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Petaluma, CAUSA
July 22, 2013
Enjoy street photography, nature, landscapes, night shooting.
Canon 5D Mark 3
Advanced amateur.
Began my interest in photography in the 1970's. What began as a hobby has grown into a passion.
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subset: commoncrawl


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It can be very confusing to read anything about the reasons for miscarriage, given that there's so much conflicting information out there. Some ideas are reported as facts in one place and myths in another. For example, you may have read in one place that "stress causes miscarriages," but in another place you might read, "there's no evidence that stress can cause miscarriages." What gives?

The answer often lies in a confusion between miscarriage causes and miscarriage risk factors. The two are not identical, and understanding the distinction is important when you try to interpret information on the Internet. If you have ever heard the old saying that "correlation is not causation," you are familiar with this phenomenon. Simply because two factors are associated statistically does not mean that one caused the other.

Example of Difference Between Correlation and Causation

To understand why correlation does not equal causation in terms of miscarriage causes, let's look at an example. Studies have shown that women who have tooth problems (periodontal disease) are more likely to give birth prematurely, have babies with a low birth weight, and possibly even more likely to miscarry.

But does that mean that tooth problems cause pregnancy complications? It's possible. Tooth decay bacteria could plausibly secrete some kind of yet undiscovered substance that trigger preterm labor. But there are other equally plausible reasons why there might be a link. For example, smoking increases risk of both tooth decay and premature birth, as does having diabetes. Women with tooth decay might lack adequate dental coverage, which could mean they have inadequate health care coverage, and thus that they do not get care that might otherwise prevent premature birth.

With these alternate explanations, tooth decay could simply mean a woman has increased risk for premature birth and not that her tooth decay was what caused her baby's premature birth. Thus, tooth decay would be a risk factor for premature birth but not necessarily a cause of premature birth.

Correlation and Causation in Miscarriage Research

This same mechanism applies to quite a few theories regarding miscarriage causes. There are loads of factors that have been linked to risk of miscarriage in research, and researchers have theorized that many of those factors might indeed cause miscarriages, but very few of those theories are proven.

Going back to the example of stress, research has shown that having high stress is associated with increased risk of miscarriage, but no one knows at this point whether stress actually causes miscarriage due to something like hormonal fluctuations in the body or whether there's another explanation. For example, stress could mean that women are more likely to drink alcohol or engage in other behaviors that independently increase the risk of miscarriage.

Another example is the idea that low progesterone causes miscarriages. Women who miscarry are likely to have low progesterone, but there is a lot of controversy over whether the low progesterone is the actual cause of the miscarriage or whether it's merely a sign that a pregnancy is destined to miscarry.

Some other theorized factors have been correlated to miscarriage risk in the past but have not been proven to cause miscarriages. Some of them might actually cause miscarriages, but many of them may not.

 Previous elective abortion

 Mother's age over 35

 Smoking

 Strenuous exercise during pregnancy

 High intake of trans fats

 Drinking a lot of coffee during pregnancy

 Obesity

 Elevated natural killer cells

 MTHFR gene mutations

 Bacterial vaginosis

What to Do About Miscarriage Risk Factors

So what does this mean for someone who wants the lowest possible risk of miscarriage? Well, quite a few risk factors for miscarriage are things that aren't good for your health anyway and you cannot go wrong with trying to address them. For example, if you smoke, quitting smoking is never a bad idea. It makes perfect sense to try to address these factors in your life in order to improve your overall health. A lower risk of miscarriage could be a side benefit.

At the same time, you should not look back in time and try to blame a specific miscarriage on any risk factor you might happen to have. Unless doctors did testing on the tissue from your miscarriage, you can't know what caused the miscarriage -- and even with testing, you still might not know. Even if you ate a lot of trans fats during your pregnancy, for example, that doesn't mean you can assume the trans fats caused your miscarriage. It's quite likely that the trans fats had no effect whatsoever. But it's certainly a good idea to address your trans fat intake in the future for numerous reasons that have nothing to do with miscarriage.

In addition, if you're having recurrent miscarriages, you may choose to work with a doctor who promotes an unproven therapy against a risk factor that could theoretically be a miscarriage cause. This is an understandable choice, although it is wise to always know which therapies are proven vs. not proven so as to keep expectations grounded.

Sources:

Krabbendam, Lydia, Luc Smits, Rob de Bie, Janneke Bastiaanssen, Foekje Stelma, and Jim van Os, "The impact of maternal stress on pregnancy outcome in a well-educated Caucasian population." Paediatric & Perinatal Epidemiology Nov 2005. Accessed 20 Oct 2008.

Xiong, X., P. Buekens, W.D. Fraser, J. Beck, and S. Offenbacher, "Periodontal Disease and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: A Systematic Review." Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey May 2006. Accessed 20 Oct 2008.


