21ST Century (Vol: I & II)
González-Vila, Francisco Javier; González-Pérez, José Antonio; Almendros, G.
The IMOG is the official conference of the European Association of Organic Geochemists (EAOG) and one of the most important events on this subject in the world. After the previous IMOG meetings in Madrid (7th IMOG; 1975) and San Sebastian (17th IMOG; 1995), Seville is proud to host the third IMOG edition in Spain during September 12-16, 2005. The Conference is organized under the auspices of the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (MEC), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC)...
The Nabataean Age (4th century BC - 1st century AD)
Augé, Christian
We do not know the exact origins of the Nabataeans; they are a nomadic people from Arabia who settled in present-day Jordan between the 6th and 4th centuries BC. In 312, they already occupied the former lands of the Edomites, between Wadi al-Hasa (Zered) and the Gulf of Aqaba (Aila), and resisted Antigone, one of Alexander's successors. The control of trade routes ensured their wealth. During the Hellenistic period, Petra, a storage area and shelter, became the capital of a kingdom that exten...
Glaciers in 21st Century Himalayan Geopolitics
Kargel, J. S.; Wessels, R.; Kieffer, H. H.
Glaciers are ablating rapidly the world over. Nowhere are the rates of retreat and downwasting greater than in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya (HKH) region. It is estimated that over the next century, 40,000 square kilometers of present glacier area in the HKH region will become ice free. Most of this area is in major valleys and the lowest glaciated mountain passes. The existence and characteristics of glaciers have security impacts, and rapidly changing HKH glaciers have broad strategic implications: (1) Glaciers supply much of the fresh water and hydroelectric power in South and Central Asia, and so glaciers are valuable resources. (2) Shared economic interests in water, hydroelectricity, flood hazards, and habitat preservation are a force for common cause and reasoned international relations. (3) Glaciers and their high mountains generally pose a natural barrier tending to isolate people. Historically, they have hindered trade and intercultural exchanges and have protected against aggression. This has further promoted an independent spirit of the region's many ethnic groups. (4) Although glaciers are generally incompatible with human development and habitation, many of the HKH region's glaciers and their mountains have become sanctuaries and transit routes for militants. Siachen Glacier in Kashmir has for 17 years been "the world's highest battlefield," with tens of thousands of troops deployed on both sides of the India/Pakistan line of control. In 1999, that conflict threatened to trigger all-out warfare, and perhaps nuclear warfare. Other recent terrorist and military action has taken place on glaciers in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. As terrorists are forced from easily controlled territories, many may tend to migrate toward the highest ground, where definitive encounters may take place in severe alpine glacial environments. This should be a major concern in Nepali security planning, where an Army offensive is attempting to reign in an increasingly robust and brutal
Nuclear power in the 21st century
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Full text: All plausible long term energy scenarios project significant growth of global energy, especially if the Millennium Declaration on poverty eradication and the Plan of Implementation agreed at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) are to be met. Projected growth is the fastest in developing countries. While growth for affordable energy services is not subject to debate really - the question is rather by how much - this is not the case for energy supply. 21st century energy supply systems face several challenges and uncertainties including energy resource availability, technology change, environmental compliance, reliability and security, political and social acceptance. One of the uncertainties concerns the role of nuclear power in 21st century energy supplies. Paradoxically, its near term role appears less certain that its longer term role. In the short-run, i.e., until 2020, most studies project either a slight increase, a slight decrease or no change at all. Though regional differences exist in terms of growth and decline, the effectively balance each other. Longer-term energy demand and supply studies, however, paint a different future. Analyses developed by international working groups generally project a potentially significant increase in the use of nuclear power. There are several reasons for this. Foremost, longer-term studies are not subjected to short-term policy constraints. Next, they do factor anticipated technology change and innovation into the analysis. Then resource depletion effects become more visible and environmental constraints become more stringent. The starting point of this paper is the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Based on four of the SRES scenarios, one from each of the four SRES scenario families, this paper discusses the compatibility requirements of each for nuclear energy in terms of economics, environment, supply security, resources, waste
The general physics theory for 21 century
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
By solving the coupled system of kinetic equations for interacting system of electrons positrons (holes) and photons (phonons) at high external electric, arbitrary magnetic and at the propagation of strong electromagnetic waves non-equilibrium and non-stationary distribution function of photons (phonons) and charge carriers by taking into account of arbitrary heating and mutual drag of carriers and photons (phonons) was found. Author was sure that received him in 1976 distribution function of photons (phonons) must lay on the basis of Theoretical Physics of 21 Century, as the equilibrium Planck's distribution function of black-body radiation received in 1900 lied on the basis of Quantum Physics of 20 Century. Authors many years mental work (from 1976 till today) confirmed the rightness of searched him way and leads to the conclusion that Kinetic Theory is more general and fundamental theory of nature, which unificated Non-stationary Dynamics (the left-hand side) with Non-stationary Statistical Mechanics (the right-hand side) of Kinetic Equation. It is shown that other sections of Theoretical Physics such as Newtonian, Hamiltonian and Relativistic Classical Mechanics, Quantum Physics, Optics, Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Particle Physics may be received from Kinetic Theory under the special conditions and are the special parts of this theory. The problems such as the irreversibility and instability, the paradox of time, quantum paradox and others are solved. This new General Theory explains all the problems and troubles contents with the foundations and interpretation of quantum mechanics and relativity. It was found the mechanism of quantization and transition from one energetic level to another,the squeezed effect, the transition of particles wave-packets through the energetic barriers. It is shown the possibility of superluminal motion of light pulses and wave-packets through the medium and photonic barriers. It is well known that the experiments
Lithium Resources for the 21st Century
Kesler, S.; Gruber, P.; Medina, P.; Keolian, G.; Everson, M. P.; Wallington, T.