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ENT in Ouro Branco Minas Gerais > Brazil
When you may have throat cancer an Otorhinolaryngology surgeon will probably be the type of medical doctor who is in a position to remove it for you and return you to typical health. There isn't anything worse than a poor ear infection for ruining your day, search via the web-sites listed below on ClinicBy and you can get your wellness back to typical quick with one from the Ouro Branco ENT clinics.
ENT in Ouro Branco is short for ear, nose and throat and when you're suffering from wellness issues in that region you will need to acquire it healed quickly, it may result in significantly worse conditions. Waking up with an ear infection can throw your life out of balance, the next time you might be suffering from one you'll be able to search via the web sites listed below on ClinicBy for a quality Ouro Branco ENT location to help you heal.
Each time you locate a physician who can give you a specialized sinus treatment like removing excess swollen tissue you will have to work having a surgeon who is advanced in the field of Otorhinolaryngology.
ENT by County Seat
- Ouro BrancoWhereas Ouro Branco is one of the six most populous cities in Ouro Branco with almost 26.687 residents, you shouldn't miss that a single if you're going to Ouro Branco.
Nearest ENT in Ouro Branco, listed 163
Jose Queiroz Pereira
Pça. Santa Rita 140
Cataguases - MG 36770-020
Helton Oliveira de Andrade
Av. Barão do Rio Branco 2001 s 1408
Juiz de Fora - MG 36013-020
Joao Claudio Elmor Miguel
R. Doutor Ricardo Grimaldo Estids 280
Além Paraíba - MG 36660-000
Centro de Diagnóstico Otorrinolaringológico
R. dos Otoni 927 cj 501
Belo Horizonte - MG 30150-270
Katia Lopes Pinto
Av. Barão do Rio Branco 2288 s 1009
Juiz de Fora - MG 36016-901
Willer Moreira Costa Junior
Av. Prefeito Telesforo Cândido Resende 363 - 4
Conselheiro Lafaiete - MG 36400-000
Clínica Otorrino Doutor Patrocinio
R. Arthur Bernardes 555
Uberlândia - MG 38400-368
Clinica Otorrinolaringologia Nelson Rodrigues Do Prado
Avenida Sao Jose 317
Varginha - MG 37002-130
Jose Macedo Valadares Roquete
R. Urbino Viana 605
Montes Claros - MG 39400-087
Jaime Carlos Ribeiro
Av. do Contorno 9155 - 4 s 401A
Belo Horizonte - MG 30110-972
Centro Mineiro de Otorrinonaringologia Pediatrica
R. Manaus 655
Belo Horizonte - MG 30150-350
R. Fernando Ferrari 173
Belo Horizonte - MG 31720-010
Clínica Otologica
R. Juiz de Fora 115 s 1301
Belo Horizonte - MG 30180-060
Consultorio Dr Cassimiro Afonso Nunes
R. Ceará 195 s 206
Belo Horizonte - MG 30150-310
Centro Otorrino
Av. Senador Montandon 795
Araxá - MG 38183-214


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y.as - | Jan's Home
y.as is powered by Apache and has no DNS entries . The authorative whois server for the top level domain 'as' is whois.nic.as
l4x.org - Jan Dittmer
Content preview from y.as: I'm maintaining this soccer stats sheet and have different games on different sheets. To build up sums I like to reference data from the previous sheet. It took me some trial and error to get going. Essentially it requires a custom function and the use of INDIRECT.
Whois for y.as
From server whois.nic.as 2 hours, 19 minutes ago (None):
Y bzw. y (gesprochen []; in der Schweiz auch [], "i grec" = griechisches i) ist der 25.More
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Saturday, 6 February 2016
Mirillis Splash Premium 2 Setup With Universal Crack
Trainerhacks4u 21:18 Software No comments :
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text:
Wordpress website for a pay-to bid site
This project was awarded to adityalivelife for $221 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project Budget$30 - $250 USD
Total Bids14
Project Description
I'm using Wordpress to realize a pay-to-bid site. the website is [url removed, login to view]
I have already created all the pages so the website is almost done, but missing some main functionality as:
1) to add a user registration with:
once the user is logged in, on the top of the page it needs to show "Welcome Name" and "Crediti: 0".
2) in each page of the "lista", the user needs to be able to buy a spot on the table to take part in to the bid. After the payment, the name of the user needs to be shown in the table with his credits. ==> After that, the user will be able to buy the credits that will be updated in the field in the table. The credits will be not updated in the field at the top of the page but only in the table.
3) once the list is completed (max numbers of partecipants), the countdown (already in the website) needs to start. At the end of the countdown the name of the winner (the person who has more credits with respect to the others) should appear in "green" color with a written "(Vincitore!)"
4) The non-winner users can use again their credits in other list hence the credits will appear in the field at the top of the page e.g. "Crediti: 100" and they need to be used in other list. Hence the user should be able to use his credits in different list.
The cost of the partecipation for list (for a non-winner user) will be doubled in creditis for the partecipation in a different list according to this easy scheme:
20 euro = 40 credits
30 euro = 60 credits
40 euro = 80 credits
...and so on.
That's all.
Please see this message.
The answers that will be taken into account will be only that with the answer to this question:
"What is the sum of 2 + 3 ?"
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