Lithium is an important industrial compound and the principal component of high energy-density batteries. Because it is the lightest solid element, these batteries are widely used in consumer electronics and are expected to be the basis for battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) for the 21st century. In view of the large incremental demand for lithium that will result from expanded use of various types of EVs, long-term estimates of lithium demand and supply are advisable. For GDP growth rates of 2 to 3% and battery recycling rates of 90 to 100%, total demand for lithium for all markets is expected to be a maximum of 19.6 million tonnes through 2100. This includes 3.2 million tonnes for industrial compounds, 3.6 million tonnes for consumer electronics, and 12.8 million tonnes for EVs. Lithium-bearing mineral deposits that might supply this demand contain an estimated resource of approximately 39 million tonnes, although many of these deposits have not been adequately evaluated. These lithium-bearing mineral deposits are of two main types, non-marine playa-brine deposits and igneous deposits. Playa-brine deposits have the greatest immediate resource potential (estimated at 66% of global resources) and include the Salar de Atacama (Chile), the source of almost half of current world lithium production, as well as Zabuye (China/Tibet) and Hombre Muerto (Argentina). Additional important playa-brine lithium resources include Rincon (Argentina), Qaidam (China), Silver Peak (USA) and Uyuni (Bolivia), which together account for about 35% of the estimated global lithium resource. Information on the size and continuity of brine-bearing aquifers in many of these deposits is limited, and differences in chemical composition of brines from deposit to deposit require different extraction processes and yield different product mixes of lithium, boron, potassium and other elements. Numerous other brines in playas
Network Medium and New Century Literature Reforming
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Zhen-bang JIN
Full Text Available Media determines the artistic configuration and the developmental rhythm of literature. Web literature, as being developed from the new media, has brought crisis to traditional mainstream literature. Internet has expanded new living space for literature and accelerated the artistic fission and historical transformation of literature in the new century. Web media is changing the content, form and method of literature comprehensively. The new media has brought new concept, expressional means, style, aesthetic taste,critical perspective and exploring space. Media theory, as a brand new perspective of literature study, is not only one of the current scientific theories in literature study, it will also revert the traditional literary history and redescribe the evolutional path of the world literature.
Key words: web media; the new century; literature; transformation
Résumé: Le média détermine la configuration artistique et le rythme du développement de la littérature. Etant développé à partir des nouveaux médias, le Web littérature a mis la littérature traditionnelle dans la crise. Internet a élargi nouvel espace de vie pour la littérature et accéléré la fission artistique et la transformation historique de la littérature dans le nouveau siècle. Web média est en train de changer le contenu, la forme et la méthode de la littérature. Les nouveaux médias ont créé de nouveaux concepts, de nouveaux moyens d'expression, du style, des goûts esthétiques, des perspectives critiques et des espaces d'exploration. La théorie des médias, comme une toute nouvelle perspective d'études de la littérature, n'est pas seulement l'une des théories scientifiques actuelles en littérature, mais aussi le retour de l'histoire de la littérature traditionnelle et une nouvelle description du trajet évolutif de la littérature mondiale.
Mots-clés: web média; le nouveau siècle; littérature; transformation
21st century's energy: hydrogen energy system
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Fossil fuels (i.e., petroleum, natural gas and coal), which meet most of the world's energy demand today, are being depleted fast. Also, their combustion products are causing the global problems, such as the greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion, acid rains and pollution, which are posing great danger for our environment and eventually for the life in our planet. Many engineers and scientists agree that the solution to these global problems would be to replace the existing fossil fuel system by the Hydrogen Energy System. Hydrogen is a very efficient and clean fuel. Its combustion will produce no greenhouse gases, no ozone layer depleting chemicals, little or no acid rain ingredients and pollution. Hydrogen, produced from renewable energy (e.g., solar) sources, would result in a permanent energy system, which we would never have to change. However, there are other energy systems proposed for the post-petroleum era, such as a synthetic fossil fuel system. In this system, synthetic gasoline and synthetic natural gas will be produced using abundant deposits of coal. In a way, this will ensure the continuation of the present fossil fuel system. The two possible energy systems for the post-fossil fuel era (i.e., the solar hydrogen energy system and the synthetic fossil fuel system) are compared with the present fossil fuel system by taking into consideration production costs, environmental damages and utilization efficiencies. The results indicate that the solar hydrogen energy system is the best energy system to ascertain a sustainable future, and it should replace the fossil fuel system before the end of the 21st Century
New Century Local Government: Commonwealth Perspectives
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Gareth Wall
Full Text Available This ambitious and highly informative volume is premised on both the seismic shift in the perceived developmental role of local government across the globe, and the challenges that local governments will face as their key role in achieving the post-2015 sustainable development goals is increasingly being recognised within the global policy fora. New Century Local Government brings together an impressively wide geographic spread of country case studies from across the four regions of the Commonwealth, and pulls together work by leading scholars of local government who are all members of the Commonwealth Local Government Research Advisory Group (CLGF-RAG. It provides a plethora of detailed country case studies arranged around three themes: decentralisation in the Caribbean, Pakistan and England, local government finance and local economic development in India, South Africa and Tanzania, and new approaches to governance in Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Not only do the papers provide detailed accounts of the changes in policy and practice within their focus country cases – but many of them, notably the papers by Brown, Reid, McKinlay and Sansom include a comparative perspective with developments from Commonwealth countries in other regions, which is one of the key strengths of the volume. It is also the raison d'être of comparative work across the countries of the Commonwealth, given the shared legal and administrative histories and the dominance of English as the academic and often administrative lingua franca. It would have been great to see more of the cross-regional and cross-country lessons being drawn out from across the contributions in a final concluding chapter, but the editors leave this to the reader – possibly to ensure they read the volume in full.
Women in 19th Century Irish immigration.
Jackson, P
By the 1950s--100 years after the great famine of 1845-49-- 57% of emigrants from the 26 countries of Ireland were women. In the latter 1/2 of the 19th Century, increasing proportions of women emigrated, until they outnumbered men. For women it was more than a flight from poverty. It was also an escape from an increasingly patriarchal society, whose asymetrical development as a colony curtailed women's social space, even in their traditional role as wife and mother. The famine, which is the single greatest influence forcing emigration, undermined the social fabric of an agrarian society, hastening the process of agricultural transformation. The growth of a new class of Irish a British grazier landlords resulted in a situation of acute land scarcity, encouraging tendencies to cling to one's land holding without dividing it. This, combined with new inheritance practices, gave rise to widespread arranged marriages as a means of land consolidation, and the dowry system. The spontaneous marriage practices of famine days also were replaced by a postponement of marriage. These trends severely reduced the choices exerted by women. The absence of big industrialized cities, which might have absorbed displaced rural populations, removed available options, particularly for women. The system of land monopoly and inheritance revolving around male heads of households reinforced partriarchal relations, within a framework of rigid sexual norms, whose enforcement was easy because the church, which played an important role in the emergence of these values, was a major landowner in itself. The subordinated, invisible status of women in post-famine Ireland, and growing barriers to easy access to marriage partners, to waged employment and self-expression, all helped ensure the higher and higher emigration rates of women. The economic transformation of Irish agriculture accelerated the establishment of oppressive values and helped depreciate the position of women to a very low level. The
Drought assessment and trends analysis from 20th century to 21st century over China
Yang, X. L.; Ren, L. L.; Tong, R.; Liu, Y.; Cheng, X. R.; Jiang, S. H.; Yuan, F.
Droughts are becoming the most expensive natural disasters in China and have exerted serious impacts on local economic development and ecological environment. The fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) provides a unique opportunity to assess scientific understanding of climate variability and change over a range of historical and future period. In this study, fine-resolution multimodel climate projections over China are developed based on 7 CMIP5 climate models under RCP8.5 emissions scenarios by means of Bilinear Interpolation and Bias Correction. The results of downscaled CMIP5 models are evaluated over China by comparing the model outputs with the England Reanalysis CRU3.1 from 1951 to 2000. Accordingly, the results from the output of downscaled models are used to calculate the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Time series of SPI has been used to identify drought from 20th century to 21st century over China. The results show that, most areas of China are projected to become wetter as a consequence of increasing precipitation under RCP8.5 scenarios. Detailed examination shows that the SPI show a slightly increasing trend in the future period for the most parts of China, but drought in Southwest region of China will become the norm in the future RCP8.5 scenarios.
Los dominicos y los sermones cuaresmales en el cabildo municipal de Córdoba durante el siglo XVII = The Dominicans and the Lenten sermons in the municipal council of Cordoba during the XVIIth century
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Aranda Doncel, Juan
Full Text Available Resumen: El trabajo tiene como objetivo el estudio del importante papel jugado en Córdoba por los dominicos y el conjunto de las órdenes religiosas en los sermones instituidos por el concejo en su sala de sesiones durante los jueves de cuaresma. A lo largo del siglo XVII todos los hijos espirituales de santo Domingo de Guzmán invitados pertenecen al influyente y prestigioso convento de San Pablo el Real. Un caso excepcional es el del beato fray Francisco de Posadas, miembro de la comunidad de Scala Coeli, quien goza de un gran ascendiente en la sociedad cordobesa de su tiempo por la encomiable labor pastoral y testimonio de vida. La valiosa información contenida en las actas capitulares del municipio constituye la principal fuente documental utilizada = Abstract: This work has as a target the study of the significant role of the Dominicans in Cordoba and the rest of the religious orders in the sermons established by the council in the meeting room during the Thursdays of Lent. Throughout 17th century, all the spiritual children of Saint Domingo of Guzman invited belong to the influential and prestigious convent of Saint Paul the Royal. One exceptional case is the blessed friar Francis of Posadas, member of the Scala Coeli comunity, who has a great ancestor in the Cordobesian society of his time due to his commendable pastoral work and his life witness. The valuable information contained in the records chapters of the council constitutes the main documentary source used.
The development of clocks into the eighteenth century
Dugan, David
The advantages of clocks with escapements over water clocks, that they can be miniaturized. The superb chronometers of the seventeenth century onwards, Harrison and others. The emergence of clockmakers and precise engineering. Superb luxury goods. Simon Schaffer explains.
Management of proximal humeral fractures in the nineteenth century
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Brorson, Stig
The diagnosis and treatment of fractures of the proximal humerus have troubled patients and medical practitioners since antiquity. Preradiographic diagnosis relied on surface anatomy, pain localization, crepitus, and impaired function. During the nineteenth century, a more thorough understanding ...
Regulating Homeopathic Products - A Century of Dilute Interest.
Podolsky, Scott H; Kesselheim, Aaron S
In 2015, U.S. government agencies began considering greater regulation of both homeopathic drugs and the advertising of such products. These actions came after more than a century of missed opportunities to regulate homeopathic medicines. PMID:26789866
Psychological symptoms and medical responses in nineteenth-century India.
Radhika, P; Murthy, Pratima; Sarin, Alok; Jain, Sanjeev
The article documents medical approaches to mental illness in mid- to late-nineteenth-century India through examining the Indian Medical Gazette and other medical accounts. By the late nineteenth century, psychiatry in Europe moved from discussions around asylum-based care to a nuanced and informed debate about the nature of mental symptoms. This included ideas on phrenology and craniometry, biological and psycho-social causes, physical and drug treatments, many of which travelled to India. Simultaneously, indigenous socio-medical ideas were being debated. From the early to the mid-nineteenth century, not much distinction was made between the Western and the native 'mind', and consequently the diagnosis and investigation of mental symptoms did not differ. However, by the late nineteenth century Western medicine considered the 'Western mind' as more civilized and sophisticated than the 'native mind. PMID:25698688
RSA Opening Minds: A Curriculum for the 21st Century
Candy, Sara
This article discusses the RSA Opening Minds competence framework, an innovative curriculum to meet the needs of young people as future employees, lifelong learners and as citizens of the twenty-first century.
Timeliness: Interpretations from a Sample of 19th Century Newspapers.
Brooker-Gross, Susan R.
Analyzes a sample of nineteenth-century newspapers and argues that timeliness varied in value according to the origin of news such that technological improvements alone did not explain the decrease in time lag in news reporting. (FL)
NOAA-CIRES 20th Century Reanalysis (V2)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — The 20th Century Reanalysis version 2 (20CRV2)is an effort led by PSD and the CIRES at the University of Colorado to produce a reanalysis dataset spanning the...
Comparative endocrinology in the 21st century
Denver, R.J.; Hopkins, P.M.; McCormick, S.D.; Propper, C.R.; Riddiford, L.; Sower, S.A.; Wingfield, J.C.
responses to the environment. A major challenge for life scientists in the 21st century is to understand how a changing environment impacts all life on earth. A full understanding of the capabilities of organisms to respond to environmental variation, and the resilience of organisms challenged by environmental changes and extremes, is necessary for understanding the impact of pollution and climatic change on the viability of populations. Comparative endocrinologists have a key role to play in these efforts.
Nuclear Power in the 21st Century
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The International Atomic Energy Agency helps its Member States to use nuclear technology for a broad range of peaceful purposes, one of the most important of which is generating electricity. The accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan in March 2011 caused anxiety about nuclear safety throughout the world and raised questions about the future of nuclear power. Two years on, it is clear that the use of nuclear power will continue to grow in the coming decades, although growth will be slower than was anticipated before the accident. Many countries with existing nuclear power programmes plan to expand them. Many new countries, both developed and developing, plan to introduce nuclear power. The factors contributing to this growing interest include increasing global demand for energy, as well as concerns about climate change, volatile fossil fuel prices, and security of energy supply. It will be difficult for the world to achieve the twin goals of ensuring sustainable energy supplies and curbing greenhouse gases without nuclear power. The IAEA helps countries that opt for nuclear power to use it safely and securely. Countries that have decided to phase out nuclear power will have to deal with issues such as plant decommissioning, remediation, and waste management for decades to come. The IAEA also assists in these areas. I am grateful to the Russian Federation for hosting the 2013 International Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Power in the 21st Century in St Petersburg in June. This timely conference provides a valuable opportunity to take stock of nuclear power in the wake of the Fukushima Daiichi accident. A high level of public confidence in the safety of nuclear power is essential for the future of the sector. Much valuable work has been done in the past two years to improve safety. But much remains to be done. It is vitally important that the momentum is maintained and that everything is done to ensure that nuclear power is as safe as humanly
Environmental issues in the 21st century
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
This paper provides an overview of some of the environmental challenges facing the uranium production industry in the 21st century. For many years, the linear, non-threshold (LNT) model has been regarded as a prudent hypothesis for radiation protection purposes. This paradigm has been challenged at the same time for both underestimating and overestimating the risks from ionizing radiation. The reality is that the ability of conventional epidemiology to distinguish small risks will always be limited by statistical power at low doses. In the future, there will be increased emphasis on better understanding the effects of ionizing radiation at the cellular (and sub cellular) level. The concept of 'controllable dose' has been proposed as an alternative to the ICRP's current approach to dose limitation. The concept is that if the most exposed individual is protected, then society as a whole is protected. A hazard ranking scale based on comparisons to natural background levels of radiation has been proposed. Adoption of a concept such as 'controllable dose' would require a parallel re-evaluation of the concepts and application of collective dose and ALARA optimization. The protection of non-human biota is an issue of considerable interest in many countries. The science in this area is rapidly evolving, as are discussions of a more philosophical nature. For example, should the focus of environmental risk assessment be the sustainability of the population or should the focus be to limit effects on a single member of the population? The future of environmental risk assessment should be of great interest to the uranium production industry. A systematic approach to risk assessment addressing the full scope of potential hazards - environmental, human health, engineering, financial and others - will be increasingly important in the future. What level of risk is it reasonable to accept? What is meant by 'reasonable'? How much risk can be engineered away, for how long, and at what
Geoscience and the 21st Century Workforce
Manduca, C. A.; Bralower, T. J.; Blockstein, D.; Keane, C. M.; Kirk, K. B.; Schejbal, D.; Wilson, C. E.
Geoscience knowledge and skills play new roles in the workforce as our society addresses the challenges of living safely and sustainably on Earth. As a result, we expect a wider range of future career opportunities for students with education in the geosciences and related fields. A workshop offered by the InTeGrate STEP Center on 'Geoscience and the 21st Century Workforce' brought together representatives from 24 programs with a substantial geoscience component, representatives from different employment sectors, and workforce scholars to explore the intersections between geoscience education and employment. As has been reported elsewhere, employment in energy, environmental and extractive sectors for geoscientists with core geology, quantitative and communication skills is expected to be robust over the next decade as demand for resources grow and a significant part of the current workforce retires. Relatively little is known about employment opportunities in emerging areas such as green energy or sustainability consulting. Employers at the workshop from all sectors are seeking the combination of strong technical, quantitative, communication, time management, and critical thinking skills. The specific technical skills are highly specific to the employer and employment needs. Thus there is not a single answer to the question 'What skills make a student employable?'. Employers at this workshop emphasized the value of data analysis, quantitative, and problem solving skills over broad awareness of policy issues. Employers value the ability to articulate an appropriate, effective, creative solution to problems. Employers are also very interested in enthusiasm and drive. Participants felt that the learning outcomes that their programs have in place were in line with the needs expressed by employers. Preparing students for the workforce requires attention to professional skills, as well as to the skills needed to identify career pathways and land a job. This critical
Power generation alternatives for the XXI century
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
, that are everywhere are free, could be a limited source of energy free of CO2. Unfortunately these sources have several disadvantages that prevent them to be used efficiently for base load Power Generation. Another alternative, available right now, affordable and safe that proved to be reliable and economically competitive is Nuclear Power. In Argentina, thanks to Power generated by the Atucha and Embalse Nuclear Power Plants, we avoid contaminating the air with 70.000.000 tons of Carbon Dioxide. Although we cannot assert that Nuclear Power alone will solve the Greenhouse effect, what we can conclude is that without an increasing participation of it, the global warming effect will not have a positive solution in the next century
Alan Turing: person of the XXth century?
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sánchez Ron, José M.
Full Text Available "Time" magazine chose Albert Einstein as "Person of the Century." This was undoubtedly a reasonable choice, but as I will argue in this article, there are also good reasons for contending that Turing might have received this honor. One such reason I consider here is his purely scientific work, which stems from the greatest mathematical tradition, and how it affected the development of mathematics itself and was finally instrumental in shaping a new technological world. This is true both as regards the computation and treatment of information as well as the establishment of new forms of social relations. In relation to the foregoing, we have Turing's contributions to the deciphering of secret codes during the Second World War, which in a somewhat metaphorical sense may be regarded as a new tool for undermining personal privacy, that civil right whose denial finally ruined his lifeEn diciembre de 1999, la revista Time eligió a Albert Einstein "The Person of the Century". Fue, no cabe duda, una elección razonable, pero, como se argumenta en este artículo, existen también buenos argumentos para sostener que Turing podría haber recibido tal honor. En apoyo de semejante tesis están sus trabajos puramente científicos, que se esbozan aquí, trabajos que entroncan con la mejor tradición matemática, y cómo afectaron al desarrollo matemático, siendo finalmente instrumentales en la configuración de un nuevo mundo tecnológico, tanto en lo que al cálculo y manejo de información se refiere, como en lo relativo al establecimiento de nuevas formas de relaciones sociales. Relacionadas con lo anterior, se encuentran las aportaciones que hizo durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial al desciframiento de códigos secretos, que, en cierto sentido, metafórico, se pueden considerar como una nueva herramienta para socavar la privacidad, ese derecho civil cuya negación arruinó su propia vida.
Innovative fission reactors for this century
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
of the 21st Century both innovative fission reactors and fusion reactors. For 2025, it seems that many countries of EU will have to construct NPPs until 40 GWe: France, UK, Germany, North Europe, Russia, Spain, Rumania and Turkey, between others. The viability of these innovative concepts will be presented in this paper
Challenges for chemical sciences in the 21st century
Čeković Živorad
Chemistry and chemical engineering have changed very significantly in the last half century. From classical sciences they have broadened their scope into biology, medicine, physics, material science, nanotechnology, computation and advanced methods of process engineering and control. The applications of chemical compounds, materials and knowledge have also dramatically increased. The development of chemical sciences in the scientifically most advanced countries, at the end of the last century...
Training Librarians for 21st Century Repository Services: Emerging Trends
Helen Emasealu; Susan Nnadozie Umeozor
The paper reviewed the emerging roles of the 21st century librarians, charged with the responsibility to manage repository services across libraries in present-day information technology environment. Librarians need to be trained and empowered with requisite skills and knowledge needed for successful management of the ICT driven repository initiatives that the 21st century demands. Literature was reviewed on the roles and responsibilities of librarians, training needs and opportunities, car...
How urban was fifth-century BC Bourges?
Kaenel, Gilbert
These two simultaneously published works mark an important stage in French Iron Age research, for the end of the early (or first) Iron Age and beginning of the later (or second) Iron Age, i.e. the Hallstatt D and La Tene A phases. The discoveries made since the nineteenth century in Bourges in central France carried out as a prerequisite of urban and suburban redevelopment since the 1980s, have radically altered our understanding of the sixth and fifth centuries BC.
Geotectonic hypotheses at the beginning of the 21st century
Strutinski, C.; Stan, R.; Puste, A.
In this contribution to the volume honouring Ott Ch. Hilgenberg the main directions of thought in the field of geotectonics at the beginning of the 21st century are reviewed. However, because of its seminal importance for the geological thinking during most of the last century, the Wegener (continental drift) hypothesis is also included and opens the review. It is followed by the critical presentation of Plate tectonics and the hypotheses of Earth expansion, Surge tectonics and Wrench tectoni...
Danish ferocity and abandoned monasteries: the twelfth-century view
Barrow, J
Apart from brief accounts of attacks on Lindisfarne and Donemutha in the 790s, there are almost no accounts of Viking attacks on Anglo-Saxon monasteries in contemporary sources. There are however many in twelfth century sources, most of them fictive or largely so. This article tries to explain why twelfth-century authors found it so important to invent stories of Viking brutality towards monks and nuns and what ideas and material they used to create their stories.
Nineteenth century criminal justice: uniquely Irish or simply not English?
Howlin, Niamh
This article examines the supposed uniqueness of the Irish criminal justice system in the nineteenth century. Although the English and Irish systems of criminal justice shared common roots, by the nineteenth century it was becoming apparent that there were differences in the way that law and justice were perceived and administered. The post-Famine years had a significant (and arguably negative) impact upon British perceptions of the Irish. This article examines both general ...
Radically Rethinking Agriculture for the 21st Century
Fedoroff, N. V.
Population growth, arable land and fresh water limits, and climate change have profound implications for the ability of agriculture to meet this century\\'s demands for food, feed, fiber, and fuel while reducing the environmental impact of their production. Success depends on the acceptance and use of contemporary molecular techniques, as well as the increasing development of farming systems that use saline water and integrate nutrient flows. © 2010 American Association for the Advancement for Science. All Rights Reserved.
Weyl geometry in late 20th century physics
Scholz, Erhard
Weyl's original scale geometry of 1918 ("purely infinitesimal geometry") was withdrawn from physical theory in the early 1920s. It had a comeback in the last third of the 20th century in different contexts: scalar tensor theories of gravity, foundations of physics (gravity, quantum mechanics), elementary particle physics, and cosmology. Here we survey the last two segments. It seems that Weyl geometry continues to have an open research potential for the foundations of physics after the turn of the century.
Monetary thought of the sixteenth century muslim scholars
Islahi, Abdul Azim
Muslim scholars of the sixteenth century continued the tradition of writing on economic issues. Their work, however is characterized by the period's overall feature of imitation and repetition and thus reflects hardly any advancement of monetary thought since the works of earlier Muslim scholars. This is clearly reflected in the two representative treatises on money: those of al-Suyuti (d. 1506) written at the beginning of the century, and al-Tumurtashi (d. 1598), written at its the end. ...
Scientific instrument collections in nineteenth-century Spanish secondary schools
Bertomeu Sánchez, José Ramón; Mar CUENCA LORENTE; García Belmar, Antonio; Josep SIMON CASTEL
This paper provides an overview on the history of scientific instrument collections in Spanish secondary schools, focusing especially on the period around their establishment in the mid-nineteenth century. It describes their most important features as well as their promoters and main users. Attention is also paid to the teaching practices which encouraged different uses of scientific instruments in nineteenth-century classrooms and the reasons that lead to the progressive abandonment of ninet...
The Long Twentieth Century and Barriers to China's Hegemonic Accession
John Gulick
Giovanni Arrighi's The Long Twentieth Century is an almost unfathomably ambitious andcomplex work. Its monumentality derives from Arrighi 's conviction that the best way to handicapthe possible futures of the world capitalist geo-economy is to analyze the structural evolution ofthis global system, an evolution spanning more than five centuries; the genius of the work rests inthe distinctive approach that Arrighi takes. At the core of his approach is the identification ofthose long-term trends...
The gas industry at the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The beginning of gas industry in nineteenth and twentieth centuries is related here and opens on the nowadays natural gas industry. Clean, cheap, easy to handle, the only problems seem to be the transport and the storage but technologies work to solve them. The natural gas should take an important place in the next century and seems to be the only substitution energy source for some countries where pollution is a big problem such eastern Europe countries. (N.C.)
Sibel ALMELEK ISMAN
Dance has been an indispensable element of human life for centuries. Painters and sculptors have created the dynamism of dance steps either on the canvas or stone with the same excitement. Charits, Nymphs, Bacchantes and Satyrs, the Greek and Roman mythological figures who attract attention with their dances have been a source of inspiration for artists. In this research, the dancing sculptures of the 19th century which is an interesting period in European art because of its witnessing of lon...
Court Intervention, The Consent Decree, and The Century Freeway
Baker, Jace; Detlefson, Robert; Van Hengel, Dru; Hestermann, Dean; Nordenstam, Brenda
The Glenn Anderson Freeway-Transitway (the Century Freeway or 1-105) an Los Angeles County, to cost over two billion dollars, traverses nine cities and the County of Los Angeles. At completion in 1993, the Century Freeway will be seventeen miles long, six lanes wide, contain areas for high occupancy vehicles and for rail transit; it will be landscaped and noise attenuated, and it will be surrounded by thousands of units of housing which are linked to its development.
Constraining climate model parameters from observed 20th century changes
Forest, Chris E.; Stone, Peter H; Sokolov, Andrei P.
We present revised probability density functions for climate model parameters (effective climate sensitivity, the rate of deep-ocean heat uptake, and the strength of the net aerosol forcing) that are based on climate change observations from the 20th century. First, we compare observed changes in surface, upper-air, and deep-ocean temperature changes against simulations of 20th century climate in which the climate model parameters were systematically varied. The estimated 90% range of effecti...
The Higher Spaces of the Late Nineteenth-Century Novel
Mark Blacklock
This essay builds from Isobel Armstrong's identification of Kantian space as 'foundational' for the nineteenth-century novel to consider what happens to the novel after the emergence of a new type of space. It shows how the development of 'n'-dimensional space in a variety of cultural contexts in the second half of the nineteenth century complicated key Kantian propositions and specifically the idea of incongruent counterparts. It reads a deliberately esoteric array of fictions concerned with...
Deliberate birth spacing in nineteenth century northern Sweden
Kolk, Martin
Abstract Fertility in nineteenth century Europe before the fertility transition has been described as high, unregulated, and stable; the extent of fertility control remains a controversial topic. The aim of this study is to determine whether there is evidence of deliberate birth spacing in northern Sweden prior to the onset of the fertility transition. This study analyses micro-level parish records of 9,636 women in nineteenth century northern Sweden?a remote but, at the time, econ...
Ethnocultural processes of the Evenks in XIX century
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Belyanskaya M. H.
Full Text Available In the article the ethno-cultural processes of the Evenks of Siberia in the XIX century article are showed. Being a nomadic reindeer herders, the Evenks conducted the traditional way of life, based on the traditions and customs of their people. In XIX cen-tury there was a change in the culture of the ethnic group, which was reflected in the materials of the census of the population of Russia 1897.
External forcing of the early 20th century Arctic warming
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Lingling Suo
Full Text Available The observed Arctic warming during the early 20th century was comparable to present-day warming in terms of magnitude. The causes and mechanisms for the early 20th century Arctic warming are less clear and need to be better understood when considering projections of future climate change in the Arctic. The simulations using the Bergen Climate Model (BCM can reproduce the surface air temperature (SAT fluctuations in the Arctic during the 20th century reasonably well. The results presented here, based on the model simulations and observations, indicate that intensified solar radiation and a lull in volcanic activity during the 1920s–1950s can explain much of the early 20th century Arctic warming. The anthropogenic forcing could play a role in getting the timing of the peak warming correct. According to the model the local solar irradiation changes play a crucial role in driving the Arctic early 20th century warming. The SAT co-varied closely with local solar irradiation changes when natural external forcings are included in the model either alone or in combination with anthropogenic external forcings. The increased Barents Sea warm inflow and the anomalous atmosphere circulation patterns in the northern Europe and north Atlantic can also contribute to the warming. In summary, the early 20th century warming was largely externally forced.
The Politics of Language and National School Reform: The Gaelic League's Call for an Irish Ireland, 1893-1922
Laukaitis, John
With the colonization of Ireland in the 17th century by Cromwellian and Williamite forces, the spread of English as a language of power marked a linguistic shift as Anglicization and economic necessity transformed Irish to a vernacular of the poor. Where Irish was spoken by almost all throughout the country in the 17th century, a steady drop began…
細井, 将右
This paper describes the modern cartography since the 17th century in France. In the middle 17th century, the Academy of Sciences was created in France by J-P. Colbert and the task of making precise maps of France was given to the Academy. J. Picard was n
The question of how Denmark got to be Denmark
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Jensen, Mette Frisk
Historian Mette Frisk Jensen summarizes some of the latest findings in her research on the history of anti-corruption in Denmark since the 17th Century.......Historian Mette Frisk Jensen summarizes some of the latest findings in her research on the history of anti-corruption in Denmark since the 17th Century....
Militares en el Mundo Urbano Fronterizo Castellano (siglos XVI-XVII Soldiers within the frontier urban communities of Castile (XVI-XVII centuries
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Susana TRUCHUElO GARCÍA
Full Text Available En este artículo se estudian diversos espacios urbanos fronterizos y costeros que albergaban presidios reales en Castilla en los siglos XVI y XVII. Se valoran las prácticas de gobierno que relacionaron, por una parte, a los vecinos, sujetos a la jurisdicción de los alcaldes y el corregidor, y, por otra, a los soldados, beneficiados por el fuero militar. Muchas de las discordias estuvieron causadas por las competencias de jurisdicción entre los distintos poderes, por el aumento de atribuciones de los militares en los contextos bélicos, por el control ejercido por los militares en las milicias concejiles y por la participación de los soldados en las instituciones de gobierno de la ciudad. Este estudio nos permite comprender el proceso de definición de una identidad particular en las ciudades fronterizas, sustentada en la exclusión de la comunidad de todo elemento que intentara segregarse del marco de acción de las autoridades urbanas y de la jurisdicción ordinaria.From different viewpoints, this article analyzes urban frontier coastal spaces in early modern Castile (16th and 17th centuries. The central focus is on the government practices that had to deal with quite different affairs, but mainly on arbitration of conflicts between urban neighbors and soldiers. The first were under the main magistrate so-called Corregidor jurisdiction, helped in this task by alcaldes (a special variety of mayors. The soldiers had specific military jurisdiction apart from that ordinary for the neighborhood. Many disputes were jurisdictional conflicts due to military special competences in war contexts, when the army widened its powers to control council regiments (milicias concejiles, and also to deal with the military participation in urban in institutions and government. These problems analysis points out the features that create a particular urban-frontier identity, based on the definition of urban community with the exclusion of individuals, groups and
Transformations in Air Transportation Systems For the 21st Century
Holmes, Bruce J.
Globally, our transportation systems face increasingly discomforting realities: certain of the legacy air and ground infrastructures of the 20th century will not satisfy our 21st century mobility needs. The consequence of inaction is diminished quality of life and economic opportunity for those nations unable to transform from the 20th to 21st century systems. Clearly, new thinking is required regarding business models that cater to consumers value of time, airspace architectures that enable those new business models, and technology strategies for innovating at the system-of-networks level. This lecture proposes a structured way of thinking about transformation from the legacy systems of the 20th century toward new systems for the 21st century. The comparison and contrast between the legacy systems of the 20th century and the transformed systems of the 21st century provides insights into the structure of transformation of air transportation. Where the legacy systems tend to be analog (versus digital), centralized (versus distributed), and scheduled (versus on-demand) for example, transformed 21st century systems become capable of scalability through technological, business, and policy innovations. Where air mobility in our legacy systems of the 20th century brought economic opportunity and quality of life to large service markets, transformed air mobility of the 21st century becomes more equitable available to ever-thinner and widely distributed populations. Several technological developments in the traditional aircraft disciplines as well as in communication, navigation, surveillance and information systems create new foundations for 21st thinking about air transportation. One of the technological developments of importance arises from complexity science and modern network theory. Scale-free (i.e., scalable) networks represent a promising concept space for modeling airspace system architectures, and for assessing network performance in terms of robustness
21st Century Water Conservation Principles
Narayanan, M.
This is an encore presentation of what was presented at the 2012 AGU International Conference. It was entitled: 'The Importance of Water Conservation in the 21st Century.' The poster presentation, however, has been redesigned and reorganized with new, revised perspectives. The importance of water conservation principles has been emphasized. The population of United States has more than doubled over the past 50 years. The need for water however, has tripled. The EPA estimates that more than 36 states face water shortage during the forthcoming years. The EPA has prepared a plan for achieving environmental and energy performance. This will be coupled with leadership and accountability. Carbon neutrality is also of prime importance. The objective is to focus on six important, essential areas. 1. Efficient use of already available energy resources. 2. Intelligent water consumption and focusing on water conservation. 3. Expand the use of renewable energy resources. 4. Explore innovative transportation systems and methodologies. 5. Change building codes and promote high performance sustainable buildings. 6. Focus on developing creative environment management systems. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide occur naturally in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is also emitted to the atmosphere through a variety of natural processes and also some human activities. However, fluorinated gases are emitted to the atmosphere solely through human activities, because they are created by humans. It is very important to observe that water conservation is probably the most cost-effective way to reduce our demand for water. Furthermore, it is certainly environmentally justifiable. The Environmental Protection Agency has a plan called E2PLAN. It is EPA's plan for achieving energy and environmental performance, leadership, accountability, and carbon neutrality. In June 2011, the EPA published a comprehensive, multi-year planning document called Strategic Sustainability Performance Plan. The

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